Agenda packet — Monterey City Council, February 7, 2023 (part 2 of 9)

This IRWM Plan incorporates a process to include a large number of stakeholder-sponsored projects with the potential for significant cost; however, given the scope and cost of some of the projects, it is unlikely that all projects can be fully funded by both local and State IRWM funds in the immediate future. Project sponsors may need to seek alternative funding sources in order to close funding gaps.

For the 2014 IRWM Plan, the Stakeholder Group and Technical Advisory Committee developed a system to compare and prioritize projects with vastly different characteristics. A 100-point system was used to evaluate the suite of selected projects, with each project evaluated against other projects and on whether a project would meet measurable regional objectives. Project characteristics that were deemed more important to the Region were allocated more points. Points were awarded in five different categories – water management strategies, objectives, regional priorities, technical and financial feasibility, and readiness to proceed. The result was an evaluation that describes both the strengths and weaknesses of each project and the project package as a whole.

In 2018, the RWMG solicited input from stakeholders on regional goals and objectives, which was incorporated into an updated scoring system. Projects were then solicited for inclusion in the 2019 Plan Update with a goal of creating a comprehensive project list that included concept proposals and projects that were prioritized and ready to implement. The projects included in this IRWM Plan are consistent with Plan objectives. All projects were required to undergo a thorough review process before they could be formally included in the IRWM Plan. Figure 6-1 shows an overview of the process.

For inclusion in the plan, Project Proponents were required to first complete a short concept proposal form. Proposals that met eligibility criteria were included in the IRWM Plan Update and were moved to Step 2, allowing their project to be ranked (or prioritized). Concept proposals were required to meet the following minimum eligibility criteria to be included in the IRWM plan:
• assist the Monterey Peninsula region in achieving at least one of its IRWM Plan objectives, Beginning December 2018
Concept Proposal Solicitation (FORM)
(all potential projects for inclusion in plan
to foster collaboration/integration, even if
not ranked in next step)
Spring 2019
Preliminary Scoring of Detailed Projects
for Ranking in the IRWM Plan
April/May 2019
Review Ranked Project List
Refine Scoring/Prioritization
June 2019
Finalize Ranked and Concept
Project List for Plan Inclusion
Draft/Final
IRWM Plan
3rd Quarter 2019
Figure 6-1: Project Solicitation Process for 2019 IRWM Plan Update Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 143, Packet Page 243 Chapter 6 Project Review Process
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 6-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • implement at least one of the region’s Resource Management Strategies, • provide water resource benefits to the region, and
• be consistent with current IRWM Guidelines and Department of Water Resources standards and requirements.

The concept proposal form was available for download starting in December 2018 and could be completed and emailed to the MPWMD. Projects and proposals included in the 2014 Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan were not automatically included in the 2019 IRWM Plan unless a concept proposal form was completed. The Project Proponent was required to follow specific steps in order to submit a project:
• complete a concept proposal for each project,
• ensure the project information was up to date,
• respond to requests for information within the established deadline, and • request that a project be removed if it was no longer being pursued Projects submitted to the plan as concept proposals are contained in Appendix 6-a.

6.2 Project Review Procedure

6.2.1 Detailed Project Solicitation and Scoring/Ranking (Step 2) Project Proponents were not required to complete Step 2 in order to be included in the IRWM Plan.

However, a detailed project submittal was required to be completed in order to be eligible for inclusion in an implementation grant application to the IRWM Grant Program and to be ranked in the plan.

Step 2 included submittal of detailed project information using a “Project Solicitation Form” as described below that allowed detailed objective scoring and resulted in an overall ranked or prioritized list of projects. Projects were added to the Project List by the Project Proponent(s) and in the first quarter of 2019 stakeholders were provided an opportunity to comment on the ranked list of projects through an email announcement of their availability. For projects to be ranked and prioritized, Project Proponents were required to complete and submit the detailed Project Solicitation Form.

Each project was ranked based on a score developed from answers on the Project Solicitation Form, which included a methodology for scoring that is summarized below. Two categories of factors were included in the scoring: (1) factors related to how well the project complied with the IRWM Plan, such as policy consistency and ability to assist the region in meeting its goals, and (2) factors related to the individual merits of the project, such as feasibility, readiness to proceed, and costs. Scores from each of these categories comprised one-half of the overall project score as shown in Figure 6-2. A detailed description of project scoring criteria, factors, relative weighting, and raw scoring is provided below.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 144, Packet Page 244 Chapter 6 Project Review Process
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 6-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Plan Objectives
40%
Resource
Management
Strategies
20%
Strategic
Considerations
20%
Climate Change
Adaptation
5%
Reducing GHG
Emissions /Energy
Efficiency
5%
Benefits to DAC &
Native Americans
5%
Environmental
Justice
5%
Figure 6-2: Relative Weighting: Plan Compliance vs. Project Merit Factors

6.2.2 IRWM Plan Compliance Factors (50% of total score) Within the Plan Compliance category, projects were scored based upon the following specific factors and the relative weighting is shown in Figure 6-3. Following each factor, (in italics) is the methodology used to assign raw scores to projects based upon the project information submitted in the Project Solicitation Form. The appropriate weighting factor was applied to the raw score to give a weighted score to be used in the overall ranking.

Figure 6-3: Relative Weighting of Plan Compliance Factors Plan
Compliance
Factors
50%
Project
Merit
Factors
50%
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 145, Packet Page 245 Chapter 6 Project Review Process
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 6-5 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • How the project contributed to the IRWM Plan Objectives (40% of Plan Compliance Factors) o Number of objectives and high priority objectives that the project addressed Up to 53 points: Each project received one (1) point for meeting each of 26 objectives (26 max points). Plus, up to an additional 3 points could be received if specific metrics of each of the nine (9) high priority objectives were met.
• How the project related to Resource Management Strategies (RMS) (20% of Plan Compliance Factors)
o Number of different California Water Plan (CWP) Management Outcome Categories and number of strategies that the project included.

Total of up to 35 points, including 1 point per RMS, plus one point for every CWP management outcome category.
• Strategic considerations for IRWM Plan implementation and project merit (20% of Plan Compliance Factors)
o Inter-Regionalism: Did the project involve active inter-regional collaboration or partnerships?
5 points: project addresses inter-regional issues
o Partnerships: How many entities were actively partnering to implement the project? 5 points: project involved three or more partners that included both government agencies and NGOs; or
2 points: project involved two or more partners; or
0 points: project involved only one entity (no partnerships). o Monitoring and reporting of project performance: Would the project establish and document achievement of the performance criteria?
5 points: project presents a plan for monitoring/reporting performance o Integration with land use planning: Was the project consistent with local plans, ordinances, and standards? Did the project integrate with local land use and water planning? Did the project increase coordination between water resources agencies and land use planners? 5 points: if "yes" to all three questions; 3 points if "Yes" to 2 questions; 1 point for "yes" to one question
• Specific benefits to critical disadvantaged community (DAC) and/or Native American tribal communities’ water issues (5% of Plan Factors)
o Did the proposed project provide specific benefits to solve critical DAC water issue(s)? Yes: 5 points
• Environmental Justice considerations (5% of Plan Factors) o Did the project address inequitable distribution of environmental burdens and/or improve access to environmental goods?
Yes: 5 points
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 146, Packet Page 246 Chapter 6 Project Review Process
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 6-6 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • Contribution to climate change adaptation (5% of Plan Factors) o Would the project contribute to regional adaptation to projected climate change impacts? Does the project propose to implement one or more of the recommendations from the document: “Evaluation of Erosion Mitigation Alternatives for Southern Monterey Bay” (Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation and the Southern Monterey Bay Coastal Erosion Working Group, May 2012)?
5 points: one point for every adaptation strategy implemented • Contribution of the project in reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions as compared to project alternatives (5% of Plan Factors)
o Compared to project alternatives, would the project reduce regional GHG emissions and/or improve energy efficiency?
5 points: one point for every GHG mitigation strategy implemented

6.2.3 Project Merit Factors (50% of total score)
Within the Project Merit category, projects were scored based upon the following specific factors with the relative weighting shown in Figure 6-4. Similar to the plan compliance factors, the italic text describes the proposed methodology used to assign raw scores. These factors are based upon the project information submitted in the Project Solicitation Form.

Figure 6-4: Relative Weighting of Project Merit Factors • Technical Feasibility (30% of Project Merit Factors)
o Was a common and widely accepted technology with well-documented results being used? o Were geologic conditions, hydrology, ecology, and other system aspects adequately described?
o Were there significant data gaps?
o Were there sufficient technical data to indicate the project is likely to result in success? o Was there enough information to support the project’s estimated benefits? 30 points: technical feasibility was documented in a project-specific pilot study or previous phase or has a documented track record of success
-- OR score for each of the following –
Technical
Feasibility
30%
Project
Costs and
Financing
20%
Economic
Feasibility
25%
Project
Status
25%
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 147, Packet Page 247 Chapter 6 Project Review Process
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 6-7 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft 10 points: technology proposed has been established as effective in similar situations; 10 points: project site conditions were documented (geology/soil, ecology, hydrology, land use, public utilities;
10 points: project partners have experience with similar projects (e.g., similar site, similar technology).
• Project Costs and Financing (20% of Project Merit Factors) o 10 points: A project cost estimate was prepared and documented in the Project Form. o 10 points: There was an identified revenue source of at least 25% match funding. • Economic Feasibility (25% of Project Merit Factors)
o 15 points: Project benefits and costs were defined at a level of detail that would allow costeffectiveness analysis or benefit-cost analysis -- OR – project is a DAC project. o 10 points: Project had a cost-effectiveness or benefit-cost ratio greater than 1. • Project Status (25% of Project Merit Factors)
o What steps in project planning were completed?
 Feasibility Studies and Conceptual Plans
 CEQA/NEPA Completed
 Local Cost Share Confirmed
 Right-of-way / Land Acquisition
 Permits Acquired
 Construction Drawings Complete & Bids Acquired
(4 points for each of the above criterion met for a possible total of 24 points)

6.3 Procedures for Communicating Selected Projects
This plan update contains the projects that were submitted, including concept proposals aimed at increasing collaboration and integration and projects that were submitted using the detailed solicitation form to be ranked. The project ranking process was developed in collaboration with the stakeholders, vetted through the RWMG members, and is described in this chapter. An email announcement of the availability of the preliminary project rankings was sent to RWMG members and stakeholders on March 5, 2019. The full details of the projects submitted to the plan for ranking is in Appendix 6-b.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 148, Packet Page 248 Chapter 6 Project Review Process
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 6-8 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 149, Packet Page 249 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 7-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Chapter 7 Impacts and Benefits
IRWM Standard 7
The IRWM Plan must contain a discussion of potential impacts and benefits of Plan implementation. This discussion must include both impacts and benefits within the IRWM Region, between regions, and those directly affecting DAC, EJ related concerns, and Native American Tribal communities.

7.1 Qualitative Impacts and Benefits
The anticipated impacts and benefits of individual projects in the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan differ greatly. Some will focus in just one resource area, for example, water supply, while other projects will integrate different resource areas, such as water supply, water quality, environmental restoration, and recreation. However, combined over time, the projects implemented through the IRWM Plan will provide multiple benefits across the entire Region—and on a variety of resource areas: water supply, water quality, flood management, environmental enhancement, regional coordination, recreational benefits, and special benefits for disadvantaged communities. At the same time, the projects will achieve the overarching goals and objectives of the Plan.

The tables below describe the impacts and benefits anticipated from each of the ranked projects (this does not include concept proposals) included in the IRWM Plan. Table 7-1 includes the projects proposed for implementation in the IRWM Plan. Note that the impacts and benefits listed in the tables are descriptive rather than quantitative and are intended to give the reader a general understanding of the types of anticipated impacts and benefits. An in-depth impact analysis as required under CEQA will be required for every project that is included in an IRWM grant.

The impacts and benefits of implemented projects will be reviewed and this chapter of the IRWM Plan will be updated as part of the normal plan management activities. These updates will reflect changes to this chapter from any data gathered, and any additions or changes to the implementation projects listed in the IRWM Plan.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 150, Packet Page 250 Chapter 7 Impacts and Benefits
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 7-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 7-1: Impacts and Benefits: Proposed Projects Included in the IRWM Plan Project Sponsor Direct Qualitative Benefits Direct Qualitative Impacts Coe Avenue Recycled Water
Distribution Pipeline
Marina Coast
Water District
The project would offset demand for potable water supplied from Salinas Valley aquifers, with recycled water. There is an enduring long-term benefit to the Seaside Basin, as water used for outdoor irrigation contributes to groundwater recharge and irrigating with recycled water ensures that this benefit continues even during times of drought, when outdoor
irrigation might otherwise be curtailed as a conservation measure. Benefits also accrue to the people of the community (parts of which are classified as Economically Distressed Areas), who will continue to enjoy the psychological and health benefits of outdoor recreation at green parks and schools, even during drought.

This project could result in temporary impacts related to noise, air quality, traffic, and drainage during
construction. The project is primarily in an existing rightof-way with road improvements, therefore, little to no vegetation removal would occur.

Ramona Avenue Stormwater
Runoff Infiltration Project
City of Monterey This project would reduce flooding on Ramona Street and would provide an increase groundwater infiltration. In
addition, it would capture pollutants found in runoff that would otherwise flow to the Monterey Bay.

Del Monte Manor Park LID
Improvements Project
City of Seaside In addition to recreation benefits for the Seaside DAC, the proposed project offers a variety of benefits related to flood protection, water supply, water quality, and education. The project will reduce urban runoff pollutant loads, including trash and debris, currently discharged to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Runoff from the approximately 24-acre tributary catchment that currently enters the storm drain system would be re-routed to the pre-treatment bioswale and sub-surface infiltration infrastructure. In addition, the design includes specifications for native plants in the bioswale that both improve aesthetics and aide in the natural treatment of runoff. The project includes permanent educational signage to inform the public about the benefits of the bioswale and subsurface infrastructure.

This project could result in temporary impacts related to noise, air quality, traffic, and drainage during
construction. During construction area would not be
accessible to nearby residents, which could potentially result in impacts to this recreational resource.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 151, Packet Page 251 Chapter 7 Impacts and Benefits
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 7-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Project Sponsor Direct Qualitative Benefits Direct Qualitative Impacts West End Stormwater
Management Improvements
City of Sand City The primary focus of this design is the capture and treatment of small, more frequent storm events. However, the
combination of gray and green infrastructure will also be able to handle small and moderate storm events. The project will reduce flooding, treat urban runoff and infiltrate it into the underlying aquifer. Based on a 30% design of the project, quantitative performance outcomes include reduced
pollutants entering the Monterey, increase in the average annual infiltration to the groundwater, and increased urban greening. Qualitative performance outcomes include increased city beautification through urban greening, improved resiliency to climate change, and improved community livability.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 152, Packet Page 252 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 7-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

7.2 How Projects Achieve IRWM Plan Goals and Objectives Implementation of the projects included in this Plan will lead to numerous benefits including:
• Increased water supply reliability. Water supply and water quality projects, including conjunctive use projects, will protect or enhance current supplies while providing a sustainable source to meet future demand. Some projects will utilize improved management techniques to make better use of existing sources.
• Water quality improvement. Water quality in stormwater discharges to the ocean will be enhanced as a result of implementing the suite of projects in this IRWM Plan. Additionally, the threat of seawater intrusion will be reduced in the Seaside Groundwater Basin and non-point source (NPS) pollutants discharges will be reduced.
• Public Protection. Working with regional entities toward water supply solutions will minimize fiscal impacts to utility ratepayers. Implementation of flood control projects will reduce costly impacts to personal and commercial property and will protect human life. Improvement of water quality, especially at coastal beaches, will reduce threats to personal health and the marine environment.
• Protection of Beneficial Uses. The suite of projects in this Plan has the potential to provide and protect recreational, aquatic life, and habitat uses.

Implementation of the projects described in this Plan may also have quantitative and/or qualitative impacts if the projects are managed improperly. These impacts may include increased project costs to agencies and rate payers; delayed construction of planned facilities leading to delayed water supply and other benefits; and increased negative impacts on surface water or groundwater quality.

To ensure that project implementation is consistent with this Plan and that negative impacts are minimized or avoided, a framework for a program-wide project monitoring and assessment plan has been developed. This monitoring plan (Chapter 8, Plan Performance and Monitoring) will work within the institutional structure responsible for project implementation (Chapter 5, Integration and Coordination) and in conjunction with the adaptive management process outlined in Chapter 8.

The local agencies in the Monterey Peninsula Region stringently apply the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and must comply with regulations pertaining to environmental resources prior to obtaining permits to implement proposed projects.

7.3 Project Benefits Identified by Stakeholders
The Project Proponent for each proposed project or program submitted an application that summarizes the benefit that could result in implementation.

Coe Avenue Recycled Water Distribution Pipeline:

The project addresses IRWM Plan goals and objectives related to Water Supply (WS), Quality (WQ), Climate Change (CC), and Regional Communication and Cooperation (RC).

Water Supply: This project has inter-regional benefits from maximizing the use of recycled water (WS-2) by providing advanced-treated wastewater to MCWD customers who currently irrigate outdoor landscape with potable supplies from the Salinas Valley aquifers. Parcels within the project area overlie the Seaside Groundwater Basin. Switching from potable to recycled water will continue to maintain a Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 153, Packet Page 253 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 7-5 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft supply to the Seaside Basin (WS-1) through infiltration of applied landscape water. Potable water from the Salinas Valley aquifers that is currently serving this project area could be put to beneficial use in other areas.

Water Quality: There is an indirect effect of improving ocean water quality (WQ-2), as sources of the advanced-treated wastewater include municipal and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, and urban stormwater runoff that would otherwise enter Monterey Bay via the Salinas River and Elkhorn Slough and direct discharge. Treating and beneficially reusing these polluted sources of water on land helps to minimize pollutants in discharges to the Monterey Bay.

Climate Change: Recycled water is a reliable water source that may be less impacted by more frequent/intense droughts that are expected to result from a changing climate (CC-1). Producing advanced-treated recycled water from freshwater sources (municipal and industrial wastewater and stormwater) is less energy-intensive than other water supply alternatives that depend on desalinating seawater or brackish groundwater, thus helping to conserve energy and decrease reliance on fossil fuels (CC-3). As part of its recycled water program, MCWD will educate future customers about the climate benefits of using recycled water (CC-2).

Regional Communication and Cooperation: The delivery of recycled water to irrigation customers is one component of the Regional Urban Water Augmentation Project (RUWAP), a regional infrastructure project involving multiple local governments, agencies, and private utilities (RC-1). By linking the region’s water resources and coordinating use to maximize benefit, the project will help participants to move beyond a history of litigation and foster increased future collaboration among stakeholders (RC-2).

The project will also help to build a relationship for sustainable groundwater management between the Seaside and Salinas Valley Basin agencies (RC-4).

Ramona Avenue Stormwater Runoff Infiltration Project:

The project addresses IRWM Plan goals and objectives related to Water Quality (WQ), Flood Protection (FP), Watershed Management (WM), Water Supply (WS), and Environmental Protection and Enhancement (EV).

Water Quality: Reduction of street runoff into infiltration seepage instead of flowing to Laguna Grande Lake and the Monterey Bay.

Flood Protection: Reduction of surface drainage on neighborhood streets and the abutting North Fremont street (a major arterial in Monterey) to the neighborhood DAC area.

Watershed Management: Reduction of sediment runoff by utilizing high-flow tree box filters and restoring natural hydrologic flow by infiltrating storm runoff using dry wells.

Environmental Protection: Protection of Laguna Grande Lake and Monterey Bay by reduction of street runoff.

Del Monte Manor Park LID Improvements Project:

The project satisfies several IRWM Plan goals and objectives including Water Supply (WS), Water Quality (WQ), Flood Protection (FP), Watershed Management (WM), Environmental Protection and Enhancement (EV), Climate Change (CC), and Regional Communication and Cooperation (RC).

Specifically, the project will contribute to a long-term water supply for the adjudicated Seaside Groundwater Basin through the capture and infiltration of stormwater runoff (WS-3). This passive recharge will be far less energy intensive than desalinating seawater as a source of potable water, reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with water supply operations (CC-3) and improve the Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 154, Packet Page 254 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 7-6 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft region’s resiliency against prolonged drought (CC-1). Through the capture and infiltration of runoff, the project will reduce the pollutant load to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (WQ-2), and recharge the groundwater basin, thereby reducing the risk of seawater intrusion (WQ-3). The project will alleviate periodic flooding of the existing basin, which affects a playground area utilized by the disadvantaged community (FP-4, EV-4). The project design will incorporate permanent educational signage describing the purposed and benefits of the project (RC-3).

West End Stormwater Management Improvements:

The project addresses multiple IRWM plan goals and objectives related to water supply (WS), water quality (WQ), flood protection (FP), watershed management (WM), environmental protection and enhancement (EV), climate change (CC), and regional communication and cooperation (RC). How the project meets specific objectives is explained below:

The project will capture, treat and infiltrate urban stormwater runoff into the Aromas Sand Aquifer (ASA) layer of the Seaside Groundwater Basin (SGB). The SGB is an adjudicated basin and the City has rights to draw from the ASA, which is the upper layer of the SGB. The City owns a reverse-osmosis desalination facility (RO Facility) that currently draws brackish water from the ASA via intake wells located near the beach on West Bay Street and Tioga Avenue. The RO Facility treats the brackish water and produces potable water for City uses. In recent years, the salinity of the brackish intake water has increased (possibly due to prolonged drought) and prevented the RO Facility from operating to its design capacity, resulting in the reduced production of potable water for city uses. The project is located upstream of the intake wells. Since the project will infiltrate treated urban stormwater runoff into the ASA, the gradient of fresh water flow towards the beach will increase and help to reduce the salinity of the brackish water at the intake wells, thus aiding in the operation of the RO facility and helping to increase the production of potable water for city uses. Therefore, the project will augment the drinking water supply for the City (WS-3), as well as improve quality and quantity of water supply (WS-5).

The Project will also improve water quality where runoff currently discharges to the Monterey Bay (WQ2) and with groundwater augmentation through infiltration (WQ-3). The use of Low Impact Development (LID) designs to mimic natural hydrologic processes (WM-3) will prevent flooding in the West End neighborhood and provide urban greening (FP-4). This process will also reduce fine sediment loads originating from human activities as part of capture/treatment (WM-1). The Project will help protect natural resources from adverse impacts of climate change by providing decentralized LID Best Management Practices (BMPs) (EV-2, CC-1).

7.4 Impacts and Benefits to Disadvantaged Communities and Environmental Justice Concerns
All projects included in the IRWM Plan are reviewed for potential impacts and benefits to disadvantaged communities (DAC) and for potential environmental justice concerns as part of the regular project review process. If a potential impact to a DAC or an environmental justice concern is found, the project will not necessarily be eliminated from the Plan, but the issue will be discussed with the Project Proponent, mitigating factors will be considered, and a decision will then be made as to whether or not the project should remain in the Plan. Currently, no potential impacts to DAC or environmental justice concerns have been found in any of the projects submitted for inclusion in the IRWM Plan.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 155, Packet Page 255 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 7-7 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft The following projects included in the IRWM Plan would directly benefit DAC in which they are located:
• West End Stormwater Management Improvements
• Ramona Avenue Stormwater Runoff Infiltration Project
• Del Monte Manor Drainage Improvements Project

7.5 Potential Adverse Environmental Impacts
Some adverse environmental impacts may be expected from implementation of the IRWM Plan, though most projects are purposefully developed to minimize environmental impacts. Construction-related impacts may include temporary and localized disturbances to air and water quality, habitat, and other physical factors including the following:

Water Resources. Construction of proposed projects may result in increased erosion and sedimentation of waterways in the vicinity of project sites, temporary changes in the watershed’s hydrograph, or other impacts associated with construction activities that may degrade water resources.

Air Quality. Construction-related increases in PM10 (particulate matter on the order of ~10 micrometers or less) and ozone precursor emissions may result from operation of construction equipment, vehicles, and airborne dust during site grading or excavation.

Noise. Construction noise and vibration impacts may result from construction equipment, vehicles, and other activities.

Hazardous Materials. Project construction could result in spills of fuel, lubricants, pesticides, or other substances used in construction equipment.

Biological Resources. Construction associated with proposed projects may result in the direct loss or indirect disturbance of special-status plants and wildlife species that are known to or could occur in the region. Construction-related impacts may also include temporary unavailability and/or degradation of wildlife habitat, and short-term disturbance of wildlife as a result of construction noise. These impacts may result in a reduction in local population size, lowered reproductive success, and/or habitat fragmentation.

Transportation. Construction of proposed projects may result in temporary lane closures, detours, closure of transit stops, and the addition of construction trucks and equipment on the surrounding roadway system. Construction may potentially increase delays and congestion.

7.6 Fostering Benefits through Regional and Inter-Regional Coordination The benefits of this IRWM planning effort go beyond the environmental benefits that are realized with project implementation. One of the benefits of the IRWM planning process is that it provides water resource managers with a framework for effectively integrating water management programs and projects within the Region and for achieving regional water resource goals. Through the IRWM planning process, the RWMG endeavors:
• To improve and maximize coordination of individual public, private, and non-profit agency plans, programs and projects for mutual benefit and optimal gain within the Region; Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 156, Packet Page 256 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 7-8 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • To help identify, develop, and implement collaborative plans, programs, and projects that may be beyond the scope or capability of individual entities, but which would be of mutual benefit if implemented in a cooperative manner;
• To foster coordination, collaboration and communication between stakeholders and other interested parties, to achieve greater efficiencies, enhance public services, and build public support for vital projects; and
• To realize regional water management objectives at the least cost possible through mutual cooperation, elimination of redundancy, and enhanced regional competitiveness for state, federal, and private sources of grant funding.

Beyond the region, the IRWM program has helped to create a network through which nearby IRWM regions can collaborate on larger issues. Examples include the development of a cooperative agreement among the six Central Coast IRWM regions concerning equitable sharing of IRWM program grant funds.

Locally, there is a “transition zone” between the Monterey Peninsula and Greater Monterey County regions where the Ord Community is situated. Most of the Ord Community is served water from the Salinas Valley Groundwater Basin, which is in the Greater Monterey County region, while approximately one third of the area and water demand for the Ord Community is within the Monterey Peninsula region.

Managing the resources and opportunities in the Ord Community and providing reliable water-related services for existing and future needs in the area is an ongoing challenge for both the Monterey Peninsula and Greater Monterey County regions.

The IRWM planning process fosters a spirit of positive collaboration among public, private, and nonprofit agencies and organizations within the region, promotes communication, encourages new partnerships and programs, and ultimately results in increased efficiencies and cost savings. These more “intangible” benefits of the IRWM planning effort should be recognized equally alongside the numerous, significant, on-the-ground environmental and water resource benefits of project implementation.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 157, Packet Page 257 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 8-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Chapter 8 Plan Performance and Monitoring
IRWM Standard 8
The IRWM Plan shall contain performance measures and monitoring methods to ensure the objectives of the Plan are met. Therefore, the IRWM Plan must describe a method for evaluating and monitoring the RWMG’s ability to meet the objectives and implement the projects in the IRWM Plan. The IRWM Plan must contain policies and procedures that promote adaptive management and, [ensure] projects are implemented [as] conditions change, as more effects of Climate Change manifest [themselves], new tools are developed, and new information becomes available, adjust IRWM plans accordingly.

The Plan Performance and Monitoring standard in the Proposition 1 IRWM Program Guidelines is to ensure the objectives of the plan are met and that projects can adapt to new challenges or incorporate new information.

Meeting this requirement will be accomplished by the following:
• Prior to implementation of any project, the RWMG will review each project using a comprehensive scoring analysis that includes IRWM program requirements and local objectives. • After project implementation, the RWMG will review available project reports. IRWM-funded projects are required to provide reports to the grant coordinator in the region. For projects with other funding, the RWMG will request project completion reports for review. • Concerning adapting to future changes, as stated in Section 6.6 in the RWMG MOU, the IRWM Plan and projects proposed in the plan must be consistent with State IRWM guidelines. If the guidelines change as a result of new information or tools, the RWMG will update the IRWM Plan (and proposed projects) to meet new standards.

Each implementation project submitted for inclusion in the IRWM Plan is carefully reviewed by the RWMG to ensure that it will make progress toward regional objectives and that it complies with all applicable rules, laws, and permit requirements before it can be approved for inclusion in the Plan (see Chapter 6, Project Review Process). Upon project completion, the RWMG will review the project report and results for conformance with IRWM Plan objectives.

Legal requirements and engineering standards and practices generally lag the rapid advancement in technology and understanding of human interaction with the environment. These latter factors are difficult to incorporate into long lead time water resources-related projects; however, this plan and the MOU reflecting the region’s agreement provide the flexibility needed to meet significant future challenges and changes.

Plan Performance Measure and Monitoring Methods
Plan performance reviews will be prepared by the RWMG based on implementation of projects. The implementation of projects, along with associated monitoring data, can be tracked using project reports and database systems developed by statewide efforts. The RWMG will utilize existing database frameworks including those developed by the California Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) and by the California Environmental Data Exchange Network (CEDEN). Projects will be tracked on the Central Coast Conservation Action Tracker website. Wetland and riparian habitat conditions will be measured and documented using the California Rapid Assessment Methods (CRAM), and Groundwater Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 158, Packet Page 258 Chapter 8 Plan Performance and Monitoring
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 8-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft data will reside in GeoTracker using the GAMA database (see Chapter 9, Data Management, for a detailed description).

Two tables will be generated with each Plan Performance Review that addresses the first two requirements of the standard: 1) the RWMG is implementing projects listed in the IRWM Plan; 2) the RWMG is making progress towards meeting the objectives of the IRWM Plan. The first table will simply list all the projects in the IRWM Plan, their implementation status, and funding source. Projects that have been fully implemented will be highlighted. Table 8-1 is an example of the table that will be completed as part of the implementation review.

Table 8-1: Status of Project Implementation
Project Proponent & Project Title
Funding Source
Date of
IRWM Implementation/Status
funds $
Other funds $
(source)
The second table will be used to chart the progress of projects that have been implemented or are in the process of being implemented. The table will be populated by a Conservation Action Tracker database, a data system for tracking land-use management improvements in the Central Coast region. It is an online tool that will allow Project Proponents to register and update information on conservation projects across the region in order to track efforts and improve stakeholders’ ability to evaluate its collective effectiveness. The Conservation Action Tracker is implemented by the Central Coast Resource Conservation Districts (RCD).

Table 8-2, below, is an example of the table that will be completed during each Plan Performance Review.

The measurability criteria for objectives (see Chapter 3, Goals and Objectives) will be documented through the Conservation Action Tracker to help track the extent to which projects are achieving Plan objectives and implementing the IRWM Plan. Results will be brought to the RWMG for review and discussion.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 159, Packet Page 259 Chapter 8 Plan Performance and Monitoring
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 8-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 8-2: Progress toward Achieving IRWM Plan Objectives Objectives Qualitative Measurement Quantitative Measurement

WATER SUPPLY OBJECTIVES
WS-1. Meet existing water supply replacement needs of the Carmel River system and Seaside Groundwater Basin.

WS-2. Maximize use of recycled water and other reuse and where feasible, expand sewer services to areas with onsite systems to increase sources of water for recycling. * WS-3. Develop opportunities for stormwater capture and reuse pursuant to the Stormwater Resource Plan.

WS-4. Evaluate, advance, or create water conservation throughout the Region. * WS-5. Improve water supply needs to achieve multiple benefits, beneficial uses and environmental flows.

WS-6. Seek long-term sustainable supplies for adopted future demand estimates.

Project title(s) here List how project is meeting
IRWMP objective qualitatively
List how project is meeting IRWMP
objective quantitatively, if possible
ETC.

WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
WQ-1. Improve inland surface water quality for environmental resources (e.g. steelhead), including headwaters and tributaries of streams, and to protect potable water supplies. * WQ-2. Improve ocean water quality, including, but not limited to, Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBS), by minimizing pollutants in stormwater discharges.

WQ-3. Protect and improve water quality in groundwater basins, especially where at risk from seawater intrusion.

Project title(s) here List how project is meeting
IRWMP objective qualitatively
List how project is meeting IRWMP
objective quantitatively, if possible
ETC.

FLOOD PROTECTION OBJECTIVES
FP-1. Develop regional projects and plans necessary to protect critical infrastructure and sensitive habitats from flood damage and sea level rise along the Carmel Bay and South Monterey Bay shoreline. * FP-2. Develop approaches for floodplain restoration or adaptive management that minimize maintenance and repair requirements (sustainable flood management systems).

FP-3. Promote floodplain restoration that protect quality and availability of water while preserving or restoring ecologic and stream function.

FP-4. Provide community benefits beyond flood protection, such as public access, open space, recreation, agricultural preservation, and economic development. *
Project title(s) here List how project is meeting
IRWMP objective qualitatively
List how project is meeting IRWMP
objective quantitatively, if possible
ETC.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 160, Packet Page 260 Chapter 8 Plan Performance and Monitoring
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 8-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Objectives Qualitative Measurement Quantitative Measurement

COASTAL AND STREAMSIDE EROSION OBJECTIVES
CSE-1. Manage areas along the shoreline susceptible to erosion, including long-term strategic retreat where appropriate.

CSE-2. Identify opportunities to restore natural stream function, including meandering, in the lower 15 miles of the Carmel River and selected tributaries.

CSE-3. Reduce or prevent adverse downcutting in the main stem Carmel River and its tributaries.

Project title(s) here List how project is meeting IRWMP objective qualitatively
List how project is meeting IRWMP
objective quantitatively, if possible
ETC.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES
WM-1. Reduce human-induced sources of non-point fine sediment runoff.

WM-2. Restore natural fire frequency in headwater forests.

WM-3. Restore the natural hydrologic flow regime in disturbed watersheds where appropriate, including low impact development strategies in urbanized areas.

WM-4. Re-establish a natural level of sediment supply within the Carmel River and its tributaries.

Project title(s) here List how project is meeting IRWMP objective qualitatively
List how project is meeting IRWMP
objective quantitatively, if possible
ETC.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND EHANCEMENT OBJECTIVES
EV-1. Protect and enhance sensitive species and their habitats in the regional watersheds*; including, but not limited to, promoting the steelhead recovery by meeting accepted or approved environmental flows within the regional watersheds.

EV-2. Assess, protect, enhance, and/or restore natural resources, including consideration of climate change, when developing water management strategies and projects. * EV-3. Minimize adverse effects on biological and cultural resources when implementing strategies and projects.

EV-4. Identify opportunities for open spaces, trails and parks along streams and other recreational areas in the watershed that can be incorporated into projects. * EV-5. Identify and integrate elements from appropriate Federal and State species protection and recovery plans.

EV-6. Promote watershed activities for fire fuel management and adaptive management strategies to protect water quality and water supplies from catastrophic wildfires. * Project title(s) here List how project is meeting IRWMP objective qualitatively
List how project is meeting IRWMP
objective quantitatively, if possible
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 161, Packet Page 261 Chapter 8 Plan Performance and Monitoring
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 8-5 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Objectives Qualitative Measurement Quantitative Measurement ETC.

CLIMATE CHANGE OBJECTIVES
CC-1. Implement adaptation measures and mitigation solutions to climate change effects, including increased large storm intensity and/or frequency, sea level rise, drought and wildfire.

CC-2. Support increased education, monitoring and research to increase understanding of long-term impacts of climate change in the region.

CC-3. Increase energy conservation measures and alternatives to fossil fuel and non-renewable resources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with water and wastewater facility operations and IRWM projects.

Project title(s) here List how project is meeting
IRWMP objective qualitatively
List how project is meeting
IRWMP objective quantitatively, if
possible
ETC.

REGIONAL COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVES
RC-1. Identify cooperative, integrated strategies for protecting both infrastructure and environmental resources, including from climate change impacts.

RC-2. Foster collaboration among regional entities as an alternative to litigation through ongoing meetings of the RWMG and regional data sharing.

RC-3. Identify and pursue additional opportunities for public education, outreach, and communication on water resource management and climate change, including to disadvantaged communities and stakeholders with interests in water management issues.

RC-4. Build relationships with State and Federal regulatory agencies and other water forums and agencies.

Project title(s) here List how project is meeting
IRWMP objective qualitatively
List how project is meeting
IRWMP objective quantitatively, if
possible
ETC.

During each Plan Performance Review, the information in the above table will be updated and new projects will be added. The table will be accompanied by a narrative, which will summarize the overall progress toward achieving IRWM Plan goals and objectives and describe areas that need further attention.

The analysis will include data submitted to the statewide databases and information provided in the Conservation Action Tracker tool. Based on this analysis, the RWMG will evaluate how to fill the gaps and help achieve regional goals.

Table 8-3, below, describes how conformance with resource management strategies will be measured for projects submitted to the IRWM Plan.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 162, Packet Page 262 Chapter 8 Plan Performance and Monitoring
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 8-6 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 8-3: Resource Management Strategy Evaluation
Resource Management Strategy Metric
Ecosystem restoration Pre- and post-project diversity and development of native species, including population dynamics, age classes, and persistence.

Environmental and habitat protection
and improvement
Acreage of habitat improved, increase in species count.

Water supply reliability Ability to maintain adequate supply to meet residential and commercial needs during extended droughts.

Flood management Protection of coastal areas against storm surge heights projected to occur by 2050; protection of inland properties against a 100-year return event.

Groundwater management Comparison of aquifer levels to levels that protect against seawater intrusion; maintenance of potable water quality and quantity.

Recreation and public access Acreage of open space and lineal measurement of trails created; measurable use of public lands (i.e., visitor usage).

Storm water capture and management Number of Best Management Practices installed, reduced volume of storm water discharge to MBNMS and ASBS, pounds per year of pollutant reduction in surface water, beach closure reductions.

Water conservation Decrease in annual per capita consumption.

Water quality protection and
improvement
Improved water quality in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS), maintenance of water quality in the Seaside Groundwater Basin.

Water recycling Annual acre-feet increase of recycled water.

Wetlands enhancement and creation Acreage of wetlands created or enhanced.

Conjunctive use Annual acre-feet of water used conjunctively.

Land use planning Acreage of land managed, protected, or enhanced to protect beneficial uses.

Non-point Source pollution control Total suspended solids pollutant reduction, pounds/year of sediment reduction, number of Best Management Practices installed.

Watershed planning Acreage of watershed protected or enhanced acreage of land with improved management activities.

Water and wastewater treatment There is only one major water treatment facility in the region (the Begonia Iron Treatment Plant in Carmel Valley). No upgrades are planned for this facility.

Wastewater treatment facilities in the region are under-utilized at present.

Project-Specific Monitoring Plans
Current Monitoring and Data Collection
Project proponents are responsible for all monitoring activities(some projects do not require monitoring).

Monitoring plans should include appropriate pre-project baseline information and post-project monitoring to assure that all requirements are met.

Project Proponents should be familiar with the relevant state and regional monitoring programs (SWAMP, CEDEN, CRAM, GAMA and CAT, see p. 8-1 and Chapter 9, Data Management).

The project-specific monitoring plan requirements will vary based on the type of project being implemented. All projects should adhere to certain state guidelines for monitoring in order to be implemented through the IRWM Plan:

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 163, Packet Page 263 Chapter 8 Plan Performance and Monitoring
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 8-7 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • Projects that involve surface water quality must meet the criteria for and be compatible with SWAMP.
• All projects that involve groundwater quality must meet the criteria for and be compatible with GAMA.
• All projects that involve wetland restoration should meet the criteria for and be compatible with the Wetland and Riparian Area Monitoring Plan (WRAMP) promulgated by CDFW.

Any projects that do not fall into one of the above categories must, at minimum, include the following:

1. Clearly and concisely describe what is being monitored for each project. Examples include (but aren’t limited to) pre- and post-project photo monitoring, historical surveys, biological surveys, habitat surveys, topographic surveys, and hydrologic and hydraulic monitoring.

2. Measures to remedy or react to problems encountered during monitoring. An example would be to coordinate with the Department of Fish and Wildlife if a species or its habitat is adversely impacted during construction or after implementation of a project.

3. Location of monitoring (map).

4. Monitoring frequency.

5. Monitoring protocols/methodologies, including who will perform the monitoring.

6. Procedures to ensure the monitoring schedule is maintained and adequate resources (budget) are available to maintain monitoring of the project throughout the scheduled monitoring timeframe.

Through project-specific monitoring efforts, the Conservation Action Tracker, and measurable objectives, the RWMG intends to demonstrate over time that the IRWM Plan is meeting its goals and objectives. The Plan Performance Review includes an adaptive management process that will enable the RWMG to respond to lessons learned from the project monitoring efforts and to utilize new information, particularly as new technology and data regarding climate change impacts and vulnerabilities for the Monterey Peninsula region become available. The RWMG can choose to modify IRWM Plan objectives, the measurability of those objectives, the use of resource management strategies, or the project review and prioritization process.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 164, Packet Page 264 Chapter 8 Plan Performance and Monitoring
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 8-8 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 165, Packet Page 265 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 9-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Chapter 9 Data Management
IRWM Plan Standard 9
The IRWM Plan must describe the process of data collection, storage, and dissemination to IRWM participants, stakeholders, the public, and the State. Data in this standard may include but is not limited to technical information such as designs, feasibility studies, reports, and information gathered for a specific project in any phase of development including the planning, design, construction, operation, and monitoring of a project.

9.1 Data Needs and Collection
During the IRWM Plan Update, stakeholder input, IRWM project information, reports and documents, plans and environmental studies were collected. Most of this information is contained in this update and appendices or is available from MPWMD. Additional information including project documents, feasibility studies, and reports are also available from MPWMD.

9.1.1 Existing Data
The current Monterey Peninsula Integrated Regional Water Management Plan, dated June 2014, is available from MPWMD A partial listing of the types of regional documents available from MPWMD includes the following:

ASBS Documents
Canyon Del Rey watershed update
Carmel Bay -Carmel River SB - Lagoon
Carmel River Watershed
Central Coast RWQCB Documents
Climate Change Guidance
Coastal Plans
Concept Proposals
DWR Guidance Documents
Fisheries - General
Flooding
Local Land Use Plans
Maps
Ocean-Marine Regulations
Ord Interregional
Pacific Grove Naturalist Program presentations
2010 Planning Grant Projects
Project Proposals
San Clemente Dam Removal and Reroute
Seaside Groundwater Basin
Sleepy Hollow Steelhead Rearing Facility
Stakeholder list
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 166, Packet Page 266 Chapter 9 Data Management
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 9-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

9.1.2 Data Needs
Carmel River Basin – interest in the anadromous Carmel River steelhead population over the past several decades has resulted in many studies of the inland populations; however, while the inland population declines and ocean conditions change, there are no reports about the behavior of Carmel River steelhead in the ocean.

A review of data needs was done prior to beginning work on the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan Update (2019). Three categories were identified that need data and supplemental information including water quality in the Seaside Groundwater Basin, future residential and commercial water demand, and environmental water demand.

Seaside Groundwater Basin – this basin will become the focal point of water supply for the region.

Monitoring the aquifer levels and quality in this basin is essential for the health and safety of the region’s population. At present, there are adequate monitoring programs to protect the supply from this basin.

Data are reported regularly to the RWQCB and the Seaside Watermaster. In addition, the Seaside Watermaster has developed both water quantity and quality models that simulate the storage of water and chemical mixing in the aquifers. But the true dynamics of aquifer water levels and potential changes in quality will require these models to be updated with data in the coming years as new water supply projects come online.

Future water demands – quantifying future residential and commercial water demand in the region was the subject of a significant amount of testimony given to the CPUC by several interested parties as part of the CalAm application for the Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project. Parties to the CPUC proceeding are not all in agreement about the CPUC’s decision that authorized CalAm to build additional facilities with a total plant capacity of 14,355 AFY1 and some parties continue to contest the decision in courts and other venues to direct CalAm to build a 6.4 mgd desalination plant on the coast in Marina to help meet future demand.

Some parties argued that a 6.4 mgd desalination plant would not be needed and that an expansion of the Pure Water Monterey Project would be sufficient to meet replacement supply needs and allow for increased future demand. In September 2019, MPWMD reviewed available data on supplies and their ability to meet current and long-term demand. The analysis, presented in full in Appendix 15, also examined the changing nature of demand on the Monterey Peninsula, the underlying assumptions in the sizing of the water supply portfolio, and indicators of the market’s ability to absorb new demand. Figure 9-1 shows MPWMD’s projection of demand between 2020 and 2040 under three demand scenarios related to increased use for new development. In the 10 years prior to the first SWRCB Cease-and-Desist Order in 2009, water demand for new development averaged 16.4 AFY. It should be noted that production is somewhat higher than demand due to system losses and unmetered use, which generally run about 4% to 8% of production.

Environmental water demand estimates are ongoing and various modeling efforts are underway to better understand the interaction of surface flow, subsurface flow and water extraction. The Salinas and Carmel Rivers Basin study, conducted by the US Bureau of Reclamation, will include an analysis of supplies and needs projected to occur through 2100. As information from this study and other data become available, a better understanding of the environmental water demand and requirements can be expected. 1 In this use, “plant” means CalAm’s total production capacity including from the Carmel River, the Seaside Basin, Pure Water Monterey, and a desalination plant in Marina. CPUC Decision 18-09-017 September 13, 2018, Application 12-04-019, p.51 set the plant capacity.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 167, Packet Page 267 Chapter 9 Data Management
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 9-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Figure 9-1 Market Absorption of Water Demand Compared to Water Supply Current Demand at 5-Year Average (Acre-Feet) Source: Monterey Peninsula Water Management District, Item 9, Supplies and Demands for Water on the Monterey Peninsula – Past and Future, September 16, 2019 meeting.

9.2 Stakeholder Contributions

9.2.1 Stakeholder Communication
Communication within the IRWM region is accomplished via public notices, site announcements on the MPWMD web site, and email. The IRWM Plan public stakeholder meetings serve as opportunities for networking, in addition to standard communications among groups regarding sections of the IRWM Plan.

Grant and funding opportunities are made available through email updates, special events, forums, educational outreach workshops and project progress update meetings. All of these mechanisms serve to facilitate the ongoing data and information sharing between stakeholders.

9.3 Data Maintenance and Quality Assurance/Control
GIS data for individual project are provided by project proponents and are available from MPWMD and the individual project proponents. Data from State, regional or local Public agencies are assumed to have at least a moderate level of accuracy. Data is maintained by MPWMD staff and Project Stakeholders and is ongoing and updated on an irregular basis, as the need arises. As concept and project proposals progress, Stakeholders have multiple opportunities to review data and results of associated projects.

Through this process and the project review process for DWR grant opportunities, most project data will be vetted for accuracy.
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
202020212022202320242025202620272028202920302031203220332034203520362037203820392040204120422043204420452046204720482049 Water Supply with PWM Expansion
Water Supply with MPWSP Desalination
250 AF step; then 16.4 AFA rate
Three times pre-CDO absorption rate
Pre-CDO absorption rate
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 168, Packet Page 268 Chapter 9 Data Management
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 9-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft The review process is important for the scoring, ranking and prioritization of projects for possible grant funding and application submission. The top projects are ranked based on criteria established and approved by the Stakeholders. Comments and questions from that peer review are recorded and subsequent meetings provide an opportunity to review the project, have a question/answer session, and confirm, to the best of their ability, the project information. Any changes to the project information are done after approval from the Project Sponsor/Stakeholder. When the region submits a DWR grant application, high ranking projects undergo further review for quality control.

9.4 Data Sharing and Compatibility with State Systems

9.4.1 Data Compatibility
California Environmental Data Exchange Network – CEDEN is a system designed to facilitate integration and sharing of data collected by many different participants. The CEDEN data templates are available on the CEDEN website: http://www.ceden.org.

Stakeholders that collect water data including groundwater level wells, water quality stations, surface water stage and flow sites, rainfall/climate observers, or well logs are directed to the CA State Water Data Library (http://wdl.water.ca.gov/) to standardize their data in the appropriate format Groundwater elevation monitoring data is provided to the state CASGEM Program. Many of the Stakeholders already follow this procedure and upload the data. Stakeholders are directed to the https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Groundwater-Elevation-Monitoring-- CASGEM site to register and provide information if they haven’t already done so.

Any Stakeholder collecting or monitoring surface water quality data, is encouraged to provide the data to Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP)
(http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp)
The GAMA program provides a comprehensive assessment of water quality in water wells throughout the State and the Monterey County Environmental Health Department collects and provides most of this information for both domestic and public wells. If Stakeholders propose a project that requires this type of water quality sampling they will be encouraged to coordinate with the Monterey County Environmental Health Department and the GAMA program (http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/gama).

Stakeholders are encouraged to submit their metadata to the California Environmental Information Clearinghouse (CEIC) at the California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA) portal.

California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES)– CERES Map Layer Services and CERES Mapper is integrated in the GIS IMS for “mash up” services. The GIS IMS services are being made available for CERES users to integrate or explore the MPIRWM geospatial datasets.

9.5 How Data Management Supports RWMGs Efforts

9.5.1 State Databases Compatibility
Monitoring data can be found in the State databases that include SWAMP, Water Data Library, GAMA program, CEIC, and CERES. Due to the number of agencies, the different programs and project goals, much of the collected data is not readily available in the State formats. The Region plans to continue with outreach efforts to encourage adoption of the State data format when applicable. Stakeholders interested in pursuing DWR grants will be required to submit data in the appropriate format as part of their proposal.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 169, Packet Page 269 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 10-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Chapter 10 Finance
IRWM Standard 10
The IRWM Plan must include a plan for implementation and financing of identified projects and programs (Water Code §10541.(e)(8)). The IRWM Plan must also identify and explain potential financing for implementation of the IRWM Plan. The financing discussion must, at a minimum, include the following items:
• List known, as well as, possible funding sources, programs, and grant opportunities for the development and ongoing funding of the IRWM Plan.
• List the funding mechanisms, including water enterprise funds, rate structures, and private financing options, for projects that implement the IRWM Plan.
• An explanation of the certainty and longevity of known or potential funding for the IRWM Plan and projects that implement the Plan.
• An explanation of how operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for projects that implement the IRWM Plan would be covered and the certainty of operation and maintenance funding.

10.1 Introduction
The intent of the Finance standard in the Proposition 1 IRWM Program Guidelines is to ensure that the financing of the IRWM Plan has been considered at a programmatic level by the RWMG, and that the strategy for financing the IRWM Plan is transparent.

The Monterey Peninsula region recognizes that the need for project funds often exceeds the funding available from the State. However, pooling local funds, State funds, and Federal or private funds (if available) can result in making a project financially feasible.

The purpose of the Finance IRWM standard is to demonstrate that the RWMG has considered the financing available for proposed implementation projects.

10.2 Potential Funding Sources and Mechanisms
The RWMG has identified the following potential alternative, non-IRWM sources of grant funds and other means to help implement projects and programs in the IRWM Plan. Potential funding sources include (where appropriate):

Federal Grant Programs
US Fish and Wildlife Service grants (such as Coastal Wetlands Conservation grants, Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation grants, Partners for Fish and Wildlife grants), National Fish and Wildlife Federation grants, Economic Development Administration grants, USDA grant programs (such as the Agricultural Water Enhancement Program), Bureau of Reclamation Title XVI funds, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) grants.

State Grant Program
Department of Fish and Wildlife Fisheries Restoration Grant Program funds for watersheds with salmonids present, State Coastal Conservancy funds, State Water Resources Control Board Cleanup and Abatement Account grants, Supplemental Environmental Protection (SEP) grants (from Regional Water Quality Control Board fines).

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 170, Packet Page 270 Chapter 10 Finance
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 10-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Monterey Peninsula Water Management District
The Monterey Peninsula Water Management District has several sources of revenue associated with constructing and managing water supply and protecting the environment. These include property taxes, user fees, permit fees, capacity fees, and grant funds. The District has tapped these revenue sources to support the IRWM program, provide grant funds to local water projects, and to carry out monitoring programs, conservation programs, and environmental benefit programs.

Local Funds
The Transportation Agency for Monterey County is the local planning agency for the Monterey County region that programs and distributes state and federal money for local and regional transportation projects. The Transportation Agency is responsible for distributing money for public transit, rail, local street and road maintenance, highway, bicycle and pedestrian facilities. In total, the Transportation Agency distributes between $20 and $30 million per year for transportation (TAMC, 2004).

Private Grants
Grants from foundations associated with federal/state programs (such as California State Parks Foundation, Elkhorn Slough Foundation, and Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation), other private foundations (such as the Monterey County Agricultural and Historical Land Trust), and corporate gifts.

User Fees
User fees are non-land-based charges made by some water resource agencies where facilities and programs directly benefit the existing customers. For example, within the MPWMD boundary, a user fee is assessed on each connection to the Cal-Am system to pay for mitigation for water extraction and to fund projects that will reduce water use or replace existing unauthorized diversions. The user fee is a fixed percentage of the monthly water bill, which usually includes a base amount for a connection and a variable amount based on the metered usage. User fees for specific services are assessed by other agencies within the Region including MRWPCA and CAWD. Cal-Am rates are set by the California Public Utilities Commission. Under Prop 218, public agencies must go through a voting process in order to assess or raise user fees.

Development Impact and Mitigation Fees
Development fees are used by water resource agencies almost universally as a measure to achieve and maintain equity among its past, present and future customers. Development fees are typically charged per connection, measured in equivalent dwelling units (EDU). A single connection may encompass more than one EDU. In addition to the connection fee aspect of development fees, agencies may also assess other fees such as the Commercial Acreage Fee (per acre) and Other Service Fee (per acre).

Loans
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act or CWA), established the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program. The CWSRF program offers low interest financing agreements for water quality projects. Annually, the program disburses between $200 and $300 million to eligible projects.

Eligible projects can address a number of issues such as wastewater and stormwater treatment, water reclamation, nonpoint source projects, and the implementation of comprehensive conservation management plans (SWRCB, 2014).

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 171, Packet Page 271 Chapter 10 Finance
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 10-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft General or Capital Improvement Funds: General or capital improvement funds are monies that an agency sets aside for funding general operations and/or facility improvements or upgrades. These funds are usually part of their overall revenue stream and may or may not be project-specific.

Bonded Debt Service
Revenue bonds are issued to pay for new capital in cases where a large facility is needed to support current services and future growth. In this way, a large facility can be paid for by bonded debt service at the time of construction with repayment of the debt service over a 20- to 30-year timeframe. This is a preferred approach to paying for high cost facilities because it avoids the perceived over-collection of fees from past customers that go towards facilities that serve present and future customers. A user fee or rate must be pledged to the project as a bond document covenant in the event that development fees are not adequate to make the required annual payment for the debt service.

Grant Programs
Grant programs at the local, state, or federal level are available to the region from time to time. In the past, the RWMG members have applied for and obtained state and federal funding for studies and projects benefiting the region. These monies typically require that a local matching amount be available to obtain the grant that typically comes from one or more of the funding sources above or from another grant. The matching requirement shows a local commitment to promoting and completing the study or project. A grant is typically administered and contracted by a single agency within the region that works directly with the state or federal granting agency. There are typically higher administration costs for grants since a small portion of the grant also pays for administration of the grant by the state or federal agency.

Land Trusts and other Non-Profit Sources
Land trusts are often used as a way to conserve land and can attract donations from private parties for furthering the mission of a particular trust. Recently, both the Big Sur Land Trust and the Nature Conservancy, another non-profit group, have taken a more active role in water resource management.

Local non-profit groups, such as the Carmel River Steelhead Association and the Carmel River Watershed Conservancy, also raise private funds and donate resources and funds to carry out water resource-related activities.

10.3 Certainty/Longevity of Funding the IRWM Plan and Projects To date, the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning effort has been funded through a combination of private foundation grant funds, State IRWM Planning Grant funds, contributions from RWMG entities, and in-kind staff time contributed by members of the RWMG. As noted in the Chapter 1, Governance, the RWMG has been developed to be a working group: its members are expected to actively participate in all aspects of the IRWM planning process. During the development of this IRWM Plan Update, RWMG members have attended public workshops, reviewed drafts of the IRWM Plan, and participated on various committees to develop elements of the plan.

This work has been accomplished by means of donated staff time, or in some cases volunteered time on the part of the RWMG members. It is also important to recognize the many hours contributed by stakeholders and community members who volunteered their time to review the draft plan, provide comments, and offer technical advice and expertise. Leading this effort—and responsible for drafting this IRWM Plan—is the IRWM Plan Coordinator, staff at MPWMD.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 172, Packet Page 272 Chapter 10 Finance
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 10-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft With the completion and final approval of the IRWM Plan, the time and resources required to support the IRWM planning efforts are expected to diminish. While the RWMG met quarterly during the initial development of this Plan, it is anticipated that the continuing IRWM planning process will require fewer (semi-annual) meetings.

The RWMG estimates that after the initial IRWM Plan development, ongoing IRWM planning and “maintenance” for the plan will most likely entail:
• Approximately 2-4 RWMG meetings a year, which will focus on alternative sources of funding for IRWM Plan projects and programs, ongoing water resource issues in the region, integration of projects, ongoing outreach and assistance to DAC, and opportunities for collaboration between RWMG members.
• Project solicitations for the IRWM Plan, which will occur about every 2 years in line with funding cycles.
• Committee work associated with the project solicitations (e.g., project ranking and project review).
• Project monitoring and Plan performance evaluation, which is expected to occur bi-annually.

The RWMG will continue to donate their staff time toward the ongoing planning effort, and stakeholders will continue to participate actively in the process. Additional funds will be needed to maintain the IRWM Plan and keep the process moving forward: organizing meetings, overseeing project solicitations, coordinating the continued planning process, keeping stakeholders (and RWMG members) engaged, and ensuring that IRWM Plan objectives are being met. The RWMG should explore various means for longterm funding including potential collaboration with other agencies and organizations outside the RWMG that share similar goals and could benefit from IRWM Plan implementation.

10.4 Operation and Maintenance Funding
Ongoing support and financing for operation and maintenance (O&M) of projects implemented from this IRWM Plan is expected to come from many of the same sources used to implement the projects. Support and financing will likely come from local sources, including user rates, fees and assessments.

Funding the O&M of implemented projects will be the responsibility of individual project sponsors.

However, it is the intent of the stakeholder group to form a technical review committee to review project proposals and implementation for conformance with the proposed Final Plan for adoption and to offer support for and coordination of grant and funding opportunities.

Table 10-1 summarizes the anticipated and potential sources of funding that will support the projects and programs included in the IRWM Plan. This will include financing for O&M, which is not eligible for grant reimbursement by state grant programs. The table shows the approximate total project cost, the anticipated funding sources, the certainty of obtaining those funds, the O&M finance source, and the certainty of obtaining O&M financing.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 173, Packet Page 273 Chapter 10 Finance
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 10-5 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 10-1: IRWM Plan Financing
[this table is intended to be revised after review by DWR of an Implementation Grant application is completed]
Activity Description Approx.

Total Cost
Funding Source &
percent of Total
Cost
Funding:

Certainty/
Longevity
O&M Finance
Source
O&M
Certainty
West End Stormwater
Management
Improvements
$972,400 IRWM Grant: 100% 30 years City of Sand City
Del Monte Manor Park
LID Improvements
Project
$560,000 IRWM Grant: 100% 30 years City of Seaside
Ramona Avenue
Stormwater Runoff
Infiltration Project
$338,000 IRWM Grant: 17% 30 years City of Monterey
Coe Avenue Recycled
Water Distribution
Pipeline $285,000
IRWM Grant: 46%
Capital
Improvement
Funds: 54%
30 years Marina Coast
Water District
Grant Administration $142,540 IRWM Grant: 100% End of grant MPWMD Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 174, Packet Page 274 Chapter 10 Finance
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 10-6 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 175, Packet Page 275 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Technical Analysis
IRWM Standard 11
The IRWM Plan must document the data and technical analyses that were used in the development of the Plan.

The purpose of the Technical Analysis standard as stated in the Proposition 1 IRWM Program Guidelines is to explain the technical information, methods, and analyses used by the RWMG to understand the water management needs over the planning horizon.

11.1 Technical Information Used in the IRWM Plan
A critical aspect of the regional planning process is the amalgamation of existing plans, reports, and studies to create a comprehensive overview of current water resource conditions in the Region and for updating the IRWM Plan. The background information and technical data—including land use information, population studies and demographic information, economic data, water supply and water use data, environmental resources, and projected water demand—have been derived from the following set of diverse documents:
• Research and technical studies by local academic institutions and consultants • Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) Municipal Services Review Reports • DWR Land Use Surveys
• Watershed Assessment and Management Plans
• MCWRA and Seaside Watermaster Groundwater Summary Reports • Seaside Basin Salt and Nutrient Management Plan (June 2014) • MCWRA Monterey County Floodplain Management Plan
• Cities and Monterey County General Plans and Specific Area Plans • RWQCB plans, including 303(d) List
• MBNMS Condition Report and Management Plan
• National Marine Fisheries Services –South-Central California Coast Steelhead Recovery Plan • US Census decennial population data
• US Census/American Community Survey (ACS) five-year economic survey data • Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments (AMBAG) and FORA economic reports • USGS Carmel River flow records
• MPWMD groundwater monitoring and Carmel River watershed surface water monitoring • Other annual MPWMD resource monitoring
The sources listed in Table 11-1 have been used to describe historic and existing conditions in the IRWM Region, as well as to estimate future conditions—most importantly, future water demand. The table lists the sources of technical information used specifically to develop projected needs. Following the table is a brief description of these technical sources, and an explanation for why this technical information is representative and adequate for developing the IRWM Plan. All documents cited in this IRWM Plan are available to the public upon request. A complete list of documents used in the development of this plan is included in the References section.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 176, Packet Page 276 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 11-1: Technical Information Used in the IRWM Plan Type of Study or
Data Source (Author/Title) Information Used Relevant IRWM Plan Sections Hydrology data
collection/reporting
United States Geological Survey;
Monterey Peninsula Water
Management District
Carmel River and tributary surface water data: historic instream flow, runoff amount, water production, peak
flow data
Region Description
Service area
planning
Monterey County Local Agency
Formation Commission: Municipal
Services Review
Status of the various service providers (including water and wastewater agencies/districts), jurisdictional
boundaries and service area requirements
Region Description
Facilities planning
report
Carmel Area Wastewater District
Capital Improvement Program 20-Year
Master Plan
Amount of wastewater from the Carmel Area
Wastewater District
Region Description
Hydrology MPWMD Los Padres Dam and Reservoir
‐ Long‐Term Strategic and Short‐Term
Tactical Plan (January 2014)
Planning-Level Report with summary of recent data
Usable surface storage in Los Padres Reservoir and
Tributaries
Region Description
Hydrology Monterey Peninsula Water
Management District
Total water production within the Region (1996- 2013) Region Description Hydrology California American Water Company,
2015 Urban Water Management Plan
(June 30, 2016)
Cal-Am allowable production from Carmel River and
Seaside Basin for 2009- 2021 and statistical and data
analysis
Region Description
Species recovery
plan
National Marine Fisheries Service. 2013.

South-Central California Coast
Steelhead Recovery Plan. West Coast
Region, California Coastal Area Office
Fisheries information relevant to San Jose Creek
Watershed and Carmel River Watershed
Region Description and Resource
Management Strategies
Monitoring California Surface Water Ambient
Monitoring Program (SWAMP)
Monitoring tool to be used for the continued plan
performance and monitoring of IRWM projects and
proposals.

Region Description
Monitoring California Environmental Data Exchange
Network (CEDEN)
Monitoring tool to be used for the continued plan
performance and monitoring of IRWM projects and
proposals.

Plan Performance and Monitoring
and Data Management
Monitoring Central Coast Conservation Action
Tracker
Monitoring tool to be used for the continued plan
performance and monitoring of IRWM projects and
proposals.

Plan Performance and Monitoring
and Data Management
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 177, Packet Page 277 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Type of Study or
Data Source (Author/Title) Information Used Relevant IRWM Plan Sections Monitoring California Rapid Assessment Methods
(CRAM)
Monitoring tool to be used for the continued plan
performance and monitoring of IRWM projects and
proposals.

Plan Performance and Monitoring
and Data Management
Monitoring Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and
Assessment (GAMA) database
Monitoring tool to be used for the continued plan
performance and monitoring of IRWM projects and
proposals.

Plan Performance and Monitoring
and Data Management
Economic data US Census Bureau, American
Community Survey, 2013-2017
Median household income data (2013-2017) for
communities and census tracts in Region using fiveyear economic surveys Region Description (disadvantaged
communities)
Economic data Fort Ord Reuse Authority, Base
Reassessment Plan, including Market
Report (EMC Planning and EPS, August
15, 2012)
Economic analysis, including population, jobs and
housing data for the former Fort Ord
Region Description (economics)
Historic population
trends
US Census Bureau, population data
from 1960 to 2010 (US Census website)
Population for urban areas in Region from 1960 to
2010 for estimating population growth, and for
calculating using decennial population surveys
Region Description
Population growth AMBAG, 2018 Regional Forecast Estimated population growth for urban areas in Region, from 2015 to 2040.

Region Description
Population growth
and future water
demands
Marina Coast Water District (MCWD)
and CalAm’s 2015 Urban Water
Management Plans; CPUC Decision 18-
09-017 (dated September 13, 2018);
MPWMD estimates of future demand
(September 16, 2019 MPWMD Board
Packet)
Future population and demand estimates for the Ord
Community and Monterey Peninsula service areas to
use in water supply planning
Region Description; Data
Management
Groundwater use MPWMD annual production reports Historic water use from the Carmel Valley Alluvial Aquifer, Camel Valley upland area, miscellaneous
groundwater basins, and the Seaside Groundwater
Basin: 1990-2015 to establish historic water use trends and to document current water use
Region Description, Objectives, and
Resource Management Strategies
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 178, Packet Page 278 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Type of Study or
Data Source (Author/Title) Information Used Relevant IRWM Plan Sections Groundwater
use/management
reports
Seaside Basin Watermaster Reports
(including Annual Report for Water Year
2017 – 2018, published November
2018) and Seawater Intrusion Response
Report (November 2018)
Records of water injection and extraction monitoring
and modeling effort summaries used to summarize
historic water use from the Seaside Groundwater Basin
through September 30, 2018.

Region Description
Urban water use Urban Water Management Plans for:
2015 CalAm UWMP (2016), Marina
Coast 2015 UWMP (2016)
Projected water use for urban areas in Region,
according to water purveyors as reflected in their
Urban Water Management Plans.

Region Description
Land use trends:

Monterey County
DWR Land Use Surveys: 1997 Aerial surveys and field verification used to establish land use trends and as a basis for estimating future
water demand in the Region-(specifically agricultural
vs. urban vs. native land acreages; includes irrigated
and non-irrigated lands).

Region Description
Groundwater and
surface water
modeling
Carmel River Basin Hydrologic Model
(MPWMD); Monterey Peninsula
groundwater and surface water model
(Bureau of Reclamation, in progress)
MPWMD’s linked surface-groundwater model uses
past water production, precipitation, runoff, aquifer
levels, temperature, evapotranspiration and land use;
model can simulate future demand scenarios and
climate change scenarios.

Bureau of Reclamation model uses similar set of data
to CRBHM, but incorporates future changes in climate,
population, land use, and economics in forecasting
future supply-demand imbalances.

Region Description
Local projections of
changes in climate
variables
Cal-adapt Web Tool - http://caladapt.org/ Local projections of changes in rainfall, average temperature, evapotranspiration, surface flows. Used
to define how various climate variables are projected
to change within the IRWM Region and their effect on
water resources.

Plan Performance and Monitoring
Climate Change
Physical
Oceanography
MBNMS Site Characterization, Physical
Oceanography, II. Water Masses and
Hydrography
Information about the Monterey Submarine Canyon
and the oceanographic effects caused by the canyon on
the Monterey Bay
Region Description
Climate Change
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 179, Packet Page 279 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-5 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Type of Study or
Data Source (Author/Title) Information Used Relevant IRWM Plan Sections Climate
vulnerabilities
Climate Change Handbook, 2011,
https://water.ca.gov/LegacyFiles/climat
echange/docs/Front%20MatterFinal.pdf
Prioritization of potential environmental vulnerabilities and assessment of regional vulnerability to climate
change used to define most critical environmental
variables from which to focus Climate Risk Assessment
and future studies
Climate Change, Goals and
Objectives
Climate risk
assessment
International Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) Climate
Adaptation Planning Workbook
Identify high risk infrastructure and water resources
using ICLEI Risk Assessment protocol
Climate Change, Goals and
Objectives
Developing climate
adaptation
strategies
California Natural Resources Agency’s
2018 Update of the California Climate
Adaptation Strategy
Recommended adaptation actions/strategies and
response scenarios for the Region, based on the risk
assessment
Objectives, Resource Management
Strategies and Climate Change
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 180, Packet Page 280 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-6 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

11.2 Description of Technical Information Source
The following provides a brief description of the technical sources used to develop projected water management needs in the Region, and an explanation for why this technical information is representative and adequate for developing the IRWM Plan.

11.2.1 Population, Housing, and Jobs Data
U.S. Census Bureau Data: The U.S. Census decennial population data have been derived from the U.S.

Census Bureau website.1 Economic data—in particular, median household income (MHI) and poverty status—have been derived from the American Community Survey (ACS) five-year survey, for 2013-2017.

ACS is an ongoing statistical survey by the U.S. Census Bureau, sent to approximately 250,000 addresses monthly (or 3 million per year). It regularly gathers information previously contained only in the long form of the decennial census. MHI was measured in 2017 inflation-adjusted dollars. Disadvantaged Communities (DACs) are defined as communities that had an MHI in 2017 of less than 80 percent the statewide MHI. “Severely DACs” are defined as communities that had an MHI in 2017 of less than 60 percent the statewide MHI. DACs were identified both on the community level and tract level. The U.S.

Census data are a trusted and broadly accepted source of population, demographic, and economic data, and the data used in the IRWM Plan are the latest U.S. Census data available. Therefore, these data are considered representative and adequate for developing the IRWM Plan.

Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments 2018 Regional Forecast: As required by state law, the regional planning agency AMBAG produces a regional forecast approximately every five years of population, housing, and employment for a region spanning the counties of Monterey, San Benito and Santa Cruz. Each forecast is produced with the best available data and is extensively reviewed by AMBAG’s member agencies. The 2018 Regional Forecast provides detailed population, housing and employment projections for every jurisdiction in the Monterey Bay region through 2040. The forecast is developed using professionally accepted forecasting methodologies, and represents the most likely trend in population, housing units, and employment. As such, the forecast is broadly accepted as a basis for supporting official regional planning efforts.

Fort Ord Reuse Authority Economic Forecasts: The Fort Ord Reuse Authority conducted a Base Reuse Reassessment process and in December 2012 published a report (the “Final Reassessment Report”). The purpose of these were to evaluate progress toward implementing the 1997 Base Reuse Plan and explore options related to current and future needs. Appendix B of the Final Reassessment Report included a Market and Economic Analysis report (Economic Planning Systems, August 2012) that identifies the key issues related to Fort Ord’s redevelopment over the next decades, with a primary focus on economic trends that are reshaping future land use demand. A baseline estimate of demand for new commercial and residential real estate products is provided, with a high-level comparison to projected Fort Ord supply.

11.2.2 Water Supply, Water Use, and Projected Water Demand Urban Water Management Plans: All urban water suppliers as defined in Section 10617 (including wholesalers), either publicly or privately owned, providing water for municipal purposes either directly or indirectly to more than 3,000 customers or supplying more than 3,000 acre-feet (AF) annually are required to prepare an Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). The UWMP serves as a long-range 1 U.S. Census Bureau website: http://factfinder2.census.gov/.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 181, Packet Page 281 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-7 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft planning document for water supply, source data for development of a regional water plan, and a source document for cities and counties as they prepare their General Plans. UWMPs include a description of the service area (including population served), historical and current water demand and water demand projections, an overview of water system supplies (including purchased water, surface water, groundwater, recycled water, desalinated water, and water transfers), water supply reliability and water shortage contingency plans, and conservation master plans, among other topics. UWMPs for the following water districts have been used in the development of this IRWM Plan: Marina Coast (2016), California American Water Company-Monterey District Service Area (2015 published June 2016).

Information from these UWMPs has been used to describe water systems and to establish future water demand for urban areas in the Region.

Seaside Basin Watermaster Reports: Adjudication of the Seaside Groundwater Basin occurred in 2006 with a Final Statement of Decision filed on March 27, 2006. The court ordered the formation of a Watermaster and mandated a “physical solution” to the overdraft problem. Since the Seaside Basin Adjudication was completed, the Seaside Basin Watermaster has conducted detail monitoring, data collection, and modeling of the Seaside Basin, and the following reports have been prepared to document the conditions of the basin and to recommend solutions for the overdraft problem (all are available for review at http://www.seasidebasinwatermaster.org/sbwmARC.html):
• Seawater Intrusion Response Plan Seaside Basin, Monterey County, California (HydroMetrics, LLC, 2009
• Seaside Groundwater Basin Modeling and Protective Groundwater Elevations, Prepared for:

Seaside Watermaster. (HydroMetrics, LLC, 2009)
• Seaside Groundwater Basin 2018 Seawater Intrusion Analysis Report (Montgomery and Association, 2018)
• Seaside Groundwater Basin, Salt & Nutrient Management Plan, Prepared for: Monterey Peninsula Water Management District, (HydroMetrics WRI, 2014) • Draft Seaside Groundwater Basin 218 Basin Management Action Plan (Montgomery and Associates, 2019)
Salinas Valley Groundwater Basin Seawater Intrusion Technical Memorandum: The “Memorandum from MCWRA to EPA Region IX, dated July 30, 2010, Subject: Technical Memorandum – SEAWATER INTRUSION” has been used along with the most recent seawater intrusion maps to provide an understanding of the extent of seawater intrusion in the Salinas Valley Groundwater Basin. The phenomenon of seawater intrusion was first noticed in the early 1930s and was documented in 1946 in Bulletin 52, an investigation of the Salinas Basin (DWR 1946). The MCWRA has implemented several programs aimed at slowing the rate of seawater intrusion and conducts annual sampling of groundwater wells in the coastal region to monitor the advancement of seawater intrusion. The Coastal Sampling Program includes agricultural wells in the Pressure 180-Foot, 400-Foot, and Deep Aquifers, as well as the East Side Shallow and Deep Aquifers. The MCWRA samples these wells annually during the peak agricultural production season (June through September) when pumping stresses are at their highest.

MPMWD monitors seawater intrusion levels in the Salinas Valley as the SVGB and SGB are not separated by a hydrogeologic barrier, but rather by a groundwater “divide.” Essentially, water levels in both basins can influence where the groundwater divide is located.

Carmel River Basin Hydrologic Model (CRBHM): The CRBHM grew out of a need to replace a mainframe program written in FORTRAN that could not be run a main frame. A 2010 IRWM planning grant Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 182, Packet Page 282 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-8 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft assisted MWPMD with selecting a new platform to build a model on and MPWMD has since worked with the USGS and consultants to develop a comprehensive modeling tool for the basin. The USGS calibrated the model in 2018 and various future scenarios involving water supplies and operations are expected to be completed in 2019.

National Water Quality Assessment Data Warehouse: The United States Geological Survey began the National Water Quality Assessment program in 1991 when it collected chemical, biological, and physical water quality data from 51 basins across the nation. The source data is extracted daily and includes the following:
• Chemical concentrations in water, bed sediment, and aquatic organism tissues for about 3,000 chemical constituents
• Site, basin, well and network characteristics with many descriptive variables • Daily stream flow information for fixed sampling sites • Groundwater levels for sampled wells
• 4,700 surface water sites and 9,500 wells
• 68,000 nutrient samples and 45,000 pesticide samples as well as 13,000 VOC samples • 2,700 samples of bed sediment and aquatic organism tissues • Biological community data for fish, aquatic macroinvertebrate, and algae community samples

11.2.3 Watershed and Groundwater Basin Assessments and Management Plans San Jose Creek Watershed Assessment
The Final San Jose Creek Watershed Assessment was completed in June 2014. This document is a steelhead‐centric, physical watershed assessment that will lead to a prioritized list of watershed management actions for the San Jose Creek watershed. The assessment integrates information from sediment source analysis, hydrologic data, barrier evaluations, and lagoon monitoring. The San Jose Creek Watershed Assessment is included in Appendix 2-d.

Carmel River Watershed Planning
The 2016 Carmel River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Update2 identified its highest priority issues to be water quality, water quantity, flood management, Carmel River Estuary and Lagoon, conservation of threatened species, dam management and removal, wildfire management, erosion and sedimentation, channel incision and geomorphology, drought, public safety and health, and public awareness and access. Along with the watershed assessment, the plan identified specific strategies that, if implemented, could improve the Carmel River as a natural and cultural resource.

Federal Steelhead Recovery Plan
The Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 requires that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) develop and implement recovery plans for the conservation and survival of NMFS-listed species. The NMFS completed their Steelhead Recovery 2 Carmel River Watershed Conservancy, Inc. Carmel River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan 2016 Update. (January 17, 2017).

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 183, Packet Page 283 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-9 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Plan in 2013. The goal of the Recovery Plan is to prevent the extinction of South-Central California Coast steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss, or O. mykiss) in the wild and to ensure the long-term persistence of viable, self-sustaining populations of steelhead distributed across the South-Central California Coast Steelhead (SCCCS) Distinct Population Segment (DPS). It is also the goal of the Recovery Plan to establish a sustainable South-Central California Coast steelhead sport fishery. This report can be accessed online at the NOAA Fisheries West Coast website.3
Seaside Basin Salt and Nutrient Management Plan
SWRCB’s Resolution No. 2009‐0011 established a statewide Recycled Water Policy and required preparation of salt and nutrient management plans (SNMP) for each groundwater basin in California by 2014. SNMP are intended to facilitate management of salts and nutrients to optimize recycled water use while ensuring protection of groundwater supply and beneficial uses, agricultural beneficial uses, and human health. The SNMP prepared for the Region is included in Appendix 2-c; it identifies sources, transport and fate of salts and nutrients in surface water and groundwater within the Seaside Basin.

For seawater intrusion in the basin, the Watermaster has developed a Seawater Intrusion Response Plan (SIRP) as a contingency plan for responding to seawater intrusion in the Seaside Groundwater Basin, if and when it occurs. Based on the Seaside basin’s native groundwater quality and the proposed use of recycled and desalinated water projects, managing salt and nutrient loadings on a sustainable basis is feasible with minimal implementation measures. Best Management Practices (BMPs) and public outreach are recommended implementation measures. If necessary, based on future monitoring results, the implementation measures identified in the following sub-sections will be reevaluated and updated measures recommended for future implementation. See Appendix 2-c for more information.

The Canyon Del Rey Master Drainage Plan Update
Canyon Del Rey Creek is an ephemeral stream that drains to the Pacific Ocean; the watershed includes portions of Seaside, Del Rey Oaks, Monterey, and unincorporated Monterey County. In 2014 MCWRA, MPWMD, and the City of Seaside partnered to prepare the Canyon Del Rey Master Drainage Plan for the watershed. The plan included a hydrologic analysis of existing data, predictions of future flows, a hydraulic analysis of existing facilities, and made recommendations for future improvements. The plan is provided in Appendix 2-e.

Areas of Special Biological Significance Watershed Planning Chapter 12, Relation to Local Water Planning, includes details on studies, plans, and monitoring associated with watersheds that drain to Areas of Special Biological Significance.

11.2.4 Land Use Trends
Department of Water Resources Land Use Surveys: DWR land use surveys are typically performed every seven years throughout the state of California and consist of aerial surveys followed by field verification.

The main emphasis of DWR's land use surveys is the mapping of agricultural land. Over 70 different crops or crop categories are included in the surveys. Urban and native vegetation (undeveloped) areas 3 https://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/recovery_planning/salmon_steelhead/domains/south_central_southern_california/20 13_scccs_recoveryplan_final.pdf
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 184, Packet Page 284 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-10 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft are also mapped, though not to the level of detail of agricultural land. The land use surveys are performed using aerial photos and, more recently, satellite imagery to define field boundaries.

11.2.5 Climate Change
Many climate models have been generated to predict changes in ocean and land temperature, rain frequency and intensity, coastal wave exposure, and sea level rise. Modeling using regional climate models (RCMs) has matured over the past decade to enable meaningful climate vulnerability assessment applications. California has created several web-based interfaces to help local and regional planners “downscale” climate models for local planning purposes. The Cal-Adapt website provides a geographically based climate model interpretation tool that generates predictive changes to various climate variables using different Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions projections. Specifically, emissions RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 coincide, respectively, with emission rates consistent with current rates of increase and with emission rates associated with global success at curbing emissions as prescribed within international climate treaties.

The Pacific Institute study (California Vulnerabilities to Sea Level Rise, 2009) provides an analysis of coastal resources, human populations, infrastructure, and property that is at risk from projected sea level rise if no actions are taken. The study provides data regarding the cumulative impacts of increased watershed flooding, sea level rise, and storm surge, and shows how these cumulative effects can impact coastal areas for each United States Geological Survey (USGS) Quadrangle map of the California Coast.

The 2011 Climate Change Handbook for Regional Water Planning, developed cooperatively by DWR, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Resources Legacy Fund, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, provides a framework for considering climate change in water management planning. It includes key decision considerations, resources, tools, and decision options to guide resource managers and planners as they develop means of adapting their programs to a changing climate. The handbook uses DWR's IRWM planning framework as a model into which analysis of climate change impacts and planning for adaptation and mitigation can be integrated.

The RWMG used the California Natural Resources Agency’s 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy to develop an adaptation strategy for the Monterey Peninsula IRWM region. Adaptation actions and response scenarios from were selected from this document as applicable to the Greater Monterey County region. High priority responses along with climate mitigation actions are listed in Section R, Table 15-7, “Adaptation and Response Strategies Based on Risk Assessment.”

11.3 Data Gaps
Each technical information source that has been used in the development of this IRWM Plan represents the latest or most currently available information available for that source. Each source is broadly considered to be a reliable and acceptable source of information by water resource managers and related professionals in the field. Thus, the information and data that have been used are considered to be representative and adequate for the development of this IRWM Plan.

Nonetheless, some data gaps do exist and are described below. • Environmental water needs ◦ Environmental water needs must be taken into consideration alongside agricultural and urban water needs when considering future water supplies for the Region. Unfortunately, as noted in Chapter 2, Region Description, with the exception of instream flow requirements recommended by NMFS for the Carmel River, environmental water needs are not well quantified for the Region. The lack of numerical data suggests that Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 185, Packet Page 285 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-11 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft environmental water needs may be getting overlooked in water resource planning. Addressing water needs will become more and more critical as ecosystems become increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. One of the objectives of this IRWM Plan is to “support applied research and monitoring to better understand environmental conditions, environmental water needs, and the impacts of water-related projects on environmental resources.” It is the intention of the RWMG to provide quantified data for environmental water needs in future updates of this IRWM Plan.
• Climate change impact assessment, adaptation and mitigation ◦ MPWMD, MCWRA, M1W, and the County of San Luis Obispo are working with the Bureau of Land Management on the Salinas and Carmel Rivers Basin Study. The area includes the Carmel River Basin, the Monterey Peninsula, and Salinas Valley. The goal of the study is to assess the impact of climate change, identify imbalances between supplies and demands, and propose adaptation strategies.

Multiple scenarios will be studied involving five climate change assumptions, projections of population growth, economic changes and land use changes. A final report is expected in late 2020.

In addition, it is likely that significant data resources will be needed concerning potential effects to coastal areas before more accurate vulnerability evaluations can be made. Key data needs that have been identified to date include: 1) a comprehensive coastal elevation map using Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) data collected in 2011; 2) a complete inventory of water management infrastructure within the areas identified as vulnerable to the combined impacts of sea level rise and increased rain; 3) an evaluation of future capacity of culverts and tide gates that protect inland wetlands, agriculture, and urban land uses under various sea level rise scenarios; and 4) a cost benefit/effectiveness analysis of coastal protection, adaptation, and retreat options for various categories of coastal infrastructure and land uses. • Carmel River modeling ◦ The MPWMD has completed a Carmel River Basin model as well as a steelhead habitat model for the main stem that is based on daily flows in four reaches of the river. Also, as part of study to determine whether Los Padres Dam should be removed or not, a sediment transport model for the lower 25 miles of the river has been developed. These modeling tools will help inform long-term decisions about the effects of various water supply scenarios on the river environment.

Data and information contained in this IRWM Plan will be reviewed and updated periodically, depending on available funds, as part of the formal IRWM Plan update. Some data will be reviewed on a more frequent basis; for example, MHI data will be reviewed prior to every Implementation Grant solicitation, using the ACS five-year survey estimates, in order to determine the status of DACs in the Region.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 186, Packet Page 286 Chapter 11 Technical Analysis
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 11-12 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 187, Packet Page 287 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Relation to Local Water Planning
IRWM Plan Standard 12
The IRWM Plan must document the local water planning documents on which it is based including:
• A list of local water plans used in the IRWM Plan.
• A discussion of how the IRWM Plan relates to planning documents and programs established by local agencies.
• A description of the dynamics between the IRWM Plan and local planning documents. • A description of the consideration and incorporation of water management issues and climate change adaption and mitigation strategies from local plans into the IRWM Plan.

12.1 Introduction
The intent of the Relation to Local Water Planning standard in the Proposition 1 IRWM Program Guidelines is to ensure that the Plan is congruent with local plans and that it includes current, relevant elements of local water planning and water management issues common to multiple local entities in the Region. IRWM planning does not replace or supersede local planning; rather, local planning elements are used as the foundation for the regional planning effort. This chapter describes how the Monterey Peninsula RWMG coordinates its water management planning activities to address or incorporate all or part of the following actions of its members.

Local Water Plans Used in the IRWM Plan
The following documents were used as references to guide the overall planning efforts of the RWMG and to serve as a resource to guide the stakeholders in water management planning.

Local water supply management planning:
− Groundwater management plans
− Urban water management plans
− LAFCO Municipal Services and Sphere of Influence Reviews − Watershed management
− Stormwater management1
− CPUC Decision 18-09-017 dated September 13, 2018
Additional planning documents were reviewed for water resource considerations. A number of resource documents that were used are not necessarily considered “local water plans,” but are critical planning documents directly relevant to the Monterey Peninsula water planning efforts:
− Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coast Basin Plan − City and County general planning
− Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Plan
− Flood Protection and Floodplain Management
− Federal Steelhead Recovery Planning Emergency response and disaster plans 1 This includes LID ordinances and regulations
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 188, Packet Page 288 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

12.2 How Local Resource Plans Relate to the IRWM Plan
The goals and objectives for this Plan have been developed in response to the perceived water resource issues in the Region. The water resource goals for this Plan are provided in Chapter 3, Goals and Objectives.

In order to achieve these goals, the RWMG started with a foundational understanding of the Region’s water systems, which include not only water supply (groundwater, surface water, recycled water, desalinated water, etc.) but a holistic view of the water systems (watersheds, floodplains, wetlands, and the nearshore and ocean waters). The information used to describe the Region’s water system was derived from existing local and regional water resource management plans, which are described in more detail below.

12.2.1 Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coast Basin The Central Coast RWQCB relies on its adopted “Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coast Basin Plan” (Basin Plan) to manage surface and groundwater in order to provide the highest water quality reasonably possible. The geographic scope of the Basin Plan covers a 300-mile long section of the central coast, from Santa Cruz to Santa Barbara, making the area relevant to the IRWMP Plan. The Basin Plan lists beneficial uses and describes water quality objectives to maintain water quality, describes programs, projects, and other actions to achieve the plan’s standards, summarizes plans and policies to protect water quality, and describes statewide and regional monitoring programs (CCRWQCB, 2009).

The Central Coast RWQCB implements the Basin Plan by issuing and enforcing the following pollution standards: 1) waste discharge requirements (WDRs) (non-water body discharges); 2) NPDES (surface water body discharges) for point source discharges, water-quality based effluent limitations, prohibitions of discharge, and the review and establishment of Total Maximum Daily Loads.

Water bodies in the Basin Plan are designated by one or more beneficial uses:
• Domestic, municipal, agricultural, and industrial supply • Power generation
• Recreation
• Aesthetic enjoyment
• Navigation
• Preservation and enhancement of fish, wildlife, and other aquatic resource Monitoring for compliance is accomplished through various programs and agencies: discharger selfmonitoring is required under WDRs and NPDES permits; the CCAMP2 , SWAMP, and the GAMA3 Program
are used by the RWQCB.
2 CCAMP is a regionally-scaled water quality monitoring and assessment program to provide scientific information to Regional Board staff and the public, to protect, restore, and enhance the quality of the waters of central California. 3 GAMA collects data by testing the untreated, raw water in different types of wells for naturally-occurring and man-made chemicals. GAMA compiles these test results with existing groundwater quality data from several agencies into a publicly-accessible internet database, GeoTracker GAMA.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 189, Packet Page 289 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

12.2.2 Seaside Groundwater Basin Management
This section provides an overview of the Seaside Groundwater Basin (SGB or Basin) court ordered adjudication, Monitoring and Management & Implementation Plans, Basin Management Action Plan, and Seawater Intrusion Response Plan.

Historical and persistent low groundwater elevations caused by pumping led to concerns that seawater intrusion may threaten the Basin’s groundwater resources. In 2006, an adjudication (Cal-Am v. City of Seaside et al.) led to the issuance of a Monterey County Superior Court decision that created the Seaside Groundwater Basin Watermaster (Watermaster). The court concluded that groundwater production within the SGB exceeded the “Natural Safe Yield”4 and therefore a physical solution was established to prevent seawater intrusion and its deleterious effects on the Basin. The Watermaster consists of nine representatives, one representative from each of the following: Cal-Am, City of Seaside, Sand City, City of Monterey, City of Del Rey Oaks, Monterey Peninsula Water Management District and Monterey County Water Resources Agency, and two representatives from landowner groups. In 2012, the Watermaster evaluated water levels in the basin and determined that while seawater intrusion did not appear to be occurring, water levels were lower than those required to protect against seawater intrusion. Water levels were found to be below sea level in both the Paso Robles (the shallower aquifer) and the Santa Margarita aquifers of the Seaside Basin. The threat of seawater intrusion is being reduced through triennial pumping reductions which end in 2021 at the Natural Safe Yield of 3,000 AFY.

The Watermaster TAC has modeled several levels of groundwater recharge to the basin and concluded that supplemental water supply (injection well replenishment) is necessary to recover water levels to prevent seawater intrusion. There is a desire to achieve these levels within 20 to 25 years. Estimates of how much injection is required vary, but 750 to 1,000 AFY have been discussed. The Watermaster Board is considering how such a project would be financed and is encouraging local entities such as Cal-Am, MPWMD, and Monterey One Water to consider planning for such a water supply project.

In addition to the creation of a Watermaster, the court mandated a Monitoring and Management Plan (M&MP) be developed; the M&MP was completed in May 2006. The purpose of the Seaside Basin M&MP and its associated Implementation Plan (2007) was to establish a logical, efficient and costeffective work plan to meet the requirements of the Seaside Basin Adjudication. The Implementation Plan contains a description of the phases identified for the Implementation Plan work effort, a detailed scope, budget and schedule of tasks planned, as well as a summary of other projects underway that, in addition to implementation of the M&MP, will develop solutions to the threat of seawater intrusion and establish a maximum perennial yield for the producers who rely on the Seaside Basin for their water supply.

In 2008 and 2009, the Watermaster through their consultant, Hydrometrics, prepared the Seawater Intrusion Response Plan and the Basin Management Action Plan. The Seawater Intrusion Response Plan is the Watermaster’s contingency plan for responding to seawater intrusion in the SGB, if and when it occurs. The Seawater Intrusion Response Plan details both the indicators of seawater intrusion, and a list of recommended actions to be taken if seawater intrusion is observed. The Basin Management Action Plan describes the existing condition, identifies supplemental water supplies, groundwater management actions, and other recommendations, including a recommendation for development and use of a hydrogeologic model to evaluate proposed projects that may harm or benefit the project. 4 "Natural Safe Yield" was defined as "the quantity of Groundwater existing in the Seaside Basin that occurs solely as a result of Natural Replenishment" (California American Water v. City of Seaside, et al., Case No. 66343 (Monterey County Superior Court, 2006).

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 190, Packet Page 290 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

12.2.3 Urban Water Management Plans
All urban water suppliers (as defined in California Water Code §10617), either publicly or privately owned, that provide water for municipal purposes (either directly or indirectly) to more than 3,000 customers, or that supply more than 3,000 AF annually are required to prepare a UWMP. The UWMP serves as a long-range planning document for water supply, source data for development of a regional water plan, and a source document for cities and counties as they prepare their General Plans. In addition, the UWMP includes a description of the service area (including population served), historical and current water demand and water demand projections, an overview of water system supplies (including purchased water, surface water, groundwater, recycled water, desalinated water, and water transfers), water supply reliability and water shortage contingency plans, and conservation master plans, among other topics.

For the IRWM planning process, the following UWMPs were used:
• Marina Coast Water District (2016)
• California American Water – Monterey District (2016)
Information from these UWMPs has been used to describe water systems and to establish future urban water demand in the in the IRWM planning region. The City of Seaside Municipal Water System serves fewer than 3,000 connections; therefore, it is not required to prepare a UWMP.

12.2.4 LAFCO Municipal Services Reviews
LAFCO produces Municipal Service and Sphere of Influence Reviews (MSR) for urban areas and other planning districts within the county. State law requires that the LAFCO conduct periodic reviews and updates of the Sphere of Influence of each city and district in Monterey County (Government Code §56425(e)). The law also requires that the Commission update information about municipal services before adopting sphere updates (Government Code §56430). The MSR contain the following information pertinent to understanding the water management and water management needs in the Region: growth and population projections; present and planned land uses in the area, including agricultural and open space lands; description of present and planned public facilities, including water supply, wastewater, stormwater, and flood management infrastructure; and adequacy of public services, including infrastructure deficiencies and needs.

The following MSRs have been used in the development of this IRWM Plan:
• City of Carmel-by-the-Sea (2011)
• City of Del Rey Oaks (2011)
• City of Marina (2011)
• City of Monterey (2011)
• City of Pacific Grove (2011)
• City of Sand City (2011)
• City of Seaside (2011)
• Pebble Beach Community Services District (2017)
• Carmel Area Wastewater District (2016)
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 191, Packet Page 291 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-5 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • Seaside County Sanitation District (2007)
• Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (2007)
• Marina Coast Water District (2018)
The specific information derived from these MSRs includes population and population growth data, land use, and water resource infrastructure and needs for the cities and planning districts within the Region.

12.2.5 Flood Protection and Floodplain Management
Monterey County Floodplain Management Plan: The MCWRA first developed the Monterey County Floodplain Management Plan in 2002 with the goal of creating a plan to minimize the loss of life and property in areas where repetitive losses have occurred, and to ensure that the natural and beneficial functions of the county’s floodplains are protected. Updated in 2008 and again in 2014, the plan describes the county’s flood control system (infrastructure), identifies flood zones defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including maps depicting Repetitive Loss Properties (RLP) and 100-year floodplains, provides a general hazard assessment, assesses the flood hazards of specific waterways in the county in terms of repetitive losses, and provides an implementation plan for flood mitigation and for mitigation of RLPs.

Information from the Floodplain Management Plan has been used in the IRWM Plan to provide the RWMG and stakeholders with an understanding of flooding, flood protection, and floodplain management in the Region. The Flood Protection and Floodplain Management objectives in this IRWM Plan incorporate and are fully consistent with the objectives of the Monterey County Floodplain Management Plan.

12.2.6 Watershed Management
Information from current and recent watershed assessments and management plans is included in this IRWM Plan to provide background for the RWMG and stakeholders about local watershed management planning efforts. The goals and objectives of this IRWM Plan are congruent with the various watershed management planning efforts in the Region. In fact, many of the objectives in this Plan were derived from previous watershed assessment and planning efforts.

San Jose Creek Watershed Assessment
The San Jose Creek Watershed Assessment is a steelhead‐centric, physical watershed document that includes a prioritized list of watershed management actions for the San Jose Creek watershed. The assessment integrates information from sediment source analysis, hydrologic data, barrier evaluations, and lagoon monitoring.

San Jose Creek flows through a 14.2-square mile, steep, rugged, steelhead‐bearing watershed that empties into the Pacific Ocean near the southern head of Carmel submarine canyon. Promoting the steelhead run is one of the regional priorities in the IRWM Plan. Salmonid5 recovery can only occur if “major limiting factors” are prioritized and addressed, and a resource management or watershed plan contains the major salmonid-limiting factors for the South‐Central California Coast Distinct Population Segment.
5 “Salmonid” refers to the family of bony fishes that have the last three vertebrae upturned. This includes salmon, trout, and whitefish; in this instance, it is referring to the South-Central California Coast Steelhead population.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 192, Packet Page 292 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-6 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft The work plan for the IRWM planning grant includes an assessment of the sediment, flows, and steelhead passage barriers in San Jose Creek and also the San Jose Creek lagoon’s connectivity to the ocean. Recommended habitat improvements will be included in a formal Watershed Plan.

The findings and recommendations of the San Jose Creek Watershed Study are based on data from an unusually dry year. The anomalously dry year in which the study took place resulted in a more limited study on both sediment transport and the lagoon. Sediment transport in the Creek was observed as low; however, long-term sediment yields could be up to two times higher than observed since those periods may be more active than the period of study. This sediment movement, or erosion, is of greatest concern for both long-term restoration and fish habitat. Recommendations for future work were as follows:
• A study to understand the lagoon cycling and evolution • A qualitative road and trail assessment
• Treatment of identified instream sites
Finally, it is recommended that 14 of the 57 inventoried sites receive treatment to reduce sediment, improve instream habitat, and possibly improve fish migration.

Carmel River Watershed Planning
The 2016 Carmel River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan Update6 identified its highest priority issues to be water quality, water quantity, flood management, Carmel River Estuary and Lagoon, conservation of threatened species, dam management and removal, wildfire management, erosion and sedimentation, channel incision and geomorphology, drought, public safety and health, and public awareness and access. Along with the watershed assessment, the plan identified specific strategies that, if implemented, could improve the Carmel River as a natural and cultural resource.

The Watershed Assessment identified threatened species that inhabit the Carmel River Watershed. The current steelhead population is below historic numbers for the Carmel River and is well below populations found in Northern California coastal streams due, in part, to habitat fragmentation and degradation. In addition, the California red-legged frog was found in many areas of the watershed but little is known about its population structure.

Erosion, bank instability, and many other sediment contributors have been accelerated by land development for residential and agricultural purposes. The Watershed Assessment indicated that proper landscaping and restoration of the riparian-wetland habitat could help mitigate these impacts.

Since its adoption in 2004, the Plan has been consulted by stakeholders and water agencies when developing water management policies and projects. Similarly, information in the Assessment was also used throughout this IRWM planning process to form objectives and develop regional priorities. The following objectives align closely with the suggestions presented in the Carmel River Watershed Assessment:
• Meet or exceed water supply requirements set by the SWRCB WRO 95-10, CDO 2009-0060, and CDO 2016-0016
• Improve Carmel River water quality for environmental resources and recreational use 6 Carmel River Watershed Conservancy, Inc. Carmel River Watershed Assessment and Action Plan 2016 Update. (January 17, 2017).

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 193, Packet Page 293 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-7 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • Develop regional projects and plans necessary to protect existing infrastructure and sensitive habitats from flood damage and erosion resulting from the 100-year event • Protect and enhance sensitive species and their habitats in the regional watersheds • Minimize adverse effects on biological and cultural resources when implementing strategies and projects
The following regional priorities were developed with input from the Carmel River Watershed Assessment:
• Flooding in the Carmel Valley and the Carmel River Lagoon • Mitigate stormwater runoff throughout the Carmel River watershed • Promote the Steelhead run
• Eight action categories in order of sequence to the watershed: flows, groundwater, habitat, sedimentation, steelhead, education, public safety, and water quantity • A total of 57 actions were recommended in the Action Plan Salt and Nutrient Management Plans
The SWRCB adopted a Recycled Water Policy in February 2009, which requires local stakeholders, such as local water and wastewater entities, and members of the public to develop salt and nutrient management plans for groundwater basins. The Policy mandates completion of the salt and nutrient management plans by May 14, 2014, although it allows the Central Coast RWQCB to permit a two-year extension (until May 14, 2016) if the stakeholders demonstrate substantial progress toward completion of the plan.

The salt and nutrient management planning effort for the Seaside Groundwater Basin was completed in April 2014. A summary of the SNMP is included in Chapter 11, Technical Analysis.

12.2.7 Stormwater Management/Planning
The 1987 amendments to the Clean Water Act, Section 402(p), provide a framework for regulating certain stormwater discharges under the NPDES program. Separate permits are required for municipal, industrial, and construction activities.

Since March 10, 2003, municipal stormwater permits for urbanized areas in the Monterey Peninsula Planning Area have been covered under EPA’s Stormwater Phase II Final Rule (December 1999), which established application requirements for stormwater permits for additional operators of MS4s in urbanized areas. In 2000, the Cities in the South Monterey Bay area (Monterey, Carmel-by-the-Sea, Del Rey Oaks, Sand City, Seaside, Marina, and Pacific Grove), Monterey County, and the Pebble Beach Company formed a Working Group to develop a stormwater management program and secure a Phase II NPDES permit from the Central Coast RWQCB. The Working Group developed the MRSWMP and permit coverage was issued by the Central Coast RWQCB in September 2006. The MRSWMP is currently being implemented by the participating entities. Under the permit, there are six types of pollution control activities: public education, pollution source identification and abatement, water quality monitoring, land use regulations, construction site regulation and control of municipal operations.

The MRSWMP contains a series of stormwater quality management practices, referred to as BMPs.

These BMPs are designed to reduce the discharge of pollutants from the municipal separate storm Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 194, Packet Page 294 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-8 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft sewer systems to the “maximum extent practicable,” to protect water quality, and to satisfy the appropriate water quality requirements of the Clean Water Act.

On February 5, 2013, the State Water Resources Control Board adopted new Phase II permit requirements, mandating that all small local governments submit a Notice of Intent for a new permit by July 1, 2013 and terminating the requirements of the previous permit cycle. The new program requires additional information be added to the existing permit in order for full compliance.

Stormwater associated with industrial activities that discharge either directly to surface waters or indirectly through separate municipal storm sewers must be regulated by an NPDES permit (Water Quality Order No. 97-03-DWQ, General Permit No. CAS000001).

The State Board has adopted a separate statewide general permit for construction activities disturbing an area greater than one acre (Order No. 2012-0006-DWQ, NPDES No. CAS000002). The intentions of this permit are to eliminate or reduce non-stormwater discharges to storm sewer systems and other waters, and to implement and perform inspections of BMPs. State agencies such as Caltrans, municipal agencies and private construction activities are subject to this permit.

Stormwater management programs and plans are discussed in this IRWM Plan Chapter 2, Region Description. Information from these stormwater programs and plans has been incorporated into the IRWM Plan in order to inform the RWMG and stakeholders about local stormwater management as part of the region’s water system. The goals and objectives of the IRWM Plan support the stormwater management efforts described in these plans (as indicated in the IRWM Plan objective to capture and manage stormwater runoff).

The Canyon Del Rey Master Drainage Plan Update
Canyon Del Rey Creek is an ephemeral stream that drains to the Pacific Ocean; the watershed includes portions of Seaside, Del Rey Oaks, Monterey, and unincorporated Monterey County. The MCWRA completed a Master Drainage Plan for the watershed in June 1977. The update to the 1977 plan was a cooperative effort between MCWRA, the City of Seaside, and the MPWMD. Other contributing agencies include the City of Monterey and the Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District. The Plan update was completed in 2014.

Balance Hydrologics, Inc. prepared the Canyon del Rey Master Drainage Plan Update project funded by the IRWM Planning Grant. The purpose of the project was to evaluate known drainage problems in the Canyon del Rey watershed and update a 1977 drainage study, especially concerning head-cutting in Canyon Del Rey Creek (the creek or CdR creek) and culvert sedimentation of road drainage facilities.

Laguna Grande and Roberts Lakes, located at the terminus of the watershed, continue to experience sedimentation and have a reduced flood control capacity.

The study area is made up of 37 sub-watersheds. The size of these sub-watersheds varies from 8 acres to 1.88 square miles. Significant portions of the watershed to the south of Highway 68 are sparsely developed and contain steep slopes (>25%) rising up to 1,300 feet in elevation with a mix of coastal scrub, pine, and oak woodlands. Most of the runoff to the creek is from this area, which is rated as a fire hazard and thus can undergo episodes with high rates of erosion. The west end of the basin, in the Cities of Monterey, Seaside, and Del Rey Oaks there is a high degree of urbanization and development.

The most recent update of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (April 2, 2009) shows zones of shallow flooding in the 100-year event that would affect residences and businesses adjacent to the creek between Roberts Lake and the intersection of Highway 68/Highway 218 would be inundated during a 100-year flood. The first Technical Memorandum Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 195, Packet Page 295 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-9 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft prepared for this Drainage Plan Update analyzes precipitation and rainfall depth data, to be used for hydrologic modeling.

The second Technical Memorandum summarized the hydrologic modeling. The methodology used incorporates generally accepted best practices for flood analysis, management, and design which can be executed with available information regarding the local rainfall and watershed conditions. Runoff was calculated from precipitation in each sub-watershed using parameters including slope, sub-watershed geometry, percent impervious area, soil type, ground cover, and antecedent moisture.

The highly pervious nature of watershed soils, particularly on the north side of the valley enables the watershed to absorb and retain large amounts of rainfall before substantial runoff is initiated. The Hydrology Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model of the watershed was used to produce runoff rates and volumes for the sub-watersheds, flow results for stream channels, operational data for the storage basins, and performance data for the culverts.

City of Seaside Stormwater Master Plan
The City of Seaside owns, operates, and maintains a storm drain collection system within the city limits, as well as the 90-inch diameter Bay Avenue outfall in Sand City. This system conveys storm runoff out of the city through two ocean outfalls. The purpose of Phase 1 of the Master Plan is to: 1) investigate certain documented existing system deficiencies and develop preliminary improvement projects for inclusion into a potential capital improvement program (CIP); 2) develop a program to meet requirements for operating, maintaining and inspecting the City’s storm drainage system; 3) develop a preliminary CIP to address the known system deficiencies and prioritize projects; and 4) prepare a stormwater utility fee study on the basis of the proposed CIP, operations and maintenance, inspection, NPDES commitments and future Stormwater Master Plan study phases. This report was originally developed in 2008 and was updated in 2014 to reflect new requirements prescribed by the 2013 update of the NPDES Phase II Stormwater Program permit.

This plan was used to complement efforts to update the Canyon Del Rey Drainage Study, which contains a portion of Seaside within the watershed.

12.2.8 Areas of Special Biological Significance
There are 34 State-designated ASBS along the California Coast, two of which are located in the Monterey Peninsula IRWM region: Carmel Bay and Pacific Grove. On March 20, 2012, the State Water Resources Control Board adopted a General Exception to the California Ocean Plan for Areas of Special Biological Significance Waste Discharge Prohibition for Storm Water and Non-point Source Discharges, with Special Protections (ASBS Special Protections). The ASBS Special Protections can be summarized generally to eliminate dry weather runoff, ensure that wet weather runoff does not alter natural water quality in the ASBS, and that adequate monitoring be conducted to determine if natural water quality and the marine life beneficial use is protected. The ASBS General Exception and Special Protections documents are available online7
.

The ASBS Special Protections require water quality monitoring, and provide for the option of creating regional monitoring programs. In early 2013, the Central Coast ASBS Regional Monitoring Program was established through a Memorandum of Agreement for all dischargers on the Central Coast, covering an area from Big Sur, in Monterey County, to Pt. Reyes, in Marin County. The responsible parties include:
7 http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/asbs.shtml Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 196, Packet Page 296 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-10 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft the Cities of Carmel, Monterey and Pacific Grove, the Counties of Marin, Monterey and San Mateo, Caltrans, the Pebble Beach Company, Stanford University Hopkins Marine Station and the Monterey Bay Aquarium.

The results of the Central Coast ASBS Regional Monitoring establish the “natural water quality” objectives to be met by the ASBS Special Protections. The Scope of Work for the Central Coast ASBS Regional Monitoring Program was developed by responsible parties discharging storm water into ASBS in conjunction with the State and Regional Water Boards. The monitoring includes water quality sampling of all separate storm sewer system (MS4) outfalls over 18-inches in diameter that discharge stormwater to an ASBS, as well as receiving water quality monitoring at outfalls over 36-inches in diameter, reference site monitoring, and other regional elements such as rocky intertidal and bioaccumulation monitoring.

M1W agreed to act as Program Administrator on behalf of the group in MOA. The MOA is based on the existing MRSWMP. The ASBS Special Protections are incorporated into the NPDES MS4 Stormwater Permits; therefore, the MRWPCA’s role as the Program Administrator is an extension of its role in the MRSWMP.

The cities of Pacific Grove and Monterey are currently constructing the ASBS Stormwater Management Project, which will include enhancing the Pacific Grove existing dry weather urban runoff diversion system that connects Pacific Grove’s storm drain system to the M1W system, to be able to divert some wet weather flows. The City of Pacific Grove has an existing dry weather diversion system that diverts urban runoff from Pacific Grove’s storm drain system into the M1W regional wastewater collection system.

The primary goal of the Pacific Grove ASBS Stormwater Management Project is to improve stormwater quality discharged into the ASBS located along the Pacific Grove coastline. Providing an additional source of water supply for recycling is a secondary goal of the project. A FEIR was certified for the project in 2014. In 2019, an Addendum to the FEIR was adopted by the City of Pacific Grove. The project is currently under design.

The ASBS Stormwater Management Project allows the City the flexibility to either direct runoff to a new Point Pinos stormwater facility or to capture runoff and convey it to the M1W Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant in Marina. The design storm for the project is 85th percentile event, defined as a 24- hour storm with a rainfall volume of 0.8 inches. The total volume of wet weather flows to be managed by this project is estimated to be 626 AFY, with approximately 580 AFY 85th percentile or smaller storms.

The ASBS Stormwater Management Project is comprised of five associated sub-projects located primarily in the City of Pacific Grove, with a portion of one project located in the City of Monterey. The five projects include:
• Upgrading and restoring the retired David Avenue Reservoir, adjacent to the intersection of David Avenue, Terry Street, and Carmel Avenue;
• Modifying the Pine Avenue drainage system between 7th Street and 18th Street; • Modifying the Ocean View Boulevard drainage system from Forest Avenue west to the retired Pacific Grove Wastewater Treatment Plant near Point Pinos; • Installing a new stormwater treatment system at the former Pacific Grove Wastewater Treatment Plant site, located on the Pacific Grove Golf Links; and Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 197, Packet Page 297 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-11 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • Upgrading the dry weather diversion system along the Ocean View Boulevard right-of-way from Forest Avenue east to David Avenue to enable the diversion of wet weather flows to the Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant.

The existing dry weather diversion system is sized to convey 200 gpm to the M1W, and includes five pump stations, and over 6,800 feet of conveyance pipeline. The project component to upgrade and expand the existing dry weather diversion system is to increase the capacity of the existing dry weather diversion system to be able to divert up to the 85th percentile of wet weather storm to the M1W. The average annual wet weather runoff to the M1W collection system through is approximately 173 AFY, with an average of the 85th percentile or smaller events generating approximately 143 AFY that would be diverted to M1W.

The existing pump stations at Eardley, Berwick and Greenwood Park would need to be upsized to accommodate increased flows. Within the Lovers Point and Fountain section of the existing system, pipelines are adequate for delivery of the 85% event to the M1W. If the Pine Avenue component is not first constructed, peak flows to the diversion system would increase as its runoff from a larger area of the watershed would be captured.

The Point Pinos Stormwater Treatment Plant project component has been constructed. This component adds to the total amount of urban runoff diverted to the Regional Treatment Plant. Approximately 417 AFY to 434 AFY of additional wet weather flows can be routed to this project component, which can potentially be diverted to M1W at the Coral Street pump station if capacity is available in the M1W system to accept the flow rates from the treatment plant.

12.2.9 City and County General Planning
The policies of the General Plans for Monterey County and the cities in the Monterey Peninsula planning region (Carmel-by-the-Sea, Del Rey Oaks, Monterey, Pacific Grove, Seaside and Sand City) are generally consistent with the goals and objectives of the IRWM Plan (Chapter 13, Table 13-1 identifies all General Plans of the Monterey Peninsula).

The introduction to the Monterey County General Plan (2010) Conservation and Open Space element summarizes its overarching goal: The County’s intent is not to alter existing regional, state or federal laws and regulations, but rather to enable greater cooperation among public agencies and the public to share management responsibilities in accomplishing the shared goal of conserving and protecting the resources of the region.

The theme that links all the General Plans with the IRWM Plan is the preservation of valuable natural resources through environmentally responsible solutions. However, the land use plans have a limited reach where the management of those resources is concerning. Land uses and zoning in a municipal code can not necessarily accomplish what a collaborative resource management planning document that crosses jurisdictional and political boundaries can aspire to achieve. General Plans express a county’s development goals and embody public policy on future land uses. The IRWM Plan fills in the gaps where water supply and water quality may not be covered.

Several area plans may also have specific water use components that are consistent with policies in the Monterey County 2010 General Plan: Cachagua Area Plan, Carmel Valley Master Plan, Carmel Area Land Use Plan, Del Monte Forest Land Use Plan, Greater Monterey Peninsula Area Plan, and Fort Ord Reuse Plan.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 198, Packet Page 298 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-12 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

12.2.10 Emergency Response and Disaster Plans
Monterey County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (2015): The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) (Public Law 106-390) was passed by Congress to emphasize the need for mitigation planning to reduce vulnerability to natural and artificial hazards. For multi-jurisdictional plans, DMA stipulates that the plan be adopted by the participating local governing bodies. The Hazard Mitigation Plan for Monterey County was developed for the Monterey County Office of Emergency Services in 2007, and was updated in 2015. The Plan was adopted by County of Monterey and the cities of Carmelby-the-Sea, Del Rey Oaks, Gonzales, Greenfield, King City, Marina, Monterey, Pacific Grove, Salinas, Sand City, and Soledad. The plan includes a hazard analysis (including coastal erosion, dam failure, earthquake, flood, hazardous materials event, landslide, tsunami, wildland fire, and windstorm), a vulnerability analysis, and a mitigation strategy.

Emergency response and disaster planning involves water resource planners both in the preparation and mitigation phases. Preparation includes, for example:
• Locating and constructing water supply, wastewater, and other infrastructure in such a way to reduce the effects of earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and other disasters (Goal 1: Promote disaster-resistance and climate adaptation strategies in future development) • Helping coastal residents minimize erosion and stabilize slopes (Goal 2: Retrofit, reinforce, or otherwise protect existing community assets, especially critical infrastructure, for hazard resilience
• Identifying and implementing minor flood and stormwater management projects to reduce damage to infrastructure due to local flooding/inadequate drainage, including the modification of existing culverts and bridges, upgrading capacity of storm drains, stabilization of streambanks, and creation of debris or flood/stormwater retention basins in small watersheds (Goal 6:

Improve local government capacity for disaster resiliency; facilitate coordination between participating jurisdictions and state and federal agencies, local utility companies, local businesses, non-profit organizations, and other stakeholders to promote hazard risk reduction.) Mitigation includes, for example, mitigating property damage following flood events, plans for ensuring the delivery of water following disaster events, and plans for managing the response effort.

Monterey County, in coordination with all of its incorporated municipalities, is preparing a comprehensive update to its Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. The 2021 plan update process is being led by Monterey County’s Office of Emergency Services, and through a collaborative partnership with NOAA, FEMA, and the National Association of Counties (NACo). The process includes an update to all elements in the existing plan to better reflect current conditions, along with the incorporation of new information to help address the potential long-term effects of climate change and sea level rise. The plan update is being guided by a multi-jurisdictional planning team that includes representation from participating communities and other key stakeholders, and will be informed through a sustained public outreach and engagement strategy. The plan update is scheduled to be completed by August 2021.

Upon completion, the plan will serve as a new road map to planning for a safer future in Monterey County. This includes (1) the identification, evaluation, and communication of hazard risks; (2) an assessment of local capabilities to reduce those risks; (3) a strategy for implementing specific, achievable, and measurable hazard mitigation actions; and (4) procedures to establish a sustained, longterm process for increasing the resilience of all communities to natural hazards.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 199, Packet Page 299 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-13 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Although emergency response and disaster planning is not discussed as a separate topic in this IRWM Plan, several RWMG entities do participate in the multi-jurisdictional hazard mitigation planning effort, and the IRWM Plan incorporates many of the objectives of that effort. Several IRWM Plan projects directly address the goals of hazard preparation and mitigation through such means as infrastructure improvements, erosion control, coastal restoration, and flood risk reduction projects. Also, the MCWRA has adopted a plan for flood mitigation in the Monterey County Floodplain Management Plan (see description above in Section 12.2.5)

12.2.11 Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan The entire Monterey Bay national sanctuary covers a much broader area than just the local Monterey Bay – extending from Marin County to San Luis Obispo County. In 2008 the MBNMS released their Management Plant, which includes twenty-three separate action plans. The MBNMS is currently in the process of updating their Management Plan; the final version of the update expected to be released in July 2020. The majority of the action plans are grouped into four main marine management themes:
coastal development, ecosystem protection, water quality, and wildlife disturbance. Two additional sections, partnerships and opportunities as well as operations and administration, comprise action plans and strategies addressing how the Sanctuary will function and operate. Successful implementation of each of the action plans relies on partnerships with federal, state, and local agencies in addition to local stakeholders (montereybay.noaa.gov), creating an opportunity for the RWMG to coordinate as an Action Plan Partner. Several members of the RWMG along with other stakeholders in the region are working to implement strategies in the MBNMS Action Plans through the IRWM planning process.

12.3 Dynamics between Local Water Planning and IRWM Planning

12.3.1 Process for Updating Information in the IRWM Plan Most of the planning documents described above are updated regularly, some on an annual basis, others on a decennial basis. All of the data and information contained in this IRWM Plan will be reviewed and updated periodically, depending on available funds, as part formal Plan updates.

Accordingly, the IRWM Plan updates will reflect the latest planning efforts and most recent editions of the local planning documents.

12.4 How Regional Planning Efforts Feed Back to Local Planning Efforts The flow of information between IRWM planning and local water planning is circular. The IRWM regional planning feeds back into local planning efforts in numerous ways. Most RWMG members are themselves local water planners, and the regional planning that occurs through the IRWM planning process is brought back to these local planning entities. Likewise, the results of the IRWM planning process impacts the decision-making of other water resource planners and stakeholders involved in the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning process.

Currently, regional water planning is driven primarily by State orders and Federal Endangered Species Act requirements that are incorporated into the planning processes of both regional entities and local jurisdictions. Orders and regulations from the State Water Resources Control Board, Regional Water Quality Control Board, California Public Utilities Commission, California Coastal Commission, Federal Emergency Management Act, and requirements under the Endangered Species Act significantly affect how, when, and where water resources are used or developed. Local planners must wade through a Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 200, Packet Page 300 Chapter 12 Relation to Local Water Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 12-14 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft labyrinth of complex legal documents and requirements enacted at various levels of government in order to determine how to manage resources and plan for the future.

Ideally, the relationship between regional IRWM planning and local water resource management planning will remain dynamic, with a constant exchange of information.

12.5 Resolving Inconsistencies
The IRWM Plan is built upon local plans and planning efforts, and local entities were consulted on IRWM goals and objective, thus, few inconsistencies between the IRWM Plan and local plans exist. If discrepancies are found they will be resolved through direct communication and coordination with the related planning entities. As described in Chapter 13, Relation to Local Land Use Planning, the RWMG intends to evaluate potential barriers against IRWM Plan implementation and work closely with the regulating agencies, local agencies, and funding entities to resolve issues on a case-by-case basis.

12.6 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Local Plans Local water planning agencies are incorporating climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in their local plans. As these strategies develop through local water management planning efforts they will become incorporated into the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan with future Plan updates. Please see Chapter 15, Climate Change, for a full discussion of the RWMG’s current climate change recommendations and strategies for the Monterey Peninsula region.

The RWMG has been in communication with water and land use managers in the broader Central Coast region regarding climate change mitigation/GHG reduction efforts throughout the Central Coast. The Climate Change chapter for this IRWM Plan was developed with significant contributions from the Greater Monterey County regions’ Climate Task Force, comprised of local scientists, water resource managers, land use managers, and coastal policy experts before the chapter was submitted for inclusion within this Plan. Participating entities on the Climate Task Force included: Central Coast Wetlands Group at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Stanford University Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Santa Cruz County, Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments, Monterey County Planning, California Water Company, Monterey County Water Resources Agency, Stanford University Natural Capital Project, California Department of Water Resources, Santa Cruz County Resource Conservation District, and The Nature Conservancy.

The RWMG will continue to seek partnership with these entities, as well as with other RWMGs in the Central Coast region, and to participate in other regional climate change efforts in order to collectively and proactively address the issue of climate change on the Central Coast.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 201, Packet Page 301 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning

13.1 Introduction
The intent of this standard in the Proposition 1 IRWM Program Guidelines is to a) exchange knowledge and expertise between land use planners and water resource managers through the IRWM planning process; b) examine how RWMG and land use planning agencies currently communicate; and c) identify how to improve planning efforts between the RWMGs and land use planning agencies. One of the goals of the California Water Plan Update (2018) is to ensure that water managers and land use planners make informed, collaborative water management decisions. Therefore, this standard helps meet this statewide goal.

Every city and county in California must adopt a comprehensive long-term General Plan in accordance with §65300 of the California Government Code (see Table 13-1 for a list of General Plans within the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Region). There are seven required elements in all General Plans: land use, circulation, housing, conservation, open space, noise, and safety, which provide a broad overview of the issues within a jurisdiction. If deemed necessary, a jurisdiction may create additional elements in a plan that focus on specific issues. Water-related supply and treatment issues are commonly included in the conservation element. Policies that must be addressed in the conservation element include the following:
• Senate Bill (SB) 221 (Bus. and Prof. Code, §11010 as amended; Gov. Code, §65867.5 as amended; Gov. Code, §66455.3 and 66473.7) prohibits approval of subdivisions consisting of more than 500 dwelling units unless there is verification of sufficient water supplies for the project from the applicable water supplier(s). This requirement also applies to increases of 10 percent or more of service connections for public water systems with less than 500 service connections.
• SB 610 (California Water Code [CWC] §10631, 10656, 10910, 10911, 10912, and 10915 as amended; Public Resources Code [PRC] §21151.9 as amended) and Assembly Bill (AB) 901 (CWC §10610.2 and 10631 as amended; CWC §10634) make changes to the Urban Water Management Planning Act to require additional information in Urban Water Management Plans (UWMP) if groundwater is identified as a source available to the supplier. A key provision in SB 610 requires that any project subject to CEQA and supplied with water from a public water system be provided a water supply assessment, except as specified in the law.

IRWM Plan Standard 13
IRWM Plans must contain processes that foster communication between land use managers and RWMGs with the intent of effectively integrating water management and land use planning. IRWM Plans must document:
• Current relationship between local land use planning, regional water issues, and water management objectives.
• Future plans to further a collaborative, proactive relationship between land use planners and water managers.
• Demonstrate information sharing and collaboration with regional land use planning in order to manage multiple water demands throughout the state, adapt water management systems to climate change, and potentially offset climate change impacts to water supply in California.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 202, Packet Page 302 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • State of California General Plan Guidelines (Governor’s Office of Planning and Research 2003) recommends facilitating SB 610 by having strong water elements in local general plans that incorporate coordination between that land use agency and the water supply agency.

The enactment of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) in 2014 has created additional requirements for improved coordination and consultation between land use planners and local water supply and management agencies for regions that are subject to this legislation (i.e., groundwater basins that are designated as medium or high priority according to the Department of Water Resources Bulletin 118). SGMA provides a framework for long-term sustainable groundwater management across California, with a goal of achieving sustainable management by the year 2042.

According to §65352.5 of the SGMA legislation, upon receiving notification of a city’s or a county’s proposed action to adopt or substantially amend a general plan, a public water system with 3,000 or more service connections must provide the planning agency with: the current version of its urban water management plan; the current version of its capital improvement program or plan; a description of the source or sources of the total water supply currently available to the water supplier by water right or contract; a description of the quantity of surface water and of groundwater that was purveyed by the water supplier in each of the previous five years; a description of the total number of customers currently served by the water supplier; quantification of the expected reduction in total water demand associated with future implementation of water use reduction measures identified in the water supplier’s urban water management plan; and any additional information that is relevant to determining the adequacy of existing and planned future water supplies to meet existing and planned future demands on these water supplies.

Even with advances in policy as described above and with new legislation such as SGMA, efforts to link land use decisions and water management decisions often remains an area of challenge. Land use decisions and water management decisions are frequently under the purview of different agencies, yet the resources each agency manages are inextricably linked. Often, the relationship among these agencies is characterized as reactive in that one agency must act to accommodate a decision the other agency has made. Early communication is vital in changing the relationship from reactive to proactive.

A primary aim of IRWM planning is to solve regional water management issues through diversified water management portfolios and to encourage early communication and coordination with agencies responsible for making land use decisions. This relationship can significantly influence how both water management decisions and land use decisions are made. The importance of open lines of communication between local land use planners and water resource managers is imperative to a successful IRWM effort.

This chapter describes the current relationship between local land use planning entities and water management entities in the Region and provides suggestions for how that relationship may be improved.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 203, Packet Page 303 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 13-1: General Plans of the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Region General Plan Jurisdiction Adopted
Carmel-by-the Sea June 3, 2003
Del Rey Oaks January 1997
Pacific Grove October 1994
Monterey January 2005
Sand City 2002
Seaside August 5, 20041
Monterey County October 2010

13.2 Link Between Local Land Use and Water Management
This IRWM Plan seeks to solve regional water management issues by having a diversified water management portfolio and by coordinating with land use decision-makers. The IRWM Plan Stakeholder List (Appendix 1-d) contains the contact information for representatives of land use decision-making agencies and the RWMG. The relationship between the RWMG and land use decision-makers can significantly influence how both water management decisions and land use decisions are made.

Opportunities may exist for the RWMG to provide input to land use planners in the following areas:
• Floodplain management
• Flood control planning
• Groundwater recharge and conjunctive water use
• Treatment and conveyance facilities
• Stormwater and runoff management
• Water conservation efforts
• Watershed management and restoration
In addition, the following are opportunities for land use planners to provide input to RWMG:
• Municipal landscaping programs
• Public access and recreational area management
• Changes in land use that affect water resources
• General plan updates and long-term planning
1 A public draft of an updated General Plan was released for review in 2017. A final version has not yet been released.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 204, Packet Page 304 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • Planning review
• Development review
• Water supply for public safety and emergency planning purposes • Habitat management
These are general examples described in the IRWM Proposition 1 Guidelines- instances where coordination among land use agencies and the RWMG could result in more efficient IRWM planning and implementation. Resource management crosses jurisdictional boundaries within the region, which increases the probability for collaboration on larger, more costly projects, which requires open lines of communication between land use planners and the RWMG.

13.3 Current Relationship between Local Land Use Planning and Water Management Objectives
This section describes how water resource managers currently communicate with land use planners in the Region. Since communication patterns are similar amongst entities with similar jurisdictions, this section has been organized, for the purpose of structuring this discussion, according to the following general categories:
• Municipalities that supply their own water services
• Municipalities and large communities that do not supply their own water services • Agencies with regional jurisdiction
The term “water manager” is used in this section to refer both to regulatory water management entities (such as the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District, which is responsible for long-term management of the Seaside Groundwater Basin and the Carmel River aquifer) and those that regulate water quality (the Regional Water Quality Control Board and Monterey County Department of Environmental Health). In addition, “water manager” refers to those that manage water delivery: retail water purveyors, such as California American Water Company, Marina Coast Water District, and the Seaside Municipal Water system.

The Effects of State Orders to Reduce Carmel River Diversions and Seaside Groundwater Production In 1995, the SWRCB issued Order No. WR 95-10, which found that Cal-Am was diverting more water from the Carmel River Basin than it was legally entitled to divert. The State Board ordered Cal-Am, instead, to maximize diversions (to the extent feasible) from the Seaside Groundwater Basin (SGB). In addition, a subsequent Cease and Desist Order (SWRCB 2009-0060) issued in 2009 requires Cal-Am to secure replacement water supplies for its Monterey District service area by December 2016 and reduce its Carmel River diversions to 3,376 AFY by the 2016-17 timeframe. In July 2016 the SWRCB adopted Order 2016-0016, which amends Orders 95-10 and 2009-0060. Order 2016-0016 extends the date by which CalAm must terminate all unlawful diversions from the Carmel River from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2021. The revised CDO set an initial diversion limit of 8,310 AFY for Water Year 2015-2016 (October 1, 2015 - September 30, 2016) and establishes annual milestones that CalAm must meet in order to maintain the 8,310 AFY diversion limit through 2021.

In 2006, the Monterey County Superior Court adjudicated water rights in the SGB and ordered pumping to decrease from about 5,600 AFY to 3,000 AFY by 2024. In 2018, CalAm was given authority from the CPUC in Decision 18-09-017 dated September 13, 2018 to purchase 3,500 AFY from the Pure Water Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 205, Packet Page 305 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-5 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Monterey project and to build a 6.4 mgd desalination plant to meet replacement water supplies needs to reduce its Carmel River diversions to the degree required by the Cease and Desist Order, to reduce its pumping in the Seaside Basin in accordance with the Watermaster’s pumping mandates, and provide additional water for expanded uses and new development in the region.

13.3.1 Municipal Water Suppliers
The City of Seaside is unique from other jurisdictions within the Region in that it has its own municipal water system; however, the system supplies water to only a portion of the city from one well to 3,300 customers adjacent to the Ord Community boundary. Seaside Municipal Water District (SMWD) average demand was estimated at about 300 AFY in 2009. The area served by SMWD is considered “built-out” at this time; therefore, development opportunities and future land use changes are likely to be limited. As a result, land use planning and water resource management has been primarily focused on implementing water conservation measures. Because SMWD’s allocation from the SGB will be reduced in the future, the City has been working with the SGB Watermaster and MPWMD to identify additional replacement water sources.

The remainder of the Seaside area is served either by CalAm or MCWD. Interaction between land use planners and water resources managers in those areas is described in the next section.

Where water resource management and land use planning occur “in house,” coordination tends to occur naturally through ongoing interdepartmental communications. Discussions are initiated when a developer inquiries about a land use project or files an application. Additionally, when a city updates its General Plan, the planners will consider water sources and the expansion of the urban area. EIRs per CEQA and, more recently, Water Supply Assessments, typically provide the instrument for disclosure of information and potential impacts to concerned members of the public and other agencies.

13.3.2 Municipalities and Communities That Do Not Supply Their Own Water Services In the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Region, Cal-Am, an investor-owned water utility, and MCWD, a special district, are the water suppliers for the majority of the region. Cal-Am serves the cities of Carmel-by theSea, Del Rey Oaks, Monterey, Pacific Grove, Sand City, a portion of Seaside and some unincorporated Monterey County communities. MCWD serves the entire Ord Community, a portion of which is within the planning region, and Marina, which is part of the Greater Monterey County IRWM region.

Where inherent separation exists between the utility (water manager) and the City or unincorporated community (land use planner) that it serves, coordination between the two is somewhat more challenged than in the situation where land use planning and water resource planning occur “in house.” The Monterey Peninsula is unique in California as it is the only the region where a special district (MPWMD) allocates water to nearly all of the land use jurisdictions (allocation to the Ord Community is under a 1993 agreement with the federal government). MPWMD carries out water allocation under CEQA with an EIR that evaluates impacts from the use of water from sources within the MPWMD boundary. The process includes soliciting water demand projections from each jurisdiction, holding public hearings, and setting a limit on use within each jurisdiction. However, each jurisdiction determines how it will best use allocated water.

Cal-Am Service Area
Currently, Cal-Am is prohibited from setting new water meters and intensifying water use under a Cease-and-Desist Order (CDO) from the SWRCB and under an order from the CPUC. The SWRCB has Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 206, Packet Page 306 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-6 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft ordered cutbacks in production from Carmel Valley and the Superior Court has ordered cutbacks in water use from the SGB. Together, these cutbacks will result in a reduction of nearly 50 percent in available water supplies. Cal-Am reports quarterly to the SWRCB on compliance with the CDO. Within the SGB, the Seaside Watermaster serves to manage water from that basin. Several regional municipalities are represented on the Watermaster including Monterey, Sand City, Del Rey Oaks, and Seaside. Cal-Am, MPWMD, and MCWRA are also represented. The Watermaster meets most months.

Basin pumpers are enjoined from overproducing and are subject to fines. The Superior Court has retained jurisdiction over the basin.

Land use planning agencies have been made aware of these limitations and MPWMD has warned that even if a development permit is issued by a land use agency, there may not be water available.

For future planning purposes, “formal” coordination between Cal-Am and land use jurisdictions is currently limited to efforts such as developing UWMPs or developing water service agreements (WSA).

Some examples of Cal-Am’s typical interactions with land use planners include:
• Cal-Am staff works with municipal staff to develop growth projections (population, service counts, water demand) for their UWMP, including the most recent update completed in July 2016.
• To develop Cal-Am’s UWMP, Cal-Am staff and consultants used General Plan data and interviewed planning personnel to project future growth and water use. • Cal-Am Monterey District Manager attends City Council, MPWMD, and Watermaster board meetings.

In addition, for large development projects that require a WSA, Cal-Am must conduct the WSA and submit it to the City or County prior to development approval. Coordination between Cal-Am and a City or the County is more limited for smaller projects. In those cases, Cal-Am deals directly with the developers after their plans have already been approved by the City or County. Cal-Am staff will review the project to make sure that adequate water supply exists in that part of the system and then will issue a will-serve letter.

Marina Coast Water District
MCWD provides water to the City of Marina and the Ord Community through a contract with FORA. The Ord Community includes lands under the jurisdiction of Marina, Seaside, Del Rey Oaks, Monterey, Monterey County (unincorporated). Each jurisdiction has been allocated water under a federal agreement signed in 1993. Although jurisdictions have identified future needs that are greater than the current allocation, no new water supply project has been built. For planning purposes, MCWD is similar to Cal-Am for the areas it serves. For large development projects, MCWD will prepare a WSA, to be included in a development project’s EIR. MCWD requires written proof of a resolution of project approval by the respective jurisdiction in order to begin serving new developments. Potential problems may arise, however, when MCWD and the City (or another land use jurisdiction) disagree on the amount of water that will be required by a project. If the City approves a project based on its lower water use projections, and the higher projections prove to be more accurate, the City may be faced with a serious water shortage and MCWD will be in the position of needing to identify additional water supply. This situation could occur as the economy picks up and those “last units,” which received prior approval but have not yet been built because of the economic downturn, finally get built. Upfront coordination between water managers and land use jurisdictions help prevent this situation.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 207, Packet Page 307 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-7 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Increased coordination and communication should occur with small development projects as well. For most land use jurisdictions, water supply is not directly allocated to particular parcels. If business development on the small parcels is being promoted without adequate (or accurate) consideration of the potential water use by those businesses (e.g., hotel, laundry facility), a potential “accounting” problem may occur. One suggestion is that water management staff and land use planners work together to develop a parcel map of the region, allocating water to each parcel in some sort of flexible— but quantifiable—manner. Specific allocations of water for small and large projects would remove some of the ambiguity and uncertainty regarding future water use and would help improve long-term water supply security.

13.3.3 Private Wells and Small Water Systems
Portions of the unincorporated areas can be divided into two groups. Areas subject to the State CDO on Carmel River diversions in Carmel Valley or to the Seaside Basin adjudication have special rules concerning onsite wells or small water systems. Areas outside of these orders are served by onsite wells or small water systems, which are regulated by DWR, MPWMD, Monterey County, and by the California Coastal Commission (CCC) for coastal development. Typically, a property owner will apply to the Monterey County Planning Department for a Use Permit for development, and in the coastal zone to the CCC. If the water supply is from an onsite well, DWR and the Health Department (and possibly the CCC) must review the application and issue a permit to drill a well. The application is also referred to MPWMD and MCWRA for action, including a review of potential impacts to the environment and/or other wells. In all cases, there is a CEQA review and although many single wells on single lots can be approved as an exemption, the aforementioned reviews ensure to a fairly high level that water supplies are available, and extraction will not cause significant harm.

If a new well yields enough water to support a planned development without significant impacts, the property owner can receive a Use Permit from Monterey County for development and convert a temporary well permit from the CCC to a permanent well for use with coastal development.

More complex situations, such as developing multiple parcels, usually require the lead agency to complete an EIR, which affords additional review by local, state, and in some cases, federal regulators.

13.3.4 Wastewater Service
The Monterey Peninsula IRWM Region has four wastewater service providers. Most of the region, including Pacific Grove, Monterey, Del Rey Oaks, portions of Seaside, Sand City, and some areas of Unincorporated Monterey County are serviced by M1W. Within the M1W service area, jurisdictions own and maintain most sewer collection facilities within their jurisdictions, while M1W owns and maintains the sewer main pipeline and regional pump stations that collect the cities’ wastewater and convey it to the Regional Treatment Plant in north Marina. The Carmel Area Wastewater District (CAWD) services Carmel-by-the-Sea, Pebble Beach, and portions of unincorporated Monterey County in the Carmel area and south to and including Point Lobos and some properties in the Carmel Highlands area. The SCSD jurisdictional area includes parts of Seaside and Del Rey Oaks from which the SCSD collects wastewater and transmits it to the M1W sewer main that carries it in the M1W treatment plant. MCWD provides wastewater treatment collection in a portion of the Ord Community within the region.

These wastewater districts work with local land use decision agencies to ensure new developments receive wastewater service. As with all public agencies, the local wastewater districts schedule public hearings and community meetings. Many of the wastewater agencies contain technical advisory committees comprised of local professionals, public officials, or local government employees. Several of Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 208, Packet Page 308 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-8 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft these wastewater agencies are represented on technical advisory committees that can potentially impact land use. For example, both CAWD and M1W have representation on the Monterey Peninsula Regional Water Authority Technical Advisory Committee.

13.3.5 Regional Agencies with Integrated Responsibilities Monterey Peninsula Water Management District
The MPWMD is responsible for integrating the management of water resources throughout the region.

The agency has been granted broad powers over use of surface water supplies, recycled water, and groundwater supplies. However, several agencies and CalAm are responsible for the distribution of water supplies within the Region and other regulatory agencies, such as Monterey County, M1W, the CPUC, SWRCB, Superior Court, RWQCB, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and NOAA fisheries also retain authority over water resources.

Except for the Ord Community, MPWMD requires the issuance of a water distribution system (WDS) permit for creation of a new water service connection or a permit amendment for intensified water usage. The WDS permit, or proof that a permit will be issued, must be obtained before a project can be approved by a land use agency within the IRWM Region. MPWMD staff and board members participate in numerous regularly scheduled meetings, including public hearings to provide clarification as necessary. Many of the committees are comprised of employees of public agencies or elected officials, including land use decision makers. Examples of these regularly scheduled public hearings and meetings include:
• Carmel River Advisory Committee
• Carmel River Task Force
• Community Advisory Committee
• Inter-Agency Review Meeting
• Legislative Advocacy Committee
• Monterey Peninsula IRWM RWMG and as needed, Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) • Monterey Peninsula Regional Water Authority and associated TAC • Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project Governance Committee • Ordinance No. 152 Citizens Oversight Panel
• Policy Advisory Committee (PAC)/TAC
• Public Outreach Committee
• Rules and Regulations Review Committee
• Water Demand Committee
• Water Supply Planning Committee
• Seaside Basin Watermaster Board/TAC
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 209, Packet Page 309 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-9 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Monterey County Water Resources Agency
The Monterey County Water Resources Agency—responsible for managing, protecting, and enhancing water supply and water quality as well as providing flood protection in the County of Monterey—is involved in land use planning throughout the unincorporated portions of the county. In a 1993 agreement between MPWMD and MCWRA, MCWRA retained the authority to construct water supply and recycling projects within the region.

MCWRA works in close coordination with the County of Monterey Planning and Building Divisions, and several other departments/agencies throughout the land use permitting process. MCWRA is primarily responsible for administering Monterey County floodplain, drainage, water conservation, water supply, and well construction regulations. The MCWRA reviews discretionary permits, ministerial permits, and well construction permits. Written comments and recommendations are provided in accordance with established department protocols. The MCWRA also participates in the development of various CEQA documents including initial studies, negative declarations, mitigated negative declarations, and EIRs. As requested, the MCWRA reviews CEQA documents in other jurisdictions and written comments are provided to the lead agency.

The MCWRA also participates in several regularly scheduled meetings, including public hearings to provide clarification, as necessary. Examples of regularly scheduled meetings and public hearings include:
• Inter-Agency Review Meeting
• Inter-Departmental Review Meeting
• Inter-Departmental Coordination Meeting
• General Plan Implementation
• Zoning Administrator
• Planning Commission
• Subdivision and Minor Subdivision Committees
• Board of Supervisors
Other planning related meetings:
• Permit Streamlining Task Force
• Code Enforcement Task Force
• Carmel River Task Force
• Carmel River Advisory Committee
• Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan TAC
• Monterey Peninsula Regional Water Authority and associated TAC • Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project Governance Committee • Seaside Watermaster Board and TAC
• Floodplain Management Plan Working Group
• Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Working Group Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 210, Packet Page 310 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-10 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • County Service Area 50 Citizens Advisory Committee – Technical Support The MCWRA is not fully funded to participate in some land use activities (general plan implementation).

In turn, this limits communication and coordination in those areas. Essentially, there is more demand for services than there is funding.

On the “land use planning” side, the County of Monterey participates in several water resource planning activities throughout the county:
• Technical Advisory Committee member in the Integrated Watershed Restoration Program, and the Carmel River Task Force and Advisory Committee with the Resource Conservation District (RCD) of Monterey County, MPWMD, and other partners
• Central Coast Wetlands Group Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (specifically, on climate change adaptation planning efforts
The County of Monterey consults with MCWRA on water supply and flood/drainage matters in Monterey County; discretionary permit applications are routinely sent to the MCWRA for review. The County of Monterey consults with the Monterey County Environmental Health Department regarding water quality issues. In addition, the Monterey County General Plan (2010) is set up so that MCWRA provides advice on water supply, which the Monterey County Board of Supervisors has the discretion to accept or not.

Other Planning Related Forums
In addition, several forums exist throughout the region to bring together land use planners, water managers, natural resource managers, landowners, and other stakeholders for the purposes of planning or conflict resolution related to certain geographic areas or features. These include, the Carmel River Watershed Conservancy, which focuses on Carmel River watershed management; the Monterey Regional Stormwater Management Program, which includes all of the nearby coastal cities (including Marina) and unincorporated Monterey County, and focuses on stormwater issues. In addition, regional planning entities such as AMBAG conduct workshops occasionally where interdisciplinary professionals, including land use planners and water managers, collaborate. The County of Monterey also conducts sub-regional land use advisory committee meetings that continually include discussion of water supply issues of proposed projects during the project review process conducted by Monterey County.

One current forum that brings together land use planners, water managers, and natural resource managers along with other stakeholders is provided by FORA; the reuse authority is responsible for the planning, financing, and implementation of the conversion of the former Fort Ord to civilian activities.

The approved Base Reuse Plan calls for significant commercial economic development, supportive housing, visitor facilities, and related institutional activities aimed at supporting the community after the loss of the 15,000 soldiers and thousands of civilian employees who were in the area when Fort Ord was an active base. Nearly two-thirds of the former base will be preserved and maintained as habitat for endangered species and recreational open space. Working groups have been formed to focus on particular issues related to the Base Reuse Plan, including a Habitat Conservation Plan and Coordinated Resources Management and Planning. A Water and Wastewater Oversight Committee comprised of key staff and representatives of the land use jurisdictions meet on a regular basis to implement water delivery, wastewater services, and stormwater infrastructure on the former Fort Ord. In addition, the committees regularly provide a forum for the discussion of water and land use jurisdiction interactions.

In 2012, a joint powers authority, MPWRA, was formed: it included a mayor of each city within the area impacted by SWRCB CDO 2009-0060. This authority meets twice per month in a public forum to Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 211, Packet Page 311 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-11 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft represent each local jurisdiction’s interest in possible solutions to regional water shortage issues. The MPRWA considers input through public comment and through a technical advisory committee comprised of active community members with a technical background and members of water and wastewater agencies.

CalAm, working with local agencies, has proposed construction and operation of a CalAm owned and operated desalination project, known as the Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project. 2 The project, in
combination with the PWM Project and the ASR Project, could provide all of the replacement water needed to comply with the CDO and the Seaside Basin Adjudication. The CPUC, as the lead agency for the Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project, approved the project in September 2018.

The Region generally has a high level of coordination between land use planners and water managers relative to other regions of the state based upon the number of interested members of the public and shared responsibilities among agencies.

13.4 Future Efforts: Land Use Planning and Water Management Collaboration This section considers potential opportunities for improving communication and coordination between water managers and land use decision makers. As noted previously, a primary aim of IRWM planning is to solve regional water management issues through diversified water management portfolios and early water management and coordination with those responsible for making land use decisions. The importance of open lines of communication between local land use planners and water resource managers is imperative to a successful IRWM effort.

Some specific opportunities to improve coordination between land use decision-makers and water managers have already been mentioned. These suggestions were made by those being interviewed for this chapter, and include:
• involving the water supplier earlier in the development approval process and requiring a review from the water supplier prior to approval.
• ensuring that the water supplier and the land use decision-maker are in agreement about anticipated water use by any project prior to approval (during the WSA and/or CEQA processes). • if appropriate to the situation, the water supplier and land use planners could work together to create parcel maps, allocating water to each parcel in a flexible—but quantifiable—manner, and thereby ensuring greater certainty in regard to future water use.

The RWMG can serve an important function in providing leadership and opportunities for encouraging and promoting increased communication between land use decision-makers and water managers.

Potential opportunities include the following:

Regular Joint Planning Meetings: The RWMG can encourage local land use jurisdictions and CalAm managers to hold joint planning meetings at regular intervals to improve communication and 2 In April 2012, California American Water submitted Application A.12-04-019 (Application of CAW for Approval of the Monterey Peninsula Water Supply Project and Authorization to Recover All Present and Future Costs in Rates) to the California Public Utilities Commission that is intended to secure replacement water supplies for the Monterey District associated with the regulatory orders and legal decisions described in this section. The MPWSP includes many of the same elements previously analyzed in the Coastal Water Project EIR (CPUC/ESA, 2009); however, key components, including the seawater intake system and desalination plant, have been relocated and/or modified under the current proposal and the current proposal is for private (Cal-Am) ownership of the intake system, desalination facility and conveyance pipeline.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 212, Packet Page 312 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-12 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft efficiencies. Joint planning meetings can be held at the staff level and/or by governing boards. Both options provide value in different ways, and both should be encouraged.

Annual Water Resource Planning Forum: At times, individuals in land use and water resource planning organizations may not fully understand the mission, priorities, and issues of the other organizations and agencies. To facilitate understanding, the RWMG could host an annual forum of land use and water resource planning agency/organization directors, where staff presents their agency or organization’s mission and programmatic priorities. In a workshop-type forum, staff could discuss overlapping areas of interest, conflict with priorities or objectives, and potential areas for coordination. This type of forum could be conducted as a “retreat,” and led by a professional facilitator. “A User’s Guide to the Water and Land Management Organizational Landscape”: The RWMG could produce an almanac of the various agencies, organizations and companies that own or have jurisdiction over the land and water. The almanac would contain the entities’ mission statements, authority, and jurisdictions, including a map that clearly shows watershed and jurisdictional boundaries. The map would enable individuals to understand how land areas and waterways are connected, how their actions may impact land or water resources, and which entities may have an interest in, or a responsibility for, those resources. For example, when a landowner discharges water to a drainage ditch, he or she will be able to see that it goes downstream into a habitat that a particular conservation agency manages. When a conservation organization wants to remove some culverts to improve water quality, they will be able to see which agency is responsible for maintaining that culvert to protect farmland and houses from flooding. Understanding these connections will help individuals and organizations understand the need for increased coordination, and will help facilitate that coordination, in order to achieve mutual benefits.

Greater Use of Websites for Information Dissemination and Education: Websites provide a great vehicle for keeping the public, other land use planners, and water managers up to date on plans, policies, regulations, studies, and related developments. Websites can provide access to meeting agendas and meeting minutes, monthly and quarterly status reports on a variety of water supply and water use issues, and other information that might be useful to both land use planners and water resource managers, as well as to the public in general. The RWMG could encourage both water managers and land use planners in the region to take greater advantage of their websites for the purpose of disseminating and sharing information.

Addressing Funding, Policy, and Regulatory Constraints to IRWM Plan Implementation: Funding decisions at the local, state, and federal level can have profound influence on the projects that are implemented in an IRWM Plan. If funding becomes available, the RWMG intends to investigate appropriate methods to communicate with local, state, and federal managers responsible for funding, policy, and regulations that could affect IRWM Plan implementation. The RWMG will work with local land use planners to resolve conflicts and implement changes as appropriate. Increased communication will lead to increased understanding by land use planners, water managers, and funding agencies of the other agencies’ objectives and constraints and will ultimately lead to win-win solutions for both land use management and water resource management.

Finally, it should be emphasized that while this chapter has focused on the coordination between land use planners and water managers in the IRWM Region, the goal of the IRWM planning effort overall is to improve coordination and communication not only between land use planning and water management, but throughout all aspects of water management—connecting water supply, surface and ground water quality, flood management issues, stormwater runoff issues, water conservation, municipal and agricultural usage, recycled water use and ecological conservation to more comprehensively coordinate the efforts of all the agencies and stakeholders involved.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 213, Packet Page 313 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-13 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

13.5 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Local Plans As noted in Chapter 12, Relation to Local Water Planning, local planning agencies are adopting climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in their local plans. For example, Policy OS-10.11 in the Monterey County General Plan 2010 states, “Within 24 months of the adoption of the General Plan, Monterey County shall develop and adopt a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Plan with a target to reduce emissions by 2020 to the 1990 level to a level that is 15 percent less than 2005 emission levels.” Likewise, the RWMG is also addressing climate change as part of the IRWM planning effort. Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning effort has included an assessment of vulnerabilities and potential impacts of climate change in the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Region and formulating a mitigation response based primarily upon work conducted by the Greater Monterey County IRWM, RWMG, and other stakeholders. Please see Chapter 15, Climate Change, for a full discussion of current climate change efforts in the region.

It should be noted that the Climate Change chapter for this IRWM Plan was developed with significant input and coordination with the Greater Monterey County RWMG and their Climate Task Force, comprised of local scientists, land use managers, water resource managers, and coastal policy experts.

Entities on the Greater Monterey County IRWM Climate Change chapter include: Central Coast Wetlands Group at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Stanford University Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Santa Cruz County, Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments, Monterey County Planning, California Water Company, Monterey County Water Resources Agency, Stanford University Natural Capital Project, California Department of Water Resources, Santa Cruz County Resource Conservation District, and The Nature Conservancy. The Monterey Peninsula is geographically surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Greater Monterey County IRWM Region and many of the climate change issues, especially impacts to coastal areas, apply to the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Region. The Monterey Peninsula RWMG will continue to coordinate and partner with other RWMGs and participate in regional climate change efforts in order to collectively and proactively address the issue of climate change on the Central Coast.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 214, Packet Page 314 Chapter 13 Relation to Local Land Use Planning
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 13-14 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 215, Packet Page 315 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 14-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Chapter 14 Stakeholder Involvement
IRWM Plan Standard 14
The IRWM Plan must contain the following items:
• A public process that provides outreach and an opportunity to participate in IRWM Plan development and implementation to the appropriate local agencies and stakeholders (Water Code §10541. (g)), as applicable to the region, including the following:
o Native American Tribes – It should be noted that Tribes are sovereign nations, and as such coordination with Tribes is on a government-to-government basis.
o Wholesale and retail water purveyors
o Wastewater agencies
o Flood control agencies
o Municipal and county governments and special districts o Electrical corporations
o Self-supplied water users
o Environmental stewardship organizations
o Community organizations
o Industry organizations
o State, federal, and regional agencies or universities o DAC members
o Any other interested group appropriate to the region
• The process used to identify, inform, invite, and involve stakeholder groups in the IRWM process, including mechanisms and processes that have been or will be used to facilitate stakeholder involvement and communication during development and implementation of the IRWM Plan. • A discussion on how the RWMG will endeavor to involve DACs in the IRWM planning effort. • A description of the decision-making process including IRWM committees, roles, or positions that stakeholders can occupy and how a stakeholder goes about participating in those committees, roles, or positions regardless of their ability to contribute financially to the Plan. • A discussion regarding how stakeholders are necessary to address the objectives and resource management strategies of the IRWM Plan and are involved or are being invited to be involved in Plan activities. • A discussion of how collaborative processes will engage a balance of the groups listed above in the IRWM process regardless of their ability to contribute financially to the IRWM Plan’s development or implementation.

14.1 Outreach for IRWM Plan
In addition to outreach conducted for the 2007 and 2014 IRWM plans, the Monterey Peninsula IRWM process has fully integrated known stakeholders throughout its development. Along with the RWMG, over 300 stakeholders were identified and invited to be involved in the planning process, including federal, state, dozens of regional and local agencies, municipalities and special districts, non-profits (environmental, disadvantaged communities, and community groups), academic educational institutions, private companies and landowners, and individuals (see Appendix 1-d for the current list of stakeholders).

14.2 Stakeholder Processes
The participating entities in the RWMG, and stakeholders involved in the development of the IRWM Plan continue to identify groups, individuals, entities and other stakeholders who can benefit from participating in the IRWM Plan. Throughout the life-cycle of the IRWM Plan, an outreach effort will continue to identify any additional stakeholdersthat have not participated in plan development. Outreach may consist of focused mailings, phone calls, advertisements, public notices, and public workshops. The Stakeholder Involvement and Outreach Plan that was prepared for the previous IRWM Plan update is Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 216, Packet Page 316 Chapter 14 Stakeholder Involvement
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 14-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft included as Appendix 14-a. The agendas, email notifications, presentations, handouts, and meeting notes for the public stakeholder meetings conducted in 2018 and 2019 and for the update of this plan are provided in Appendices 14-b through 14-i.

14.3 Project Specific Outreach
Projects included in the Final IRWM Plan and conducted as part of the 2018 planning grant also contain outreach efforts. See individual project descriptions in Chapter 6, Project Review Process, for additional details.

14.4 Environmental Justice and Disadvantaged Communities According to the DWR DAC Mapping Tool, there are three census tracts in the Region that qualify as disadvantaged communities, all of which are located in the City of Seaside (06053013500, 06053013600, and 0653013700). The majority of communities in the Region have a median household income that is higher than the state average, and therefore no disadvantaged communities can be impacted.

Environmental justice is addressed by ensuring that all stakeholders have access to the decision-making process and that minority and/or low-income populations do not bear disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental impacts. Although only three census tracts in the Region qualify as disadvantaged communities, increases in water or wastewater service rates that could accompany the implementation of several projects discussed herein may potentially affect these communities.

14.5 Native American Tribal Participation
Activities funded under the IRWM Grant Program must comply with CEQA (Public Resources Code §21000 et seq.). Public Resources Code §21080.3.1 requires the CEQA lead agency to consider project effects on Tribal cultural resources and to conduct consultation with California Native American Tribes. Before releasing a CEQA document, lead agencies must give notice to California Native American Tribes that have submitted a written request for notice and that are traditionally and culturally affiliated with the geographic area of the project.

MPWMD is lead agency for the IRWM Plan under CEQA. It is anticipated that the MPWMD Board of Directors will adopt the IRWM Plan under a CEQA Statutory Exemption for Feasibility and Planning Studies (Guideline § 15262). For this reason, Tribal Consultation is not required as part of this IRWM Plan Update.

In an effort to foster coordination and communication with all relevant stakeholders, a representative from OCEN was invited to RWMG meetings and was given the opportunity to review this Plan.

14.6 Coordination
The RWMG and stakeholders have coordinated and conducted outreach with state and federal agencies during the creation of many supporting documents for this IRWM Plan, as shown in Appendices 1, 2 and

14. It is expected that this will continue with the development of individual projects that are consistent with this Plan. In addition, state and federal agencies will be notified of the completion of the Final IRWM Plan. See also Chapter 5, Integration and Coordination.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 217, Packet Page 317 Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-1 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Chapter 15 Climate Change
IRWM Plan Standard 15
The IRWM Plan must address both adaptation to the effects of climate change and mitigation of GHG emissions (Water Code §10541.(e)(10)). Due to the overarching aspects of climate change, adaptation and mitigation must be addressed in various individual IRWM Plan components, along with a general discussion of climate change topic.

Table 3 provides an overview of the steps RWMGs should take to address climate change within the relevant individual IRWM Plan standard which work in concert with the Climate Change standard.

The IRWM Program Guidelines state: “California is already seeing the effects of climate change on hydrology (snowpack, river flows, storm intensity, temperature, winds, and sea levels). Planning for and adapting to these changes, particularly their impacts on public safety, ecosystem, and long-term water supply reliability, will be among the most significant challenges facing water and flood managers this century” (p. 69). By design, IRWM planning efforts are collaborative and include many entities dealing with water management. These aspects make IRWM a good platform for addressing broad-based concerns like climate change, where multiple facets of water management are affected.

The intent of the Climate Change standard in the IRWM Program Guidelines is to ensure that IRWM Plans describe, consider, and address the effects of climate change on their regions and disclose, consider, and reduce when possible GHG emissions when developing and implementing projects. This chapter describes global climate change and its anticipated impacts for the Monterey Peninsula region.

The chapter includes an initial vulnerability analysis and risk assessment and offers preliminary adaptation measures and climate change mitigation and GHG reduction strategies for the region. These strategies will be refined as more climate change data, and more refined analysis tools, become available.

Most of the work for this chapter was conducted by the Central Coast Wetlands Group at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (CCWG), in collaboration with a Climate Task Force comprised of local scientists, land use managers, water resource managers, and coastal policy experts. Participating entities on the Climate Task Force include: CCWG, Stanford University Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Santa Cruz County, Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments, Monterey County Planning, California Water Company, Monterey County Water Resources Agency, Stanford University Natural Capital Project, California Department of Water Resources, Santa Cruz County Resource Conservation District, and The Nature Conservancy. The RWMG will continue to seek to partner with these entities, as well as with other RWMGs in the Central Coast region, and to participate in other regional climate change efforts in order to collectively and proactively address the issue of climate change on the Central Coast.

15.1 Global Climate Change: An Overview
Climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate, such as average temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns over a period of time. Climate change may result from natural factors and/or from human activities that change the composition of the atmosphere and alter the surface features of the land. Such changes vary considerably by geographic location. Over time, the earth’s climate has undergone periodic ice ages and warming periods, as observed in fossil isotopes, ice core samples, and through other measurement techniques. Recent climate change studies use the historical record to predict future climate variations and the level of fluctuation that might be considered statistically normal given historical trends.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 218, Packet Page 318 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-2 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Significant changes in global climate patterns have recently been associated with global warming, an average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface. This gradual warming is the result of heat absorption by certain gases in the atmosphere and re-radiation downward of some of that heat, which in turn heats the surface of the Earth. These gases are called “greenhouse gases” because they effectively “trap” heat in the lower atmosphere causing a greenhouse-like effect. Some GHGs occur naturally and are emitted to the atmosphere through natural processes, others are created and emitted solely through human activities, while the production rate of some naturally occurring GHGs can be increased by human activities (California Natural Resources Agency 2018).

Figure 15-1: The Greenhouse Effect
Source: Le Treut et al., 2007, p. 115.

The greenhouse effect helps to regulate the temperature of the planet. It is essential to life; without it, our planet would have an average temperature of about 14°F, as opposed to a comfortable 60°F.

However, an accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere is intensifying the greenhouse effect, threatening to raise average temperatures well beyond our “comfort zone.” Nearly all climate scientists agree that human activities are to blame for the changing climate. The addition of carbon dioxide, the most prevalent GHG, into the atmosphere as a result of burning oil, natural gas, and coal, in combination with the depletion of our dense forests and wetlands which act as natural carbon dioxide sinks, are leading to an unnaturally high concentration of GHGs that are in turn intensifying the natural greenhouse effect on earth.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated in its 2007 Synthesis Report:

Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. (IPCC 2007a, p. 30)
Each of the last three decades has been increasingly warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. The time period 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere (to the extent that assessment was possible). The temperature increase is widespread over the globe and is greater at higher northern latitudes. Average Arctic Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 219, Packet Page 319 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-3 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft temperatures have increased at almost twice the global average rate in the past 100 years. Ocean warming makes up the majority of the increased energy stored in the climate system, and accounts for more than 90% of the excess energy stored between 1971 and 2010. The top 75 meters of the ocean have increased in temperature by approximately 0.1 degree Celsius each decade since 1970, while the average global surface temperature has increased by 0.85 degrees Celsius between 1880 and 2012 (IPCC 2014).

The IPCC has linked this increase in global temperature to a wide array of changes to our natural world, including a widespread decrease in the amount of snow cover and thickness and range of glaciers across the globe. Since 1978, the Arctic ice cap has decreased in size by about 4 percent per year with an average summer decrease of 7.4 percent. A 10 percent decrease in global snow cover and earlier spring thaws of rivers and lakes in the northern hemisphere have also been observed. Over the past 50 years, heat waves and serious rain events have been more common and in the past 30 years, there has been an increase in the number of northern Atlantic tropical storms (IPCC 2007a).

The combination of ice melt and the thermal expansion of seawater (due to warmer water temperatures) has led to global sea level rise (IPCC 2014). Research shows that since 1971, thermal expansion and glacial melt have caused 75% of observed sea level rise (IPCC 2014). From 1870 to 2004, a reconstruction based on tide gauge data finds that during the 20th century, sea-level rise occurred at a rate of 1.7 +- 0.3 mm/year. During this time, sea-level rise also accelerated at a rate of 0.013 +- 0.006 mm/year2 (Church and White 2006). More recent estimates show that from 1880 to the present, the average global sea level has risen by more than 20 centimeters (Church and White 2011). The IPCC’s 2014 Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC 2014) projected sea level rise by the end of the century as a result of thermal expansion to range from 0.23 to 0.98 meters (9 - 48 inches). It predicts with “virtual certainty” that sea level rise will continue beyond 2100, and projects sea level rise beyond 2300 to be between 1 and 3 m (IPCC 2014).

IPCC scientists predict that the serious consequences of climate change will continue to grow and expand. The rate of increase in sea surface temperature is unprecedented, and is accelerating the planet’s water cycle, which will result in extreme weather events throughout the globe. Droughts, storms, floods, and wildfires will become more common. These events will expose ecosystem and human system vulnerability and will likely disrupt and damage food and fresh water supplies (IPCC 2014). The extreme increases in temperature to could result in a summer ice-free arctic by 2050 (IPCC 2014) and cause the oceans to thermally expand, both of which will raise the average level of all oceans.

This continuing increase in average global sea level will have various effects, including coastline destruction, the displacement of major population centers, and economic disruption.

15.1.1 Federal and State Responses to Climate Change: Legislation and Policy Scientists consider climate change to be a very serious issue requiring major changes in resource, water supply, and public health management (California Climate Change Center, 2006). The following section describes some of the more significant pieces of legislation and policy that have been enacted by the United States and the State of California in response to climate change.

Federal Response to Climate Change
On April 17, 2009, the EPA Administrator signed Proposed Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for GHGs under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. EPA held a 60-day public comment period, which ended June 23, 2009, and received more than 380,000 public comments. These included written comments and testimony at two public hearings in Arlington, Virginia, and Seattle, Washington. EPA Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 220, Packet Page 320 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-4 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft carefully reviewed, considered, and incorporated public comments and has now issued the final findings.

EPA found that six GHGs taken in combination endanger both the public health and the public welfare of current and future generations. EPA also found that the combined emissions of these GHGs from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines contribute to the greenhouse effect and, under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act, result in air pollution that endangers public health and welfare. These findings were based on careful consideration of the full weight of scientific evidence and a thorough review of the numerous public comments received on the proposed findings published on April 24, 2009. The findings were effective as of January 14, 2010. The specific GHG regulations EPA has adopted to date are as follows:
• 40 CFR Part 98. Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Rule. This rule requires mandatory reporting of GHG emissions for facilities that emit more than 25,000 metric tons of CO2e emissions per year (EPA 2009). Additionally, the reporting of emissions is required for owners of SF6- and PFC-insulated equipment when the total nameplate capacity of these insulating gases is above 17,280 pounds.
• 40 CFR Part 52. Proposed Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule. EPA recently mandated that Prevention of Significant Deterioration requirements be applied to facilities that have stationary-source CO2e emissions exceeding 75,000 tons per year. It is not believed that the BMP Update would trigger the Prevention of Significant Deterioration permitting required by this regulation.

State Response to Climate Change
California State's top scientists consider climate change to be a very serious issue requiring major changes in resource, water supply, and public health management (California Climate Change Center 2012). Below describes some of the more significant pieces of legislation and policy that have been enacted by the State in response to climate change.

California’s first statute on climate change was enacted in 1988 when the State Legislature ordered a report on the impacts of climate change and recommendations to avoid, reduce, and address them. In 2002, the State led the country in becoming the first jurisdiction to require standards for GHG emissions from cars. In 2004, Senate Bill 1107 directed the Secretary of Environmental Protection to coordinate all climate change activities in the state. The Secretary chairs the Climate Action Team, which is made up of agency secretaries and department directors from throughout State government. With the passage of California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, also known as Assembly Bill (AB) 32, California became the first state to set a binding, economy-wide target for GHGs (California EPA 2010).

Executive Order S-3-05
California is a substantial contributor of global GHGs, emitting over 400 million metric tons of carbon dioxide a year (California Air Resources Board 2007). In June 2005, Governor Schwarzenegger established California’s GHG emissions reduction targets in Executive Order S-3-05. The Executive Order established the following goals:
• Greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced to 2000 levels by 2010; • Greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced to 1990 levels by 2020; and • Greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 221, Packet Page 321 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-5 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (Assembly Bill 32) The State Legislature enacted AB 32, the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, which Governor Schwarzenegger signed on September 27, 2006 to further the goals of Executive Order S-3-05.

AB 32 states:

Global warming poses a serious threat to the economic well-being, public health, natural resources, and the environment of California. The potential adverse impacts of global warming include the exacerbation of air quality problems, a reduction in the quality and supply of water to the state from the Sierra snowpack, a rise in sea levels resulting in the displacement of thousands of coastal businesses and residences, damage to marine ecosystems and the natural environment, and an increase in the incidences of infectious diseases, asthma, and other human health-related problems.

AB 32 represents the first enforceable statewide program to limit GHG emissions from all major industries with penalties for noncompliance. The foremost objective of California Air Resources Board (CARB), tasked with implementing AB 32, is to adopt regulations that require the reporting and verification of statewide GHGs. The initial State goal is to limit GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. In January 2008, a statewide cap for 2020 emissions based on 1990 levels was adopted. In June 2010, CARB prescribed GHG reduction goals to regional governments, including AMBAG. These prescriptions are the regional benchmarks from which to track local reductions.

Executive Order S-1-07 (2007)
On January 18, 2007, California further solidified its dedication to reducing GHGs by setting a new Low Carbon Fuel Standard for transportation fuels sold within the state. The target of the Low Carbon Fuel Standard is to reduce the carbon intensity of California passenger vehicle fuels by at least 10 percent by 2020.

Senate Bill 97 (2007)
SB 97, enacted in 2007, amended the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA 2012) statute to clearly establish that GHG emissions and effects of GHG emissions are subject to CEQA. It also directed the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) to develop CEQA Guidelines to address GHG emissions for approval by the California Natural Resources Agency. The Natural Resources Agency adopted the amendments in January 2010, which went into effect in March 2010. The amendments do not identify a threshold of significance for GHG emissions, nor do they prescribe assessment methodologies or specific mitigation measures. The amendments encourage lead agencies to consider many factors in performing a CEQA analysis, but preserve the discretion granted by CEQA to lead agencies in making their own determinations based on substantial evidence. The amendments also encourage public agencies to make use of programmatic mitigation plans and programs when they perform individual project analyses.

Executive Order S-13-08 (2008)
Executive Order S-13-08 launched a major initiative for improving the state’s adaptation to climate impacts from sea level rise, increased temperatures, shifting precipitation, and extreme weather events.

It ordered a California Sea Level Rise Assessment Report to be conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, which was released in June 2012. It also ordered the development of a California Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. The Strategy, published in December 2009, assesses the state’s vulnerability to climate change impacts, and outlines possible solutions that can be implemented within Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 222, Packet Page 322 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-6 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft and across State agencies to promote resiliency. The Strategy focuses on seven areas: public health, biodiversity and habitat, ocean and coastal resources, water management, agriculture, forestry, and transportation and energy infrastructure.

California Ocean Protection Council Resolution
California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) Resolution, adopted on March 11, 2011, requires the vulnerabilities associated with sea level rise to be considered for all projects or programs receiving funding from the State. The Resolution states: “Given the currently predicted effects of Climate Change on California's water resources, IRWM Plans should address adapting to changes in the amount, intensity, timing, quality and variability of runoff and recharge. Areas of the State that receive water imported from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the area within the Delta, and areas served by coastal aquifers will also need to consider the effects of sea level rise on water supply conditions and identify suitable adaptation measures.” The OPC resolution and sea level rise guidance can be found at the following link: http://www.opc.ca.gov/council-documents/.

Senate Bill X1-2
This bill codifies California’s ambitious goal to increase the quantity of energy generated from renewable sources. The ultimate goal is to have 33% of energy in California generated from renewable sources by 2020, with benchmarks of 20% by 2013, 25% by 2016. This bill enables the CPUC Renewable Energy Resources Program to enforce these goals upon all electricity retailers.

Various Legislative Actions to Promote Electric Vehicles and Zero Emission Vehicles California passed four different legislative actions between the years of 2013 and 2014 to promote the use of electric and zero emission vehicles. SB 1275 (2014) established a state goal of 1 million zero emission and near zero emission vehicles to be in service by 2020. SB 1204 (2014) created the California Clean Truck, Bus, and Off-Road Vehicle and Equipment Technology Program to develop, pilot and deploy zero- and near zero- emission vehicle technologies. AB 8 (2013) extended extra fees on vehicle and boat registrations and tire sales to fund programs that support promotion of alternative fuels, vehicle technologies, and air emission reduction strategies. AB 1092 (2013) required the Building Standards Commission to adopt mandatory building standards for the installation of future electric vehicle charging infrastructure for parking spaces in multifamily dwellings and nonresidential development.

Senate Bill 350 (2015)
SB 350, enacted in 2015, requires that the amount of renewable electricity generated and sold to retail customers be increased to 50% by December 2030. This requirement is made through the Public Utilities Act and the Public Utilities Commission, which codifies the California Renewables Portfolio Standards (RPS) Program. This act revised the RPS program to incorporate expanded requirements on public and publicly owned electric utilities. This bill also requires the PUC to establish targets to double the energy efficiency savings in electricity and natural gas end uses by 2030.

California Commitment to Paris Climate Accord
California Governor Jerry Brown launched America’s Pledge, an initiative to support the goals of the Paris Climate Accord that will report on State efforts to drive down GHG emissions. The initiative is meant to show support for the agreement in the United States. The Paris Climate Accord is a pact that Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 223, Packet Page 323 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-7 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft was made by nearly 200 countries in 2015, requiring countries to scale down their carbon emissions along with other measures to slow down the human causes of climate change.

Executive Order B-30-15 / Senate Bill 32 (2016)
In 2016, the Legislature passed SB 32, which codifies a 2030 GHG emissions reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels in accordance with executive Order B-30-15. With SB 32, the Legislature passed companion legislation AB 197, which provides additional direction for developing the CARB Climate Change Scoping Plan. CARB is moving forward with a second update to the Scoping Plan to reflect the 2030.

15.2 The Predicted Effects of Climate Change
Climate change models predict changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, water availability, and sea levels, and how these altered conditions can have impacts on natural and human systems in California. Sea levels have risen by as much as seven inches along the California coast over the last century, increasing erosion and pressure on the state’s infrastructure, water supplies, and natural resources. The state has also seen increased average temperatures, more extreme hot days, fewer cold nights, a lengthening of the growing season, shifts in the water cycle with less winter precipitation falling as snow, and both snowmelt and rainwater running off sooner in the spring (California Natural Resources Agency 2017). According to the California Department of Water Resources (DWR 2013), more changes related to climate change can be expected by the year 2050 and on to the end of the century:
• California’s mean temperature may rise 1.5°F to 5.0°F by 2050 and 3.5°F to 11°F by the end of the century.
• Average annual precipitation may show little change, but more intense wet and dry periods can be expected with more floods and more droughts.
• Flood peaks will become higher and natural spring/summer runoff will become lower. • Global sea level projections suggest possible sea level rise of approximately 14 inches (36 cm) by 2050 and a high value of approximately 55 inches (140 cm) by 2100.1

Globally, sea level rise is driven by two primary factors—global ice melt and thermal expansion of seawater—but locally, other factors can alter the rate, extent, and duration of changes in sea level.

These processes include “steric variations, wind-driven differences in ocean heights, gravitational and deformational effects, and vertical land motions along the coast” (Committee on Sea Level 2012), and in California are additionally affected by movement along the San Andreas Fault and climate patterns in the Pacific Ocean, including the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Large El Niño events can temporarily raise the sea level as much as 3 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) for several winter months (Committee on Sea Level 2012).

Mean sea level on the California coast rose approximately 8 inches (17-20 cm) over the past century (1900 – 2005) (Cayan et al. 2008). Since 1993, altimetry data suggests that the global mean sea level rise rate has increased from 2 to 3 mm/year, but during this time, data from altimetry and tide gauges show that the mean sea level along the Pacific coast has been stable due to wind stress (Bromirski et al. 2011). 1 The State of California uses estimates of global sea level rise produced by Ramstorf 2007 and Cayan et al. 2008 for coastal adaptation planning purposes under Executive Order S-13-08.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 224, Packet Page 324 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-8 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft The changes in sea levels, temperature, and precipitation that are anticipated to occur with climate change, as described above, will affect California’s public health, habitats, ocean and coastal resources, water supplies, agriculture, forestry, and energy use (California EPA 2010), and will result in increased droughts and flooding. Climate change may also have adverse effects on water quality, which would in turn affect the beneficial uses (habitat, water supply, etc.) of surface water bodies and groundwater.

Changes in precipitation could result in increased sedimentation, higher concentrations of pollutants, higher dissolved oxygen levels, increased temperatures, and an increase in the amount of runoff constituents reaching surface water bodies.

In addition, climate change is expected to have effects on diverse types of ecosystems, from alpine to deep sea habitat. As temperatures and precipitation change, seasonal shifts in vegetation will occur; this could affect the distribution of associated flora and fauna species. As the range of species shifts, habitat fragmentation could occur, with acute impacts on the distribution of certain sensitive species. The IPCC states that “20 percent to 30 percent of species assessed may be at risk of extinction from climate change impacts within this century if global mean temperatures exceed 2°C to 3°C (3.6°F to 5.4°F) relative to pre-industrial levels” (IPCC 2007a). Shifts in existing biomes could also make ecosystems vulnerable to invasive species encroachment. Wildfires, which are an important control mechanism in many ecosystems, may become more severe and more frequent, making it difficult for native plant species to repeatedly re-germinate. In general terms, climate change is expected to put a number of stressors on ecosystems, with potentially catastrophic effects on biodiversity.

15.2.1 Regional Studies on the Effects of Climate Change A number of studies have been completed that evaluate hazard vulnerabilities of various portions of the Monterey Bay and Monterey County. The following provides a brief summary of regional studies and efforts.

Philip Williams and Associates (PWA) Coastal Regional Sediment Management Plan for Southern Monterey Bay (2008):

This plan, prepared by PWA in 2008, aims to create a comprehensive regional strategy to approach issues of coastal erosion and protection in the Southern Monterey Bay, from Wharf 2 to the Monterey Submarine Canyon. The plan looks at local geomorphology, physical processes of erosion, sediment transport, sediment budget, critical habitat and species, existing vulnerable infrastructure, and various regulatory processes, and then proposes management strategies and analyzes their feasibility and projected effectiveness. These strategies include beach nourishment and restoration, sand reduction and removal, and continued natural erosion, while emphasizing the expansion of policies and governance structures to better manage coastal sediments.

Simulation of Climate Change in San Francisco Bay Basins, California: Case Studies in the Russian River Valley and the Santa Cruz Mountains (2012):

A regional study was completed by the US Geological Survey (Flint and Flint, 2012), on how changing climate variables lead to a change in potential evapotranspiration, recharge, runoff, and climatic water deficit within the Santa Cruz Mountains. The coastal mountains in the Monterey Peninsula planning region have a similar geography and climate as the Santa Cruz Mountains and may experience similar climate change impacts; therefore, many of the conclusions from this study apply to Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning region. Hydrologic models predict a reduced early and late wet season runoff; summers are projected to be longer and drier in the future than in the past, regardless of Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 225, Packet Page 325 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-9 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft precipitation trends. While water supply could be subject to increased variability (that is, reduced reliability) due to greater variability in precipitation, water demand is likely to steadily increase because of increased evapotranspiration rates and climatic water deficit during the extended summers. This analysis identifies the areas in the landscape that are the most resilient or vulnerable to projected changes and implies greater water demand will occur to maintain current agricultural resources or land cover. Fine-scale modeling identifies areas possibly more resilient to climatic changes in contrast to locations where vegetation is currently living on the edge of its present-day bioclimatic distribution and, therefore, is more likely to perish or shift to other dominant species under future warming.

ESA PWA Technical Evaluation of Erosion Mitigation Alternatives (2012):

This study, conducted by ESA PWA for the Southern Monterey Bay Coastal Erosion Working Group and the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, assesses various coastal erosion mitigation strategies through cost-benefit analyses. The analyses compare the coastal erosion mitigation strategies to more traditional coastal armoring in order to develop strategies to minimize erosion hazards in the Southern Monterey Bay Littoral Cell. The set of 22 proposed tools highlights rolling easements, cessation of sand mining, and managed retreat, with specific recommendations over four timeframes for each sub-region.

ESA PWA Monterey Bay Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Study: Technical Methods (2014):

This vulnerability study and technical methods report, prepared by ESA PWA for the Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation, presents the methods and data used to develop maps of erosion and coastal flooding hazard zones for the Monterey Bay study area, from Año Nuevo to Monterey’s Wharf 2. The hazard zones, including dune and cliff erosion, rising tides, and coastal storm flooding, take into account geology, tides, waves, historic erosion, existing armoring, and various sea level rise projections in order to most accurately represent the projected extents of erosion and flooding for 2030, 2060, and 2100.

This report describes in depth the GIS layers and metadata for each hazard zone, and the processes used to create those layers.

The Nature Conservancy’s Coastal Resiliency Mapping Tool (2015):

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) has developed a publicly accessible interactive mapping tool to view projected sea level rise hazards for various geographies across the world, on both local and global scales.

Users can explore the extent of flooding and erosion along selected coastlines—specifically in the Americas or on a global scale—for multiple time horizons or amounts of sea level rise, and can overlay ecological, social, or economic layers to view vulnerabilities.

City of Monterey Final Sea Level Rise and Vulnerability Analyses, Existing Conditions and Issues Report (2016):

This report, by Revell Coastal, provides analyses of the existing conditions and future vulnerabilities from sea level rise of various sectors, including land use and structures, transportation, wastewater, hazardous materials, emergency services, ecological resources and more in the City of Monterey. The data is reported in detailed maps, charts, and recommendations for each sector. The report also details the physical setting of the City of Monterey, including the geology and geomorphology of the coastline and the coastline ecological habitats and human development, and looks at the current climate science and projections, including temperature, precipitation, wildfires, and sea level rise projections.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 226, Packet Page 326 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-10 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft TNC Economic Impacts of Climate Adaptation Strategies for Southern Monterey Bay (2016):

This report, prepared by TNC, provides detailed economic analyses of various potential adaptation strategies for combating sea level rise and erosion in southern Monterey Bay, from Moss Landing to Del Monte. The report takes into account a range of sea level rise projections, and analyzes the social, environmental, and economic costs and benefits of many adaptation strategies in order to provide coastal planners with an understanding of the value of different strategies within each of the four focus areas. The report found that, contrary to conventional wisdom, in these four areas, hard shoreline armoring had significantly lower net present values than alternative adaptation strategies.

Moss Landing, Capitola, and Santa Cruz County Sea Level Vulnerability reports (2017):

The recent Moss Landing Coastal Climate Change Vulnerability Report (CCWG 2017) documented that Moss Landing, Castroville, and nearby farmlands are vulnerable to both river and ocean flooding.

Historical examples of this risk include the March 1995 storms which resulted in county-wide flooding to private property resulting in damage to 1,500 homes and 110 businesses. In Castroville 312 residences and 38 businesses were damaged and 1,320 residents were evacuated. The County documented that the flood event in February 1998 resulted in losses of over $38 million, with agriculture-related losses totaling over $7 million and damaging 29,000 acres of crops.

The Capitola and Santa Cruz County reports document similar hazards in Santa Cruz County along the coast with similar or more extensive impacts to residential and agricultural properties. By 2100 sea level rise and fluvial models used in this analysis project that much of the coastal and low-lying areas along rivers may be periodically flooded during winter storms and high river discharges. By 2100 tidal inundation within low lying coastal areas may pose a serious challenge. Each of these reports makes valuable adaptation recommendations.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) – Pacific Coastal Flood Mapping (Expected Completion 2018):

FEMA is working to update the Pacific Coastal flood maps through the California Coastal Analysis and Mapping Project for Region IX. This project is incorporating the latest engineering and mapping data for areas impacted by coastal flooding for the California coast in order to provide the most up-to-date coastal flood maps.

Safeguarding California Plan: 2018 Update (2018):

This Natural Resources Agency report, which is an update to the 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy, provides policy guidance for State decision makers and highlights climate risks in nine sectors impacted by climate change, discusses progress to date, and proposes real-world, realistic recommendations for actions to reduce climate change impacts.

State of California Sea-Level Rise Guidance (2018):

This Ocean Protection Council report specifically recommends that “risk assessments and adaptation planning efforts should be conducted at community and regional levels” including “cross-jurisdictional coordination.”
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 227, Packet Page 327 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-11 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Residential Adaptation Policy Guidance (Revised Draft 2018):

The California Coastal Commission’s Residential Adaptation Policy Guidance provides an in-depth discussion of sea level rise adaptation policies related to residential development.

15.2.2 Projected Changes in Climate Variables
Many climate models have been generated to predict changes in ocean and land temperature, rain frequency and intensity, coastal wave exposure, and sea level rise. Modeling with regional climate models has matured over the past decade to enable meaningful climate vulnerability assessment applications (Wang et al., 2004). California has created several web-based interfaces to help local and regional planners “downscale” climate models for local planning purposes. The Cal-Adapt website2 is one that provides a geographically based climate model interpretation tool that generates predictive changes to climate variables using different IPCC GHG emissions projections. Specifically, emissions scenario RCP 4.5(or Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5) represents a low emissions scenario. In this scenario, it is assumed that emission peak in 2040 and then decline. Emissions scenario RCP 8.5 represents a high emissions scenario. This second scenario assumes that emissions continue to rise strongly through 2050 and plateau around 2100.

The Cal-Adapt tool was used to model changes in climate variables that may affect water resources within the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning area. Two areas of the region, Monterey and Carmel, were used to reflect the climate regime. Changes in climate variables are presented for the RCP 8.5 emissions scenario as a worst-case prediction of potential vulnerabilities. Future analysis will be able to increase climate prediction evaluation for a select set of potential impacts based on this initial investigation.

Temperature Changes: Table 15-1 shows the projected difference in temperature between a baseline time period (1961-1990) and an end of century period (2070-2090) for the two climate regime areas selected for the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning region.

Table 15-1: Projected Increasesin Average Temperature
Area
Historical
Annual Mean
for 1961-1990
Low-Emissions
Scenario (B1)
Change in
Temperature
High-Emissions
Scenario (A2)
Change in
Temperature
Carmel Area Grid Cell
Maximum Temperature 65.6 69.6 +4.0 72.2 +6.6
Minimum Temperature 47.5 51.4 +3.9 54.3 +6.8
Monterey Area Grid Cell
Maximum Temperature 65.4 69.4 +4.0 72.0 +6.6
Minimum Temperature 48.2 52.0 +3.8 54.9 +6.8
Source: Cal-Adapt web tool (http://cal-adapt.org/)
2 http://cal-adapt.org
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 228, Packet Page 328 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-12 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Projected increases in average temperature are graphed for the Monterey and Carmel area in Figure 15-2, below. Projected increases in temperature are similar through 2050 for both the RCP 8.5 (High Emissions) and RCP 4.5 (Low Emissions) scenarios. After 2050, temperature increases more rapidly using the high emissions rate scenario. Figure 15-2, below, shows the RCP 4.5 scenario. The charts below include the following model projections for the Monterey and Carmel areas:
• A warm/dry simulation (HadGEM2-ES)
• A cooler/wetter simulation (CNRM-CM5)
• An average simulation (CanESM2)
• The model simulation that is most unlike the first three for the best coverage of different possibilities (MIROC5)
Figure 15-2: Projected Increase in Temperaturesin the
Monterey Area (South) [Left] and Carmel Area [Right]
Source: Cal-Adapt web tool (http://cal-adapt.org/)
Rainfall Changes: The Cal-Adapt tool predicts that average rainfall will begin to increase throughout the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning region with projected increases of approximately 3.5 inches (16.6 inches historical annual mean rainfall to 20.1 inches projected annual rainfall) in the Monterey Area and approximately 3.9 inches in the Carmel Area (17.9 inches historical annual mean rainfall to 21.8 inches projected annual rainfall) by 2100 (High Emissions Scenario RCP 8.5). Figure 15-3 represents the interdecadal fluctuations in precipitation (integrating historic decadal fluctuations) and the long-term increase in total precipitation for the areas in question. Note, however, that while most climate change scientists agree that precipitation patterns will change, there isn’t complete consensus on the direction of the precipitation change, with some climate models suggesting decreases while others suggest increases.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 229, Packet Page 329 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-13 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft The US Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation report (2011) gives an example of the variable predictions of precipitation in California: mean-annual precipitation in the Sacramento and San Joaquin basins will stay generally steady during the 21st century and will be quite variable over the next century, with the authors noting that there is significant disagreement among the climate projections regarding change in annual precipitation over the region. The 2009 California Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (California Natural Resources Agency, 2009) notes that climate models for the state differ in determining where and how much rain and snowfall patterns will change under different emissions scenarios. However, while the precipitation modeling results vary more than the temperature projections, the authors point out that 11 out of 12 precipitation models run by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography for northern California suggest a small to significant (12-35 percent) overall decrease in precipitation levels by mid-century. Finally, a US Geological Survey report (USGS, 2012), using five General Circulation Models (GCM) for two watershed basins in northern California, concludes that precipitation will follow cycles of wetter and drier decadal oscillations during the 21st century.

According to DWR, average annual precipitation throughout the state may show little change, but more intense wet and dry periods can be expected with more floods and more droughts (DWR, 2009).

The actual change in precipitation is more difficult to predict on the local level.

Figure 15-3: Projected Average Rainfall in Monterey (Left) and Carmel Area (Right) Source: Cal-Adapt web tool (http://cal-adapt.org/).

Note: Other climate variables, including evapotranspiration (water loss in plants) and runoff rates from storms, will also increase over time. Average base flow levels in creeks are projected to decline.

Sea Level Rise: Sea level rise3
is a complex and dynamic process ultimately controlled by levels of heattrapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Globally, sea level rise is driven by two primary factors— 3 This section regarding sea level rise has been excerpted from the “Climate Change and Monterey Bay” website (http://www.climatechangemontereybay.org/impacts_main.shtml). Text prepared by Michael Fox, Center for Ocean Solutions. The references in this section are as cited on the “Climate Change and Monterey Bay” website.

Low Emissions Scenario (B1)
High Emissions Scenario (A2)
Low Emissions Scenario (B1)
High Emissions Scenario (A2)
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 230, Packet Page 330 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-14 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft global ice melt and thermal expansion of seawater—but locally there are numerous processes that can alter the rate, extent, and duration of changes in sea level. As such, accurately predicting sea level over the coming centuriesfor specific locations is very challenging.

Sea level rose approximately seven inches (18 cm) over the past century (1900–2005) along most of the California coast (Cayan et al., 2008). The local tide gauge at Monterey dates back to 1973 (compared to the San Francisco gauge dating from 1855), but even during this short time period, a trend of sea level rise is evident at the rate of approximately 0.05 inches per year (Figure 15-4). Due to local oceanographic conditions, sea level in central California has been relatively stable or even declining over the past several decades. However, when the regional climate patterns that drive local sea level trends shift, the Central Coast will very likely experience a rise in sea level that will correspond to, or may even exceed, the mean global rate of sea level rise (Largier et al., 2010; Ramp et al., 2009; and Bromirski et al., 2011).

Currently, the State of California is using estimates of global sea level rise produced by Rahmstorf (2007) and Cayan et al., (2008) for coastal adaptation planning purposes under Executive Order S-16-08. These projections suggest possible sea level rise of approximately 14 inches (36 cm) by 2050 and up to approximately 55 inches (140 cm) by 2100. However, Cal-Adapt notes recent evidence suggests these values may prove to be underestimates of the possible rise in global sea level.

Figure 15-4: Sea Level in Monterey Bay from 1976-2010
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a pattern of change in the Pacific Ocean's climate; El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is comprised of El Nino (warm ENSO phase) and La Nina (cool ENSO phase) activity.

Monthly records of sea level from the Monterey Bay tide gauge are shown from 1976 to 2010.

Monterey has experienced a consistent rise in sea level on the order of 2 - 3 mm/yr (0.07 - 0.1 in/yr) for Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 231, Packet Page 331 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-15 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft the past 35 years4. The anticipated consequences of sea level rise for the Monterey Bay region are serious and far-reaching, and are discussed below in Section 15.3.2, Predicted Impacts of Climate Change.

Changes in Fog: There is evidence to suggest that yearly coastal fog may be declining. A recent study by Todd Dawson from UC Berkeley and James Johnstone from the University of Washington shows that coastal fog in California has declined more than 30 percent over the past 60 years (Sanders, 2010; Dayton, 2011). With only 60 years of data, it is unclear whether the phenomenon is part of a natural cycle or the result of global climate change 5
. However, a change in coastal fog could have critical
implications for the fate of certain ecosystems, in particular coastal redwoods and maritime chaparral, both of which are dependent on fog for their survival. A decline in coastal fog could also lead to increased water use and an increased demand for water supplies in the Region.

California coastal fog is caused by the temperature differential between the cool ocean water and the warmer air. The Monterey Bay area is particularly foggy because of oceanic upwelling of the deep, cold waters of the Monterey submarine canyon. When the cold oceanic water meets the warmer air, the air chills and condenses to form fog. As noted above, one of the effects of global climate change is warmer ocean temperatures. The IPCC stated in a 2007 report, “observations since 1961 show that the average temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at least 3,000 meters” (IPCC, 2007). Warmer ocean temperatures could mean less fog for coastal California.

Fog occurs primarily in the summer months, when there is little or no rainfall. Fog provides an important source of water for many coastal plant communities by providing soil drip; and some plants, including redwoods and 80 percent of their understory plants, can absorb fog directly through their leaves. Fog also acts to keep moisture in the ecosystem, preventing evaporation and maintaining cooler temperatures. A significant decline in fog could mean an uncertain future for many of the plant communities in the region, including local endemic plants that depend on fog for their survival (Dayton, 2011).

The role that coastal fog plays in preventing evaporation and maintaining cooler temperatures also has important implications for water use and water supply in the Monterey Peninsula region. A decline in coastal fog would change the local coastal climate, resulting in warmer temperatures and increased evaporation during the summer months. This in turn may lead to increased agricultural and landscape water use, putting additional demand on water supplies in the region.

15.2.3 Potential Effects of Climate Change in the Region Numerous tools are available to assist local water resource managers in evaluating the potential impacts of climate change on local infrastructure and populations. DWR provides a list of potential impacts to water resources associated with changes in climate variables. The State of California has also provided guidance on possible impacts to infrastructure and resources due to changing climate variables. These resources were used to identify local impacts that are most likely to occur in the Region, due to local changes in rainfall patterns, temperature increases, evapotranspiration, storm intensity and runoff rates, and urban and agricultural water use. 4 Developed by Brock Woodson for the Preparing for the Future: Climate Change and the Monterey Bay Shoreline regional workshop; see http://centerforoceansolutions.org/preparingforthefuture. Data obtained from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level [PSMSL]. Used by permission.
5 Note that the scientists are working to calibrate tree ring isotope data with actual coastal fog conditions in the past century and will then be able extrapolate back for 1,000 years or more to estimate climate conditions.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 232, Packet Page 332 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-16 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 15-2, below, represents a “broad brush” consideration of potential impacts to water resources associated with changes in climate variables, based on the State’s guidance as applied to the Monterey Peninsula region (adapted from Appendix B of Climate Change Handbook for Regional Water Planning). Following this list is a more detailed discussion of key potential impacts of climate change in the Monterey Bay region, as presented at a December 2011 regional workshop report called “Preparing for the Future: Climate Change and the Monterey Bay Shoreline.” Table 15-2: Potential Impactsto Water Resources in the Region Water Supply and Demand
 Agricultural water use is expected to increase to offset higher temperatures and evapotranspiration.  Rangelands are expected to be drier.
 Domestic landscaping water needs will be higher.
 Sea level rise and higher groundwater extraction will lead to increased rates of saltwater intrusion.  Droughts will be more frequent and severe.

Water Quality
 Lower seasonal surface flows will lead to higher pollutant concentrations.  Changes in storm intensity will increase sediment loading in many systems.  Channel stability will be impacted from higher storm flows causing additional turbidity.  Sea level rise will impact current estuary brackish water interface towards more marine systems.

Flooding
 Regional river levees will provide less protection during higher storm flow events.  Natural creeks and managed conveyance will see higher flow rates leading to increased erosion and flooding.
 Coastal levees and control structures will be undersized to manage the combined influences of higher river flows and sea level rise.

Aquatic Ecosystem Vulnerabilities
 Migration patterns and species distribution will change.  Invasive species populations will expand.
 Coastal wetland systems are likely to be inundated with increasing frequency, leading to the dieback of tidal marshes (Philip Williams & Associates, 2008b) and the salinization of fresh and brackish marshes.  Changes in hydrograph (driven by rain pattern changes) will cause increased erosion and habitat loss in creeks and rivers.
 Some locally unique species and communities such as maritime chaparral, coastal prairie, Monterey Cypress, coastal redwoods and giant kelp are susceptible to changes in certain locally favorable climate variables; for example, redwood forest ecosystems and coastal chaparral species are dependent on fog, and productive kelp forests tend to be associated with areas of significant oceanographic upwelling. In addition, ocean acidification may impact marine species. As conditions change, these ecosystems and species may face an uncertain future (see Dayton, 2011).

Reservoir Storage
 Changesin rainfall patterns may be problematic for timing of release from reservoirs.  More intense rainfall and increased risk of fires in watershed lands can lead to increased sediment loading to reservoirs.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 233, Packet Page 333 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-17 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Preparing for the Future: Climate Change and the Monterey Bay Shoreline: On December 6, 2011, the MBNMS and Center for Ocean Solutions (COS) convened regional decision-makers at a one-day workshop titled “Preparing for the Future: Climate Change and the Monterey Bay Shoreline.” The event was the first Monterey Bay regional gathering on climate change adaptation, intended to facilitate a discussion on how to best prepare coastal communities in the Monterey Bay region to adapt to the impacts of climate change. More than 90 people attended from cities and municipalities in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, representing city and county staff, state and federal governments, research institutions, nonprofit organizations, private industry, and the public.

Presenters at the workshop focused on impacts of concern for the Monterey Bay region, which include increased coastal erosion, coastal inundation, storm and wave damage, and saltwater intrusion.

Collectively, these impacts will threaten infrastructure, development, marine and coastal ecosystems, and the general welfare of the communities around Monterey Bay. Monterey Bay has variable coastal geology, and as a result, different regions will experience different types and magnitudes of impacts. For example, portions of the sandy beaches and dunes of South Monterey Bay are currently eroding at some of the highest rates in California, while the low-lying land and large flood plains in the central portion of the bay make those areas particularly susceptible to inundation (Abeles et al., 2012).

The following provides information presented at the workshop regarding the anticipated impacts of climate change specifically for the Monterey Bay shoreline area. Note that almost all of the text in this section has been excerpted from one of two sources: the “Climate Change and Monterey Bay” website6
; and the workshop Summary Report (Abeles et al., 2012), which is also available online7.

Coastal Erosion: Existing levels of coastal erosion in the Monterey Bay region of 28-244 cm/year causes significant threats to critical infrastructure, property, and natural habitats (Stamski, 2005)8 . Coastal
erosion will increase as global sea levels continue to rise. Higher sea level will allow waves and tides to travel farther inland, exposing beaches, cliffs, and coastal dunes to more persistent erosional forces (Storlazzi and Griggs, 2000). Erosion is not a new issue in California, but rising sea levels threaten to increase the severity and frequency of erosion damage to coastal infrastructure and property.

Statewide, a 4.6-foot (1.4 m) rise in sea level has the potential to erode approximately 41 square miles (68 km2) of coastline by the end of the century (Heberger et al., 2009).

The southern portion of Monterey Bay is eroding more rapidly than any other region in the state, with coastal dunes between the Salinas River mouth and Wharf II in Monterey eroding at rates between

1.0 and 6.0 feet per year (0.3-1.8 m/yr) (Heberger et al., 2009; Brew et al., 2011; and Hapke et al., 2009).

Even without consideration of accelerated sea level rates, eight oceanfront facilities in South Monterey Bay are at high risk in the next 50 years and will require mitigation measures to prevent their loss (Philip Williams & Associates, 2008a). One statewide study by the California Energy Commission, Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the California Coast, found that in Monterey County a total of approximately 4.4 square miles (7 km2
) of coastline is susceptible to erosion, and the maximum distances coastal dunes and sea cliffs are expected to retreat in this region are approximately 1,300 and 720 feet (400 m and 200 m), respectively (Heberger et al., 2009). Loss of this land threatens to place 6 https://oceansolutions.stanford.edu/workshop-progress-towards-preparing-future-climate-change-and-monterey-bay-shoreline 7 http://centerforoceansolutions.com/preparingforthefuture 8 This section on coastal erosion has been excerpted from the “Climate Change and Monterey Bay” website:
http://www.climatechangemontereybay.org/impacts_erosion.shtml. Text prepared by Michael Fox, COS. All references included in this section are cited on the website.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 234, Packet Page 334 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-18 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft roughly 820 people in Monterey County at risk of losing their homes (Ibid.). In addition to the loss of the protective service, losing these coastal dunes also means the loss of habitat for coastal species.

Coastal erosion will have long-lasting impacts on the Monterey Bay region’s transportation infrastructure, threatening over 50 miles (~83 km) of highway, roads, and rail throughout the region, including Highway 1 (Ibid.). Important public infrastructure is also vulnerable to erosion. One example is the Monterey Interceptor pipeline that carries raw sewage from the Monterey Peninsula to the treatment plant located north of the city of Marina. Portions of this critical piece of infrastructure run directly beneath the beach, and if undermined, could result in a significant threat to marine resources and public welfare and safety. Other threatened structures include beachfront hotels, condominiums, private residences, and other wastewater pumping stations associated with the Monterey Interceptor pipeline. Given the current rates of erosion, this sewage pipeline faces possible risk of exposure in the next 30 to 50 years (Brew et al., 2011), highlighting the importance of strategic long-term planning efforts.

Coastal Inundation: Coastal inundation occurs when normally dry land becomes covered by water and it is one of the most costly and damaging impacts associated with sea level rise9 . Low-lying coastal
areas of the Monterey Bay region will be exposed to a greater risk of major flooding events, and storm surge, high tides, and waves will travel farther inland (Heberger et al., 2009). Elevated sea levels combined with increases in winter storm intensity and wave heights will make coastal inundation a more serious risk (Storlazzi and Wingfield, 2005; and Wingfield and Storlazzi, 2005).

Given the large impact zone associated with coastal inundation, a significant portion of transportation infrastructure is at risk. Highways, roads, and railways in Monterey County are susceptible to coastal inundation, and flooding may impact several power generating facilities (Heberger et al., 2009). The low- lying coastal location of many agricultural properties in this region increases the likelihood of significant loss of agricultural land due to storm-induced flooding and salinization with increasing sea level and long-term inundation. Loss of agricultural production in the region will have lasting consequences for the largest sector of the regional economy.

In conjunction with coastal inundation, coastal water quality will likely decline as storm-induced flood waters recede, drawing debris, fertilizers, and other contaminants into the bay. This increased runoff has the potential to increase the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the area posing a serious threat to local fisheries and marine mammal populations (Largier et al., 2010).

Coastal inundation also poses a risk to local wetlands. The impact of sea level rise on wetlands is significant for the Monterey Peninsula area, since the region contains several important wetland systems. If the rate of sea level rise exceeds the rate of wetland accretion, or if wetlands cannot transgress (migrate up and inland) large tracts of critically important habitat, such as Carmel River and San Jose Creek, will become permanently submerged by ocean or brackish water. If these wetland systems become submerged with seawater or brackish water, their ability to provide crucial services such as nursery habitat, wave protection, and nutrient and sediment retention will be greatly diminished. There are several other wetland systems that are in contact with the Monterey Bay, including the Del Rey Creek, Roberts Lake/Laguna Grande, and El Estero Lake. All of these systems’ tidal interactions are muted due to sand dunes and urban infrastructure. Sea level rise will pose significant threats to these systems as well, but those interactions are less well understood. 9 This section on coastal inundation (except for last two paragraphs) has been excerpted from the “Climate Change and Monterey Bay” website:
http://www.climatechangemontereybay.org/impacts_inundation.shtml. Text prepared by Michael Fox, COS. All references included in this section are cited on the website.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 235, Packet Page 335 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-19 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Figure 15-5: Predicted Flooding in the South Monterey Bay Area due to Sea Level Rise and Increased Winter River Flows
Source: Cal-Adapt web tool (http://cal-adapt.org/) Map depicting where increased inundation will occur within the Monterey Bay area without adaptation from a 1.4m sea level rise. Source Cal Adapt The Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning region hosts numerous coastal river and creek mouth lagoon systems that provide a diverse set of environmental benefits and span the entire IRWM planning region. The cumulative impacts of increased rain intensity and flows within coastal watersheds along with increased sea levels and storm wave impacts pose unique threats to these valuable wetland resources. Regional partners have begun to evaluate the potential impacts to these systems, but studies are incomplete, and more research is needed.

Seawater Intrusion: Seawater intrusion is caused by two primary processes: overdrafts of coastal wells and sea level rise. As described in the Regional Description of this Plan, the Salinas Valley and Seaside groundwater basins used for water supply in the region have been experiencing overdraft for many years. The Salinas Valley Groundwater Basin is the primary source of water supply to the former Fort Ord area of the Monterey Peninsula planning region. It is estimated that the Salinas Valley Groundwater Basin has an average annual non-drought overdraft of approximately 50,000-AF (Cal Water, 2010a), though during the last drought the annual overdraft was estimated at 150,000–300,000 AFY (Cal Water, 2010b). As a result of this consistent overdraft, groundwater levels in the Salinas Valley Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 236, Packet Page 336 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-20 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Groundwater Basin have dropped below sea level, allowing seawater to intrude from Monterey Bay into aquifers located 180 and 400 feet below ground surface. The East Side and Pressure Subareas of the Salinas Valley Groundwater Basin are most impacted by overdraft (MCWRA, 1997). The hydrologic continuity between the ocean and the aquifers of the Pressure Area caused seawater to intrude these aquifers at a rate of approximately 28,800 AFY (Cal Water, 2010b).

The Seaside Basin underlies an approximately 19-square-mile area at the northwest corner of the Salinas Valley, adjacent to Monterey Bay. The hydrogeology of the Seaside Basin has been the subject of numerous studies beginning with a California Department of Water Resources study in 1974. Monitoring data gathered since 1987 shows that water levels have been trending downward in many areas of the basin. A steep decline since 1995 in the northern coastal portion of the basin, where most of the groundwater production occurs, coincides with increased extraction in that area after the State Water Resources Control Board required Cal-Am to reduce its Carmel River diversions, and instead maximize its pumping in the Seaside Basin.

Continued pumping in excess of recharge and fresh water inflows, pumping depressions near the coast, and ongoing seawater intrusion in the nearby Salinas Valley all suggest that seawater intrusion could also occur in the Seaside Groundwater Basin; however, no seawater intrusion has been observed in existing monitoring wells and modeling and other water quality analyses have not demonstrated seawater intrusion will affect extraction wells in the near term. (Hydrometrics, Seawater Intrusion Analysis Report, 2011).

Groundwater is produced by 22 wells in the Seaside Groundwater Basin. California American Water (CalAm), an investor-owned public utility that serves approximately 38,480 customer accounts in the Monterey Peninsula area, owns 6 wells and currently pumps approximately 65 percent of the water produced in the basin. In addition, CalAm and Monterey Peninsula Water Management District operate a Seaside Basin Aquifer Storage and Recovery system that stores excess Carmel River water supplies during the wet season in the groundwater basin and recovers the banked water during the following dry season for consumptive use.

The estimated average yield of the existing Aquifer Storage and Recovery facilities is 1,920 AFY but varies yearly based on rainfall due to the requirement to maintain adequate Carmel River instream flows. Historical and persistent low groundwater elevations caused by pumping have led to concerns that seawater intrusion may threaten the basin’s groundwater resources. In 2006, an adjudication process (Cal-Am v. City of Seaside et al., Case No. M66343) led to the issuance of a court decision that created the Seaside Basin Watermaster (Watermaster). The Watermaster consists of nine representatives, one representative from each: Cal-Am, City of Seaside, Sand City, City of Monterey, City of Del Rey Oaks, Monterey Peninsula Water Management District and Monterey County Water Resources Agency, and two representatives from landowner groups. The Watermaster has evaluated water levels in the basin and has determined that while seawater intrusion does not appear to be occurring at present, current water levels are lower than those required to protect against seawater intrusion.

Seawater intrusion has not been documented in the Carmel River alluvial aquifer. Looking forward, seawater intrusion is not anticipated due to the narrow alluvial aquifer near the lagoon and mouth of the Carmel River and the seasonal high river flows that cause the alluvial aquifer to fill annually.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 237, Packet Page 337 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-21 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Coastal Storms and Waves: Seasonal patterns of storms and wave intensity are the primary driving forces behind coastal erosion along the California coast. 10 While erosion is a natural process that
shapes shorelines and beaches, erosional forces become a hazard when they interact with permanent structures that rely on a stable shoreline. The impacts of storm and wave damage are episodic and have the greatest severity when large storms coincide with high tide events. Despite the gradual day-to-day erosion experienced along the coast, it is the large, episodic erosional events that pose the greatest threat to the Monterey Bay shoreline. Given the recent evidence that suggests storm and wave intensity is likely to increase in this region, these large, episodic erosional events may occur more frequently. Protecting and restoring natural systems to take advantage of their protective services can increase resilience to these coastal impacts. Protecting and restoring these systems will likely provide additional benefits such as improved water quality and increased nursery habitat and recreation areas.

15.3 Vulnerability and Adaptability of Water Management Systems The Integrated Regional Water Management Planning Act, CWC §10541(e)(10), states that IRWM plans must include an evaluation of the adaptability to climate change of water management systems in the Region.

As described in Chapter 2, Region Description, the stakeholders work to address a number of critical and sometimes conflicting water issues. Great strides have been made to address many of these issues, but challenges remain. Essentially, whatever challenges currently exist for water managers in the Region will be greatly exacerbated—and augmented—by the impacts of climate change. The RWMG has conducted an initial climate vulnerability analysis and risk assessment to help water resource managers evaluate these risks and to consider potential adaptation measures.

15.3.1 Initial Vulnerability Assessment
The State of California and other climate partners have provided numerous tools and several comprehensive guidance documents to evaluate the vulnerabilities of human and natural systems in the face of climate change variables. The RWMG has used a combination of tools to identify priority resources that face the greatest threat from the impacts of climate change. Those impacts were prioritized based on their likelihood and the consequence that those impacts pose on life, property, public resources, and the natural environment of the Monterey Peninsula region; stakeholders from the region were invited to provide input for this prioritization exercise.

Key documents used for this vulnerability assessment include the State guidance Climate Change Handbook for Regional Water Planning (US EPA Region 9 and DWR, 2011) and the guidebook Preparing for Climate Change (Snover et al., 2007). Both documents outline a process for defining vulnerable infrastructure, land uses, and habitats, for defining the sensitivity of those resources to changes in climate conditions and evaluating the risk of impacts to those resources. In addition, region-specific guidance has been provided by the Monterey Bay Sanctuary Foundation and the Southern Monterey Bay Coastal Erosion Working Group, (PWA-ESA, Evaluation of Erosion Mitigation Alternatives for Southern Monterey Bay, 2012) and by the Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, and California Coastal Commission (Abeles et al. 2011). 10 This section on coastal storms and waves has been excerpted from the “Climate Change and Monterey Bay” website:
http://www.climatechangemontereybay.org/impacts_storms.shtml. Text prepared by Michael Fox, COS.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 238, Packet Page 338 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-22 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft The RWMG used several tools to identify resources that are sensitive to changes in climate variables. The website for the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) – Local Governments for Sustainability provides an online tool to identify important resources (human and natural) that are susceptible to climate change, and the Climate Change Handbook provides a useful checklist for identifying potential water resource specific vulnerabilities. The following is a listing of the vulnerabilities defined in the Climate Change Handbook and their applicability to the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning region.

The results of the vulnerability and risk assessments may lead to a resiliency analysis and adaptation strategy (Atchison, 2011). A vulnerability analysis for the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning region will help the RWMG select priority planning areas based on the region’s potential impacts due to climate change and the associated risks to human health, infrastructure, the economy, and environment. The Monterey Peninsula RWMG conducted this preliminary vulnerability analysis for the Region, following the guidance provided by ICLEI and the State and using an example that was conducted for the Greater Monterey County IRWM Plan and the City of Santa Cruz. A description of the process and the assumptions that went into this analysis are detailed, below. Note that the results of the vulnerability analysis are considered to be preliminary only; the analysis itself will be refined as more tools and more information become available.

Climate preparedness planning relies on the evaluation and prioritization of risks. Risk is determined based on the probability that an impact will occur (likelihood) and the significance of that impact (consequence) on life, land uses, water resources, the economy, and the environment: Risk = Consequences x Likelihood. Since no region has sufficient resources to address all potential impacts of climate change simultaneously, this prioritization process is necessary to address impacts that are most likely and that will result in the greatest detriment to life, the economy, and infrastructure (consequence).

Likelihood
The probability that a specific impact will occur, or “likelihood”, as defined by ICLEI workbook, is estimated based on the increased chance, or periodicity, that a certain event will occur. Table 15-3 illustrates how the combined factors of risk and likelihood relate to the determination of priority planning areas. Table 15-4 illustrates the “Likelihood Rating” of impacts based on the chance of an infrequent impact occurring more often (“recurrent risk”) and the chance that a previously unrealized impact could occur (“single event”).

Table 15-3: Risk Variables
Low Likelihood Medium Likelihood High Likelihood
High to Extreme
Risk
May be priority
planning areas
Should be priority planning
areas
Should be priority
planning areas
Low to Medium
Risk
Are unlikely to be
priority planning areas
May be priority planning
areas
Likely to be priority
planning areas
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 239, Packet Page 339 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-23 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 15-4: Probability Variables
Likelihood Rating Recurrent Risks Single Event
Almost Certain Could occur several times per year More likely than not - probability greater than 50 percent
Likely May arise about once per year As likely as not - 50/50 chance Possible May arise once in 10 years Less likely than not but still appreciable - probability less than 50 percent but still
notable
Unlikely May arise once in 10 years to 25 years Unlikely but not negligible - probability low but noticeably greater than zero
Rare Unlikely during the next 25 years Negligible - probability very small, close to zero
Consequence
The consequence of a specific climate change impact occurring is evaluated individually for five different social, economic, and environmental factors:
• Public safety
• Local economy and growth
• Community and lifestyle
• Environment and sustainability
• Public administration
The cumulative consequence from the combined impacts to specific social, economic, and environmental factors is then derived. For example, the consequences of failing to address sea level rise will depend on the potential impacts of that future sea level rise on the five factors listed above, combined. The consequence for each factor is estimated from little or no consequence (0) to serious devastation to infrastructure or significant economic or environmental impacts or loss of life (5).

Risk
The amount of risk involved from a climate change impact depends on both the likelihood and severity of the consequences that may result from that impact. Using the example of sea level rise, risk can be mitigated by reducing the consequence of the flooding or the possibility that flooding will occur at a given ocean height. Risk was determined for the Monterey Peninsula region based on the consequences that are expected to arise from any particular impact occurring within the region. Consequences were evaluated for human well-being, economic stability, environmental health, and the ability of municipalities to respond. The Climate Impact Risk Analysis results, shown in the two columns on the right side of Table 15-5, Climate Change Vulnerability Checklist for Monterey Peninsula qualify the risk associated with each likely impact.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 240, Packet Page 340 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-24 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 15-5: Climate Change Vulnerability Checklist for Monterey Peninsula

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Water Demand
Are there major industries that require cooling/process water in your planning region?
Not Applicable − − −
Does water use vary by more than 50 percent seasonally in parts of your region?
- Seasonal water use, which is primarily outdoor water use, is expected to increase as average temperatures increase and droughts become more frequent.
- Where water use records are available, look at total monthly water uses averaged over the last five years (if available). If maximum and minimum monthly water uses vary by more than 25 percent, then the answer to this question is "yes".
- Where no water use records exist, is crop irrigation
responsible for a significant (say >50%) percentage of water demand in parts of your region?
No; however, prior to implementation
of a steeply tiered rate structure, winter
demand could be 50% of peak summer
demand. There is limited agricultural
water demand. Not a key vulnerability.

Over the most recent period, available
water use records do not demonstrate
variations of more than about 40%
percent difference between minimum
and maximum monthly water use rates.

Low Medium Low
Are crops grown in your region climate-sensitive? Would shifts in daily heat patterns, such as how long heat lingers before night-time cooling, be prohibitive for some crops?
- Fruit and nut crops are climate-sensitive and may require additional water as the climate warms.

Small relative agricultural demand, thus
less overall vulnerability due to crop
sensitivity.

Low High
Low
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 241, Packet Page 341 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-25 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Do groundwater supplies in your region lack resiliency after drought events?
- Droughts are expected to become more frequent and more severe in the future. Areas with a more hardened demand may be particularly vulnerable to droughts and may become more dependent on groundwater pumping.

During extended droughts, the Carmel
Valley Alluvial Aquifer can become
severely depleted; however, after a
drought, the CVAA generally recharges
fully in a single winter. In the Seaside
Basin, adjudicated water rights have
been established based on the longterm yield, including drought periods.

Medium Medium Medium
Are water use curtailment measures effective in your region? - Droughts are expected to become more frequent and more severe in the future. Areas with a more hardened demand may be particularly vulnerable to droughts.

Conservation efforts (including rebates
and permit requirements) have
achieved dramatic water use
reductions. Future curtailment will be
mandatory without new water supplies;
the demand is considered somewhat
“hardened” due to existing
conservation efforts and local water use
permit programs and relatively high
rates for water.

High High High
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 242, Packet Page 342 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-26 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Are some instream flow requirements in your region either currently insufficient to support aquatic life, or occasionally unmet?
- Changes in snowmelt patterns in the future may make it difficult to balance water demands. Vulnerabilities for ecosystems and municipal/agricultural water needs may be exacerbated by instream flow requirements that are:

1. not quantified,

2. not accurate for ecosystem needs under multiple
environmental conditions including
droughts, and

3. not met by regional water managers.

NMFS has recommended instream
flows in the main stem of the Carmel
River to protect steelhead that cannot
currently be met in most dry periods.

Snowmelt patterns are not applicable to
the region only rainfall. High High Medium11
Water Supply
Does a portion of the water supply in your region come from snowmelt?
Not Applicable − − −
Does part of your region rely on water diverted from the Delta, imported from the Colorado River, or imported from other climate-sensitive systems outside your region?
Not Applicable
− − −
11 Due to impending cease and desist order and Seaside Groundwater Basin Adjudication; see Chapter 2, Region Description, for details Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 243, Packet Page 343 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-27 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Does part of your region rely on coastal aquifers? Has salt intrusion been a problem in the past?
- Coastal aquifers are susceptible to salt intrusion as sea levels rise, and many have already observed salt intrusion due to over-extraction, such as the West Coast Basin in southern California.

The Monterey Peninsula region relies
on the Seaside Groundwater basin for a
portion of its supply and has the
potential to be affected by saltwater
intrusion due to ongoing basin
overdraft.

The Carmel River alluvial aquifer
topography and hydrogeology prevents
significant seawater intrusion.

High High Medium12
Would your region have difficulty in storing carryover supply surpluses from year to year?
- Droughts are expected to become more severe in the future.

Systems that can store more water may be more resilient to droughts.

The only substantial seasonal storage
reservoirs are the Los Padres Reservoir
and the Seaside Groundwater Basin,
which are being utilized to the extent
possible given current water rights to
winter flows in the Carmel River and
court ordered adjudication pumping
restrictions that apply to the Seaside
Basin.

Medium Medium Medium
12 Due to Seaside Groundwater Basin Adjudication
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 244, Packet Page 344 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-28 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Has your region faced a drought in the past during which it failed to meet local water demands?
- Droughts are expected to become more severe in the future.

Systems that have already come close to their supply
thresholds may be especially vulnerable to droughts in the future.

The drought years have resulted in
overdraft conditions in the Seaside
Groundwater Basin and excess (illegal)
diversions from the Carmel River that
result in the inability to provide water
for environmental beneficial uses.

Municipal water demands have
consistently been met on an annual
average basis, to the detriment of the
habitat.

Medium Medium Medium
Does your region have invasive species management issues at your facilities, along conveyance structures, or in habitat areas? - As invasive species are expected to become more prevalent with climate change, existing invasive species issues may indicate an ecological vulnerability to climate change.

The region has no significant invasive
species issues that reduce water
conveyance and water supply in local
streams and rivers.

Low Low Low
Water Quality
Are increased wildfires a threat in your region? If so, does your region include reservoirs with fire-susceptible vegetation nearby which could pose a water quality concern from
increased erosion?
- Some areas are expected to become more vulnerable to
wildfires over time. To identify whether this is the case for parts of your region, the California Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program has posted wildfire susceptibility projections as a Google Earth application at: http://cal-adapt.org/fire/.

Increased incidences and severity of
wildfires are a risk in mountains
surrounding Los Padres reservoir, the
Carmel River, and their tributary creeks,
resulting in erosion and sedimentation
and also greater amount of water use
for fire protection.

Medium Medium High
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 245, Packet Page 345 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-29 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Does part of your region rely on surface water bodies with current or recurrent water quality issues related to
eutrophication, such as low dissolved oxygen or algal blooms? Are there other water quality constituents potentially
exacerbated by climate change?
- Warming temperatures will result in lower dissolved oxygen levels in water bodies, which are exacerbated by algal blooms and in turn enhance eutrophication. Changes in streamflows may alter pollutant concentrations in water bodies.

The Monterey Peninsula region relies
on groundwater under the influence of
surface water (Carmel Valley) that are
impacted by water quality issues, and
that could be exacerbated by climate
change.

Los Padres Reservoir is subject to algal
blooms in the summer that impact
water quality of releases from storage.

Medium Medium Medium
Are seasonal low flows decreasing for some waterbodies in your region? If so, are the reduced low flows limiting the waterbodies’ assimilative capacity?
- In the future, low flow conditions are expected to be more extreme and last longer. This may result in higher pollutant concentrations where loadings increase or remain constant.

The lower portion of the Carmel River
and its alluvial aquifer are seasonally
dewatered, which could become more
severe. Medium Medium Medium
Are there beneficial uses designated for some water bodies in your region that cannot always be met due to water quality issues?
- In the future, flows are expected to decrease. This may result in higher pollutant concentrations where loadings increase or remain constant.

Water supply needs of some beneficial
uses cannot always currently be met,
particularly in the Carmel River and at
its lagoon. Medium Medium High
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 246, Packet Page 346 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-30 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Does part of your region currently observe water quality shifts during rain events that impact treatment facility operation? - While it is unclear how average precipitation will change with temperature, it is generally agreed that storm severity will probably increase. More intense, severe storms may lead to increased erosion, which will increase turbidity in surface waters. Areas that already observe water quality responses to rainstorm intensity may be especially vulnerable.

Increases in water temperatures and
erosion may result in worsening
estuarine water quality in local lakes
and in the Carmel River and Lagoon
(NOAA, 2008); however, because the
water supply is from groundwater wells
in the Carmel River alluvial aquifer and
Seaside Groundwater Basin, these shifts
are not severe.

Low Low Low
Sea Level Rise
Has coastal erosion already been observed in your region? - Coastal erosion is expected to occur over the next century as sea levels rise.

Coastal erosion is a significant issue in
the Monterey Peninsula region
specifically between the northern
region boundary and Monterey Harbor
and along Scenic Road near Carmel
River State Beach
High High High
Are there coastal structures, such as levees or breakwaters, in your region?
- Coastal structures designed for a specific mean sea level may be impacted by sea level rise.

Numerous coastal structures and levees
are at risk from sea level rise and the
associated increased storm surges. High High High
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 247, Packet Page 347 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-31 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Is there significant coastal infrastructure, such as residences, recreation, water and wastewater treatment, tourism, and transportation) at less than six feet above mean sea level in your region?
- Coastal flooding will become more common, and will impact a greater extent of property, as sea levels rise. Critical infrastructure in the coastal floodplain may be at risk. - Digital elevation maps should be compared with locations of coastal infrastructure.

The region includes significant
infrastructure and other assets,
including water treatment facilities,
waste water collection facilities, storm
water control structures, a state
highway, a major local road, a
pedestrian bicycle trail, and a marina,
and that are located within six feet of
the current high tide line, and therefore
are most vulnerable to sea level rise.

High High High
Are there climate-sensitive low-lying coastal habitats in your region?
- Low-lying coastal habitats that are particularly vulnerable to climate change include estuaries and coastal wetlands that rely on a delicate balance of freshwater and saltwater.

There are low-lying coastal habitats in
the region including estuaries, dunes,
coastal lagoons and brackish water
marshes that play an important role in
water quality and biological diversity
and are sensitive to changes to the
balance of fresh and saltwater.

High High High
Are there areas in your region that currently flood during extreme high tides or storm surges?
- Areas that are already experiencing flooding during storm surges and very high tides, are more likely to experience increased flooding as sea levels rise.

There are some areas that flood during
storm surge events, including along the
coast- between the Monterey Harbor
and the City of Seaside- and the
residential and commercial areas on the
north side of the Carmel River Lagoon.

High High High
Is there land subsidence in the coastal areas of your region? - Land subsidence may compound the impacts of sea level rise.

Land subsidence exists in coastal areas,
making estuarine wetland management
difficult and sensitive to sea level rise.

Low Low Low
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 248, Packet Page 348 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-32 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Do tidal gauges along the coastal parts of your region show an increase over the past several decades?
- Local sea level rise may be higher or lower than state, national, or continental projections.
- Planners can find information on local tidal gauges at http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends
Tidal records suggest ocean levels in the
Monterey Bay have been increasing by

1.34 mm/yr over the past few
decades13. [Note: Updated information
will be provided from the State Coastal
Conservancy/MP Sanctuary Foundation
report to be published in 2014.]
High High High
Flooding
Does critical infrastructure in your region lie within the 200- year floodplain? DWR’s best available floodplain maps are available at: http://www.water.ca.gov/floodmgmt/
- While it is unclear how average precipitation will change with temperature, it is generally agreed that storm severity will probably increase. More intense, severe storms may lead to higher peak flows and more severe floods.
- Refer to FEMA floodplain maps and any recent FEMA, US Army Corps of Engineers, or DWR studies that might help identify specific local vulnerabilities for your region. Other follow-up questions that
might help answer this question:

1. What public safety issues could be affected by increased flooding events or intensity?
For example, evacuation routes, emergency personnel access, Critical infrastructure lies within the
200-year flood plain, including
wastewater treatment,
collection/conveyance, roadways, and
other urban development, including
residential land uses. Of particular
concern are the coastal areas of
Monterey and Seaside, as well as
Carmel Valley. High High High
13 Updated information will be provided from the State Coastal Conservancy/MB Sanctuary Foundation report to be published in 2014 Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 249, Packet Page 349 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-33 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
hospitals, water treatment and wastewater treatment plants, power generation plants and fire stations should be considered.

2. Could key regional or economic functions be impacted from more frequent and/or intense flooding?
Does part of your region lie within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Drainage District?
Not Applicable. − − N/A
Does aging critical flood protection infrastructure exist in your region?
- Levees and other flood protection facilities across the state of California are aging and in need of repair. Due to their overall lowered resiliency, these facilities may be particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts.

Critical flood control infrastructure is
old and undersized in the lower Carmel
Valley.

High High High
Have flood control facilities (such as impoundment structures) been insufficient in the past?
- Reservoirs and other facilities with impoundment capacity may be insufficient for severe storms in the future. Facilities that have been insufficient in the past may be particularly vulnerable.

Rising sea level will increase the extent
of river flooding.

There are no flood impoundment
structures in Carmel Valley.

Without active management, several
coastal lakes may overtop, which will
flood coastal land uses.

Medium Medium Medium
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 250, Packet Page 350 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-34 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Are wildfires a concern in parts of your region?
- Wildfires alter the landscape and soil conditions, increasing the risk of flooding within the burn and downstream areas.

Some areas are expected to become more vulnerable to
wildfires over time. To identify whether this is the case for parts of your region, the California Public Interest Energy Research Program (PIER) has posted wildfire susceptibility projections as a Google Earth application at: http://cal-adapt.org/fire/. These projections are the results of only a single study and are not intended for analysis but can aid in qualitatively answering this question. Read the application's disclaimers carefully to be aware of its limitations.

Wildfires are a major concern for
flooding in coastal and inland mountain
ranges. Wildfires also contribute to
destabilization of slopes and increased
sedimentation in streams and at Los
Padres Reservoir.

High High High
Ecosystem and Habitat Vulnerability
Does your region include inland or coastal aquatic habitats vulnerable to erosion and sedimentation issues?
- Erosion is expected to increase with climate change, and sedimentation is expected to shift. Habitats sensitive to these events may be particularly vulnerable to climate change.

Our region has coastal aquatic systems
that are vulnerable to acidification,
erosion and sedimentation. Medium Medium Medium
Does your region include estuarine habitats which rely on seasonal freshwater flow patterns?
- Seasonal high and low flows, especially those originating from snowmelt, are already shifting in many locations.

Yes, Carmel River Lagoon in particular.

Roberts Lake in Seaside and Lake El
Estero in Monterey also have
freshwater habitat.

High Low High
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 251, Packet Page 351 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-35 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Do climate-sensitive fauna or flora populations live in your region?
- Some specific species are more sensitive to climate variations than others.

The region hosts a number of fauna and
flora populations that are particularly
vulnerable to climate change, including
species that live in estuaries, dunes,
maritime chaparral, freshwater and
brackish marshes, Monterey Pine and
Cypress forests, and kelp forests.

Medium Low Medium
Do endangered or threatened species exist in your region? Are changes in species distribution already being observed in parts of your region?
- Species that are already threatened or endangered may have a lowered capacity to adapt to climate change.

Numerous threatened and endangered
species exist in the region.

Medium Medium Medium
Does the region rely on aquatic or water-dependent habitats for recreation or other economic activities?
- Economic values associated with natural habitat can influence prioritization.

The region relies on significant aquatic
recreational and economic (particularly,
tourism and fishing) opportunities along
the coast, beaches, and the Monterey
harbor and Carmel River and lagoon.

High High High
Are there rivers in your region with quantified environmental flow requirements or known water quality/quantity stressors to aquatic life?
- Constrained water quality and quantity requirements may be difficult to meet in the future.

Water quality and quantity concerns
affect a number of the region’s creeks
and rivers- with aquatic life stressors
due to inability for surface water flows
to meet environmental flow
requirements.

High Medium High
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 252, Packet Page 352 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-36 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

CLIMATE CHANGE HANDBOOK FOR REGIONAL WATER PLANNING

APPLICABLE VULNERABILITIES FOR MONTEREY

PENINSULA

SEVERITY OF CONSEQUENCES

OCCURRENCE

LIKELIHOOD

ENVIRONMENT
SOCIOECONOMIC
Do estuaries, coastal dunes, wetlands, marshes, or exposed beaches exist in your region? If so, are coastal storms possible/frequent in your region?
- Storm surges are expected to result in greater damage in the future due to sea level rise. This makes fragile coastal ecosystems vulnerable.

The region coastal estuarian, lagoons,
and river mouths as well as beaches and
dune complexes that would be affected
by changes in storm intensity. High Medium High
Does your region include one or more of the habitats described in the Endangered Species Coalition’s Top 10 habitats
vulnerable to climate change
http://www.itsgettinghotoutthere.org/?
Not Applicable
− − −
Are there areas of fragmented estuarine, aquatic, or wetland wildlife habitat within your region? Are there movement corridors for species to naturally migrate? Are there
infrastructure projects planned that might preclude species movement?
- These ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to climate change.

Habitat fragmentation in the region
may restrict species migration, and
fragmentation may continue if policies
are not developed to minimize such
actions.

Medium Low Medium
Hydropower
Is hydropower a source of electricity in your region? Not Applicable − − − Are energy needs in your region expected to increase in the future? If so, are there future plans for hydropower generation facilities or conditions for hydropower generation in your region?
Not Applicable
− − −
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 253, Packet Page 353 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-37 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Note that the results of these analyses are considered by the RWMG to be preliminary only. The RWMG will further evaluate the assessment results and adjust and reprioritize impacts and resulting actions as additional data are made available. It is also important to note that the risk assessment evaluates the likelihood and consequence of a specific environmental condition occurring and that this analysis does not factor in potential inaccuracies in the projected rate of environmental change (e.g., sea level rise) within a given timeframe. Therefore, agencies must consider and balance the relative risks and costs associated with under- and/or overestimating sea level rise and other environmental changes in making decisions.

15.3.2 Initial Adaptation Strategy
The following section describes the RWMG’s adaptation strategy for addressing impacts to water resources in the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning area, based on the results of the initial risk assessment described above. This initial adaptation strategy will become more developed over time by the RWMG as more climate change data and analytical tools are generated.

Adaptation Goals and Objectives
The Monterey Peninsula IRWM region’s initial adaptation goals and objectives, listed below, have been selected from a comprehensive list of potential actions within the DWR guidance document. The goals are intended to direct focus towards the three priority Prioritized Vulnerabilities, identified above, as well as the water resource goals and objectives defined within the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan (see Section D, Objectives). The adaptation goals and objectives form the foundation for the RWMG’s initial adaptation strategy for the Monterey Peninsula region. The goals are specific responses to the priority Prioritized Vulnerabilities that can be accomplished by the various IRWM partner agencies and stakeholders and do not need to be managed or actively coordinated by the RWMG. Rather, the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning effort can serve as a forum to hear about projects aimed to address these goals.

Adaptation Goals: The Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan recognizes the importance of becoming a climate resilient region. Adaptation goals that could support that intention include:
• Encourage adaptation activities that increase the resiliency of local communities, businesses, and institutions to changes in the climate.
• Minimize the potential for injury of citizens and damage to public and private property from impacts of climate change.
• Increase the resilience of municipal departments to adapt and respond to climate related emergencies.
• Protect natural lands, agricultural areas, and coastal resources from the future threats of climate change to increase the resilience of communities. • Do not permit the construction of new critical facilities within the 200-year flood plain (per State recommendations).
• Plan for effective adaptation and resiliency that supports proactive steps towards sustainability rather than response through unplanned emergency actions.

Adaptation Objectives:
• Implement on-going climate change variable monitoring to inform adaptation and response efforts.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 254, Packet Page 354 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-38 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • Develop regional sea level rise resiliency strategies to prepare for impacts to water resource infrastructure and lands, that support the multiple benefits described in the IRWM Plan, and that consider short and long-term economic implications. • Consider potential climate change impacts to water resources in future land use and regional resource planning of the county and other municipalities. • Support regional collaborations and planning efforts and provide information to the public regarding potential climate change impacts and status of response planning. • Encourage the retrofit or relocation of water infrastructure that is vulnerable and evaluate changes to water management strategies that are likely to be less effective due to climate change.
• Prioritize the protection of drinking water resources and sensitive water supplies and aquatic ecosystems that support a sustainable region.

15.4 Top Priority Vulnerabilities for the Region
Priority impacts are defined as those that are more likely to occur and that will lead to significant impacts if they do occur. Priority impacts for the Monterey Peninsula region were determined according to methods described by ICLEI. The climate risk analyses and priority impact assessment indicate the following climate risks to be top priority for the RWMG and other water managers for considering how to adapt the Region’s water management systems for climate change impacts:
• Decreased water supply due to changes in precipitation and more frequent and severe droughts.
• Increased flooding and erosion of creeks and rivers due to more intense storm events (higher river flow rates), and overburdening of conveyance systems, levees, and culverts. • Coastal inundation of urban development and other land uses and impacts to river and wetland ecosystems due to changes in rainfall patterns, storm intensity, storm surges (due to increased storm frequency and intensity), and sea level rise.

15.5 Adaptation Planning
The Monterey Peninsula IRWM region’s ability to respond to a given climatic impact will enable the region to reduce either the likelihood or consequence of an event. The ability to adapt to sea level rise, for example, can occur in many forms, including coastal armoring and protection, the raising of infrastructure, and inland retreat. Each adaptive measure provides a certain level of additional protection for a certain period of time for a certain cost. Significant resources are required to fully evaluate the adaptive capacity of any social-economic factor to a given climatic variable. Numerous engineering (hard) and adaptive planning (soft) measures would need to be evaluated and cost benefit analyses completed. Additionally, secondary unintended consequences of any adaptive measure to all of the social-economic factors defined within this chapter should also be evaluated and quantified.

Because of the complexity of this process, adaptive capacity has not been systematically evaluated by the RWMG.

Nonetheless, understanding which infrastructure is vulnerable to what hazard at what future date can help local agencies and regional partners identify strategies to increase water management resiliency and to develop projects and programs to support those strategies. The sections below describe possible strategies to reduce vulnerabilities, including specific assets that lie within the various future climate Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 255, Packet Page 355 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-39 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft hazard zones according to climate scenarios for the years 2018-2030, 2030-2060, and 2060-2100. Table 15-6 identifies the asset, the likely hazard, and possible actions to reduce the vulnerability of these assets to these risks.

Table 15-6: List of Possible Actions
Asset Hazard Recommended Actions Feasibility Estimated Cost Water Utility and Infrastructure
Storm Drains Storm and
fluvial flooding
Install gates on vulnerable storm drains Easy Low
Rising tides Estimate effective life using sea level rise predictions
Easy Low
Storm and
fluvial flooding
Evaluate options to reduce reliance on
vulnerable storm drain infrastructure (LID,
retention)
Easy Low
Culverts Risings tides Evaluate necessary upgrade to existing structures
Moderate Moderate
Fluvial flooding Evaluate secondary overflow options Moderate Moderate Fluvial flooding Evaluate feasibility of installing additional pumps and control structures
Moderate Moderate
Fluvial flooding Evaluate drainage modifications (retention) in upper watershed that reduce
downstream peak flows
Moderate Moderate
Wastewater
and Recycled
Water
Coastal Storm
Flooding and
Erosion
Relocate infrastructure out of hazard areas
or redesign to accommodate hazards.

Moderate Moderate
Groundwater
Wells
Coastal storm
flooding, risings
tides
Evaluate risk of contamination from surface
flood waters
Moderate Moderate
Natural Resources
Dunes Coastal storm
flooding
Continue restoration and resiliency
programs, upgrade trails
Easy Moderate
Coastal storm
flooding, rising
tides and
coastal erosion
Accommodate retreat and investigate
development rights exchange program
Moderate Moderate
Coastal storm
flooding, rising
tides
Beach Nourishment Moderate Moderate
Beach
Habitat
Coastal storm
flooding and
erosion
Draft a Beach Management Plan that
establishes objectives and strategies to
retain beach habitat in parallel with other
sea level rise adaptation strategies.

Easy Low
Wetlands Sea level rise
and coastal
storm flooding
Update to the Study Plan for Long Term
Adaptive Management of the Carmel River
State Beach and Lagoon
Moderate Moderate
Fluvial flooding,
coastal storm
flooding, rising
tides
Establish easement programs that fairly
compensates farmers for lands lost due to
adaptive retreat along waterways
Moderate Moderate
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 256, Packet Page 356 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-40 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

15.5.1 Adaptation Actions and Response
To develop an adaptation strategy for the Region, adaptation actions and response scenarios from the California Natural Resources Agency’s 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy were selected, as applicable to the Monterey Peninsula region. High priority responses along with climate mitigation actions are listed in Table 15-7, Adaptation Response Strategies to the Effects of Climate Change, below. The “high priority responses” were prioritized by the RWMG and stakeholders according to the risk assessment described above and in accordance with the objectives of the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan. This prioritization exercise will better enable IRWM Plan participants to respond to funding opportunities that focus specifically on water infrastructure projects or environmental resource protection, as needed. This prioritized list of adaptation actions is considered a first step toward developing a comprehensive adaptation strategy for the Monterey Peninsula IRWM planning region to address the impacts of climate change. These adaptation and climate mitigation actions will be further evaluated by the RWMG in collaboration with the stakeholders to define next steps, responsible entities, and funding resources to complete adaptation actions. As more tools become available, the RWMG will be able to consider more specific risks to the region due to climate change, better understand the tradeoffs and benefits of different adaptations, and will be able to identify additional adaptations relevant to the region. The adaptation strategy will consider the extent to which existing water management systems in the region—including man-made and natural water systems—are adaptable to climate change impacts and the steps that would need to be taken, along with associated costs, to make those systems more robust. The process will include a cost-effectiveness analysis and a final prioritization of adaptation actions, focusing on specific water management systems throughout the region. In addition, specific consideration will be afforded to strategies that offer multiple benefits.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 257, Packet Page 357 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-41 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Table 15-7: Adaption Response Strategies to the Effects of Climate Change

ADAPTATION RESPONSE STRATEGIES TO THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Climate Change Effects Adaptation and Response Strategies Initial Actions Rangelands are expected to be drier
Prepare fire reduction strategies to protect watershed lands using ecologically sustainable strategies.

Implement adaptation strategies to conserve California's biodiversity.

N/A
Domestic landscaping water needs
will be higher Integrate land use and climate adaptation planning Education Incentive programs Demonstration programs
Grey water Xeriscaping
Expand water supplies (purple pipe) and storage
Aquifer management
Decrease in local rainfall
Promote community resilience to reduce vulnerabilities: Food sustainability
Implement water conservation and supply management efforts Manage watersheds, habitat, and vulnerable species
Education
Incentive programs
Demonstration programs
Grey water
Xeriscaping
Sea level rise and higher groundwater
extraction will lead to increased rates
of seawater intrusion
Prepare a regional sea level rise adaptation strategy
Promote working landscapes with ecosystem services
Integrate land use and climate adaptation planning
Education Incentive programs
Demonstration programs
Grey water Xeriscaping
Expand water supplies (purple pipe) and storage
Aquifer management
Expand agriculture water conservation programs

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 258, Packet Page 358 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-42 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

ADAPTATION RESPONSE STRATEGIES TO THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Climate Change Effects Adaptation and Response Strategies Initial Actions Droughts will be more frequent and
severe
Implement adaptation strategies to conserve California's biodiversity. Educate, empower, and engage citizens
regarding risks and adaptation Integrate land use and climate adaptation planning Promote community resilience to reduce vulnerabilities
Human safety response
Education Incentive programs
Demonstration programs
Grey water Xeriscaping
Expand water supplies (purple pipe) and storage
Aquifer management
Expand agriculture and urban water conservation programs

Lower seasonal surface flows can
lead to higher pollutant
concentrations
Manage watersheds, habitat, and vulnerable species Minimize non-point source pollution Buffers
Changes in storm intensity will
increase sediment loading in many
systems
Prepare fire reduction strategies to protect watershed lands using ecologically sustainable strategies
Erosion control on farms and creeks
Buffers
Channel stability will be impacted from
higher storm flows causing additional
turbidity
Provide guidance on protecting critical creek/river
ecosystems and development
Erosion control on creeks
Wastewater and stormwater infrastructure vulnerability
analysis
Sea level rise will impact current
estuary brackish water interface
towards more marine systems
Implement adaptation strategies to conserve
California's biodiversity
Retain freshwater in watershed
Habitat migration
Buffers Erosion control
Regional levees will provide less
protection during higher storm flow
events
Support essential data collection and information sharing Manage watersheds, habitat, and vulnerable species Prepare a regional sea level rise adaptation strategy
Refurbish or expand levees or tide gates (upgrade priority infrastructure)
Map/inventory infrastructure
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 259, Packet Page 359 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-43 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

ADAPTATION RESPONSE STRATEGIES TO THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Climate Change Effects Adaptation and Response Strategies Initial Actions Natural creeks throughout the region
and managed conveyance within the
Carmel Valley will see higher flow rates
leading to increased erosion and
flooding
Manage watersheds, habitat, and vulnerable species
Refurbish or expand levees or tide gates(upgrade priority infrastructure)
Map/inventory infrastructure
Coastal levees and control structures
will be undersized to manage the
combined influences of higher flow
events and sea level rise
Support essential data collection and information
sharing
Prepare a regional sea level rise adaptation strategy
Refurbish or expand levees or tide gates(upgrade priority infrastructure)
Map/inventory infrastructure/levee locations and WCS,
ownership
Phase II task 5 activity 3 - ecosystem services - be aware of services available
Elevations of levees and sea walls - maybe with PWAmanagement strategies USGS elevation data
State recommendations suggest no new
critical facilities be built within the 200-
year flood plain(DWR 2008, DWR 2009b,
CNRA2009)
Integrate land use and climate adaptation Planning
Work with Monterey County and cities, Coastal Commission (local jurisdiction)
Migration patterns and species
distribution will change
Establish a system of sustainable habitat Reserves
Reduce migration impediments (dams, etc.)
Compile data on species distribution
Primary focus species - amphibians, waterfowl, salmonids, redwoods, tide water gobies
Maintain habitat corridors - contiguous areas
Fish and Game - wildlife adaptation plan - vulnerability for key species for each region
Invasive species populations will
expand Habitat/ecosystem monitoring and adaptive management What are the invasive species and their ranges? Will they expand, be introduced? How are the habitats shifting (awareness)? Ecological adaptation investigation and strategy
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 260, Packet Page 360 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-44 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

ADAPTATION RESPONSE STRATEGIES TO THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Climate Change Effects Adaptation and Response Strategies Initial Actions Coastal wetland systems are
especially vulnerable to the combined
influences of climate change
Establish regional policies to protect critical habitats Provide guidance on protecting critical coastal ecosystems and
development
Identify critical habitats and ecosystems
Integrate ecosystem management
Regulatory mechanisms dedicated to protecting future locations of these areas
Inventory of wetlands currently
Some locally unique species such as
coastal redwoods and giant kelp are
susceptible to changes in certain
locally favorable climate variables (fog
duration, coastal upwelling)
Manage watersheds, habitat, and vulnerable species
Identify how they will be impacted - What are the changes? USGS study outcome - get a better handle on modeling fog changes in climate change
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 261, Packet Page 361 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-45 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft

15.5.2 Adaptation Response Planning 2019-2030
Support Dune Restoration Activities: Future wave run-up is projected to undercut dune faces and funnel waves inward along erosion scars, leading to inland flooding of coastal areas within the region.

Wave overtopping in this area will leave the low-lying areas vulnerable to flooding. Several studies suggest that restoring the complexity of dune species (De Lillis et al. 2004) and the reestablishment of native foredunes will support natural dune building processes and enhance the long-term resiliency of dunes to wave-derived erosion and overtopping. An increase in structural complexity is anticipated to play a key role in maintaining resilience as ocean levels rise and dunes are required to adapt and migrate. Setting restoration goals that ensure the long-term adaptive capacity of these natural dunes through proper management and habitat enhancement should be a priority for the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Region.

Reduce Risks of Flooding: The periodic flooding predicted within the 2030 hazard maps can be planned for. Actions to provide protection and accommodation can be made that will reduce risks to properties.

Establish Managed Retreat Policies to Support Future Adaptation: Managed retreat is designed to facilitate and regulate the gradual move away from areas vulnerable to flooding or erosion. Managed retreat can take many forms, including zoning, setbacks, buffers, restrictions, rolling easements, and land acquisition. These strategies can be used in conjunction with other adaptation measures to facilitate the most fluid and equitable adaptation approach to the varying threats that sea level rise and other climate-related flooding poses. Managed retreat programs can work in tandem with other adaptation strategies to manage flooding, maintain local character, improve natural habitat areas, and secure coastal access.

Improve Flood Attenuation through Creek and Wetland Restoration: Wetlands can act as a critical buffer for waves, tides, and erosion. Additionally, wetlands are able to migrate inland as sea levels rise, if space is provided. Wetlands also provide natural pollution filtration and shoreline stability, sequester carbon, and can store extra water in the case of a flood, along with providing important habitat that can support local fishing and tourism. Numerous wetland restoration efforts are underway within the Carmel Lagoon area. The County and local community can support these and other activities within the IRWM Region to improve climate resiliency.

15.5.3 Adaptation Response Planning 2030-2060
Identify Priority Areas for Managed Retreat: Protection of all properties and infrastructure identified at risk during each time horizon is likely infeasible. Therefore, stakeholders in IRWM Region will need to establish adaptation strategies that best meet local long-term goals. Public cost considerations, longevity of adopted strategies, and resultant changes to the community should be considered when setting policy. Establishing equitable managed retreat policies early will likely best enable the long-term implementation of these policies to ensure long-term sustainability for the community. Selecting time horizons and climate conditions for which next phase adaptation strategies are triggered will allow the community to anticipate and prepare for future actions.

15.5.4 Adaptation Response Planning: 2060-2100
Between 2060 and 2100, increased coastal wave damage, greater flooding depths and periodicity, and higher tides will threaten significant portions of properties within the area. Protection of all properties from these risks will be costly and technically challenging. Decisions regarding what the urban and beach front areas will look like in 2100 will need to be made much earlier if adaptation is to be strategic and Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 262, Packet Page 362 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-46 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft cost effective. Adopting coastal adaptation and retreat policies once all efforts to protect infrastructure fail would be a costly strategy.

Implement Managed Retreat Strategies: There are a number of theoretical managed retreat strategies that have been described within the literature. Examples of coastal communities adopting re-zoning, building restrictions, and other land use policies to drive the removal of buildings and infrastructure from the California coast, however, are few.

Cost implications from routine impacts from the predicted hazards will lead many property owners to upgrade their properties to be more resilient or abandon the current uses of those properties. Equitable retreat policies that outline how and when various portions of a community should be relocated will help the community adapt and become more resilient. Cost sharing strategies between private property owners and State and local agencies will need to be defined. Local land trusts will likely play an important role in administering these programs in years to come. Adaptation strategies adopted decades before they are implemented will help property valuation, economic considerations, and land use objectives accommodate these future changes.

Realign Roads and Utility Infrastructure: Between 2060 and 2100, much of the portion of the IRWM Region is predicted to be flooded during high tides or by winter storms. Roads will need to be upgraded or realigned if they are to continue to function. Adaptive community planning can help Caltrans and other agencies make better decisions regarding how to upgrade roads and utilities to best serve the Monterey Peninsula through 2100.

Costs for future realignment of roadways (including Highway 1) and utility infrastructure can be minimized if managed adaptation and retreat policies are established decades before implementation.

County agencies and utility districts should integrate future land use changes into current infrastructure repair and replacement decisions to minimize future costs of infrastructure loss and realignment.

15.5.5 No Regret Strategies
Since the tools to properly assess the risk of any one effect of climate change in the region are currently not well developed, the RWMG encourages the implementation of so-called “no regret” adaptations to general effects of climate change. Such adaptations are those that make sense in light of the current water management context for the region and also help in terms of effects of climate change. Examples of “no regret” strategies include increasing water use efficiency, water supply sustainability, practicing increased integrated flood management, and enhancing ecosystems and their ability to provide multiple benefits to the region. The RWMG generally encourages the implementation of “no regret” strategies through the IRWM Plan and gives higher priority to these strategies in the project ranking process by providing additional points under the “Climate Change” categories.

15.5.6 Next Steps towards Climate Preparedness
Preparing for the Future: Climate Change and the Monterey Bay Shoreline As noted previously, on December 6, 2011, the MBNMS and Center for Ocean Solutions convened regional decision makers at a one-day workshop titled “Preparing for the Future: Climate Change and the Monterey Bay Shoreline.”10 The event was the first Monterey Bay region-wide gathering on climate change adaptation, intended to facilitate a discussion on how to best prepare coastal communities in the Monterey Bay region to adapt to the impacts of climate change. More than 90 people attended from cities and municipalities in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, representing city and county Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 263, Packet Page 363 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-47 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft staff, state and federal governments, research institutions and nonprofit organizations. They heard from featured experts and participated in breakout group sessions. Examples of climate change adaptation plans from government jurisdictions around the country were also shared at the workshop.

The workshop demonstrated to participants that past experience with storms and strong El Niño conditions provide the Monterey Bay region with concrete examples of what increased sea level and storm intensity may mean for the area’s future.

Workshop goals for participants were to:
• Begin Monterey Bay region-wide discussion and collaboration on climate change adaptation • Understand the latest research on climate change impacts to the Monterey Bay coastline • Gain a basic understanding of the typical climate change adaptation planning process • Witness how communities in the Monterey Bay area are already planning for climate change • Learn about grant opportunities and other resources (tools, assistance) available to support climate change adaptation planning
• Have the opportunity to develop new collaborations and partnerships in climate change adaptation planning
During the workshop, the following themes emerged:
• If Monterey Bay communities start now, they will have time to prepare for the impacts of climate change on their coast. Past storms provide examples of the range of impacts to expect from changes in sea level and storminess as a result of climate change • A range of tools and resources currently exists for climate change adaptation planning • Uncertainty in local projections is unavoidable so communities should not wait for perfect information to begin adaptation planning
• There are very real and difficult barriers to making progress in climate change adaptation, including lack of resources, unprecedented regulatory challenges, low perceived public support, and limited local data; yet by working collaboratively it is possible to overcome these challenges
Participants recommended the following next steps for the region:
• Improve understanding of local impacts of climate change and develop actionable recommendationsfor moving forward
• Design and implement a governance structure for the Monterey Bay region that could aid and coordinate climate change adaptation and related activities • Continue the discussion initiated at the workshop by building a regional network of people interested in or working on climate change adaptation • Expand the scope of stakeholder involvement to include in-person discussions and engage coastal business owners, landowners and the general public • Create a technical advisory group on climate change adaptation for the region • Actively use the Internet as a way to connect and educate the regional community • Jointly apply for funding to support coastal climate change adaptation work in the region Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 264, Packet Page 364 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-48 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft • Develop climate change projection data at a scale fine enough to use for local planning • Consider a public engagement campaign to help increase awareness about the need for climate Members of the Monterey Peninsula RWMG participated in the “Preparing for the Future” workshop. RWMG members will continue to stay involved in any “next steps” that result from the “Preparing for the Future” workshop and will work to coordinate the IRWM planning efforts regarding climate change with this promising Monterey Bay regional effort. The Summary Report for the workshop, along with all workshop presentations, can be downloaded14.

15.6 Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Strategy
The development of a GHG emissions mitigation strategy is a required component of an IRWM Plan. All aspects of water resources management have an impact on GHG emissions, including the development and use of water for habitat management and recreation; domestic, municipal, industrial, and agricultural supply; hydroelectric power production; and flood control. Water management results in the consumption of significant amounts of energy in California and the accompanying production of GHG emissions, especially where water must be pumped from long distances, from the ground, or over significant elevations. According to California Energy Commission November, 2005 CEC-700-2005-011 California’s Water–Energy Relationship Final Staff Report, 19 percent of the electricity and 30 percent of the non-power plant natural gas of the state’s energy consumption are spent on water-related activities, primarily related to end-uses of water- what the customer does with the water. The close connection between water resource management and energy is an important consideration for helping the state meet its GHG emission reduction goals. IRWM Plans can help mitigate climate change by reducing energy consumption, especially the energy embedded in water use, and ultimately reducing GHG emissions.15
This IRWM Plan focuses on several sectors of emissions that are most directly linked to water management and that are most likely to not be addressed within other climate/GHG reduction strategies. Emissions sources to be addressed include:
• Emissions in the region for the production and distribution of water, including emissions from privately-owned pumps,
• Emissions from local agency staff fleet and private vehicle emission associated with water project construction and maintenance, and
• Emissions from energy generation that could be mitigated through renewable energy sources.

15.6.1 GHG Reduction in Projects and Programs
A full GHG emissions reduction strategy for the region will be created by Monterey County and AMBAG in the near future to meet California State mandates (Assembly Bill 32). In the meantime, several effective GHG reduction strategies can be presented in the IRWM Plan and the relevant projects may be funded and managed by this working partnership. To address the emissions categories identified above, several key strategies and actions described in the Climate Change Handbook for Regional Water Planning can be encouraged by the RWMG through the IRWM planning process, including the following (US EPA Region 9 and DWR 2011):
14 http://centerforoceansolutions.com/preparingforthefuture. 15 This introductory paragraph has been excerpted from the Proposition 84/1E Program Guidelines, pp. 71-72.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 265, Packet Page 365 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-49 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Emissions from water supply and delivery
• Select energy sources with low carbon content (green electricity purchases) • Prioritize pump and infrastructure upgrades based on energy efficiency • Reduce water use by all sectors of the community through conservation and water efficient irrigation
• Install solar PV at remote pump and infrastructure sites and provide incentives for private investment in solar for similar infrastructure
• Schedule pumping to reduce peak hour (12:00-5:00pm) energy use that has the highest carbon content
Staff fleet and commute
• Encourage carpooling
• Invest in energy efficient/low carbon fleet vehicles and fuels • Encourage efficient driving practices
Emissions from IRWM Plan project construction
• Encourage carpooling within construction contracts
• Encourage use of B20 fuels in construction equipment and other diesel machinery • Invest in high efficiency pumps and control equipment • Integrate solar generation in appropriate projects
Renewable energy generation
• Encourage investment in solar and other renewable energy generation options in regional facilities
• Work with regional waste district to increase electricity generation from farm-generated food and animal bio-waste
• Consider hydro-electric generation within current water infrastructure Carbon Sequestration
• Identify new carbon sequestration opportunities including wetland restoration and bio-char soil amendment opportunities.
• Develop funding mechanisms to support sequestration within proposed IRWMP projects or as project mitigation options.

The RWMG can encourage the reduction of GHG emissions for IRWM Plan implementation projects through the project review and ranking process. The RWMG can also use the IRWM planning process to coordinate with water managers and land use planners throughout the Monterey Peninsula region in order to encourage broader implementation of these and other GHG reduction and climate mitigation actions. The recommended GHG reduction and climate mitigation actions will be further Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 266, Packet Page 366 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-50 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft evaluated by the RWMG, with input from stakeholders, to define possible next steps, responsible entities, and funding resources.

15.6.2 Other Climate Change Mitigation/GHG Reduction Activities in the Central Coast Region The RWMG has been communicating with water managers and land use managers in the broader Central Coast region regarding other climate change mitigation/GHG reduction efforts along the Central Coast. The RWMG will seek to partner in these and similar efforts as opportunities arise.

Regional climate change mitigation/GHG reduction programs include the following.

Climate Action Compact
In October 2007, the County of Santa Cruz, the City of Santa Cruz, and the University of California Santa Cruz partnered to create a Climate Action Compact (CAC). The goal of the CAC is to achieve meaningful and measurable progress towards lowering local GHG emissions through the implementation of cooperative programs. To that end, the CAC partners initiated a process to develop actions necessary to accomplish the goals outlined in the compact. In 2011 CAC members reached out to all municipalities within the Monterey Bay region, including the area covered by the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan, to join and participate in collaborative GHG reduction efforts. The members pledged to support public, private, and nonprofit partnerships and investments to reach quantifiable reductions in their institutions’ GHG emissions (Clark, 2011). In taking this leadership role, the CAC partners pledged themselves to the following:
16 • Set and present a GHG reduction goal for their respective organizations; • Identify specific inter-institutional cooperative projects that reduce GHG emissions, stimulate investment in the community, and foster economic development; • Present a comprehensive GHG reduction action plan for their respective organizations; and immediately invite others from the public, private, and non-profit sectors in the region to join in the effort.

Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments Programs
AMBAG has developed regional emission targets in accordance with requirements of Senate Bill 375.

AMBAG has also initiated a program in collaboration with the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) called “Energy Watch.” The Energy Watch Program helps local governments in Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Cruz counties to promote energy efficiency and climate action planning. This collaboration has included preparation of GHG emissions inventories.

In early 2011, the AMBAG Energy Watch Program completed a GHG emissions inventory for Monterey County for the year 2005. The inventory for Monterey County was developed using the “Clean Air and Climate Protection” software developed by ICLEI. The inventory examines emissions by community sector and includes direct and indirect emissions. The study also predicts that under a “business-asusual” scenario, Monterey County GHG emissions are estimated to grow by approximately 9 percent by the year 2020, which represents an average annual rate of increase of about 0.6 percent per year with the total increase between 2005 and 2020.
16 Source: City of Santa Cruz CAC website: http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/index.aspx?page=1231 (March 2012).

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 267, Packet Page 367 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-51 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft In 2010, AMBAG completed a set of GHG inventories for all of its 21 municipal members. The cumulative emissions from the unincorporated areas of Monterey County were quantified for various sectors including municipal (county government) residential and commercial/industrial. For 2005, countywide emissions of CO2e were calculated to be 1,648,410 metric tons. Of that total, municipal emissions comprised 1.3 percent (21,641 metric tons); and of the municipal emissions total, emissions from municipal supply and distribution of water resources were 0.6 percent (133 metric tons). Figure 15-6, below, illustrates emissions from local government operations for Monterey County, by sector. Additional emissions attributable to water management in Monterey County that are not included in this calculation include: emissions from small water purveyors, private well and flood management pump infrastructure, and the emissions associated with water agency fleet and staff vehicles used to manage the vast water resource infrastructure of the region.

Figure 15-6: 2005 GHG Emissionsfrom Monterey County Government Operations Source: AMBAG 2011, Monterey County Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. Used by permission.

Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments Energy, Greenhouse Gas, and Climate Action Planning Programs
The AMBAG Energy Watch completed the following at no cost to the municipal governments:

1. Local Government Operations 2005 Baseline GHG Inventories;

2. Community-wide 2005 Baseline; and

3. Community-wide 2009 GHG Inventories.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 268, Packet Page 368 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-52 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft AMBAG Energy Watch provides a variety of support services to member jurisdictions who are working to develop, adopt and implement Climate Action Plans:
• General technical support (GHG Inventories, GHG Forecasts, GHG Reduction Measure Identification and Modeling, etc.)
• Legislative and regulatory liaison services
• Educational forums and technical training workshops (GHG Inventory Methodologies, SEEC Climate Action Planning Assistant, PG&E Tableau Data, etc.) • Energy-related GHG mitigation scenario development and modeling • Peer review of climate action planning documents
AMBAG Energy Watch is working closely with member jurisdictions to develop comprehensive and costeffective plans to quantify and reduce residential and non-residential energy consumption and related GHG emissions. AMBAG’s Regional Energy Plan Program was a collaborative effort in 2008 to create a comprehensive Energy Efficiency Plan for the Monterey Bay Area, encompassing AMBAG's areas of service in the Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Cruz Counties.

City of Monterey Climate Action Plan
The City of Monterey Climate Action Plan, dated March 2016, represents the City’s effort to address the City’s contribution to a global environmental problem with community -level impacts. The Climate Action Plan includes the following: 2005 GHG emissions inventory; 2012 GHG emissions inventory; existing and planned GHG emissions reduction strategies for both the community (within the City geopolitical boundary) and government operations (associated with operations and management of City real properties and programs; also known as municipal), and recommendations to make further reductions to meet future goals. The CAP sets emission reduction goals for 2020, 2030, and 2050 according to California AB 32, the Urban Environmental Accords (UEA), and Executive Order S-3-05.

City of Pacific Grove Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment The City of Pacific Grove Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment prepared in 2015 to support the Local Coastal Program, provides an evaluation of potential significant impacts of climate change for the city’s coastal zone with an emphasis on how anticipated climate change may affect people, resources, and infrastructure along the coast.

Monterey County Climate Action Program
Monterey County has prepared a Municipal Climate Action Plan (MCAP) in response to the AB 32 Scoping Plan recommendation. The plan:
• Provides a description of the steps being taken by the County to reduce GHG emissions associated with its municipal operations (i.e., the County’s day-to-day activities in providing services to Monterey residents and businesses).
• Describes three potential paths towards the County’s goal of reducing GHG emissions to a level that is 15% below the 2005 emissions level before 2020. • Serves as one component of the County’s larger, community-wide Climate Action Plan, which addresses GHG emissions from the community at large.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 269, Packet Page 369 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-53 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft The Monterey County Energy Efficiency Measure Dashboard on the County’s website (http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/departments-a-h/administrative-office/intergovernmental and-legislative-affairs/go-green-monterey-county/energy) provides information on estimated GHG reductions resulting from energy efficiency measures implemented at County facilities. Figure 15-7 below illustrates the dashboard as of July 2019.

Figure 15-7: Monterey County Energy Efficiency Measure Dashboard

15.7 Future Studies and Data Needs
As recognized in the climate risk assessment, priority actions to address local climate change impacts should focus on the three prioritized vulnerabilities:
• Decreased water supply
• Increased flooding and erosion of creeks and rivers
• Coastal inundation of urban development, other land uses, and impacts to coastal river and wetland ecosystems
The risk assessment process identified many data needs and research studies. The process also identified that the above risks pose specific hardships and challenges to each of the five different social, economic, and environmental factors described previously. The GMC Climate Task Force developed an initial list of response strategies, initial actions, and data needs in response to the risk assessment.

These strategies are based on the adaptation actions and response scenarios listed in the California Natural Resources Agency’s 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy, and prioritized as described in Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 270, Packet Page 370 Chapter 15 Climate Change
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay 15-54 September 25, 2019 Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update Final Draft Section 15.5.3, above. The Monterey Peninsula RWMG has agreed that future research and program funds should be directed towards the three priority climate risk areas above, consistent with the GMC Climate Task Force findings. In addition, future IRWM Plan projects should strive to help fill data gaps and promote the priority response strategies and initial actions. Specifically, the areas listed below should be integrated into future implementation projects.

Land Use
• Integrate land use and climate adaptation planning
• Promote community resilience to reduce vulnerabilities for food sustainability and DACs • Educate, empower, and engage citizens regarding climate risks and adaptation • Provide guidance on protecting critical coastal development Ecosystems
• Implement adaptation strategies to conserve California’s biodiversity Support habitat/ecosystem monitoring and adaptive management
• Manage watersheds, habitat, and vulnerable species
• Provide guidance on protecting critical coastal ecosystems Water Conservation
• Implement water conservation and supply management efforts - Support adaptive agricultural protection policies
- Promote working landscapes with ecosystem services
Coast and Ocean
• Manage watersheds, habitats, and vulnerable species
- Establish regional policies to protect critical habitats - Provide guidance on protecting critical coastal ecosystems and development - Promote working landscapes and ecosystem services
• Prepare a regional sea level rise adaptation strategy - Complete a regional sea level rise risk assessment periodically • Support essential data collection and information sharing Carbon Mitigation
• Expand renewable energy infrastructure that supports water management efforts The Monterey Peninsula RWMG strongly recommends that these ideas be integrated into project submittals for the following rounds of concept and implementation project proposals for the Monterey Peninsula IRWM Plan.

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 271, Packet Page 371 Appendices
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay
Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update
APPENDIX 1-A

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
(2013)

EXHIBIT A
Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 272, Packet Page 372 Appendices
Monterey Peninsula, Carmel Bay, and South Monterey Bay
Integrated Regional Water Management Plan Update
This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Council Regular Meeting, 2/7/2023, Item No. 10., Item Page 273, Packet Page 373 Amended Regional Water Management Group MOU

Page 1 of 10 ends

Monterey City CouncilFebruary 7, 2023

Monterey City Council
February 7, 2023