Council Chamber,
580 Pacific St.
Monterey, California
Monterey City Council
Special Meeting Agenda
Council Special Meeting
Study Session
Wednesday, October 23, 2024
4:00 PM - 5:30 PM
City Council
Tyller Williamson, Mayor
Kim Barber, Councilmember,
District 1
Gino Garcia, Councilmember
Alan Haffa, Councilmember
Ed Smith, Councilmember,
District 2
City Manager
Hans Uslar
HOW TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS MEETING:
Written comment: Members of the public may submit comment(s) to [email protected] until ½ hour before the start of the meeting. These messages are not read aloud during the meeting but are made available to the meeting body and public at https://monterey.gov/submitted-comments. All comments received become part of the record.
In-Person: Please see the meeting location listed above. Wearing a mask is recommended and encouraged.
Remote via ZoomGov Webinar:
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If prompted to enter a participant ID, press #
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PUBLIC COMMENT PROCEDURES AND TIME LIMITS:
The total amount of time allocated for public comment on a particular issue and for each individual speaker is generally as follows:
1. Up to three minutes per speaker.
2. For regular City Council meetings, there are two 15-minute public comment periods, one in the afternoon and one in the evening. Speakers may only comment during one session.
3. The total time allocated for public comment:
a. Items pulled from the consent agenda – 15 minutes each item b. Public Appearance items – 30 minutes each item
c. Public Hearing items – 30 minutes each item
d. Closed session items – 15 minutes each item
At the time an item is considered, the Mayor will ask those attending the meeting in person to line up at the podium or raise their hands, and for remote participants to use *9 on the telephone or the “raise hand” function in Zoom, if they wish to address the City Council. The maximum amount of time for each person to speak and the total amount of time allotted for each item will be determined based on the number of people indicating an interest in speaking and the amount of business to be conducted on the agenda. In exceptional circumstances and when necessary to ensure a full opportunity for public input, the Mayor may, with the legislative body’s consent, adjust the amount of time allowed for public input and/or the time allotted for each speaker.
CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTION DISCLOSURE: Pursuant to the Levine Act (Govt. Code section 84308), any party to a permit, license, contract, or other entitlement before the Council is required to disclose on the record any contribution, including aggregated contributions, of more 10/23/2024 4:00:00 PM
2 than $250 made by the party or the party's agents within the preceding 12 months to any City official. Participants and agents are requested to make this disclosure as well. The disclosure must include the name of the party, participant, or agent, and any other person making the contribution; the name of the recipient, the amount of the contribution, and the date the contribution was made.
CALL TO ORDER
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
STUDY SESSION
Study Session items are used to provide information to the City Council and answer their questions to clarify issues. Study Sessions provide a setting for informal discussions between staff, consultants, board, commission,committee members and the City Council regarding specific programs, projects or policies. The Council does not take formal action on the items.
1. Receive a Report and Presentation on Expanded Path of History and Anthropological Research on Dutra Street (Not a project under CEQA, per Article 20, Section 15378 and under General Rule Article 5, Section 15061)
ADJOURNMENT
Writings distributed for discussion or consideration on these matters within 72 hours prior to the meeting, pursuant to Government Code § 54957.5, are available at: monterey.gov/submitted-comments and in the City Manager’s Office at 580 Pacific St., Room 1, Monterey, CA 93940 during regular business hours.
Information distributed to the Council at the Council meeting becomes part of the public record. Members of the public who submit written public comment on an agenda item may be subject to the Levine Act which requires disclosure of campaign contributions of more than $250 to an officer of the City within the preceding 12 months.
CITY OF MONTEREY'S 24-HOUR SUGGESTION HOTLINES:
Voicemail: (831) 646-3799 Email: [email protected] Website: https://monterey.gov/ INTERPRETATION: The Monterey City Council invites and encourages public participation at its meetings. Requests for language interpretation may be made by contacting the City Clerk at [email protected] or 831-646-3935. The City Clerk will make every effort to accommodate requests for interpreter assistance. Requests should be made as soon as possible in advance of any meeting of the City Council. The City is committed to addressing language interpretation requests swiftly in order to maximize public participation.
ACCESSIBILITY: The City of Monterey is committed to including the disabled in all of its services, programs and activities. In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, if you need special assistance to participate in this meeting, please contact the City Clerk’s Office at [email protected] or (831) 646-3935. Notification 30 hours prior to the meeting will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to ensure accessibility to this meeting [28 CFR 35.102-35.104 ADA Title II]. Later requests will be accommodated to the extent feasible. For communication-related assistance, dial 711 to use the California Relay Service (CRS) to speak to City offices. CRS offers free text-to-speech, speech-to-speech, and Spanish-language services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. If you require a hearing amplification device to attend a meeting, dial 711 to use CRS to talk to the City Clerk's Office at (831) 646-3935 to coordinate use of a device.
Upcoming city meetings are listed at https://monterey.gov/agendas More information is available by calling (831) 646-3935 Council
Agenda Report
FROM: Brian Edwards, Library & Museums Director
SUBJECT: Receive a Report and Presentation on Expanded Path of History and Anthropological Research on Dutra Street (Not a project under CEQA, per Article 20, Section 15378 and under General Rule Article 5, Section 15061) RECOMMENDATION:
That the City Council receive a report and presentation on the Expanded Path of History and Anthropological Research on Dutra Street.
VALUE DRIVERS:
Preserve, promote, and maintain our City’s historic and cultural resources through responsible stewardship and historic preservation that highlights the contributions and perspectives of all people who are a part of Monterey’s diverse history.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS:
Section 2-8.01 of the City Code state that the Museums and Cultural Arts Commission shall be empowered to “advise and make recommendation to the City Council regarding the development and improvement of the City’s museums to increase historic appeal, stewardship, and access.”
CAMPAIGN DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENT (LEVINE ACT) APPLIES: No.
FISCAL IMPLICATIONS:
The Expanded Path of History Report was funded through a $30,000 Community Impact grant, paid from the Thomas Doud Sr. and Anita M. Doud Fund I of the Community Foundation for Monterey County to the Museums Trust Fund. Additional funding for implementing revised brochures and physical infrastructure for the Expanded Path of History has not been identified or allocated at this time. Staff will seek grant funding for implementation of the Expanded Path of History in the future.
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATION:
The City of Monterey determined that the proposed action is not a project as defined by the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)(CCR, Title 14, Chapter 3 (“CEQA Guidelines), Article 20, Section 15378). In addition, CEQA Guidelines Section 15061 includes the general rule that CEQA applies only to activities which have the potential for causing a significant effect on the environment. Where it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment, the activity is not subject to CEQA. Because the proposed action and this matter have no potential to cause any effect on Date: 10/23/2024
Item No.: 1.
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 1, Packet Page 3 №10/24
the environment, or because it falls within a category of activities excluded as projects pursuant to CEQA Guidelines section 15378, this matter is not a project. Because the matter does not cause a direct or any reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change on or in the environment, this matter is not a project. Any subsequent discretionary projects resulting from this action will be assessed for CEQA applicability.
ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED:
The City Council could choose not to receive the report, but that is not recommended.
DISCUSSION:
The Path of History was first proposed as a 2.8-mile driving tour in 1938 by Colonel Roger S.
Fitch from Monterey History and Art Association (MHAA) and Laura Bride Powers, MHAA historian, and Custom House curator to highlight the Principal Historic Buildings and sites of Old Monterey. The project was approved by the City Council in April of 1938 as a red-orange dotted line in the middle of the road. The map and path have changed multiple times over the years; most notably, in 1986-1987, it transitioned to a walking tour with blue dots. In 1989, golden metallic tiles were installed, and during the 1990s, the current yellow markers were added. Currently, pedestrians can experience the Path of History by following yellow pavement markers with the City seal and the words “Path of History” in English, Spanish, Chinese (Mandarin), Italian, Japanese, French, and German. These markers highlight the two-mile walking path to historic buildings of the Spanish, Mexican, and early California periods, including buildings such as Colton Hall, Custom House, Royal Presidio Chapel, and Stevenson House.
As stewards of Monterey’s past, it is important that the history shared by the City of Monterey includes the contributions and perspectives of all people who are a part of Monterey’s heritage and that diverse groups are invited to join the City in telling the community’s stories.
In 2022, staff applied for and received a Community Impact grant, paid from the Thomas Doud Sr. and Anita M. Doud Fund I of the Community Foundation for Monterey County. Walking the Path of History in the 21st Century: a New Look at Those Forgotten looks at adding two new heritage paths and adding sites to the existing path that cultivate interest and understanding in the history and cultures of marginalized or underrepresented communities. Page & Turnbull, a well-respected architectural history and preservation firm based in Northern California, was the consultant selected for the current project.
Page & Turnbull completed a Final Path of History Specific Plan in 2024 after several public engagement sessions and community feedback, including feedback from indigenous communities, a public session at the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), and tours of proposed sites in the Pearl District and Presidio of Monterey/New Monterey. The final Path of History Plan proposes expanded paths are recommended for the Pearl District and New Monterey districts of Monterey, which offer sites of historical interest, particularly for underrepresented communities.
In 2005, the City of Monterey and California State Parks received a Preserve America grant to highlight the Path of History with a cell phone tour provided by OnCell, where visitors can call-in to a phone number and code to hear an audio tour. Between 2022 and 2023, staff added content from the existing Path of History to the STQRY platform for a web and iOS/Android app.
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 2, Packet Page 4 №10/24
This current platform allows sites to be identified by visitors more easily by geolocation on users’ mobile phones.
A Museums and Cultural Arts Commission subcommittee consisting of Library & Museums Director Brian Edwards, Museums & Cultural Arts Commission Chair Tim Thomas, and Commissioners Bob Evans and Bill Wojtkowski worked on this project with Page & Turnbull, and the final report was reviewed by retired Museums & Cultural Arts Manager Dennis Copeland. The Library & Museums Director presented the project to the Historic Preservation Commission at the April 2024 meeting and the Museums and Cultural Arts Commission adopted the plan its May 9, 2024 meeting.
Staff continues to review and make progress towards implementing recommendations in the Page & Turnbull Report. Next steps include:
Museums & Cultural Arts subcommittee will review recommended new sites and revise descriptions provided in the Page & Turnbull reports
Implementation of physical and digital infrastructure o Physical infrastructure: signage, tiles, wayfinding kiosks o Digital infrastructure: STQRY app, website, historic and current photos o Advertisements: Updating Explore Monterey brochures at regional distribution points (airports, State Welcome Centers, hotels, museums, etc.) and updated Path of History maps distributed by See Monterey
Outreach to Esselen and Rumsien Tribal contacts for additional thematic content Research adding wayfinding solutions in the community at key locations Identifying funds and donors to complete these updates Anthropological Research on Dutra Street
At the May 7, 2024 City Council Meeting, Councilmember Barber recommended that the public comment “Dutra Street: the Last Monterey Native American Village Destroyed” be referred to staff for further discussion. In the months following the meeting, staff have conducted preliminary anthropological research on the Dutra Street area.
John Steinbeck wrote Tortilla Flat in 1935, and the basis of many of his stories reflected those he heard from the neighborhoods in Monterey and Carmel Woods especially through the recollection of Susan Gregory. Steinbeck dedicated the book to Gregory; she was a Monterey teacher and storyteller herself and lived at 506 Dutra Street before moving up to Johnson Street. She lived among the families of Californio and Rumsen/Esselen ancestry on Dutra Street including Machados, Sotos, Marcelinas, Rosales, Escobars, and Marquasas. From the preface of Steinbeck’s Tortilla Flat:
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 3, Packet Page 5 №10/24
“What is a paisano? He is a mixture of Spanish, Indian, Mexican and assorted Caucasian bloods. His ancestors have lived in California for a hundred or two years. He speaks English with a paisano accent and Spanish with a paisano accent…He is a paisano, and lives in that uphill district above the town of Monterey called Tortilla, although it isn’t flat at all.” Where Monterey stands today, the villages of Achasta and Tucutnut once thrived with the Costanoan peoples of the Esselen and Rumsen nations. In 1773, a daughter of Tucutnut was baptized as she was close to death, her baptismal name of Margarita Maria was only recorded.
In 1775, the Chief Pach-Hepas was the first of an estimated 900 Esselen to be baptized by Father Juan Crespi, Saint Junipero Serra, and the Catholic church. The ancestors of these Esselen and Rumsen people still live with us today.
In 1849, the streets of Monterey were not the same as they were today and were known by Spanish language names. Within Block 114A: Madison was known as 9th Calle de Oeste, Pacific Street was Estrada, and Pierce Street was known as Calle del Norte. Hartnell Gulch ran up the hillside, and a South Fork intersected near the current site. The site of the former Dutra Street south of Madison Street, which is the current Public Safety Complex, was owned by the Boronda family since it was first assessed in 1849. This parcel of land was owned by Juan de Mata Boronda and later transferred to Jose Boronda. By 1891, the parcel of land was split into four parcels to the following families: Gonzalez, Escolle, Chaine, and Wohler. In 1891, the parcel was surrounded by Gordon (Dutra), Madison Street, and Hartnell Gulch. Pacific Street had not been developed at this space yet. Within this parcel stood an old oak tree that was said to be seeded from the original Vizcaino and Father Serra oak tree.
Prior to 1956, the Monterey Police Department operated out of the bottom floor of Colton Hall, and the Old Jail was still in operation. The Monterey Public Library was in the process of building a new library at the current site on Pacific Street, and the old library at Van Buren Street was investigated as a site for the new police station and jail. The costs for retrofitting the Carnegie Library building was deemed too substantial. It should be noted that the Carnegie Library on Van Buren Street is now the library for the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. During this period, the City was also in negotiations with the State of California to sell or give Colton Hall to the state as a historic resource. At this time, the City Council referred back to a 1940 Master Plan that identified the area between Pacific Street, Van Buren, Madison Street, and Hartnell Gulch as an expansion of a Monterey Civic Center.
During the 1956 election, Measure A was approved by Monterey voters with a tally of 3,785 ‘Yes’ votes to 1,688 ‘No’ votes, which allowed the purchase of a parcel of land surrounded by the 600 block of Dutra Street, 300 block of Madison Street, and 600 block of Pacific Street and Hartnell Gulch. The passing of Measure A authorized the purchase of the Boronda property and the construction of a new Public Safety Complex, which had now been divided into multiple lots. $350,000 had been approved by the voters for this project. Included within these parcels were vacant lots, single-family homes, multi-family residences, and lots with multiple single-family residences. The City paid just compensation for the properties per the State of California’s constitution and eminent domain statutes. The new public safety complex was called “El Cuartel” after the Old Mexican building that once stood as the center of Alta California. The building was opened on May 10, 1959, at a cost of $612,820, with $172,590 used towards purchasing properties on the parcel. The oak tree was incorporated into the landscaping of the complex.
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 4, Packet Page 6 №10/24
Next Steps
At the City Council Study Session on October 23, 2024, the Library and Museums Director will discuss the individual Dutra Street parcels that were sold and will also discuss the intersection of Path of History and Dutra Street and the opportunities to tell underrepresented stories of Monterey.
BE/BE
Attachments: 1. Expanded Path of History Page & Turnbull Report Writings distributed for discussion or consideration on this matter within 72 hours prior to the meeting, pursuant to Government Code § 54957.5, will be made available at the following link:
https://monterey.gov/Submitted-Comments
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 5, Packet Page 7
PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN
MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA
[22303]
PREPARED FOR CITY OF MONTEREY
December 15, 2023
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 6, Packet Page 8 Cover Image: Circa 1930s aerial view of Monterey, looking southwest.
Source: California History Room, Monterey Public Library.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 7, Packet Page 9 Path of History Specific Plan Path of History
[22303] Monterey, California
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Preparer Qualifications.................................................................................................................................. 2 BRIEF HISTORIC CONTEXT.................................................................................................................... 4 Monterey’s First Inhabitants (Pre-1770) ...................................................................................................... 4 Spanish Monterey (1542 – 1821) .................................................................................................................. 5 Mexican Monterey (1821 – 1846) ................................................................................................................. 6 Early American Monterey (1846 – 1879)...................................................................................................... 7 Victorian Era Monterey (1880 – 1899).......................................................................................................... 8 Early 20th Century Expansion of Monterey (1900 – 1939)......................................................................... 9 World War II and Postwar Eras (1940 – 1978)...........................................................................................11 EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY ..............................................................................................................12 Existing Path of History Background .........................................................................................................12 Ancillary Walking Tours................................................................................................................................15 EXPANDING THE PATH OF HISTORY..................................................................................................19 Themes.......................................................................................................................................................19 ADDITIONS TO THE EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY ROUTE ................................................................23 NEW CULTURAL HERITAGE WALKS....................................................................................................31 Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk .........................................................................................................31 Background History..................................................................................................................................31 Recommended Points of Interest...........................................................................................................36 Walking Directions and Map ...................................................................................................................42 New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walk......................................................................................................45 Background History..................................................................................................................................45 Recommended Points of Interest...........................................................................................................48 Walking Directions and Map ...................................................................................................................55 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................61 Recommendations and Next Steps........................................................................................................62 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................64 APPENDIX A: EXISTING SITES ON THE PATH OF HISTORY................................................................66 APPENDIX B: MAPS OF MONTEREY’S TOURS, SITES & RESOURCES ................................................106
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 8, Packet Page 10 This page intentionally left blank.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 9, Packet Page 11 Path of History Specific Plan Path of History
[22303] Monterey, California
PAGE & TURNBULL 1 December 15, 2023
INTRODUCTION
This Path of History Specific Plan provides a brief historic context of Monterey’s developmental history to inform the creation of new themes and stories, summarizes the historic sites included in the current Path of History self-guided walking tour program, suggests additional points of interest for the current Path of History, and outlines two new self-guided walking tour programs. Primarily, the Specific Plan is a framework to establish additional points of interest and new routes with the intention that the City of Monterey will develop associated interpretive content in future phases of the project.
Additional identified historic sites may be added to these cultural heritage walking routes in future steps of the project. One of these new routes targets Monterey’s Pearl District, an epicenter of immigrant settlement, while the other is organized within the New Monterey vicinity. The proposed routes and points of interest are organized by themes focused on the inclusion of previously marginalized, underrepresented, and/or misrepresented groups, such as Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities. Narratives for many of these points can be developed for inclusion within the California State Parks cell phone tour app.1 The findings in the Expanded Path of History Preliminary Memorandum, which was submitted to City of Monterey staff on April 14, 2023, as well as the Draft Social Justice and Equity Checklist, delivered on May 12, 2023 helped inform this Path of History Specific Plan, which is a concluding step of the Specific Plan project.
The Social Justice and Equity Checklist was drafted as a tool to assist city staff, Monterey Museum and Arts Commission members, and others in the review and determination of city-supported projects and programs to be equitable and representative of Monterey’s various historic and current communities. Targeting external-facing efforts, such as audience, visitors, and community engagement programming, the Checklist is directly applicable to the Path of History Specific Plan. It aids in structuring a diverse selection of physical sites and buildings within the existing and proposed walking paths, stimulates an inclusive and comprehensive narrative at each stop, and considers physical accessibility and safety when navigating the paths.
METHODOLOGY
Page & Turnbull performed archival and online historic research to inform the brief historic context.
Sources included historic fire insurance maps, historic and contemporary newspaper articles, the Online Archive of California, City of Monterey Museum and Cultural Arts Office and Monterey State Historic Park materials, and other historic material from online archives, including the Library of Congress, Internet Archive, and the Monterey Public Library’s California History Room. Page & 1 California State Parks. “Tours.” Accessed online July 18, 2023, https://castateparks.stqry.app/.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 10, Packet Page 12 Path of History Specific Plan Path of History
[22303] Monterey, California
PAGE & TURNBULL 2 December 15, 2023
Turnbull also had conversations with City of Monterey Library and Museums Department staff and reviewed relevant existing materials related to the Path of History program, historic resource and historic district documentation, and other relevant local plans and policies that have implications for public history planning in the City of Monterey. Following preparation of the Expanded Path of History Preliminary Memorandum, Page & Turnbull conducted geospatial analysis related to existing and potential historic sites and resources related to the Path of History program, including test-fit options involving onsite surveying to confirm the order, ease, and accessibility of existing and proposed routes. Page & Turnbull co-lead two public meetings with City of Monterey staff to seek input from the community. The first was a presentation on the project during the Museums and Cultural Arts Commission hearing on August 3, 2023, and the second was a walking tour of the two proposed routes on August 4, 2023.
Page & Turnbull engaged Albion Environmental to focus on outreach efforts to local Native American communities with the goal of identifying indigenous places of importance not previously represented or included in the City of Monterey’s public history programs. Albion Environmental contacted four tribal groups identified by and on behalf of the City, including the Rumsen Ohlone Tribal Community, the Esselen Tribe of Monterey County, the KakoonTa Ruk Bando of OhloneCostanoan Indians of Big Sur Rancheria, and the Ohlone Costanoan Esselen Nation. Representatives from each group were sent a letter on March 7, 2023 requesting their participation in discussions regarding important places or places of interest to their association group along the existing Path of History, recommendations for additional paths or subareas beyond what is currently represented by the Path of History, and what concerns the group may have about sharing this information with the public. While all groups responded positively to participation, two tribes (the Rumsen Ohlone Tribal Community and the Ohlone Costanoan Esselen Nation) ultimately provided comments following subsequent communications on March 30, 2023 and May 11, 2023.2
PREPARER QUALIFICATIONS
This Path of History Specific Plan was prepared by the San Francisco office of Page & Turnbull . Page & Turnbull staff responsible for this report include: Ruth Todd, FAIA, AICP, Principal-in-charge; Christina Dikas, Associate Principal and project manager; and primary authors, Maggie Nicholson, Cultural Resources Planner, and Flora Chou, Associate Principal and Cultural Resources Planner, all of whom meet or exceed the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards for Historic Architecture, Architectural History, or History. 2 See Albion Environmental’s “City of Monterey Path of History Expansion Project – Native American Outreach” report (June 30, 2023), which includes two confidential attachments of this correspondence.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 11, Packet Page 13 Path of History Specific Plan Path of History
[22303] Monterey, California
PAGE & TURNBULL 3 December 15, 2023
Albion Environmental, a cultural and natural resource management company based in Santa Cruz, California, was engaged as a tribal subconsultant for the project. Albion Environmental staff involved in this work include: Sarah Peelo, PhD, RPA, President and project manager; James Sarmento, PhD as Native American consultant; and Sarah Nicchitta, MA as principal investigator of precolonial archaeology.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 12, Packet Page 14 Path of History Specific Plan Path of History
[22303] Monterey, California
PAGE & TURNBULL 4 December 15, 2023
BRIEF HISTORIC CONTEXT
The following is a summary of the physical development of the City of Monterey over time and the communities involved, which informs the creation of new Path of History themes and stories. 3 It is
acknowledged that the City of Monterey exists on the occupied territory and homeland of various indigenous peoples, including the Rumsen Ohlone, Salinan, and Esselen nations, stewards of the land since time immemorial. The City of Monterey is committed to supporting the ongoing relationships between these tribes, their ancestral territories, and the resilience, strength, and sovereignty that continues to be demonstrated by California’s first peoples. The City of Monterey aims to secure meaningful partnership and inclusion in the stewardship and protection of their cultural resources and homelands, and honors and is grateful for the land it occupies, recognizing the ongoing damage of settler colonialism.
MONTEREY’S FIRST INHABITANTS (PRE-1770)
Monterey was first inhabited by the Rumsen subtribe of the Ohlone nation, which consisted of approximately 40 to 50 independent subtribes that ranged in size from 50 to 500 people and developed eight to 12 distinct language groups. The Ohlone presumably migrated to the San Francisco Bay and Monterey Bay areas from the San Joaquin and Sacramento River valleys sometime between 500 B.C. and 500 A.D. Linguistic and physical evidence suggests that when the Rumsen Ohlone moved into the Monterey Peninsula, they merged with and displaced the Esselen nation.
The Rumsen Ohlone built stable, semi-permanent villages and smaller camps for seasonal food collection (Figure 1). Five Rumsen villages have been identified across the Monterey Peninsula with Achista being the only one located within present-day Monterey city limits (within today’s Monterey Peninsula College campus).4 The Salinan and Esselen nations, both separate tribes from the Ohlone, generally occupied the southern portion of the land that would form Monterey County. Like the Ohlone, the Salinan and Esselen nations migrated with the seasons for hunting and gathering and likely formed trading relationships with the Rumsen Ohlone. Overall, the indigenous population of the greater Monterey Bay area in 1770, the time marked by the arrival of the Spanish, was approximately 7,000 people.5
3 The names and dates of each developmental period are taken from Monterey’s 2012 “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey.” Architectural Resources Group, ““National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey” (2012), 15 – 101. 4 Rumsen Ohlone Tribal Community, “Where We Come From — Rumsen People & The Land.“ Accessed March 17, 2023, https://www.rumsenohlone.com/where-we-come-from. 5 Architectural Resources Group, “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey: Monterey, California.” Prepared for City of Monterey, adopted February 21, 2012, revised May 1, 2012, 15.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 13, Packet Page 15 Path of History Specific Plan Path of History
[22303] Monterey, California
PAGE & TURNBULL 5 December 15, 2023
Figure 1: Drawing of a traditional Rumsen village by Linda Yamane.
Source: https://www.rumsenohlone.com/remembering-our-ancestors.
SPANISH MONTEREY (1542 – 1821)
The first Europeans to sail into Monterey Bay were part of a Spanish expedition led by Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo in 1542. However, it wasn’t until 1602 that Europeans came ashore with a Spanish expedition led by Sebastian Vizcaino, who named the bay for the Count of Monte Rey, viceroy of New Spain. In 1770, Don Gaspar de Portola (the governor of Baja California) and Father Junipero Serra arrived in Monterey Bay and began to establish a presidio and Mission San Carlos Borromeo, the second mission founded in Alta California which was moved closer to the Carmel River in 1771 (Figure 2). As the Spanish systems of Catholicism and colonization took effect, Native peoples were indoctrinated as neophytes, expected to relinquish their indigenous culture and practices to fully support the self-sufficiency of the mission through European methodologies. The introduction of European diseases, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, coupled with poor diets, unsanitary living conditions, stress, and hard labor were predictable causes of Mission Indian mortality.
6 Between 1773 and 1777, Mexican settlers moved into the area and began expanding the newly founded town. Monterey became the official capital of Alta and Baja California in 1776. The extant Royal Presidio Chapel was completed in 1794 and is the oldest continuously operating cathedral in the United States.
6 Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687 – 1840 (Albuquerque, NM: The University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 140.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 14, Packet Page 16 Path of History Specific Plan Path of History
[22303] Monterey, California
PAGE & TURNBULL 6 December 15, 2023
Figure 2: Léon Trousset’s 1877 painting Father Serra Celebrates Mass at Monterey, depicting Serra’s arrival at Monterey and his June 3, 1770 mass to the Portola expedition beneath the Vizcaíno-Serra oak tree.
MEXICAN MONTEREY (1821 – 1846)
Once Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821, Alta California became a Mexican territory and Monterey became a pueblo five years later. Trade blossomed, necessitating the construction of early warehouses and shops. Monterey became California’s official port of entry in 1831, after the Custom House was constructed in in 1827. The secularization of mission lands in 1834 transferred vast acreages into private hands, despite the original Spanish plan outlining the holding of mission lands in trust by the church for the remaining Mission Indians with the ultimate goal of conversion to a civilian town after ten years.
7 By the mid-1830s, Monterey’s residents were immigrants from across North America, South America, and Europe from a wide variety of occupations, diversifying Monterey’s early trade-based economy and displacing the remaining Mission Indians through the end of this era. In 1843, France established a consulate in Monterey to attend to the needs of French immigrants who worked predominately as merchants, farmers, and trappers in the area. As the pueblo’s population increased and commercial activity expanded, settlement patterns shifted from the Alta Mesa neighborhood (located at the highlands south of the Presidio) to the flatlands surrounding the Custom House (Figure 3).8
7 Architectural Resources Group, “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey“ (February 2012), 28. 8 Architectural Resources Group, “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey“ (February 2012), 25.
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Figure 3: The harbor and city of Monterey, California in 1842. Source: UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library.
EARLY AMERICAN MONTEREY (1846 – 1879)
From 1846 to 1849, the Mexican-American War was waged in California. American troops seized Monterey and installed a fort. Prominent early pioneers coordinated the construction of a town hall utilizing craftsmen and penal labor. The town hall became known as Colton Hall and, following the conclusion of the war, the California Constitutional Convention was hosted there in 1849. The state constitution that resulted from this convention outlawed slavery, set the state’s boundaries, recognized the separate property rights of wives, set punishments for crimes, banned state lotteries, stipulated all state documents would be published in English and Spanish, and moved the state capital to San José, ending Monterey’s 75-year tenure as the capital of California.
From 1850 to 1879, Monterey entered a period of disregard. Its population was stagnant, and there were issues with American recognition of Mexican land grants. However, a steam powered sawmill was constructed in 1853 and eased the burden of city building. Monterey’s coastal trade economy kept the port bustling, especially the local fishing and abalone industry, which was established by Chinese immigrants in the 1850s. Whaling started in 1854 with the Davenport company, and four whaling operations were based in Monterey by 1861. A new wharf was installed in 1867. With arrival of rail access in 1874, local fishermen shipped fresh fish to San Francisco, whereas previously most of the harvest was dried and exported to San Francisco and China. After the local Chinatown at Mussel Point burned in 1906, the number of Chinese fishermen dwindled and were replaced with immigrating Genoese and Japanese fishermen.
9 9 Architectural Resources Group, “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey“ (February 2012), 40.
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The erratic climate and unstable national economy from the 1850s to the 1870s transformed Monterey. Whereas ranching and beef production were vital to its initial establishment, it developed into a port city supporting agricultural production. In 1849, Pedro Narvaez planned a new street grid.
With the Custom House at the north end of Alvarado Street and the city’s water pump at Pearl Street at the south end, the town plaza became the official center of town in 1869. City limits were redefined around this time to "extend one mile in each direction from the intersection of Pearl, California (now Munras Avenue), Polk, and Alvarado Streets, instead of one mile from the Catholic Church as heretofore been the custom."10
The last transformation of this period was as an artistic mecca. In 1874, French painter Jules Tavernier arrived in Monterey, and he lived in the small French Quarter area of town. Most famously, Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson arrived in 1879 and lived in a boardinghouse called the French Hotel (constructed circa 1836).
VICTORIAN ERA MONTEREY (1880 – 1899)
At the end of the nineteenth century, the local Monterey and Salinas Valley Railroad was purchased by the Southern Pacific Railroad. A new spur line and the construction of the Hotel Del Monte were completed in 1880, connecting Monterey to a network of far-off cities. Herein began the promotion of Monterey as a tourist destination. The Oak Grove neighborhood developed with modest singlefamily homes, most appealing to workers at the Hotel Del Monte. The city’s commercial downtown developed into two primary nodes during this period – a northern node anchored by the Custom House and a southern node around the town plaza at Alvarado and Pearl Streets (Figure 4). 10 ARG, “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey: Monterey, California,” 44.
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Figure 4: 1898 map of Monterey County cropped to show the nodes of development around Monterey Bay.
Source: W.B. Walkup & Company, Library of Congress.
EARLY 20TH CENTURY EXPANSION OF MONTEREY (1900 – 1939)
Monterey’s early fishing and canning industries were established in the 1890s. However, it wasn’t until 1902 when the Monterey Fishing and Canning Company, a salmon and abalone packing facility on Ocean View Avenue, was successful enough for the local industry to flourish and establish the foundation of Cannery Row. Japanese fishermen were largely responsible for this movement. Of the approximately 185 salmon boats that fished Monterey Bay during this period, 145 were Japanese owned. In 1903, the newly founded Monterey Packing Company invented the one-pound oval tins, which became industry standard, and a machine solderer specifically designed to manufacture these tins.
During World War I, Monterey’s fishermen pivoted their hauls from salmon to become the “sardine capital of the world.” Associated businesses grew rapidly, requiring large seasonal workforces predominantly comprised of Japanese, Italian, and Spanish immigrants. Women were predominately employed in the cannery work, even as servicemen returned to the post-war workforce. Soon after the height of production in 1945, Monterey’s canneries, sardine reduction plants, and other associated industries crashed due to overfishing, climate change, and changing tastes.
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This period was also marked by a growing military presence following the Spanish American War (1898) and the onsite of the Philippine Insurrection (1902). To better protect the West Coast from Asian forces, President Roosevelt initiated a plan to construct military bases in the early years of the 1900s, including at Monterey. The Monterey Military Reservation, later known as the Ord Barracks and finally the Presidio of Monterey, was staffed with multiple companies, including a unit of the African American “Buffalo Soldiers.”11 Simultaneously, Monterey’s growing communities established various ethnic, artistic, and intellectual enclaves (e.g., Italians in “Spaghetti Hill” south of the Presidio, Chinatown anchored at the intersection of Franklin and Washington Streets and at Mussel Point, and Japantown east of Chinatown), and diversifying businesses in downtown.12 Perhaps the most notable artists and intellectuals to be associated with Monterey during this period include Dr.
Edward Ricketts of Pacific Biological Laboratories and author John Steinbeck.
Figure 5: Aerial photograph of Monterey with the Presidio grounds at the far right, 1932.
Source: https://fineartamerica.com/.
11 US Army, “The Modern Presidio of Monterey,” accessed online September 11, 2023, https://home.army.mil/monterey/about/history. 12 Architectural Resources Group, “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey“ (February 2012), 63-64.
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WORLD WAR II AND POSTWAR ERAS (1940 – 1978)
The onset of World War II brought significant expansion to the City of Monterey. Several buildings were leased for military purposes during these years, including Hotel Del Monte for use as a flight school and later the Naval Postgraduate School. The US Army also established a language school at the Presidio of Monterey in 1946. Monterey’s population increased drastically during the postwar years, particularly its Black and African American community, as returning servicemen settled on the peninsula. New buildings were constructed on the grounds of nearby Fort Ord during this period, which would provide training to future soldiers preparing for deployment to Korea and Vietnam.
More broadly, Fort Ord had a larger impact on the economy and social diversity of the Monterey Bay region.
13 Downtown Monterey of the 1940s became full of bars, nightclubs, pawnshops, and other entertainment services geared towards servicemen, and the 1946 Centennial of the raising of the American flag at the Custom House prompted a downtown beautification effort. Redevelopment in the 1950s focused on lower Alvarado Street. The Urban Renewal Agency (URA) was established in 1959 and focused on the Custom House Redevelopment Area, generally north from Franklin Street to the bay, between Pacific and Washington Streets. Monterey’s first redevelopment plan was approved by the City Council in 1961, despite opposition from the 600 residents and 100 businesses that would be displaced. After more than a decade of planning by the early 1970s, Monterey had little to show for the redevelopment plan, except an underground tunnel aimed to improve vehicular traffic flow, a sea of vacant lots, and a strapped treasury. In 1972, the City Council assumed the duties of the URA and presented a new plan for the Cultural Conference Center, which broke ground in 1975.14
13 In 1991, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommended closure of the military grounds, which were formally deactivated in 1994. About five percent of the land remained under Army management as the Presidio of Monterey (POM) annex and reserve center. The majority was disbursed to public entities, including the university systems of California, the Bureau of Land Management, and other neighboring municipalities. 14 Architectural Resources Group, “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey“ (February 2012), 96.
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EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY
Created in 1939 by the Monterey Chamber of Commerce, the original 2.8-mile Path of History directed tourists to 55 of the "principal historic buildings and sites of 'Old Monterey'" (Figure 6).15 A red line on the pavement, corresponding to the original map handout, indicated the route and led tourists directly to 35 of the stops. The remaining 20 stops were in the vicinity of the route, but not directly on it. Four contemporary points of interest were also included, such as the Chamber of Commerce office and the office of the Auto Association of California – an indication that most visitors were driving to visit Monterey at this time.
Over time, the Path of History’s markers and wayfinding systems have been updated, the suggested route shortened, and engagement and accessibility improved with technology-based mobile tools.
The program continues to provide a robust, eco-friendly opportunity for newcomers to immerse themselves in the history and evolution of the City of Monterey. While its extant built environment illustrates developmental changes over time, associated signage and public art buttress these physical reminders to spotlight Monterey’s intangible waves of immigration and changing industries and economies. Combined, the Path of History outlines how the cityscape experienced in presentday came to be.
EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY BACKGROUND
At present, Monterey’s Path of History is a two-mile-long, self-guided walking tour that connects 55 historic buildings and sites throughout the city’s downtown vicinity. Each stop is marked with a numbered emblem. Using a mobile device, tourists may dial a phone number to listen to a twominute narration for ten of the buildings, which are located within the Monterey State Historic Park (Figure 7). There is also an AdventureLab app component that encourages exploration of 10 Path of History stops through gamification, using scavenger hunt clues to connect stops along the Path of History.16
The existing 55 stops are listed in Appendix A. The following table illustrates the variety of physical representation of Monterey’s seven periods of development (Table 1). The vast majority of the stops along the Path of History are illustrative of the Mexican era (1821 to 1846). Since this public history program was established in 1939, buildings constructed in the Early Twentieth Century Expansion era would not have reached a sufficient age to be considered for inclusion. Therefore, it is unsurprising that sites and buildings constructed in 1900 or later were not originally included. 15 Monterey Chamber of Commerce, “Tourist Map of Monterey,” 1939. 16 California Department of Parks and Recreation, “Tour Information: Guided Tours,” 2023. Accessed March 20, 2023, https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=951.
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TABLE 1: EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY STOPS BY DEVELOPMENT PERIOD Period Number of Resources
A. Monterey’s First Inhabitants (Pre-1770) 1
B. Spanish Monterey (1542 – 1821) 4
C. Mexican Monterey (1821 – 1846) 38
D. Early American Monterey (1846 – 1879) 11
E. Victorian Era Monterey (1880 – 1899) 1
F. Early 20th Century Expansion of Monterey (1900 – 1939) None G. World War II & Postwar Eras (1940 – 1978) None
The majority of the sites and buildings along the Path of History are listed on Monterey’s Downtown Historic Master List. The following are also listed on the California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) and/or National Register of Historic Places (National Register) (Table 2).
Resources listed on the National Register are automatically listed to the California Register.
TABLE 2: LISTING STATUS OF EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY STOPS California Register Period17 National Register/National Historic Landmark District
Period
Casa Boronda (1817)
Casa Munras (1824)
Casa Castro (ca. 1830s)
First Post Office (ca. 1830s)
Lara-Soto Adobe (ca. 1830s)
Casa Soberanes (1842)
Casa Serrano (1843)
First French Consulate (1843)
Old Monterey Jail (1854)
Doud House (ca. 1860s)
B. Spanish
C. Mexican
C. Mexican
C. Mexican
C. Mexican
C. Mexican
C. Mexican
C. Mexican
D. Early American
E. Victorian Era
El Castillo (1792)
Royal Presidio Chapel (1794)
Old Customshouse (1827 – 1846)
Larkin House (1835)
Stevenson House (ca. 1836)
Merritt Adobe (ca. 1850s)
Monterey Old Town District18
B. Spanish
B. Spanish
C. Mexican
C. Mexican
C. Mexican
D. American
C – F. Mexican
to Early 20th
Century
17 Refer to Table 1 for more information on the corresponding period of development. 18 The “Monterey Old Town District” National Historic Landmark District is a non-contiguous two-part area in downtown Monterey. It is primarily a collection of buildings constructed during colonial and early American periods of development and includes 14 resources in its southern historic district and six resources in its northern district. All 20 of these resources are included within Monterey’s current Path of History program. Resources listed on the National Register are automatically listed on the California Register.
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Figure 6: 1939 map of the Path of History. Source: Monterey Chamber of Commerce.
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Figure 7: Map of the buildings included on the abbreviated cell phone tour.
Source: Monterey State Historic Park, California State Parks.
ANCILLARY WALKING TOURS
Over the course of this project, several other self-guided walking tours were identified. While the Path of History remains Monterey’s primary self-guided walking tour program, other tours within the vicinity have been developed by various entities to target historical sites as well as contemporary attractions, such as museums and fairgrounds. Some of these ancillary walking tours include:
• Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Cannery Row Tour (Figure 8)
• Historic Monterey’s Explore Monterey Tour (Figure 9)
• Lower Presidio Historic Park’s Interpretive Trail (Figure 10).
The Cannery Row tour identifies mostly historic sites and resources associated with the establishment of Monterey Bay’s fishing and canning industry in the 1910s and 1920s. The Explore Monterey tour encourages visitors to “experience Monterey’s natural beauty, cultural resources,”
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and rich historic past” and connects both historic and non-historic sites and attractions. Point 12 (“Cemetery Historic Tour”) on the Explore Monterey tour is itself a self-guided walking tour of the historic Cemeterio El Encinal, which is set within the peninsular greenspace south of El Estero Lake.
The cemetery tour leads to the gravesites of famous internees such as David Jacks (1822-1909), an early prominent Monterey landowner and businessman presumed to be the creator of Monterey Jack cheese, as well as local architects, artists, civic leaders, and personalities. Cementerio El Encinal also contains a pre-1900 Chinese burial ground.19 In 2017, the Old Monterey Foundation, in cooperation with the City of Monterey and the Department of the Army, installed nine new interpretive signs within the grounds of the Lower Presidio Historic Park to evolve their interpretive trail system.
The purpose of noting these various tours is to demonstrate the popularity of self-guided walking tours in Monterey and the variety of local points of interest that can be incorporated into the Path of History program to expand its scope beyond its current majority of “Old Monterey” resources from the Mexican and Early American eras. Adding all points of interest into a cell-phone application would provide visitors with the opportunity to building their own walking tour based on their personal preferences. This also would allow the City of Monterey to edit content as needed without reprinting brochures or other materials and would be a more accessible medium.
Figure 8: Cannery Row walking tour map. Source: Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation. 19 City of Monterey, “Historic Tour,” accessed online June 9, 2023, https://monterey.org/city_hall/parks___recreation/beaches,_parks___playgrounds/cemetery_el_encinal/historic_tour.php.
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Figure 9: "Explore Monterey" tour map. Source: https://monterey.org/.
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Figure 10: Map of the Lower Presidio Historic Park walking tour by the Old Monterey Foundation, https://oldmontereyfoundation.org/lower-presidio-historic-park-school-tours/.
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EXPANDING THE PATH OF HISTORY
Themes
Additional sites and buildings along the existing Path of History were identified by the City of Monterey’s 2020 Draft Path of History Master Plan & Update. Many of these proposed stops along the existing Path of History route denote locations specifically significant to previously marginalized, underrepresented, or misrepresented peoples, such as indigenous groups; Hispanic and Latino communities, beyond the traditional lens of Spanish- and Mexican-era development (generally 1770 to 1846); immigrant groups; and Black and African American communities. Others are fine architectural examples, or representative of other themes or people. In this document, therefore, the following themes are included:
• Indigenous Sites & Stories
• Hispanic and Latino Sites & Stories
• Immigrant Sites & Stories
• Black and African American Site & Stories
• Architecture
• Military History
• Local Person of Importance
The following describes in further detail the considerations for identifying sites under communityassociated themes.
INDIGENOUS SITES & STORIES
Outreach efforts to date have resulted in preliminary conversations with the Ohlone Costanoan Esselen Nation and the Rumsen Ohlone Tribal Community. Tribal representatives expressed the importance of this outreach and view it as an opportunity to engage and educate the general public about local tribal histories, which have often been misrepresented or omitted by public institutions in the past. Where indigenous sites and resources are considered to be sacred or require protection, exact locations may not be shared with the public. Instead, signage or narration along the existing Path of History is an opportunity to share intangible indigenous resources and/or practices, such as traditions and stories, and the impact of colonialism. Generally, tribal representatives suggest the following three concepts.
1. Make use of spaces in which tribal histories and narratives are absent as a way to discuss the absence of tribal histories presented after certain points in time. Examples could include
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reframing the Spanish Colonial history of the Presidio and Mission system to discuss how tribal governments and people were resilient.
2. Focus on current Native American uses of the landscape of Monterey, such as their continued utilization of the area around Lake Estero, as opposed to solely focusing on the past. This will simultaneously speak to current issues tribes face and ground the observer in the present. Additionally, create educational spaces about how tribes currently interact with the City and local agencies (i.e., through AB 52 or SB 18), which may aid in informing the public on how tribes still work within the Monterey Peninsula and continue to affect the landscape to this day.
3. Utilize present tense language when writing about tribes (versus past tense) to illustrate and inform the public of the ongoing tribal cultures in the area, which remain vibrant and omnipresent. This also assists in curbing the impression that tribal communities are no longer engaged in the area.
HISPANIC AND LATINO (POST-1850) SITES & STORIES
While historic demographic information is limited for these groups in Monterey County, Hispanic and Latino communities have long been involved in the development of the City of Monterey.
Traditionally, these histories date between 1770 and 1846, initiated by the first Spanish colonization effort of immigrants arriving from Nueva España followed by subsequent immigration from Mexico.
However, their involvement extends to the present-day. Additional sites and resources associated with the post-1850 Hispanic and Latino experience in Monterey may include sites associated with the fishing industry, the early twentieth century artist movement, and cultural traditions and celebrations.
IMMIGRANT SITES & STORIES
Monterey has had an immigrant presence since it became California’s official port of entry in 1831 with European settlement increasing from this time through the 1840s. The first major immigrant migration of the 1850s was largely Chinese, followed by Japanese, Genovese, and Portuguese in the 1890s. The commonality between these early foreigners was the application of their respective cultural-based oceanic skills to the Monterey Bay environment. For example, Sicilian immigrant Pietro Ferrante introduced the use of lampara nets for sardine fishing. Later, job opportunities created by Cannery Row and easier integration with established ethnic enclaves enticed additional
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immigration, including Sicilian, Filipino, and others.20 Sites and resources associated with the immigrant experience, particularly non-European or immigrants of color, provide opportunities to share the stories and traditional practices of Monterey’s diverse cultures, such as the Santa Rosalia Festa of Sicilian tradition. Lastly, the founding of the Middlebury Institute of International Studies in 1955, based on the premise of international understanding through the study of language and culture, culminates these immigrant stories.
BLACK AND AFRICAN AMERICAN SITES & STORIES
Monterey’s Black and African American population was small but grew steadily from 1860 to 1900 with an influx in 1930, followed by another around 1950. Many Black and African American people in Monterey were associated with the continued military presence in the area, spanning from the Spanish-American War to post-World War II. Positions with the railroad (both aboard trains coming and going from the Monterey Peninsula and at the depot) as well as at the Hotel Del Monte were other primary employment sectors, while Seaside developed as a predominately Black and African American residential neighborhood.
ARCHITECTURE
Monterey’s local architecture is representative of its eighteenth-century Spanish development through present day. The primary typologies include residential (especially adobes, cottages, and bungalows), low-rise commercial and mixed-use, civic, and industrial buildings. Primary residential styles across these periods of development include Mission Revival, Spanish Colonial Revival, Monterey Revival, Queen Anne, Folk Victorian, Craftsman, and vernacular. Most commercial and civic buildings represent Spanish Colonial Revival, Monterey Revival, and twentieth-century commercial styles. Industrial buildings are usually vernacular in style and built to suit the variety of needs of the operations contained within its walls, such as cannery warehouses. One notable local builderturned-architect is J.C. Anthony, whose favored building material was chalk rock, also known as Carmel stone. Extant resources that embody the distinctive characteristics of a typology, style, or method of construction; represent the work of an architect or builder of merit; or possess high artistic values may be included.
MILITARY HISTORY
Monterey has a longstanding military history starting in 1770 with the arrival of Spanish colonizers who constructed a fort in the general area of the present-day Presidio. In 1846, Commodore John Sloat began construction of Fort Mervine in the same area as part of the American strategy for the 20 McKibben. Carol Lynn. Beyond Cannery Row: Sicilian Women, Immigration, and Community in Monterey, California, 1915-99.
University of Illinois Press, 2006. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt1xcgd4.
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Mexican-American War. From the early 1900s through the Cold War era, the Presidio area underwent various changes and commands, including a US Army infantry training area, barracks, stables and fields for Buffalo Soldiers, and a military intelligence language school.21 During Monterey’s World War II era, several United Service Organization (USO) buildings were constructed in the downtown area to engage enlistees in social activities outside their military duties.
LOCAL PERSON OF IMPORTANCE
Some sites and buildings in Monterey are significant for their association with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history.
21 US Army, “POM History,” accessed online September 26, 2023, https://home.army.mil/monterey/about/history.
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ADDITIONS TO THE EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY ROUTE
Informed by the Draft Monterey Path of History Master Plan & Update (2020) and in an effort to more inclusively and equitably showcase the diversity of peoples and development eras that have contributed to Monterey’s unique tangible and intangible sense of place, the following points of interest are proposed for addition to the existing Path of History route. 22 The route with the
additional points of interest are included in the map of routes included in Appendix B.
TABLE 3: ADDITIONAL POINTS ALONG EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY ROUTE23 Name Period24 Theme & Brief Description
Simoneau House
(456 Van Buren Street)
C. Mexican
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories, Hispanic and Latino Sites & Stories
Description: The Simoneau House was built by George Hayden in the 1850s. In the 1870s, French immigrant Jules Simoneau (1819-1908) arrived in Monterey and operated a restaurant.
His Mexican-immigrant wife Martina Feliz (1831-1907) lived in the one-story, wood-framed home. The house was known as Fuchsia Lodge in admiration of Martina Simoneau’s flower garden. The young author Robert Louis Stevenson habitually had meals at Simoneau’s restaurant during his 1879 stay in Monterey, where the two formed a lifelong friendship.
Stevenson also walked across town to visit the Simoneaus at home “for a change and a chat.” Their friendship was
documented in correspondence and gifts of Stevenson’s
subsequent publications. Simoneau died at home in 1908.
Simoneau’s daughter Josephine Simoneau Fussell added a new kitchen and a bedroom to the small clapboard house in the 1920s. The building is now used as an administration building by the Middlebury Institute of International Studies.
22 City of Monterey, “Draft Monterey Path of History Master Plan & Update,” 2020. 23 City of Monterey Planning Department and Commission, “Appendix 3B: Inventory of Proposed Path of History Sites,” May 11, 2020.
24 Refer to the lettering in Table 1.
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Name Period24 Theme & Brief Description
Miller Adobe
(580 Calle Principal)
D. Early
American
Monterey
Theme: Hispanic and Latino Sites & Stories
Description: One of the last adobe dwellings constructed in Monterey, the building is significant for its association with the history of the adjacent Gutierrez family and their adobe house.
The two houses shared a wall. In 1861, Ramona, the oldest child of Joaquin and Josefa Gutierrez, married John Miller. In 1874, the Millers built their adobe next to Ramona’s parents.
The Millers raised eight children in this house, and all of them attended the Colton Hall School across Pacific Street. The building features some Victorian-era elements such as bracket wood molding and raised side panels.
Few House
(504 Van Buren Street)
E. Victorian
Era Monterey
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: This lovely Queen Anne-style building on the corner of Jefferson Street was constructed about 1888 as the home of Charles and Agatha Few. Charles Few, born in
England, emigrated to California in 1884. After settling in Monterey, he engaged in the dairy business and later the livery business. He was a popular and prominent businessman who operated the Fashion Stables, where you could rent a buggy for a Sunday ride. He served as director of the Bank of Monterey and the Monterey Electric Light Company, and as a Monterey city trustee.25
Ordway Block Building
(398 Alvarado Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: Built by well-known pharmacist Frank Ordway, the Ordway Building was probably designed by William H. Weeks and was constructed in 1905. A well-restored example of late Victorian commercial architecture in Monterey, its second story displays five bays with fixed single-pane windows and stucco relief. Ordway Pharmacy was one of the oldest
continuously operating enterprises on Alvarado Street until the business relocated to its current location on Alvarado at Pearl.
25 Old Town Neighborhood Association of Monterey, “3 – Charles and Agatha Few House.” Accessed online July 20, 2022, https://oldtownmonterey.org/historic-homes-walk/charles-and-agatha-few-house/.
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Name Period24 Theme & Brief Description
Freeman’s Mortuary
(559 Pacific Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: Now the Monterey Museum of Art, the building was constructed in 1905 as J.E. Freeman’s Mortuary. In 1947, it became a municipal building and later served as a Monterey County courthouse and health department. The building was ultimately repurposed as an Art Museum soon after Carmel Arts Institute created a Monterey chapter of the American Federation of Arts in 1959. The museum features a series of art galleries displaying historic Monterey and California art and special exhibits.
Monterey County Bank
(Wells Fargo Bank)
(399 Alvarado Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: Designed by famed California architect William H.
Weeks in 1906 in a style suggesting California’s Spanish and Mexican architectural heritage, the Wells Fargo building is noted as one of the architecturally significant buildings in Monterey. Additions during the 1970s carefully preserved Weeks’ Spanish-inspired civic style. Building materials include Spanish tile, and the two-and-a-half story gabled central block is flanked by single-story wings.
Bergschicker House
(498 Van Buren Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: Built in 1908 in a mix of Colonial Revival, Edwardian, and Queen Anne architectural designs of the late Victorian Era, this blue jewel was originally the home of William Bergschicker and his family. In 1882, Bergschicker, a German brewer, arrived in Monterey where he operated the Monterey Brewery Company. He is credited with being one of the first to brew lager beer in California. In 1904, he built the Bergschicker Building (National Bank of Monterey) on Alvarado at Bonifacio.
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Name Period24 Theme & Brief Description
First Presbyterian Church
(400 West Franklin Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: The First Presbyterian Church (now the Monterey Center for Spiritual Living) is a large brick and stucco building at the corner of Franklin and Pacific Streets. Note the arched entrance on Franklin, the numerous windows and attention given to detail. The building was designed by William H. Weeks (1864-1936), who was well known for his monumental neoclassical style as well as his use of Gothic, Victorian, Spanish Mission, and Colonial features. Built in 1910, the church exemplifies Weeks’ emphasis on dignity, simplicity, and restraint. Described as the architect of “the plain citizen”, Weeks’ building plans were intended to serve simple, effective, practical goals. Alterations were made to the church in 1954 and stucco was applied in 1972.
Carnegie Library
(425 Van Buren Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: Constructed in the Mission Revival Style, the building was the first dedicated public library building in Monterey. Opened in 1911, the library was funded by Andrew Carnegie and designed by architect William H. Weeks. The Carnegie library building served as Monterey’s public library for 40 years and is currently owned by Middlebury Institute of International Studies (MIIS).
Rodrick House
(530 West Franklin Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Local Person of Importance
Description: A native of Maine, David Rodrick moved to
Monterey in 1885 from San Francisco and ordered the
construction of his home in 1910. Rodrick began his career by managing Hotel Del Monte’s barbershop but soon became one of the most prominent figures of Monterey during the
Victorian era (1880s to 1899). An ardent supporter of civic improvement, he became director of the Monterey & Pacific Grove Railway, sponsored the founding of the Bank of
Monterey, and participated in property investment and
development. Rodrick was chairman of Monterey’s City Board of Trustees.
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Name Period24 Theme & Brief Description
Monterey Firehouse
(414 Calle Principal)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: Built in an eclectic Mission Revival Style in 1910- 1911, the firehouse was originally designed to accommodate horses and horse-drawn fire wagons. The firehouse design was quickly changed when the firehouse was equipped with state-of-the-art fire equipment in 1911. Monterey’s first Fire Chief, the legendary William E. Parker, was largely responsible for the new firehouse and for creating and modernizing the Monterey Fire Department over his fifty years as chief. Today, the Old Firehouse building houses a restaurant.
Hank Ketcham’s Studio
(512 Pierce Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Local Person of Importance
Description: In 1983, Hank Ketcham, creator of the famous cartoon character Dennis the Menace, purchased this circa 1911 property and the adjacent Gordon House. He
refurbished the house as his studio and he and his assistant cartoonists worked there daily producing the popular cartoon strip for newspaper publication. In 1995, the City of Monterey acquired the studio and uses it for offices.
Christian Science Reading
Room
(266 Pearl Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: The Christian Science Reading Room, constructed in the 1920s, is a fine example of a local chalk rock (also known as Carmel stone) building designed and constructed by
Monterey builder James Clarence Anthony (1873-1949). Raised in Monterey since 1884, Anthony began construction work in 1919. The building is one of several built by Anthony in the 1920s when he reintroduced the use of chalk rock which had been used for garden walls and the lower part of adobe
buildings since the Mexican or Californio period. It is one of a cluster of chalk rock buildings on Pearl and Houston Streets designed by J. C. Anthony. Because of its attractive appearance and building qualities, chalk rock became a popular and easily identified characteristic of several Monterey buildings.
Anthony was also an important pioneer in the restoration of Monterey’s historic adobes.
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Name Period24 Theme & Brief Description
Sherman Rose Inn
(537 Houston Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: The quaint two-story Sherman Rose Inn is located across from the Robert Louis Stevenson House (French or Girardin Hotel). It is named for the “Sherman Rose” inn, which stood at the Bonifacio Adobe site (Alvarado and Bonifacio). In 1934, J.C. Anthony, using chalk rock (Carmel stone) techniques, built the inn for Greek immigrants Spiro and Jennie Catachi. He moved a 1914 wooden cottage back on the site, then raised it to form the second floor of the building, constructing the stone inn, which features recessed windows and doors, under and around it. Some of Monterey’s most famous historic
buildings, including the Royal Presidio Chapel and Colton Hall, are built with chalk rock (Monterey Shale). Anthony revived chalk rock buildings and craftsmanship. The Sherman Rose Inn continued to be used as an inn until 1945. Following its rehabilitation, Mayor Dan Albert dedicated the building in 2004. Today, it houses the offices of a landscape architect.
J.C. Anthony Building
(498 Washington
Street/241-245 Pearl Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture, Local Person of Importance
Description: The Monterey Peninsula Herald newspaper started in 1922, founded by Col. Allen Griffin. In 1927, the newspaper moved into its new stone-covered “Mediterranean-style
complex” at the corner of Washington and Pearl Streets.
Designed by architect A. Nostovich in 1926, it was built in 1927 by Monterey builder A. C. Anthony using his preferred local chalk rock (Carmel stone). The building features a “turret,” a recessed entrance with stone wings along Pearl and
Washington (today housing various shops), and originally had a Mission tile roof. “The Herald” is carved into the arched chalk rock panel above the main door. It was the home of the Herald from 1927 to 1953 when the newspaper moved to Pacific
Street. Besides being a journalist and the publisher and executive editor of the Herald Robert Allen Griffin (1893-1981) was an Army officer in two World Wars, served in government foreign service, campaigned for preservation and restoration of Monterey’s historic adobes, open spaces, and beautification.
A civic activist, he served on various committees and boards, including the California Bicentennial Commission.
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Name Period24 Theme & Brief Description
Professional Building
(201-215 Franklin
Street/406-408 Calle
Principal)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: The Professional Building, built by Los Angeles architect H.J. Knauer in 1928, is a five story, L-shaped concrete building with terracotta detailing. Note the pattern of a series of rectangular windows alternating with columns. The building is also notable for the ornamental moldings above the
windows suggesting art nouveau styling added to a
“skyscraper aesthetic.” Public access is through the shops on the street level and through the building’s Franklin Street main entrance with its half-shell details and ornamental shield. For many years, the building was also known as the Spazer
Development Building. In the lobby is an elevator, the first elevator installed in an office building in Monterey. It is one of the few examples of skyscraper architecture in the city.
Mary Corning Winslow Black
Studio House
(556 Abrego Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: The Black Studio House is a beautiful two-story example of Monterey Spanish Colonial Revival architecture with its highly decorative wood posts, carved door lintels, and wrought iron grilles and gates. The Studio overlooks a walled garden and courtyard. In 1930, well-known artist Mary Corning Winslow Black, working with her future husband R. Douglas Morrison, designed the building. Morrison relied on his knowledge of Spanish Colonial architecture gained during his extended residence in Central America. Black originally came to Monterey in 1923, purchasing the adjacent Casa Abrego, which became her home. She restored the adobe and its
gardens, added brick sidewalks and rows of trees along
Abrego and Webster Streets. Black’s Studio House reflects her artistic sensibility in its design and with its placement between two treasured adobes, Casa Abrego and the Stevenson House.
Black was a member of the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors, San Francisco Art Association, and was an early director of the Carmel Art Association. She exhibited at the Carmel Art Association gallery and at the Del Monte Art Gallery in Hotel Del Monte. In the early 1930s, she sold her personal collection of paintings and gave the resulting funds to the Monterey Chamber of Commerce for city beautification projects. She died in 1943. The house continued as a residence until the mid-1950s, and now serves as a commercial office.
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Name Period24 Theme & Brief Description
Monterey Post Office
(565 Hartnell Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: The Monterey Post Office is the most recent example of United State post offices in Monterey, which began in 1849 (before statehood in 1850) with the establishment of the first post office on Alvarado Street. In 1932, William Otis Raiguel and James Wetmore designed the post office to be built on Hartnell Street. It features brown brick façade and a covered entrance with two extending side wings of whitestuccoed brick. The building’s Neoclassical details promote a sense of dignity for the structure. The entrance is supported by four marble Doric columns and is approached from the sidewalk by a large area paved in brick. Two glazed ceramic tile mosaics, created by Stanton Willard in 1933 during the New Deal, are embedded in the inner walls of the entrance and depict two major events in Monterey’s history: the raising of the American flag at Monterey by “The Forces of Commander Sloat” on July 7, 1946 and “The Landing of Sebastian Vizcaino at Monterey, December 16, 1602.”
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NEW CULTURAL HERITAGE WALKS
After intensive review of the existing Path of History program, the 55 points of interest clearly exemplify Monterey’s Mexican and Early American periods of development. Inclusion of places established and resources constructed before and after these periods is limited, yet equally vital to Monterey’s developmental history. The following sections provide an overview of two routes proposed for addition to the existing Path of History program, using a social justice lens to include more diverse stories and perspectives.
PEARL DISTRICT CULTURAL HERITAGE WALK
Background History
Monterey’s historic Pearl District is generally bounded on the north by Del Monte Avenue, on the east by Camino El Estero, on the south by Webster Street, and on the west by Figueroa Street (Figure 11). Originally the eastern outskirts of early twentieth-century Monterey, this area initially developed as a mixed-use center for various immigrant communities, particularly Japanese, Chinese, and Sicilian fishermen. The historic intersection at Washington and East Franklin Streets, to the west of the Pearl District, was the epicenter of late 1800s and early 1900s Japanese and Chinese businesses outside of the fishing industry, as seen in the 1905 and 1912 Sanborn maps (Figure 12 and Figure 13). This grouping of immigrant-owned businesses likely perpetuated the physical expansion of the Pearl District as well as ethnic and cultural acceptance within downtown Monterey.
This mixed-use neighborhood was conveniently located between the fishing operations at Fisherman’s Wharf (and later Cannery Row) to its northwest and the service-oriented positions at the Hotel Del Monte to its east – both major employers of immigrant labor during the early twentieth century.
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Figure 11: The Pearl District, shaded in green, and its proximity to the Washington-East Franklin intersection, marked in red. This intersection was an early important location of Chinese and Japanese businesses and spurred the eastward expansion of the Pearl District as an immigrant enclave. Source: Google Maps, edited by Page & Turnbull.
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Figure 12: 1905 Sanborn map edited to show the density of Chinese and Japanese businesses and residences anchored at the intersection of East Franklin and Washington Streets with Chinese- and Japaneseowned/operated buildings outlined in dashed black. Source: Sanborn Map Company, via FIMo, San Francisco Public Library. Edited by Page & Turnbull.
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Figure 13: 1912 Sanborn map edited to show the density of Chinese and Japanese businesses and residences anchored at the intersection of East Franklin and Washington Streets with Chinese- and Japaneseowned/operated buildings outlined in dashed black. Source: Sanborn Map Company, via FIMo, San Francisco Public Library. Edited by Page & Turnbull.
The first detailed maps of the Pearl District appear in 1926 from the Sanborn Map Company. At this time, the blocks remained vacant or sparsely covered. One-story residences occupied the southern blocks of the district, while the Tynan Lumber Company occupied the northern block generally bounded by Del Monte Avenue, East Franklin Street, and Cortes Street (Figure 14). By 1962, blocks were in-filled with dense development with the southern blocks retaining a residential character and commercial buildings in the northern blocks (Figure 15). While most residences continued to be Alvarado Street
Tyler Street
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one-story, wood-framed buildings, several apartment buildings were located along Pearl Street near Camino El Estero. The El Estero Presbyterian Church was constructed at 691 Pearl Street in 1926 and was an early anchor for the Japanese community in the Pearl District. The ballfield, today known as Jacks Park, was another early community gathering space (Figure 16).
Figure 14: 1926 Sanborn map cropped to show the
Pearl District. Source: San Francisco Public Library.
Figure 15: 1962 Sanborn map cropped to show the
Pearl District. Source: San Francisco Public Library.
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Figure 16: 1945 aerial photograph of the Pearl District with Jacks Park at the center and the East Franklin and Washington Street intersection indicated in red. Today’s Pearl District boundaries are marked in dashed green.
Source: Fairchild Aerial Surveys, Flight C-9820, Frame 60 (1945). Courtesy of the UCSB Library Geospatial Collection. Edited by Page & Turnbull.
Recommended Points of Interest
The following 13 points of interest, outlined in Table 4, are proposed for a self-guided walking path of Monterey’s Pearl District. To organize these points in a logical and accessible walking tour format, the following approximately one-and-a-quarter mile route is suggested (Figure 17). These points are thematically linked for their connection to Monterey’s various immigrant communities from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. On this walk through the Pearl District, visitors will view the buildings, recreational spaces, and cultural sites associated with the area’s multicultural roots and influences. Given the Pearl District’s proximity to the estuary, now El Estero Lake, the
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greenspace along its western shore (parallel to the east side of Camino El Estero) provides scenic views that could be interspersed with public art and/or interpretive signage to interject Native histories and stories from the Esselen, Rumsen, and Ohlone-Costanoan tribes.
The brief descriptions provided in the table below connect each site to a theme and outline its correlation to the broader developmental history of Monterey. The City of Monterey intends to develop more thorough interpretive content (e.g., text for signage, audio recordings for the cell phone app, etc.) in future steps of the project.
TABLE 4: PEARL DISTRICT CULTURAL HERITAGE WALK
Stop Name Period26 Theme & Brief Description
1 Intersection of East
Franklin Street and
Washington Street
E. Victorian
Era
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: Following the Chinese fishing village fire at Mussel Point (also known as China Point) in 1906, several Chinese families relocated to Monterey’s western outskirts anchored around the East Franklin-Washington Streets
intersection. From 1910 through the 1950s, these
crossroads hosted a cluster of some of Monterey’s earliest Japanese- and Chinese-owned and operated businesses.
While the buildings are no longer extant, this historically commercial intersection once included a compact
collection of boardinghouses, saloons and billiard parlors, stores, and restaurants that catered to Monterey’s early Asian immigrant communities.
2 Japanese American
Citizens League Hall
(424 Adams Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: The JACL Hall was constructed in 1926 by the Nihonjinkai (Japanese Association). The building served as an early cultural and social center for Monterey’s Issei (first generation to immigrate to California from Japan)
community, predominately abalone divers and fishermen
who concentrated their residences within the Pearl
District. A Japanese hotel was originally located on the neighboring parcel, now demolished.
26 Refer to the lettering in Table 1.
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Stop Name Period26 Theme & Brief Description
3 Jacks Park
(451 Adams Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: Jacks Park is named for one of Monterey’s
early prominent businessmen, David Jacks. The park has
served the Pearl District’s immigrant communities, most notably Japanese and Sicilian, as a ball field, with baseball games as a unifying activity for the neighborhood since the 1890s.
27 The community activities hosted therein
aided immigrants in their assimilation to American life.
The ballpark first formally appears on the 1926 Sanborn map of the area, inclusive of bleachers and a small
grandstand. The parcel was deeded to the City of
Monterey in 1928 by Mary Jacks Thomas with the
stipulation it only be used for public recreation.
4 Watanabe House (503
Pearl Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: This 1920s bungalow, built by J.C. Anthony, is representative of the architecture of the Pearl District as it was built to accommodate Monterey’s growing Asian
immigrant communities in the early twentieth century.
Tajuro Watanabe (1900-1989) worked as a fisherman and
later a "forest laborer" for Del Monte Properties. He was a pioneer and mentor to many in the Monterey abalone
industry and was active in the Japanese American Citizens League, the Issei-Kai, and a founder of the Monterey
Peninsula Buddhist Temple. His wife Eiko (1899-1986) cut fish for a packinghouse.28 With their two daughters, the Watanabe family lived here from 1926 until 1964, except during the 1942 to 1945 incarceration of persons of
Japanese ancestry during World War II.
27 ARG, “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey” (2012), 75. 28 US Federal Census, multiple years. Accessed online June 14, 2023, ancestry.com.
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Stop Name Period26 Theme & Brief Description
5 Sunrise Market
(590 Pearl Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: This building was constructed in 1914 and
was the final location of Sunrise Market, which operated from 1919 to 2002. First known as Sunrise Brothers,
partners Torakichi Tabata and Tonosuke Esaki
concentrated on the sale of fishing supplies, general
merchandise, and some traditional Japanese food items.
In 1935, Tabata became the sole owner, but was forced to leave Monterey due to World War II’s internment policies for Japanese citizens. He returned in 1946, opened three new locations, and focused on Japanese grocery items.29 6 WWII USO Building
(600 Camino El
Estero)
G. World War
II & Postwar
Theme: Military History
Description: Constructed in 1941, this wood-framed
building was built along Webster Street as the
headquarters for recreational activities of army enlistees when away from their duties at nearby military
establishments. The building was designed not just to
house the United Service Organization (USO), but also
provided office space for the local YMCA, the YWCA, and the Travelers Aid Service – all affiliates of the USO.30 Today, the building is used as the YMCA of the Monterey Peninsula.
7 Royal Presidio Chapel
(500 Church Street) B. Spanish
Theme: Hispanic/Latino Sites & Stories
Description: Completed in 1794, the Royal Presidio Chapel of San Carlos Borromeo was the first cathedral
constructed in the state of California. Its primary exterior walls, carved façade, and much of the interior are the
original stone structure, while the belltower was a later addition. The transepts date to 1858.31 It has served as the traditional place of worship for Monterey’s Spanish, Mexican, and later Sicilian communities. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1961. Across Church Street, previously the site of San Carlos School and now play
fields, tribal artifacts have been discovered, which
evidence Native settlement and activities predating this Spanish-era site.
29 Yamada, David T. and the Oral History Committee of the Monterey Peninsula JACL, “The Japanese of the Monterey Peninsula: Their History & Legacy 1895-1995,” 70. 30 Monterey Peninsula Herald, “USO Building in Monterey Will House Varied Functions,” December 19, 1941. 31 San Carlos Cathedral, “About Our Parish,” accessed online August 24, 2023, https://sancarloscathedral.org/about.
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Stop Name Period26 Theme & Brief Description
8 Marsh’s Oriental Art
Store
(650 Camino El
Estero)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: George T. Marsh and his daughter Lucy
Wyckoff Marsh ordered the construction of this Szechuanstyle walled residential compound in 1928. It operated as an Asian art store, showcasing the architecture, textiles, and gardens of northern China. This location was one of three Marsh’s Oriental Art Store locations with the other two being in San Francisco and Santa Barbara.
9 Lake El Estero
A – Present:
Indigenous to
Present
Theme: Indigenous Sites & Stories
Meaning “the estuary” in English, El Estero was originally a lagoon filled with brackish water. It was fed by two inland freshwater streams, and another connected it to the
saltwater of Monterey Bay. The Rumsen people fished the lagoon and hunted the surrounding land, which was
abundant with waterfowl and deer. In 1770, the first map of Lake El Estero was made by Miguel Costanso, a Spanish officer and engineer in the first expedition to California.32 The lagoon flooded constantly, and in 1846, Walter Colton, a chaplain for the US Navy, found a solution to the
flooding problems. In his diary he wrote that “…it would be a good scheme to cut a channel between the two” (the lagoon and Monterey Bay).
33 In April 1874, the Monterey
and Salinas Valley Railroad was built, which permanently cut off the stream connecting El Estero to the Bay. This halted flooding and turned the lagoon into the freshwater lake viewed today.
32 Wikipedia contributors. "Lake El Estero." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 17 Jun. 2023. Accessed online August 8, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lake_El_Estero&id=1160649223&wpFormIdentifier=titl eform.
33 Colton, Walter (1850). Three Years in California [1846-1849]. AS Barnes.
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Stop Name Period26 Theme & Brief Description
10 El Estero Presbyterian
Church (490 Camino
El Estero)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: El Estero Presbyterian Church was
constructed in 1926 by J.C. Anthony with a predominately Japanese labor force and was originally known as the
Japanese Church of Christ. The church supported the
establishment of a Japanese residential neighborhood in the southern portion of the Pearl District (between
Figueroa Street and Camino El Estero), known as the
Robinson Subdivision. The church was a spiritual anchor for the Japanese immigrant community through World
War II and remains an anchor today.
11 African American USO
Building
(629 Pearl Street)
F. Early 20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories, Black/African American Sites & Stories, Military History
Description: The African American USO Building was
constructed in 1941 in conjunction with the USO Building on Webster Street, which served white servicemen. The
facility was managed by leadership from the Negro YMCA.
In the mid-1950s, the building was known as Bricklayers Hall. It has operated as a community center for
Monterey’s Filipino community since the 1950s and is
known today as the Filipino Hall.
12 California’s First
French Consulate
Building
(401 Camino El
Estero)
C. Mexican
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: The French Consulate constructed this adobe in the 1840s, when Monterey was the old capital of Alta California. Its goal was to protect the interests of French residents of California. Originally located at Fremont and Abrego Streets, it served as the French Consulate until 1859, when operations relocated to Los Angeles. In 1934, the City of Monterey relocated the building to its present site for preservation.
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Stop Name Period26 Theme & Brief Description
13 Pete’s Net Storage
(571 East Franklin
Street)
G. World War
II & Postwar
Eras
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Originally used to store the commercial fishing nets of local boat crews in the off-season, the one-story
warehouse was constructed in 1940 for Pietro Maiorano,
known as Pete. The 103-foot by 140-foot building was
constructed by contractors Elio and Vassalo.34 Pete was born on the island of Marettimo, Italy in 1900 and
immigrated to the United States in 1922. He was a lifelong fisherman and specialized in commercial sardine fishing once he settled in Monterey. Pete died in 1959, and by the 1970s the building had been renovated to accommodate
various commercial tenants.
Walking Directions and Map
The following walking directions and map provide step-by-step guidance to navigate the proposed Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk. Public facilities, including parking areas, public transportation stops, and restrooms, are noted on the map following. The Downtown East Garage (340 Tyler Street) is the most convenient public parking facility for this walk and is also a stop on the Monterey-Salinas Transit (MST) Trolley line.35
1. This walk begins at the intersection of East Franklin Street and Washington Street, which is located at the southeast corner of the block containing the Downtown East Garage.
2. From the intersection of East Franklin Street and Washington Street, proceed east on the south side of East Franklin Street to turn right on Adams Street. The Japanese American Citizens League Hall (424 Adams Street) will be on the right side of Adams Street about halfway down the block.
3. Jacks Park (451 Adams Street) occupies the full block on the left side of Adams Street.
4. Continue south along Adams Street and turn left on Pearl Street, remaining on the north side of Pearl Street, crossing Figueroa Street. The Watanabe House (503 Pearl Street) is on the northeast corner of Pearl Street and Figueroa Street. 34 Campbell, Albert for Monterey Peninsula Herald, “Along the Waterfront,” June 1, 1940. 35 More information on the seasonal and complimentary MST Trolley can be found at https://mst.org/routes/montereytrolley/.
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5. Continue east on Pearl Street to Cortes Street. Sunrise Market (590 Pearl Street) is on the southwest corner of Pearl Street and Cortes Street.
6. Turn right to walk south on Cortes Street until it dead ends at Webster Street. Cross to the south side of Webster Street. The World War II USO Building (600 Camino El Estero) is south-southeast of this intersection.
Consider proceeding slightly east on Webster Street to get a better view of the building.
7. Walk west on Webster Street toward Figueroa Street. Turn left to walk south on Figueroa Street for one block, and then turn left to walk east on Church Street. The Royal Presidio Chapel (500 Church Street) is on the south side of Church Street.
This is a fairly large campus with multiple school buildings, but the cathedral stands out with its belltower and Mission-style parapet topped with a slender cross. Stop into their Heritage Center, also located at 500 Church Street, if time permits. Entry is free to the public and showcases artifacts excavated during its rehabilitation in the 2000s.
8. Continue east on Church Street, which turns south to become Cortes Street. Notice the unique parapet design and walled courtyard on the left (east) side of Cortes Street. Turn left on Fremont Street and continue to the intersection with Camino El Estero. Marsh’s Oriental Art Store (650 Camino El Estero) occupies the corner lot between Cortes Street, Fremont Street, and Camino El Estero. Its main entrance is near the intersection of Fremont Street and Camino El Estero.
9. Continue east on Fremont Street, crossing Camino El Estero. Turn left to head north on Camino El Estero following the sidewalk or the paved walking path along the shore of Lake El Estero. Lake El Estero is on the right as you continue north along Camino El Estero or the lake’s western shore.
EXTENDED ROUTE: If time permits, consider extending the route after stop #8 (Marsh’s Art Store at 650 Camino El Estero) to follow the existing self-guided tour of Cementerio El Encinal (798 Fremont Street). As Monterey’s oldest cemetery, the tour highlights the gravesites of the city’s notable locals as well as a Chinese burial ground. After completing the Cementario El Encinal tour, head north to Pearl Street to follow it west, crossing El Estero Lake (stop #9 on the Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk). Continue west on Pearl Street, crossing Camino El Estero, to resume the Pearl District walk at stop #10 (El Estero Presbyterian Church at 490 Camino El Estero). See Figure 17.
10. Proceed north along Camino El Estero, crossing Pearl Street. Turn left on Pearl Street and stay on the north side of the street. El Estero Presbyterian Church (490 Camino El Estero) is on the right at the corner of Camino El Estero and Pearl Street.
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11. Continue west on Pearl Street to the next building. The African American USO Building (629 Pearl Street) is on the right.
12. Backtrack to Camino El Estero, crossing the street to walk north on Camino El Estero along its east side. California’s First French Consulate (401 Camino El Estero) is on the right.
13. Continue north on Camino El Estero to the intersection with East Franklin Street. Turn left on East Franklin Street and walk west along the north side of East Franklin Street. Continue for one block, crossing Cortes Street. Pete’s Net Storage building (571 East Franklin Street) is on the right.
Continue west on East Franklin Street to return to the starting point of this walk, the Downtown East Garage, or to catch an MST trolley.
Figure 17: Map of the Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk including the extension for the self-guided Cementerio El Encinal tour portion in blue. Parking areas are marked in yellow, MST Trolley stops are marked in green, and public restrooms are marked in teal.
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NEW MONTEREY CULTURAL HERITAGE WALK
Background History
New Monterey is generally bounded by Foam Street to the northeast, Private Bolio Road and Hoffman Avenue to the south, Devisadero Street to the southwest, and David Avenue and Reservoir Line Street on the northwest (Figure 18). A Chinese fishing village was established on Mussel Point in 1853, and by 1861 Portuguese shore-whalers were active in the area with their operations centered at McAbee Beach.36 The arrival of the Monterey and Salinas Valley Railroad in 1874 expanded the number of accessible markets for the increasing amount of fishing exports; it also brought new waves of immigrants looking to profit from Monterey Bay’s abundant ocean harvests, specifically Italian (predominately Sicilian and Genoese) and Japanese fishermen. The New Monterey area developed slowly, despite being subdivided in the 1880s with residential and tourism-based speculation in mind. It remained largely undeveloped through 1912 with a scattering of mostly onestory, wood-framed, single-family houses, despite the decade from 1900 to 1910 being the period in which Monterey experienced the largest population increase in its history (Figure 19).
Figure 18: Map of New Monterey. Source: Google, edited by Page & Turnbull. 36 Mussel Point was also known as “Point Alones” (originally spelled Point Ohlones) and as “China Point.” This historic Chinese settlement was located near the present-day site of the Hopkins Marine Station and spread towards the present-day location of the Hovden Cannery and Monterey Bay Aquarium. The word alones was a Spanish derivation of a Rumsien word for abalone.
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Figure 19: The primary subdivisions of New Monterey. Source: Architectural Resources Group.
Cannery Row lies between the New Monterey neighborhood and the coastline. This conglomeration of fishing warehouses, canneries, sardine reduction plants, and fertilizer plants became an industrial fixture in early twentieth century Monterey. These facilities became primary employers of the growing immigrant labor force, many of whom built residences in the street grid up the hill, convenient to their place of work (Figure 20 and Figure 21). Canneries were said to blow their unique horns to beckon employees to the job site to unload and process the arriving boat’s fresh haul. Cannery Row as a New Monterey employment center stimulated infill residential development in a northeast-to-southwest pattern, which in turn supported a robust commercial thoroughfare along Lighthouse Avenue. Early businesses included lumber and planing mills, laundries, a creamery, a bakery, grocers and butchers, auto-centric businesses, and a pool hall. A public school, a library, a hospital, and the First Baptist Church were constructed for the New Monterey community by 1926. By 1949, the First Christian Church, a labor temple, machine shops, and multi-family apartments were constructed along Lighthouse Avenue.
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Figure 20: 1926 Sanborn map edited to show the Chinese settlement in New Monterey (razed by 1949), outlined in dashed black. Source: Sanborn Map Company, via FIMo, San Francisco Public Library.
Edited by Page & Turnbull.
Figure 21: 1926 Sanborn map edited to show a cluster of Japanese-owned homes and boat shop in New Monterey, outlined in dashed black. Source: Sanborn Map Company, via FIMo, San Francisco Public Library.
Edited by Page & Turnbull. Hoffman Avenue
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Recommended Points of Interest
The 19 points within the proposed New Monterey walking route, outlined in Table 5, aim to share the histories associated with the neighborhood’s late nineteenth century architecture, early twentieth century development as a specialized fishing-based economy, and the role of BIPOC communities therein. On this walk through the broader New Monterey area, visitors will view the cultural sites and commercial and industrial buildings associated with the city’s phases of development and multicultural influences. To organize many of these points and others within the Lower Presidio Historic Park and Cannery Row in a logical and accessible format, the following approximately one-and-a-quarter-mile, one-way route is suggested (Figure 22 and Figure 23).
The brief descriptions provided in the table below connect each site to a theme and outline its correlation to the broader developmental history of Monterey. The City of Monterey intends to develop more thorough interpretive content (e.g., text for signage, audio recordings for the cell phone app, etc.) in future steps of the project.
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TABLE 5: NEW MONTEREY CULTURAL HERITAGE WALK
Stop Name Period37 Theme & Brief Description
1 Bear Flag Building
(647 Cannery Row)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: This two-story commercial building on the inland side of Cannery Row is part of the former Ocean View Hotel annex, established by business partners M.C. Wu and C.M. Sam. It was constructed in 1929 as an expansion of the main hotel, which was located on the bay side of the street and constructed in 1927. Its tiled, pagoda-like roof with flared eaves, exposed wood rafter ends, light wells, and second-story wood loggia are all architectural features that represent an interpretation of traditional Chinese built forms. Its exoticism reflects the leisure industry’s reliance on such devices to tempt tourists. By 1947, the building was known as the Venice Apartments, a name that alluded to its superficial Mediterranean Revival makeover: the entire exterior was stuccoed while the first-floor commercial spaces, denoted by storefront windows, were clad in a mix of board-and-batten siding and stucco. It was later renamed the “Bear Flag” building in homage to Steinbeck’s novel, Cannery Row, in which a Bear Flag restaurant and brothel was operated by a character named Dora. Although the building has been altered several times, it is significant for its relationship to the McAbee Beach Chinatown, established in 1907 after the abandonment of China Point to the northwest.
38 2
McAbee Beach
(1 Hoffman
Avenue)
E. Victorian
Era
Monterey
From the California Gold Rush era to nearly the turn of the twentieth century, McAbee Beach was used as a whaling station by Portuguese Azorean shore-whalers. The harvested blubber was boiled down to extract oil for use in lamps. In the 1890s, John McAbee founded a short-lived seaside resort of sorts here, offering small cottages, tents, and boats for rent. Following the Chinese fishing village fire at Mussel Point in 1906, some of those displaced Chinese residents leased land at McAbee Beach to create a new fishing village, including reusing old resort cabins and moving houses and the temple from the original fishing village.
37 Refer to the lettering in Table 1. 38 Society of Architectural Historians, “Bear Flag Building,” accessed online August 25, 2023, https://saharchipedia.org/buildings/CA-01-053-0015-02.
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Stop Name Period37 Theme & Brief Description
3 Monterey Canning
Company
(711 Cannery Row)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: Founded and built by George Harper and Alexander MacMillan Allan from 1917–1918, the Monterey Canning
Company complex was erected on the former site of the
Monterey Fish Canning Company, which was owned and operated by Chinese immigrants from 1910 to 1916. The complex
comprises two buildings: the large cannery on the east (bay) side of Cannery Row and the smaller warehouse on the west (inland) side. The two are connected by an elevated, enclosed conveyor belt that spans the street. After Japanese marine biologist Genosuke Kodani discovered abalone at Point Lobos, California in 1898, he and Allan established the Point Lobos Abalone Company in 1918 and hired Japanese fishermen to fish and dive for abalone.39 The Monterey Canning Company cannery burned in 1978 and was rebuilt, but the warehouse and overcrossing are original.40
4 Pacific Biological
Laboratories
(800 Cannery Row)
F – G. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
through
World War
II &
Postwar
Theme: Local Person of Importance
Description: This is where Dr. Edward Ricketts (1897-1948) lived and ran his business, the Pacific Biological Laboratories (PBL). PBL was a biological supply house that sold preserved animals and prepared specimen microscope slides, many of which were of maritime aquatic species, to schools, museums, and research institutions. The building, activities, and business were fictionalized as "Western Biological Laboratory" by John Steinbeck in his novel Cannery Row, as was a character based on Ed Ricketts. 39 Santa Cruz Trains, “Cannery Row: Monterey Canning Company,” accessed online August 25, 2023, https://www.santacruztrains.com/2016/09/cannery-row-monterey-canning-company_30.html. 40 Architectural Resources Group. “Final Cannery Row Cultural Resources Survey Report Document.” Prepared for the City of Monterey, California, 2001. Accessed online June 27, 2023, https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/CA-01-053-0015-01.
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Stop Name Period37 Theme & Brief Description
5 Wing Chong
Building
(835 Cannery Row)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Constructed in 1918, this two-story rectangular building with shiplap siding is the former Wing Chong Company general store.
The business—whose name means “glorious successful”—was founded by Won Yee (d. 1934), who emigrated from China in 1913. Yee was pivotal in developing the process to dry squid for export to China. The grocery was more like a general store that served the cannery workers: besides selling food products, it offered items such as work gloves and fishing gear. By 1937, the family business had expanded into the Yock H. Yee Restaurant as well as a grocery.41 Its interior light wells in the center of the building are a traditional Chinese architectural design feature, while the second-story cantilevered balcony is a notable exterior feature. Today, the building is occupied by various retail shops. 6 Sea Pride Packing
Corporation
(807 Cannery Row)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Sea Pride Packing Corporation was a sardine-packing plant entirely owned and operated by Japanese-Americans in the 1920s, primarily the Oda family. Its facilities were severely damaged by fire in 1926 and totally destroyed by fire in 1930. During rebuilding, facilities were expanded to include an inland warehouse, which connected to the oceanside cannery via an elevated conveyor belt. In 1945, Sea Pride was sold to the New York-based Atlantic Coast Fisheries and remained in operation until at least 1951. Another fire in 1980 burned the oceanside facilities to the ground, though the inland warehouse was spared.
Today, the warehouse has been transformed to commercial space and is branded “Cannery Row Trading Company.”42
41 Society of Architectural Historians, “Wing Chong Building,” accessed online August 25, 2023, https://saharchipedia.org/buildings/CA-01-053-0015-07. 42 Whaley, “Cannery Row: Sea Pride Packing Corporation,” accessed online September 19, 2023, https://www.santacruztrains.com/2016/12/cannery-row-sea-pride-packing.html.
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Stop Name Period37 Theme & Brief Description
7 Cannery Worker
Shacks
(799 Cannery Row)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: This series of small, reconstructed houses represents typical dwellings of Japanese fishermen and Filipino cannery workers in Monterey in the 1920s and 1930s. Filipinos were attracted in large numbers to California after the 1924 Immigration Act excluded the Japanese, who had been a major part of the state’s agricultural labor force. By the 1930s, as many as 35,000 Filipinos worked in California’s fields, hotels, restaurants, and private homes. Japanese participation in the Monterey fishing industry was interrupted at the outset of World War II, when their boats were impounded, and they were forcibly relocated to internment camps for the duration of the conflict.
Many of these Japanese families returned to Monterey following the conclusion of World War II.
8 Site of Lone Star
Café
(799 Cannery Row)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Local Person of Importance
This site once contained the Lone Star Café, Cannery Row’s most infamous brothel operated by Madam Flora Woods. Woods was born Maria Florina Silva on April 9, 1876 in Carmel Valley, California to an Azorean whaling father and a Mexican-immigrant mother. She married Charles Woods from Texas in 1895, for which she named the Lone Star Café, though it was simply known locally as “Flora’s.”43 The bordello operated from 1923 until 1941, when California Attorney General Earl Warren ordered all brothels in the state closed due to the ongoing war. While the business is immortalized in John Steinbeck’s Cannery Row and Sweet Thursday novels, Woods and one of her working girls is represented in the Cannery Row Monument east of the
intersection of Prescott Avenue and Cannery Row. Woods died in 1948.
9 Homesite of Jone
Quock Mui
(774 Wave Street)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories, Local Person of Importance This site was once the home of the Jone family. Quock Mui (1859- 1936) was born at Point Lobos to Cantonese fishermen who sailed to California in 1851 on a seagoing junk. She had an aptitude for languages. By the time she married fisherman Jone Yow Hoy in 1876, she was able to speak five languages, earning the nickname “Spanish Mary.” When the Jones moved to 774 Wave Street in 1924, Quock Mui facilitated communication among the various immigrant communities that fished Monterey Bay and worked along Cannery Row.
43 Carmel Foundation, “The World of Flora Woods,” accessed online August 24, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51blU6FjVn8.
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Stop Name Period37 Theme & Brief Description
10 Mariposa Hall
(801 Lighthouse
Avenue)
E. Victorian
Era
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: Constructed in 1891, Mariposa Hall served as an important early social center for the New Monterey community.
The building boasted two billiard rooms (one for ladies), a bowling alley, as well as a dance floor on the second story. It also served as a reading room and commissary for the Ninth Cavalry, Squadron One (Buffalo Soldiers) while they were encamped near Mussel Point between 1902 and 1904. The building’s recreational use was short‐lived, following criticism from pious members of the Pacific Grove community and the failure of plans for a nearby hotel and bathhouse to materialize and attract more patrons.
O.W. Palmer purchased the building in 1904 and converted it to a furniture store, which it remained into the 1970s.44
11 Carpenters Labor
Union Hall
(778 Hawthorne
Street)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites and Stories
The original wood-frame hall that housed Monterey’s local Carpenters Labor Union #1323 was constructed by 1926.
45 In
1949, the building was rebuilt of “basalite and stucco” to match the original building’s footprint. 46 The Carpenters Labor Union name and signet are visible above the primary entrance on the building’s southwest façade. In the early twentieth century, carpentry was one of the most common occupations among
residents of New Monterey and likely included immigrants of various backgrounds.
12 799 Hawthorne
Street
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
This Queen Anne cottage was constructed in 1908 near the rear of the lot facing Irving Avenue (addressed 407 Irving Avenue). The lot was subdivided, and the house was moved to front Hawthorne Street (addressed 731 Hawthorne Street) sometime between 1912 and 1926, according to Sanborn maps. According to City Directories, the Jone family resided at this home since 1947 and Pearl F. Jone et. al. maintains ownership at present. Albert and Pearl Jone were both born in California of Chinese descent and worked at nearby canneries – Albert as a warehouseman and Pearl as a cutter.47
44 Architectural Resources Group, “New Monterey Historic Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey,” August 2013, 27. 45 Monterey Peninsula Herald, “Carpenters Looking For A Contractor,” March 12, 1949. Accessed online September 19, 2023, Monterey Public Library Digital Reel
(https://dr652d.bmiimaging.com/index/index?datasetName=Monterey%20Public%20Library). 46 Sanborn map, 1926. 47 US Federal Census, 1950. Accessed online September 26, 2023, ancestry.com.
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Stop Name Period37 Theme & Brief Description
13 Colburn House
(403 Prescott
Avenue)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: Orville Parley Colburn (1858-1931) constructed his Folk-style home with Craftsman detailing in 1910. Originally from Iowa, Colburn came to the Monterey Peninsula about 1906 and farmed on Dr. Grattan’s ranch on Linden Road.48 Eventually, he went into the mercantile business and became a prominent grocer in Monterey. He also held interest in a local lumber company. This home, along with the neighboring house and the Old First Baptists Church, constitute the only remaining intact block of 1910s-era buildings in New Monterey.
14 St. Mark Coptic
Orthodox Church
(698 Laine Street)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Architecture
Description: Originally known as the First Baptist Church and the Peninsula Baptist Church, this Arts-and-Crafts-style building was constructed circa 1910. It features a square belltower and arched windows with Gothic patterning. It remained a Baptist church through at least 1962 and became associated with the Coptic Orthodox Church in 2003.49 Coptic Orthodox is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church based in Egypt, serving Africa and the Middle East. Across the street, 700 Laine Street was the original location of the New Monterey Branch Library building (stop #14). 15 Monterey
Peninsula Hospital
(543 Lighthouse
Avenue)
E. Victorian
Era
Theme: Architecture
Originally used as the Bay View Hotel, this building was constructed in 1904. It was converted to Monterey’s first general use public hospital in 1909 and became known as the Monterey Peninsula Hospital in 1918.50
16 Green Mansion
(361 Lighthouse
Avenue)
E. Victorian
Era
Theme: Architecture
Description: This Moorish Revival style house is likely the oldest extant structure in New Monterey, constructed in 1887. Harry Ashland Green, known colloquially as “Tin Can Harry,” was an important figure in the development of New Monterey. He was a member of the Monterey and Pacific Grove Street Railway and Electric Power Company’s board of directors and president of the Monterey Electric Light and Development Company. A carriage house is associated with this residence, located at 320 Hawthorne Street. It was added to the Green property in 1892 along with a barn, now demolished. The buildings predate the era in which the New Monterey neighborhood became a multi-cultural residential neighborhood for those working at the nearby canneries. 48 Stockton Evening and Sunday Record, “Former Farmer Is Dead at Monterey,” October 12, 1931. 49 Monterey Peninsula Herald, “Peninsula Baptist Church” advertisement, June 30, 1962. 50 Architectural Resources Group, “New Monterey Historic Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey” (August 2013), 40.
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Stop Name Period37 Theme & Brief Description
17 New Monterey
Branch Library
(280 Dickman
Avenue)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
Description: In 1931, the New Monterey Branch Library building was designed and built in the California adobe style at 700 Laine Street. As the residential component of the New Monterey neighborhood blossomed in the early decades of the twentieth century, the library became a primary community amenity for its majority immigrant resident families. The building was relocated near the corner of Lighthouse Avenue and Dickman Avenue in 1958, at which time Sholze Park Center was also created. 18 Aeneas Sardine
Products
Company
(300 Cannery Row)
G. World
War II &
Postwar
Eras
Theme: Immigrant Sites & Stories
The Aeneas Sardine Products Company was founded in 1945 by Italian immigrants Frank Lucido and Orazio Enea. Typical of canneries on the Row, its facilities spanned both sides of the street with the east building housing the processing floor and cannery and the west building acting as a warehouse for finished products. The two buildings were connected by an elevated crossover.51 The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
19 Site of the
Monterey Fishing
and Canning
Company
(570 Cannery Row)
F. Early
20th
Century
Expansion
of
Monterey
After establishing a Japanese fishing colony in 1902, fisheries expert Otosaburo Noda and Harry Malpas established the
Monterey Fishing and Canning Company, the first packing and canning plant (as well as first Japanese-operated cannery on Cannery Row). In February 1908, it became Pacific Fish Company, the first major cannery on the Row.52 In 1926, California Packing Corporation (CalPac) bought it and continued operation until 1962. The Pacific Fish marker is still visible on street curb of empty lot near 600 Cannery Row, though the building is no longer extant.
Walking Directions and Map
The following walking directions and map provide step-by-step guidance to navigate the proposed New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walk. Public facilities, including parking areas, public transportation stops, and restrooms, are noted on the following map. The Cannery Row Parking Garage (601 Foam Street) is the most convenient public parking facility for this walk and is also a stop on the MontereySalinas Transit (MST) Trolley line. 51 NoeHill Travels in California, “National Register #15000739: Aeneas Sardine Packing Company Cannery,” accessed online August 24, 2023, https://noehill.com/monterey/nat2015000739.asp. 52 “The Canneries,” accessed online December 4, 2023, https://canneryrow.com/our-story/the-canneries/.
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1. This walk begins at the Bear Flag Building (647 Cannery Row), which is located one block northeast from the Cannery Row parking garage.
2. Walk southeast on Cannery Row, crossing to the north side of the street at Hoffman Avenue. Admire McAbee Beach (1 Hoffman Avenue) from the sidewalk or proceed northeast along Cannery Row to turn right onto a paved beach access ramp just south of the Spindrift Inn to the water for an up-close view.
Notice the Chinese fishermen mural on a remnant of a building’s foundation across from the beach access ramp.
3. Walk northwest on Cannery Row, passing Steinbeck Plaza on the right and its renowned statue of famous Cannery Row people. Continue to the Monterey Canning Company (711 Cannery Row), which spans both sides of the street.
4. Continue northwest on Cannery Row to the intersection with the Bruce Ariss Way pedestrian path. The Pacific Biological Laboratories building (800 Cannery Row) is on the right, directly across from Bruce Ariss Way.
EXTENDED ROUTE: For a view of the rear of the Pacific Biological Laboratories building, turn right to walk down a narrow pathway on the south side of the building, which has posted interpretive signage.
5. Continue northwest on Cannery Row to safely cross to the south side of the street at the crosswalk at Hovden Way. Turn left to backtrack southeast on Cannery Row. The Wing Chong Building (833 Cannery Row) is on the right.
EXTENDED ROUTE: There is public exhibit on the Hovden Cannery inside the Monterey Bay Aquarium lobby (886 Cannery Row). This free exhibit allows members of the public to view this single exhibit without an admission ticket to the aquarium. Simply ask the front desk for access to view it. Contact the Monterey Bay Aquarium for more information.
6. Continue southeast on Cannery Row to the neighboring building. The Sea Pride Packing Corporation (807 Cannery Row) is on the right.
7. Continue southeast on Cannery Row to turn right on Bruce Ariss Way. The Cannery Worker Shacks (799 Cannery Row) are on the right side of Bruce Ariss Way.
INTERESTING FACT: Bruce Ariss (1911-1994) was a local artist and writer who lived in the New Monterey neighborhood. His house burned down in the early 1990s, resulting in the naming of this path.
8. Continue southwest on Bruce Ariss Way. Neighboring the shacks is the site that once contained the Lone Star Café (799 Cannery Row).
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9. Continue southwest to Bruce Ariss Way and turn left on the Monterey Bay Coastal Trail.
A plaque marking the homesite of Jone Quock Mui is on the right about 140-feet from Bruce Ariss Way.
10. Backtrack to Bruce Ariss Way and turn left to proceed to Wave Street. Cross Wave Street and continue walking southwest on Irving Avenue for two blocks, crossing to the north side of Irving Avenue at the intersection with Lighthouse Avenue. Mariposa Hall (801 Lighthouse Avenue) is on the right.
11. Continue southwest on Irving Avenue to the next intersection. Turn left on Hawthorne Street. The Carpenters Union building (778 Hawthorne Street) is on the left (east corner of the intersection).
12. 799 Hawthorne Street is opposite stop #10 on the south corner of the intersection of Hawthorne Street and Irving Avenue.
13. Continue southeast on Hawthorne Street for one block to turn right on Prescott Avenue.
Walk along the south side of Prescott Avenue for one block. The Orville P. Colburn House (403 Prescott Avenue) is on the left, just before Lantern Lane.
14. Continue southwest on Prescott Avenue for another block to the intersection with Laine Street. St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church (698 Laine Street) is on the left.
INTERESTING FACT: Now a simple alley, the creation of Lantern Lane was led by the Lo family, Chinese immigrants and owners of the Regal Fish Company. The alley was installed sometime between 1905 and 1912.
53 Once the mid-block passage was created, Sanborn maps show many of the owners of abutting residential lots constructed small rear dwellings, likely used as boardinghouses for other immigrant families.
15. Backtrack northeast on Prescott Avenue to turn right on Hawthorne Street. Continue southeast on Hawthorne Street for one block and turn left on Hoffman Avenue. Walk one block to turn right on Lighthouse Avenue, remaining on the south side of the street.
The Monterey Peninsula Hospital (543 Lighthouse Avenue) is on the right.
16. Continue southeast on Lighthouse Avenue for two blocks. The Harry A. Green House (361 Lighthouse Avenue) is on the right.
53 Sanborn Map Company, “Monterey, Cal.” (Sheet 13), May 1905. Sanborn Map Company, “Monterey, Cal.” (Sheet 18), August 1912.
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17. Continue southeast on Hawthorne Street to the end of the block and turn left on Dickman Avenue. The New Monterey Branch Library (280 Dickman Avenue) is on the left.
18. Continue northeast on Dickman Avenue for one and a half blocks. Dickman Avenue becomes a pathway marked as “Cannery Row Park Plaza” after Foam Street. Follow this path, crossing over the Monterey Bay Coastal Trail, to Cannery Row. The Aeneas Sardine Products Company building (300 Cannery Row) spans both sides of Cannery Row just southeast of the intersection with Dickman Avenue.
19. Turn left to walk northwest on Cannery Row, crossing Drake Avenue and passing through the Rickett Memorial Rail Crossing Plaza. Turn right to cross over Wave Street to proceed north along the Monterey Bay Coastal Trail. There is a surface parking lot on the right. At its north end are stairs that cut through to its entrance on Cannery Row.
Proceed to Cannery Row. On the opposite side of the street is the site of the former Monterey Fishing & Canning Company (570 Cannery Row).
This concludes the New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walking Path. Continue northwest along Cannery Row to return to an MST Trolley stop or to explore the various dining and shopping options along this famous corridor. Turn left on Hoffman Avenue to return to the Cannery Row Parking Garage.
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Figure 22: Proposed New Monterey Cultural Heritage walking route with public parking areas marked in yellow, public restrooms marked in turquoise, and MST Trolley stops marked in green. Alternate routes are marked in blue.
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Figure 23: Detailed view of the northernmost portion of the New Monterey Cultural Heritage walking route to better illustrate the alternative routes in the area. At #4, this route extension allows participants to view interpretive panels and the rear of the Pacific Biological Laboratories building. From David Avenue to Wave Street, this alternate route allows participants to avoid the sets of stairs along Bruce Ariss Way as they navigate from #9 to #10.
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CONCLUSION
Building upon the existing Path of History program, created in 1939, and the 2020 “Draft Monterey Path of History Master Plan & Update,” this revised Path of History Specific Plan organizes additional sites and resources into the existing route, in addition to generating two new cultural heritage walking routes. The new sites along the existing route and the two new routes focus on Monterey’s BIPOC communities, generating inclusive new perspectives for an expanded public history and interpretation program. The recommendations also target inclusion of resources associated with development eras beyond the Mexican and Early American periods, of which most existing points along the current route represent.
The proposed Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk focuses on the developmental history of the area east of central downtown Monterey, bordered by Lake Estero on its eastern periphery. Many of the 13 points of interest along this path highlight the contributions of the city’s early Asian immigrant enclaves, particularly the Japanese, that contributed to the early establishment of immigrant-owned businesses, the creation of social and cultural institutions, and coalesced the area into the predominately residential neighborhood seen today. These points also mostly represent later periods of development associated with Monterey’s historic context, specifically Victorian Monterey (1880 to 1899) and Early Twentieth Century Expansion (1900 to 1939). The 19 points of interest along the proposed New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walk provide a temporal route illustrating the overarching developmental history of the New Monterey neighborhood from its industrialized beginnings along Cannery Row through the residential development of World War II & Postwar Eras (1940 to 1978).
While the additional points proposed along the existing Path of History and the two newly developed cultural heritage walking routes aim to provide more inclusive opportunities to share the sites and stories associated with Monterey’s diverse communities, these points and routes should not be considered in isolation. Ultimately, the objective of this Specific Plan is to provide more diverse and socially conscious options for visitors to Monterey to better understand the multitude of communities that contributed to the intertwined histories and development of the present-day city.
As interpretation is developed in a future phase of this public history undertaking, the goal is for users to generate their own routes through Monterey, utilizing these additional sites, in an effort to tailor their on-the-ground experience with their personal interests. Technology-based tools, like the STQRY cell phone app, allow sites to be tagged with key words, in turn allowing users to customize their walking route.
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Recommendations and Next Steps
The following recommendations are provided for the City of Monterey Museums and Cultural Arts staff, commissioners, and others to continue the update to the Path of History program. • Since this Specific Plan is a framework that proposes additional points of interest and new routes for the Path of History program, the development of associated interpretive content is suggested as the next phase of the project. This interpretation may include text and images for signage to be posted at the specific site, audio recordings for incorporation into the existing cell phone app, and/or printed materials, such as a brochure and maps. o For onsite signage, the physical sign should be designed to meet or exceed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Programmatic Accessibility Guidelines for National Park Service Interpretive Media.54
o Onsite signage should be made of durable, all-weather materials, and positioned to allow for high public visibility and interactivity.
o Interpretation at individual sites should reference the overarching historical context of layered histories and communities within of the City of Monterey, so that visitors understand the role of the individual site within the broader development of Monterey as to avoid disjointed perspectives.
o There is potential for creative interpretation, such as audio narration from the perspective of individuals living in the associated neighborhood during the associated period of development.
o Further develop content on the STQRY app (cityofmonterey.STQRY.app) • Refer to the newly developed Social Justice & Equity template for future decisions regarding the Path of History routes.
• Continue consultation and collaboration with all four identified tribes, as each will have important input to provide at later or future stages of this Path of History project. o Places of importance to local tribes are places of historic, religious, and cultural significance, and these resources may not be represented by extant physical buildings, structures, or markers but may be intangible to the public or may possess archaeological signatures that are protected under state and federal laws. Herein lies the challenge of developing public interpretation of these important places, while maintaining cultural sensitivity.
54 National Park Service, Harpers Ferry Center for Media Services, “Programmatic Accessibility Guidelines for National Park Service Interpretive Media, Version 2.3, May 2017.” Accessed online August 8, 2023, https://www.nps.gov/features/hfc/guidelines/. City of Monterey, “Downtown Specific Plan,” Amended May 19, 2020, 229.
Accessed online June 26, 2023,
https://monterey.org/Document%20Center/CommDev/Planning/Downtown%20Specific%20Plan/20_0519-Downtown-PAmend-Web.pdf.
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o Possible methods of continued collaboration and next steps include, but are not limited to:
Hold in-person or virtual meetings with tribal members to continue information gathering efforts, including oral histories, to better understand how and where the newly acquired information may be presented. Provide a presentation of newly developed cultural heritage walks in a digital format for the tribes to review.
Hold a field meeting to tour the new walking paths and discuss ideas with the tribal communities.
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REFERENCES
Albion Environmental. “City of Monterey Path of History Expansion Project - Native American Outreach.” June 30, 2023.
Architectural Resources Group. “National Historic Landmark District and Downtown Area Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey – Monterey, California.” Prepared for the City of Monterey, Adopted February 21, 2012, Revised May 1, 2012.
Architectural Resources Group. “New Monterey: Historic Context Statement and Reconnaissance Survey.” Prepared for the City of Monterey, August 2013.
California Department of Parks and Recreation. “Tour Information: Guided Tours.” Accessed March 20, 2023, https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=951.
City of Monterey. “Draft Monterey Path of History Master Plan & Update” (2020).
Gildemeister, Charles and F. D'Avignon. “Harbor and city of Monterey, California 1842.” Accessed from UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library, https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/tf2199n9vx/.
Hare, Lou G. and W.B. Walkup & Co. Official map of Monterey County, California. [San Francisco:
W.B. Walkup & Co, 1898] Map. https://www.loc.gov/item/2012592096/.
Hemp, Michael. Cannery Row: The History of John Steinbeck's Old Ocean View Avenue and Its Connections to the Pacific Northwest. The History Company, 2019.
Howard, D. M. The Gamboa site (MNT-480), an Esselen village, with a review of Esselen ethnography.
Monterey County Archaeological Society Quarterly, 3(1), 1-11 (1973).
Howard, D. M. “History of Carmel Valley.” Carmel Pine Cone, April 1973.
Howard, D. M. Big Sur’s Lost Tribe: The Esselen. Carmel, CA: Antiquities Research Publications (1979).
Lydon, Sandy. The Japanese in the Monterey Bay Region: A Brief History. Capitola, CA: Capitola Book Co., 1997.
Lydon, Sandy. Chinese Gold: The Chinese in Monterey Bay Region. Capitola, CA: Capitola Book Co., 1995.
Rumsen Ohlone Tribal Community. “Where We Come From — Rumsen People & The Land.“ Accessed March 17, 2023, https://www.rumsenohlone.com/where-we-come-from.
Sanborn Map Company, fire insurance maps, 1885, 1888, 1892, 1905, 1912, 1926, 1949, 1956, 1962.
Fire Insurance Maps online (FIMo), accessed via San Francisco Public Library.
Shaul, D. L. Esselen Studies: Language, Culture, and Prehistory. München: Lincom GmbH (2019).
Taylor, A. S. “Vocabulary No. 5: San Carlos de Carmelo and Soledad Indians.” Correspondence and Papers of James L.L.. Warren, (C-B 418, Box 8) (1856).
Walton, John. Storied Land: Community and Memory in Monterey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
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Whaley, Derek. “Cannery Row: Sea Pride Packing Corporation” (December 19, 2016). Accessed online September 19, 2023, https://www.santacruztrains.com/2016/12/cannery-row-sea-pridepacking.html.
Yamada, David. The Japanese of the Monterey Peninsula: Their History & Legacy, 1895-1995. Monterey, CA: Monterey Peninsula Japanese American Citizens League, 1995.
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APPENDIX A: EXISTING SITES ON THE PATH OF HISTORY
The following document (“Appendix 3A: Inventory of Current Path of History”) was produced by the City of Monterey in 2020 as the initial step of updating the Path of History program. It provides a complete inventory of the existing points along the current Path of History, including a photograph, brief description, address, and listing status. This list reflects changes to the program since its conception in 1939, reflecting sites and resources included as of May 2020.
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THE MONTEREY PATH OF HISTORY
Since the late 1930s, the City of Monterey and has worked to preserve and promote Monterey’s unique history and culture through public recognition of heritage buildings on the Path of History.
The Path was proposed by Colonel Roger S. Fitch, a U.S. Army veteran who had spent many years at Ford Ord. Colonel Fitch had a great appreciation for Monterey’s history. As the President of Monterey History & Arts Association (MHAA), he searched for ways to preserve Monterey’s wealth of historic buildings and the City’s cultural foundations that they represent.
He and historian Laura Bride Powers, who created the first Path of History map, developed and presented their plan to the MHAA and to the City of Monterey. Both organizations approved the proposed Path of History in 1938.
The number of structures included in the Path of History has been revised and updated several times since 1938 and again has the potential to be enhanced.
Each location on the Path of History represents Monterey’s history, character, and people. The inventories briefly describe the history of each of the structures and places selected to illustrate the City’s story.
A – places on the path of history as of January 1, 2020 B – places to include that will add more inclusive histories of time periods and cultures
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Path of History as of May 2020
1. Custom House ........................................................................................................................................................................................................1
2. Pacific House and Memory Garden...............................................................................................................................................................2
3. Osio-Rodriguez Adobe........................................................................................................................................................................................2
4. Monterey Hotel......................................................................................................................................................................................................3
5. Golden State Theatre...........................................................................................................................................................................................3
6. Sanchez Adobe (Casa Sanchez) ......................................................................................................................................................................4
7. Bonifacio Adobe site............................................................................................................................................................................................4
8. Casa Estrada............................................................................................................................................................................................................5
9. Castro Headquarters Site ..................................................................................................................................................................................5
10. Simoneau Plaza – Simoneau’s Restaurant Site ........................................................................................................................................6
11. Robert Louis Stevenson House/French Hotel .........................................................................................................................................6
12. Casa Abrego.............................................................................................................................................................................................................7
13. Casa Pacheco...........................................................................................................................................................................................................7
14. Madariaga Adobe..................................................................................................................................................................................................8
15. Presidio de Monterey Site.................................................................................................................................................................................8
16. Royal Presidio Chapel/San Carlos Cathedral ...........................................................................................................................................9
17. El Cuartel Site .........................................................................................................................................................................................................9
18. Cooper-Molera Adobe Complex ..................................................................................................................................................................10
19. Governor Alvarado Building [Alvarado Adobe]...................................................................................................................................10
20. Casa Amesti ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................11
21. First Federal Court/Gabriel de la Torre Adobe....................................................................................................................................11
22. Casa Gutierrez .....................................................................................................................................................................................................12
23. House of the Four Winds................................................................................................................................................................................12
24. Sherman’s Quarters ..........................................................................................................................................................................................13
25. Larkin House........................................................................................................................................................................................................13
26. Brown-Underwood Adobe and Few Memorial Hall...........................................................................................................................14
27. Colton Hall ............................................................................................................................................................................................................14
28. Old Monterey Jail ...............................................................................................................................................................................................15
29. Vasquez Adobe....................................................................................................................................................................................................15
30. Gordon House......................................................................................................................................................................................................16
31. Casa Jose de la Torre ........................................................................................................................................................................................16
32. Lara-Soto Adobe.................................................................................................................................................................................................17
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33. Casa Serrano ........................................................................................................................................................................................................17
34. Capitular Hall.......................................................................................................................................................................................................18
35. Merritt House ......................................................................................................................................................................................................18
36. Casa Soberanes ...................................................................................................................................................................................................19
37. California’s First Theater................................................................................................................................................................................19
38. Perry House..........................................................................................................................................................................................................20
39. Doud House ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................20
40. Mayo Hayes O’Donnell Library....................................................................................................................................................................21
41. Casa de Oro – Joseph Boston Store ............................................................................................................................................................21
42. First Brick House ...............................................................................................................................................................................................22
43. Old Whaling Station..........................................................................................................................................................................................22
44. Vizcaino-Serra Oak Monument....................................................................................................................................................................23
45. Presidio Museum ...............................................................................................................................................................................................23
46. Sloat Monument.................................................................................................................................................................................................24
47. Fort Mervine Site ...............................................................................................................................................................................................24
48. Serra Monument ................................................................................................................................................................................................25
49. El Castillo Site......................................................................................................................................................................................................25
50. Stokes Adobe .......................................................................................................................................................................................................26
51. Hartnell Adobe Site - Monterey Hospital ................................................................................................................................................27
52. Fremont Adobe...................................................................................................................................................................................................27
53. First French Consulate ....................................................................................................................................................................................28
54. Casa Munras.........................................................................................................................................................................................................28
55. Washington Hotel Site.....................................................................................................................................................................................29
56. La Mirada Adobe – Museum of Art.............................................................................................................................................................29
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1. Custom House 1827
As the oldest government
building in California, the
Custom House’s history was
officially celebrated in 1932
when it was designated the
first California State Historic
Landmark. It was also
designated a National
Historic Landmark in 1960.
For many years the site
had been used as the
landing place for supplies for the Spanish oupost at Monterey. In 1821 the new Mexican government opened Alta California to international trade, with Monterey as the port of entry and established the Aduana maritima (custom service) here.
The Custom House was built to collect duties from foreign merchants on their cargoes of tools, household items and luxury goods before they could be traded anywhere in Alta California. From Monterey, local rancheros traded cattle hides and tallow, horses, and ships’ provisions of beef, vegetables, water and grain for other necessities and luxuries.
As ships from South America, China, Hawaii, and New England increased their California trade, the government hired American Thomas O. Larkin to enlarge the Custom House to accommodate more goods and to add rooms for the customs officials. Under Larkin’s supervision, a second story was added to the north wing, the central room was expanded, and the two-story south wing was built by 1846.
Two months after the Mexican American War began, U.S. Commodore Sloat arrives with three ships and sent 165 sailors and 85 marines ashore under the command of Captain Mervine to claim Monterey and California for the United States. The first U.S. flag was raised at the Custom House with a ceremony and speech on July 7, 1846.
Shortly thereafter, during the Gold Rush, money and gold were secured in the building — until it was robbed in the 1850s.
In the early 1900s, the Native Sons of the Golden West led the first restoration of the building.
1 CUSTOM HOUSE PLAZA
Owner- Monterey State
Historic Park
National Historic Landmark &
NHLD
California State Historic
Landmark
Exhibits & Store - Open to the
public daily
Adobe- Spanish Colonial &
Monterey Colonial
Earliest inhabitants - site
MX- gov’t, military and
commercial use
Economic – Commerce,
International & Yankee trade
Social Californio,
Cosmopolitan, entertainment
& fandangos.
Larkin- builder
AM Military govt –
Political- US Navy control
Economic - Commerce;
Early Statehood –
Economic- Commerce, Gold
Rush.
Social- events, dances
Firsts-
Public bldg. in CA
Official port of entry for
Alta CA.
International trade
admitted
U.S. flag raised – 1846
acquisition
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2. Pacific House and Memory Garden 1847
In 1847, Thomas Larkin
commissioned David
Wright, Scottish-born
builder of the Old Whaling
House, to construct this
long two-story adobe. It
was first used by the U.S.
quartermaster for
barracks and supplies
during the Mexican
American War.
In 1850, it became the Pacific House Hotel, where most of the hotel guests were sailors. Later in the 1850s, the newly formed Monterey County rented spaces for a courtroom and a county clerk’s office. Over time, the Pacific House saw many uses, including a newspaper office, ballroom, tavern, boarding house, and law offices.
In 1868, the Pacific House was sold to land baron David Jacks. When his daughter Margaret inherited the property, she envisioned a charming garden in the building’s walled yard, which had once featured bear and bull fights. She commissioned Frederick Law Olmsted Jr*. to design and create the Memory Garden.
Now owned and operated by Monterey State Historic Park, Pacific House contains museums of Monterey’s history and of Native Americans. 20 CUSTOM HOUSE PLAZA
Owned by Monterey State
Historic Park
NHLD
State Historic Landmark
Museum - Open daily
Adobe - Monterey Colonial
Am Military govt - Sailors
& marines’ housing, storage.
Larkin - builder
Early statehood –
Political - Town Govt: Civic
Offices, courthouse
Economic- Hotel. Professional
& newspaper Offices. Tavern.
Owners: Larkin and David
Jacks
Social - Ballroom
Early 20th C - Artist
Olmstead
*some fine points about an intermittent contractor to Olmstead have been recently researched
3. Osio-Rodriguez Adobe 1842
The Osio-Rodriguez Adobe is named for the
distinguished residents of this two-story home
overlooking Alvarado Street. French-Canadian
trapper and trader Luis Pomber and his wife Filomina
Pico de Pomber built the adobe in about 1842. Jacinto
Rodriguez, a prominent citizen who had been born in
Monterey in 1800, bought the house from Filomina in
1849. Rodriguez served as a delegate from Monterey
to the 1849 Convention that created the first
California state constitution.
Following Rodriguez’s death, Antonio Maria Osio bought the property. Osio had held several public and military offices in the Mexican government and was a member of the California assembly (Diputación). In his later years, he wrote a history of Alta California.
The Osio family continued to live in this adobe until 1940.
The building has housed Hermann’s, a well-known local restaurant, and later, the Monterey Peninsula Chamber of Commerce. The City of Monterey has owned and maintained the building since 1976.
380 ALVARADO ST
Owner: City of
Monterey
Adobe - Monterey
Colonial
MX - Residence.
Social- cosmopolitan
Am Military govt -
Constitutional
Convention delegate
Rodriguez
Political Osio
Early US - WriterOsio, historian.
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4. Monterey Hotel 1904
Located on Alvarado Street at Franklin, the
Monterey Hotel was designed by noted
California architect William Henry Weeks for
Monterey entrepreneur Harry Ashland
Greene. A civic activist, Greene promoted a
new railroad, the Monterey breakwater, and
other civic improvements. The hotel was
constructed in 1904 in the Mission Revival
style. It was the first modern hotel built in
Monterey in response to the growing tourist
industry at the turn of the twentieth century.
At its opening, the Monterey Hotel was proclaimed the “most unique and elegantly furnished European hotel west of Chicago”!
Standing four stories high with 75 rooms, the hotel featured one of the first electric elevators in Monterey. On Sundays, the Monterey Orchestra offered evening concerts during dinner hour. Today, the Monterey Hotel continues its distinguished tradition of fine service in an architectural jewel.
400-408
ALVARADO ST
Privately owned
CA Register
Brick- Mission
Revival
Early 20th CEconomic Tourism.
Entrepreneur
Ashland Greene
Artist: Architect
William Henry
Weeks
First- Modern hotel
built in Monterey
5. Golden State Theatre 1926
In 1926, a 15,000 square-foot, threestory, lavishly ornamented Spanish Baroque style theatre designed for
both live performances and movies
opened on Alvarado Street. Two
pianos and a grand Wurlitzer organ
̶the largest organ in any theater in
California at the time ̶accompanied
performances.
Recently the Golden State Theatre
was faithfully restored to its former
glory, featuring an Old-World grand lobby and mezzanine, one thousand plush velvet seats, and state-of-the-art sound in an historic setting. Today the theatre is a venue for individual performances, concerts, and film festivals. 417 ALVARADO ST
Privately owned
Spanish Colonial Mission
Revival/ Churrigueresque
Early 20th C.-
Commerce Alvarado St
expansion, theater
Social - entertainment
First- Grand Wurlitzer
organ in California
ATTACHMENT
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6. Sanchez Adobe (Casa Sanchez) 1829
An example of the Spanish Colonial style, this
adobe house was constructed about 1829 by
rancher Gil Sanchez. Many ranchers who raised
cattle for the hide and tallow trade (along with
merchants and ship captains) built their houses on
Alvarado Street and Calle Principal, main streets
leading down to the Custom House for their
business transactions.
In 1836, Sanchez served as a Monterey town
council (ayuntamiento) member and as a tax
collector in the pueblo of Branciforte (Santa Cruz).
In 1842, at the request of the alcalde of Branciforte, Sanchez killed the notorious Fulgencio Roblesiin the act of yet another robbery. Sanchez was banished for a year from Branciforte.
In the meantime, he carried on life as usual in Monterey. In 1852, he was one of the founders of Santa Clara University. His son Adolfo Sanchez married author and historian Nellie Van de Grift. After Gil Sanchez’s death, the property continued to be held by the Sanchez family until 1917.
In recent years, the house has seen use as a candy shop, tearoom, antique shop, and bar. 414 Alvarado
Street
Privately owned
CA Register
Adobe- Spanish
Colonial
MX- Residence
Californio, ranchero,
Economic –
Commerce: hide &
tallow trade. SocialExpansion of town
toward Custom
House
Political - Sanchez -
Monterey Town &
Branciforte
Early statehood -
Writer Nellie Van
de Grift Sanchez
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7. Bonifacio Adobe site ca. 1832
In 1833, not long after he arrived with
Governor Figueroa, cavalry lieutenant Jose
Rafael Gonzales built the adobe while he was
administrator of the Custom House.
Juan Bonifacio, an Italian by birth, had
arrived in Monterey with Englishman William
Hartnell. In 1827, he married Carmen Pinto.
After his death, Carmen and their three
children stayed in the house, which became a
tourist destination. The youngest daughter,
Ignacia, inherited the house. In 1847, the
young senorita met one of the newly arrived Army officers, the red-headed Lt. William T.
Sherman. According to legend, he helped her plant a rose, and some ventured there was also a romance. In later years the Bonifacio Adobe became known as the “Sherman Rose,” where Senorita Bonifacio operated an inn and teahouse.
Another beloved story of the Sherman Rose is part of a famous romance. The young writer Robert Louis Stevenson journeyed from Scotland to Monterey to court Frances Van De Grift Osborne while she and her sister Nellie (later Sanchez) were staying with Senorita Bonifacio.
In 1904, the Sherman Rose Inn was disassembled. The adobe bricks, tiles and timbers were removed to construct the home of artist Percy Gray on the hills above the Royal Presidio Chapel.
On the site of the old Sherman Rose, another historic building: The First National Bank of Monterey, was built in the same year the adobe was taken down. 447
ALVARADO
ST
Privately
owned
Demolished ca.
1904
Site of Adobe
MXResidence
Politicalsolider; Social
Californio,
Cosmopolitan
Am Military
gov’t –
Political
Sherman,
Soldier
Early
statehoodEconomic- Inn,
Writers RLS,
Fanny
Osbourne &
Nellie Van de
Grift
8. Casa Estrada 1830
The Estrada Adobe is the house that grew
and grew. Jose Mariano Estrada bought the
still unfinished nine-room single-story
house from Jose Maria Herrera. Estrada, a
soldier who had fought against Bouchard in
the 1818 invasion of Monterey, wanted to
establish a family home. In 1845, he added
a second story to his house. Estrada sold
the building and it was converted into a
boarding house, the Pancho.
In 1879, it became the St. Charles Hotel. Wood siding and a wooden third story were added! With yet another remodel, it was named the Casper Hotel. Eventually, the third story was removed when it became the Mission Inn in the 1920s. The Inn became a favorite for well-known movie stars, including Marilyn Monroe and Bette Davis. In 1961, the Monterey Savings and Loan Association bought the old Estrada Adobe and restored it to a two-story adobe.
470 TYLER ST.
Privately owned
Adobe - Monterey
Colonial
MX- Residence,
Political- soldier, govt
official.
Social- Californio, First
family.
Early StatehoodEconomic- Boarding
house
VictorianEconomic- Hotel
Early 20th C & Post
WWIIEconomic-Tourism,
Inn
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 83, Packet Page 85 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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9. Castro Headquarters Site 1830s
The corner of Pearl and Tyler was once the
location of the stone building known as
Castro’s Headquarters. It was one of at least
six historical buildings in California (four in
Monterey) associated with Jose Antonio
Castro.
Participating with Juan Bautista Alvarado
in revolts against Mexican governors, Castro
served as interim Governor in 1835. In
1845, he was appointed Commander
General of Alta California. In 1846, Castro
challenged the unauthorized visit of Captain
John C. Fremont and his men, who even raised the American flag on Gavilan Peak. Castro also led the Mexicans against the Americans known as the “Bear Flaggers”. Shortly after the U.S. takeover of Monterey during the Mexican American war, Castro gathered troops and fought the Americans. Outnumbered, he left for Mexico to seek support for the retaking California. Castro returned to Monterey in 1848 after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed ending the Mexican American War. The Castro Headquarters experienced several owners and uses over the years before its ruin and loss.
CORNER OF PEARL
& TYLER
Fell to ruin, empty lot
Site of Adobe
MX- Political- military
HQ, Soldier,
Governor,
Commander General,
Mexican revolution
First family,
Californios, Ranchero,
US Military gov’t -
Mexican Resistance to
US
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 84, Packet Page 86 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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10. Simoneau Plaza – Simoneau’s Restaurant Site Originally 1835
Dedicated in 1969, Simoneau Plaza,
commemorates Frenchman Jules Simoneau at
the site of his famous restaurant, the Lyons Inn
Depot. The well-educated Simoneau arrived in
Monterey in the 1870s and established a
restaurant in the former city hall building, an
adobe building erected in 1835. Simoneau also
stored supplies in the old jail behind the
restaurant.
The restaurant soon became a gathering place
of Montereyans. In the early 1870s, bandit and folk hero Tiburcio Vasquez met his old friends there for a drink and a meal when he returned home to Monterey. In 1874, Bohemian Club artists and writers from San Francisco discovered Monterey’s scenic natural beauty, historic adobes, and old California customs. Jules Tavernier, founder of the artist colony in Monterey, would often walk with his fellow Bohemians from his studio on Alvarado Street to Simoneau’s to enjoy food, drink, and conversation with the wise and articulate Jules Simoneau.
In 1879, Simoneau and Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson began a life-long friendship when Simoneau befriended and helped to support the troubled young author.
They continued their friendship through correspondence and Stevenson, as his writing became widely popular, sent gifts of signed copies of his books to his old friend Simoneau.
BORDER: MUNRAS,
PEARL AND TYLER
Owner: City of
Monterey
Commemorative -
panels, international
flags. Transit hub
Site
MX- Govt. City Hall
& jail military
Early US staterestaurant
Cosmopolitan
French,
Bandit Vasquez
Artists San Francisco
Bohemian Club:
Painters Tavernier,
Trousset, Strong,
etc.; Simoneau
Writers Robert Louis
Stevenson, Fred
Somers, Charles
Warren Stoddard
11. Robert Louis Stevenson House/French Hotel 1840
The house’s original owner
Jose Rafael Gonzales served as
Monterey’s Alcalde and
secretary to Alta California
Governor Figueroa in 1835. His
family home was built in 1840
and later became the residence
of Walter Colton during his
service as Alcalde of Monterey
(1846-1849).
In 1856, French immigrant Juan Girardin moved his family to the house where he used the ground floor to repair carriages. Later, Girardin and his wife Manuela Perez ran a rooming house and the building became known as the French Hotel.
In the Fall of 1879, the young Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson came to Monterey to pursue his romance with American Francis Van de Grift Osborne and stayed for a few months at the French Hotel.
By the 1920s, the adobe was known as the Stevenson House and became an art center. Several painters prominent in the Monterey area, including California impressionist August Gay, had their studios in the building and it was a popular salon or gathering place for artists.
530 HOUSTON ST
Owner: Monterey State Historic
Park
National Register &
CA State Historic Landmark
Adobe- Spanish Colonial
MX- Residence
Political Alcalde Gonzales
Am Military gov’t –
Political- residence of Colton
while Alcalde.
Early US state- Residence
Cosmopolitan
Commerce – wagon repair,
rooming house
Artists Tavernier, etc.,
Writers Robert Louis Stevenson
Early 20th C art center/studio
Artists Painters August Gay, C.S.
Price, Armin Hansen, Lucy
Pierce, etc. Interior designer
Frances Elkins
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 85, Packet Page 87 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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12. Casa Abrego 1835
Jose Abrego was born in Mexico City
and arrived in California in 1834 with the
Hijar-Padre Colony (also known as the
Cosmopolitan Company) of artisans and
professionals. Abrego, a hat maker,
opened a store in the Pacheco Adobe. In
1835, Abrego was granted a town lot
across the street from the Pacheco Adobe.
There he built this home and carried on his business of making hats and soap. The following year, he married Josefa Estrada. Their marriage produced eleven children. By 1843, the Abregos became well-known for their lively musical parties and Casa Abrego featured one of the first pianos brought to California.
The industrious Senor Abrego obtained several properties (including the Point Pinos Ranch), operated stores and a billiard hall. He held several important Mexican government offices and was Provincial Treasurer of Alta California from 1838 to 1846. And, during the early American period, he was a member of the Board of Trustees of Monterey.
In the 1920s, artist Mary Corning Winslow Black lived and painted at the Abrego house and built her new home and studio next door. Since 1959, the Casa Abrego Club has cared for the historic adobe.
592 ABREGO ST
Privately owned
CA Register
Adobe - Spanish
Colonial
MX- ResidencePolitical Alta CA
government positions
Economy Commerce:
artisan, Ranchero’
stores Social –
Californios, parties
Early US statePolitical Town Govt
Early 20th C- Artist
Mary Corning
Winslow Black
Mid 20th C- Private
Club
Firsts – among first
pianos in CA (1843)
13. Casa Pacheco 1840
The Pacheco house was built in 1840 as
Francisco Perez Pacheco family’s town and
summer house. On the corner of Abrego
and Webster streets, the two-story home
contains 25 rooms. The house was famous
for its elaborate entertainments and as a
gathering place.
In the 1830s, Pacheco served in various
official positions in Monterey, including commander of the Custom House guard, treasurer of Monterey, and regidor - or councilmember. He became one of the wealthiest landowners in the Monterey region; by 1847 he owned three large ranchos and a total of over 150,000 acres. Pacheco Pass is named for Francisco Pacheco as he owned Rancho San Luis Gonzaga, which encompassed the Pass.
In 1908 the house was remodeled. In 1922, Doctors Martin McAulay and Sarah Hatton McAulay purchased the grand adobe and established El Adobe Hospital, which stayed open until 1934. In 1957, the Pacheco Club acquired Casa Pacheco. 602 ABREGO ST.
Privately owned
CA Register
Adobe- Monterey
Colonial
MX- Residence
Political- Californio
soldier, Govt,
Economy Ranchero
Social entertainments
Early 20th CEconomy
Professionals,
hospital.
Mid 20th C- Social
club
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 86, Packet Page 88 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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14. Madariaga Adobe 1840/1847*
This building was originally a two-room adobe
house built by Jose Abrego. *
When Fabiano Baretto died in 1841, his widow
Maria del Carmen Garcia inherited Rancho
Pescadero. In 1844 she married Juan Madariaga.
Maria del Carmen yearned for a house in town and
sold the 4,000-acre ranch for $500. Juan bought
her this house.
In the 1870s, the Madariaga sons still lived in the
house, where they ran a tailor shop.
The adobe building has been expanded and remodeled since 1928. 615 ABREGO ST
Privately owned
Adobe- Spanish
Colonial
MX- residence
Early US stateResidence and
commerce
15. Presidio de Monterey Site
1770
On June 3, 1770, Governor
Gaspar de Portola officially
took possession of Monterey
and California for Spain. He
immediately began
construction of a royal fortress
or presidio on this site “on the
shore of an estuary . . . a little
more than one gunshot from
the beach and in sight of the
harbor.” The Presidio was
bounded roughly by today’s
Webster and Fremont Streets
between Camino El Estero and Abrego Street. The original presidio was made of earth and pine logs and had cannon mounted on the walls. Soon the presidio became an adobe and stone walled square enclosing 300 square feet where ten adobe buildings including a chapel, a barracks for the soldiers, a guardhouse, and the governor’s office and residence were built.
The soldiers’ quarters, storage rooms, stores, a blacksmithy, and the royal chapel were aligned along the compound’s walls. Guns were mounted in blockhouses built at the corners of the walls.
This was the home of the governor, officers, soldiers, and their families until about 1817, when the first homes were built outside the Presidio’s walls. With Mexican independence from Spain in 1822, the Mexican flag flew over the Presidio. The presidio continued to serve as the capitol of California until El Cuartel was constructed in 1840-1841.
After several rebellions against governors sent from Mexico, the Californios basically abandoned the presidio for the growing port and town of Monterey. The buildings were partly in ruins by 1842, and the Presidio’s adobe bricks were re-used to build new houses.
BORDER:
WEBSTER,
FIGUEROA,
CHURCH
Owner: Diocese
of Monterey,
Roman Catholic
Church
Site [interp
marker?]
SP- Military
quarters; family
residences,
artisans, chapel,
Political Center
of Alta California
Govt
First- European
settlement of
Monterey
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 87, Packet Page 89 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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16. Royal Presidio Chapel/San Carlos Cathedral 1795
The mission at Monterey was founded by
Father Serra on June 3, 1770, and a temporary
shelter was built near the landing site, but the
mission was soon moved to Carmel.
An adobe chapel was then built to serve the
soldiers at the presidio; however, fire
destroyed much of the presidio in 1789.
Rebuilt with stone and adobe, a larger edifice
was completed in 1795 and has been in almost
continuous use as a church since that date.
The bell tower and some other parts of the structure were added in later years.
Despite these alterations, the original façade, main walls, and much of the interior of the Royal Presidio Chapel have remained intact since the 1790s. The bas-relief sculpture of the Virgin of Guadalupe near the top of the façade was carved by Manuel Ruiz in 1794. The Royal Presidio Chapel is now the only remaining presidio chapel in its original location and is the only remaining building representing 18th-century Spanish architecture in the City of Monterey. It is the smallest Catholic cathedral in California.
500 CHURCH ST
Diocese of Monterey,
Roman Catholic Church:
Diocese of Monterey,
Roman Catholic Church
National Historic Landmark
& State Historic Landmark
Church and heritage center
are open to the public.
Specific days and hours.
Stone & adobe- Church
SP- Church, part of
presidio
Firsts- stone building and
cathedral in the state of
California
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 88, Packet Page 90 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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17. El Cuartel Site
1840
In 1840, Governor Alvarado
directed Jose Abrego to construct
the official government
headquarters and soldiers’
barracks on this site. Located on
Munras Avenue, the two-story El
Cuartel once occupied half a city
block and was part of a growing
sector of town.
In 1847, following the American
takeover of Monterey, El Cuartel
became the U.S. Army’s California headquarters and Lieutenant William T. Sherman had an office in the building.
El Cuartel is the site of many firsts in California History. In 1846 the first newspaper in California was published in both English and Spanish by Walter Colton and Robert Semple using a press housed at El Cuartel. The first post office was established in a room in the Cuartel in November of 1848, and in 1849 the first public library in California opened in the building.
During the 1849 Constitutional Convention at Colton Hall, the Monterey Public School was moved to El Cuartel, and the school again was held at El Cuartel when Colton Hall became the courthouse from 1852 to 1872. This unique building, historic on multiple counts, was removed in 1933.
500 BLOCK OF MUNRAS
AVENUE
Owner: City of Monterey
Vacant lot
MX- Political- Soldiers’
barracks. Alvarado, Abrego,
Social- Californios, First
families
US Military gov’tPolitical US Army HQ,
Soldiers’ barracks, Sherman,
Constitutional convention
Social- School, library,
Newspaper, Post office
Early statehoodWriters- Colton & Semple
(newspaper)
Firsts- Post office,
Newspaper, Public Library.
18. Cooper-Molera Adobe Complex *1832-34,
Barns 1893
The Cooper-Molera Complex includes
two adobes, two barns, a warehouse, and a
cookhouse. American born sea captain
John Rogers Cooper came to California in
1823, seeking an opportunity as an
international trader. He soon became a
citizen under Mexican law, swearing
allegiance to the Mexican Republic and
Roman Catholic Church. In 1827, he married and then raised six children with Encarnacion, the sister of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. In 1832, Cooper bought the property and began construction of a one-story adobe house. [*1826, in 2012 Survey] In debt, he sold part of his property. Nathan Spear, a merchant, built a warehouse on his part, and Manuel Dias, a merchant and civil servant, operated a corner store adjacent to the Cooper house.
When Captain Cooper became more prosperous, he built a second story on his house.
After his death in 1872, the Cooper family bought back the rest of the property and built the barn in 1893. Cooper’s granddaughter Francis Molera inherited the house in 1912. In 1968, she donated the property to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which preserved and restored the buildings in partnership with California State Parks. The property was again restored in 2018. It is now operated by the National Trust, with the corner store leased to a bakery and the barn and grounds used as an event venue. 508 MUNRAS
(HOUSE)
525 POLK (BARN)
Owner: National
Trust for Historic
Preservation
Monterey NHLD
CA Register
Open to the public
Adobe- Monterey
Colonial Residence
Board & battenBarns, partially
supported by stone
and adobe perimeter
wall
MX- residence and
store EconomicCommerce, Cooper
Social - first family
Vallejo.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 89, Packet Page 91 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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*National Trust website dates 1827. Also question store style. [needs photo]
19. Governor Alvarado Building [Alvarado Adobe] 1835
Juan Bautista Alvarado was the first Californiaborn Governor of Alta California and held that office from 1836 to 1842. As much as or more
than any single individual in the Mexican Period
in California, Alvarado shaped and attempted to
shape political events in California. In seeking
greater independence from Mexico, he and his
supporters envisioned a California republic led
by native sons, the Californios, descendants of the original Spanish colonists.
In 1835, Alvarado bought the property from his Uncle Ignacio’s son Jose Jesus Vallejo and constructed a two-story adobe on the corner of Alvarado and Pearl, making it the second two-story building in Monterey. In 1839, he married Maria Martina Castro. Besides his home, the building included his office, where important meetings and decision-making took place.
After Alvarado’s time and during the Gold Rush era in the 1850s, the building became the United States Hotel with a store, offices, and the Bola de Oro —a combination of saloon, gambling hall, and barbershop — displaying a golden ball on the barbershop pole in front on the first floor. From the 1870s through the 1890s, the La Porte brothers operated a general store and saloon in the building. 490-498 ALVARADO ST AT
PEARL
Privately owned
NHLD &
CA State Historic Landmark
Adobe- Spanish Colonial,
substantially altered
MX- Residence
Political Alvarado as
Governor
Social- Californios, First
Families Alvarado, Castro,
Vallejo
Early US- Economic- Gold
rush, hotel, saloon
Victorian through early 20th
CEconomic commerce
Firsts- CA-born Governor.
Second two-story building in
Monterey
20. Casa Amesti 1825*
Casa Amesti is renowned as a fine
example of Monterey Colonial
architecture. A wealthy Spanish Basque
from Catalonia, Don Jose Amesti built the
two-story house in 1834* for his bride
Prudencia, daughter of Jose Ignacio Vallejo
and sister of General Mariano Guadalupe
Vallejo. Amesti arrived in Monterey
aboard the ship Panther and became an important figure in local and civic life as a rancher with his vast Corralitos Rancho, a justice of the peace in 1841, and Alcalde (mayor and judge) in 1844. He gave the house to his daughter Carmen as a wedding present when she married Scottish merchant James (Santiago) McKinlay in 1848.
After McKinlay’s death in 1875, the gracious adobe became a rooming house. In 1918, Frances Elkins, famous California interior designer, purchased the property. Casa Amesti was used to showcase her new concepts. She and her brother, architect David Adler, designed the Casa Amesti walled garden. In 1953, she willed the property to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which leases it to the Old Capitol Club .
516 POLK STREET
Owner: National Trust
for Historic Preservation
NHLD
CA Register
Adobe- Monterey
Colonial
MX- Residence
Political-Town Govt
Economic- ranchero
Social- Californio,
Early US State- rooming
house
Early 20th CArtists Elkins & Adler
Mid 20th C- Social
First- National Trustowned building on the
West Coast
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 90, Packet Page 92 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
13 S:\300-Com-Service-Prgms\308-Museum-Services\308-03-History-Prgrms\Path of History Master Plan Project\Drop Box 6-23-2020 Documents\Appendix 3A May 21, 2020.docx
* Note: original draft has 1825. 2012 survey has 1834 and the later date corresponds with other dates and persons.
21. First Federal Court/Gabriel de la Torre Adobe 1834
The de la Torre brothers, Gabriel and Joaquin,
were devoted to the cause of their country, an
independent Alta California. Both served as
officers in the Monterey Company at the
Presidio de Monterey. Both took part in the
Californios’ rebellion against Governors Chico
and Micheltorena. And both joined
Comandante General Jose Castro against the
American takeover of California. Known for
their energy and courage, the de la Torres were popular figures in Monterey, owning large ranches and participating in local government. Gabriel’s house served as the first federal court in Mexican California. With the end of the U.S. war with Mexico, Gabriel de la Torre served as Monterey’s Justice of the Peace.
Located at the corner of Polk and Hartnell, this charming one-story adobe with the unusual angle of its walls fitting the intersections of Polk and Hartnell streets is now the headquarters of the Big Sur Land Trust.
509 HARTNELL ST
Privately owned
NHLD
CA Register
Adobe- Spanish
Colonial
MX- Residence, Soldiers
Political- Californios’
rebellion, Mexican
Federal court
Economic- rancheros
Social- Californios
Early statehoodPolitical- Town Justice of
the Peace
Firsts- Federal court in
Mexican Monterey
22. Casa Gutierrez 1841
Casa Gutierrez is a two-story adobe building
constructed in 1841 during the Mexican period by
the Gutierrez family and occupied by their
descendants until about 1920. A native of Mexico,
Joaquin Gutierrez arrived in California in 1831 as
a cavalry soldier at the Presidio de Monterey. By
1852, he was cattle rancher at Rancho San Jose y
Sur Chiquito in nearby Carmel Valley. The ranch
was once owned by his father-in-law Marcelino
Escobar, a Monterey alcalde (mayor/judge) and
merchant. Gutierrez and his wife Josefa Escobar had 15 children, and each made the adobe their home at one time or another.
In 1946, the Monterey Foundation, a nonprofit organization that acquired and rehabilitated historic buildings, purchased the Gutierrez adobe. Over the years, Casa Gutierrez has housed an antique shop and a Mexican restaurant and is today a special event venue for Monterey State Historic Park.
590 CALLE
PRINCIPAL
Owner: Monterey
Historic State Park
NHLD &
CA State Historic
Landmark
Adobe- Spanish
Colonial with Wood
cladding on one side
MX- residence
Political Soldier,
Economic- Ranchero
Social- Californio
Art – WPA
collection
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 91, Packet Page 93 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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23. House of the Four Winds 1834
This charming building was named La Casa
de Los Vientos because it was the first building
in Monterey to display a weathervane on its
roof. The adobe was built by Thomas Oliver
Larkin in 1834 to use as a store. Located on
Calle Principal between Jefferson and Madison
streets, it adjoins the Sherman quarters
building. After Larkin closed his store, it
became a private residence until Larkin leased
the building to Governor Alvarado during the
1840s to again use as a store. In 1850, at the beginning of the American period in California, the County recorder William S. Johnson used the building as his office and as a hall of records, before moving the official records to El Cuartel.
In March 1914, the Women’s Civic Club of Monterey acquired the House of Four Winds to restore and preserve it. In 1954 the Club added the “Sala de Amistad,” the Friendship Hall, a small auditorium. The House of Four Winds is considered the oldest clubhouse in California.
540 CALLE PRINCIPAL
California State Parks
NHLD
CA State Historic
Landmark
Adobe- Spanish
Colonial
MX- store, residence
Economic Commerce,
Builder Larkin
Early statehood –
County Govt office
Early 20th C- Social
women’s club
Firsts – clubhouse in
California
24. Sherman’s Quarters 1830s
This stone building on the Larkin House property
was constructed between 1835 and 1841 and is
named for an American soldier in California who
would become one of the most famous Union Army
generals in the 1861-1865 American Civil War.
During the Mexican War in 1847, just a year after
United States had taken over the California capital
of Monterey, William Tecumseh Sherman, Henry
Halleck, and Edward Ord (for whom Ft. Ord is
named) arrived in California as first lieutenants of
the Third U. S. Artillery.
The military governor of California, Colonel Richard B. Mason soon selected the 27-yearold Sherman as his adjutant-general (chief administrative officer), and Sherman moved into the stone house “back of Larkin’s”, lodging there in 1847 and again in 1849. During that time, he went to the gold fields, returned Army deserters, settled disputes, conducted land surveys, and assisted the military governor. It was Sherman in Monterey who confirmed that gold nuggets found at Sutter’s Mill in 1848 were real gold. 510 CALLE
PRINCIPAL
Owner: Monterey
State Historic Park
NHLD
CA Register
MX- Political US
Consul Larkin.
AM military gov’tSoldier. Sherman.
Gold Rush.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 92, Packet Page 94 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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25. Larkin House 1834
The Larkin House, renowned as the first
building constructed in the Monterey Colonial
architectural style, is a two-story adobe
featuring double-hung glass windows, a
hipped roof finished with shingles (a new
feature among tile roofs), extended eaves, a
central staircase, and upper-floor
fireplaces. Thomas O. Larkin was not only an
enterprising builder but became politically
influential as the American Consul to Mexico.
At age 29, Larkin arrived from the United States in 1831 to assist his older halfbrother Captain John Rogers Cooper with his import and export business. Larkin soon started his own business and married Rachel Hobson Holmes, whom he had met during their seven-month voyage to Monterey. In this house, they raised a large family. Larkin managed wide-ranging enterprises and assisted the Mexican government, becoming known for both his shrewd business sense and his hospitality. In 1843, President Tyler appointed Larkin as the Consul of the United States to Mexican California. Three years later, the United States was at war with Mexico. Larkin worked for a peaceful transfer of California to the United States and later participated in the discussions leading to the first state constitution.
By 1920, after several owners, the Larkin House was purchased by Larkin’s granddaughter, Alice Larkin Toulmin, who lived in the house herself for 35 years. She donated the house to California State Parks as a memorial to her grandfather. 510 CALLE PRINCIPAL
AT JEFFERSON &
PACIFIC
Owner: Monterey State
Historic Park
NHLD & NRHP
CA State Historic
Landmark
Adobe- Monterey
Colonial
MX- Residence
Political- US Govt consul
Economic- Commerce
Yankee trader &
entrepreneur. Builder
AM military gov’tPolitical- Delegate to
State Constitutional
Convention
Social- hosted delegates
at meals, events and
discussions
Firsts- Monterey
Colonial style building.
Larkin Only US Consul
to Alta CA.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 93, Packet Page 95 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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26. Brown-Underwood Adobe and Few Memorial Hall 1843
The Brown Underwood Adobe is part of
Monterey’s City Hall complex and is now the City
Manager’s Office. In the mid-1840s, rancher Jose
Maria Sanchez built an L-shaped adobe as his
Monterey town house. Sanchez had grown wealthy
from the sale of hides and tallow, and with the
discovery of gold in California in 1848, he sold beef
and provisions to miners. Sanchez’s death in 1852 while crossing the Pajaro River led to a violent feud over his estate, known as the Roach-Belcher Feud, when several people sought the hand of his widow and control of his vast estate. William Roach sold the adobe to Luisa Cano de Johnson and her husband William S. Johnson, an English-born former American soldier who held several civil offices in Monterey County. The property included a woodshed, chicken house, washhouse and a well. In 1866, Johnson sold the house to Margaret and Charles Underwood, and the house once again became a rancher’s home when the family stayed in town. Underwood died in 1907, and Margaret married Andrew Brown, so the one-story house became known as the Brown Underwood Adobe.
In 1935, the City dedicated the Few Memorial City Hall, named in honor of civic leader Claude Few (whose 1891 Victorian home still stands on Van Buren Street), and carefully included the Brown Underwood adobe in the new City Hall complex.
580 PACIFIC
STREET AT
MADISON
City of
Monterey
NHLD
CA Register
AdobeSpanish
Colonial
MXResidence
Economic
Ranchero
Early US
state- Political
official in
Monterey
County
27. Colton Hall 1847-49
Colton Hall was the first American public building
built in California or in the U.S. Southwest. During
1847 to 1849, it was constructed under the direction
of the American Alcalde (judge and mayor) of
Monterey, Walter Colton. Designed in the Greek
Revival style used for many public buildings in
Colton’s native New England, it was built to serve as
Monterey’s [much needed] town hall and public
school. When completed, the two-story building
sited on a hill overlooking Monterey stood out
among the town’s whitewashed adobes. Constructed
with local sedimentary stone (shale) and fitted with wood floors and redwood balcony columns, the Hall was the largest public building west of the Rocky Mountains at the time, and, possibly, west of St. Louis, Missouri.
With huge influx of population following the discovery of gold, the military governor of California called for elected delegates from across California to meet in Monterey to create a state constitution and clearly establish the rule of law. In the fall of 1849, during a period of only six weeks, the 48 delegates debated in Spanish and English (with translators) and drafted a constitution for California, which set California’s boundaries and established it as a slave-free state. Colton Hall is the oldest continuously operating public building in California.
It has housed Monterey’s city hall, public school, county and municipal courthouse, sheriff’s office, and police department. In 1948 it became a museum celebrating the birth of the State of California.
570 PACIFIC ST.
Owner: City of
Monterey
NHLD
State Historic
Landmark
Open to the public
daily. Museum
Stone- Greek
Revival
Am Military gov’tPolitical- State
Constitutional
Convention.
Early U.S. statePolitical- County
govt, Town Hall
Social- Education.
Firsts- U.S. public
building in CA,
State Constitution,
Public school
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 94, Packet Page 96 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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28. Old Monterey Jail 1854
In 1854, a few years after California achieved
statehood, Monterey – as county seat and center of
government and commerce – needed a new, stronger
jail to replace the old adobe brick structure. With
rapid changes due to the Gold Rush, the influx of
newcomers to California and Monterey, and the
increasing number of desperadoes, the jail was built
to be unassailable and secure. It was constructed
with Monterey granite and fitted with the best iron
from San Francisco. Its eight small rooms were six jail cells, a debtor’s room, and a jailer’s room; it included a yard walled with local Monterey shale.
The remaining problem was that vigilantes sometimes took the law into their own hands.
Such was the fate of the notorious Anastacio Garcia, accused of several murders during the infamous Roach-Belcher Feud of the 1850s. Overcoming the jailer and taking his keys, the vigilantes seized Garcia and quickly hung him.
When the county seat was moved to Salinas in 1872, the stone jail was turned over to the City of Monterey. In the 1930s, one of its occasional inmates was Eduardo “Pilon” Romero, used by John Steinbeck as the basis for a character in his novel Tortilla Flat. The building described in the same book very closely resembles the Monterey Jail. The building continued in use as a jail until 1956. It is now part of the Colton Hall Museum. 570 PACIFIC ST
Owner: City of
Monterey
NHLD
CA HR
Open to the public
daily; Museum
Stone
Early U.S. statePolitical- City and
county
government;
Desperado/
bandit- Garcia,
Writers- Steinbeck
(Tortilla Flat)
29. Vasquez Adobe 1830s
In 1834, Guadalupe Cantua de Vasquez
bought a modest single-story adobe from
Monterey District’s police commissioner Luis
Placencia. The next year, her youngest child
Tiburcio Vasquez was born. Growing up in
Monterey, Tiburcio was well known as a
charming and flamboyant young man, fond of
dance and poetry. By the 1850s, during the
turbulent transition period from Mexican- to
American-controlled California, he became a famous leader of a gang of cattle and horse rustler, then to robbers of stagecoaches and stores. Clever and agile, he was not captured until 1874, when he was also tried and hung in San Jose for killing four people.
Vasquez family members lived in the house until the 1860s. Later, the family of vaquero Gregorio de la Torre resided here.
The original building was a single-story adobe, but in 1919, railroad tycoon Louis W. Hill bought the adobe and contracted with local builder J. C. Anthony to add a second floor. The historic adobe, located behind Colton Hall and the Old Monterey Jail, houses the administrative offices of the City’s Recreation Division. 546 DUTRA ST
Owner: City of
Monterey
NHLD
CA State Historic
Landmark
Adobe- Monterey
Colonial
MX & Early USResidence
Bandit- Tiburcio
Vasquez
Early 20th CSecond floor added
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 95, Packet Page 97 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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30. Gordon House 1850
The Gordon House, one of two houses
imported in 1849 from Australia, introduced
milled lumber houses to Monterey. It was
erected by Philip Roach, the last alcalde of
Monterey in 1850 and the first mayor of
Monterey in 1851. Roach sold the property in
1850 to William S. Johnson, a trustee of the
Early U.S. State period town council, which
first met in Colton Hall in January 1850. In 1853, attorney John Burke Phillips, who had arrived in Monterey with the New York Volunteers (Stevenson’s Regiment) in 1847, became the next owner.
The house is named for Samuel B. Gordon, who became the owner in 1871.
Gordon was well known in civic affairs and president of the Board of Trustees of Monterey from 1877 to 1883. The house continued to change ownership to become the home of architect Francis Palms and was later acquired, along with the Ketcham House, by the City of Monterey in 1995 to house City administrative offices. 526 PIERCE STREET
Owner: City of Monterey
NHLD
CA register
Milled Lumber- imported
from Australia.
Residence
Early US statePolitical- Roach, alcalde &
Mayor. Johnson on Town
Council. Gordon on Town Bd
of Trustees.
Artists- Francis Palms,
architect
Firsts- milled lumber. Home
of first mayor
31. Casa Jose de la Torre 1851-52
This adobe house was originally built by
Francisco Pinto, whose grandfather came on
the Anza Expedition to California in 1776.
During the Mexican war, Pinto was detained
in 1846 at Monterey by Captain Maddox to
prevent him from raising a force to fight the
Americans.
In 1862, vaquero Jose Remigio de la Torre,
youngest son of the Spanish-born soldier Jose Joaquin de la Torre and Mary Cota, bought the house. He and his wife Guadalupe Holjin raised five children here, and the de la Torre family members continued to reside in the house until 1923.
The next year, artist and craftsman Myron A. Oliver and his wife Dorothy, also an artist, bought the property and lived here for 30 years. Myron Oliver turned the main room of Casa de la Torre into a painting studio, adding the large window on the north side. A historic preservationist and civic activist, Myron Oliver was responsible for the creation of Friendly Plaza Park in the civic center in front of his home. Oliver also worked on the restoration of Colton Hall, the Custom House, and other historic Monterey buildings.
502 PIERCE STREET
Privately owned
NHLD
CA Register
Adobe- Monterey Colonial
MX- Residence, SocialCalifornio, First families
Am military gov’tPolitical- Mexican
resistance
Early US- vaquero del la
Torre
Early to mid-20th CArtists Myron & Dorothy
Oliver, also preservation
work and civic activities.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 96, Packet Page 98 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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32. Lara-Soto Adobe Ca. 1842
The Lara-Soto Adobe has been mistakenly identified
as the house of Jesus Soto over the years. This property on Pierce Street was first owned by the Lara family. The exact date of construction is unknown; however, 1842
has been suggested as a date when Francisco Soberanes
or one of the Lara’s built the house. On September 18,
1849, Monterey’s ayuntamiento (town council) granted
the property to Feliciana Lara. Feliciana Lara was a
daughter of Presidio soldier Jose Lara and Rosa Maria
Salvalza.
From about 1880 until 1905, Feliciana Lara’s nephew, Manuel Lara y Soto, and his wife Felicidad Soto lived in the house. Felicidad Soto was a Gabrieleño Indian from southern California. Manuel Lara y Soto was a well-known local woodcutter and barber who was born in 1825 to Jose Ygnacio Soto and Maria de Jesus Lara y Zabala.
The artist Josephine Blanche purchased the property in 1919, then restored and remodeled it for her own residence. In 1944, John Steinbeck bought the house and lived here with his wife Gwyn and infant son Thom and probably wrote The Pearl here. 460 PIERCE
STREET
Privately owned
Adobe- Spanish
Colonial
Residence
MXSocial- first family,
Californio
Early 20th CArtist Josephine
Blanche.
WWII and
postwarWriter- Steinbeck
(The Pearl)
33. Casa Serrano 1840-41
Construction of this graceful adobe was begun
in 1840 by John Chamberlain, an Irish American
blacksmith. In 1839, after deserting a whaling
ship, Chamberlain arrived in California from
Mexico aboard the California. Chamberlain
employed eight Indian craftsmen to make the
adobe bricks and to complete the masonry work
in 1840. The next year, he sold the house to
Thomas O. Larkin, who added a third room,
wooden floors, and glass windows. The onestory adobe features a sala or main room, an attic room, and corredor along the street side of the building.
In 1846, Larkin sold the house to Florencio Serrano, who taught school in the El Cuartel building and in this house. Serrano had arrived in Monterey in 1835 as a member of the Cosmopolitan Company of artisans and professionals from Mexico.
Serrano became a merchant, schoolteacher, and succeeded Walter Colton as Monterey’s alcalde during the early American period. Serrano married Rita de la Torre, and they raised six children. The family continued to live in the house until the 1930s. Beginning in 1932, Casa Serrano hosted the popular Cademartori’s restaurant where the Monterey History and Art Association was first proposed over a dinner. In 1959, the History and Art Association purchased and restored Casa Serrano, which now houses some of the Association’s art collection. 412 PACIFIC ST
Owner: Monterey History &
Art Association
CA Register
Usually open to public on
Saturdays
Adobe- Spanish Colonial
MX- Residence
Economic- Commerce
Yankee Trader &
entrepreneur Larkin;
Social- Education Serrano
Early U.S. statePolitical- Alcalde
WWII and postwarRestaurant
Mid 20th C- History & Art
Association
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 97, Packet Page 99 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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34. Capitular Hall 1834
The origin of the name Capitular Hall is a mystery.
Originally a one-story adobe, it was built by Guy
Freeman Fling of Maine who arrived in California
from Hawaii in 1826. Fling, a blacksmith, built the
house in about 1834. After Fling sold the property
in 1848, Capitular Hall had at least a dozen owners
including Thomas O. Larkin and Larkin’s business
associate James Gleason. Eventually, the building
became known as Capitular Hall, and although it
was thought to be an early town hall, no evidence supports this tradition. The mystery of the name “Capitular Hall” continues this day. The building is currently in use as an office building by Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. 400 PACIFIC STREET
AT FRANKLIN
Privately owned
Adobe & wood frameMonterey Colonial
MX- Residence
35. Merritt House ca 1845
The house was built about 1845 by John Tierney, an
Irish carpenter who came to Monterey in 1839. The
house’s architecture is intriguing ‒ an adobe building
with three Greek Revival-style columns. Did Tierney
remodel the original adobe? With his background and
skills, he is most likely the one who used three Greek
Revival columns instead of the usual four.
The Merritt House is named for Judge Josiah Merritt
who served as the first county judge for Monterey
County from 1851 to 1854. Originally from New York State, Merritt was attracted by news of gold discovered in California and arrived in Monterey in January 1850. He soon married Juana Paula Ignacia Castro, daughter of Simeon Castro who had been a judge of the Monterey District during the Mexican era. The couple moved into the house the same year that they were married.
When Judge Merritt’s tenure on the bench ended in 1854, he returned to his law practice and became the President of the Board of Trustees of Monterey. The Merritt House has remained a residence for much of its history. in 1979, it became the historic centerpiece of the Merritt House Inn.
386 PACIFIC STREET
Privately owned
NRHP individual listing
Adobe- with Greek
Revival façade applied
MX- Residence
Social- Cosmopolitan
Irish
Early US stateResidence
Political- Merritt as
Pres. of town Board of
Trustees
Firsts- Monterey
County Judge
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 98, Packet Page 100 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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36. Casa Soberanes 1842
Rafael Estrada, rancher and guardian of the
Custom House, built this two-story adobe as his
town house in 1842. The house was originally
twice the size that it is today and extended to the
north.
In 1860, Esequel Soberanes bought the house,
and the Soberanes family continued to live here
from 1860 to 1922.
In 1941, William O’Donnell and his wife, who was the local history newspaper columnist Mayo Hayes O’Donnell, bought the property, which became known as the House of the Blue Gate. Mayo continued to live in the house until 1954 when she donated it to the State of California.
336 PACIFIC STREET AT DEL
MONTE
Owner: Monterey State Historic Park
CA State Historic Landmark
Adobe- Monterey Colonial
MX- Residence
Political- Custom House guard
Economic- Ranchero
Social- Californio
WWII & postwar- Residence
Writer Historian Mayo Hayes
O’Donnell
37. California’s First Theater 1843-50
In 1843, English-born sailor Jack
Swan built a wood-framed cabin that
became used as a tavern and a
bowling alley. Later, he built the
adjoining one-story adobe building
as a boarding house for sailors.
In 1848, the recently arrived
officers of Colonel Stevenson’s New
York Volunteers used the building as
a theater. Whale oil lamps lit the stage, and boards and barrels seated the audience.
California’s First Theater was probably the first building in California where plays were performed for an admission fee.
In the mid-1850s Captain John Davenport used the building as the headquarters of the Monterey Whaling Company and whaling station when a lookout station was added on the roof.
202 PACIFIC ST AT SCOTT
Owner: Monterey State Historic
Park
NHLD
State Historic Landmark
Adobe- Spanish Colonial
MX- Economic- Commerce:
tavern, bowling alley, boarding
house for sailors,
Social- Cosmopolitan (English)
AM Military govt- theater
Early U.S. state- Whaling Station
Mid 20th C- community theater
Firsts- Theater in California
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 99, Packet Page 101 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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38. Perry House 1883
Located across from the Doud House, the Perry
House represents Monterey’s middle-class Victorian
houses. It was built about 1883 by Manuel Perry, a
carpenter and cabinetmaker who was born in
Portugal. Sometime before 1877, Perry arrived in
Monterey from Boston, Massachusetts, with his wife
Mary De Mello Silva and their son Manuel S. Perry
who was an early member of Monterey’s fire department. Perry and his son Manuel remodeled the original gabled single- and two-story house into a full two-story house in 1910, adding two Queen Anne style towers on the north corners. The property remained in the Perry family until it was acquired by the Monterey Redevelopment Agency in 1964. Three years later, Webster and Marguerite Downer bought the house and restored it. In 1966, the City of Monterey designated the building an historic resource. Monterey History and Art Association purchased the Victorian in 1997. The Perry House has been a family home, an art gallery, costume museum, and has housed several businesses.
201 VAN BUREN AT SCOTT
Privately owned
Wood – Victorian Queen
Anne.
Early US statehoodResidence
Civic- fire department
Economic- Commerce: artisan
Social- Cosmopolitan:
Portuguese.
Victorian- Early 20th Cremodeled to Queen Anne
style.
Mid 20th C- History and Art
Assoc; Commerce
39. Doud House 1860s
This single-story New England Colonial Revival
house is significant both for its association with
the pioneer Doud family and as an example of
early U.S. architecture in California. Francis Doud,
born in County Mayo, Ireland, arrived in the United
States in the mid-1830s at the age of 18. He joined
the U.S. Army and served in the Seminole War in
Florida under General Bennet Riley and in the
Mexican War in 1847. Arriving in California in 1849, he went to the gold mines in Mariposa County, then moved to Monterey where he met his former commander, General Riley who had become the military governor of California. Doud served as a civilian messenger and Sergeant of Arms for the 1849 California Constitutional Convention.
Doud built his original family house on this property in the 1850s, then built this new home in the 1860s. He worked as a butcher until the late 1880s and had a shop on Alvarado Street. Doud also acquired large ranch properties. His descendants lived in the house until 1966.
The Monterey History and Art Association acquired the Doud House the following year.
In 1970, famed landscape architect Florence Yoch designed the Doud House garden, which has been restored and maintained by the Historic Garden League. 177 VAN BUREN ST
Owner: Monterey History
& Art Association
NHLD
CA Register
Am Military periodPolitical Constitutional
Convention
Early US StateResidence. Gold Rush.
Economic- Commerce
Social- Cosmopolitan:
Irish
Mid 20th C- M. History &
Art Assoc.
Artist- Landscape
architect Florence Yoch
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 100, Packet Page 102 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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40. Mayo Hayes O’Donnell Library 1876
Built in 1876, this quaint and attractive redwood
building was the first Protestant church building in
Monterey. It was built and founded as St. James
Church by pioneer Episcopalian missionary
Reverend James S. McGowan. It is thought to be the
model for the Protestant Chapel in John Steinbeck’s
To a God Unknown.
The church originally stood on Pacific Street next door to the Merritt House. It was under threat of demolition in 1970. The Monterey History and Art Association acquired the building and moved it to the north end of Van Buren Street onto the Doud property. The library was dedicated in August 1970 and named in honor of Mayo Hayes O’Donnell who was a distinguished member of the History and Art Association and the history columnist for the Monterey Peninsula Herald. The volunteer-run library houses various History and Art Association collections including O’Donnell’s personal historical library and local historian Amelie Elkington’s collection. 155 VAN BUREN STREET
Owner: Monterey History &
Art Association
California Register
Open on scheduled hours
Redwood- Gothic Revival
Early US stateSocial- Episcopal church
Postwar eraWriters- Steinbeck.
Historians O’Donnell,
Elkington
Firsts- Protestant church
building in Monterey
41. Casa de Oro – Joseph Boston Store 1849
The Casa del Oro was built in 1845 out of chalk
rock by Thomas O. Larkin, the American Consul to
Mexican California. Tradition holds that it was used
as a hospital for seamen under the care of Larkin
and his wife Rachel. In 1847, it was used to quarter
U.S. Army soldiers of the Third Artillery Division,
which was under the command of Lieutenant
William Tecumseh Sherman.
In 1850, Joseph Boston leased the building for use
as the first general mercantile store in Monterey. The building houses the first safe in Monterey. It was used to lock up gold dust deposited by miners returning from their operations, and local residents began calling it the Casa de Oro (House of Gold). David Jacks bought the store in 1859 and the Jacks family continued to own the building until they donated it to the State of California in 1939. Today, the store is operated by the Historic Garden League and open to the public as a garden and historically themed gift shop.
320 SCOTT ST. AT OLIVER
ST.
Owner: California State
Parks/ Monterey SHP
NHLD
California State Historic
Landmark
Open to the public
Stone & Adobe- American
Colonial Revival/vernacular
MXSocial- Hospital
AM Military gov’tPolitical- soldiers’ quarters
Early US stateEconomic- Commerce
Mercantile store. Gold Rush.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 101, Packet Page 103 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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42. First Brick House 1847
Most of Monterey’s early buildings and walls
were made of adobe (sun-dried mud bricks),
but in 1847, Gallant Dickinson and brick
mason Amos Lowry introduced a much more
durable building material - fired clay bricks.
Dickenson had traveled overland to
California, and Lowry became his son-in-law.
Dickenson built this portion of a home for his
family, but they left for the gold fields before
completing the building.
In 1854, the first tenants of the house were Captain John and Ellen Davenport.
Captain Davenport organized the Monterey Whaling Company, which was the first shore whaling operation on the Pacific Coast. Over the years, the Brick House has had several residents. In 1915 it began service as a Spanish restaurant, which John Steinbeck described in his affection for Monterey. In 1979, the Junior League of Monterey began restoring the historic house and turned it over to California State Parks in 1995.
125 CUSTOM HOUSE
PLAZA/PACIFIC
STREET/DECATUR STREET
Owner: California State Parks/
Monterey SHP
NHLD
California Register
Open summer seasons
Brick- American Colonial
revival
Am Military gov’t- Residence
Early US StateEconomic- Gold rush, Shore
whaling.
Early 20th C- Restaurant
Firsts- Fired brick house in
California
Writers - Steinbeck
43. Old Whaling Station 1847
The Old Whaling Station adobe was built by David
Wight, who had left northern England with his family
for New Zealand and then traveled to South America
before settling in Monterey. Assisted by his neighbor
Gallant Dickenson, owner of the First Brick House next
door, Wight built the house in 1847. But then, both men left for the California gold fields.
In 1854 Captain Davenport, tenant of the First Brick
House, organized Monterey’s first shore whaling operation. A year later, the Old Monterey Whaling Company began using this adobe for its headquarters. In the 1850s, Monterey’s commerce was dependent upon cattle and sheep ranching, retail stores, lumber —and whaling, an industry which would continue sporadically until the early 1900s. The whaling companies were mainly composed of Portuguese whalers from the Azores.
Following the decline of whaling in 1880s, this charming adobe has had several residents, including Allen Griffin who founded the Monterey Peninsula Herald newspaper in 1922. In 1979, California Parks and Recreation acquired the Old Whaling Station. The Junior League has restored and continues to maintain the historic adobe. 125 PACIFIC STREET/ 391
DECATUR STREET
California State Parks
Owner- California State
Parks/ Monterey SHP
Adobe & board and battenMonterey Colonial
US Military gov’t -
Residence.
Cosmopolitan- English
Early USEconomic- Whaling station
HQ.
Cosmopolitan - Portuguese
whalers.
Victorian- Writer
newspaper publisher Griffin
First- Shore whaling
operation
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 102, Packet Page 104 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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Lower Presidio Historic Park
44. Vizcaino-Serra Oak Monument 1908
monument to
1770
On June 3rd, 1770, Father Serra and Captain Gaspar
de Portola founded Monterey near this site by a creek
that once flowed into Monterey Bay. Under a large oak
“whose branches touched the tidewater” * ‒ the same
tree where the Carmelite friars who came with
explorer Sebastian Vizcaino in 1602 had first held a
service ‒ Serra celebrated mass, and Portola and his
soldiers claimed Monterey for Spain.
For many years the site of the “Founding Oak” was
marked by a wooden cross on the banks of the creek near Pacific at Artillery Street. In 1905, however, James A. Murray, an Irish-born mining tycoon and owner of a mansion on the shores of New Monterey, obtained permission to remove and replace the wooden cross.
Murray commissioned sculptor Douglas Tilden to carve a massive Celtic cross of solid granite 12 feet tall, which was unveiled in 1908.
The marker is known as the Vizcaino-Serra Landing Site, although the actual landing took place below this location on a sandy beach now covered by a Monterey recreation trail. In 1902-03 the California Historic Landmarks League acquired the property, and in 1905, the League transferred it to the State of California. The site includes a stone memorial to Portola.
PACIFIC ST AT
ARTILLERY, LPHP
CA State Parks,
Monterey State Historic
Park
CA State Historic
Landmark
Commemorative
Monument
SP- Marks the location
of Vizcaino’s naming
and claiming Alta
California and formal
ceremony establishing
sovereignty and
founding Monterey
Early 20th C- Civic
pride
Artist Douglas Tilden
*Bancroft as quoted in Conway, p. 30
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 103, Packet Page 105 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
26 S:\300-Com-Service-Prgms\308-Museum-Services\308-03-History-Prgrms\Path of History Master Plan Project\Drop Box 6-23-2020 Documents\Appendix 3A May 21, 2020.docx
45. Presidio Museum 1908
In 1998, the U.S. Army leased 25 acres of the
Presidio to the City of Monterey to develop the Lower
Presidio Historic Park, a property that hosts some of
the most important historic sites of early California.
The lease agreement requires a master plan for the
park, a Presidio Museum open to visitors, and
operation of the park and museum.
The Presidio Museum of Monterey opened its doors
in 2002 and is currently open daily except on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. The Museum tells the story of this place from the earliest people’s use through the Spanish and Mexican periods to the establishment of the U. S. Army’s Presidio of Monterey, named in honor of the Spanish Royal Presidio de Monterey. The Museum continues the tradition of the previous military Presidio Museum with a special focus on U.S. Army history in Monterey.
The park is part of the National Register Historic District designation for the Presidio of Monterey. The Museum is housed in a former ammunition storage building, constructed in 1908. It offers views of the landscape immediate below the Museum, the site of former stables and corrals, the park, the Serra Monument, the site of El Castillo, and Monterey Bay.
The Sloat Monument and the Fort Mervine site are on the hill above the museum.
LOWER PRESIDIO
HISTORIC PARK,
BLDG. 113,
CORPORAL EWING RD.
Owner: U.S. Army,
leased to City of
Monterey
NHLD-Presidio of
Monterey
Open daily, except
Tuesdays and
Wednesdays
Commemorative
Park- Historic sites and
monuments
Museum- history of
Native American use and
European exploration;
military presences in
Monterey from the early
Spanish fort through
WWII.
46. Sloat Monument 1896-1910
On July 7, 1846, U.S. Navy Commodore John Drake
Sloat ordered American marines and sailors to raise
the American flag over the Custom House at
Monterey, the capitol of Mexican California. Sloat’s
goal was the peaceful transfer of California and
Monterey from Mexican to American control.
Beginning in 1896, a committee led by Major Edwin
Sherman raised funds for the design and installation
of a monument to commemorate Sloat’s landing, a pivotal event in national and California history. In 1896, the cornerstone of the Sloat Monument was laid. Foundation stone blocks were contributed and inscribed by a wide range of counties and heritage organizations; however, the massive monument took 14 years to complete. The monument features Sloat’s likeness affixed to the side that faces the Custom House and is capped by an eagle.
In 1910, the monument on Presidio Hill was completed at last and dedicated in a grand ceremony attended by a large crowd of people from across the state. It quickly became an important landmark in Monterey, visible from downtown with a location that provides spectacular views of the city and the bay from its own location.
LOWER PRESIDIO
HISTORIC PARK #152,
CORPORAL EWING RD
Owner: U.S. Army,
leased to City of
Monterey
NHLD-Presidio of
Monterey
Commemorative
structure
Monument
Victorian- Base stones
donated and inscribed by
several organizations
Early 20th CMonument
Commemorating 1846
US acquisition of Alta
California complete and
dedicated.
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 104, Packet Page 106 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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47. Fort Mervine Site 1846
The Fort Mervine Site is located on the same hill as the Sloat Monument and was constructed in 1846 by orders of Navy Captain Sloat. It was the first U.S. fort in California and is one of its most significant sites, representing the acquisition of California.
It is also the fort of many names. The first fort was built here by the U.S. Navy using logs and was equipped with a blockhouse, battery, and cannons. It was named for
Captain Mervine, who was in charge of the troops who
raised the American flag over the Custom House in 1846. In 1847, the U. S. Army’s First Dragoons arrived at Fort Mervine, followed by the Army’s Third Artillery Division, which built a larger diamond-shaped earthen fort, armed it with twenty 24-pound cannons, and called it the Monterey Redoubt. This enlarged fort was designed by Lieutenant Henry Halleck, an engineer, and was built under the direction of Halleck and Lieutenant William Tecumseh Sherman. Both Halleck and Sherman would later become famous Civil War generals.
Besides Fort Mervine and the Monterey Redoubt, this first fort has also been called Fort Stockton, for the Naval officer who succeeded Sloat, and Fort Halleck. The fort was closed in 1852 and reactivated in 1865.
A two-story log barracks and an officers’ quarters were also built at the Army facility under the supervision of Lieutenant Edward C. Ord, who also became a Civil War general. Nearby Fort Ord is named for him.
LOWER PRESIDIO
HISTORIC PARK, ,
SOUTH OF SLOAT
MONUMENT
Owner: U.S. Army,
leased to City of
Monterey
NHLD-Presidio of
Monterey
Site –
AM military gov’tPolitical
Soldiers Sherman,
Halleck, and Ord.
(Halleck also served
as Gov. General
Riley’s
representative and
delegate to the CA
Constitutional
convention)
Firsts- U.S. fort
built in California
48. Serra Monument 1891
This monument represents the arrival of Spanish
Franciscan priest Junipero Serra at Monterey. After
an unsuccessful expedition a year earlier, Don
Gaspar de Portolá came by land from San Diego.
Father Serra sailed from the same place on the
ship San Antonio. They were charged with founding
a Spanish presidio and mission at Monterey. Serra
held a mass, and Portolá officially claimed Alta
California for Spain, in ceremonies held under a
giant oak tree on June 3, 1770. The actual site of
Monterey's founding is downslope from the statue
and near the entrance to the Lower Presidio Historic
Park on Artillery at Pacific.
In 1889, June Stanford, wife of former Governor Leland Stanford, obtained permission from the Army to locate a monument on this site and commissioned John W. Combs of San Francisco to create the solid granite statue of Serra. The monument was dedicated in 1891 and donated to the City of Monterey. The site offers splendid views of Monterey Harbor and its waterfront. In 1971, the Presidio of Monterey was declared a National Historic District with the Serra Monument included as a contributing element.
LOWER PRESIDIO
HISTORIC PARK
#109,
Owner: U.S. Army,
leased to city
NHLD-Presidio of
Monterey
CA State Historic
Landmark
Monument
VictorianCommemorative to
1770 events
Spanish- 1770
establishment of
Spanish gov’t and
church at Monterey
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 105, Packet Page 107 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
28 S:\300-Com-Service-Prgms\308-Museum-Services\308-03-History-Prgrms\Path of History Master Plan Project\Drop Box 6-23-2020 Documents\Appendix 3A May 21, 2020.docx
49. El Castillo Site 1792
On this site stood El Castillo, the “castle” or
fort on the hill overlooking Monterey Harbor.
Located on the same hill as Fort Mervine,
rather than the Spanish and Mexican Presidio
de Monterey — which would be a poor spot
to defend against an attack from the water—
the V-shaped Spanish fort was built in 1792
as a log parapet fortified with eleven
cannons. The fort was soon supported and
enlarged with adobe bricks and walls
enclosing a barracks and guard house. In
1818, the Spanish soldiers of El Castillo engaged in the only land-sea battle on the Pacific coast of the present United States. Representing the revolutionary Argentine republic, Privateer Hipólito Bouchard requested the Spanish governor of California to surrender the capital of Monterey and join the liberation of Spanish colonies in America. The governor refused and the Montereyans abandoned the presidio with whatever valuables they could carry. Bouchard raised the Argentine flag over Monterey and burned the governor’s house and other adobe structures at the presidio and sailed away.
In 1842, Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones, mistakenly believing that war existed between Mexico and the United States, captured El Castillo and seized Monterey. On the following day, Jones realized his giant blunder and apologized. The Mexican flag was raised again over the town, the American ships and El Castillo gave cannon salutes, and the Americans were treated as guests of Monterey. Only four years later, the United States and Mexico actually were at war, and the Americans took permanent possession of Monterey.
LOWER PRESIDIO
HISTORIC PARK.
Owner; U.S. Army,
leased to City of
Monterey
NHLD-Presidio of
Monterey
Commemorative
Monument- Site
[with interpretive
panel?]
SP- soldiers
MX- soldiers
Firsts- only landsea battle on the
Pacific coast of what
is now the U.S.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The following are not currently shown on Path of History Map Recommend linking as a branch walk or byway of the POH
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 106, Packet Page 108 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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50. Stokes Adobe 1837
Three families have lived in this fine
Monterey adobe. In 1833, hat maker
Benjamin Day built a single-room onestory adobe.
The next year, English sailor and ship’s
apothecary clerk, or pharmacist, James
Stokes arrived in Monterey. He soon
became consulting doctor to Governor
Figueroa. In 1837, Stokes bought the small
adobe. After marrying the widow Josefa Soto de Cano, he enlarged the adobe to accommodate his growing family by adding a second story, seven rooms, and a wing for the kitchen and storeroom. As with most merchants of the era, his residence ‒known as Gran Barata (Great Bargain) ‒ also housed his general store, and Stokes also acquired large landholdings.
After Josefa’s death in 1855, the house was sold to Honore Escolle, an immigrant from Salernes, France, who operated a bakery in the Washington Hotel. On his new property, Escolle built a large kiln where he baked bread and, with the help of a French artisan, made terracotta pottery, selling both at his general store at the Cooper-Molera Adobe.
Escolle also raised his family here and became a landowner and one of Monterey’s leading citizens, at one time owning much of present-day Carmel.
In 1890, Mortimer Gragg and his wife Harriet “Hattie” Sargent Gragg bought the house. A member of a pioneer family, Hattie sought to preserve Old Monterey’s heritage and customs. She held social events in her home and shared stories of early Monterey. The author John Steinbeck often visited Hattie to hear her tales of old Monterey. Beginning in 1950 with the popular Gallatin’s Restaurant, restaurants have become the recent tradition of the Stokes Adobe.
500 HARTNELL STREET
Private ownership
NHLD
Adobe- Monterey
Colonial
MX- Residence.
Pharmacist/doctor, Baker
Economy Commerce:
General store
Social- Cosmopolitan:
English
Early US state- Residence.
Economy- bakery, pottery
Social- Cosmopolitan.
Victorian & early 20th CSocial- historian Gragg
Writer- Steinbeck
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 107, Packet Page 109 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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51. Hartnell Adobe Site - Monterey Hospital
Original House
1830s - Hospital
1930
William E. P. Hartnell, an Englishman, arrived in
Monterey in 1822 as an agent for the English Begg
Company, dealers in hides and tallow. The
following year, Hartnell was granted property and
built a large adobe house which became a center
of social life during the 1830s and 40s. Hartnell
married Maria Teresa, a daughter of the influential
Jose de la Guerra y Noriega, a former commander
of the Royal Presidio de Monterey. The well-educated Hartnell was a fluent speaker and writer of Spanish, as well as English and German. As a result, in 1834, Governor Jose Figueroa placed Hartnell in charge of the Monterey school, which was held for a time in the adobe home. Hartnell later established a school at his rancho at Alisal (now part of Salinas).
Hartnell held several government posts and served as an interpreter and translator in the early U.S. period. He served on the first Monterey County Board of Supervisors.
In 1930, Doctors Horace and Hugh Dormody opened the first modern hospital in Central California on the former site of the Hartnell Adobe. Designed in a Spanish motif by Coffey and Titz of San Francisco, this elegant building is now a branch of the Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula.
576 HARTNELL STREET
Private ownership; new
building on site
Adobe (site)
MX- Residence
Hartnell- cosmopolitan
influence, Commerce,
Educator, Ranchero,
Govt
AM militaryInterpreter & translator
Early US state- County
Govt
Early 20th C- New
modern hospital
Firsts- modern hospital
in central CA. Opened
in 1930
52. Fremont Adobe
[Escobar-Vasquez-Castro house]
1810’s
This small two-story house is misnamed. John
C. Fremont never used this building as his office
during his California expedition and military
campaign during the Mexican War.
In 1848, Alcalde Florencio Serrano deeded the
town lot to Jose Maria Escobar, a descendant of
soldiers at the Presidio de Monterey. Escobar had
married Asuncion Boronda, a member of another
prominent Monterey family, in 1845, and they had a
large family. Within six months of receiving the town lot, Escobar died.
The widowed Asuncion married Antonio Maria Vasquez, a rancher and descendant of Anza Expedition colonists. Antonio was also the older brother of the bandit Tiburcio Vasquez, who no doubt frequently visited his brother’s family. The adobe house served as the Antonio Vasquez family’s town house until 1861.
The charming little adobe had many subsequent owners including Cristosomo Castro, who came with his son David from Baja California during the Gold Rush and lived in the house for many years. The Monterey History and Art Association acquired the building from the City of Monterey in 1961. Today the Escobar-Vasquez-Castro house is a pastry and coffee shop. 539 HARTNELL ST.
Private ownership
NHLD
CA Reg
Adobe- Monterey
Colonial
MX- Residence,
Economic- Ranchero
Social- First families
Escobar, Vasquez,
Castro
Bandit Tiburcio
Vasquez
US military govt &
Early statehoodresidence
Mid 20th CMonterey History and
Art Association,
commerce
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 108, Packet Page 110 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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53. First French Consulate 1840s
Except for the United States Consulate,
headed by Thomas Larkin, the French
Consulate was the only foreign consulate
ever established in Monterey, the old
capital of Alta California. In the Fall of
1842, the French Minister of Foreign
Affairs appointed Louis Gasquet to be
Chancellier (vice-Consul) at Monterey to
protect the interests of French residents of California. Gasquet was engaged in political intrigue opposing a possible American takeover of California. When the Americans raised the U.S. flag over Monterey at the Custom House in 1846, Gasquet refused to recognize the United States’ sovereignty. Three months later, the more amiable Jacques Antoine Moerenhout replaced him as the new French Consul. Moerenhout made Monterey his home until 1859 when the French Consulate was moved to Los Angeles.
The French Consulate adobe building was built in the 1840s and stood originally at Fremont and Abrego. In 1934, in order to preserve the historic adobe, the City of Monterey and Monterey History and Art Association arranged to have the adobe taken apart, moved, and carefully rebuilt in its present location at El Estero. Today the French Consulate welcomes visitors from around the world as the Monterey Visitors and Conference Center. 401 CAMINO EL
ESTERO
Owner: City of
Monterey
Open to the public
Adobe- Spanish
Colonial
MXPolitical, French
Consulate
Cosmopolitan: French
US military govt &
early statehood:
Political French
Consulate,
cosmopolitan
Early 20th C.-
Relocated to El Estereo
for preservation
Current- City Visitors’
and Conference Center
54. Casa Munras 1822-24
The Casa Munras Hotel’s main building contains walls of the original two-story adobe residence constructed by
Don Estevan Munras in 1822. He called his home, “La
Granja” (The Grange). It took two years to complete.
Munras, born in 1789 in Barcelona, entered the Spanish
diplomatic service and was sent to California in 1812. He married Catalina Manjanelli y Ponce de Leon, daughter of the physician of the Royal Spanish Presidio de Monterey.
At Monterey, Estevan became a successful merchant.
Together, he and Catalina owned three large ranches,
Laguna Seca (where the racetrack is located today), San Francisquito, and San Vicente.
The grand adobe remained in the Munras family until 1941, when it was sold to J. P.
Dougherty who converted the house into a 50-room hotel and motel. Dougherty’s son Jack remodeled and expanded the motel. One of its distinguished guests was Eleanor Roosevelt.
Today the hotel continues as the Casa Munras Garden Hotel. 700 MUNRAS AVENUE
Private ownership
Adobe (remnant)
SP- MX- Residence.
Economic- Ranchero.
Social-First families.
Mid 20th C- hotel
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 109, Packet Page 111 Appendix 3A – Inventory of Current Path of History
DRAFT – May 21, 2020
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Recommended for a branch path or alternate walk line
55. Washington Hotel Site 1832
The hotel was originally the two-story home of Don Eugenio Montenegro, who built it in 1832. The grand adobe took a year to build. Adobe bricks were dug out of the hill behind San Carlos church (Royal Presidio Chapel) and whitewashed with plaster for building material.
Beginning in 1846, the Washington Hotel at the corner of Washington and Pearl streets was the chief hotel of Monterey.
Previously, visitors to Monterey were welcomed in the homes of residents in the tradition of old California hospitality. The hotel was a massive structure rising three and one-half stories and over 200 feet in length. In 1849, Alberto Trescony, an Italian immigrant who began life in Monterey operating a tin store, bought the building. During the California Constitutional Convention held at Colton Hall, the Hotel entertained and lodged many of the delegates. Up until the 1870s, the hotel was the center of social life with fashionable gatherings and dances held there. Then, sadly, the Washington Hotel lost its prestige and began to deteriorate. In 1914, it was demolished. The former Monterey Peninsula Herald newspaper building, a one-story stone building filled with shops and cafes, now occupies the site.
WASHINGTON
STREET AND
FRANKLIN
Private ownership
Site – demolished
1914
Adobe
MX- Residence,
Hotel
Am military
govt- Political
Constitutional
convention; Social,
cosmopolitan
Early US- hotel,
Social gatherings
56. La Mirada Adobe – Museum of Art 1830,
1920s-30s
La Mirada refers to the “view” or its “looking” pond, once a part of nearby El Estero. La Mirada was originally one of several Castro family homes in Monterey. It is significant as the home of the family of Comandante General Jose Antonio Castro and his wife Modesta whose father (also named Jose Castro) built the adobe on the hill southwest of the Royal Presidio Chapel in the early 1800s. The one-story adobeand-chalk limestone house was originally built with three wings surrounding a courtyard.
Surprisingly, when Jose Castro fled to Mexico at the end of the Mexican War in 1849, Modesta rented two rooms of the fine old adobe house to Castro’s arch-enemy John C. Fremont and his wife Jessie Benton Fremont.
Writer Gouvenor Morris and his wife Ruth Twightman bought the property in 1922 and immediately began an expansion from the one remaining wing of the Castro house with a 40-foot drawing room and a two-story wing with guest rooms. The work included enclosing the house, courtyard, and gardens with chalk limestone walls. There they entertained their friends, writers, artists, and actors.
In 1936, Thomas A. (T.A.) Work, local entrepreneur and landowner, bought the estate. The Work family continued to live here until T.A.’s son Frank deeded the property to the Monterey Peninsula Museum of Art Association in 1983. La Mirada is a branch of the Monterey Peninsula Museum of Art, featuring California regional art and Asian art. Gardens open to the public. The museum is currently used for special events.
720 VIA
MIRADA
Private ownership
Museum of
Monterey
Adobe
MXSocial -Californio,
First family
Am military gov’tResidence:
Fremont
Early 20th CArtists, social,
Writers- Morris
Recent- Art
museum and
event facility
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 110, Packet Page 112 Path of History Specific Plan Path of History
[22303] Monterey, California
PAGE & TURNBULL 106 December 15, 2023
APPENDIX B: MAPS OF MONTEREY’S TOURS, SITES &
RESOURCES
The following maps were generated by Page & Turnbull using Google Maps to illustrate the breadth of points of interest across Monterey. These maps show points included in the current Path of History program, proposed additions to the Path of History, and two proposed routes that target Monterey’s Pearl District and the New Monterey neighborhood. Additionally, the maps mark sites included in several ancillary tours (Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Cannery Row tour, Historic Monterey’s Explore Monterey tour, and the Lower Presidio Historic Park interpretation tour). The interactive map can be viewed here and also includes public service locations, such as parking areas, public transit stops, and restrooms.
A detailed map of the Pearl District walk is shown in Figure 17 and the New Monterey walk in Figure
22. Color Tour Name Developed By Number of Stops
Path of History (Existing Points) City of Monterey 54
Path of History (Proposed Additions) City of Monterey/Page & Turnbull 18 Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk Page & Turnbull 13 New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walk Page & Turnbull 17
Cannery Row Tour Monterey Bay Aquarium 11
Explore Monterey Tour Historic Monterey 19
Presidio of Monterey Interpretive Trail Lower Presidio Historical Park 11
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 111, Packet Page 113 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 107
MASTER MAP OF ALL TOUR POINTS IN MONTEREY
of History
historical sites and buildings that comprise the City of Monterey's Path of History walking tour, created in 1939.
North Section Detail
Central Section Detail
South Section Detail
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
NOT TO SCALE
TOUR LEGEND
Path of History (Existing Points)
Path of History (Proposed Additions)
Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk
New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walk
Cannery Row Tour
Explore Monterey Tour
Presidio of Monterey Interpretive Trail
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 112, Packet Page 114 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 108 ath of History
The historical sites and buildings that comprise the City of Monterey's Path of History walking tour, created in 1939. ath of History
The historical sites and buildings that comprise the City of Monterey's Path of History walking tour, created in 1939.
MASTER MAP - NORTH SECTION DETAIL
NOT TO SCALE
TOUR LEGEND
Path of History (Existing Points)
Path of History (Proposed Additions)
Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk
New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walk
Cannery Row Tour
Explore Monterey Tour
Presidio of Monterey Interpretive Trail
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 113, Packet Page 115 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 109
MASTER MAP - CENTRAL SECTION DETAIL
NOT TO SCALE
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
TOUR LEGEND
Path of History (Existing Points)
Path of History (Proposed Additions)
Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk
New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walk
Cannery Row Tour
Explore Monterey Tour
Presidio of Monterey Interpretive Trail
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 114, Packet Page 116 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 110 ap
Draft
rters
h
e
MASTER MAP - SOUTH SECTION MAP
14 12
NOT TO SCALE
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
TOUR LEGEND
Path of History (Existing Points)
Path of History (Proposed Additions)
Pearl District Cultural Heritage Walk
New Monterey Cultural Heritage Walk
Cannery Row Tour
Explore Monterey Tour
Presidio of Monterey Interpretive Trail
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 115, Packet Page 117 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 111
EXISTING PATH OF HISTORY
28 NOT TO SCALE
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 116, Packet Page 118 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 112
PROPOSED ADDITIONS TO THE PATH OF HISTORY
NOT TO SCALE
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 117, Packet Page 119 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 113 Bay
MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM’S CANNERY ROW TOUR
NOT TO SCALE
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 118, Packet Page 120 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 114 HISTORIC MONTEREY’S “EXPLORE MONTEREY” TOUR
10 14
NOT TO SCALE
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 119, Packet Page 121 PATH OF HISTORY SPECIFIC PLAN | MONTEREY, CA DECEMBER 15, 2023 | 115
PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY INTERPRETIVE TRAIL
NOT TO SCALE
ELEV
(3) EXISTING
ADA PARKING
STALLS
OPEN
STUDIO
(5,340 SF)
NORTH
PARKING
LOT
STUDIO
(1,250 SF)
WORKSHOP
(4,560 SF)
*(E) STUDIOS AND
WORKSHOPS MAY
REQUIRE MINOR
INTERVENTIONS TO
BECOME FULLY
ACCESSIBLE.
FURTHER STUDY
REQUIRED.
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
STUDIO
(1,490 SF)
ENTRY
CORRIDOR
(1,275 SF)
ATTACHMENT
Council Special Meeting, 10/23/2024, Item No. 1., Item Page 120, Packet Page 122