Moreno Valley City Council
June 3, 2025

3.5 Bioretention Facility
Description
Bioretention Facilities are shallow, vegetated basins underlain by an engineered soil media.

Healthy plant and biological activity in the root zone maintain and renew the macro‐pore space in the soil and maximize plant uptake of pollutants and runoff. This keeps the Best Management Practice (BMP) from becoming clogged and allows more of the soil column to function as both a sponge (retaining water) and a highly effective and self‐maintaining biofilter.

In most cases, the bottom of a Bioretention Facility is unlined, which also provides an opportunity for infiltration to the extent the underlying onsite soil can accommodate. When the infiltration rate of the underlying soil is exceeded, fully biotreated flows are discharged via underdrains. Bioretention Facilities therefore will inherently achieve the maximum feasible level of infiltration and evapotranspiration and achieve the minimum feasible (but highly biotreated) discharge to the storm drain system.

Siting Considerations
These facilities work best when they are designed in a relatively level area. Unlike other BMPs, Bioretention Facilities can be used in smaller landscaped spaces on the site, such as:
 Parking islands
 Medians
 Site entrances
Landscaped areas on the site (such as may otherwise be required through minimum landscaping ordinances), can often be designed as Bioretention Facilities. This can be accomplished by:
 Depressing landscaped areas below adjacent impervious surfaces, rather than elevating those areas
 Grading the site to direct runoff from those impervious surfaces into the Bioretention Facility, rather than away from the landscaping
 Sizing and designing the depressed landscaped area as a Bioretention Facility as described in this Fact Sheet
Type of BMP LID – Bioretention
Treatment Mechanisms Infiltration, Evapotranspiration, Evaporation, Biofiltration Maximum Drainage Area This BMP is intended to be integrated into a project’s landscaped area in a distributed manner. Typically, contributing drainage areas to Bioretention Facilities range from less than 1 acre to a maximum of around 10 acres.

Other Names Rain Garden, Bioretention Cell, Bioretention Basin, Biofiltration Basin, Landscaped Filter Basin, Porous Landscape Detention
Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

Bioretention Facilities should however not be used downstream of areas where large amounts of sediment can clog the system. Placing a Bioretention Facility at the toe of a steep slope should also be avoided due to the potential for clogging the engineered soil media with erosion from the slope, as well as the potential for damaging the vegetation.

Design and Sizing Criteria
The recommended cross section necessary for a Bioretention Facility includes:
 Vegetated area
 18' minimum depth of engineered soil media
 12' minimum gravel layer depth with 6' perforated pipes (added flow control features such as orifice plates may be required to mitigate for HCOC conditions) While the 18‐inch minimum engineered soil media depth can be used in some cases, it is recommended to use 24 inches or a preferred 36 inches to provide an adequate root zone for the chosen plant palate. Such a design also provides for improved removal effectiveness for nutrients. The recommended ponding depth inside of a Bioretention Facility is 6 inches; measured from the flat bottom surface to the top of the water surface as shown in Figure 1.

Because this BMP is filled with an engineered soil media, pore space in the soil and gravel layer is assumed to provide storage volume. However, several considerations must be noted:
 Surcharge storage above the soil surface (6 inches) is important to assure that design flows do not bypass the BMP when runoff exceeds the soil’s absorption rate.  In cases where the Bioretention Facility contains engineered soil media deeper than 36 inches, the pore space within the engineered soil media can only be counted to the 36‐ inch depth.
 A maximum of 30 percent pore space can be used for the soil media whereas a maximum of 40 percent pore space can be use for the gravel layer.

Figure 1: Standard Layout for a Bioretention Facility
RETAINING WALL TYPE 1A PER
CAL TRANS ST ANOARD 83-3 OR
ENGINEERED AlTERNATIVE BASED

ON GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
6' MINIMUM TOP WIDTH
2' VARI ES
(DEPTH X SIDE SLOPE) 2' MINIMUM
2'
(DEPTH X SIDE SLOPE )

PONDING DEPTH
6" MAXIMUM
CALTRANS 073 TYPE G-l OR

FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT

DROP INLET
·::_. 1 PARKING OR DRIVE AISLE (TYP)
~~r~,,----;:;.--i=~-;;;-71~~f:i-:s::. _ ;:::;::;:;::;::;::;:;;:::;::;:;::;::;::;:;;:::;, MATU.RE VEGETATION : •• -. ,· '
, • • • • • •· AND 2-3" MULCH LAYER • • • . - ·: .. ••• • . . ·:·· .. • •. · • . .. ·. : .. • : :

BIORETENTION FACILITY BMP FACT SHEET
Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

Engineered Soil Media Requirements
The engineered soil media shall be comprised of 85 percent mineral component and 15 percent organic component, by volume, drum mixed prior to placement. The mineral component shall be a Class A sandy loam topsoil that meets the range specified in Table 1 below. The organic component shall be nitrogen stabilized compost1, such that nitrogen does not leach from the media.

Table 1: Mineral Component Range Requirements
Percent Range Component
70‐80 Sand
15‐20 Silt
5‐10 Clay
The trip ticket, or certificate of compliance, shall be made available to the inspector to prove the engineered mix meets this specification.

Vegetation Requirements
Vegetative cover is important to minimize erosion and ensure that treatment occurs in the Bioretention Facility. The area should be designed for at least 70 percent mature coverage throughout the Bioretention Facility. To prevent the BMP from being used as walkways, Bioretention Facilities shall be planted with a combination of small trees, densely planted shrubs, and natural grasses. Grasses shall be native or ornamental; preferably ones that do not need to be mowed. The application of fertilizers and pesticides should be minimal. To maintain oxygen levels for the vegetation and promote biodegradation, it is important that vegetation not be completely submerged for any extended period of time. Therefore, a maximum of 6 inches of ponded water shall be used in the design to ensure that plants within the Bioretention Facility remain healthy.

A 2 to 3‐inch layer of standard shredded aged hardwood mulch shall be placed as the top layer inside the Bioretention Facility. The 6‐inch ponding depth shown in Figure 1 above shall be measured from the top surface of the 2 to 3‐inch mulch layer.

Curb Cuts
To allow water to flow into the Bioretention Facility, 1‐foot‐wide (minimum) curb cuts should be placed approximately every 10 feet around the perimeter of the Bioretention Facility. Figure 2 shows a curb cut in a Bioretention Facility. Curb cut flow lines must be at or above the VBMP water surface level.

1 For more information on compost, visit the US Composting Council website at: http://compostingcouncil.org/ r:::r:::,

BIORETENTION FACILITY BMP FACT SHEET
Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

Figure 2: Curb Cut located in a Bioretention Facility
To reduce erosion, a gravel pad shall be placed
at each inlet point to the Bioretention Facility.

The gravel should be 1‐ to 1.5‐inch diameter in
size. The gravel should overlap the curb cut
opening a minimum of 6 inches. The gravel pad
inside the Bioretention Facility should be flush
with the finished surface at the curb cut and
extend to the bottom of the slope.

In addition, place an apron of stone or concrete,
a foot square or larger, inside each inlet to
prevent vegetation from growing up and
blocking the inlet.  See Figure 3.

Terracing the Landscaped Filter Basin
It is recommended that Bioretention Facilities be level. In the event the facility site slopes and lacks proper design, water would fill the lowest point of the BMP and then discharge from the basin without being treated. To ensure that the water will be held within the Bioretention Facility on sloped sites, the BMP must be terraced with nonporous check dams to provide the required storage and treatment capacity.

The terraced version of this BMP shall be used on non‐flat sites with no more than a 3 percent slope. The surcharge depth cannot exceed 0.5 feet, and side slopes shall not exceed 4:1. Table 2 below shows the spacing of the check dams, and slopes shall be rounded up (i.e., 2.5 percent slope shall use 10' spacing for check dams).

Table 2: Check Dam Spacing
6” Check Dam Spacing
Slope Spacing
1% 25'
2% 15'
3% 10'
Figure 3: Apron located in a Bioretention Facility

BIORETENTION FACILITY BMP FACT SHEET
Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

Roof Runoff
Roof downspouts may be directed towards Bioretention Facilities. However, the downspouts must discharge onto a concrete splash block to protect the Bioretention Facility from erosion.

Retaining Walls
It is recommended that Retaining Wall Type 1A, per Caltrans Standard B3‐3 or equivalent, be constructed around the entire perimeter of the Bioretention Facility. This practice will protect the sides of the Bioretention Facility from collapsing during construction and maintenance or from high service loads adjacent to the BMP. Where such service loads would not exist adjacent to the BMP, an engineered alternative may be used if signed by a licensed civil engineer.

Side Slope Requirements
Bioretention Facilities Requiring Side Slopes
The design should assure that the Bioretention Facility does not present a tripping hazard.

Bioretention Facilities proposed near pedestrian areas, such as areas parallel to parking spaces or along a walkway, must have a gentle slope to the bottom of the facility. Side slopes inside of a Bioretention Facility shall be 4:1. A typical cross section for the Bioretention Facility is shown in Figure 1.

Bioretention Facilities Not Requiring Side Slopes
Where cars park perpendicular to the Bioretention Facility, side slopes are not required. A 6‐ inch maximum drop may be used, and the Bioretention Facility must be planted with trees and shrubs to prevent pedestrian access. In this case, a curb is not placed around the Bioretention Facility,
but wheel stops shall be used to prevent vehicles from entering the Bioretention Facility, as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Bioretention Facility Layout without Side Slopes W HEEL.STOP (M NEEDED)
18" - 36"

ENGINEERED
SOIL IVlEDIA
RETAINING W ALL TYPE l A PER
CALT RANS STANDAR D B3- 3 OR
ENGi NEER ED ALTERNATIVE BM ED
ON GEOTECHNICAL PARAIVl ETERS
. •
VARIES
2' IV1 INI IV1 UIV1

PONDIN G DEPTH
.• . ,- . . : : : · _- - IVlATURE VEGETATI ON .
: •.,: ·:-; .· ·: •• •. _. _ ·/(:•'.·. ,- ._:::_'. .·-A.·N. D. ~/'_lv1ULCH ~y~~}-·:·:_··.' •' '.' . · . . •• . • •■ • • . .. ·. •. . .·
6" PERFORATED Pl PE -L----~-
CALT RANS D7 3 TYPE G-1 OR FU NCTIONAL

EQUIVALENT DROP INLET
-V HEELS P (M NEEDED )

BIORETENTION FACILITY BMP FACT SHEET
Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

Planter Boxes
Bioretention Facilities can also be placed above ground as planter boxes. Planter boxes must have a minimum width of 2 feet, a maximum surcharge depth of 6 inches, and no side slopes are necessary. Planter boxes must be constructed so as to ensure that the top surface of the engineered soil media will remain level. This option may be constructed of concrete, brick, stone or other stable materials that will not warp or bend. Chemically treated wood or galvanized steel, which has the ability to contaminate stormwater, should not be used. Planter boxes must be lined with an impermeable liner on all sides, including the bottom. Due to the impermeable liner, the inside bottom of the planter box shall be designed and constructed with a cross fall, directing treated flows within the subdrain layer toward the point where subdrain exits the planter box, and subdrains shall be oriented with drain holes oriented down. These provisions will help avoid excessive stagnant water within the gravel underdrain layer. Similar to the in‐ground Bioretention Facility versions, this BMP benefits from healthy plants and biological activity in the root zone. Planter boxes should be planted with appropriately selected vegetation.

Figure 5: Planter Box
Source: LA Team Effort
Overflow
An overflow route is needed in the Bioretention Facility design to bypass stored runoff from storm events larger than VBMP or in the event of facility or subdrain clogging. Overflow systems must connect to an acceptable discharge point, such as a downstream conveyance system as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 4. The inlet to the overflow structure shall be elevated inside the Bioretention Facility to be flush with the ponding surface for the design capture volume (VBMP) as shown in Figure 4. This will allow the design capture volume to be fully treated by the Bioretention Facility, and for larger events to safely be conveyed to downstream systems. The overflow inlet shall not be located in the entrance of a Bioretention Facility, as shown in Figure

6. BIORETENTION FACILITY BMP FACT SHEET
Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

Underdrain Gravel and Pipes
An underdrain gravel layer and pipes shall be provided in accordance with Appendix B – Underdrains.

Figure 6: Incorrect Placement of an Overflow Inlet.

Inspection and Maintenance Schedule
The Bioretention Facility area shall be inspected for erosion, dead vegetation, soggy soils, or standing water. The use of fertilizers and pesticides on the plants inside the Bioretention Facility should be minimized.

Schedule Activity
Ongoing
 Keep adjacent landscape areas maintained. Remove clippings from landscape maintenance activities.
 Remove trash and debris
 Replace damaged grass and/or plants
 Replace surface mulch layer as needed to maintain a 2‐3 inch soil cover.

After storm events  Inspect areas for ponding
Annually  Inspect/clean inlets and outlets
Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

Bioretention Facility Design Procedure
1) Enter the area tributary, AT, to the Bioretention Facility. 2) Enter the Design Volume, VBMP, determined from Section 2.1 of this Handbook. 3) Select the type of design used. There are two types of Bioretention Facility designs: the standard design used for most project sites that include side slopes, and the modified design used when the BMP is located perpendicular to the parking spaces or with planter boxes that do not use side slopes.
4) Enter the depth of the engineered soil media, dS. The minimum depth for the engineered soil media can be 18' in limited cases, but it is recommended to use 24' or a preferred 36' to provide an adequate root zone for the chosen plant palette. Engineered soil media deeper than 36' will only get credit for the pore space in the first 36'. 5) Enter the top width of the Bioretention Facility.
6) Calculate the total effective depth, dE, within the Bioretention Facility. The maximum allowable pore space of the soil media is 30% while the maximum allowable pore space for the gravel layer is 40%.  Gravel layer deeper than 12' will only get credit for the pore space in the first 12'.
a. For the design with side slopes the following equation shall be used to determine the total effective depth. Where, dP is the depth of ponding within the basin. d୉ሺftሻ ൌ 0.3 ൈ ቂ൫w୘ሺftሻ ൈdୗሺftሻ൯ ൅ 4൫d୔ሺftሻ൯
ଶ
ቃ ൅ 0.4 ൈ 1ሺftሻ ൅d୔ሺftሻൣ4d୔ሺftሻ ൅ ൫w୘ሺftሻ െ 8d୔ሺftሻ൯൧ w୘ሺftሻ
This above equation can be simplified if the maximum ponding depth of 0.5’ is used. The equation below is used on the worksheet to find the minimum area required for the Bioretention Facility:
d୉ሺftሻ ൌ ሺ0.3 ൈ dୗሺftሻ ൅ 0.4 x 1ሺftሻሻ െቆ0.7 ሺftଶሻ
w୘ሺftሻ ቇ ൅ 0.5ሺftሻ
W T
..______ _ __________ ~\~/ T- 8dp ____ ,__ _____ 4_d p ____ ___., Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

b. For the design without side slopes the following equation shall be used to determine the total effective depth:
d୉ሺftሻ ൌd୔ሺftሻ ൅ ሾሺ0.3ሻ ൈdୗሺftሻ ൅ ሺ0.4ሻ ൈ 1ሺftሻሿ
The equation below, using the maximum ponding depth of 0.5', is used on the worksheet to find the minimum area required for the Bioretention Facility:
d୉ሺftሻ ൌ 0.5 ሺftሻ ൅ ሾሺ0.3ሻ ൈdୗሺftሻ ൅ ሺ0.4ሻ ൈ 1ሺftሻሿ
7) Calculate the minimum surface area, AM, required for the Bioretention Facility. This does not include the curb surrounding the Bioretention Facility or side slopes.

A୑ሺftଶሻ ൌ V୆୑୔ሺftଷሻ
d୉ ሺftሻ
8) Enter the proposed surface area.  This area shall not be less than the minimum required surface area.
9) Verify that side slopes are no steeper than 4:1 in the standard design, and are not required in the modified design.
10) Provide the diameter, minimum 6 inches, of the perforated underdrain used in the Bioretention Facility. See Appendix B for specific information regarding perforated pipes.
11) Provide the slope of the site around the Bioretention Facility, if used. The maximum slope is 3 percent for a standard design.
12) Provide the check dam spacing, if the site around the Bioretention Facility is sloped. 13) Describe the vegetation used within the Bioretention Facility.

Riverside County - Low Impact Development BMP Design Handbook rev. 2/2012

References Used to Develop this Fact Sheet
Anderson, Dale V. "Landscaped Filter Basin Soil Requirements." Riverside, May 2010.

California Department of Transportation. CalTrans Standard Plans. 15 September 2005. May 2010 <http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/project_plans/HTM/stdplns‐met‐new99.htm>.

Camp Dresser and McKee Inc.; Larry Walker Associates. California Stormwater Best Management Practice Handbook for New Development and Redevelopment. California Stormwater Quality Association (CASQA), 2004.

Contra Costa Clean Water Program. Stormwater Quality Requirements for Development Applications. 3rd Edition. Contra Costa, 2006.

County of Los Angeles Public Works. Stormwater Best Management Practice Design and Maintenance Manual. Los Angeles, 2009.

Kim, Hunho, Eric A. Seagren and Allen P. Davis. "Engineered Bioretention for Removal of Nitrate from Stormwater Runoff." Water Environment Research 75.4 (2003): 355‐366.

LA Team Effort. LA Team Effort: FREE Planter Boxes for Businesses. 2 November 2009. May 2010 <http://lateameffort.blogspot.com/2009/11/free‐planter‐boxes‐for‐businesses‐est.html>.

Montgomery County Maryland Department of Permitting Services Water Resources Section.

Biofiltration (BF). Montgomery County, 2005.

Program, Ventura Countywide Stormwater Quality Management. Technical Guidance Manual for Stormwater Quality Control Measures. Ventura, 2002.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet Bioretention. Washington D.C, 1999.

Urban Drainage and Flood Control District. Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3 ‐ Best Management Practices. Vol. 3. Denver, 2008. 3 vols.

Urbonas, Ben R. Stormwater Sand Filter Sizing and Design: A Unit Operations Approach. Denver:

Urban Drainage and Flood Control District, 2002.

Non-Stormwater Discharges
Description
U t f : • H I clJoI,I I \-i1 It
r, .. 1t11 ,. , r11 iliry
N on-stonmva r discharg s ar those tlo .. ,rs that do not consist entirely ofstormwA. er. Sorn<- non-s omw;a r di· ·h rg1;s do nol include pollutants and may be dischar ed to th stDim drain. 'rhese indud II nco11 n:miml.l ,c1 groundw I ·r R.nd nal II ral spring·.

There are also sorm: nou- • orm't\tl er di ·charges I ht1 1ypi lly do not contain pollutants and ma , discharged to the storm drain with conditiom,. Th • iu<'lud1; • r w • hin& ir ndilion<''r condensate etc. How ver the1· are certain non-sto1mwater dischru:gc$ l hal JlO • ·, 'rwfronm "nl· I oo' rn. Thcs • disc h rgl;S may originat from illegal dumpi or from internal floor drains, appliancl.!::;> indu::;I rial process $, .·ink·, ltd loik I • I hA. ar connected to th nearby storm drainag system. These
dischmgcs (which may incJud : pl'O<'l:S::; w ~I<' wn.tcr·, cooling waters, wash waters, and sanit.ary waste'i,at r) can cany substanc "· such s pA.inl) i'I. fu<'I and o It r II om I iv Ouidl>, chemicals and oth r pollutants into storm drains. The r can generally b detected throu a combination of d tection and elimination. Th '11 ll imn. c goA I is Lo ·ffc ·Ii,\' •ly ,tirnin nonstormwater dischal'ges to the stormwater drnilrn,i:t;e s rstem through impl<'m 111 fll ion of m tll$Ur • 1-0 d ·1 L, orr, I) nd enforce against illicit connections and ille al discha es of pollutan • on~, re 'l • Rnd inlo I h '~lorm dr ·1 m Rnd m ks.

Approach
Initially th industry must mak an assessment of nonstormwater discharges to determine which types must be eliminat ·d oraddres::; d lhro igh BMPs. Th foc11sofHm
following approach is in the elimination of 11011-stonuwater dischmg s.

January 2003 C.:.lifomla Stormwater BMP Handbook
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www.<:t1t1mr>I ndtx)()k,G. m
SC-10
Objectives
• Cover
■ Contain
■ Educate
■ ReduceJMinimize
• Product S lbstiMion
Targeted Constituents
Sediment
Nulrierts
Trash
Metals
Bac1eria
Qi ;rid Grease
Organics
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
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SC-10 Non-Stormwater Discharges
Pollution Preuention
■ Ensure that used oil, used antifreeze, and hazardous chemical recycling programs are being implemented. Encourage litter control.

Suggested Protocols
Recommended Complaint Irwestigation Equipment
■ Field Screening Analysis
pH paper or meter
Commercial storm water pollutant screening kit that can detect for reactive phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, specific conductance, and turbidity Sample jars
Sample collection pole
A tool to remove access hole covers
■ Laboratory Analysis
Sample cooler
Ice
Sample jars and labels
Chain of custody forms
■ Documentation
Camera
Notebook
Pens
Notice of Violation forms
Educational materials
Gene1'al
■ Develop clear protocols and lines of communication for effectively prohibiting nonstormwater discharges, especially those that are not classified as hazardous. These are often not responded to as effectively as they need to be.
■ Stencil or demarcate storm drains, where applicable, to prevent illegal disposal of pollutants.

Storm drain inlets should have messages such as ,;Dump No ·waste Drains lo Stream" stendled or demarcated next to them to \\rarn against ignorant or intentional dumping of pollutants into the storm drainage system.
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Non-Stormwater Discharges SC-10
■ See SC44 Stormwater Drainage System Maintenance for additional information.

Illicit Connections
■ Locate discharges from the industrial storm drainage system to the municipal storm drain system through review of ''as-built'' piping schematics. ■ Isolate problem areas and plug jl}icit discharge points. ■ Locate and evaluate all discharges to the industrial storm drain system.

Visual Inspection and Inventory
■ Inventory and inspect each discharge point during dry weather. ■ Keep in mind that drainage from a storm event can continue for a day or hvo following the end of a storm and grouml-water may infiltrate the underground stormwater collection system. Also, non-stormv,·ater discharges are often intermittent and may require periodic inspections.

Review Infield Piping
■ A review of the "as-built'' piping schematic is a way to determine if there are any connections to the storm water collection system.
■ Inspect the path of floor drains in older buildings.

Smoke Testing
■ Smoke testing of wastewater and storm water collection systems is used to detect connections between the two systems.
■ During dry weather the stonmvater collection system is filled v>'ith smoke and then traced to sources. The appearance of smoke at the base of a toilet indicates that there may be a connection between the sanitary and the stormwater system.

Dye Testing
■ A dye test can be performed by simply releasing a dye into either your sanitary or process wastewater system and examining the discharge points from the stormwater collection system for discoloration.
1V Inspection of Drainage System
■ TV Cameras can be employed to 'visually identify illicit connections to the industrial storm drainage system.

Illegal Dumping
• Regularly inspect and clean up hot spots and other storm drainage areas ·where illegal dumping and disposal occurs.
■ On paved surfaces, clean up spills with as little water as possible. Use a rag for small spills, a damp mop for general cleanup, and absorbent material for larger spills. If the spilled mateiial is hazardous, then the used cleanup materials arc also hazardous and must be sent to a certified laundry (rags) or disposed of as hazardous waste.

January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
Industrial and Commercial
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SC-10 Non-Stormwater Discharges
■ Never hose down or bury dry material spills. Sweep up the material and dispose of properly. • Use adsorbent materials on small spills rather than hosing down the spill. Remove the adsorbent materials promptly and dispose of properly.
• For larger spills, a private spill cleanup company or Hazmat team may be necessary.

Once a site has been cleaned:
• Post "No Dumping" signs with a phone number for reporting dumping and disposal. • Landscaping and beautification efforts of hot spots may also discourage future dumping, as well as provide open space and increase property values. • Lighting or barriers may also be needed to discourage future dumping. ■ See fact sheet SC11 Spill Prevention, Control, and Cleanup, Inspection
• Regularly inspect and clean up hot spots and other storm drainage areas where illegal dumping and disposal occurs.
• Conduct field investigations of the industrial storm drain system for potential sources of non-storrnwater discharges.
• Pro-actively conduct investigations of high priority areas. Based on historical data, prioritize spe,cific geographic areas and/or incident type for pro-active investigations.

Reporting
• A database is useful for defining and tracking the magnitude and location of the problem. ■ Report prohibited non-stormwater discharges observed during the course of normal daily activities so they can be investigated, contained, and cleaned up or eliminated. • Document that non-storrnwater discharges have been eliminated by recording tests performed, methods used, dates of testing, and any on-site drainage points observed. • Document and report annually the results of the program. • l\faintain documentation of illicit connection and illegal dumping incidents, including significant conditiona Uy exempt discharges that are not properly managed.

Training
■ Training of technical staff in identi(ying and documenting illegal dumping incidents is required.
■ Consider posting the quick reference table near storm drains to reinforce training. ■ Train employees to identify non-stormwater discharges and report discharges to the appropriate departments.
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Non-Stormwater Discharges SC-10
■ Educate employees about spill prevention and cleanup. ■ Well-trained employees can reduce human errors that lead to accidental releases or spills.

The employee should have the tools and knowledge to immediately begin cleaning up a spill should one occur. Employees should be familiar with the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan.
■ Determine and implement appropriate outreach efforts to reduce non-permissible nonstormwater discharges. ■ Conduct spill response drills annually (if no events occurred to evaluate your plan) in cooperation with other industries.
■ When a responsible party is identified, educate the party on the impacts of his or her actions.

Spill Response ond Prei,enlion
■ See SC11 Spill Prevention Control and Cleanup.

Other Considerntions
■ l\fany facilities do not have accurate, up-to-date schematic drawings.

Requirements
Costs (including capital and operation & maintenance)
■ The primary cost is for staff time and depends on how aggressively a program is implemented.
■ Cost for containment and disposal is borne by the discharger. ■ Illicit connections can be difficult to locate especia Uy if there is groundwater infiltration. ■ Indoor floor drains may require re-plumbing if cross-connections to storm drains are detected.

J.Uaintenance (including administrati1Je ancl staffing) ■ Illegal dumping and illicit connection ,,iolations requires technical staff to detect and investigate them.

Sup pie men ta I Information
Further Detail of tlw BlUP
Illegal Dumping
■ Substances illegally dumped on streets and into the storm drain systems and creeks include paints, used oil and other automotive fluids, construction debris, chemicals, fresh concrete, leaves, grass clippings, and pet \vastes. All of these wastes ca use storm \';'ater an cl receiving water quality problems as well as clog the storm drain system itself. ■ Establish a system for tracking incidents. The system should be designed to identify the following:

Illegal dumping hot spots
January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
Industrial and Commercial
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SC-10 Non-Stormwater Discharges
'l)-ves and quantities (in some cases) of v-rnstes
Patterns jn time of occurrence (time of day/night, month, or year) l\.fode of dumping (abandoned containers, "midnight dumping" from moving vehicles, direct dumping of materials, accidents/spills)
Responsible parties
One of the keys to success of reducing or eliminating illegal dumping is increasing the number of people at the facility who are aware of the problem and who have the tools to at least identify the incident, if not correct it. Therefore, train field staff to recognize and report the incidents. ·what constitutes a "non-stormwater" discharge?
■ N on-stormwatcr discharges to the stormwater collection system may in dude any water used directly in the manufacturing process (process wastewater), air conditioning condensate and coolant, non-contact cooling water, cooling equipment condensate, outdoor secondary containment water, vehicle and equipment wash water, sink and drinking fountain ·wastewater, sanitary ,vasles, or other wastewaters.

Permit Requirements
■ Facilities subject to storm water permit requirements must include a certification that the stormwater collection system has been tested or evaluated for the presence of nonstormwater discharges. The State's General Industrial Stormwater Permit requires that nonstormwater discharges be eliminated prior to implementation of the facility's SvVPPP.

Performance Evaluation
■ Review annually internal investigation results; assess whether goals were met and what changes or improvements are necessary.
■ Obtain feedback from personnel assigned to respond to, or inspect for, illicit connections and illegal dumping incidents.

References and Resources
California's Nonpoint Source Program Planhttp://www.swrcb.ca.gov/nps/index.html Clark County Storm \Nater Pollution Control !\fanual
http://www.co.cla rk. wa. us/pnbworks/bmpman.pdf
King County Storm Water Pollution Control :rvlanual ht:IJ,l://dnr.metrokc,sov/wlr/dss/spcrn.htrn Santa Clara ·valley Orban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program http://wvv·w.scvurppp.org The Storm \,Vater :Managers Resource Center http://wv .. TW.stormwatercenter.net/ 6 of 6 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
Industrial and Commercial
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Objectives
„ Cover
„ Contain
„ Educate
„ Reduce/Minimize
„ Product Substitution
Targeted Constituents
Errata 4-06 Industrial and Commercial
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Description
Many activities that occur at an industrial or commercial site have the potential to cause accidental or illegal spills.

Preparation for accidental or illegal spills, with proper training and reporting systems implemented, can minimize the discharge of pollutants to the environment.

Spills and leaks are one of the largest contributors of stormwater pollutants. Spill prevention and control plans are applicable to any site at which hazardous materials are stored or used. An effective plan should have spill prevention and response procedures that identify potential spill areas, specify material handling procedures, describe spill response procedures, and provide spill clean-up equipment. The plan should take steps to identify and characterize potential spills, eliminate and reduce spill potential, respond to spills when they occur in an effort to prevent pollutants from entering the stormwater drainage system, and train personnel to prevent and control future spills.

Approach
Pollution Prevention
„ Develop procedures to prevent/mitigate spills to storm drain systems. Develop and standardize reporting procedures,
containment, storage, and disposal activities, documentation, and follow-up procedures.
„ Develop a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan. The plan should include:

Sediment
Nutrients
Trash
Metals ;
Bacteria
Oil and Grease ;
Organics ;
Photo Credit: Geoff Brosseau
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- Description of the facility, owner and address, activities and chemicals present - Facility map
- Notification and evacuation procedures
- Cleanup instructions
- Identification of responsible departments
- Identify key spill response personnel
„ Recycle, reclaim, or reuse materials whenever possible. This will reduce the amount of process materials that are brought into the facility.

Suggested Protocols (including equipment needs)
Spill Prevention
„ Develop procedures to prevent/mitigate spills to storm drain systems. Develop and standardize reporting procedures, containment, storage, and disposal activities, documentation, and follow-up procedures.
„ If consistent illegal dumping is observed at the facility:
- Post “No Dumping” signs with a phone number for reporting illegal dumping and disposal. Signs should also indicate fines and penalties applicable for illegal dumping. - Landscaping and beautification efforts may also discourage illegal dumping. - Bright lighting and/or entrance barriers may also be needed to discourage illegal dumping.
„ Store and contain liquid materials in such a manner that if the tank is ruptured, the contents will not discharge, flow, or be washed into the storm drainage system, surface waters, or groundwater.
„ If the liquid is oil, gas, or other material that separates from and floats on water, install a spill control device (such as a tee section) in the catch basins that collects runoff from the storage tank area.
„ Routine maintenance:
- Place drip pans or absorbent materials beneath all mounted taps, and at all potential drip and spill locations during filling and unloading of tanks. Any collected liquids or soiled absorbent materials must be reused/recycled or properly disposed. - Store and maintain appropriate spill cleanup materials in a location known to all near the tank storage area; and ensure that employees are familiar with the site’s spill control plan and/or proper spill cleanup procedures.
- Sweep and clean the storage area monthly if it is paved, do not hose down the area to a storm drain.
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- Check tanks (and any containment sumps) daily for leaks and spills. Replace tanks that are leaking, corroded, or otherwise deteriorating with tanks in good condition. Collect all spilled liquids and properly dispose of them.
„ Label all containers according to their contents (e.g., solvent, gasoline). „ Label hazardous substances regarding the potential hazard (corrosive, radioactive, flammable, explosive, poisonous).
„ Prominently display required labels on transported hazardous and toxic materials (per US DOT regulations).
„ Identify key spill response personnel.

Spill Control and Cleanup Activities
„ Follow the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan. „ Clean up leaks and spills immediately.
„ Place a stockpile of spill cleanup materials where it will be readily accessible (e.g., near storage and maintenance areas).
„ On paved surfaces, clean up spills with as little water as possible. Use a rag for small spills, a damp mop for general cleanup, and absorbent material for larger spills. If the spilled material is hazardous, then the used cleanup materials are also hazardous and must be sent to a certified laundry (rags) or disposed of as hazardous waste. Physical methods for the cleanup of dry chemicals include the use of brooms, shovels, sweepers, or plows. „ Never hose down or bury dry material spills. Sweep up the material and dispose of properly. „ Chemical cleanups of material can be achieved with the use of adsorbents, gels, and foams.

Use adsorbent materials on small spills rather than hosing down the spill. Remove the adsorbent materials promptly and dispose of properly.
„ For larger spills, a private spill cleanup company or Hazmat team may be necessary.

Reporting
„ Report spills that pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment to the Regional Water Quality Control Board.
„ Federal regulations require that any oil spill into a water body or onto an adjoining shoreline be reported to the National Response Center (NRC) at 800-424-8802 (24 hour). „ Report spills to local agencies, such as the fire department; they can assist in cleanup. „ Establish a system for tracking incidents. The system should be designed to identify the following:
- Types and quantities (in some cases) of wastes
- Patterns in time of occurrence (time of day/night, month, or year) January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook 3 of 9
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- Mode of dumping (abandoned containers, “midnight dumping” from moving vehicles, direct dumping of materials, accidents/spills)
- Responsible parties
Training
„ Educate employees about spill prevention and cleanup. „ Well-trained employees can reduce human errors that lead to accidental releases or spills:
- The employee should have the tools and knowledge to immediately begin cleaning up a spill should one occur.
- Employees should be familiar with the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan.
„ Employees should be educated about aboveground storage tank requirements. Employees responsible for aboveground storage tanks and liquid transfers should be thoroughly familiar with the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan and the plan should be readily available.
„ Train employees to recognize and report illegal dumping incidents.

Other Considerations (Limitations and Regulations)
„ A Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan (SPCC) is required for facilities that are subject to the oil pollution regulations specified in Part 112 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations or if they have a storage capacity of 10,000 gallons or more of petroleum. (Health and Safety Code 6.67)
„ State regulations also exist for storage of hazardous materials (Health & Safety Code Chapter

6.95), including the preparation of area and business plans for emergency response to the releases or threatened releases.
„ Consider requiring smaller secondary containment areas (less than 200 sq. ft.) to be connected to the sanitary sewer, prohibiting any hard connections to the storm drain.

Requirements
Costs (including capital and operation & maintenance)
„ Will vary depending on the size of the facility and the necessary controls. „ Prevention of leaks and spills is inexpensive. Treatment and/or disposal of contaminated soil or water can be quite expensive.

Maintenance (including administrative and staffing)
„ This BMP has no major administrative or staffing requirements. However, extra time is needed to properly handle and dispose of spills, which results in increased labor costs. 4 of 9 California Stormwater BMP Handbook January 2003
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Supplemental Information
Further Detail of the BMP
Reporting
Record keeping and internal reporting represent good operating practices because they can increase the efficiency of the facility and the effectiveness of BMPs. A good record keeping system helps the facility minimize incident recurrence, correctly respond with appropriate cleanup activities, and comply with legal requirements. A record keeping and reporting system should be set up for documenting spills, leaks, and other discharges, including discharges of hazardous substances in reportable quantities. Incident records describe the quality and quantity of non-stormwater discharges to the storm sewer. These records should contain the following information:
„ Date and time of the incident
„ Weather conditions
„ Duration of the spill/leak/discharge
„ Cause of the spill/leak/discharge
„ Response procedures implemented
„ Persons notified
„ Environmental problems associated with the spill/leak/discharge Separate record keeping systems should be established to document housekeeping and preventive maintenance inspections, and training activities. All housekeeping and preventive maintenance inspections should be documented. Inspection documentation should contain the following information:
„ The date and time the inspection was performed
„ Name of the inspector
„ Items inspected
„ Problems noted
„ Corrective action required
„ Date corrective action was taken
Other means to document and record inspection results are field notes, timed and dated photographs, videotapes, and drawings and maps.

Aboveground Tank Leak and Spill Control
Accidental releases of materials from aboveground liquid storage tanks present the potential for contaminating stormwater with many different pollutants. Materials spilled, leaked, or lost from January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook 5 of 9
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tanks may accumulate in soils or on impervious surfaces and be carried away by stormwater runoff.

The most common causes of unintentional releases are:
„ Installation problems
„ Failure of piping systems (pipes, pumps, flanges, couplings, hoses, and valves) „ External corrosion and structural failure
„ Spills and overfills due to operator error
„ Leaks during pumping of liquids or gases from truck or rail car to a storage tank or vice versa Storage of reactive, ignitable, or flammable liquids should comply with the Uniform Fire Code and the National Electric Code. Practices listed below should be employed to enhance the code requirements:
„ Tanks should be placed in a designated area.
„ Tanks located in areas where firearms are discharged should be encapsulated in concrete or the equivalent.
„ Designated areas should be impervious and paved with Portland cement concrete, free of cracks and gaps, in order to contain leaks and spills.
„ Liquid materials should be stored in UL approved double walled tanks or surrounded by a curb or dike to provide the volume to contain 10 percent of the volume of all of the containers or 110 percent of the volume of the largest container, whichever is greater. The area inside the curb should slope to a drain.
„ For used oil or dangerous waste, a dead-end sump should be installed in the drain. „ All other liquids should be drained to the sanitary sewer if available. The drain must have a positive control such as a lock, valve, or plug to prevent release of contaminated liquids. „ Accumulated stormwater in petroleum storage areas should be passed through an oil/water separator.

Maintenance is critical to preventing leaks and spills. Conduct routine inspections and:
„ Check for external corrosion and structural failure.
„ Check for spills and overfills due to operator error. „ Check for failure of piping system (pipes, pumps, flanger, coupling, hoses, and valves). „ Check for leaks or spills during pumping of liquids or gases from truck or rail car to a storage facility or vice versa.
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„ Visually inspect new tank or container installation for loose fittings, poor welding, and improper or poorly fitted gaskets.
„ Inspect tank foundations, connections, coatings, and tank walls and piping system. Look for corrosion, leaks, cracks, scratches, and other physical damage that may weaken the tank or container system.
„ Frequently relocate accumulated stormwater during the wet season. „ Periodically conduct integrity testing by a qualified professional.

Vehicle Leak and Spill Control
Major spills on roadways and other public areas are generally handled by highly trained Hazmat teams from local fire departments or environmental health departments. The measures listed below pertain to leaks and smaller spills at vehicle maintenance shops.

In addition to implementing the spill prevention, control, and clean up practices above, use the following measures related to specific activities:

Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
„ Perform all vehicle fluid removal or changing inside or under cover to prevent the run-on of stormwater and the runoff of spills.
„ Regularly inspect vehicles and equipment for leaks, and repair immediately. „ Check incoming vehicles and equipment (including delivery trucks, and employee and subcontractor vehicles) for leaking oil and fluids. Do not allow leaking vehicles or equipment onsite.
„ Always use secondary containment, such as a drain pan or drop cloth, to catch spills or leaks when removing or changing fluids.
„ Immediately drain all fluids from wrecked vehicles.
„ Store wrecked vehicles or damaged equipment under cover. „ Place drip pans or absorbent materials under heavy equipment when not in use. „ Use adsorbent materials on small spills rather than hosing down the spill. „ Remove the adsorbent materials promptly and dispose of properly. „ Promptly transfer used fluids to the proper waste or recycling drums. Don’t leave full drip pans or other open containers lying around.
„ Oil filters disposed of in trashcans or dumpsters can leak oil and contaminate stormwater.

Place the oil filter in a funnel over a waste oil recycling drum to drain excess oil before disposal. Oil filters can also be recycled. Ask your oil supplier or recycler about recycling oil filters.

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„ Store cracked batteries in a non-leaking secondary container. Do this with all cracked batteries, even if you think all the acid has drained out. If you drop a battery, treat it as if it is cracked. Put it into the containment area until you are sure it is not leaking.

Vehicle and Equipment Fueling
„ Design the fueling area to prevent the run-on of stormwater and the runoff of spills:
- Cover fueling area if possible.
- Use a perimeter drain or slope pavement inward with drainage to a sump. - Pave fueling area with concrete rather than asphalt.
„ If dead-end sump is not used to collect spills, install an oil/water separator. „ Install vapor recovery nozzles to help control drips as well as air pollution. „ Discourage “topping-off’ of fuel tanks.
„ Use secondary containment when transferring fuel from the tank truck to the fuel tank. „ Use adsorbent materials on small spills and general cleaning rather than hosing down the area. Remove the adsorbent materials promptly.
„ Carry out all Federal and State requirements regarding underground storage tanks, or install above ground tanks.
„ Do not use mobile fueling of mobile industrial equipment around the facility; rather, transport the equipment to designated fueling areas.
„ Keep your Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan up-to-date. „ Train employees in proper fueling and cleanup procedures.

Industrial Spill Prevention Response
For the purposes of developing a spill prevention and response program to meet the stormwater regulations, facility managers should use information provided in this fact sheet and the spill prevention/response portions of the fact sheets in this handbook, for specific activities. The program should:
„ Integrate with existing emergency response/hazardous materials programs (e.g., Fire Department)
„ Develop procedures to prevent/mitigate spills to storm drain systems „ Identify responsible departments
„ Develop and standardize reporting procedures, containment, storage, and disposal activities, documentation, and follow-up procedures
„ Address spills at municipal facilities, as well as public areas 8 of 9 California Stormwater BMP Handbook January 2003
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„ Provide training concerning spill prevention, response and cleanup to all appropriate personnel
References and Resources
California’s Nonpoint Source Program Plan http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/nps/index.html Clark County Storm Water Pollution Control Manual
http://www.co.clark.wa.us/pubworks/bmpman.pdf
King County Storm Water Pollution Control Manual http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/dss/spcm.htm Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program http://www.scvurppp.org The Stormwater Managers Resource Center http://www.stormwatercenter.net/ January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook 9 of 9
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Safer Alternative Products
Description
Promote the use of less harmful products and products that contain little or no 1MDL pollutants. Alternatives exist for most product classes including chemical fertilizers, pesticides, cleaning solutions, janitorial chemicals, automotive and paint products, and consumables (batteries, fluorescent lamps).

Approach
Pattern a new program after the many established programs around the state and country. Integrate this best management practice as much as possible with existing programs at your facility.

Develop a comprehensive program based on:
■ The "Precautionary Principle, which is an alternative to the "Risk Assessment" model that says it's acceptable to use a potentially harmful product until physical evidence of its harmful effects are established and deemed too costly from an environmental or public health perspective. For instance, a risk assessment approach might say it's acceptable to use a pesticide until there is direct proof of an environmental impact. The Precautionary Principle approach is used to evaluate whether a given product is safe, whether it is really necessary, and whether alternative products would perform just as well.
■ Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program to minimize the pmchase of products containing hazardous ingredients used jn the facility's custodial services, fleet maintenance, and facility maintenance in favor of using alternate products that pose less risk to employees and to the environment. ■ Integrated Pest Management (1PM) 01· Less-Toxic Pesticide Program, which uses a pest management approach that
minimizes the use of toxic chemicals and gets rid of pests by methods that pose a lower risk to employees, the public, and the environment.
■ Energy Efficiency Program including no-cost and low-cost energy conservation and efficiency actions that can reduce both energy consumption and electricity bills, along with long-term energy efficiency investments.

Consider the following mechanisms for developing and
implementing a comprehensive program:
■ Policies
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Objectives
■ Educate
■ Reduce/Minimize
■ Product Substitution
Targeted Constituents
Sedment
Nutrients ✓
Trash
Metals ✓
Bacteria
Oil and Grease ✓
Organics ✓
SQA
la
mwater
lily
Association
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SC-35 Safer Alternative Products
■ Procedures
Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
Purchasing guidelines and procedures
Biel packages (services and supplies)
■ Materials
Preferred or approved product and supplier lists
Product and supplier evaluation crite1ia
Training sessions and manuals
Fact sheets for employees
Implement this BMP in conjunction with the Vehicle and Equipment l\fanagement fact sheets (SC20 - SC22) and SC41, Building and Grounds Maintenance.

Truining
■ Employees who handle potentially harmful materials in the use of safer alternatives. ■ Purchasing departments should be encouraged to procure less hazardous materials and products that contain little or no harmful substances or TMDL pollutants.

Regulutions
This BMP has no regulatory requirements. Existing regulations already encourage facilities to reduce the use of hazardous mate1ials through incentives such as reduced:
■ Specialized equipment storage and handling requirements, ■ Storm water runoff sampling requirements,
■ Training and licensing requirements, and
■ Record keeping and reporting requirements.

Equipment
■ There are no major equipment requirements to this BMP.

Limitutions
■ Alternative products may not be available, suitable, or effective in every case.

Requirements
Cost Considerutions
■ The primary cost is for staff time to: 1) develop new policies and procedures and 2) educate purchasing departments and employees who handle potentially harmful materials about the availability, procurement, and use of safer alternatives. 2 of 5 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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■ Some alternative products may be slightly more expensive than conventional products.

Supplemental Information
Employees and contractors / service providers can both be educated about safer alternatives by using information developed by a number of organizations including the references and resources listed belmv.

The following discussion provides some general information on safer alternatives. l\Iore specific information on particular hazardous materials and the available alternatives may be found in the references and resources listed below.
■ Automotive products - Less toxic alternatives are not available for man_\' automotive products, especially engine fluids. But there are alternatives to grease lub1icants, car polishes, degreasers, and ·windshield ·washer solution. Rerefined motor oil is also available. ■ Vehicle/Trailer lubrication - Fifth ·wheel bea1ings on trucks require routine lubrication.

Adhesive lubricants are available to replace t}1)ical chassis grease. ■ Cleaners - \·"egetables-based or citrus-based soaps are available to replace petroleum-based soaps/ detergents.
■ Paint products - \\Tater-based paints, wood preservatives, stains, and finishes are available. ■ Pesticides - Specific alternative products or methods exist to control most insects, fungi, and weeds.
■ Chemical Fertilizers - Compost and soil amendments are natural alternatives. ■ Consumables - Manufacturers have either reduced or are in the process of reducing the amount of heavy metals in consumables such as batteries and fluorescent lamps. All fluorescent lamps contain mercury, hmvever low-mercury containing lamps are now available from most hardware and lighting stores. Fluorescent lamps are also more energy efficient than the average incandescent lamp.
■ .Janitorial chemicals - Even biodegradable soap can harm fish and wildlife before it biodegrades. Biodegradable does not mean non-toxic. Safer products and procedures are available for floor stripping and cleaning, as well as carpet, glass, metal, and restroom cleaning and disinfecting.

Exnniples
There are a number of business and trade associations, and communities with effective programs. Some of the more prominent are listed below in the references and resources section.

References and Resources
Note: Many of these references provide alternative products for materials that typically are used inside and disposed to the sanitary sewer as well as alternatives to products that usually end up in the storm drain.

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General Sustainable Practices and Pollution Prevention Including PollutantSpecific Information California Department of Toxic Substances Control (\vww.dtsc.ca.gov) California Integrated Waste Management Board (www.ciwmb.ca.gov) City of Santa :Monica (v,ww.santa-monica.org/environment) City of Palo Alto (www.city.palo-alto.ca.us/cleanbay)
City and County of San Francisco, Department of the Environment (www.ci.sf.ca.us/sfenvironment)
Earth 911 (www'.earth911.org/master.asp)
Environmental Finance Center Region IX (www.greenstart.org/efc9) Flex Your Power (www.flexyourpower.ca.gov)
GreenBiz.com (www.greenbiz.com)
Green Business Program (·www.abag.org/bayarea/emiro/gbus/gb.html) Pacific Industrial and Business Association (www.piba.org) Sacramento Clean \\Tater Business Partners (w'ww.sacstormwater.org) USEPA Bl\IP fact sheet - Alternative products
(http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes /stormwater/menuofbmps/poll_2.cfm) USEPA Region IX Pollution Prevention Program (www.epa.gov/regiono9/p2) Western Regional Pollution Prevention Network (www.westp2net.org) 1Uetals (mercury, copper)
National Electrical Manufacturers Association - Environment, Health and Safety (www.nema.org)
Sustainable Conservation (www.suscon.org)
Auto Recycling Project
Brake Pad Partnership
Pesticides and Chemical Fertilizers
Bio-Integral Resource Center (www.birc.org)
California Department of Pesticide Regulation (www.cdpr.ca.gov) University of California Statewide IPM Program (www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/default.html) 4 of 5 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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Dioxins
Bay Area Dioxins Project (http://dioxin.abag.ca.gov/)
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Build·ng & Grounds Maintenance SC-41
Description
~to1mwat r runoff from buildin and gt·ounds maintenanc
R I i\•it i >s en.u b , con am inn.I cl wil'h to>..;c hydro ·a.rl ns i 11 soh.rents, fertilizers and pesticides suspended solids heavy Ill ·1als, ijbnvrrnf\l Jll l> and oil.$ and gr ·mws. U1ili1.ing h<' protocols in this fact heet will prevent or reduce the dischru·ge of pollut 11 lo Sl<Wmwat· "r from building 1u1d grom1ds
maintenan activities by washing and leaning up with as littl wa er fl: pOSl>iblc, fhl10V11inggood la.ndl>C:tlJJC mtm ~•rn nl practi es., preventing and cleaning up spills imm diately, k ping d bris from rll' ring I h • SI-Orm dr ·n ·, and main aining Ht' .-1 rmwa r c:oll •cl ion Syl> crn.

Approach
Reduce potential for pollutant discliar e through source control pollution pr venlior, and RMP itnpl rn •nl ion. S11 •ssf11l implementation d pends on effective tt·aining of emplo • es on appli able RMPs m1d g .n ral pol lnlion pr ·v ntion st r gics and objectives.
l'oll ution l>rcve,1 tion
■ wi eh 'IO 11011- oxi' dlt~mic Is form i rt'I m1,nc wh 'n po:dhlc.
• Choo • ~ I a ning
■ En '(lur gc proper I \•,m m Hf.lg; m ol and I nds • ping, includ • use of nat.iv ve etation.

January 2003 Cillifomla Stomw,ater BMP Handbook
T11du1:lri I nd r,.o,nn ,, •1(11
www.<:8llfrlpl n(lt}()()k:,.e,om
Objectives
• Cover
■ Contain
■ Educae
■ Reduce/Minimize
• Product S lbstitulion
Targeted Constituents
Sediment
Nutrierts
Trash
Metals
Bac.1eria
0 i aid Grease
Organics
✓
✓
✓
✓
l of:,
SC-41 Building & Grounds Maintenance
■ Encourage use oflntegrated Pest 1fanagement techniques for pest control. • Encourage proper onsite recycling of yard trimmings.
• Recycle residual paints, solvents, lumber, and other material as much as possible.

Suggested Protocols
Pressure fVashing of Buildings, Rooftops, and Other Large Oq_jects • In situations where soaps or detergents are used and the surrounding area is paved, pressure ,vashers mm,t use a water collection device that enables collection of\vash water and associated solids. A sump pump, wet vacuum or similarly effective device must be used to collect the runoff and loose materials. The collected runoff and solids must be disposed of properly.
■ If soaps or detergents are not used, and the surrounding area is paved, wash runoff does not have to be collected but must be screened. Pressure v-mshers must use filter fabric or some other type of screen on the ground and/or in the catch basin to trap the particles in wash water runoff.
• If you are pressure washing on a grassed area (with or without soap), runoff must be dispersed as sheet flow as much as possible, rather than as a concentrated stream. The wash runoff must remain on the grass and not drain to pavement.

Landsmping Activities
■ Dispose of grass clippings, leaves, sticks, or other collected vegetation as garbage, or by composting. Do not dispose of collected vegetation into watenvays or storm drainage systems.
• Use mulch or other erosion control measures on exposed soils.

Building Repair, Remodeling, and Construction
• Do not dump any toxic substance or liquid waste on the pavement, the ground, or toward a storm drain.
• Use ground or drop cloths underneath outdoor painting, scraping, and sandblasting work, and properly dispose of collected material daily.
• Use a ground cloth or oversized tub for activities such as paint mbdng and tool cleaning. ■ Clean paintbrushes and tools covered with water-based paints in sinks connected to sanitary sewers or in portable containers that can be dumped into a sanitary sewer drain. Brushes and tools covered with non-water-based paints, finishes, or other materials must be cleaned in a manner that enables collection of used solvents (e.g., paint thinner, turpentine, etc.) for recycling or proper disposal.
• Use a storm drain cover, filter fabric, or similarly effective runoff control mechanism if dust, grit, wash \\rater, or other pollutants may escape the \\'Ork area and enter a catch basin. This is particularly necessary on rainy days. The containment device(s) must be in place at the beginning of the work <lay, and ace nm ulated dirty runoff and solids must be collected and disposed of before removing the containment dev:ice(s) at the end of the work day. 2 of 5 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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Building & Grounds Maintenance SC-41
■ If you need to de-water an excavation site, you may need to filter the water before discharging to a catch basin or off-site. If directed off-site, you should direct the water through hay bales and filter fabric or use other sediment filters or traps. ■ Store toxic mate1ial under cover dming precipitation events and when not in use, A cover would include tarps or other temporary cover mate1ial.

Afowing, Trimming, and Planting
■ Dispose of leaves, sticks, or other collected vegetation as garbage, by composting or at a permitted landfill. Do not dispose of collected vegetation into waterways or storm drainage systems.
■ Use mulch or other erosion control measures when soils are exposed. ■ Place temporarily stockpiled material away from ·watercourses and drain inlets, and berm or cover stockpiles to prevent material releases to the storm drain system. ■ Consider an alternative approach when bailing out muddy ··water: do not put it in the storm drain; pour over landscaped areas.
■ Use hand ,veeding ,vhere practical.

Fertilizer and Pesticide ilfanagement
■ Follow all federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, and disposal of fertilizers and pesticides and training of applicators and pest control advisors. ■ Use less toxic pesticides that will do the job when applicable. Avoid use of copper-based pesticides if possible.
■ Do not use pesticides if rain is expected.
■ Do not mix or prepare pesticides for application near storm drains. ■ Use the minimum amount needed for the job.
■ Calibrate fertilizer distributors to avoid excessive application. ■ Employ techniques to minimize off-target application (e.g., spray drift) of pesticides, including consideration of alternative application techniques. ■ Apply pesticides only when wind speeds are low.
• Fertilizers should be worked into the soil rather than dumped or broadcast onto the surface. • Irrigate slowly to prevent runoff and then only as much as is needed. • Clean pavement and sidewalk if fertilizer is spilled on these surfaces before applying irrigation water.
• Dispose of empty pesticide containers according to the instructions on the container label.

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SC-41 Building & Grounds Maintenance
■ Use up the pesticides. Rinse containers, and use rinse water as product. Dispose of unused pesticide as hazardous waste.
• Implement storage requirements for pesticide products with guidance from the local fire department and County Aglicultural Commissioner. Provide secondary containment for pesticides.

Inspection
• Inspect irrigation system periodically to ensure that the right amount of water is being applied and that excessive runoff is not occuning. Minimize excess watering and repair leaks in the irrigation system as soon as they arc observed.

Training
• Educate and train employees on pesticide use and in pesticide application techniques to prevent pollution.
• Train employees and contractors in proper techniques for spill containment and cleanup. • Be sure the frequency of training takes into account the complexity of the operations and the nature of the staff.

Spill Response and Preuention
• Keep your Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan up-to-date. • Place a stockpile of spill cleanup materials, such as brooms, dustpans, and vacuum sweepers (if desired) near the storage area where it will be readily accessible. ■ Have employees trained in spill containment and cleanup present during the loading/unloading of dangerous wastes, liquid chemicals, or other materials. ■ Familiarize employees with the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan. • Clean up spills immediately.

Ol'her Considerations
J\lternative pest/weed controls may not be available, suitable, or effective in many cases.

Requirements
Costs
■ Cost will vary depending on the ty1Je and size of facility. ■ Overall costs should be low in comparison to other BrvIPs. ]Uainl.enance
Sweep paved areas regularly to collect loose particles. vVipe up spills with rags and other absorbent material immediately, do not hose down the area to a storm drain. 4 of 5 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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Building & Grounds Maintenance SC-41
Sup pie men ta I Information
Further Detoil of lhe B1lfP
Fire Sprinkler Line Hushing
Building fire sprinkler line flushing may be a source of non-stormwater runoff pollution. The water ente1ing the system is usually potable water, though in some areas it may be non-potable reclaimed wastewater. There are subsequent factors that may drastically reduce the quality of the water in such systems. Black iron pipe is usually used since it is cheaper than potable piping, but ilis subject to rusting and results in lower quality water. Initially, the black iron pipe has an oil coating to protect it from rusting between manufacture and installation: this will contaminate the water from the first flush but not from subsequent flushes. Nitrates, polyphosphates and other corrosion inhibitors, as well as fire suppressants and antifreeze may be added to the sprinkler water system. vVater generally remains in the sprinkler system a long time (typically a year) and between flushes may accumulate iron, manganese, lead, copper, nickel, and zinc. The \Yater generally becomes anoxic and contains living and dead bacteria and breakdown products from chlorination. This may result in a significant BOD problem and the ,vater often smells. Consequently dispose fire sprinkler line flush water into the sanitary sewer.

Do not al!O\v discharge to storm drain or infiltration due to potential high levels of pollutants in fire sprinkler line water.

References and Resources
California's Non point Source Program Plan http://\vww.swrcb.ca.gov/nps/index.html Clark County Storm \Valer Pollution Control :rvlanual
http://www.co.cla rk. ,va.us/pubworks/bmpman .pdf
King County Storm \Vater Pollution Control f\fanual http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/dss/spcm.htm Mobile Cleaners Pilot Program: Final Report. 1997. Bay Area Stormwater I\fanagement Agencies Association (BAS!vfAA). http://w,v,v.basmaa.org/ Pollution from Surface Cleaning Folder. 1996. Bay Area Stormwater l\fanagement Agencies A.ssociation (BASMAA). http://wwlv.basmaa.org/
Santa Clara Valley Orban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program http://wv. ... v.scvurppp.org The Storm \Vater .Managers Resource Center htU)://wwv,r.stormwatercenter.net/ January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
Industrial and Commercial
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S of 5
Parking/Storage Area Maintenance SC-43
Description
Parkin lots and stor e areas can contribute a numb r of s1il~1 nc:··· suchaslra..-;h, suspcnd'd ·oli<l·. hydroca.rbon·,oil and ·ease and heavy metals that can ent r receivi.I waters ·1hro11gh s orrnw er rtHtvffor 11011-s ormwa r dis.chnrgp •. The protocols in this fa t sheet are intended to prev nt or reduc th dis(•hargt of pollul~nls from Jl rking/::;lor g > a as nd inclod" using good housek eping practices, following appropriate c.· le ning RMP ·, nttcl 1 r ining l,ltlploy s.

Approach
Tl1 go»J of his prog,ra1t1 is l'O <·11 ·11 r stomtw 1 r p Jlnl ion pr v ntion practices are considered when conducting activities on or aro11 nd pttrki ng iu " s and slor gc re • o rcdu<:" pol •.nt ial for pollutant dis hru· to receivil waters. Successful
i,nplcrn 11 a1io11<l p nd· 011 ff, liv Ir ining f mplr)v ··on applicabl BMPs and gen ral pollution pr vention strnt gies and obj 1iv •.

PolluliQ11 Preventfon
■ Encow-a,.~ alternati designs and maintenauc strategies for imp .rviou~ pHrki ng lols. (S ·<' • "w n ,, lo pm "fl and R d •do (lntCnl B. [P I I ndbook)
■ ~ pa· ·ur 'tnaiol''ltan log 'IO ''" Lua • B~, IP
im plement.atio n.

J nuary 2003 Califomla Stom1water BMP Handbook
T11du!:lrh)l 1;111d C<>in11 ' ' iitl
W'o'I\V .<:l;lllf Of)I~ n(lh()()~. ,(Im
Objectives
• Cover
■ Contain
■ Educiie
■ Reduce/Minimize
■ Product S lbstil\Jtion
Targeted Constituents
Sediment
Nulrierts
Trash
Metals
Bac1eria
0 i aid Grease
Organics
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
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SC-43 Parking/Storage Area Maintenance
Suggested Protocols
General
• Keep the parking and storage areas clean and orderly. Remove debris in a timely fashion. • Allow sheet runoff to flow into biofilters (vegetated strip and swale) and/or infiltration devices.
• Utilize sand filters or oleophilic collectors for oily waste in lm.v quantities. • Arrange rooftop drains to prevent drainage directly onto paved surfaces. • Design lot to include semi-permeable hard.scape.
• Discharge soapy ,,,ater remaining in mop or wash buckets to the sanitary sewer through a sink, toilet, clean-out, or wash area with drain.

Controlling Litter
• Post "No Littering" signs and enforce anti-litter laws. • Provide an adequate number of litter receptacles.
• Clean out and cover litter receptacles frequently to prevent spilJage. • Pro,icle trash receptacles in parking lots to discourage litter. • Routinely sweep, shovel, and dispose of litter in the trash.

Swface Cleaning
• Use dry cleaning methods (e.g., sweeping, vacuuming) to prevent the discharge of pollutants into the stormwater conveyance system if possible.
• Establish frequency of public parking lot sweeping based on usage and field observations of waste accumulation.
• Sweep all parking lots at least once before the onset of the wet season. • Follow the procedures below if water is used to clean surfaces:

Block the storm drain or contain runoff.

Collect and pump wash water to the sanitary sewer or discharge to a pervious surface.

Do not allow wash ,vater to enter storm drains.

Dispose of parking lot sweeping debris and dirt at a landfill. • Follow the procedures below when cleaning heavy oily deposits:
2 of 4
Clean oily spots with absorbent materials.

Use a screen or filter fabric over inlet, then wash surfaces.

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January 2003
Parking/Storage Area ·Ma.intenance SC-43
Do not allow discharges to the storm drain.

Vacuum/pump discharges to a tank or discharge to sanitary sewer.

Appropriately dispose of spilled materials and absorbents.

Sw:face Repair . . . . . .
• Preheat, transfer or load hot bituminous material a,vav from storm drain inlets. • Apply concrete, asphalt, and seal coat during dry weatherto prevent contamination from contacting stormwater runoff.
■ Cover and seal nearby storm drain inlets where applicable (with waterproof mateiial or mesh) and manholes before applyjng seal coat, slurry sea), etc. Leave covers in place until job is complete and all water from emulsified oil sealants has drained or evaporated.. Clean any debris from these covered manholes and drains for proper disposal. • Use only as mnch water as necessary for dust eontrol, to avoid runoff . • Catch drips from paving equipment that is not in use with pans or absorbent material placed under the machines. Dispose of collected material and absorbents properly . .Inspection
• Have designated personnel conduct inspections of parking facilities and stormwater conveyance systems associated with parking fadlities on a regular basis. • Inspect cleaning equipment/sweepers for leaks on a regular basis.

Training
■ Provide regu Jar training to fiekl emp Ioyees and/ or contractors regarding cleaning of paved areas and proper operation of equipment.
■ Train employees and contractors in proper techniques for spill containment and cleanup.

Spill Response and Prei,enlion
■ Keep your Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan up-to-date. • Place a stoekpile of spil1 dean up materials where it will be readily accessible or at a central location.
• Clean up fluid spills immediately with absorbent rags or material. ■ Dispose of spiHed material and absorbents properly.

Ot·her Considercttions
Limitations related to sweeping activities at large parking facilities may include high equipment costs, the need for sweeper operator training, and the inability of current sweeper technology to remove oil and grease.

January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
Industrial and Commercial
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SC-43 Parking/Storage Area Maintenance
Requirements
Costs
Cleaning/sweeping costs can be quite large. Construction and maintenance of stormwater structural controls can be quite expensive as well.

Maintenance
■ Sweep parking lot regularly to minimize cleaning with ··water. ■ Clean out oil/water/sand separators regularly, especially after heavy stonns. ■ Clean parking faeilities regularly to prevent aecumulated wastes and pollutants from being discharged into conveyance systems during rainy conditions.

Sup pie men ta I Information
_F'urther Detail of lhe BJ.lfP
Smface Repair
Apply concrete, asphalt, and seal coat during dry ,veather to prevent contamination from contacting stormwater runoff. Where applicable, cover and seal nearby storm drain inlets (with ,vaterproof material or mesh) and manholes before applying seal coat, slurry seal, etc. Leave covers in place until job is complete and all water from emulsified oil sealants has drained or evaporated. Clean any debris from these covered manholes and drains for proper disposal.

Only use only as much water as is necessary for dnst control to avoid runoff.

References and Resources
California's Nonpoint Source Program Plan http://www.s\vrcb.ca.gov/nps/index.html Clark County Storm \.Vater Pollution Control 1\fanual
http://wvvw.co. dark. wa. us /p ubwor ks/ bmpma n .pdf
King County Storm Water Pollution Control 1-fanual http://dnr.mctrokc.gov/wlr/dss/spcm.htm Pollution from Surface Cleaning Folder. 1996. Bay Area Stonnwater 1\-fanagement Agencies Association (BASM.AA). http://www.basmaa.org/
Oregon .Association of Clean \Valer Agencies. Oregon Municipal Storm water Toolbox for IVIaintenance Practices. June 1998.

Santa Clara Valley Orban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program http://wvv,v.scvurppp.org The Storm Water M.anagers Resourr,e Center h ttri: / /vvv1'W .stormwatercen ter .net/ 4 of 4 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
Industrial and Commercial
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January 2003
Dra·nage System Maintenance SC-44
Description
A-s a con.: '(tl1 .n' or i s fo n ion> he s ormw er conv ya nee s stem collects and transports W'ban runoff and sto1mwater that ma. contain ce1tain pollutants. The prntoools in this fact sheet ar int· · d d I() r ·due pollu flrtl~ rca hirJg r c iving Mtl ·1·s tht·ou.gb prop r com1 ance s 'Stem operation and maintenance.

Approach
Pc>llulimz Prevention
Maintain catch basins, stormwater inl ts and other stormwat r conve 1ance sn·uctures on a regular basis to remov pollutants, r ·due" high J)Ol lul nt con· nl m ioni:; d11ring I h firs! flui:;h or stomlS, prev nt dogging of the downstrean1 conv yanc system, IX'" on: h hnsit1s' s dim nl Ir ppir1g a.pa ily> And en.:;111'(' h s stem fun tions proper]y hydraulically n, avoid flooding.

Suggested Protocols
C(l!ch B<rsin.5/ [nl I lru<.fure.s
■ raff should regulal'ly ins pe t facilities n, nsure compliance with the follo,,ri
I rnmedi tl, rcpAfr of any <l ,1· riornl io111 hr .a1· ning s n)C'l11ral int gri ,.

Cl ' 111ng b~fur I h' stun Jl is 400.,, full. Cnl • h ba~i tl!i should be c1 aned as fi:egu ntly as needed to me t this s Anda.rd.

S1 ncili ng or c t h bHsins and i nlcls (~Cl, S :34 W ff~I Handlin_~ and Disposal).

January 2003 califomla Stomwmter BMP Handbook
Todu1:lri11I nd co,nn ' I ·iill
wv,w.<:tsbrlpl~ ndh<)()k:,.<, m
Objectives
■ Cover
■ Contain
■ Educate
■ ReduceJMinimize
Targeted Constituents
Sediment ✓
Nulrierts
Trash ✓
Metals
Bac1eria ✓
OJ ~dGrease
Organics
l of()
SC-44 Drainage System Maintenance
■ Clean catch basins, storm drain inlets, and other conveyance structures before the \Vet season to remove sediments and debris accumulated during the summer. • Conduct inspections more frequently during the \vet season for problem areas \vhere sediment or trash accumulates more often. Clean and repair as needed, • Keep accurate logs of the number of catch basins cleaned. • Store wastes collected from cleaning activities of the drainage system in appropriate containers or temporary storage sites in a manner that prevents discharge to the storm drain.
. .
• Dewater the wastes if necessary with outflow into the sanitary sev-:er if permitted. \Vater should be treated \vith an appropriate filtering device prior to discharge to the sanitary sewer. If discharge to the sanitary sewer is not allowed, water should be pumped or vacuumed to a tank and properly disposed. Do not dewater near a storm drain or stream.

S'torm Drain Conveyance SI.Jstem
• Locate reaches of storm drain with deposit problems and develop a flushing schedule that keeps the pipe clear of excessive buildup.
• Collect and pump flushed effluent to the sanitary sewer for treatment whenever possible.

Pump Stations
• Clean all storm drain pump stations prior to the wet season to remove silt and trash. ■ Do not allow discharge lo reach the storm drain system when cleaning a storm drain pump station or other facility.
• Conduct routine maintenance at each pump station.
■ Inspect, clean, and repair as necessary all outlet structures p1ior to the wet season.

Open Channel
• l\Jodify storm channel characte1istics to improve channel hydraulics, increase pollutant removals, and enhance channel/creek aesthetic and habitat value. • Conduct channel modification/improvement in accordance with e;dsting laws. Any person, government agency, or public utility proposing an activity that will change the natural (emphasis added) state of any river, stream, or lake in California, must enter into a Steam or Lake Alteration Agreement with the Depa 1tment of Fish and Ga me. The developer~applicant should also contact local governments (city, county, special districts), other state agencies (ffWRCB, R,v QCB; Depa rt men t of Forestry, Depa 1tment of Water Resources), and Federal Corps of Engineers and USFWS.

Illicit Connections and Discharges
■ Look for e,,idence of illegal discharges or illicit connections dming routine maintenance of conveyance system and drainage structures:
2 of 6
Is there e\.idence of spills such as paints, discoloring, etc? California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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Drainage System Mainte·nance SC-44
Are there any odors associated with th~ drainage system? • Record locations of apparent il1egal discharges/illicit connections? Traek flows back to potential dischargers and conduct aboveground inspections. This can be done through visual inspection of up gradient manholes or alternate techniques including zinc chloride smoke testing, fluorometric dye testing. physical inspection testing. or television camera inspection.

Eliminate the discharge once the origin of flolv is established. ■ Stencil or demarcate storm drains, where applir~ ble, to prevent illegal disposal of pollutants.

Storm drain inlets should have messages such as "Dump No Waste Drains to Stream" stenciled nex1 to them to ·warn against ignorant or intentional dumping of pollutants into the storm drainage system.
• Refer to fact sheet SC-10 Non-Storm,vater Discharges.

Illegal Dumping . . . . . . . . • .. • . • •. • •. • .. · • Inspect and dean up hot spots and other storm drainage are.as regularly where illegal dumping and disposal occurs.
• Establish a system for traeking incidents .• Tl~e system sh~nid be d~signed to identi(y the following:

Illegal dumping hot spots
Types and quantities (in some cases) of wastes
Patterns in time of occurrence (time of day/night, month, or year) Mode of dumping (abandoned containers, ''midnight dumping'' from mming vehicles, direct dumping of materials, accidents/spills)
Responsible parties
■ Post "No Dumping" signs in problem areas ·with a phone number for repmting dumping and disposal. Signs shouJd also indicate fines and penalties for illegal dumping. ■ Refer to fact sheet SC-10 Non-Stormwater Discharges.

Training
• Train crews in proper maintenance activities, including record keeping and disposal. ■ Allow only properly trained individuals to handle hazardous materials/wastes. • Have sla ff involved in deteetion and removal of illicit connections trained in the following; OSHA-required Health and Safety Training (29 CFR 1910.120) plus annual refresher training (as needed).

January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
Industrial and Commercial
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SC-44 Drainage System Maintenance
OSHA Confined Space Entry training (Cal-OSHA Confined Space, Title 8 and Federal OSHA 29 CFR :1910.146).

Procedural training (field screening, sampling, smoke/dye testing, TV inspection).

Spill Response ond Prei,enlion
■ Investigate all reports of spills, leaks, and/or illegal dumping promptly. ■ Clean up all spills and leaks using "dry" methods (\-vith absorbent materials and/or rags) or dig up, remove, and properly dispose of contaminated soil. ■ Refer to fact sheet SC-11 Spill Prevention, Control, and Cleanup.

Other Considerations ([,imitations and Regulations)
■ Clean-up activities may create a slight disturbance for local aquatic species. Access to items and material on private property may be limited. Trade-offs may exist between channel hydraulics and water quality/riparian habitat. If storm channels or basins are recognized as ·wetlands, many acfoities, including maintenance, may be subject to regulation and permining.
. .
■ Storm drain flushing is most effective in small diameter pipes (36-inch diameter pipe or less, depending on water supply and sediment collection capacity). Other considerations associated with storm drain flushing may include the availability of a water source, finding a downstream area to collect sediments, liquid/sediment disposal, and prohibition against disposal of flushed eftluent to sanitary se\\'er in some areas. ■ Regulations may include adoption of substantial penalties for illegal dumping and disposal. ■ Local municipal codes may include sections prohibiting discharge of soil, debris, refuse, hazardous wastes, and other pollutants into the storm drain system.

Requirements
Costs
■ An aggressive catch basin cleaning program could require a significant capital and O&M budget.
■ The elimination of illegal dumping is dependent on the availability, convenience, and cost of alternative means of disposal. The primary cost is for staff time. Cost depends on how aggressively a program is implemented. Other cost considerations for an illegal dumping program include:
4 of 6
Purchase and installation of signs.

Rental of vehicle(s) to haul illegally-dis posed items and material to landfills.

Rental of heavy equipment to remove larger items (e.g., car bodies) from channels.

Purchase of landfill space to dispose of illegally-dumped items and material.

California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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January 2003
Drainage System Mainte·nance SC-44
. .
■ Methods used for illicit connection detection (smoke testing, dye testing, visual inspection, and flo\',' monitoring) can be costly and time-consuming. Site-specific factors, such as the level of impervious area, the density and ages of buildings, and t:}1Je of land m,e will determine the level of investigation necessary.
1t1aintenance . . .
• Tu'o-person teams may be required to clean catch basins ·with vactor trueks. ■ Teams of at least two people plus admfaistrative personnel are required to identify illicit dic;charges, depending on the complexity of the storm sewer system. • Arrangements mnst be made for proper disposal of collected wastes. • Technical staff are required to detect and investigate illegal dumping violations. · Supplemental Information
Further Detail of lhe B1'.fP
Storm Drain Hushing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Flushing is a common maintenance activity used to improve pipe hydraulics and to remove • pollutants in storm drainage systems. Flushing may be designed to hydraulically convey accumulated material to strategic locations, such as an open channel, another point where flushing ½ill be initiated, or the sanitary selw,·r and the treatment facilities, thus preventing resuspension and overflow of a poition of the solids during storm events. Flushing prevents "plug flow" discharges of concentrated pollutant loadings and sediments. Deposits can hinder the designed conveyance capacity of the storm drain system and potentially cause baekwater conditions in severe eases of dogging.

Storm drain flushing usually takes place along segments of pipe with grades that a re too flat to maintain adequate velocity to keep pm1icles in suspension. An upstream manhole is selected to place an inflatable device that temporarily plugs the pipe. Further upstream, ·water is pumped into the line to create a flushing '"' ave. \Vhen the upstream reach of pipe is sufficiently full to cause a flushing ·wave, the inflated device is rapidly deflated with the assistance of a vacuum pump, thereby releasing the backed up water and resulting in the deaning of the storm drain segment.

To further reduce impacts of stormvl'ater poUution, a second inflatable device placed well dm.vnstream may be used to recollect the water after the force of the flushing wave has dissipated. A pump may then be used to transfer the water and accumulated material to the sanitary sewer for treatment. In some cases, an interceptor structure may be more practical or required to recollect the flushed waters.

It has been found that cleansing efficiency of periodic flush waves is dependent upon tlush volume, tlush discharge rate, sewel' slope, se\ver length, sewer flo,.v rate, sewer diameter, and population density. As a rule of thumb, the length of Hne to be flushed should not exceed 700 feet. At this maximum recommended length, the percent removal efficiency ranges bev.veen 65-

75.% for organics and 55-65% for dry weather grit/inorganic material. The percent removal efficiency drops rapidly beyond that. '\·\Tater is commonly supplied by a ·water truck, but fire hydrants can also supply water. To make the best use of water, it is recommended that reclaimed water be used or that fire hydrant line flushing coincide with storm sewer flushing.

January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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SC-44 Drainage System Maintenance
References and Resources
California's Nonpoint Source Program Plan http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/nps/index.html Clark County Storm \Vater Pollution Control 1\fanual
http://wv.'\\'.co.dark. wa. us/pubworks/bmpman.pdf
Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation, p. 324-322, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.

King County Storm \.Vater Pollution Control Manualhttp://dnr.metrokc.gov/vvlr/dss/spcm.htm Oregon Association of Clean Waler Agencies. Oregon lVIunicipal Stormwater Toolbox for Maintenance Practices. June 1998.

Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program http://\'.'W\\'.scvumpp.org The Storm Water Managers Resource Center http://w,v,v.stormvmtercenter.net United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2002. Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping for :Municipal Operations Storm Drain System Cleaning. On line:
http://wv.·w.epa.gov/npdes /menuofbmps/poll 16.htm
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January 2003
S-1: Storm Drain Message and Signage
Purpose
Waste material dumped into storm drain inlets can adversely impact surface and ground waters. In fact, any material discharged into the storm drain system has the potential to significantly impact downstream receiving waters. Storm drain messages have become a popular method of alerting and reminding the public about the effects of and the prohibitions against waste disposal into the storm drain system. The signs are typically stenciled or affixed near the storm drain inlet or catch basin. The message simply informs the public that dumping of wastes into storm drain inlets is prohibited and/or that the drain ultimately discharges into receiving waters.

General Guidance
• The signs must be placed so they are easily visible to the public. • Be aware that signs placed on sidewalk will be worn by foot traffic.

Design Specifications
• Signs with language and/or graphical icons that prohibit illegal dumping, must be posted at designated public access points along channels and streams within the project area. Consult with Los Angeles County Department of Public Works (LACDPW) staff to determine specific signage requirements for channels and streams.
• Storm drain message markers, placards, concrete stamps, or stenciled language/icons (e.g., "No Dumping - Drains to the Ocean") are required at all storm drain inlets and catch basins within the project area to discourage illegal or inadvertent dumping. Signs should be placed in clear sight facing anyone approaching the storm drain inlet or catch basin from either side (see Figure D-1 and Figure 0-2). LACDPW staff should be contacted to determine specific requirements for types of signs and methods of application. A stencil can be purchased for a nominal fee from LACDPW Building and Safety Office by calling (626) 458-3171. All storm drain inlet and catch basin locations must be identified on the project site map.

Maintenance Requirements
Legibility and visibility of markers and signs should be maintained (e.g., signs should be repainted or replaced as necessary). If required by LACDPW, the owner/operator or homeowner's association shall enter into a maintenance agreement with the agency or record a deed restriction upon the property title to maintain the legibility of placards and signs.

County of Los Angeles D-1 February 2014
S-1: Storm Drain Message and Signage
10TH
Figure D-1. Storm Drain Message Location - Curb Type Inlet

STORM DRAIN

MESSAGE LOCATION

INLET GRATE

CONCRETE

PERIMETER
Figure D-2. Storm Drain Message Location - Catch Basin/Area Type Inlet County of Los Angeles D-2 February 2014
S-4: Outdoor Loading/Unloading Dock Area
Purpose
Materials spilled, leaked, or lost during loading or unloading may collect on impervious surfaces or in the soil and be carried away by stormwater runoff or when the area is cleaned. Precipitation may also wash pollutants from machinery used to load or unload materials. In particular, loading docks have the potential to contribute heavy metals, nutrients, suspended solids, oils, and grease to stormwater runoff due to the heavy truck traffic and loading and unloading activities. Depressed loading docks (e.g., truck wells) are contained areas that can also accumulate water.

Design Specifications
Design specifications for outdoor loading/unloading dock areas are regulated by local building and fire codes and by current County ordinances and zoning requirements.

Additionally, individual businesses may have their own design or access requirements for loading docks. Design specifications presented in this fact sheet are intended to enhance and be consistent with these code and ordinance requirements while addressing stormwater runoff concerns. The design specifications presented in Table 0-4 are not intended to conflict with requirements established by individual businesses, but should be followed to the maximum extent practicable.

Accumulated Water
Stormwater runoff, non-stormwater runoff, and spills will accumulate in containment areas and sumps with impervious surfaces, such as depressed loading docks.

Contaminated accumulated water must be disposed of in accordance with applicable laws and cannot be discharged directly to the storm drain or sanitary sewer system without appropriate permitting. Contact LACDPW (1 -888-CLEAN-LA) for information regarding discharge of contaminated accumulated water.

Maintenance Requirements
The integrity of structural elements that are subject to damage (e.g. , covers, signs) must be maintained by the owner/operator as required by local codes and ordinances. If a water quality inlet or infiltration system is installed, it must be maintained as indicated by the manufacturer or installer. Outdoor loading/unloading dock areas must be checked periodically to ensure containment of accumulated water and prevention of stormwater run-on. Maintenance agreements between LACDPW and the owner/operator may be required. Failure to properly maintain building and property may subject the property owner to citation.

County of Los Angeles D-10 February 2014
S-4: Outdoor Loading/Unloading Dock Area
Table D-4. Design Specifications for Outdoor Loading/Unloading Dock Area Design Feature Design Specifications
Surfacing . Construct/pave outdoor loading/unloading dock areas with Portland cement concrete or an equivalent impervious surface. Ensure that the surfacing material is chemically-resistant to materials being handled in the loading/unloading dock area.

Covers • Cover outdoor loading/unloading dock areas to a distance of at least 10 feet beyond the loading dock or building face if there is no raised dock. If the cover or roof structure does not include sidewalls, then the roof overhang must extend beyond the grade break. The overhang must extend a minimum of 20 percent of the roof height.
• For interior transfer bays, provide a minimum 10-foot "No Obstruction Zone" to allow trucks or trailers to extend at least 5 feet inside the building. Identify "No Obstruction Zone" clearly on site plans and paint zone with high visibility floor paint.
• If covers or interior transfer bays are not feasible, install a seal or door skirt and provide a cover to shield all material transfers between trailers and building.
• LACDPW may grant waivers for covers on a case-by-case basis .

Hydraulic . For outdoor loading/unloading dock areas, hydraulically-isolate the first six Isolation/Drainage feet of paved area measured from the building or dock face with grading, berms, or drains to prevent stormwater run-on from surrounding areas or roof drains. Direct stormwater runoff (e.g. , from downspouts/roofs) and drainage from surrounding areas away from hydraulically-isolated areas to a stormwater runoff discharge point that meets all applicable LID Standards Manual requirements.
• For interior transfer bays or bay doors, prevent stormwater runoff from surrounding areas from entering the building with grading or drains. Do not install interior floor drains in the "No Obstruction Zone". Hydraulicallyisolate the "No Obstruction Zone" from any interior floor drains. • Do not install direct connections to storm drains from depressed loading docks. Connect drains or direct drainage from hydraulically-isolated loading/unloading dock area to an approved sediment/oil/water separator system connected a discharge location as determined by LACDPW.

Provide a manual emergency spill diversion valve upstream of separator system to direct flow, in the event of a spill, to an approved spill containment vault sized to contain a volume equal to 125% of largest container handled at the facility. Provide additional emergency means, such as drain plugs or drain covers, to prevent spills or contaminated stormwater runoff from entering the storm drain system.

County of Los Angeles D-11 February 2014
,.-----..

S-8: Landscape Irrigation Practices
Purpose
Irrigation runoff provides a pathway for pollutants (i.e., nutrients, bacteria, organics, sediment) to enter the storm drain system. By effectively irrigating, less runoff is produced resulting in less potential for pollutants to enter the storm drain system.

General Guidance
• Do not allow irrigation runoff from the landscaped area to drain directly to storm drain system.
• Minimize use of fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides on landscaped areas. • Plan sites with sufficient landscaped area and dispersal capacity (e.g., ability to receive irrigation water without generating runoff).
• Consult a landscape professional regarding appropriate plants, fertilizer, mulching applications, and irrigation requirements (if any) to ensure healthy vegetation growth.

Design Specifications
• Choose plants that minimize the need for fertilizer and pesticides. • Group plants with similar water requirements and water accordingly. • Use mulch to minimize evaporation and erosion.
• Include a vegetative boundary around project site to act as a filter. • Design the irrigation system to only water areas that need it. • Install an approved subsurface drip, pop-up, or other irrigation system. 1 The irrigation system should employ effective energy dissipation and uniform flow spreading methods to prevent erosion and facilitate efficient dispersion. • Install rain sensors to shut off the irrigation system during and after storm events. • Include pressure sensors to shut off flow-through system in case of sudden pressure drop. A sudden pressure drop may indicate a broken irrigation head or water line.
• If the hydraulic conductivity in the soil is not sufficient for the necessary water application rate, implement soil amendments to avoid potential geotechnical hazards (i.e., liquefaction, landslide, collapsible soils, and expansive soils). 1 If alternative distribution systems (e.g., spray irrigation) are approved, the County will establish guidelines to implement these new systems.

County of Los Angeles 0-19 February 2014
5-8: Landscape Irrigation Practices
• For sites located on or within 50 feet of a steep slope (15% or greater), do not irrigate landscape within three days of a storm event to avoid potential geotechnical instability. 2
• Implement Integrated Pest Management practices.

For additional guidelines and requirements, refer to the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services.

Maintenance Requirements
Maintain irrigation areas to remove trash and debris and loose vegetation. Rehabilitate areas of bare soil. If a rain or pressure sensor is installed, it should be checked periodically to ensure proper function . Inspect and maintain irrigation equipment and components to ensure proper functionality. Clean equipment as necessary to prevent algae growth and vector breeding. Maintenance agreements between LACDPW and the owner/operator may be required. Failure to properly maintain building and property may subject the property owner to citation.
2 As determined by the City of Los Angeles, Building and Safety Division County of Los Angeles D-20 February 2014
Site Design & Landscape Planning SD-10
Description
Design Objectives
0 Maximize Infiltration
0 Provide Retention
0 Slow Runoff
0 Minimize Impervious Land
Coverage
Prohibit Dumping of Improper
Materials
Contain Pollutants
Collect and Convey
Each projecl site possesses unique topographic, hydrologic, and vegeta tive features, some of which are more suitable for developmenl than olhers. Integrating and incorporating appropriate landscape planning methodologies into the projecl design is the mosL effecth e aclion that can he done to minimize surface and groundwater contamination from slorm,,vater.

Approach
Landscape planning should couple consideralion ofland ·uilability for urban uses with consideralion of community goals and projected growlh. Projecl plan designs should conserve nalural areas to the extent possible, maximize nalural waler storage and infillrnlion opportunities, and protect slopes and channels.

Suitable Applications
Appropriate applications include residential, commercial and industrial areas planned for development or redevelopment.

Design Considerations
Design requirements for site design and landscapes planning should conform to applicable standards and specifications of agencies with jurisdiction and be consistentv,1ith applicable Gene ral Plan and Local Area Plan policies.
u\Ufc>R!I.H STORMI\ ~ llJ(
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SD-10 Site Design & Landscape Planning
Designing i\'ew Installations
Begin the development of a plan for the landscape unit with attention to the following general principles:
• Formulate the plan on the basis of clearly a11iculated community goals. Carefully identify conflicts and choices between retaining and protecting desired resources and community growth.
• l\Jap and assess land suitability for urban uses. Include the following landscape features in the assessment: \\'oodcd land, open unwooded land, steep slopes, erosion-prone soils, foundation suitability, soil suitability for waste disposal, aquifers, aquifer recharge areas, wetlands, floodplains, surface waters, agricultural lands, and variom, categories of urban land use. \Vhen appropriate, the assessment can highlight outstanding local or regional resources that the community determines should be protected (e.g., a scenic area, recreational area, threatened species habitat, farmland, fish run). !\.fopping and assessment should recognize not only these resources but also additional areas needed for their sustenance.

Project plan designs should conserve natural areas to the extent possible, maximize natural water storage and infiltration opportunities, and protect slopes and channels.

Conserve 1Vatural Areas during Landscape Planning
If applicable, the following items are required and must be implemented in the site layout during the subdivision design and approval process, consistent with applicable General Plan and Local Area Plan policies:
• Cluster development on least-sensitive portions of a site while leaving the remaining land in a natural undisturbed condition.
■ Limit ele,aring and grading of native vegetation at a site to the minimum amount needed to build lots, allow access, and provide fire protection.
• l\Jaximize trees and other vegetation at each site by planting additional vegetation, clustering tree areas, and promoting the use of native and/or drought tolerant plants. ■ Promote natural vegetation by using parking lot islands and other landscaped areas. • Preserve riparian areas and \vetlands.

JHaximize Natural Water Storage and h~fzltration Opportunities lVithin the Landscape Unit ■ Promote the conservation of forest cover. Builcling on land that is already deforested affects basin hydro] o gy to a lesser extent th an converting forested Ian cl. Loss of forest cover reduces interception storage, detention in the organic forest floor layer, and water losses by evapotranspiration, resulting in large peak runoff increases and either their negative effects or the expense of conntciing them with structural solutions. • Maintain natural storage reservoirs and drainage conidors, including depressions, areas of permeable soils, swales, and intermitlent streams. Develop and implement policies and 2 of 4 California Stormwater BMP Handbook January 2003
• New Development and Redevelopment
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Site Design & Landscape Planning SD-10
regulations to discourage the clearing, filling, and channelization of these features. Utilize them in drainage nehvorks in preference to pipes, culverts, and engineered ditches. ■ Evaluating infiltration oppmiunities by referring to the stormwater management manual for the jurisdiction and pay pariicular attention to the selection criteria for avoiding groumhvatcr contamination, poor soils, and hydrogeological conditions that cause these facilities to fail. If necessary, locate developments with large amounts of impenious surfaces or a potential to produce relatively contaminated runoff avmy from groundwater recharge areas.

Protection of Slopes and Channels during Landscape Design ■ Convey runoff safely from the tops of slopes.
■ Avoid disturbing steep or unstable slopes.
■ Avoid disturbing natural channel<;.
■ Stabilize disturbed slopes as quickly as possible.
■ Vegetate slopes with native or drought tolerant vegetation. ■ Control and treat flows in landscaping and/or other controls prior to reaching existing natural drainage systems.
■ Stabilize temporary and permanent channel crossings as quickly as possible, and ensure that increases in run-off velocity and frequency caused by the project do not erode the channel. ■ Install energy dissipaters, such as riprap, at the outlets of new storm drains, culverts, conduits, or channels that enter unlined channels in accordance with applicaLle specifications to minimize erosion. Energy dissipaters shall be installed in such a way as to minimize impacts to recei\ing waters.
■ Linc on-site conveyance channels where appropriate, to reduce erosion caused by incre,ased flow velocity due to increases in tributary impervious area. The first choice for linings should be grass or some other vegetative surface, since these materials not only reduce runoff velocities, but also provide water quality benefits from filtration and infiltration. If velocities in the channel are high enough to erode grass or other vegetative linings, rip rap, concrete, soil cement, or geo-grid stabilization arc other alternatives. ■ Consider other design principles that arc comparable and equally effective.

Redei,eloping Existing Instt1llcttions
Vaiio11<; jurisdictional storm water management and mitigation plans (SlJSMP, 'WQr-..t P; etc.) define "redevelopment" in terms of amounts of additional impervious area, increases in gross floor area and/or exteiior construction; and land disturbing activities \\ri.th structural or impenions surfaces. The definition of" redevelopmcnt'1 must be consulted to determine whether or not the requirements for new development apply to areas intended for redevelopment. If the definition applies, the steps outlined under "designing new installations" above should be followed.

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SD-10 Site Design & Landscape Planning
Redevelopment may present significant opportunity to add features which had not previom,ly been implemented. Examples include incorvoration of depressions, areas of permeable soils, and swales in newly redeveloped areas. \Vhile some site constraints may exist due to the status of already existing infrastructure, oppm1unities should not be missed to maximize infiltration, slow runoff, reduce impervious areas, disconnect dire,ctly connected impervious areas.

Other Resources
A lVIanual for the Standard Urban Stormwater J\.·fitigation Plan (SUSrvIP), Los Angeles County Department of Public Works, l\fay 200 2.

Stormwater !vianagement Manual for \Vestern \Vashington, Washington State Department of Ecology, August 2001.
lVIodel Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan (SUSMP) for San Diego County, Port of San Diego, and Cities in San Diego County, February 14, 2002.

Model \Valer Quality :Management Plan (vVQ!vfP) for County of Orange, Orange County Flood Control District, and the Incorporated Cities of Orange County, Draft February 2003.

Ventura Connt}"vide Technical Guidance Manual for Stormwater Quality Control 1\.-leasures, July 2002.
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January 2003
Effi:cient Irrigation SD-12
Design Objectives
@ Maximize Infiltration
@ Provide Retention
0 Slow Runoff
Minimize Impervious Land
Coverage
Prohibit Dumping of Improper
Materials
Description
Contain Pollutants
Collect and Convey
Irrigation ,,.,1ater provided to landscaped areas may result in excess irrigation water being conveyed into stormwater drainage systems.

Approach
Project plan designs for development and redevelopment should include application methods of irrigation v,ater that minimize runoff of excess irrigation water into the stormwatcr conveyance system.

Suitable Applications
Appropriate appHcalions include residential, commercial and induslrial area planned for development or redevelopment. (Detached residential single-family homes are t) pically excluded from Lhis requiremenl.)
Design Considerations
Designing New Installations
The foHowing melhods to reduce excessive irrigation runoff should be considered, and incorporaled and implemenled where determined applicable and feasible by the Permittee:
■ Employ rain-triggered shutoff devices to prevenl irrigalion alter precipitation. ■ Design irrigation system to each landscape area's ·pecific waler requirements. ■ Indude design featuring flO\,v reducers or shutoff valves triggered b) a pressure drop to control water loss in Lhe event of broken sprinkler heads or lines.
■ Implement landscape plans consistent with County or City water conservation resolutions, which may include provision of water sensors, programmable irrigation times (for short cycles), etc.
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SD-12 Efficient Irrigation
■ Design timing and application methods of irrigation water to minimize the runoff of excess irrigation water into the storm water drainage system.
• Group plants with similar water requirements in order to reduce excess irrigation runoff and promote surface filtration. Choose plants v-rith low irrigation requirements (for example, native or drought tolerant species). Consider design features such as:

Using mulches (such as wood chips or bar) in planter areas ,vithout ground cover to minimize sediment in rnnoff
Installing appropriate plant materials for the location, in accordance with amount of sunlight and climate, and use native plant materials where possible and/or as recommended by the landscape architect
Leaving a vegetative barrier along the property boundary and interior watercourses, to act as a pollutant filter, ,vhere appropriate and feasible Choosing plants that minimize or eliminate the use of fertilizer or pesticides to sustain growth
• Employ other comparable, equally effective methods to reduce irrigation water runoff.

Reclei,eloping Existing lnstallation.s
Various jurisdictional stormwater management and mitigation plans (SUSlVIP, WQl'vIP, etc.) define "redevelopment" in terms of amounts of additional impervious area, increases in gross floor area and/or exterior construction, and land disturbing activities with structural or impervious surfaces. The definition of·' redevelopment" must be consulted to determine whether or not the requirements for new development apply to areas intended for redevelopment. If the definition applies, the steps outlined under "designing new installations" above should be followed.

Other Resources
A I\fanual for the Standard Urban Stormwater l\Jitigation Plan (SlJSMP), Los .Angeles County Department of Public \,Vorks, ]\fay 2002.

Model Standard Orban Storm \Yater lVIitigation Plan (SOSrvIP) for San Diego County, Po1t of San Diego, and Cities in San Diego County, February 14, 2002.

Model Water Quality l\fanagement Plan (WQMP) for County of Orange, Orange County Flood Control District, and the Incorporated Cities of Orange County, Draft February 2003.

Ventura Countyv,•ide Technical Guidance Manual for Stormwater Quality Control J\.foasures, July 2002.
2 of 2 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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Storm Drain Signage
Description
SD-13
Design Objectives
Maximize Infiltration
Provide Retention
Slow Runoff
Minimize Impervious Land
Coverage
0 Prohibit Dumping of Improper
Materials
Contain Pollutants
Collect and Convey
Waste materials dumped inlo storm drain inlets can have severe impacts on receiving and ground walers. Po ·ting nolice • regarding discharge prohibitions al slorm drain inlets can prevent waste dumping. Storm drain ·igns and stencils are highly visible source controls that are typically placed directly adjacent to storm drain inlets.

Approach
The stencil or affixed sign contains a brief statement that prohibits dumping of improper materials into the urban runoff conveyance system. Storm drain messages have become a popular method of alerting the public about the effects of and the prohibitions against '""aste disposal.

Suitable Applications
Stencils and signs alert the public to the destination of pollutants discharged to the storm drain.

Signs are appropriate in residential, commercial, and industrial areas, as well as any other area where contributions or dumping to storm drains is likely.

Design Considerations
Storm drain message markers or placards are recommended al all slorm drain inlets within the boundary of a development project. The marker should be placed in clear sighl facing toward anyone approaching lhe inlel from either side. All slorm drain inlel localion • should be identified on Lhe developmenl site map.

De!,--igning New Installations
The [oHowing methods should be considered for inclusion in the project design and show on project plans:
■ Provide stenciling or labeling of all storm drain inlets and catch basins, constructed or modified, wilhin the projecl area '"ilh prohibitive language. Examples include "NO DUMPING January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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c.AUrl>ll~U SJOIU-11\ A JU(
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SD-13 Storm Drain Signage
~ DRAINS TO OCEAN" and/or other graphic,al icons to discourage illegal dumping. • Post signs with prohibitive language and/or graphical icons, which prohibit illegal dumping at public access points along channels and creeks within the project area.

Note - Some local agencies have approved specific signage and/or storm drain message placards for use. Consult local agency stormwater staff to determine specific requirements for placard types and methods of application.

Redeveloping E'risting Installations
Various jurisdictional stormwater management and mitigation plans (SUSMP, "\.VQl'vIP, etc.) define "redevelopment'' in terms of amounts of additional impervious area, increases in gross floor area and/or exterior mnstruction, and land disturbing activities with structural or impervious surfaces. If the project meets the definition of "redevelopment'', then the requirements stated under" designing new installations" above should be included in all project design plans.

Additional Information
1l1aintenance Con.~iderations
• Legibility of markers and signs should be maintained. If required by the agency with jurisdiction over the project, the owner/operator or homeowner's association should enter into a maintenance agreement with the agency or record a deed restriction upon the property title to maintain the legibility of placards or signs.

Placement
• Sign age on top of curbs tends lo weather and fade.
• Sign age on face of curbs tends to be worn by contact with vehicle tires and s,veeper brooms.

Supplemental Information
Examples
• :r-.fost MS4 programs have storm drain signage programs. Some l'vIS4 programs ,-vill provide stencils, or arrange for volunteers lo stencil storm drains as part of their outreach program.

Other Resources
A I\fanual for the Standard Urban Stormwater :rvlitigation Plan (SlJSl\IP), Los Angeles County Department of Public \,Vorks, l\fay 2002.
rviodel Standard Urban Storm \Vater Mitigation Plan (SUSMP) for San Diego County, Port of San Diego, and Cities in San Diego County, February 14, 2002.

Model \Vater Quality ]\fa nag cm en t Plan CW Q !v1P) for County of Orange, 0 range County Flood Control District, and the Incorporated Cities of Orange County, Draft February 2003.

Ventura Countyv,•ide Technical Guidance !vlamml for Storm\vater Quality Control !v1easurcs, July 2002.
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January 2003
Media Filter
General Description
orrnv. r rn 'dia filler· ap 11 ·u lly Lwo-c;ha.mb'r din ·lodiug pr •I w I n ttl s ll ling b s.in nnd R lil er b d fi II ,<J wil h sand or other absorptive filtering m dia. ~ stonnwater flows into the first ha.mb r, larg' l) rlicks • ,111 • ouI 1 a._nd lh-n fin r par icl s and other pollutants are removed as stonnwater flo1rvs throu_~h th ft llciing rn •clia in th' : ' ond <' hamb r. Tb ·•r<• at' fl nomb r of design'\: ariations includin .. ~ the ustin sand filter Delawru·e sand filler, a,_ncl mull i- h r11.bcr d Ir H.IJtl t1l Ir in (MCTT).

Inspection/ Maintenance Considerations
Media filters may exhibit d reased effectiveness after a~ w y a.rs f O}l r I ion, dcp nding on I h I ivit ics o • 'uning in 1'h drain e area. led:ia filt rs clo easil I wh n subjected to high sediment loads. ediment r ducil pretreatm nt practices, such as veg 'L8.I d blJffor s1 rips or v s I led swal s1 pl c d 11 psi r ·.arn ()f the filter should be maintained properly 1D reduce sediment load!:i into fill 'r. M ·di li'II n; n b • om nuis n "d 11' 10 mosquito or mid_~e breeding if not properly desi ed and n111i nlsi n d. r nslallal ion· should cl ~Wfl •r ·orn11l ·I ly recommended hour or less residenc time) to prevent
c r fl ting mo qui o nn<l o h ,r v c or h bilals .. ,J 1ti nl nRnCP efforts will need to focus on basic housekeepi°'~ practices su has r mo •al of c(l)bris ccum1il ioos and \1C&l!I lion tn nag rn n:t (in filter m dia) to prevent clogs and/or pods of standin .. ~ water. To mill imit.l: Lh po nli I for logging freql.J ril mainl 'llffll ' > and insp' ion 11r ic .s ar r qoir .<l. Was I , sa._nd, grsvci fil •r .lot h~ or filter media must be disposed of properly and in accordance wil'h all a.pplic blc l~ws.

Januan• 2003 Califomla Stom1water BMP Handbook
lnd111:lri11I 11d ()),nn ~• ·l,<ll
www .<: bnlf>lllJ ndtx»k:::.<;tJm
TC-40
Maintenance Concerns,
Objectives, and Goals
■ PolkJtMt Breaktl'foufll
• Clogged of s Md Media
■ Trash and OebrisAccumulftion
Targeted Constituents
✓ Sedment • ✓ Nulrients • ✓ Trash • ✓ Metals • ✓ Bacteria .A ✓ Oil and Grease • ✓ Or93nics •
Legend (Removal Effectfvene.ssj
• Low • Higi
... MedilJ'Tl
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TC-40 Media Filter
I Inspection Activities
■ During the first year of operation, inspect chambers quarterly to ensure that the system is functioning properly.
■ Inspect sand filters after every major storm in the first few months after construction to ensure that the system is functioning properly.
■ Ensure that filter surface, inlets, and outlets are clear of debris. ■ Ensure that the contributing area is stabilized and mowed, with clippings removed. ■ Check to ensure that the filter surface is not clogging. ■ Ensure that activities in the drainage area minimize oil/ grease and sediment entry to the system.
■ Inspect the facility once during the wet season after a large rain event to determine whether the facility is draining completely within 72 hr. ■ Inspect for standing water, sediment, trash and debris, structural damage, and to identify potential problems.
■ Check to see that the filter bed is clean of sediments and the sediment chamber contains no more than six inches of sediment.
■ Make sure that there is no evidence of deterioration of concrete structures. ■ Inspect grates (if used).
■ Inspect inlets, outlets, and overflow spillway to ensure good condition and no evidence of erosion.
■ Ensure that flow is not bypassing the facility.
■ Ensure that no noticeable odors are detected outside the facility.

I Maintenance Activities
■ Remove trash and debris from the sedimentation basin (Austin design), the riser pipe, and the filter bed as needed.
■ Prevent grass clippings from washing into the filter. ■ Remove trash from inlet grates to maintain the inflow capacity of the media filter. ■ Upstream vegetation should be maintained as needed.
■ Clean filter surface semiannually; or more often if watershed is excessively erosive. ■ Replace sorbent pillows (Multi-Chamber Treatment Train only). ■ Repair or replace any damaged structural parts.
■ Stabilize any eroded areas.
■ Remove accumulated sediment in the sedimentation chamber every 10 years or when the sediment occupies 10-20% of the basin volume or accumulates to a depth of six inches, whichever is less.
■ Remove top 2 in. of media filter and landfill if facility drain time exceeds 72 hr. media depth to 18 in. when overall media depth drops to 12 in.). 2 of 3 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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Restore
Suggested
Frequency I
Post construction
Quarterly, and after
major storms
Semi-annual
Annual
Suggested
Frequency I
Frequently
(as needed)
Semi-annual
Annual
As needed
January 2003
TC-40 Media Filter
I Inspection Activities
■ During the first year of operation, inspect chambers quarterly to ensure that the system is functioning properly.
■ Inspect sand filters after every major storm in the first few months after construction to ensure that the system is functioning properly.
■ Ensure that filter surface, inlets, and outlets are clear of debris. ■ Ensure that the contributing area is stabilized and mowed, with clippings removed. ■ Check to ensure that the filter surface is not clogging. ■ Ensure that activities in the drainage area minimize oil/ grease and sediment entry to the system.
■ Inspect the facility once during the wet season after a large rain event to determine whether the facility is draining completely within 72 hr. ■ Inspect for standing water, sediment, trash and debris, structural damage, and to identify potential problems.
■ Check to see that the filter bed is clean of sediments and the sediment chamber contains no more than six inches of sediment.
■ Make sure that there is no evidence of deterioration of concrete structures. ■ Inspect grates (if used).
■ Inspect inlets, outlets, and overflow spillway to ensure good condition and no evidence of erosion.
■ Ensure that flow is not bypassing the facility.
■ Ensure that no noticeable odors are detected outside the facility.

I Maintenance Activities
■ Remove trash and debris from the sedimentation basin (Austin design), the riser pipe, and the filter bed as needed.
■ Prevent grass clippings from washing into the filter. ■ Remove trash from inlet grates to maintain the inflow capacity of the media filter. ■ Upstream vegetation should be maintained as needed.
■ Clean filter surface semiannually; or more often if watershed is excessively erosive. ■ Replace sorbent pillows (Multi-Chamber Treatment Train only). ■ Repair or replace any damaged structural parts.
■ Stabilize any eroded areas.
■ Remove accumulated sediment in the sedimentation chamber every 10 years or when the sediment occupies 10-20% of the basin volume or accumulates to a depth of six inches, whichever is less.
■ Remove top 2 in. of media filter and landfill if facility drain time exceeds 72 hr. media depth to 18 in. when overall media depth drops to 12 in.). 2 of 3 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
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Restore
Suggested
Frequency I
Post construction
Quarterly, and after
major storms
Semi-annual
Annual
Suggested
Frequency I
Frequently
(as needed)
Semi-annual
Annual
As needed
January 2003
Water Quality Inlet
General Description
Water quality inlets (WQis), also commonly called trapping catch basins, oil/grit separators or oil/water separators, consist of one or more chambers that promote sedimentation of coarse materials and separation of free oil (as opposed to emulsified or dissolved oil) from stormwater. Some WQis also contain screens to help retain larger or floating debris, and many of the newer designs also include a coalescing unit that helps promote oil/water separation.

These devices are appropriate for capturing hydrocarbon spills, but provide very marginal sediment removal and are not very effective for treatment of stormwater runoff. WQis typically capture only the first portion of runoff for treatment and are generally used for pretreatment before discharging to other best management practices (BMPs).

Inspection/ Maintenance Considerations
High sediment loads can interfere with the ability of the WQI to effectively separate oil and grease from the runoff. During periods of high flow, sediment can be resuspended and released from the WQI into surface waters. Maintenance ofWQis can be easily neglected because they are underground. Establishment of a maintenance schedule is helpful for ensuring proper maintenance occurs. The required maintenance effort will be site-specific due to variations in sediment and hydrocarbon loading. Since WQI residuals contain hydrocarbon by-products, they may require disposal as hazardous waste. Many WQI owners coordinate with waste haulers to collect and dispose of these residuals.

January 2003 California Storm water BMP Handbook
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TC-50
Maintenance Concerns,
Objectives, and Goals
■ High Sediment Loads
■ Hazardous Waste
■ Vector Control
Targeted Constituents
✓ Sediment
✓ Nutrients
✓ Trash
✓ Metals
✓ Bacteria
✓ Oil and Grease
✓ Organics
Legend (Removal Effectiveness)
• Low ■ High
A Medium
•
•
A
•
•
A
•
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TC-50 Water Quality Inlet
I Inspection Activities
■ Inspect after every storm event to determine if maintenance is required.

I Maintenance Activities
■ Clean out and dispose of accumulated oil, grease, and sediments. Remove accumulated trash and debris. The clean out and disposal techniques should be environmentally acceptable and in accordance with local regulations.

Additional Information
Suggested
Frequency
Monthly during the
wet season, or after
significant rain
events
Suggested
Frequency
Annual, before the
wet season, or more
frequent as needed
Since WQis can be relatively deep, they may be designated as confined spaces. Caution should be exercised to comply with confined space entry safety regulations if it is required.

References
http://www.co.pierce.wa.us/pc/services/home/environ/water/swm/sppman/bmptl.htm 2 of 2 California Storm water BMP Handbook
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