Moreno Valley City Council
June 3, 2025

Town Center at Moreno
Valley Specific Plan

AIR QUALITY IMPACT ANALYSIS

CITY OF MORENO VALLEY

PREPARED BY:

Haseeb Qureshi
[email protected]

Ali Dadabhoy
[email protected]

F
EBRUARY 11, 2025

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................. III APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ V LIST OF EXHIBITS ..................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................ V LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS ............................................................................................................... VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 1 ES.1 Summary of Findings ................................................................................................................ 1 ES.2 Standard Regulatory Requirements .......................................................................................... 2 ES.3 Project Specific Construction Mitigation Measures ................................................................... 2 ES.4 Project Specific Operational Mitigation Measures .................................................................... 3 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 6

1.1 Site Location ............................................................................................................................ 6

1.2 Project Description ................................................................................................................... 6 2 AIR QUALITY SETTING .................................................................................................................. 11

2.1 South Coast Air Basin ............................................................................................................. 11

2.2 Regional Climate .................................................................................................................... 11

2.3 Wind Patterns and Project Location ....................................................................................... 12

2.4 Criteria Pollutants .................................................................................................................. 13

2.5 Existing Air Quality ................................................................................................................. 20

2.6 Regional Air Quality ................................................................................................................ 23

2.7 Local Air Quality ..................................................................................................................... 23 3 REGULATORY BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 26

3.1 Federal Regulations ................................................................................................................ 26

3.2 California Regulations ............................................................................................................ 26 4 SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS ........................................................................................................ 33

4.1 Regional Significance Thresholds ............................................................................................ 33

4.2 Localized Significance Thresholds ........................................................................................... 33 5 AIR QUALITY IMPACTS ................................................................................................................. 40

5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 40

5.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 40

5.3 Regional Construction Emissions ............................................................................................ 40

5.4 Regional Operational Emissions.............................................................................................. 52

5.5 Construction-Source Localized Emissions ............................................................................... 55

5.6 Operational-Source Localized Emissions ................................................................................. 58

5.7 CO “Hot Spot” Analysis ........................................................................................................... 58

5.8 Air Quality Management Planning .......................................................................................... 60

5.9 RTP/SCS Consistency .............................................................................................................. 63

5.10 Potential Impacts to Sensitive Receptors ................................................................................ 64

5.11 Odors ..................................................................................................................................... 65

5.12 Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................................................ 65 6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 68 7 CERTIFICATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 72

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 2.1: STATE/FEDERAL ATTAINMENT STATUS OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS APPENDIX 5.1: CALEEMOD CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL (UNMITIGATED) EMISSIONS MODEL

OUTPUTS
APPENDIX 5.2: CALEEMOD CONSTRUCTION (MITIGATED) EMISSIONS MODEL OUTPUTS

LIST OF EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT 1-A: SITE LOCATION ................................................................................................................... 8 EXHIBIT 1-B: CONCEPTUAL LAND USE PLAN ............................................................................................ 9 EXHIBIT 4-A: SENSITIVE RECEPTOR LOCATIONS ................................................................................... 37

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE ES-1: SUMMARY OF CEQA SIGNIFICANCE FINDINGS (1 OF 2) ...................................................... 1 TABLE 2-1: CRITERIA POLLUTANTS ........................................................................................................ 13 TABLE 2-2: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (1 OF 2) ...................................................................... 21 TABLE 2-2: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (2 OF 2) ...................................................................... 22 TABLE 2-3: ATTAINMENT STATUS OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS IN THE SCAB ........................................... 23 TABLE 2-4: PROJECT AREA AIR QUALITY MONITORING SUMMARY 2021-2023 ..................................... 24 TABLE 4-1: MAXIMUM DAILY REGIONAL EMISSIONS THRESHOLDS ...................................................... 33 TABLE 4-2: MAXIMUM DAILY LOCALIZED CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS THRESHOLDS ........................... 38 TABLE 5-1: ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE .............................................................................. 43 TABLE 5-2: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT ASSUMPTIONS ..................................................................... 44 TABLE 5-3: CONSTRUCTION TRIP ASSUMPTIONS .................................................................................. 44 TABLE 5-4: MAXIMUM DAILY CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS – WITHOUT MITIGATION .......................... 46 TABLE 5-5: MAXIMUM DAILY CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS – WITH MITIGATION ................................. 49 TABLE 5-6: SUMMARY OF PEAK OPERATIONAL EMISSIONS .................................................................. 54 TABLE 5-7: PROJECT LOCALIZED CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS – WITHOUT MITIGATION ....................... 55 TABLE 5-8: PROJECT LOCALIZED CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS – WITH MITIGATION (1 OF 2)................. 57 TABLE 5-9: CO MODEL RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 58 TABLE 5-10: TRAFFIC VOLUMES ............................................................................................................ 59 TABLE 5-11: OPENING YEAR CUMULATIVE (2025) WITH PROJECT TRAFFIC VOLUMES .......................... 60

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LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS
% Percent
°F Degrees Fahrenheit
(1) Reference
µg/m3 Microgram per Cubic Meter
1992 CO Plan 1992 Federal Attainment Plan for Carbon Monoxide 1993 CEQA Handbook SCAQMD’s CEQA Air Quality Handbook (1993) 2003 AQMP SCAQMD’s 2003 Air Quality Management Plan
2016 AQMP SCAQMD’s Final 2019 Air Quality Management Plan 2016-2040 RTP/SCS 2016-2040 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy
AB 2595 California Clean Air Act
AQIA Air Quality Impact Analysis
AQMP Air Quality Management Plan
BAAQMD Bay Area Air Quality Management District
BC Black Carbon
C2Cl4 Perchloroethylene
C4H6 1,3-butadiene
C6H6 Benzene
C2H3Cl Vinyl Chloride
C2H4O Acetaldehyde
CAA Federal Clean Air Act
CAAQS California Ambient Air Quality Standards
CalEEMod California Emissions Estimator Model
CalEPA California Environmental Protection Agency
CALGreen California Green Building Standards Code
CAP Climate Action Plan
CAPCOA California Air Pollution Control Officers Association CARB California Air Resources Board
CCR California Code of Regulations
CEC California Energy Commission
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CEQA Guidelines 2019 CEQA Statute and Guidelines
CH2O Formaldehyde
CO Carbon Monoxide
COH Coefficient of Haze
COHb Carboxyhemoglobin
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Cr(VI) Chromium
CTP Clean Truck Program
Cr(VI) Chromium
CRRC Cool Roof Rating Council
CTP Clean Truck Program
CY Cubic Yards
DPM Diesel Particulate Matter
DRRP Diesel Risk Reduction Plan
EC Elemental Carbon
EIR Environmental Impact Reports
EMFAC EMissions FACtor Model
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ETW Equivalent Test Weight
EV Electric Vehicles
g/L Grams Per Liter
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GVWR Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
H2S Hydrogen Sulfide
HDT Heavy Duty Trucks
HI Hazard Index
HHDT Heavy-Heavy-Duty Trucks
hp Horsepower
HRA Moreno Valley Town Center Specific Plan Health Risk Assessment
ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers
lbs Pounds
lbs/day Pounds Per Day
LDA Light Duty Auto
LDT1/LDT2 Light-Duty Trucks
LHDT Light-Heavy-Duty Trucks
LST Localized Significance Threshold
LST METHODOLOGY Final Localized Significance Threshold Methodology MATES Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study
MDV Medium-Duty Vehicles
MHDT Medium-Heavy-Duty Trucks
MICR Maximum Individual Cancer Risk
MM Mitigation Measures
MW Megawatt
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MWELO California Department of Water Resources’ Model Water Efficient
N2 Nitrogen
N2O Nitrous Oxide
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NO Nitric Oxide
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
NOX Nitrogen Oxides
O2 Oxygen
O3 Ozone
O2 Deficiency Chronic Hypoxemia
OBD-II On-Board Diagnostic
OPR Office of Planning and Research
Pb Lead
PM10 Particulate Matter 10 microns in diameter or less
PM2.5 Particulate Matter 2.5 microns in diameter or less POLA Port of Los Angeles
POLB Port of Long Beach
ppm Parts Per Million
Project Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan
RECLAIM Regional Clean Air Incentives Market
RFG-2 Reformulated Gasoline Regulation
ROG Reactive Organic Gases
RTP Regional Transportation Plan
SCAB South Coast Air Basin
SCAG Southern California Association of Governments
SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District
SCAQMD Rule 403 Fugitive Dust
SCAQMD Rule 1113 Architectural Coating
SCS Sustainable Communities Strategy
sf Square Feet
SIPs State Implementation Plans
SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
SO4 Sulfates
SOX Sulfur Oxides
SRA Source Receptor Area
TAC Toxic Air Contaminant
TAZ Traffic Analysis Zone
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TDM Transportation Demand Management
TITLE I Non-Attainment Provisions
TITLE II Mobile Sources Provisions
UFP Ultra Fine Particles
UTRs Utility Tractors
VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
vph Vehicles Per Hour

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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ES.1 S UMMARY OF FINDINGS
The results of this Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis (AQIA) are summarized below based on the significance criteria in Section 3 of this report consistent with Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines (CEQA Guidelines) as implemented by the City of Moreno Valley (1). Table ES-1 shows the findings of significance for each potential air quality impact under CEQA before and after any required mitigation described below.

TABLE ES-1: SUMMARY OF CEQA SIGNIFICANCE FINDINGS (1 OF 2) Analysis Report
Section
Significance Findings
Unmitigated Mitigation
Measure Mitigated1
Regional Construction Emissions 5.3 Potentially Significant MM 1 Less than Significant Localized Construction Emissions 5.5 Less than Significant MM 1 Less than Significant Regional Operational Emissions 5.4 Potentially Significant MM 2
through
MM 6
Significant and
Unavoidable
Localized Operational Emissions 5.6 Less Than Significant n/a n/a CO “Hot Spot” Analysis 5.7 Less Than Significant n/a n/a Air Quality Management Plan 5.8 Potentially Significant MM 2
through
MM 6
Significant and
Unavoidable
Regional Transportation Plan/
Sustainable Communities Strategy 5.9 Less Than Significant n/a n/a Sensitive Receptors 5.10 Less Than Significant n/a n/a
Odors 5.11 Less Than Significant n/a n/a
Cumulative Impacts 5.12 Potentially Significant
MM 2
through
MM 6
Significant and
Unavoidable

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2 ES.2 STANDARD REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
There are numerous requirements that development projects must comply with by law, and that were put in place by federal, State, and local regulatory agencies for the improvement of air quality. Required by South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rules, the two most pertinent regulatory requirements that apply during construction activity for the proposed Project include, but are not limited to , Rule 403 (Fugitive Dust) (2) and Rule 1113 (Architectural Coatings) (3). As such, credit for Rule 403 and Rule 1113 have been taken in the analysis.

SCAQMD
RULE 402
A person shall not discharge from any source whatsoever such quantities of air contaminants or other material that cause injury, detriment, nuisance, or annoyance to any considerable number of persons or to the public, or that endanger the comfort, repose, health, or safety of any such persons or the public, or that cause, or have a natural tendency to cause, injury or damage to business or property. The provisions of this rule do not apply to odors emanating from agricultural operations necessary for the growing of crops or the raising of fowl or animals.

SCAQMD
RULE 403
This rule is intended to reduce the amount of particulate matter entrained in the ambient air as a result of anthropogenic (human- made) fugitive dust sources by requiring actions to prevent and reduce fugitive dust emissions. Rule 403 applies to any activity or human- made condition capable of generating fugitive dust and requires best available control measures to be applied to earth moving and grading activities.

SCAQMD RULE 445
The requirement to only install gaseous -fueled fireplaces and stoves is applicable to any new residential or commercial development that begins construction on or after March 9, 2009.

SCAQMD RULE 1113
This rule serves to limit the Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) content of architectural coatings used on projects in the SCAQMD. Any person who supplies, sells, offers for sale, or manufactures any architectural coating for use on projects in the SCAQMD mus t comply with the current VOC standards set in this rule.

ES.3 PROJECT SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION MITIGATION MEASURES
Project construction -source emissions have the potential to exceed the SCAQMD regional threshold for VOC emissions prior to mitigation. MM 1 is designed to reduce Project construction- source VOC impacts as well as further reduce emissions associated with NOx . After application of MM 1, Project construction-source emissions will not exceed SCAQMD regional thresholds for VOC emissions. Thus, the Project would result in a less than significant impact associated with construction activities.

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3 MM 1
The project shall incorporate the following measures to reduce air pollutant emissions during construction activities. These identified measures shall be incorporated into all appropriate construction documents (e.g., construction management plans) submitted to the City and shall be verified by the City.:
• Require fugitive-dust control measures that exceed SCAQMD’s Rule 403 requirements, such as:
o Use of nontoxic soil stabilizers to reduce wind erosion. o Apply water every four hours to active soil-disturbing activities o Tarp and/or maintain a minimum of 24 inches of freeboard on trucks hauling dirt, sand, soil, or other loose materials.
• Encourage the use of construction equipment equal to or greater than 50 horsepower be electrically powered or alternatively fueled. At a minimum, use construction equipment rated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as having Tier 4 Final (model year 2008 or newer) emission limits, Include this requirement in applicable bid documents, purchase orders, and contracts.
• Ensure that construction equipment is properly serviced and maintained to the manufacturer’s standards.
• Limit nonessential idling of construction equipment to no more than five consecutive minutes.
• Limit on-site vehicle travel speeds on unpaved roads to 15 miles per hour. • Install wheel washers for all exiting trucks or wash off all trucks and equipment leaving the project area.
• Use Super-Compliant VOC paints for coating of architectural surfaces whenever possible. A list of Super -Compliant architectural coating manufacturers can be found on SCAQMD’s website.

ES.4 PROJECT SPECIFIC OPERATIONAL MITIGATION MEASURES
For regional emissions, the Project has the potential to exceed the numerical thresholds of significance established by the SCAQMD. It is important to note that the majority of the Project’s emissions are derived from vehicle usage (passenger cars and trucks). Since neither the Project Applicant nor the City have regulatory authority to control tailpipe emissions, no feasible mitigation measures beyond the measures identified herein exist that would reduce emissions to levels that are less -than-significant, thus these emissions are considered significant and unavoidable.

The following measures (MM 2 through MM 6 .) are designed to reduce Project operational - source VOCs, NO
X, CO, PM 10, and PM 2.5 emissions. It should be noted that to provide a conservative disclosure of Project emissions, no emission reduction credits were taken for MM 2 through MM 6 during operational air quality modeling. Notwithstanding the foregoing, all of the below measures will decrease Project emissions. As such, even with application of MM 2 through MM 6, Project operational-source emissions impacts would be significant and unavoidable.

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4 MM 2
Legible, durable, weather -proof signs shall be placed at commercial loading docks and truck parking areas that identify applicable CARB anti-idling regulations. At a minimum, each sign shall include: 1) instructions for truck drivers to shut off engines when not in use; 2) instructions for drivers of diesel trucks to rest rict idling to no more than five (5) minutes once the vehicle is stopped, the transmission is set to "neutral" or "park," and the parking brake is engaged; and 3) telephone numbers of the building facilities manager and the CARB to report violations. Prior to the issuance of an occupancy permit, the City shall conduct a site inspection to ensure that the signs are in place.

MM
3 Prior to the issuing of each building permit, the P roject proponent and its contractors shall provide plans and specifications to the City that demonstrate that electrical service is provided to each of the areas in the vicinity of the building s that are to be landscaped in order that electrical equipment may be used for landscape maintenance.

MM 4
Once constructed, the P roject proponent shall ensure that all commercial tenants shall utilize only electric or natural gas pallet jacks and forklifts in the loading areas.

MM 5
Upon occupancy and annually thereafter, the operators of the commercial space shall provide information to all delivery truck drivers, regarding:
• Building energy efficiency, solid waste reduction, recycling, and water conservation. • Vehicle GHG emissions, electric vehicle charging availability, and alternate transportation opportunities for commuting.
• Participation in the Voluntary Interindustry Commerce Solutions (VICS) “Empty Miles” program to improve goods trucking efficiencies.
• Health effects of diesel particulates, State regulations limiting truck idling time, and the benefits of minimized idling.
• The importance of minimizing traffic, noise, and air pollutant impacts to any residences in the Project vicinity.

MM 6
Prior to issuance of a building permit, the Project proponent shall provide the City with an onsite signage program that clearly identifies the required onsite circulation system. This shall be accomplished through posted signs and painting on driveways and internal roadways.

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6 1 INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of the AQIA prepared by Urban Crossroads, Inc., for the proposed Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan (Project). The purpose of this AQIA is to evaluate the potential impacts to air quality associated with construction and operation of the Project and recommend measures to mitigate impacts considered potentially significant in comparison to thresholds established by the SCAQMD.

1.1 SITE LOCATION
The Project site is generally bound by Cottonwood Avenue to the north, Nason Street to the east, Alessandro Boulevard to the south, and vacant land and a residential subdivision to the west. The Project site is currently undeveloped. There is a vacant parc el northeast of the Project site (southwest of the Nason Street and Cottonwood Avenue intersection), and an Eastern Municipal Water District booster station northwest of the Project site (southeast corner of Cottonwood Avenue and Letterman Street) that are not part of the Project. Exhibit 1-A depicts the location of the Project.

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Project includes a proposed Specific Plan and TTM to allow for the development of residential, commercial, and park uses, as shown on the conceptual site plan provided on Figure

3. Access to the Project site would be provided from Cottonwood Avenue, Na son Street, Bay Avenue, and Alessandro Boulevard. Because the proposed Specific Plan is designed to provide flexibility for development within the Specific Plan area, the actual type and amount of uses that would be developed at buildout of the Specific Pl an is unknown. Therefore, a reasonable potential buildout development scenario has been developed for purposes of analysis; the following uses are anticipated in the respective land use areas shown in Exhibit 1-B. • 800 single family detached1 residential dwelling units (DU) • 4.8 acres of parks
• 106-room hotel
• 15,000 square feet (sf) of office use
• 30,000 sf civic use
• 16,660 sf of high turnover (sit-down) restaurant use
• 3,500 sf of fast-food restaurant with drive-thru window • 60,890 sf of commercial retail use
• 45,000 sf of supermarket use
The existing 2006 Moreno Valley General Plan land use designation and zoning for the site is Public Facilities. Therefore, the proposed Project also involves a General Plan amendment and

1 The Project could include the development of multifamily residential uses, however, for purposes of analysis, and consistent with the Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Traffic Analysis, this AQIA analyzes 800 single family detached residential DUs.

14556-12 AQ Report
7 zone change. The proposed General Plan land use designations are Residential (30 du/acre maximum), Open Space, and Commercial. The proposed change of zone would amend the Public Facilities zoning to the TCMV Specific Plan (SP 222) zoning classification for the subject property.

However, the City of Moreno Valley is currently in the process of readopting the City’s 2040 General Plan Update (2040 General Plan) and zoning.2 The General Plan land use designation and zoning proposed by the City is Downtown Center (DC) District. The proposed Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan is consistent with the City’s proposed Downtown Center (DC) District land use and zoning designations.

This report evaluates the impacts resulting from implementation of the proposed Project under the existing General Plan land use and zoning designations, which would require a General Plan Amendment and zone change, and the City’s proposed 2040 General Plan land use and zoning designation, if applicable, to the analysis.

A preliminary land use plan for the proposed Project is shown on Exhibit 1 -B. For the purposes of this analysis, it is assumed that the Project would be developed in a single phase with an anticipated Opening Year of 2028.
2 In June 2021, the City Council of the City of Moreno Valley (City Council) approved and adopted the City’s 2040 General Plan Update (2040 General Plan), a Change of Zone and Municipal Code Update, and its Climate Action Plan (CAP) and certified an EIR, State Clearinghouse No. 2020039022, as having been prepared in compliance with CEQA in connection with the approvals. A lawsuit entitled Sierra Club v. The City of Moreno Valley, Riverside Superior Court Case No. CVRI2103300, challenged the validity of the C AP and the EIR. In May 2024, the City Council set aside the 2021 approvals and certification, based on a March 2024 ruling and judgment of the court. The City is in the process of readopting the 2040 General Plan and issued a Notice of Preparation of a Revised Environmental Impact Report for MoVal 2040: The Moreno Valley Comprehensive General Plan Update, Municipal Code and Zoning (including Zoning Atlas) Amendments, and Climate Action Plan on July 30, 2024.

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8 EXHIBIT 1-A: SITE LOCATION
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9 EXHIBIT 1-B: CONCEPTUAL LAND USE PLAN

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11 2 AIR QUALITY SETTING
This section provides an overview of the existing air quality conditions in the Project area and region.

2.1 SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN
The Project site is located in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB) within the jurisdiction of SCAQMD (4). The SCAQMD was created by the 1977 Lewis -Presley Air Quality Management Act, which merged four county air pollution control bodies into one regional district . Under the Act, the SCAQMD is responsible for bringing air quality in areas under its jurisdiction into conformity with federal and state air quality standards. As previously stated, the Project site is located within the SCAB, a 6,745-square mile subregion of the SCAQMD, which includes the non-desert portions of Los Angeles, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, and all of Orange County.

The SCAB is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains to the north and east, and the San Diego Air Basin to the south.

2.2 REGIONAL CLIMATE
The regional climate has a substantial influence on air quality in the SCAB . In addition, the temperature, wind, humidity, precipitation, and amount of sunshine influence the air quality.

The annual average temperatures throughout the SCAB vary from the low to middle 60s degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Due to a decreased marine influence, the eastern portion of the SCAB shows greater variability in average annual minimum and maximum temperatures . January is the coldest month throughout the SCAB, with average minimum temperatures of 47°F in downtown Los Angeles and 36°F in San Bernardino . All portions of the SCAB have recorded maximum temperatures above 100°F.

Although the climate of the SCAB can be characterized as semi-arid, the air near the land surface is quite moist on most days because of the presence of a marine layer . This shallow layer of sea air is an important modifier of SCAB climate . Humidity restricts visibility in the SCAB, and the conversion of sulfur dioxide (SO
2) to sulfates (SO4) is heightened in air with high relative humidity.

The marine layer provides an environment for that conversion process, especially during the spring and summer months. The annual average relative humidity within the SCAB is 71 percent (%) along the coast and 59 % inland. Since the ocean effect is dominant, periods of heavy early morning fog are frequent and low stratus clouds are a characteristic feature . These effects decrease with distance from the coast.

More than 90% of the SCAB’s rainfall occurs from November through April . The annual average rainfall varies from approximately nine inches in Riverside to fourteen inches in downtown Los Angeles. Monthly and yearly rainfall totals are extremely variable . Summer rainfall usually consists of widely scattered thunderstorms near the coast and slightly heavier shower activity in the eastern portion of the SCAB with frequency being higher near the coast.

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12 Due to its generally clear weather, about three- quarters of available sunshine is received in the SCAB. The remaining one-quarter is absorbed by clouds. The ultraviolet portion of this abundant radiation is a key factor in photochemical reactions . On the shortest day of the year , there are approximately 10 hours of possible sunshine, and on the longest day of the year , there are approximately 14½ hours of possible sunshine.

The importance of wind to air pollution is considerable . The direction and speed of the wind determines the horizontal dispersion and transport of the air pollutants. During the late autumn to early spring rainy season, the SCAB is subjected to wind flows associated with the traveling storms moving through the region from the northwest. This period also brings five to ten periods of strong, dry offshore winds, locally termed “Santa Anas” each year . During the dry season, which coincides with the months of m aximum photochemical smog concentrations, the wind flow is bimodal, typified by a daytime onshore sea breeze and a nighttime offshore drainage wind. Summer wind flows are created by the pressure differences between the relatively cold ocean and the unevenly heated and cooled land surfaces that modify the general northwesterly wind circulation over southern California. Nighttime drainage begins with the radiational cooling of the mountain slopes . Heavy, cool air descends the slopes and flows through the mountain passes and canyons as it follows the lowering terrain toward the ocean. Another characteristic wind regime in the SCAB is the “Catalina Eddy,” a low level cyclonic (counterclockwise) flow centered over Santa Catalina Island which results in an offshore flow to the southwest. On most spring and summer days, some indication of an eddy is apparent in coastal sections.

In the SCAB, there are two distinct temperature inversion structures that control vertical mixing of air pollution. During the summer, warm high- pressure descending (subsiding) air is undercut by a shallow layer of cool marine air. The boundary between these two layers of air is a persistent marine subsidence/inversion. This boundary prevents vertical mixing which effectively acts as an impervious lid to pollutants over the entire SCAB. The mixing height for the inversion structure is normally situated 1,000 to 1,500 feet above mean sea level.

A second inversion-type forms in conjunction with the drainage of cool air off the surrounding mountains at night followed by the seaward drift of this pool of cool air . The top of this layer forms a sharp boundary with the warmer air aloft and creates nocturnal radiation inversions .

These inversions occur primarily in the winter , when nights are longer and onshore flow is weakest. They are typically only a few hundred feet above mean sea level . These inversions effectively trap pollutants, such as nitroge n oxides ( NO X) and carbon monoxide ( CO) from
vehicles, as the pool of cool air drifts seaward . Winter is therefore a period of high levels of primary pollutants along the coastline.

2.3 WIND PATTERNS AND PROJECT LOCATION
The distinctive climate of the Project area and the SCAB is determined by its terrain and geographical location. The SCAB is located in a coastal plain with connecting broad valleys and low hills, bounded by the Pacific Ocean in the southwest quadrant with high mountains forming the remainder of the perimeter.

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13 Wind patterns across the south coastal region are characterized by westerly and southwesterly onshore winds during the day and easterly or northeasterly breezes at night . Winds are characteristically light although the speed is somewhat greater during the dry summer months than during the rainy winter season.

2.4 C RITERIA POLLUTANTS
Criteria pollutants are pollutants that are regulated through the development of human health based and/or environmentally based criteria for setting permissible levels . Criteria pollutants, their typical sources, and health effects are identified below (5):

TABLE 2-1: CRITERIA POLLUTANTS
Criteria Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects
CO CO is a colorless, odorless gas
produced by the incomplete
combustion of carbon-containing
fuels, such as gasoline or wood.

CO concentrations tend to be the
highest during the winter
morning, when little to no wind
and surface-based inversions trap
the pollutant at ground levels.

Because CO is emitted directly
from internal combustion
engines, unlike ozone (O
3), motor
vehicles operating at slow speeds
are the primary source of CO in
the SCAB. The highest ambient
CO concentrations are generally
found near congested
transportation corridors and
intersections.

Any source that
burns fuel such as
automobiles, trucks,
heavy construction
equipment, farming
equipment and
residential heating.

Individuals with a deficient
blood supply to the heart are
the most susceptible to the
adverse effects of CO
exposure. The effects
observed include earlier
onset of chest pain with
exercise, and
electrocardiograph changes
indicative of decreased
oxygen (O
2) supply to the
heart. Inhaled CO has no
direct toxic effect on the
lungs but exerts its effect on
tissues by interfering with O
2 transport and competing with
O
2 to combine with
hemoglobin present in the
blood to form
carboxyhemoglobin (COHb).

Hence, conditions with an
increased demand for O
2 supply can be adversely
affected by exposure to CO.

Individuals most at risk
include fetuses, patients with
diseases involving heart and
blood vessels, and patients
with chronic hypoxemia (O
2 deficiency) as seen at high
altitudes.

SO2 SO2 is a colorless, extremely
irritating gas or liquid. It enters
the atmosphere as a pollutant
Coal or oil burning
power plants and
industries,
A few minutes of exposure to
low levels of SO
2 can result in
airway constriction in some

14556-12 AQ Report
14 Criteria Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects mainly as a result of burning high
sulfur-content fuel oils and coal
and from chemical processes
occurring at chemical plants and
refineries. When SO2 oxidizes in
the atmosphere, it forms SO4.

Collectively, these pollutants are
referred to as sulfur oxides (SO
X).
refineries, diesel
engines
asthmatics, all of whom are
sensitive to its effects. In
asthmatics, increase in
resistance to air flow, as well
as reduction in breathing
capacity leading to severe
breathing difficulties, are
observed after acute
exposure to SO

2. In contrast,
healthy individuals do not
exhibit similar acute
responses even after
exposure to higher
concentrations of SO

2. Animal studies suggest that
despite SO
2 being a
respiratory irritant, it does
not cause substantial lung
injury at ambient
concentrations. However,
very high levels of exposure
can cause lung edema (fluid
accumulation), lung tissue
damage, and sloughing off of
cells lining the respiratory
tract.

Some population-based
studies indicate that the
mortality and morbidity
effects associated with fine
particles show a similar
association with ambient SO
2 levels. In these studies,
efforts to separate the effects
of SO
2 from those of fine
particles have not been
successful. It is not clear
whether the two pollutants
act synergistically, or one
pollutant alone is the
predominant factor.

NOX NOX consist of nitric oxide (NO),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and
nitrous oxide (N2O) and are
formed when nitrogen (N2)
combines with O2. Their lifespan
in the atmosphere ranges from
Any source that
burns fuel such as
automobiles, trucks,
heavy construction
equipment, farming
Population-based studies
suggest that an increase in
acute respiratory illness,
including infections and
respiratory symptoms in
children (not infants), is

14556-12 AQ Report
15 Criteria Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects one to seven days for nitric oxide
and nitrogen dioxide, to 170
years for nitrous oxide. NOX is
typically created during
combustion processes and are
major contributors to smog
formation and acid deposition.

NO
2 is a criteria air pollutant and
may result in numerous adverse
health effects; it absorbs blue
light, resulting in a brownish-red
cast to the atmosphere and
reduced visibility. Of the seven
types of nitrogen oxide
compounds, NO
2 is the most
abundant in the atmosphere. As
ambient concentrations of NO
2 are related to traffic density,
commuters in heavy traffic may
be exposed to higher
concentrations of NO
2 than those
indicated by regional monitoring
station.
equipment and
residential heating.
associated with long-term
exposure to NO2 at levels
found in homes with gas
stoves, which are higher than
ambient levels found in
Southern California. Increase
in resistance to air flow and
airway contraction is
observed after short-term
exposure to NO
2 in healthy
subjects. Larger decreases in
lung functions are observed
in individuals with asthma or
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (e.g.,
chronic bronchitis,
emphysema) than in healthy
individuals, indicating a
greater susceptibility of these
sub-groups.

In animals, exposure to levels
of NO
2 considerably higher
than ambient concentrations
result in increased
susceptibility to infections,
possibly due to the observed
changes in cells involved in
maintaining immune
functions. The severity of
lung tissue damage
associated with high levels of
O
3 exposure increases when
animals are exposed to a
combination of O
3 and NO2.

O3 O3 is a highly reactive and
unstable gas that is formed when
VOCs and NO
X, both byproducts
of internal combustion engine
exhaust, undergo slow
photochemical reactions in the
presence of sunlight. O
3 concentrations are generally
highest during the summer
months when direct sunlight,
light wind, and warm
temperature conditions are
favorable to the formation of this
pollutant.

Formed when
reactive organic
gases (ROG)
and NO
X
react in the
presence of
sunlight. ROG
sources
include any source
that burns fuels,
(e.g., gasoline,
natural gas, wood,
oil) solvents,
petroleum
processing and
Individuals exercising
outdoors, children, and
people with preexisting lung
disease, such as asthma and
chronic pulmonary lung
disease, are considered to be
the most susceptible sub-
groups for O
3 effects. Short-
term exposure (lasting for a
few hours) to O3 at levels
typically observed in
Southern California can result
in breathing pattern changes,
reduction of breathing
capacity, increased

14556-12 AQ Report
16 Criteria Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects storage and
pesticides.
susceptibility to infections,
inflammation of the lung
tissue, and some
immunological changes.

Elevated O3 levels are
associated with increased
school absences. In recent
years, a correlation between
elevated ambient O
3 levels
and increases in daily hospital
admission rates, as well as
mortality, has also been
reported. An increased risk
for asthma has been found in
children who participate in
multiple outdoor sports and
live in communities with high
O
3 levels.

O3 exposure under exercising
conditions is known to
increase the severity of the
responses described above.

Animal studies suggest that
exposure to a combination of
pollutants that includes O
3 may be more toxic than
exposure to O
3 alone.

Although lung volume and
resistance changes observed
after a single exposure
diminish with repeated
exposures, biochemical and
cellular changes appear to
persist, which can lead to
subsequent lung structural
changes.

Particulate Matter PM10: A major air pollutant
consisting of tiny solid or liquid
particles of soot, dust, smoke,
fumes, and aerosols. Particulate
matter pollution is a major cause
of reduce visibility (haze) which is
caused by the scattering of light
and consequently the significant
reduction air clarity. The size of
the particles (10 microns or
smaller, about 0.0004 inches or
less) allows them to easily enter
the lungs where they may be
Sources of PM10
include road dust,
windblown dust and
construction. Also
formed from other
pollutants (acid
rain, NOX, SOX,
organics).

Incomplete
combustion of any
fuel.

PM

2.5 comes from
A consistent correlation
between elevated ambient
fine particulate matter (PM
10 and PM2.5) levels and an
increase in mortality rates,
respiratory infections,
number and severity of
asthma attacks and the
number of hospital
admissions has been
observed in different parts of
the United States and various
areas around the world. In

14556-12 AQ Report
17 Criteria Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects deposited, resulting in adverse
health effects. Additionally, it
should be noted that PM10 is
considered a criteria air
pollutant.

PM2.5: A similar air pollutant to
PM10 consisting of tiny solid or
liquid particles which are 2.5
microns or smaller (which is often
referred to as fine particles).

These particles are formed in the
atmosphere from primary
gaseous emissions that include
SO
4 formed from SO2 release
from power plants and industrial
facilities and nitrates that are
formed from NO
X release from
power plants, automobiles, and
other types of combustion
sources. The chemical
composition of fine particles
highly depends on location, time
of year, and weather conditions.

PM2.5 is a criteria air pollutant.
fuel combustion in
motor vehicles,
equipment, and
industrial sources,
residential and
agricultural
burning. Also
formed from
reaction of other
pollutants (acid
rain, NO

X, SOX,
organics).
recent years, some studies
have reported an association
between long-term exposure
to air pollution dominated by
fine particles and increased
mortality, reduction in
lifespan, and an increased
mortality from lung cancer.

Daily fluctuations in PM2.5
concentration levels have
also been related to hospital
admissions for acute
respiratory conditions in
children, to school and
kindergarten absences, to a
decrease in respiratory lung
volumes in normal children,
and to increased medication
use in children and adults
with asthma. Recent studies
show lung function growth in
children is reduced with long
term exposure to particulate
matter.

The elderly, people with pre-
existing respiratory or
cardiovascular disease, and
children appear to be more
susceptible to the effects of
high levels of PM
10 and PM2.5.

VOC VOCs are hydrocarbon
compounds (any compound
containing various combinations
of hydrogen and carbon atoms)
that exist in the ambient air.

VOCs contribute to the formation
of smog through atmospheric
photochemical reactions and/or
may be toxic. Compounds of
carbon (also known as organic
compounds) have different levels
of reactivity; that is, they do not
react at the same speed or do not
form O
3 to the same extent when
exposed to photochemical
processes. VOCs often have an
odor, and some examples include
gasoline, alcohol, and the
Organic chemicals
are widely used as
ingredients in
household
products. Paints,
varnishes, and wax
all contain organic
solvents, as do
many cleaning,
disinfecting,
cosmetic,
degreasing and
hobby products.

Fuels are made up
of organic
chemicals. All of
these products can
release organic
Breathing VOCs can irritate
the eyes, nose, and throat,
can cause difficulty breathing
and nausea, and can damage
the central nervous system as
well as other organs. Some
VOCs can cause cancer. Not
all VOCs have all these health
effects, though many have
several.

14556-12 AQ Report
18 Criteria Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects solvents used in paints.

Exceptions to the VOC
designation include CO, carbon
dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic
carbides or carbonates, and
ammonium carbonate. VOCs are
a criteria pollutant since they are
a precursor to O
3, which is a
criteria pollutant. The terms VOC
and ROG (see below)
interchangeably.
compounds while
you are using them,
and, to some
degree, when they
are stored.

ROG Similar to VOC, ROGs are also
precursors in forming O
3 and
consist of compounds containing
methane, ethane, propane,
butane, and longer chain
hydrocarbons, which are typically
the result of some type of
combustion/decomposition
process. Smog is formed when
ROG and NO
X react in the
presence of sunlight. ROGs are a
criteria pollutant since they are a
precursor to O
3, which is a
criteria pollutant. The terms ROG
and VOC (see previous)
interchangeably.

Sources similar to
VOCs.

Health effects similar to
VOCs.

Lead (Pb) Pb is a heavy metal that is highly
persistent in the environment
and is considered a criteria
pollutant. In the past, the primary
source of Pb in the air was
emissions from vehicles burning
leaded gasoline. The major
sources of Pb emissions are ore
and metals processing,
particularly Pb smelters, and
piston-engine aircraft operating
on leaded aviation gasoline.

Other stationary sources include
waste incinerators, utilities, and
lead-acid battery manufacturers.

It should be noted that the
Project does not include
operational activities such as
metal processing or Pb acid
battery manufacturing. As such,
the Project is not anticipated to
Metal smelters,
resource recovery,
leaded gasoline,
deterioration of Pb
paint.

Fetuses, infants, and children
are more sensitive than
others to the adverse effects
of Pb exposure. Exposure to
low levels of Pb can adversely
affect the development and
function of the central
nervous system, leading to
learning disorders,
distractibility, inability to
follow simple commands, and
lower intelligence quotient. In
adults, increased Pb levels are
associated with increased
blood pressure.

Pb poisoning can cause
anemia, lethargy, seizures,
and death; although it
appears that there are no
direct effects of Pb on the
respiratory system. Pb can be

14556-12 AQ Report
19 Criteria Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects generate a quantifiable amount
of Pb emissions.
stored in the bone from early
age environmental exposure,
and elevated blood Pb levels
can occur due to breakdown
of bone tissue during
pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
(increased secretion of
hormones from the thyroid
gland) and osteoporosis
(breakdown of bony tissue).

Fetuses and breast-fed babies
can be exposed to higher
levels of Pb because of
previous environmental Pb
exposure of their mothers.

Odor Odor means the perception
experienced by a person when
one or more chemical substances
in the air come into contact with
the human olfactory nerves (6).

Odors can come
from many sources
including animals,
human activities,
industry, natures,
and vehicles.

Offensive odors can
potentially affect human
health in several ways. First,
odorant compounds can
irritate the eye, nose, and
throat, which can reduce
respiratory volume. Second,
studies have shown that the
VOCs that cause odors can
stimulate sensory nerves to
cause neurochemical changes
that might influence health,
for instance, by
compromising the immune
system. Finally, unpleasant
odors can trigger memories
or attitudes linked to
unpleasant odors, causing
cognitive and emotional
effects such as stress.

14556-12 AQ Report
20 2.5 EXISTING AIR QUALITY
Existing air quality is measured at established SCAQMD air quality monitoring stations. Monitored air quality is evaluated in the context of ambient air quality standards . These standards are the levels of air quality that are considered safe, with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health and welfare . National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) currently in effect are shown in Table 2-2 (7).

The determination of whether a region’s air quality is healthful or unhealthful is determined by comparing contaminant levels in ambient air samples to the state and federal standards. At the time of this AQIA, the most recent state and federal standards were updated by CARB on July, 16 2024 and are presented in Table 2-2. The air quality in a region is considered to be in attainment by the state if the measured ambient air pollutant levels for O 3, CO, SO 2 (1 and 24 hour), NO 2,
PM10, and PM2.5 are not to be exceeded. All others are not to be equaled or exceeded. It should be noted that the three-year period is presented for informational purposes and is not the basis for how the State assigns attainment status. Attainment status for a pollutant means that th e SCAQMD meets the standards set by the EPA or the California EPA (CalEPA). Conversely, nonattainment means that an area has monitored air quality that does not meet the NAAQS or CAAQS standards. In order to improve air quality in nonattainment areas, a State Implementation Plan (SIP) is drafted by CARB. The SIP outlines the measures that the state will take to improve air quality. Once nonattainment areas meet the standards and additional redesignation requirements, the EPA will designate the area as a maintenance area (8).

14556-12 AQ Report
21 TABLE 2-2: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (1 OF 2)
Table of Ambient Air Quality Standards
Ambient Air Quality Standards
Averaging California Standards 1 National Standards 2
Pollutant Time Concentration 3 Method 4 Primary 3'5 Secondary 3'6 Method 7 1 Hour 0.09 ppm (180 µg/m 3) -
Ozone(O 3) 8 Ultraviolet Same as Ultraviolet
Photometry Primary Standard Photometry
8 Hour 0.070 ppm (137 µg/m 3) 0.070 ppm (137 µg/m 3)
Respirable 24 Hour 50 µg/m 3 150 µg/m3
Inertial Separation
Particulate Gravimetric or Same as and Gravimetric
Matter (PM10)9 Annual 20 µg/m3 Beta Attenuation Primary Standard Analysis Arithmetic Mean -
Fine 24 Hour 35 µg/m 3 Same as
Particulate - - Primary Standard Inertial Separation
Matter
and Gravimetric
Annual 12 µg/m3 Gravimetric or

9.0 µg/m 3 15.0 µg/m3 Analysis
(PM2.5)9 Arithmetic Mean Beta Attenuation
1 Hour 20 ppm (23 mg/m 3) 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) -
Carbon Non-Dispersi ve Non-Dispersive
Monoxide 8 Hour 9.0 ppm (10 mgim 3) Infrared Photometry 9 ppm (10 mg/m 3) - Infrared Photometry (CO) (NDIR) (NDIR)
8 Hour
(Lake Tahoe) 6 ppm (7 mgim 3) - -
Nitrogen 1 Hour 0.18 ppm (339 µg/m 3) 100 ppb (188 µg/m3) - Dioxide Gas Phase Gas Phase
(NOi
0 Annual Chemiluminescence Same as Chemiluminescence
Arithmetic Mean 0.030 ppm (57 µg/m 3) 53 ppb (100 µg/m3) Primary Standard 1 Hour 0.25 ppm (655 µg/m3) 75 ppb ( 196 µg/m 3) -

0.5 ppm Ultraviolet
Sulfur Dioxide 3 Hour - - (1300 µg/m 3) Flourescence : Ultraviolet (SOi)1
1 Fluorescence 0.14 ppm
Spectrophotometry
24 Hour 0.04 ppm (105 µg/m 3) - (Pararosan iline
(for certain areas) 11
Method)
Annual 0.030 ppm
- -Arithmetic Mean (for certain areas)11
30 Day Average 1.5 µg/m3 - -

1.5 µg/m 3 High Volume
Lead12'13 Calendar Quarter - Atomic Absorption (for certain areas)12 Sampler and Atomic Same as Absorption
Rolling 3-Month Primary Standard
Average - 0.15 µg/m3
Visibility Beta Attenuation and
Reducing 8 Hour See footnote 14 Transmittance No
Particles 14 through Filter Tape
Sulfates 25 µg/m3 National
24 Hour Ion Chromatography
Hydrogen 1 Hour 0.03 ppm (42 µg/m 3)
Ultraviolet
Sulfide Fluorescence Standards
Vinyl
24 Hour 0.01 ppm (26 µg/m 3)
Gas
Chloride12 Chromatography
See footnotes on next page ...

For more inform ation please call ARB-P IO at (916) 322-2990 California Air Resour ces Board (7/16/24) Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
22 TABLE 2-2: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (2 OF 2)

1. California standards for ozone, carbon monoxide (exoept 8-hour Lake Tahoe), sulfur dioxide (1 and 24 hour), nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter (PMl 0, PM2.5, and visibility reducing particles), are values tliat are not to be exceeded. All others are not to be equaled or exoeeded. California ambient air quality standards are listed in the Table of Standards in Section 70200 of Title 17 of the California Code of Regulations.

2. National standru·ds (other than ozone, particulate matter, and those based on annual arithmetic mean) are not to be exceeded more than once a year. The ozone standard is attained when tl1e fourth highest 8-hour concentration measured at each site in a year, averaged over three years, is equal to or less than the standard. For PM! 0, the 24 how· standard is attained when the expected nwnber of days per calendar year with a 24-hour average concentration above 150 µg/m3 is equal to or less than one. For PM2.5, tlle 24 hour standard is attained when 98 percent of the daily conoentrations, averaged over three years, are equal to or less than the standard. Contact the US.

EPA for further clarification and current 118tional policies. 3 Concentration expressed first in units in which it was promulgated. Equivalent units given in parentheses are based upon a reference temperature of 25°C and a reference pressure of 760 torr. Most measurements of air quality are to be corrected to a reference temperature of 25°C and a reference pressure of 760 torr; ppm in this table refers to ppm by volume, or micromoles of pollutant per mole of gas.

4. Any equivalent measurement method which can be shown to ilie satisfaction of the ARB to give equivalent results at or near the level of the air quality standru·d may be used

5. National Priniary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety to protect ilie public healili.

6. National Secondary Standards: The levels of air quality neoessary to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant.

7. Reference method as described by the US. EPA. An "equivalent meiliod" of measw·ement may be used but must have a "consistent relationship to ilie reference metl10d" and must be approved by ilie US. EPA.

8. On October !, 2015, ilie national 8-hour ozone primary and secondary standards were lowered from 0.075 to 0.070 ppm.

9. On February 7, 2024, tl1e national rumual PM2.5 primary standru·d was lowered from 12.0 µghn3 to 9.0 µg/m3 The existing m tional 24- hour PM2.5 standru·ds (primary and secondary) were retained at 35 µg/m3, as was the annual secondary standard of 15.0 µg/m3 The existing 24-hour PM I 0 standards (primary ru1d secondary) of 150 µg/m' also were retained. The form of tlie annual primary and secondary stru,dards is the rumual mean, averaged over 3 years.

I 0. To attain the I -hour national standard, tl1e 3-year average of the annual 98tl1 percentile of ilie I -hour daily maximwn concentrations at each site must not e.xceed I 00 ppb. Note iliat the national I -hour standard is in wiits of parts per billion (ppb). California standards are in units of parts per million (ppm). To directly compare the national I-hour standard to the California standards tl1e units can be converted from ppb to ppm. In this case, the national standru-d of 1 00 ppb is identical to 0.1 00 ppm.

11. On Jwie 2, 2010, a new !-hour S02 stru1dru·d was established and the existing 24-hour and annual primruy standards were revoked To attain ilie 1 -hour national standard, the 3-year average of the rumual 99th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximwn concentrations at each site must not exceed 75 ppb. The 1971 SO2 national standards (24-hour and armual) remain in effect witil one year after an area is designated for tl1e 201 0 stru1darcl, except iliat in areas designated nonattainment for tl1e 1971 standards, the 1971 stru1dards remain in effect witil implementation plans to attain or maintain tlle 2010 stru1dards are approved.

Note that the ! -hour national standard is in units of parts per billion (ppb). California standards are in units of parts per million (ppm). To directly compare ilie I-hour national standard to tl1e California standard tl1e wiits can be convetted to ppm. In this case, th e national standard of 75 ppb is identical to 0.075 ppm.
12 The ARB has identified lead ru1d vinyl chloride as 'toxic air contaminants' with no thresho ld level of exposure for adverse healili effects determined. These actions allow for ilie implementation of control measures at levels below ilie ambient concentrations specified for iliese pollutants.

13. The national standard for lead was revised on October 15, 2008 to a rolling 3-monili average. The 1978 lead standard (1 .5 µg/m3 as a quarterly average) remains in effect until one year after 811 area is designated for ilie 2008 standard, except iliat in areas designated nonattainment for the 1978 standard, ilie 1978 standard remains in effect until iniplementation plans to attain or maintain ilie 2008 standard are approved.

14. In 1989, tl1e ARB convetted boili the general statewide JO-mile visibility standard ru1d tl1e Lake Tahoe 30-mile vis ibility stru1dard to instrwnental equivalents, which are "extinction of 0. 23 per kilometer" and "extinction of 0. 07 per kilometer" for ilie statewide and Lake Tahoe Air Basin stru1dards, respectively.

For more information pl ease call ARB-PIO at (916) 322-2990 California Air Resources Board (7/16/24) Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
23 2.6 R EGIONAL AIR QUALITY
Air pollution contributes to a wide variety of adverse health effects. The EPA has established NAAQS for six of the most common air pollutants, which are known as criteria pollutants: CO, Pb, O3, particulate matter (PM 10 and PM2.5), NO2, and SO2. The SCAQMD monitors levels of various criteria pollutants at 3 5 permanent monitoring stations and 2 single-pollutant source Pb air monitoring sites throughout the air district (9). On January 25, 2024, CARB posted the proposed 2023 amendments to the state and national area designations. See Table 2 -3 for attainment designations for the SCAB (10). Appendix 2.1 provides geographic representation of the state and federal attainment status for applicable criteria pollutants within the SCAB.

TABLE 2-3: ATTAINMENT STATUS OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS IN THE SCAB Criteria Pollutant State Designation Federal Designation O3 – 1-hour standard Nonattainment --
O3 – 8-hour standard Nonattainment Nonattainment
PM10 Nonattainment Attainment
PM2.5 Nonattainment Nonattainment
CO Attainment Unclassifiable/Attainment
NO2 Attainment Unclassifiable/Attainment
SO2 Attainment Unclassifiable/Attainment
Pb3 Attainment Unclassifiable/Attainment
Note: See Appendix 2.1 for a detailed map of State/National Area Designations within the SCAB “-“ = no standard

2.7 L OCAL AIR QUALITY
The SCAQMD has designated general forecast areas and air monitoring areas (referred to as Source Receptor Areas [SRA]) throughout the district in order to provide Southern California residents with information on the air quality conditions. The Project Site is located within the SRA 24 (11). Within SRA 24, the SCAQMD Perris Valley monitoring station, located approximately 8.7 miles southwest of the Project site, is the nearest air quality monitoring station, however, data is not available for the past three years . As the Perris Valley monitoring station does not provide data for air quality conditions, the next nearest monitoring stations will be utilized. Data for CO, NO
2, and PM 10 was obtained from the Elsinore Valley monitoring station, located in SRA 25 approximately 18.34 miles southwest of the Project site. The nearest station for PM2.5 data was obtained from t he Metropolitan Riverside County monitoring station which is located approximately 14.0 miles northwest of the Project site. It should be noted that data from Elsinore Valley and Metropolitan Riverside County monitoring stations were utilized in lieu of the Perris Valley monitoring station only in instances where data was not available.

3 The Federal nonattainment designation for lead is only applicable towards the Los Angeles County portion of the SCAB.

Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
24 The most recent three (3) years of data available are shown on Table 2- 4 and identifies the number of days ambient air quality standards were exceeded for the study area, which is considered to be representative of the local air quality at the Project Site. Data for O 3, CO, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 for 2021 through 2023 was obtained from the SCAQMD Air Quality Data Tables (12). Additionally, data for SO2 has been omitted as attainment is regularly met in the SCAB and few monitoring stations measure SO2 concentrations.

TABLE 2-4: PROJECT AREA AIR QUALITY MONITORING SUMMARY 2021-2023 Pollutant Standard
Year
2021 2022 2023
O3
Maximum Federal 1-Hour Concentration (ppm) 0.117 0.121 0.120 Maximum Federal 8-Hour Concentration (ppm) 0.094 0.091 0.103 Number of Days Exceeding State 1-Hour Standard > 0.09 ppm 25 17 10 Number of Days Exceeding State/Federal 8-Hour Standard > 0.070 ppm 60 37 35 CO
Maximum Federal 1-Hour Concentration > 35 ppm 0.9 0.9 1.3 Maximum Federal 8-Hour Concentration > 20 ppm 0.8 0.6 0.7 NO2
Maximum Federal 1-Hour Concentration > 0.100 ppm 0.044 0.037 0.042 Annual Average 0.007 0.007 0.007
PM10
Maximum Federal 24-Hour Concentration (µg/m3) > 150 µg/m3 89 91 186 Annual Federal Arithmetic Mean (µg/m3) 21.4 19.8 20.8
Number of Days Exceeding Federal 24-Hour Standard > 150 µg/m3 0 0 1 Number of Days Exceeding State 24-Hour Standard > 50 µg/m3 4 1 5 PM2.5
Maximum Federal 24-Hour Concentration (µg/m3) > 35 µg/m3 82.10 38.50 48.70 Annual Federal Arithmetic Mean (µg/m3) > 12 µg/m3 12.58 10.80 10.47 Number of Days Exceeding Federal 24-Hour Standard > 35 µg/m3 10 1 1 ppm = Parts Per Million
µg/m3 = Microgram per Cubic Meter
Source: Data for O3, CO, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 was obtained from SCAQMD Air Quality Data Tables.

Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
25 This page intentionally left blank
Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
26 3 REGULATORY BACKGROUND

3.1 FEDERAL REGULATIONS
The EPA is responsible for setting and enforcing the NAAQS for O 3, CO, NOX, SO2, PM10, and Pb (13). The EPA has jurisdiction over emissions sources that are under the authority of the federal government including aircraft, locomotives, and emissions sources outside state waters (Outer Continental Shelf). The EPA also establishes emission standards for vehicles sold in states other than California. Automobiles sold in California must meet the stricter emission requirements of CARB.

The Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) was first enacted in 1955 and has been amended numerous times in subsequent years (1963, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1977, and 1990) . The CAA establishes the federal air quality standards, the NAAQS, and specifies future dates for achieving compliance (14) . The CAA also mandates that states submit and implement SIPs for local areas not meeting these standards. These plans must include pollution control measures that demonstrate how the standards will be met.

The 1990 amendments to the CAA that identify specific emission reduction goals for areas not meeting the NAAQS require a demonstration of reasonable further progress toward attainment and incorporate additional sanctions for failure to attain or to meet interim milestones . The sections of the CAA most directly applicable to the development of the Project site include Title I (Non-Attainment Provisions) and Title II (Mobile Source Provisions) (15) (16). Title I provisions were established with the goal of attaining the NAAQS for the following criteria pollutants O 3,
NO2, SO 2, PM 10, CO, PM 2.5, and Pb. The NAAQS were amended in July 1997 to include an additional standard for O 3 and to adopt a NAAQS for PM 2.5. Table 2- 3 (previously presented) provides the NAAQS within the SCAB.

Mobile source emissions are regulated in accordance with Title II provisions . These provisions require the use of cleaner burning gasoline and other cleaner burning fuels such as methanol and natural gas . Automobile manufacturers are also required to reduce tailpipe emissions of hydrocarbons and NOX. NOX is a collective term that includes all forms of NOX which are emitted as byproducts of the combustion process.

3.2 CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS
CARB
CARB, which became part of CalEPA in 1991, is responsible for ensuring implementation of the California Clean Air Act (AB 2595), responding to the federal CAA, and for regulating emissions from consumer products and motor vehicles. AB 2595 mandates achievement of the maximum degree of emissions reduc tions possible from vehicular and other mobile sources in order to attain the state ambient air quality standards by the earliest practical date. CARB established the CAAQS for all pollutants for which the federal government has NAAQS and, in addition, establishes standards for SO
4, visibility, hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), and vinyl chloride (C 2H3Cl).

However, at this time, H 2S and C2H3Cl are not measured at any monitoring stations in the SCAB Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
27 because they are not considered to be a regional air quality problem. Generally, the CAAQS are more stringent than the NAAQS (17) (13).

Local air quality management districts, such as the SCAQMD, regulate air emissions from stationary sources such as commercial and industrial facilities. All air pollution control districts have been formally designated as attainment or non-attainment for each CAAQS.

Serious non-attainment areas are required to prepare Air Quality Management Plans (AQMP) that include specified emission reduction strategies in an effort to meet clean air goals. These plans are required to include:
• Application of Best Available Retrofit Control Technology to existing sources; • Developing control programs for area sources (e.g., architectural coatings and solvents) and indirect sources (e.g. motor vehicle use generated by residential and commercial development); • A District permitting system designed to allow no net increase in emissions from any new or modified permitted sources of emissions;
• Implementing reasonably available transportation control measures and assuring a substantial reduction in growth rate of vehicle trips and miles traveled; • Significant use of low emissions vehicles by fleet operators; • Sufficient control strategies to achieve a 5% or more annual reduction in emissions or 15% or more in a period of three years for ROGs, NO
X, CO and PM 10. However, air basins may use
alternative emission reduction strategy that achieves a reduction of less than 5% per year under certain circumstances.

TITLE 24 ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND CALIFORNIA GREEN BUILDING STANDARDS California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 24 Part 6: The California Energy Code was first adopted in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California’s energy consumption.

The standards are updated periodically to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy efficient technologies and methods. CCR, Title 24, Part 11: California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) is a comprehensive and uniform regulatory code for all residential, commercial, and school buildings that went in effect on August 1, 2009, and is administered by the California Building Standards Commission.

CALGreen is updated on a regular basis, with the most recent approved update consisting of the 2022 California Green Building Code Standards that became effective on January 1, 20234. The CEC anticipates that the 2022 energy code will provide $1.5 billion in consumer benefits and reduce GHG emissions by 10 million metric tons (18) . The Project would be required to comply with the applicable standards in place at the time plan check submittals are made. Current CALGreen standards require, among other items (19) (20):

4 The 2022 California Green Building Standards Code became effective on January 1, 2023, however; it has since been amended on July 1, 2024 with the Intervening Code Cycle Update which is reflected in this report. Additionally, it should be noted that CALGreen is currently being updated, with the most recent draft update consisting of the 2025 California Green Building Code Standards that will be effective on J anuary 1, 2025. As construction of the Project is anticipated to be completed in 2028, it is presumed that the Project would be required to comply with the Title 24 standards in place at that time.

Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
28 RESIDENTIAL MANDATORY MEASURES
• Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. New construction shall comply with Section 4.106.4.1,

4.106.4.2, 4.106.4.3, to facilitate future installation and use of EV chargers. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) shall be installed in accordance with the California Electrical Code, Article 625. (4.106.4).
o New one- and two-family dwellings and town-houses with attached private garages. For each dwelling unit, install a listed raceway to accommodate a dedicated 208/240 -volt branch circuit. The raceway shall not be less than trade size 1 (nominal 1 -inch inside diameter). The raceway shall originate at the main service or subpanel and shall terminate into a listed cabinet, box or other enclosure in close proximity to the proposed location of an EV charger. Raceways are required to be continuous at enclosed, inac cessible or concealed areas and spaces. The service panel and/or subpanel shall provide capacity to install a 40 -ampere 208/240- volt minimum dedicated branch circuit and space(s) reserved to permit installation of a branch circuit overcurrent protective device. o New hotels and motels. All newly constructed hotels and motels shall provide EV spaces capable of supporting future installation of EVSE. The construction documents shall identify the location of the EV spaces. The number of required EV spaces shall be bas ed on the total number of parking spaces provided for all types of parking facilities in accordance with Table 4.106.4.3.1.
• Water conserving plumbing fixtures and fittings. Plumbing fixtures (water closets and urinals) and fittings (faucets and showerheads) shall comply with Sections 4.303.1.1, 4.303.1.2, 4.303.1.3, and

4.303.1.4.
• Outdoor potable water use in landscape areas. Residential developments shall comply with a local water efficient landscape ordinance or the current California Department of Water Resource ‘ Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO), whichever is more stringent. • Operation and maintenance manual. At the time of final inspection, a manual, compact disc, web- based reference or other media acceptable to the enforcing agency which includes all of the following shall be placed in the building:
o Directions to the owner or occupant that the manual shall remain with the building throughout the life cycle of the structure.
o Operations and maintenance instructions for the following:

1. Equipment and appliances, including water -saving devices and systems, HVAC systems, photovoltaic systems, EV chargers, water -heating systems and other major appliances and equipment.

2. Roof and yard drainage, including gutter and downspouts.

3. Space conditioning systems, including condensers and air filters.

4. Landscape irrigation systems.

5. Water reuse systems.
o Information from local utility, water and waste recovery providers on methods to future reduce resource consumption, including recycle programs and locations. o Public transportation and/or carpool options available in the area.

Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
29 o Educational material on the positive impacts of an interior relative humidity between 30- 60% and what methods an occupants may use to maintain the relative humidity level in that range.
o Information about water- conserving landscape and irrigation design and controllers which conserve water.
o Instructions for maintaining gutters and downspouts and the importance of diverting water at least 5 feet away from the foundation.
o Information about state solar energy and incentive programs available. o A copy of all special inspection verifications required by the enforcing agency of this code. o Information from CALFIRE on maintenance of defensible space around residential structures.
• Any installed gas fireplace shall be direct-vent sealed-combustion type. Any installed woodstove or pellet stove shall comply with U.S. EPA New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) emission limits as applicable, and shall have a permanent label indicating t hey are certified to meet the emission limits. Woodstoves, pellet stoves and fireplaces shall also comply with applicable local ordinances.
• Paints and coatings. Architectural paints and coatings shall comply with VOC limits in Table 1 of the CARB Architectural Suggested Control Measure, as shown in Table 4.504.3, unless more stringent local limits apply. The VOC content limit for coatings that do not meet the definitions for the specialty coatings categories listed in Table 4.504.3 shall be determined by classifying the coating as a Flat, Nonflat, or Nonflat -high Gloss coating, based on its glass, as defined in subsections 4.21, 4.36, and 4.37 of the 2007 CARB, Suggested Control Measure, and the corresponding Flat, Nonflat, Nonflat-high Gloss VOC limit in Table 4.504.3 shall apply.

NONRESIDENTIAL MANDATORY MEASURES
• Short-term bicycle parking. If the new project or an additional alteration is anticipated to generate visitor traffic, provide permanently anchored bicycle racks within 200 feet of the visitors’ entrance, readily visible to passers-by, for 5% of new visitor motorized vehicle parking spaces being added, with a minimum of one two-bike capacity rack (5.106.4.1.1).
• Long-term bicycle parking. For new buildings with tenant spaces that have 10 or more tenant-occupants, provide secure bicycle parking for 5% of the tenant-occupant vehicular parking spaces with a minimum of one bicycle parking facility (5.106.4.1.2). • EV charging stations. New construction shall facilitate the future installation of EV supply equipment. The compliance requires empty raceways for future conduit and documentation that the electrical system has adequate capacity for the future load. The numbe r of spaces to be provided for is contained in Table 5.106. 5.3.1 (5.106.5.3). Alternatively, the power allocation method may be used as an alternative to the requirements mentioned in Section

5.106.5.1, and associated Table 5.106.5.3. Use of Table 5.106.5.3.6 to can be used to determine the total power in kVA required based on the total number of actual parking spaces.

Additionally, Table 5.106.5.5.1 specifies requirements for the installation of raceway conduit and panel power requirements for medium - and heavy -duty EV supply equipment for warehouses, grocery stores, and retail stores.

Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
30 • Outdoor light pollution reduction. Outdoor lighting systems shall be designed to meet the backlight, uplight and glare ratings per Table 5.106.8 (5.106.8). • Construction waste management. Recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65% of the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste in accordance with Section

5.408.1.1. 5.405.1.2, or 5.408.1.3; or meet a local construction and demolition waste management ordinance, whichever is more stringent (5.408.1). • Excavated soil and land clearing debris. 100% of trees, stumps, rocks and associated vegetation and soils resulting primarily from land clearing shall be reused or recycled. For a phased project, such material may be stockpiled on site until the storage site is developed (5.408.3).
• Recycling by Occupants. Provide readily accessible areas that serve the entire building and are identified for the depositing, storage, and collection of non-hazardous materials for recycling, including (at a minimum) paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, organic waste, and metals or meet a lawfully enacted local recycling ordinance, if more restrictive (5.410.1).
• Water conserving plumbing fixtures and fittings. Plumbing fixtures (water closets and urinals) and fittings (faucets and showerheads) shall comply with the following:
o Water Closets. The effective flush volume of all water closets shall not exceed 1.28 gallons per flush (5.303.3.1).
o Urinals. The effective flush volume of wall-mounted urinals shall not exceed 0.125 gallons per flush (5.303.3.2.1). The effective flush volume of floor- mounted or other urinals shall not exceed 0.5 gallons per flush (5.303.3.2.2). o Showerheads. Single showerheads shall have a minimum flow rate of not more than 1.8 gallons per minute and 80 psi (5.303.3.3.1). When a shower is served by more than one showerhead, the combined flow rate of all showerheads and/or other shower outlets controlled by a single valve shall not exceed 1.8 gallons per minute at 80 psi (5.303.3.3.2). o Faucets and fountains. Nonresidential lavatory faucets shall have a maximum flow rate of not more than 0.5 gallons per minute at 60 psi (5.303.3.4.1). Kitchen faucets shall have a maximum flow rate of not more than 1.8 gallons per minute of 60 psi (5.303.3.4.2). Wash fountains shall have a maximum flow rate of not more than 1.8 gallons per minute (5.303.3.4.3). Metering faucets shall not deliver more than 0.20 gallons per cycle (5.303.3.4.4). Metering faucets for wash fountains shall have a maximum flow rate not more than 0.20 gallons per cycle (5.303.3.4.5). • Outdoor potable water uses in landscaped areas. Nonresidential developments shall comply with a local water efficient landscape ordinance or the current California Department of Water Resources’ Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO), whichever is more stringent (5.304.1).
• Water meters. Separate submeters or metering devices shall be installed for new buildings or additions in excess of 50,000 sf or for excess consumption where any tenant within a new building or within an addition that is projected to consume more than 1,000 gallons per day (GPD) (5.303.1.1 and 5.303.1.2).
• Outdoor water uses in rehabilitated landscape projects equal or greater than 2,500 sf.

Rehabilitated landscape projects with an aggregate landscape area equal to or greater than 2,500 sf requiring a building or landscape permit (5.304.3).

Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan Air Quality Impact Analysis 14556-12 AQ Report
31 • Commissioning. For new buildings 10,000 sf and over, building commissioning shall be included in the design and construction processes of the building project to verify that the building systems and components meet the owner’s or owner representative’s project requirements (5.410.2).

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING (AQMP)
Currently, the NAAQS and CAAQS are exceeded in most parts of the SCAB . In response, the SCAQMD has adopted a series of AQMP s to meet the state and federal ambient air quality standards (23). AQMPs are updated regularly in order to more effectively reduce emissions, accommodate growth, and to minimize any negative fiscal impacts of air pollution control on the economy. A detailed discussion on the AQMP and Project consistency with the AQMP is provided in Section 5.8.

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14556-12 AQ Report
33 4 SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS
The criteria used to determine the significance of potential Project-related air quality impacts are taken from the Initial Study Checklist in Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines (14 CCR §§ 15000, et seq.). Based on these thresholds, a project would result in a significant impact related to air quality if it would (1):
• Conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan. • Result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is in non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard. • Expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. • Result in other emissions (such as those leading to odors) adversely affecting a substantial number of people.

4.1 R EGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS
The SCAQMD has also developed regional significance thresholds for other regulated pollutants, as summarized at Table 3-1 (24). The SCAQMD’s CEQA Air Quality Significance Thresholds (March 2023) indicate that any projects in the SCAB with daily emissions that exceed any of the indicated thresholds should be considered as having an individually and cumulatively significant air quality impact.

TABLE 4-1: MAXIMUM DAILY REGIONAL EMISSIONS THRESHOLDS
Pollutant Construction Regional Thresholds Operational Regional Thresholds NOX 100 lbs/day 55 lbs/day
VOC 75 lbs/day 55 lbs/day
PM10 150 lbs/day 150 lbs/day
PM2.5 55 lbs/day 55 lbs/day
SOX 150 lbs/day 150 lbs/day
CO 550 lbs/day 550 lbs/day
Pb 3 lbs/day 3 lbs/day
lbs/day = Pounds Per Day
Source: Regional Thresholds presented in this table are based on the SCAQMD Air Quality Significance Thresholds, March 2023

4.2 L OCALIZED SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS
The analysis makes use of methodology included in the SCAQMD Final Localized Significance Threshold Methodology (LST Methodology) (25). The SCAQMD has established that impacts to air quality are significant if there is a potential to contribute or cause localized exceedances of the NAAQS and CAAQS. Collectively, these are referred to as Localized Significance Thresholds (LSTs).

14556-12 AQ Report
34 The SCAQMD established LSTs in response to the SCAQMD Governing Board’s Environmental Justice Initiative I-45. LSTs represent the maximum emissions from a project that will not cause or contribute to an exceedance of the most stringent applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard at the nearest residence or sensitive receptor. The SCAQMD states that l ead agencies can use the LSTs as another indicator of significance in its air quality impact analyses.

LSTs were developed in response to environmental justice and health concerns raised by the public regarding exposure of individuals to criteria pollutants in local communities. To address the issue of localized significance, the SCAQMD adopted LSTs that show whether a project would cause or contribute to localized air quality impacts and thereby cause or contribute to potential localized adverse health effects. The analysis makes use of methodology included in the LST Methodology (26).

4.2.1 A

PPLICABILITY OF LSTS FOR THE PROJECT
For this Project, the appropriate SRA for the LST analysis is Perris Valley (SRA 24). LSTs apply to CO, NOX, PM10, and PM2.5. The SCAQMD produced look-up tables for projects less than or equal to 5 acres in size , however the look -up tables can be applied as a screening criterion for larger projects (see additional discussion in Section 4.2.2).

In order to determine the appropriate methodology for determining localized impacts that could occur as a result of Project-related construction, the following process is undertaken:

Identify the maximum daily on-site emissions that will occur during construction activity:
• The maximum daily on -site emissions could be based on information provided by the Project Applicant; or
• The SCAQMD’s Fact Sheet for Applying CalEEMod to Localized Significance Thresholds and CalEEMod User’s Guide Appendix A: Calculation Details for CalEEMod can be used to determine the maximum site acreage that is actively disturbed based on the construction equipment fleet and equipment hours as estimated in CalEEMod (27) (28).

If the total acreage disturbed is less than or equal to 5 acres per day, then the SCAQMD’s screening look-up tables are utilized to determine if a Project has the potential to result in a significant impact. The look-up tables establish a maximum daily emissions threshold in lbs/day that can be compared to CalEEMod outputs.

If the total acreage disturbed is greater than 5 acres per day, then LST impacts may still be conservatively evaluated using the LST look-up tables for a 5-acre disturbance area. Use of the 5- acre disturbance area thresholds can be used to show that even if the daily emissions from all construction acti vity were emitted within a 5 -acre area, and therefore concentrated over a smaller area which would result in greater site adjacent concentrations, the impacts would still be less than significant if the applicable 5-acre thresholds are utilized.

5 The purpose of SCAQMD’s Environmental Justice program is to ensure that everyone has the right to equal protection from air p ollution and fair access to the decision-making process that works to improve the quality of air within their communities. Further, the SCAQMD defines Environmental Justice as “…equitable environmental policymaking and enforcement to protect the health of all resident s, regardless of age, culture, ethnicity, gender, race, socioeconomic status, or geographic location, from the health e ffects of air pollution.”

14556-12 AQ Report
35 The LST M ethodology presents mass emission rates for each SRA, project sizes of 1, 2, and 5 acres, and nearest receptor distances of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 meters. For project sizes between the values given, or with receptors at distances between the given recep tors, the methodology uses linear interpolation to determine the thresholds.

4.2.1.1 MAXIMUM DAILY DISTURBED-ACREAGE
As a conservative measure, it is assumed that a maximum of 2 0 acres per day can be actively disturbed. In CalEEMod, the Total Acres Graded (TAG) field represents the cumulative distance traversed on the property by the grading equipment. In order to properly grade a piece of land, multiple passes with grading equipment may be required. So even though the lot size is a fi xed number of acres, the TAG could be an order of magnitude higher than the footprint of the lot (28). TAG is a function of the maximum acreage disturbed per day times the number of days of the subphase of construction. As such, the “Total Acres Graded” field in CalEEMod has been revised to 320acres for site preparation (20 acres disturbed per day x 16 working days) and 1,680 acres for grading activities (20 acres disturbed per day x 84 working days)

6. 4.2.1.2 SENSITIVE RECEPTORS
As previously stated, LSTs represent the maximum emissions from a project that will not cause or contribute to an exceedance of the most stringent applicable NAAQS and CAAQS at the nearest residence or sensitive receptor. Receptor locations are off -site locations where individuals may be exposed to emissions from Project activities.

R

ESIDENTIAL RECEPTORS
Some people are especially sensitive to air pollution and are given special consideration when evaluating air quality impacts from projects. These groups of people include children, the elderly, individuals with pre -existing respiratory or cardiovascular illness, and athletes and others who engage in frequent exercise. Structures that house these persons or places where they gather to exercise are defined as “sensitive receptors”. These structures typically include residences, hotels, hospitals, etc. as they are also known to be locations where an individual can remain for 24 hours. Consistent with the LST Methodology, the nearest land use where an individual could remain for 24 h ours to the Project site (in this case the nearest residential land use) has been used to determine construction and operational air quality impacts for emissions of PM 10 and
PM2.5, since PM10 and PM2.5 thresholds are based on a 24-hour averaging time.

NON-RESIDENTIAL RECEPTORS
As per the LST Methodology, commercial and industrial facilities are not included in the definition of sensitive receptor because employees and patrons do not typically remain onsite for a full 24 hours but are typically onsite for 8 hours or less. The LST Methodology explicitly states that “LSTs based on shorter averaging periods, such as the NO
2 and CO LSTs, could also be applied to
receptors such as industrial or commercial facilities since it is reasonable to assume that a worker at these sites could be present for periods of one to eight hours (25).” For purposes of analysis, if an industrial/commercial use is located at a closer distance to the Project site than the nearest

6 CalEEMod does not provide a “Total Acres Graded” field for Building Construction, Paving, or Architectural Coating activities .

14556-12 AQ Report
36 residential use, the nearest industrial/commercial use will be utilized to determine construction and operational LST air impacts for emissions of NO2 and CO where an individual could be present at these sites for periods of 1 to 8 hours.

PROJECT-RELATED SENSITIVE RECEPTORS
Sensitive receptors in the Project study area are described below:

R1: Location R1 represents the existing residence at 26873 Campus Point Drive, approximately 92 feet north of the Project site. R1 is placed in the private outdoor living areas (backyard) facing the Project site.

R2: Location R2 represents the existing residence at 13760 Nason Street, approximately 164 feet east of the Project site. Since there are no private outdoor living areas (backyards) facing the Project site, receptor R2 is placed at the building façade.

R3: Location R3 represents the existing residence at 13980 Nason Street, approximately 211 feet east of the Project site. Since there are no private outdoor living areas (backyards) facing the Project site, receptor R3 is placed at the building façade R4: Location R4 represents the existing residence at 26871 Alessandro Boulevard, approximately 453 feet south of the Project site. R4 is placed in the private outdoor living areas (backyard) facing the Project site.

R5: Location R 5 represents the Valley Christian Academy located at 26755 Alessandro, approximately 163 feet south of the Project site. Since there are no private outdoor living areas facing the Project site, receptor R5 is placed at the building façade.

R6: Location R6 represents the existing residence at 26606 Danube Way, approximately 675 feet west of the Project site. R 6 is placed in the private outdoor living areas (backyard) facing the Project site.

R7: Location R7 represents the existing residence at 26722 Bay Avenue, approximately 26 feet west of the Project site. Since there are no private outdoor living areas (backyards) facing the Project site, receptor R7 is placed at the building façade.

R8: Location R8 represents the Moreno Valley Unified School District Early Learning Academy located at 26700 Cottonwood Avenue, approximately 296 feet northwest of the Project site. R8 is placed at the closest classroom.

R9: Location R9 represents the relocated Moreno Elementary School located at 13700 Nason Street, approximately 220 feet east of the Project site. R9 is placed at the building façade facing the Project.

The SCAQMD recommends that the nearest sensitive receptor be considered when determining the Project’s potential to cause an individual a cumulatively significant impact. The nearest land use where an individual could remain for 24 hours to the Project site has been used to determine localized construction and operational air quality impacts for emissions of PM 10 and PM2.5 (since
PM10 and PM2.5 thresholds are based on a 24 -hour averaging time). The nearest receptor used for evaluation of localized impacts o f PM 10 and PM 2.5 is represented by location R 7 which represents the existing residence at 26722 Bay Avenue, approximately 26 feet/8 meters west of the Project site.

14556-12 AQ Report
37 EXHIBIT 4-A: SENSITIVE RECEPTOR LOCATIONS

LEGEND:
[:] Site Boundary ~ Receptor Locations -• Distance from receptor to Project site boundary (in feet)

14556-12 AQ Report
38 As previously stated, and consistent with LST Methodology, the nearest industrial/commercial use to the Project site is used to determine construction and operational LST air impacts for emissions of NO
X and CO as the averaging periods for these pollutants are shorter (8 hours or less) and it is reasonable to assumed that an individual could be present at these sites for periods of one to 8 hours. As there are no industrial/commercial receptors located at a closer distance than the nearest residential home, the same residence located at 26722 Bay Avenue (location R7) will be used for evaluation of localized impacts of NO X and CO.

It should be noted that the LST Methodology explicitly states that “ It is possible that a project may have receptors closer than 25 meters. Projects with boundaries located closer than 25 meters to the nearest receptor should use the LSTs for receptors located at 25 meters (25).” As such a 25- meter receptor distance will be used for evaluation of localized PM 10, PM2.5, NOX, and CO.

4.2.2 L OCALIZED THRESHOLDS FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
As previously stated, this analysis conservatively assumes that more than five acres will be disturbed per day. It should be noted that the LST Methodology provides look-up tables for sites with an area with daily disturbance of 5 acres or less. For projects that exceed 5 acres, the 5-acre LST look -up tables can be used as a screening tool to determine which pollutants require additional detailed analysis. This approach is conservative as it assumes that all on-site emissions associated with the project would occur within a concentrated 5 -acre area. This screening method would therefore over-predict potential localized impacts, because by assuming that on- site construction activities are occurring over a smaller area, the resu lting concentrations of air pollutants are more highly concentrated once they reach the smaller site boundary than they would be for activities if they were spread out over a larger surface area. On a larger site, the same amount of air pollutants generate d would disperse over a larger surface area and would result in a lower concentration once emissions reach the project-site boundary. As such, LSTs for a 5-acre site during construction are used as a screening tool to determine if further detailed analysis is required. The thresholds used for the construction- source LST analysis are presented below in Table 4-2.

TABLE 4-2: MAXIMUM DAILY LOCALIZED CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS THRESHOLDS Construction Localized Thresholds
NOX CO PM10 PM2.5
270 lbs/day 1,577 lbs/day 13 lbs/day 8 lbs/day
Source: Localized Thresholds presented in this table are based on the SCAQMD LST Methodology, July 2008

4.2.3 L OCALIZED THRESHOLDS FOR OPERATIONAL ACTIVITY
According to SCAQMD LST methodology, LSTs would apply to the operational phase of a proposed Project, if the Project includes stationary sources, or attracts mobile sources that may spend long periods queuing and idling at the site (e.g., transfer facilities and warehouse buildings). The proposed Project does not include such uses, and thus, due to the lack of significant stationary source emissions, no long -term localized significance threshold analysis is needed.

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14556-12 AQ Report
40 5 AIR QUALITY IMPACTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION
The Project has been evaluated to determine if it will violate an air quality standard , contribute to an existing or projected air quality violation , or result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of a criteria pollutant for which the SCAB is non-attainment under an applicable NAAQS and CAAQS. Additionally, the Project has been evaluated to determine consistency with the applicable AQMP, exposure of sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations, and the impacts of odors.

5.2 METHODOLOGY

5.2.1 CALEEMOD
Land uses such as the Project affect air quality through construction- source and operational - source emissions.

The California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) in conjunction with other California air districts, including SCAQMD, released CalEEMod 2022 in May 2022. CalEEMod periodically releases updates, as such the latest version available at the time of this report (2022.1.1.29) has been utilized in this analysis . The purpose of this model is to calculate construction-source and operational -source criteria pollutant (VOCs, NO X, SO X, CO, PM 10, and
PM2.5) and GHG emissions from direct and indirect sources; and quantify applicable air quality and GHG reductions achieved from MMs (29). Accordingly, the latest version of CalEEMod has been used for this Project to determine construction and operational air quality emissions .

Output from the model runs for both construction and operational activity are provided in Appendices 5.1 through 5.3.

5.3 REGIONAL CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS

5.3.1 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
Construction activities associated with the Project will result in emissions of VOCs, NOX, SOX, CO, PM10, and PM2.5. Construction related emissions are expected from the following construction activities:
• Site Preparation
• Grading
• Building Construction
• Paving
• Architectural Coating

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41 GRADING ACTIVITIES
Dust is typically a major concern during grading activities. Because such emissions are not amenable to collection and discharge through a controlled source, they are called “fugitive emissions”. Fugitive dust emissions rates vary as a function of many par ameters (soil silt, soil moisture, wind speed, area disturbed, number of vehicles, depth of disturbance or excavation, etc.). CalEEMod was utilized to calculate fugitive dust emissions resulting from this phase of activity. Based on information provided by the Project Applicant, the Project will balance on-site.

O

FF-SITE INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS
The on-site utilities would be trenched and installed within the Project site. With the exception of the storm drain infrastructure, the on-site utilities would connect to the existing utilities within the site adjacent roadways. In addition, to support the Project development, there will be construction of a new off-site storm drain along Alessandro Boulevard, which forms the southern boundary of the Project site. The new storm drain would extend between proposed Street A and the existing storm drain located approximately 650 feet to the west of the Project site westerly boundary. Off-site impacts along Cottonwood Avenue, Nason Street, Alessandro Boulevard, and Bay Avenue adjacent to the Project site would be associated with the construction of sidewalks, curbs, and gutters; roadway extensions (Bay Avenue); landscaping within the public right-of-way; and any other roadway repairs/improvements required for the Project. It is expected that the off-site construction activities would not take place at one location for the entire duration of construction. The pollutant emissions associated with construction of the off-site storm drain and roadway improvements are not expected to exceed the peak daily emissions identified for Project-related construction activities due to the limited amount of construction activities associated with these Project components. The physical limits of these off- site improvements would limit the amount of construction equipment that could be used, and any off-site and utility infrastructure construction would not use equipment totals that would exceed the equipment totals on Table 5-2. As such, no impacts beyond what has already been identified in this report are expected to occur.

C

ONSTRUCTION WORKER VEHICLE TRIPS
Construction emissions for construction worker vehicles traveling to and from the Project site, as well as vendor trips (construction materials delivered to the Project site) were estimated based on information from CalEEMod defaults.

5.3.2 C

ONSTRUCTION DURATION
For purposes of analysis, c onstruction is expected to commence in November 2025 and to last through October 2028 The construction schedule utilized in the analysis, shown in Table 5 -1, represents a “conservative ” analysis scenario should construction occur any time after the respective dates since emission factors for construction decrease as time passes and the analysis

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42 year increases due to emission regulations becoming more stringent. 7 The duration of construction activity and associated equipment represents a reasonable approximation of the expected construction fleet as required per CEQA Guidelines (1).

7 As shown in the CalEEMod User’s Guide Version 2022, Appendix G “Table G-11. Statewide Average Annual Offoad Equipment Emission Factors” as the analysis year increases, emission factors for the same equipment pieces decrease due to the natural turnover of older equipment being replaced by newer less polluting equipment and new regulatory requirements .

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43 TABLE 5-1: ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
Construction Activity Start Date End Date Days
Site Preparation 11/5/2025 11/26/2025 16
Grading 11/26/2025 03/23/2026 84
Building Construction 03/23/2026 11/6/2028 686
Paving 07/23/2026 11/6/2026 77
Architectural Coating 08/23/2028 11/6/2028 54

5.3.3 C ONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Site specific construction fleet may vary due to specific project needs at the time of construction.

A detailed summary of construction equipment assumptions by phase is provided at Table 5-2.

The Municipal Code limits construction activities in two parts of the code: Sections 8.14.040(E) and 11.80.030(D)(7). Section 8.14.040(E) states that construction within the city shall only occur from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. from Monday through Friday exclu ding holidays and from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. on Saturdays. Section 11.80.030(D)(7) states that no person shall operate or cause the operation of any tools or equipment used in construction, drilling, repair, alteration, or demolition work between the hours of 8:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. such that the sound creates a noise disturbance. Consistent with industry standards and typical construction practices, for purposes of analysis it is estimated that each piece of equipment listed in Table 5 -2 will operate up to a total of eight (8) hours per day, or approximately two -thirds of the period during which construction activities are allowed pursuant to the code. It should be noted that most pieces of equipment would likely operate for fewer hours per day.

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44 TABLE 5-2: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT ASSUMPTIONS
Construction Activity Equipment Amount Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation
Crawler Tractors 4 8 87 0.43
Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8 367 0.40
Grading
Crawler Tractors 2 8 87 0.43
Excavators 2 8 36 0.38
Graders 1 8 148 0.41
Rubber Tired Dozers 1 8 367 0.40
Scrapers 2 8 423 0.48
Building Construction
Cranes 2 8 367 0.29
Forklifts 5 8 82 0.20
Generator Sets 2 8 14 0.74
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 5 8 84 0.37
Welders 2 8 46 0.45
Paving
Pavers 2 8 81 0.42
Paving Equipment 2 8 89 0.36
Rollers 2 8 36 0.38
Architectural Coating Air Compressors 1 8 37 0.48

5.3.4 O N-ROAD TRIPS
Construction generates on- road vehicle emissions from vehicle usage for workers and vendors commuting to and from the site. The number of workers and vendor trips are presented below in Table 5-3.

TABLE 5-3: CONSTRUCTION TRIP ASSUMPTIONS
Construction Activity Worker Trips
Per Day
Vendor Trips
Per Day
Site Preparation 18 3
Grading 20 13
Building Construction 372 107
Paving 15 0
Architectural Coating 74 0

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45 5.3.5 CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS SUMMARY

IMPACTS WITHOUT MITIGATION
CalEEMod calculates maximum daily emissions for summer and winter periods. As such, the estimated maximum daily construction emissions without mitigation for both summer and winter periods are summarized on Table 5 -4. Detailed unmitigated construction model outputs are presented in Appendix 5 .1. Under the assumed scenarios, emissions resulting from the Project construction will exceed criteria pollutant thresholds established by the SCAQMD for VOC.

I

MPACTS WITH MITIGATION
As previously stated, the Project will implement MM 1 which would reduce the severity of the VOC impacts as well as further reduce emissions associated with NOx.

MM 1
The project shall incorporate the following measures to reduce air pollutant emissions during construction activities. These identified measures shall be incorporated into all appropriate construction documents (e.g., construction management plans) submitt ed to the City and shall be verified by the City:
• Require fugitive-dust control measures that exceed SCAQMD’s Rule 403 requirements, such as:
o Use of nontoxic soil stabilizers to reduce wind erosion. o Tarp and/or maintain a minimum of 24 inches of freeboard on trucks hauling dirt, sand, soil, or other loose materials.
• Encourage the use of construction equipment equal to or greater than 50 horsepower be electrically powered or alternatively fueled. At a minimum, use construction equipment rated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as having Tier 4 Final ( model year 2008 or newer) emission limits. Include this requirement in applicable bid documents, purchase orders, and contracts.
• Ensure that construction equipment is properly serviced and maintained to the manufacturer’s standards.
• Limit nonessential idling of construction equipment to no more than five consecutive minutes.
• Limit on-site vehicle travel speeds on unpaved roads to 15 miles per hour. • Install wheel washers for all exiting trucks or wash off all trucks and equipment leaving the project area.
• Use Super-Compliant VOC paints for coating of architectural surfaces whenever possible. A list of Super-Compliant architectural coating manufacturers can be found on SCAQMD’s website.

As shown in Table 5 -5, after implementation MM 1, Project construction -source emissions of VOC would not exceed applicable SCAQMD thresholds and NO x emissions would be further reduced. Detailed mitigated construction model outputs are presented in Appendix 5.2.

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46 TABLE 5-4: MAXIMUM DAILY CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS – WITHOUT MITIGATION Year Construction Activity Source
Total Construction-Source Emissions (lbs/day)
VOC NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Summer1
2026
Grading
Construction Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Grading Construction Emissions Totals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Building Construction
Construction Equipment 2.14 19.63 25.19 0.05 0.75 0.69
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.64 4.90 27.80 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 2.39 22.30 25.50 0.05 0.98 0.90 Paving
Construction Equipment 1.20 7.12 9.94 0.01 0.32 0.29
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.06 0.06 1.08 0.00 0.20 0.05 Paving Emissions Totals 1.27 7.18 11.02 0.01 0.52 0.34
Total Summer 2026 Emissions 5.05 31.71 64.00 0.09 7.10 2.47 2027
Building Construction
Construction Equipment 2.06 18.73 25.13 0.05 0.67 0.62
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.56 4.60 25.77 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 3.62 23.33 50.90 0.07 6.50 2.06 Total Summer 2027 Emissions 3.62 23.33 50.90 0.07 6.50 2.06 2028
Building Construction
Construction Equipment 1.98 17.77 25.12 0.05 0.60 0.55
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.51 4.43 24.06 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 3.50 22.20 49.18 0.07 6.43 2.00 Architectural Coating
Construction Equipment 189.68 1.08 1.49 0.00 0.02 0.02
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.29 0.26 4.61 0.00 0.97 0.23 Architectural Coating Emissions Totals 189.97 1.33 6.10 0.00 0.99 0.25 Total Summer 2028 Emissions 193.46 23.54 55.28 0.07 7.43 2.24

14556-12 AQ Report
47 Year Construction Activity Source
Total Construction-Source Emissions (lbs/day)
VOC NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Winter
2025
Site Preparation
Construction Equipment 4.05 37.46 32.43 0.05 7.59 4.46
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.08 0.19 1.05 0.00 0.26 0.06 Site Preparation Emissions Totals 4.13 37.65 33.48 0.05 7.85 4.52 Grading
Construction Equipment 3.57 32.59 29.44 0.06 4.19 2.38
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.09 0.55 1.31 0.00 0.38 0.10 Grading Emissions Totals 3.66 33.14 30.74 0.06 4.56 2.47 Total Winter 2025 Emissions 7.79 70.80 64.23 0.12 12.41 7.00 2026
Grading
Construction Equipment 3.39 29.95 28.67 0.06 4.05 2.25
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.09 0.52 1.22 0.00 0.38 0.10 Grading Construction Emissions Totals 3.48 30.47 29.89 0.06 4.43 2.35 Building Construction
Construction Equipment 2.14 19.63 25.19 0.05 0.75 0.69
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.55 5.22 21.37 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 3.69 24.85 46.56 0.07 6.58 2.13 Paving
Construction Equipment 1.20 7.12 9.94 0.01 0.32 0.29
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.06 0.07 0.82 0.00 0.20 0.05 Paving Emissions Totals 1.26 7.18 10.75 0.01 0.52 0.34
Total Winter 2026 Emissions 8.43 62.51 87.20 0.15 11.53 4.82 2027
Building Construction
Construction Equipment 2.06 18.73 25.13 0.05 0.67 0.62
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.47 4.92 19.76 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 3.53 23.65 44.89 0.07 6.50 2.06 Total Winter 2027 Emissions 3.53 23.65 44.89 0.07 6.50 2.06 2028
Building Construction
Construction Equipment 1.98 17.77 25.12 0.05 0.60 0.55
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.42 4.75 18.47 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 3.41 22.52 43.60 0.07 6.43 2.00

14556-12 AQ Report
48 Year Construction Activity Source
Total Construction-Source Emissions (lbs/day)
VOC NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Architectural Coating
Construction Equipment 189.68 1.08 1.49 0.00 0.02 0.02
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.27 0.29 3.49 0.00 0.97 0.23 Architectural Coating Emissions Totals 189.95 1.37 4.98 0.00 0.99 0.25 Total Winter 2028 Emissions 193.36 23.89 48.57 0.07 7.43 2.24 Maximum Daily Emissions
Construction Maximum Total Daily Emissions (2025) 7.79 70.80 64.23 0.12 12.41 7.00 Construction Maximum Total Daily Emissions (2026) 8.43 62.51 87.20 0.15 11.53 4.82 Construction Maximum Total Daily Emissions (2026) 3.62 23.65 50.90 0.07 6.50 2.06 Construction Maximum Total Daily Emissions (2027) 193.46 23.89 55.28 0.07 7.43 2.24 Maximum Daily Emissions 193.46 70.80 87.20 0.15 12.41 7.00 SCAQMD Regional Threshold 75 100 550 150 150 55
Threshold Exceeded? YES NO NO NO NO NO
1 It should be noted that because construction starts in Nov 2025 during the winter season, emissions would occur during the winter season and not for summer season for 2025.

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49 TABLE 5-5: MAXIMUM DAILY CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS – WITH MITIGATION Year Construction Activity Source
Total Construction-Source Emissions (lbs/day)
VOC NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Summer1
2026
Grading
Construction Equipment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Grading Construction Emissions Totals 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Building Construction
Construction Equipment 0.93 6.25 29.58 0.05 0.21 0.20
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.64 4.90 27.80 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 2.58 11.15 57.38 0.07 6.04 1.64 Paving
Construction Equipment 0.82 2.35 10.60 0.01 0.10 0.09
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.06 0.06 1.08 0.00 0.20 0.05 Paving Emissions Totals 0.89 2.41 11.67 0.01 0.29 0.14
Total Summer 2026 Emissions 3.46 13.56 69.05 0.09 6.34 1.78 2027
Building Construction
Construction Equipment 0.91 6.17 29.55 0.05 0.20 0.19
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.56 4.60 25.77 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 2.47 10.77 55.32 0.07 6.03 1.63 Total Summer 2027 Emissions 2.47 10.77 55.32 0.07 6.03 1.63 2028
Building Construction
Construction Equipment 0.89 6.09 29.53 0.05 0.19 0.18
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.51 4.43 24.06 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 2.40 10.52 53.59 0.07 6.02 1.62 Architectural Coating
Construction Equipment 56.15 1.08 1.49 0.00 0.02 0.02
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.29 0.26 4.61 0.00 0.97 0.23 Architectural Coating Emissions Totals 56.44 1.33 6.10 0.00 0.99 0.25 Total Summer 2028 Emissions 58.84 11.86 59.69 0.07 7.01 1.87

14556-12 AQ Report
50 Year Construction Activity Source
Total Construction-Source Emissions (lbs/day)
VOC NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Winter
2025
Site Preparation
Construction Equipment 0.52 2.71 29.96 0.05 5.77 2.79
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.08 0.19 1.05 0.00 0.26 0.06 Site Preparation Emissions Totals 0.60 2.90 31.01 0.05 6.02 2.85 Grading
Construction Equipment 0.80 4.82 36.23 0.06 2.84 1.15
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.09 0.55 1.31 0.00 0.38 0.10 Grading Emissions Totals 0.89 5.37 37.53 0.06 3.22 1.25 Total Winter 2025 Emissions 1.49 8.27 68.55 0.12 9.24 4.10 2026
Grading
Construction Equipment 0.80 4.80 36.23 0.06 2.84 1.14
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.09 0.52 1.22 0.00 0.38 0.10 Grading Construction Emissions Totals 0.88 5.32 37.45 0.06 3.22 1.24 Building Construction
Construction Equipment 0.93 6.25 29.58 0.05 0.20 0.20
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.55 5.22 21.37 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 2.48 11.47 50.95 0.07 6.03 1.64 Paving
Construction Equipment 0.82 2.35 10.60 0.01 0.10 0.09
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.06 0.07 0.82 0.00 0.20 0.05 Paving Emissions Totals 0.88 2.42 11.41 0.01 0.29 0.14
Total Winter 2026 Emissions 4.25 19.21 99.81 0.15 9.54 3.02 2027
Building Construction
Construction Equipment 0.91 6.17 29.55 0.05 0.20 0.19
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.47 4.92 19.76 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 2.38 11.09 49.31 0.07 6.03 1.63 Total Winter 2027 Emissions 2.38 11.09 49.31 0.07 6.03 1.63 2028
Building Construction
Construction Equipment 0.89 6.09 29.53 0.05 0.19 0.18
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 1.42 4.75 18.47 0.02 5.83 1.44 Building Construction Emissions Totals 2.32 10.84 48.00 0.07 6.02 1.62

14556-12 AQ Report
51 Year Construction Activity Source
Total Construction-Source Emissions (lbs/day)
VOC NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Architectural Coating
Construction Equipment 56.15 1.08 1.49 0.00 0.02 0.02
Worker, Vendor, Hauling Trips 0.27 0.29 3.49 0.00 0.97 0.23 Architectural Coating Emissions Totals 56.42 1.37 4.98 0.00 0.99 0.25 Total Winter 2028 Emissions 58.74 12.21 52.98 0.07 7.01 1.87 Maximum Daily Emissions
Construction Maximum Total Daily Emissions (2025) 1.49 8.27 68.55 0.12 9.24 4.10 Construction Maximum Total Daily Emissions (2026) 4.25 19.21 99.81 0.15 9.54 3.02 Construction Maximum Total Daily Emissions (2026) 2.47 11.09 55.32 0.07 6.03 1.63 Construction Maximum Total Daily Emissions (2027) 58.84 12.21 59.69 0.07 7.01 1.87 Maximum Daily Emissions 58.84 19.21 99.81 0.15 9.54 4.10 SCAQMD Regional Threshold 75 100 550 150 150 55
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO NO NO
1 It should be noted that because construction starts in Nov 2025 during the winter season, emissions would occur during the wi nter season and not for summer season for 2025.

14556-12 AQ Report
52 5.4 REGIONAL OPERATIONAL EMISSIONS
Operational activities associated with the Project will result in emissions of VOCs, NOX, SOX, CO, PM10, and PM2.5. Operational emissions would be expected from the following primary sources:
• Area Source Emissions
• Energy Source Emissions
• Mobile Source Emissions

5.4.1 AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
CalEEMod estimates area source emissions for the following sources: architectural coating, consumer products, and landscape maintenance equipment. Detailed operational model outputs are presented in Appendix 5.1.

ARCHITECTURAL COATING
Over a period of time , the buildings that are part of this Project will be subject to emissions resulting from the evaporation of solvents contained in paints, varnishes, primers, and other surface coatings as part of Project maintenance. The emissions associated with architec tural coatings were calculated using CalEEMod.

C

ONSUMER PRODUCTS
Consumer products include, but are not limited to detergents, cleaning compounds, polishes, personal care products, and lawn and garden products. Many of these products contain organic compounds which when released in the atmosphere can react to form O 3 and other
photochemically reactive pollutants. The emissions associated with use of consumer products were calculated based on defaults provided within CalEEMod.

LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
Landscape maintenance equipment would generate emissions from fuel combustion and evaporation of unburned fuel. Equipment in this category would include lawnmowers, shedders/grinders, blowers, trimmers, chain saws, and hedge trimmers used to maintain the landscaping of the Project. On October 9, 2021, Governor Gavin Newsom signed AB 1346, which aims to ban the sale of new gasoline-powered equipment under 25 gross hp (known as small off- road engines [SOREs]) by January 1, 2024, which is now in effect . Howev er, for purposes of analysis, t he emissions associated with landscape maintenance equipment were calculated based on assumptions provided in CalEEMod and do not incorporate the emissions reductions from AB 1346.

5.4.2 E

NERGY SOURCE EMISSIONS
Electricity and natural gas are used by almost every project. Criteria pollutant emissions are emitted through the generation of electricity and consumption of natural gas. However, because electrical generating facilities for the Project area are located either outside the region (state) or offset through the use of pollution credits (RECLAIM) for generation within the SCAB, criteria

14556-12 AQ Report
53 pollutant emissions from offsite generation of electricity are generally excluded from the evaluation of significance and only natural gas use is considered. Detailed operational model outputs are presented in Appendix 5.1.

Project building operations and Project site maintenance activities would result in the consumption of natural gas and electricity. Natural gas would be supplied to the Project by Southern California Gas (SoCalGas) and electricity would be supplied to the Project by Moreno Valley Utility (MVU).

5.4.3 M

OBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS
The Project related operational emissions derive primarily from vehicle trips generated by the Project. Trip characteristics available from the Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan (PEN21-0334 and PEN22 -0077) Traffic Analysis were utilized in this analysis (31). The mobile - source emissions were calculated based on trip rates and trip lengths. Detailed operational model outputs are presented in Appendix 5.1.

Per the Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan (PEN21 -0334 and PEN22- 0077) Traffic Analysis, the Project is expected to generate a total of approximately 12,010 8 two-way vehicular
trips per day (6,005 trips inbound and 6,005 trips outbound) (31).

5.4.3.1 APPROACH FOR ANALYSIS

TRIP RATES
The trip generation rates used for this analysis are consistent with the rates provided in the Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan (PEN21 -0334 and PEN22-0077) Traffic Analysis which are based upon information collected by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) as provided in the Trip Generation Manual, 11
th Edition, 2021 (31).

TRIP LENGTHS
For all vehicle types (Light-Duty-Auto vehicles [LDA], Light-Duty Trucks [LDT1]9, Light-Duty Trucks [LDT2]10, Medium-Duty Trucks [MDV], Other Buses [OBUS11], Urban Buses [UBUS12], Motorcycle [MCY], School Buses [SBUS], and Motor Homes [MH], heavy duty trucks (2-axle/Light-Heavy-Duty Trucks [LHDT113 and LHDT214], 3-axle/Medium-Heavy-Duty Trucks [MHDT], and 4+ -axle/Heavy- Heavy-Duty Trucks [HHDT]), the CalEEMod default for a one-way trip length was used.

In order to determine emissions from passenger car vehicles, CalEEMod defaults for trip length and trip purpose were utilized (32). Default vehicle trip lengths for primary trips will be populated

8 It should be noted that the total trips for each land use is modeled in CalEEMod and that the internal capture and pass-by trip reductions are credited within CalEEMod. As such, the model outputs present the gross trips for all land uses (e.g., 22,508 daily weekday trips), without the reduction of the internal capture and pass-by trips which are calculated internal to the model. 9 Vehicles under the LDT1 category have a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of less than 6,000 lbs. and equivalent test weight (ETW) of less than or equal to 3,750 lbs.
10 Vehicles under the LDT2 category have a GVWR of less than 6,000 lbs. and ETW between 3,751 lbs. and 5,750 lbs. 11 OBUS vehicle classes refers to all other buses except school buses and urban buses. 12 UBUS vehicle classes consist of natural gas buses, gasoline buses, and diesel buses. 13 Vehicles under the LHDT1 category have a GVWR of less than 8,501- 10,000 lbs. 14 Vehicles under the LHDT2 category have a GVWR of less than 10,001- 14,000 lbs.

14556-12 AQ Report
54 using data from the local metropolitan planning organizations/Regional Transportation Planning Agencies (MPO/RTPA). Trip type percentages and trip lengths provided by MPO/RTPAs truncate data at their demonstrative borders.

F

UGITIVE DUST RELATED TO VEHICULAR TRAVEL
Vehicles traveling on paved roads would be a source of fugitive emissions due to the generation of road dust inclusive of brake and tire wear particulates . The emissions estimates for travel on paved roads were calculated using CalEEMod.

5.4.4 O

PERATIONAL EMISSIONS SUMMARY
Project mobile source emissions impacts are dependent on both overall daily vehicle trip generation and the effect of the Project on peak hour traffic volumes and traffic operations i n the vicinity of the Project. The Project related operational air quality impacts derive primarily from vehicle trips generated by the Project.

The estimated operational-source emissions for the proposed Project are summarized on Table 5-6. Detailed operational model outputs are presented in Appendix 5.1. As shown, the proposed Project will exceed the applicable SCAQMD thresholds for VOC, NO X, and CO.

TABLE 5-6: SUMMARY OF PEAK OPERATIONAL EMISSIONS
Source
Emissions (lbs/day)
VOC NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Summer
Mobile Source 85.85 55.30 501.37 1.19 107.17 27.78
Area Source 45.07 13.78 61.09 0.09 1.11 1.10
Energy Source 0.52 9.03 4.61 0.06 0.72 0.72
Total Maximum Daily Emissions 131.43 78.11 567.07 1.34 109.01 29.61 SCAQMD Regional Threshold 55 55 550 150 150 55
Threshold Exceeded? YES YES YES NO NO NO
Winter
Mobile Source 80.24 59.11 440.56 1.12 107.17 27.79
Area Source 39.47 13.27 5.65 0.08 1.07 1.07
Energy Source 0.52 9.03 4.61 0.06 0.72 0.72
Total Maximum Daily Emissions 120.23 81.41 450.81 1.26 108.97 29.58 SCAQMD Regional Threshold 55 55 550 150 150 55
Threshold Exceeded? YES YES NO NO NO NO

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55 5.5 C ONSTRUCTION-SOURCE LOCALIZED EMISSIONS

IMPACTS WITHOUT MITIGATION
The on-site construction emissions for NOX, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 are compared to the respective LSTs as previously shown in Table 4 -2. As shown in Table 5 -7, Project localized construction- source emissions would not exceed the applicable LSTs for emissions for any criteria pollutant .

Outputs from the model runs for construction LSTs are provided in Appendix 5.1.

TABLE 5-7: PROJECT LOCALIZED CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS – WITHOUT MITIGATION Construction
Activity Year Scenario
Emissions (lbs/day)
NOX CO PM10 PM2.5
Site
Preparation
2025
Summer 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Winter 37.46 32.43 7.59 4.46
Maximum Daily Emissions 37.46 32.43 7.59 4.46
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO
Grading
2025
Summer 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Winter 32.59 29.44 4.19 2.38
2026
Summer 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Winter 29.95 28.67 4.05 2.25
Maximum Daily Emissions 32.59 29.44 4.19 2.38
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO
Building
Construction
2026
Summer 19.63 25.19 0.75 0.69
Winter 19.63 25.19 0.75 0.69
2027
Summer 18.73 25.13 0.67 0.62
Winter 18.73 25.13 0.67 0.62
2028
Summer 17.77 25.12 0.60 0.55
Winter 17.77 25.12 0.60 0.55
Maximum Daily Emissions 19.63 25.19 0.75 0.69
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO
Paving
2026
Summer 7.12 9.94 0.32 0.29
Winter 7.12 9.94 0.32 0.29
Maximum Daily Emissions 7.12 9.94 0.32 0.29
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8

14556-12 AQ Report
56 Construction
Activity Year Scenario
Emissions (lbs/day)
NOX CO PM10 PM2.5
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO
Architectural
Coating
2028
Summer 1.08 1.49 0.02 0.02
Winter 1.08 1.49 0.02 0.02
Maximum Daily Emissions 1.08 1.49 0.02 0.02
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO

IMPACTS WITH MITIGATION
The on-site construction emissions for NO X, CO, PM 10, and PM 2.5 with mitigation are compared to the respective LSTs as previously shown in Table 4 -2. Although mitigation is not required for LSTs because the Project results in a less than significant impact without mitigation, MM 1 below is required for regional construction emissions and would also address localized construction emissions. Implementation MM 1 would further reduce localized impacts as shown on Table 5 -

8. MM 1
The project shall incorporate the following measures to reduce air pollutant emissions during construction activities. These identified measures shall be incorporated into all appropriate construction documents (e.g., construction management plans) submitted to the City and shall be verified by the City:
• Require fugitive-dust control measures that exceed SCAQMD’s Rule 403 requirements, such as:
o Use of nontoxic soil stabilizers to reduce wind erosion. o Apply water every four hours to active soil-disturbing activities o Tarp and/or maintain a minimum of 24 inches of freeboard on trucks hauling dirt, sand, soil, or other loose materials.
• Encourage the use of construction equipment equal to or greater than 50 horsepower be electrically powered or alternatively fueled. At a minimum, use construction equipment rated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as having Tier 4 Final ( model year 2008 or newer) emission limits, Include this requirement in applicable bid documents, purchase orders, and contracts.
• Ensure that construction equipment is properly serviced and maintained to the manufacturer’s standards.
• Limit nonessential idling of construction equipment to no more than five consecutive minutes.
• Limit on-site vehicle travel speeds on unpaved roads to 15 miles per hour. • Install wheel washers for all exiting trucks or wash off all trucks and equipment leaving the project area.

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57 • Use Super-Compliant VOC paints for coating of architectural surfaces whenever possible. A list of Super -Compliant architectural coating manufacturers can be found on SCAQMD’s website.

As shown in Table 5-8, with implementation of mitigation, Project localized construction-source emissions would be further reduced. Outputs from the model runs for construction LSTs are provided in Appendix 5.2.

TABLE 5-8: PROJECT LOCALIZED CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS – WITH MITIGATION (1 OF 2) Construction
Activity Year Scenario
Emissions (lbs/day)
NOX CO PM10 PM2.5
Site
Preparation
2025
Summer 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Winter 2.71 29.96 5.77 2.79
Maximum Daily Emissions 2.71 29.96 5.77 2.79
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO
Grading
2025
Summer 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Winter 4.82 36.23 2.84 1.15
2026
Summer 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Winter 4.80 36.23 2.84 1.14
Maximum Daily Emissions 4.82 36.23 2.84 1.15
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO
Building
Construction
2026
Summer 6.25 29.58 0.21 0.20
Winter 6.25 29.58 0.20 0.20
2027
Summer 6.17 29.55 0.20 0.19
Winter 6.17 29.55 0.20 0.19
2028
Summer 6.09 29.53 0.19 0.18
Winter 6.09 29.53 0.19 0.18

Maximum Daily Emissions 6.25 29.58 0.21 0.20
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO
Paving
2026
Summer 2.35 10.60 0.10 0.09
Winter 2.35 10.60 0.10 0.09
Maximum Daily Emissions 2.35 10.60 0.10 0.09
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO

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58 Construction
Activity Year Scenario
Emissions (lbs/day)
NOX CO PM10 PM2.5
Architectural
Coating
2028
Summer 1.08 1.49 0.02 0.02
Winter 1.08 1.49 0.02 0.02
Maximum Daily Emissions 1.08 1.49 0.02 0.02
SCAQMD Localized Threshold 270 1,577 13 8
Threshold Exceeded? NO NO NO NO

5.6 OPERATIONAL-SOURCE LOCALIZED EMISSIONS
As previously stated, for purposes of analysis, the development scenario for implementation of the proposed Specific Plan consist s of 800 single family detached residential DU, 4.8 acres of parks, 106-room hotel, 15,000 sf of office use, 30,000 sf civic use, 16,660 sf of high turnover (sit- down) restaurant use, 3,500 sf of fast -food restaurant with drive -thru window, 60,890 sf of commercial retail use , and 45,000 sf of supermarket use . According to SCAQMD LST methodology, LSTs would apply to the operational phase of a proposed project, if the project includes stationary sources, or attracts mobile sources that may spend long periods queuing and idling at the site (e.g., transfer facilities and warehouse buildings). The proposed Project does not include such uses, and thus, due to the lack of significant stationary source emissions, no long - term localized significance threshold analysis is needed.

5.7 CO “HOT SPOT” ANALYSIS
As discussed below, the Project would not result in potentially adverse CO concentrations or “hot spots.” Further, detailed modeling of Project-specific CO “hot spots” is not needed to reach this conclusion. An adverse CO concentration, known as a “hot spot”, would occur if an exceedance of the state one-hour standard of 20 ppm or the eight-hour standard of 9 ppm were to occur.

It has long been recognized that CO hotspots are caused by vehicular emissions, primarily when idling at congested intersections. In response, vehicle emissions standards have become increasingly stringent in the last twenty years. Currently, the allowable CO emissions standard in California is a maximum of 3.4 grams/mile for passenger cars (there are requirements for certain vehicles that are more stringent). With the turnover of older vehicles, introduction of cleaner fuels, and implementation of increasingly sophisticated and efficient emissions control technologies, CO concentration in the SCAB is now designated as attainment. To establish a more accurate record of baseline CO concentrations affecting the SCAB, a CO “hot spot” analysis was conducted in 2003 for four busy intersections in Los Angeles at the peak morning and afternoon time periods. This “hot spot” analysis did not predict any violation of CO standards, as shown on Table 5-9.

TABLE 5-9: CO MODEL RESULTS
Intersection Location CO Concentrations (ppm)

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59 Morning 1-hour Afternoon 1-hour 8-hour
Wilshire Boulevard/Veteran Avenue 4.6 3.5 3.7
Sunset Boulevard/Highland Avenue 4 4.5 3.5
La Cienega Boulevard/Century Boulevard 3.7 3.1 5.2
Long Beach Boulevard/Imperial Highway 3 3.1 8.4
Source: 2003 AQMP, Appendix V: Modeling and Attainment Demonstrations Notes: Federal 1-hour standard is 35 ppm and the deferral 8 -hour standard is 9.0 ppm.

Based on the SCAQMD's 2003 AQMP and the 1992 Federal Attainment Plan for Carbon Monoxide (1992 CO Plan ), peak carbon monoxide concentrations in the SCAB were a result of unusual meteorological and topographical conditions and not a result of traffic volumes and congestion at a particular intersection. As evidence of this, for example, 8.4 ppm 8 -hr CO conce ntration measured at the Long Beach Blvd. and Imperial Hwy. intersection (highest CO generating intersection within the “hot spot” analysis), only 0.7 ppm was attributable to the traffic volumes and congestion at this intersection; the remaining 7.7 ppm were due to the ambient air measurements at the time the 2003 AQMP was prepared (33) . In contrast, an adverse CO concentration, known as a “hot spot”, would occur if an exceedance of the state one -hour standard of 20 parts per million (ppm) or the eight-hour standard of 9 ppm were to occur.

The ambient 1-hr and 8-hr CO concentration within the Project study area is estimated to be 0.9 ppm and 0.6 ppm, respectively (data from Lake Elsinore monitoring station for 2022). Therefore, even if the traffic volumes for the proposed Project were double or even triple of the traffic volumes generated at the Long Beach Blvd. and Imperial Hwy. intersection, coupled with the on- going improvements in ambient air quality, the Project would not be capable of resulting in a CO “hot spot” at any study area intersections.

Similar considerations are also employed by other Air Districts when evaluating potential CO concentration impacts. More specifically, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) concludes that under existing and future vehicle emission rates, a given project would have to increase traffic volumes at a single intersection by more than 44,000 vehicles per hour (vph)—or 24,000 vph where vertical and/or horizontal air does not mix —in order to generate a significant CO impact (34) . Traffic volumes generating the CO concentrations for the “hot spot” analysis is shown on Table 5-10. The busiest intersection evaluated was that at Wilshire Boulevard and Veteran Avenue, which has a daily traffic volume of approximately 100,000 vph and AM/PM traffic volumes of 8,062 vph and 7,719 vph respectively (33).

TABLE 5-10: TRAFFIC VOLUMES
Intersection Location
Peak Traffic Volumes (vph)
Eastbound
(AM/PM)
Westbound
(AM/PM)
Southbound
(AM/PM)
Northbound
(AM/PM)
Total
(AM/PM)
Wilshire Boulevard/Veteran Avenue 4,954/2,069 1,830/3,317 721/1,400 560/933 8,062/7,719 Sunset Boulevard/Highland Avenue 1,417/1,764 1,342/1,540 2,304/1,832 1,551/2,238 6,614/5,374

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60 La Cienega Boulevard/Century Boulevard 2,540/2,243 1,890/2,728 1,384/2,029 821/1,674 6,634/8,674 Long Beach Boulevard/Imperial Highway 1,217/2,020 1,760/1,400 479/944 756/1,150 4,212/5,514 When considering maximum traffic volumes in the Project study area, as summarized on Table 5-11 below, the total traffic volumes for the Opening Year Cumulative With Project scenario are less than the peak traffic totals at the busiest intersections considered in the 2003 AQMP analysis.

As such, the Project considered herein along with background and cumulative development would not produce the volume of traffic required to generate a CO “hot spot” either in the context of the 2003 Los Angeles hot spot study or based on representative BAAQMD CO threshold considerations. Therefore, CO “hot spots” are not an environmental impact of concern for the Project. Localized air quality impacts related to mobile-source emissions would therefore be less than significant.

TABLE 5-11: OPENING YEAR CUMULATIVE (2025) WITH PROJECT TRAFFIC VOLUMES Intersection Location
Peak Traffic Volumes (vph)
Northbound
(AM/PM)
Southbound
(AM/PM)
Eastbound
(AM/PM)
Westbound
(AM/PM)
Total
(AM/PM)
Perris Boulevard/Alessandro Boulevard 952/1,191 758/1,024 675/1,558 1,278/1,233 3,663/5,005 Nason Street/SR-60 Eastbound Ramps 2,354/2,104 1,243/1,189 1,222/1,522 0/0 4,819/4,815 Nason Street/Fir Avenue 2,105/1,810 2,161/2,403 382/228 267/586 4,915/5,027 Nason Street/Eucalyptus Avenue 2,193/2,024 1,897/2,117 576/289 361/357 5,027/4,787

5.8 A IR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING
The Project site is located within the SCAB, which is characterized by relatively poor air quality.

The SCAQMD has jurisdiction over an approximately 10,743 square -mile area consisting of the four-county Basin and the Los Angeles County and Riverside County portions of what used to be referred to as the Southeast Desert Air Basin. In these areas, the SCAQMD is principally responsible for air pollution control, and works directly with the SCAG , county transportation commissions, local governments, as well as state and federal agencies to reduce emissions from stationary, mobile, and indirect sources to meet state and federal ambient air quality standards.

Currently, these state and federal air quality standards are exceeded in most parts of the SCAB .

In response, the SCAQMD has adopted a series of AQMPs to meet the state and federal ambient air quality standards. AQMPs are updated regularly in order to more effectively reduce emissions, accommodate growth, and to minimize any negative fiscal impacts of air pollution control on the economy.

In December 2022, the SCAQMD released the Final 2022 AQMP (2022 AQMP). The 2022 AQMP continues to evaluate current integrated strategies and control measures to meet the CAAQS, as well as explore new and innovative methods to reach its goals. Some of these approaches include utilizing incentive programs, recognizing existing co -benefit programs from other sectors, and developing a strategy with fair-share reductions at the federal, state, and local levels (35). Similar to the 2016 AQMP, the 2022 AQMP incorporates scientific and technological information and

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61 planning assumptions, including the 2020-2045 RTP/SCS, a planning document that supports the integration of land use and transportation to help the region meet the federal CAA requirements (36). The Project’s consistency with the AQMP will be determined using the 2022 AQMP as discussed below.

Criteria for determining consistency with the AQMP are defined in Chapter 12, Section 12.2 and Section 12.3 of the 1993 CEQA Handbook (37). These indicators are discussed below:

5.8.1 CONSISTENCY CRITERION NO. 1
The proposed Project will not result in an increase in the frequency or severity of existing air quality violations or cause or contribute to new violations or delay the timely attainment of air quality standards or the interim emissions reductions specified in the AQMP.

The violations that Consistency Criterion No. 1 refers to are the CAAQS and NAAQS. CAAQS and NAAQS violations would occur if regional or localized significance thresholds were exceeded.

Construction Impacts – Consistency Criterion 1
As evaluated, the Project’s regional and localized construction -source emissions would not exceed applicable regional significance threshold and LST thresholds after implementation of MM 1. As such, a less than significant impact is expected.

Operational Impacts – Consistency Criterion 1
The Project would not exceed the applicable LSTs for operational activity. However, the Project’s operational-source emissions are anticipated to exceed the regional thresholds of significance for VOC, NO
X, and CO emissions. VOC and NOX are precursors for ozone; thus, Project operational activities could contribute a substantial volume of pollutants to the SCAB that could delay the attainment of federal and State ozone standards. Although the Project would implement Project specific MMs 2 through MM 6, which are designed to reduce Project operational -source VOCs, NOX, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 emissions, there is no way to meaningfully quantify these reductions in CalEEMod. Therefore, no numeric emissions credit has been taken in the analysis. As such, even with application of MM 2 through MM 6, Project operational-source emissions impacts would be significant and unavoidable.

As such, the Project has the potential to result in a significant impact with respect to this criterion and it is conservatively concluded that the Project would have the potential to conflict with the AQMP according to this criterion.

On the basis of the preceding discussion, the Project is determined to be inconsistent with the first criterion.

5.8.2 C
ONSISTENCY CRITERION NO. 2
The Project will not exceed the assumptions in the AQMP based on the years of Project build - out phase.

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62 The 2022 AQMP demonstrates that the applicable ambient air quality standards can be achieved within the timeframes required under federal law. Growth projections from local general plans adopted by cities in the district are provided to the SCAG, which develops re gional growth forecasts, which are then used to develop future air quality forecasts for the AQMP. Development consistent with the growth projections in the City of Moreno Valley’s General Plan are considered to be consistent with the AQMP.

Construction Impacts – Consistency Criterion 2
Peak day emissions generated by construction activities are largely independent of land use assignments, but rather are a function of development scope and maximum area of disturbance.

Irrespective of the site’s land use designation, development of the site to its maximum potential would likely occur, with disturbance of the entire site occurring during construction activities.

Operational Impacts – Consistency Criterion 2
For purposes of analysis, the proposed Project includes the development of 800 residential DU,

4.8 acres of parks, 106- room hotel, 15,000 sf of office use, 30,000 sf civic use , 16,660 sf of high turnover (sit -down) restaurant use, 3,500 sf of fast -food restaurant with drive -thru window, 60,890 sf of commercial retail use, and 45,000 sf of supermarket use . T he Project includes a proposed Specific Plan, and a proposed TTM to allow for the development of residential, commercial, and park uses.

As mentioned previously, this report evaluates the impacts resulting from implementation of the proposed Project under the existing General Plan land use and zoning designations, which would require a General Plan Amendment and zone change, and the City’s proposed 2040 General Plan land use and zoning designation, if applicable to the analysis. 2006 General Plan Land Use Consistency
The City of Moreno Valley 2006 General Plan designates the Project Site for Public Facilities uses.

The Public Facilities designation allows for a mix of uses of public improvements and amenities, including, but not limited to, roads, bridges, traffic signals, street lights, drainage facilities, trails, parks, recreation buildings, administrative buildings, city yards, libraries, cultural facilities, fire stations and police stations. (38).

As mentioned previously, the proposed Project also involves a General Plan amendment and zone change. The proposed General Plan land use designation is Residential (30 du/acre maximum), Open Space, and Commercial. The proposed change of zone would amend the Public Facilities zoning to the TCMV Specific Plan (SP 222) zoning classification for the subject property.

While the 2006 General Plan designates the Project site for Public Facilities land uses, the 2022 AQMP was adopted subsequent to the City’s prior adoption of the 2040 General Plan and is therefore assumed to include the City’s growth projections associated with the 2040 General Plan, as discussed below.
2040 General Plan Land Use Consistency

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63 The City of Moreno Valley 2040 General Plan, which was previously adopted by the City in 2021 and is proposed for re-adoption, designates the Project site for DC District uses. The DC District designation allows for a vibrant mix of business, entertainment, residential, cultural, and civic uses to activate the DC District throughout the day and into the evening. It integrates existing uses and layers compatible new land uses and public amenities together at various scales and intensities to foster a mix of uses that encourages people to live, work, play, and shop within the DC District (39).

The proposed Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan is consistent with the City’s proposed Downtown Center (DC) District land use and zoning designations and is consistent with the City’s growth assumptions in the 2040 General Plan.

The City of Moreno Valley 2040 General Plan was originally adopted in 2021, before adoption of the 2022 AQMP; therefore, the City’s growth projections are presumed to be included in the 2022 AQMP. As such, t he Project is consistent with the 2022 AQMP and reflects the proposed land uses for the Project site as anticipated in the 2040 General Plan. As such, the Project would not result in the exceedance of assumptions within the AQMD and would not result a conflict with Consistency Criterion No. 2.

5.8.3 AQMP

CONSISTENCY CONCLUSION
The Project has the potential to result in or cause NAAQS or CAAQS violations. Operational - source emissions would exceed the applicable SCAQMD regional thresholds for VOC , CO, and NOX. As such, the Project is conservatively considered to have the potential to conflict with the AQMP and a potential significant impact would occur with respect to this threshold.

5.9 RTP/SCS CONSISTENCY
The proposed Project would increase regional employment by approximately 432 jobs (40) .

According to SCAG’s 2020- 2045 RTP/SCS , employment within Riverside County in 2019 is approximately 812,800 jobs with an anticipated increase to approximately 1,102,700 jobs by 2045, a growth of approximately 289,900 jobs (41). The proposed Project represents 0.15% of the anticipated increase in jobs, and therefore, would not result in long -term operational employment growth that exceeds planned growth projections in the RTP/SCS or the AQMP, or result in employment growth that would substantially add to traffic congestion.

Additionally, the proposed Project would increase regional households by approximately 800 households (40). According to SCAG’s 2020- 2045 RTP/SCS, housing within Riverside County in 2019 is approximately 758,300 households with an anticipated increase to approximately 1,086,100 households by 2045, a growth of approximately 327,800 households (41). The proposed Project represents 0.24% of the anticipated increase in homes, and therefore, would not result in long -term operational household growth that exceeds planned growth projections in the RTP/SCS or the AQMP, or result in household growth that would substantially add to traffic congestion.

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64 5.10 POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO SENSITIVE RECEPTORS
The potential impact of Project-generated air pollutant emissions on sensitive receptors has also been considered. Sensitive receptors can include uses such as long -term health care facilities, rehabilitation centers, and retirement homes . Residences, schools, playgrounds, childcare centers, and athletic facilities can also be considered as sensitive receptors.

Results of the LST analysis indicate that the Project would not exceed the SCAQMD localized significance thresholds during construction. Therefore, sensitive receptors would not be exposed to substantial pollutant concentrations during Project construction.

Results of the LST analysis indicate that the Project would not exceed the SCAQMD localized significance thresholds during operational activity . Further Project traffic would not create or result in a CO “hotspot.” Therefore, sensitive receptors would not be exposed to substantial pollutant concentrations as the result of Project operations.

5.10.1 F

RIANT RANCH CASE
In December 2018, in the case of Sierra Club v. County of Fresno (2018) 6 Cal.5th 502, the California Supreme Court held that an Environmental Impact Report’s (EIR) air quality analysis must meaningfully connect the identified air quality impacts to the human health consequences of those impacts, or meaningfully explain why that analysis cannot be provided.

Most local agencies, including the City of Moreno Valley, lack the data to do their own assessment of potential health impacts from criteria air pollutant emissions, as would be required to establish customized, locally-specific thresholds of significance based on potential health impacts from an individual development project. The use of national or “generic” data to fill the gap of missing local data would not yield accurate results because such data does not capture local air patterns, local background conditions, or local population characteristics, all of w hich play a role in how a population experiences air pollution. Because it is impracticable to accurately isolate the exact cause of a human disease (for example, the role a particular air pollutant plays compared to the role of other allergens and genetics in causing asthma), existing scientific tools cannot accurately estimate health impacts of the Project’s air emissions without undue speculation. Instead, readers are directed to the Project’s air quality impact analysis above, which provides extensive information concerning the quantifiable and non-quantifiable health risks related to the Project’s construction and long-term operation.

Notwithstanding, this AQIA does evaluate the proposed Project’s localized impact to air quality for emissions of CO, NO
X, PM10, and PM2.5 by comparing the proposed Project’s on-site emissions to the SCAQMD’s applicable LST thresholds. The LST analysis above determined that the Project would not result in emissions exceeding SCAQMD’s LSTs. Therefore, the proposed Project would not be expect ed to exceed the most stringent applicable federal or state ambient air quality standards for emissions of CO, NOX, PM10, and PM2.5.

As the Project’s emissions would comply with federal, state, and local air quality standards, the proposed Project’s emissions are not sufficiently high enough to use a regional modeling program to correlate health effects on a basin -wide level and would n ot provide a reliable indicator of health effects if modeled.

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65 5.11 ODORS
The potential for the Project to generate objectionable odors has also been considered. Potential odor sources associated with the proposed Project may result from construction equipment exhaust and the application of asphalt and architectural coatings during construction activities .

Standard construction requirements would minimize odor impacts from construction. The construction odor emissions would be temporary, short -term, and intermittent in nature and would cease upon completion of the respective phase of construction and is thus considered less than significant. It is expected that Project -generated refuse would be stored in covered containers and removed at regular intervals. The proposed Project would also be required to comply with SCAQMD Rule 402 to prevent occurrences of public nuisances. Therefore, odors associated with the proposed Project construction would be less than significant and no mitigation is required (42).

According to the SCAQMD, land uses generally associated with odor complaints include:
• Agricultural uses (livestock and farming)
• Wastewater treatment plants
• Food processing plants
• Chemical plants
• Composting operations
• Refineries
• Landfills
• Dairies
• Fiberglass molding facilities
The proposed Project does not include any uses identified by the SCAQMD as being associated with emitting objectionable odors. As the proposed Project operational activities do not include these sources of odors, potential odor impacts would be less than significant.

5.12 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
As previously shown in Table 2-3, the CAAQS designate the SCAB as nonattainment for O3, PM10, and PM2.5 while the NAAQS designates the SCAB as nonattainment for O3 and PM2.5.

The SCAQMD has published a report on how to address cumulative impacts from air pollution:

White Paper on Potential Control Strategies to Address Cumulative Impacts from Air Pollution (43).

In this report the SCAQMD clearly states (Page D-3):
…the AQMD uses the same significance thresholds for project specific and cumulative impacts for all environmental topics analyzed in an Environmental Assessment or EIR. The only case where the significance thresholds for project specific and cumulative impacts differ is the Hazard Index (HI) significance threshold for TAC emissions. The project specific (project incr ement) significance threshold is HI > 1.0 while the cumulative (facility-wide) is HI > 3.0. It should be

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66 noted that th e HI is only one of three TAC emission significance thresholds considered (when applicable) in a CEQA analysis. The other two are the maximum individual cancer risk (MICR) and the cancer burden, both of which use the same significance thresholds ( MICR of 10 in 1 million and cancer burden of 0.5) fo r project specific and cumulative impacts.

Projects that exceed the project-specific significance thresholds are considered by the SCAQMD to be cumulatively considerable. This is the reason project-specific and cumulative significance thresholds are the same. Conversely, projects that do not exceed the project-specific thresholds are generally not considered to be cumulatively significant.

Therefore, this analysis assumes that individual projects that do not generate operational or construction emissions that exceed the SCAQMD’s recommended daily thresholds for project - specific impacts would also not cause a cumulatively considerable increase in emissions for those pollutants for which the Basin is in nonattainment, and, therefore, would not be considered to have a significant, adverse air quality impact. Alternatively, individual project -related construction and operational emissions that ex ceed SCAQMD thresholds for project -specific impacts would be considered cumulatively considerable.

CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS
As discussed herein, all construction- source criteria pollutant emissions impacts would be less - than-significant at the Project level, and would therefore per SC AQMD criteria, not be cumulatively significant.

OPERATIONAL-SOURCE EMISSIONS
The proposed Project has the potential to result in cumulative impacts associated with on-going operations for emissions of VOC, NOX, and CO. Therefore, the proposed Project would have the potential to result in a cumulatively considerable significant impact with respect to operational activity.

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68 6 REFERENCES

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69 20. California Department of General Services. 2022 CALGreen Code. CALGreen. [Online] https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAGBC2022P1.

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29. —. Nevada Street Warehouse Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Screening Evaluation. 2022.

30. South Coast Air Quality Management District. 2003 Air Quality Management Plan. [Online] 2003. https://www.aqmd.gov/home/air-quality/clean-air-plans/air-quality-mgt-plan/2003-aqmp.

31. Bay Area Air Quality Management District. California Environmental Quality Act - Air Quality Guidelines. [Online] https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/planning -and- research/ceqa/ceqa_guidelines_may2017-pdf.pdf?la=en.

32. South Coast Air Quality Management District. Final 2016 Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP). [Online] March 2017. http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default -source/clean-air-plans/air-quality- management-plans/2016-air-quality-management-plan/final-2016- aqmp/final2016aqmp.pdf?sfvrsn=11.

33. Southern California Association of Governments. 2020-2045 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy. [Online] September 2020. https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/0903fconnectsocal-plan_0.pdf?1606001176.

34. South Coast Air Quality Management District. CEQA Air Quality Handbook (1993). 1993.

35. City of Moreno Valley. City of Moreno Valley General Plan. [Online] 2006. http://www.moreno - valley.ca.us/city_hall/general-plan/06gpfinal/gp/gp-tot.pdf.

36. —. General Plan 2040. [Online] June 2021. https://moval.gov/city_hall/general -plan2040/MV- GeneralPlan-complete.pdf.

37. Urban Crossroads, Inc. Town Center at Moreno Valley Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Analysis. 2022.

38. Southern California Association of Governments. Certified Final Connect SoCAL PEIR. 2020.

14556-12 AQ Report
70 39. South Coast Air Quality Management District. RULE 402 NUISANCE. [Online] http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/rule-book/rule-iv/rule-402.pdf.

40. Goss, Tracy A and Kroeger, Amy. White Paper on Potential Control Strategies to Address Cumulative Impacts from Air Pollution. [Online] South Coast Air Quality Management District, 2003. http://www.aqmd.gov/rules/ciwg/final_white_paper.pdf.

14556-12 AQ Report
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14556-12 AQ Report
72 7 CERTIFICATIONS
The contents of this air study report represent an accurate depiction of the environment al impacts associated with the proposed Town Center at Moreno Valley Specific Plan. The information contained in this air quality impact assessment report is based on the best available data at the time of preparation. If you have any questions, please contact me directly at [email protected].

Haseeb Qureshi
Principal
Urban Crossroads, Inc.
[email protected]

EDUCATION
Master of Science in Environmental Studies
California State University, Fullerton • May 2010
Bachelor of Arts in Environmental Analysis and Design
University of California, Irvine • June 2006

P

ROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS
AEP – Association of Environmental Planners
AWMA – Air and Waste Management Association
ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials

P

ROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS
Planned Communities and Urban Infill – Urban Land Institute • June 2011 Indoor Air Quality and Industrial Hygiene – EMSL Analytical • April 2008 Principles of Ambient Air Monitoring – CARB • August 2007 AB2588 Regulatory Standards – Trinity Consultants • November 2006 Air Dispersion Modeling – Lakes Environmental • June 2006

14556-12 AQ Report
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14556-12 AQ Report

APPENDIX 2.1:

STATE/FEDERAL ATTAINMENT STATUS OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS

Appendix C
Maps and Tables of Area Designations for State and National Ambient Air Quality Standards
C-1
Appendix C
Maps and Tables of Area Designations for State and National Ambient Air Quality Standards
This attachment fulfills the requirement of Health and Safety Code section 40718 for CARB to publish maps that identify areas where one or more violations of any State ambient air quality standard (State standard) or national ambient air quality standard (national standard) have been measured. The national standards are those promulgated under section 109 of the federal Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7409).

This attachment is divided into three parts. The first part comprises a table showing the levels, averaging times, and measurement methods for each of the State and national standards. This is followed by a section containing maps and tables showing the area designations for each pollutant for which there is a State standard in the California Code of Regulations, title 17, section 70200. The last section contains maps and tables showing the most current area designations for the national standards.

C-2

Concentration
3 Method 4 Primary 3,5 Secondary 3,6 Method 7
1 Hour 0.09 ppm (180 µg/m 3) —
8 Hour 0.070 ppm (137 µg/m 3) 0.070 ppm (137 µg/m3)
24 Hour 50 µg/m3 150 µg/m3
Annual Arithmetic
Mean 20 µg/m3 —
24 Hour — — 35 µg/m3
Same as Primary
Standard
Annual Arithmetic
Mean 12 µg/m3
Gravimetric or Beta
Attenuation 12.0 µg/m3 15 µg/m3
1 Hour 20 ppm (23 mg/m 3) 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) —
8 Hour 9.0 ppm (10 mg/m 3) 9 ppm (10 mg/m3) —
8 Hour (Lake
Tahoe) 6 ppm (7 mg/m3) — —
1 Hour 0.18 ppm (339 µg/m 3) 100 ppb (188 μg/m3) —
Annual Arithmetic
Mean 0.030 ppm (57 µg/m3) 0.053 ppm (100 µg/m3) Same as Primary Standard
1 Hour 0.25 ppm (655 µg/m 3) 75 ppb (196 μg/m3) —
3 Hour — — 0.5 ppm (1300
µg/m3)
24 Hour 0.04 ppm (105 µg/m 3) 0.14 ppm
(for certain areas) 11 —
Annual Arithmetic
Mean — 0.030 ppm
(for certain areas) 11 —
30 Day Average 1.5 µg/m 3 — —
Calendar Quarter — 1.5 µg/m3
(for certain areas) 12
Rolling 3-Month
Average — 0.15 µg/m3
Visibility
Reducing
Particles
14 8 Hour See footnote 14
Beta Attenuation and
Transmittance
through Filter Tape
Sulfates 24 Hour 25 µg/m3 Ion Chromatography
Hydrogen
Sulfide
1 Hour 0.03 ppm (42 µg/m 3) Ultraviolet
Fluorescence
Vinyl
Chloride
12 24 Hour 0.01 ppm (26 µg/m 3) Gas
Chromatography
See footnotes on next page …
Lead12,13 Atomic Absorption
High Volume
Sampler and Atomic
AbsorptionSame as Primary
Standard
No
National
Standards
Nitrogen
Dioxide
(NO2 )
10 Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence
Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence
Sulfur Dioxide
(SO2 )
11 Ultraviolet
Fluorescence
Ultraviolet
Flourescence;
Spectrophotometry
(Pararosaniline
Method)
Fine
Particulate
Matter
(PM2.5)
9 Inertial Separation
and Gravimetric
Analysis
Carbon
Monoxide
(CO)
Non-Dispersive
Infrared Photometry
(NDIR)
Non-Dispersive
Infrared Photometry
(NDIR)
Ozone (O3)8 Ultraviolet Photometry Same as Primary
Standard
Ultraviolet
Photometry
Res pirable
Particulate
Matter (PM10)
9 Gravimetric or Beta
Attenuation
Same as Primary
Standard
Inertial Separation
and Gravimetric
Analysis
Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant Averaging
Time
California Standards
1 National Standards
2 (Updated 5/4/16)
C-3

1. California standards for ozone, carbon monoxide (except 8-hour Lake Tahoe), sulfur dioxide (1- and 24-hour), nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and visibility reducing particles), are values that are not to be exceeded.

All others are not to be equaled or exceeded. California ambient air quality standards are listed in the Table of Standards in Section 70200 of Title 17 of the California Code of Regulations.

2. National standards (other than ozone, particulate matter, and those based on annual arithmetic mean) are not to be exceeded more than once a year. The ozone standard is attained when the fourth highest 8-hour concentration measured at each site in a year, averaged over three years, is equal to or less than the standard. For PM10, the 24-hour standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with a 24-hour average concentration above 150 µg/m3 is equal to or less than one. For PM2.5, the 24-hour standard is attained when 98 percent of the daily concentrations, averaged over three years, are equal to or less than the standard. Contact the U.S. EPA for further clarification and current national policies.

3. Concentration expressed first in units in which it was promulgated. Equivalent units given in parentheses are based upon a reference temperature of 25°C and a reference pressure of 760 torr. Most measurements of air quality are to be corrected to a reference temperature of 25°C and a reference pressure of 760 torr; ppm in this table refers to ppm by volume, or micromoles of pollutant per mole of gas.

4. Any equivalent measurement method which can be shown to the satisfaction of the CARB to give equivalent results at or near the level of the air quality standard may be used.

5. National Primary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety to protect the public health.

6. National Secondary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant.

7. Reference method as described by the U.S. EPA. An “equivalent method” of measurement may be used but must have a “consistent relationship to the reference method” and must be approved by the U.S. EPA.

8. On October 1, 2015, the national 8-hour ozone primary and secondary standards were lowered from 0.075 to

0.070 ppm.

9. On December 14, 2012, the national annual PM2.5 primary standard was lowered from 15 μg/m3 to 12.0 μg/m3. The existing national 24-hour PM2.5 standards (primary and secondary) were retained at 35 μg/m3, as was the annual secondary standard of 15 μg/m3. The existing 24-hour PM10 standards (primary and secondary) of 150 μg/m3 also were retained. The form of the annual primary and secondary standards is the annual mean, averaged over 3 years.

10. To attain the 1-hour national standard, the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 100 ppb. Note that the national 1-hour standard is in units of parts per billion (ppb). California standards are in units of parts per million (ppm). To directly compare the national 1-hour standard to the California standards the units can be converted from ppb to ppm. In this case, the national standard of 100 ppb is identical to 0.100 ppm.

11. On June 2, 2010, a new 1-hour SO2 standard was established and the existing 24-hour and annual primary standards were revoked. To attain the 1-hour national standard, the 3-year average of the annual 99th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 75 ppb. The 1971 SO2 national standards (24-hour and annual) remain in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2010 standard, except that in areas designated nonattainment for the 1971 standards, the 1971 standards remain in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2010 standards are approved.

Note that the 1-hour national standard is in units of parts per billion (ppb). California standards are in units of parts per million (ppm). To directly compare the 1-hour national standard to the California standard the units can be converted to ppm. In this case, the national standard of 75 ppb is identical to 0.075 ppm.

12. The CARB has identified lead and vinyl chloride as 'toxic air contaminants' with no threshold level of exposure for adverse health effects determined. These actions allow for the implementation of control measures at levels below the ambient concentrations specified for these pollutants.

13. The national standard for lead was revised on October 15, 2008 to a rolling 3-month average. The 1978 lead standard (1.5 μg/m3)as a quarterly average) remains in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2008 standard, except that in areas designated nonattainment for the 1978 standard, the 1978 standard remains in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2008 standard are approved.

14. In 1989, the CARB converted both the general statewide 10-mile visibility standard and the Lake Tahoe 30-mile visibility standard to instrumental equivalents, which are "extinction of 0.23 per kilometer" and "extinction of 0.07 per kilometer" for the statewide and Lake Tahoe Air Basin standards, respectively.

C-4
Area Designations for the State Ambient Air Quality
Standards
The following maps and tables show the area designations for each pollutant with a State standard set forth in the California Code of Regulations, title 17, section 60200.

Each area is identified as attainment, nonattainment, nonattainment-transitional, or unclassified for each pollutant, as shown below:

Designation Abbreviation
Attainment A
Nonattainment N
Nonattainment-Transitional NA-T
Unclassified U
In general, CARB designates areas by air basin for pollutants with a regional impact and by county for pollutants with a more local impact. However, when there are areas within an air basin or county with distinctly different air quality deriving from sources and conditions not affecting the entire air basin or county, CARB may designate a smaller area. Generally, when boundaries of the designated area differ from the air basin or county boundaries, the description of the specific area is referenced at the bottom of the summary table.

C-5
Figure 1

NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
0 Unclassified
1'>{:)j Attainment
[Ilil] Nonattainment-Transitional
m Nonattainment
-Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated : Novembe r 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARS
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards
OZONE
N
A
160
---c::==---c::== Mites
40 80 120
GREAT
.?V'CA,'11.---B ASIN

VALLEYS
SOUTH COAST----, "
' '

SAN DIEGO-
C-6
Table 1
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Ozone1

Area N NA-T U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN
Alpine County U
Inyo County N
Mono County N

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN NA-T

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN N

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN
Amador County NA-T
Calaveras County NA-T
El Dorado County (portion) N
Mariposa County N
Nevada County N
Placer County (portion) NA-T
Plumas County U
Sierra County U
Tuolumne County NA-T

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN A
Area N NA-T U A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN
Butte County NA-T
Colusa and Glenn Counties A
Shasta County N
Sutter/Yuba Counties
Sutter Buttes NA-T
Remainder of Sutter County NA-T
Yuba County NA-T
Yolo/Solano Counties NA-T
Remainder of Air Basin N

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN N

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN N

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR

BASIN NA-T

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN N

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN
San Luis Obispo County N
Santa Barbara County NA-T
Ventura County N

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN N

1 AB 3048 (Olberg) and AB 2525 (Miller) signed into law in 1996, made changes to Health and Safety Code, section 40925.5. One of the changes allows nonattainment districts to become nonattainment-transitional for ozone by operation of law.

C-7
Figure 2

NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
0 Unclassified
li:.:\/J Attainment
~ Nonattainment
-Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: Novembe r 2023
• STModoc
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARS
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards
PM10
N
A
160
---c:::==---c:::== Mites
40 80 120
GREAT
V,,",A --BASIN

VALLEYS
SOUTH COAST --__. -;:
"'t\
"

SAN DIEGO-
C-8
Table 2
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10)

Area N U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN N

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN N

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN N

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN
Amador County U
Calaveras County N
El Dorado County (portion) N
Mariposa County
- Yosemite National Park N
- Remainder of County U
Nevada County N
Placer County (portion) N
Plumas County N
Sierra County N
Tuolumne County U
Area N U A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN N

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN
Del Norte, Mendocino, Sonoma (portion) and
Trinity Counties A
Remainder of Air Basin N

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN
Siskiyou County A
Remainder of Air Basin U

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN
Shasta County A
Remainder of Air Basin N

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN N

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN N

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN N

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN N

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN N

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN N

C-9
Figure 3

SAN FRANCISCO

BAY AREA
NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
c=J Unclassified
li:.:\ •. /J Attainment
~ Nonattainment
- Air Basi n
-- County
Last Updated: Novembe r 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARB
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards
PM2.5
N
A
160
---===---=== Miles
40 80 120
GREAT
,_,,:c: :-:=.:·,.· ~..-- BASIN

VALLEYS
SOUTH COAST -~,..--,:
' ,q::;,"99~~
"

SAN DIEGO -
Calexico
C-10
Table 3
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Area N U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN A

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN
Plumas County
- Portola Valley1 N
- Remainder Plumas County U
Remainder of Air Basin U

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN
Butte County A
Colusa County A
Glenn County A
Placer County (portion) A
Sacramento County A
Shasta County A
Sutter and Yuba Counties N
Remainder of Air Basin U
Area N U A

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN
Imperial County
- City of Calexico2 N
Remainder of Air Basin A

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN N

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN N

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN N

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN N

1 California Code of Regulations, title 17, section 60200(c) 2 California Code of Regulations, title 17, section 60200(a) C-11
Figure 4

SAN FRANCISCO

BAY AREA
Siskiyo u
NORTHEAST Modoc

PLATEAU
NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
0 Unclassified
I\J,)J Attainment
-Air Basin
--- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARB
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards

CARBON MONOXIDE
N
A
160
---===---=== Miles
40 80 120
GREAT
=..-~BAS IN
VALLEYS /.o.·.·~~<:-"±-""'-
SOUTH COAST ---'- ____,:;~c
~
"
SAN DIEGO - ~bj_i~J;;,;...;.;;._...--
C-12
Table 4
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Carbon Monoxide*

Area N NA-T U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN
Alpine County U
Inyo County A
Mono County A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN A

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN
Kern County (portion) U
Los Angeles County (portion) A
Riverside County (portion) U
San Bernardino County (portion) A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN
Amador County U
Calaveras County U
El Dorado County (portion) U
Mariposa County U
Nevada County U
Placer County (portion) U
Plumas County A
Sierra County U
Tuolumne County A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN
Monterey County A
San Benito County U
Santa Cruz County U

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN
Del Norte County U
Humboldt County A
Mendocino County A
Sonoma County (portion) U
Trinity County U

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U
Area N NA-T U A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN
Butte County A
Colusa County U
Glenn County U
Placer County (portion) A
Sacramento County A
Shasta County U
Solano County (portion) A
Sutter County A
Tehama County U
Yolo County A
Yuba County U

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN A

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN
Fresno County A
Kern County (portion) A
Kings County U
Madera County U
Merced County U
San Joaquin County A
Stanislaus County A
Tulare County A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN A

* The area designated for carbon monoxide is a county or portion of a county

C-13
Figure 5

SAN FRANCISCO

BAY AREA
NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
i}( i/·J Attainment
~ Nonattainment
-Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated : November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARB
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards

NITROGEN DIOXIDE
N
A
160
---c:::==---c:::== Miles
40 80 120
GREAT
"""'..-- BASIN

VALLEYS
•,:,.,::..- :-:_-.-::::,-·:.

CA 60 /Portion )

SOUTH COAST
~
"

SAN DIEGO -
C-14
Table 5
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Nitrogen Dioxide

Area N U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN A

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN A

Area N U A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN A

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN A

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN
CA 60 Near-road Portion of San Bernardino,
Riverside, and Los Angeles Counties A
Remainder of Air Basin A

C-15
Figure 6

NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
h-J,)J Attainment
-Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: Novembe r 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARB
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards

SULFUR DIOXIDE
N
A
160
---====---===:::i Miles
40 80 120
GREAT
·: ~ - - -BAS IN

VALLEYS
SOUTH COAST ----'----'C;~c
~ ~~~~ '.-8-~
"
SAN DIEGO - ~bj_i~J;;,;...;.;;._...--
C-16
Table 6
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Sulfur Dioxide*

Area N A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN A

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN A
Area N A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN A

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN A

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN A

* The area designated for sulfur dioxide is a county or portion of a county. Since all areas in the State are in attainment for this standard, air basins are indicated here for simplicity.

C-17
Figure 7

NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
h-J,)J Attainment
-Air Basin
--- County
Last Updated: Novembe r 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARB
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards

SULFATES
N
A
160
---===---===:::i Miles
40 80 120
GREAT
·: ~ - - -BASIN

VALLEYS
SOUTH COAST ---'----'C;~c
~
"
SAN DIEGO - ~bj_i~J;;,;...;.;;._...--
C-18
Table 7
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Sulfates

Area N U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN A

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN A
Area N U A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN A

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN A

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN A

C-19
Figure 8

NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
h-J,)J Atta inment
- Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARB
2023
Area Designat ions for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards
LEAD
N
A
160
---====----===::J Miles
40 80 120
SOUTH COAST -"'~~!S~t· ~~-'"c:•:.
~
"

SAN DIEGO -
C-20
Table 8
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Lead (particulate)*

Area N U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN A

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN A
Area N U A

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN A

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN A

* The area designated for lead is a county or portion of a county. Since all areas in the State are in attainment for this standard, air basins are indicated here for simplicity.

C-21
Figure 9

Siskiyou
NORTHEAST Modoc

PLATE AU

SAN FRANCISCO

BAY AREA
NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
[ [ Unclassified
I/\·; :' :J Attainment
~ Nonattainment
-Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARB
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards

HYDROGEN SULFIDE
N
A
160
---===---=== Miles
40 80 120
GREAT
·:~-- -BASIN

VALLEYS
SOUTH COAST -----" or-'
~
"
SAN DIEGO - ~L--J-----
C-22
Table 9
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Hydrogen Sulfide*

Area N NA-T U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN
Alpine County U
Inyo County A
Mono County A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN
Kern County (portion) U
Los Angeles County (portion) U
Riverside County (portion) U
San Bernardino County (portion)
- Searles Valley Planning Area1 N
- Remainder of County U

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN
Amador County
- City of Sutter Creek N
- Remainder of County U
Calaveras County U
El Dorado County (portion) U
Mariposa County U
Nevada County U
Placer County (portion) U
Plumas County U
Sierra County U
Tuolumne County U
Area N NA-T U A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN
Del Norte County U
Humboldt County A
Mendocino County U
Sonoma County (portion)
- Geyser Geothermal Area2 A
- Remainder of County U
Trinity County U

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN U

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN
Riverside County (portion) N
Imperial County U

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN U

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN U

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN U

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN
San Luis Obispo County A
Santa Barbara County A
Ventura County U

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN U

* T he area designated for hydrogen sulfide is a county or portion of a county

1 52 Federal Register 29384 (August 7, 1987)
2 California Code of Regulations, title 17, section 60200(d) C-23
Figure 10

Siskiyou
NORTHEAST Modoc

PLATE AU

SAN FRANC ISCO

BAY AREA
NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
c=J Unclassified
l\}·,:_,o:J Attainment
-Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division, CARB
2023
Area Designations for State
Ambient Air Quality Standards

VISIBILITY REDUCING PARTICLES
N
A
160
---c:::==---c:::== Miles
40 80 120
GREAT
-"...--BAS IN

VALLEYS
SOUTH COAS T-----'-.c--'
San Berna rdino
~ 'vi""' _ _._ __
"
SAN DIEGO _ _.!~_.--J----~
C-24
Table 10
California Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Visibility Reducing Particles

Area N NA-T U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN U

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U

MOJAVE DESERT AIR BASIN U

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN U

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN U

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U
Area N NA-T U A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN U

SALTON SEA AIR BASIN U

SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN U

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN U

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN U

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN U

C-25
Area Designations for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards The following maps and tables show the area designations for each pollutant with a national ambient air quality standard. Additional information about the federal area designations is available on the U.S. EPA website:
https://www.epa.gov/green-book
Over the last several years, U.S. EPA has been reviewing the levels of the various national standards. The agency has already promulgated new standard levels for some pollutants and is considering revising the levels for others. Information about the status of these reviews is available on the U.S. EPA website:
h
ttps://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants
Designation Categories
Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10). The U.S. EPA uses three categories to designate areas with respect to PM10:
• Attainment (A)
• Nonattainment (N)
• Unclassifiable (U)
Ozone, Fine Suspended Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). The U.S. EPA uses two categories to designate areas with respect to these standards:
• Nonattainment (N)
• Unclassifiable/Attainment (U/A)
The national 1-hour ozone standard was revoked effective June 15, 2005, and the area designations map reflects the 2015 national 8-hour ozone standard of 0.070 ppm. Area designations were finalized on August 3, 2018.

On D ecember 14, 2012, the U.S. EPA established a new national annual primary PM2.5 standard of 12.0 µg/m3. Area designations were finalized in December 2014. The current designation map reflects the most recently revised (2012) annual average standard of 12.0 μg/m3 as well as the 24-hour standard of 35 μg/m3, revised in 2006.

On January 22, 2010, the U.S. EPA established a new national 1-hour NO2 standard of 100 parts per billion (ppb) and retained the annual average standard of 53 ppb.

Designations for the primary NO2 standard became effective on February 29, 2012. All areas of California meet this standard.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). The U.S. EPA uses three categories to designate areas with respect to the 24-hour and annual average sulfur dioxide standards. These designation categories are:
• Nonattainment (N),
• Unclassifiable (U), and
• Unclassifiable/Attainment (U/A).

C-26

On J
une 2, 2010, the U.S. EPA established a new primary 1-hour SO2 standard of 75 parts per billion (ppb). At the same time, U.S. EPA revoked the 24-hour and annual average standards. Area designations for the 1-hour SO2 standard were finalized on December 21, 2017 and are reflected in the area designations map.

Lead (particulate). The U.S. EPA promulgated a new rolling 3-month average lead standard in October 2008 of 0.15 μg/m3. Designations were made for this standard in November 2010.

Designation Areas
From time to time, the boundaries of the California air basins have been changed to facilitate the planning process. CARB generally initiates these changes, and they are not always reflected in the U.S. EPA’s area designations. For purposes of consistency, the maps in this attachment reflect area designation boundaries and nomenclature as promulgated by the U.S. EPA. In some cases, these may not be the same as those adopted by CARB. For example, the national area designations reflect the former Southeast Desert Air Basin. In accordance with Health and Safety Code section 39606.1, CARB redefined this area in 1996 to be the Mojave Desert Air Basin and Salton Sea Air Basin. The definitions and boundaries for all areas designated for the national standards can be found in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Chapter I, Subchapter C, Part 81.305. They are available on the web at:
https://ecfr.io/Title-40/ se40.20.81_1305

C-27
Figure 11

Siskiyou
NORTHEAS.,Modoc

PLATEAU
D Unclassified/Attainment
m Nonattainment
- Air Basin
--County
Last Updated: Novembe r 2023
Map reflects the 2015 8-hour ozone standard of 0.070 ppm Air Quality Planning and Science Division, GARB
Area Designations for National
Ambient Air Quality Standards
8-HOUR OZONE
N
A
200
----c:::===----c:::=== M;les
50 100 150
Sutter Buttes
GREAT
--'1.- - BASIN

VALLEYS

SAN DIEGO-
C-28
Table 11
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for 8-Hour Ozone*

Area N U/A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U/A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN
Amador County N
Calaveras County N
El Dorado County (portion)1 N
Mariposa County N
Nevada County
- Western Nevada County N
- Remainder of County U/A
Placer County (portion)1 N
Plumas County U/A
Sierra County U/A
Tuolumne County N

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U/A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN
Butte County N
Colusa County U/A
Glenn County U/A
Sacramento Metro Area1 N
Shasta County U/A
Sutter County
- Sutter Buttes N
- Southern portion of Sutter County1 N
- Remainder of Sutter County U/A
Tehama County
- Tuscan Buttes N
- Remainder of Tehama County U/A
Area N U/A
SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN (cont.)
Yolo County1 N
Yuba County U/A

SAN DIEGO COUNTY N

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN N

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN N
SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN2
San Luis Obispo County
- Eastern San Luis Obispo County N
- Remainder of County U/A
Santa Barbara County U/A
Ventura County
- Area excluding Anacapa and San
Nicolas Islands N
- Channel Islands2 U/A
SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN2 N

SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN
Kern County (portion) N
- Indian Wells Valley U/A
Imperial County N
Los Angeles County (portion) N
Riverside County (portion)
- Coachella Valley N
- Non-AQMA portion U/A
San Bernardino County
- Western portion (AQMA) N
- Eastern portion (non-AQMA) U/A

* D efinitions and references for all areas can be found in 40 CFR, Chapter I, Part 81.305.

NOTE: This map and Table reflect the 2015 8-hour ozone standard of 0.070 ppm.

1 For this purpose, the Sacramento Metro Area comprises all of Sacramento and Yolo Counties, the Sacramento Valley Air Basin portion of Solano County, the southern portion of Sutter County, and the Sacramento Valley and Mountain Counties Air Basins portions of Placer and El Dorado counties.
2 South Central Coast Air Basin Channel Islands:

Santa Barbara County includes Santa Cruz, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Barbara Islands.

Ventura County includes Anacapa and San Nicolas Islands.

South Coast Air Basin:

Los Angeles County includes San Clemente and Santa Catalina Islands.

C-29
Figure 12

NORTH
COAST

SAN FRANC

BAY AREA M
San Fra
San M
Siskiyou I
NORTHEAS",Modoc

PLATEAU
Shasta
Lassen
SOUTH
CENTRAL.----or-
Area Designations for National
Ambient Air Quality Standards
PM10
N
A
50 100
Basin
Mammoth
GREAT
BASIN

VALLEYS
150 200
Miles
COAST -~--,
D Unclassified
l/';"-\,,j Attainment
~ Nonattainment
- Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Scie nce Div ision

SAN DIEGO COUNTY-
C-30
Table 12
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10)*

Area N U A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN
Alpine County U
Inyo County
- Owens Valley Planning Area N
- Coso Junction A
- Remainder of County U
Mono County
- Mammoth Lake Planning Area A
- Mono Lake Basin N
- Remainder of County U

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN U

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN U

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN U

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN
Sacramento County1 A
Remainder of Air Basin U

SAN DIEGO COUNTY U
Area N U A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN U

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN A

SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN
Eastern Kern County
- Indian Wells Valley A
- Portion within San Joaquin Valley
Planning Area N
- Remainder of County U
Imperial County
- Imperial Valley Planning Area2 A
- Remainder of County U
Los Angeles County (portion) U
Riverside County (portion)
- Coachella Valley N
- Non-AQMA portion U
San Bernardino County
- Trona N
- Remainder of County N

* D efinitions and references for all areas can be found in 40 CFR, Chapter I, Part 81.305.

1 Air quality in Sacramento County meets the national PM10 standards. The request for redesignation to attainment was approved by U.S. EPA in September 2013.
2 The request for redesignation to attainment for the Imperial Valley Planning Area was approved by U.S. EPA in September 2020, effective October 2020.

C-31
Figure 13

Siskiyou
Modoc

NORTHEAST PLATEAU NORTH COAST

LAKE COUNTY

SAN FRANCISCO

BAY AREA
NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
SOUTH

CENTRAL
COAST
D Unclassified/Attainment
~ Nonattainment
- Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division
Area Designations for National
Ambient Air Quality Standards
PM2.5

MOUNTAIN

COUNTIES

LAKE TAHOE
50 N
A
100
GREAT
BASIN

VALLEYS
150
San Bernardino
200
Miles

SOUTHEAST DESERT

SAN DIEGO COUNTY
C-32
Table 13
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Area N U/A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U/A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN
Plumas County
- Portola Valley Portion of Plumas County N
- Remainder of Plumas County U/A
Remainder of Air Basin U/A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U/A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN
Sacramento Metro Area1 N
Remainder of Air Basin U/A
Area N U/A

SAN DIEGO COUNTY U/A
SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN2 N

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN N

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A
SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN3 N

SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN
Imperial County (portion)4 N
Remainder of Air Basin U/A

* D efinitions and references for all areas can be found in 40 CFR, Chapter I, Part 81.305. This map reflects the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard as well as the 1997 and 2012 PM2.5 annual standards.

1 For this purpose, Sacramento Metro Area comprises all of Sacramento and portions of El Dorado, Placer, Solano, and Yolo Counties. Air quality in this area meets the national PM2.5 standards. A Determination of Attainment for the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard was made by U.S. EPA in June 2017.
2 Air quality in this area meets the national PM2.5 standards. A Determination of Attainment for the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard was made by U.S. EPA in June 2017.
3 Those lands of the Santa Rosa Band of Cahulla Mission Indians in Riverside County are designated Unclassifiable/Attainment. 4 That portion of Imperial County encompassing the urban and surrounding areas of Brawley, Calexico, El Centro, Heber, Holtville, Imperial, Seeley, and Westmorland. Air quality in this area meets the national PM2.5 standards. A Determination of Attainment for the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard was made by U.S. EPA in June 2017.

C-33
Figure 14

Siskiyou Modoc

NORTHEAST

PLATEAU

SAN FRANCI

BAY AREA
NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
SOUTH

CENTRAL
COAST
D Unclassified/Attainment
- Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division
Area Designations for National
Ambient Air Quality Standards

CARBON MONOXIDE
N
A
50 100
GREAT
--"~~ BASIN

VALLEYS
150 200
Miles

SOUTHEAST DESERT
San Berna rdino
C-34
Table 14
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Carbon Monoxide*

Area N U/A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U/A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U/A
Area N U/A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN U/A

SAN DIEGO COUNTY U/A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN U/A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN U/A

* Definitions and references for all areas can be found in 40 CFR, Chapter I, Part 81.305.

C-35
Figure 15

NORTH
Siskiyou
NORTHE AST Modoc

PLATEAU
~ -
Mendocino
NORTH

CENTRAL
COAST
D Unclassified/Attainment
- Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Div ision
Area Designations for National
Ambient Air Quality Standards

NITROGEN DIOXIDE
N
A
50 100 150 200
Miles

SOUTHEAST DESERT
San Bernardino
C-36
Table 15
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Nitrogen Dioxide*

Area N U/A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U/A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U/A
Area N U/A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN U/A

SAN DIEGO COUNTY U/A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN U/A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN U/A

* Definitions and references for all areas can be found in 40 CFR, Chapter I, Part 81.305.

C-37
Figure 16

SAN FRANCI
BAY AREA Marin
Siskiyou
NORTHEAST Modoc

PLATEAU
NORTH

CENT RAL
COAST
D Unclassified/Attainment
- Air Basin
-- County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Scie nce Div ision
Area Designations for National
Ambient Air Quality Standards

SULFUR DIOXIDE
N
A
50 100 150 200
Miles

SOUTHEAST DESERT
San Bernardino
C-38
Table 16
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Sulfur Dioxide*

Area N U/A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U/A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U/A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN U/A

SAN DIEGO COUNTY U/A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN U/A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN U/A
SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN1 U/A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN U/A

* D
efinitions and references for all areas can be found in 40 CFR, Chapter I, Part 81.305.

NOTE: This map and table reflect the 2010 1-hour SO2 standard of 75 ppb.

1 South Central Coast Air Basin Channel Islands:

Santa Barbara County includes Santa Cruz, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Barbara Islands.

Ventura County includes Anacapa and San Nicolas Islands.

Note that the San Clemente and Santa Catalina Islands are considered part of Los Angeles County, and therefore, are included as part of the South Coast Air Basin.

C-39
Figure 17

Siskiyou Modoc

SAN FRANCI

BAY AREA

NORTHEAST

PLATEAU
SOUTH

CENTRAL
COAST
D Unclassified/Attainment
~ Nonattainment
- Air Basin
--County
Last Updated: November 2023
Air Quality Planning and Science Division
Area Designations for National
Ambient Air Quality Standards
LEAD
N
A
50 100
GREAT
~~- BASIN

VALLEYS
150 200
Miles

SOUTHEAS T DESERT
San Bernardino
C-40
Table 17
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Area Designations for Lead (particulate)

Area N U/A

GREAT BASIN VALLEYS AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE COUNTY AIR BASIN U/A

LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN U/A

MOUNTAIN COUNTIES AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTH COAST AIR BASIN U/A

NORTHEAST PLATEAU AIR BASIN U/A

SACRAMENTO VALLEY AIR BASIN U/A
Area N U/A

SAN DIEGO COUNTY U/A

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN U/A

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN U/A

SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN
Los Angeles County (portion)1 N
Remainder of Air Basin U/A

SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN U/A

1 Portion of County in Air Basin, not including Channel Islands

14556-12 AQ Report

This page intentionally left blank

14556-12 AQ Report

APPENDIX 5.1:

CALEEMOD CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL (UNMITIGATED) EMISSIONS

MODEL OUTPUTS

14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 1 / 68
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report Table of Contents

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information

1.2. Land Use Types

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.2. Construction Emissions by Y ear, Unmitigated

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2025) - Unmitigated

3.3. Grading (2025) - Unmitigated

3.5. Grading (2026) - Unmitigated

3.7. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated

3.9. Building Construction (2027) - Unmitigated
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 2 / 68

3.11. Building Construction (2028) - Unmitigated

3.13. Paving (2026) - Unmitigated

3.15. Architectural Coating (2028) - Unmitigated

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 3 / 68

4.7.1. Unmitigated

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies

5.5. Architectural Coatings
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 4 / 68

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies

5.7. Construction Paving

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.1.1. Unmitigated

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 5 / 68

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated

6. Climate Risk Detailed Report

6.1. Climate Risk Summary

6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 6 / 68

6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores

6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures

7. Health and Equity Details

7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores

7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores

7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores

7.4. Health & Equity Measures

7.5. Evaluation Scorecard

7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures

8. User Changes to Default Data
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 7 / 68

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Construction Start Date 11/5/2025
Operational Y ear 2028
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Plan/community
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s) 2.50
Precipitation (days) 24.0
Location 33.920986394588446, -117.193682312174
County Riverside-South Coast
City Moreno Valley
Air District South Coast AQMD
Air Basin South Coast
TAZ 5592
EDFZ 11
Electric Utility Moreno Valley Utility
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.29

1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft) Landscape Area (sq ft)
Special Landscape
Area
(sq ft)
Population Description
Single Family
Housing
800 Dwelling Unit 33.1 1,440,000 9,370,286 — 2,584 —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 8 / 68
City Park 4.80 Acre 4.80 0.00 209,088 0.00 — —
Hotel 106 Room 1.34 58,409 0.00 — — —
General Office
Building

15.0 1000sqft 0.34 15,000 0.00 — — —
Library 30.0 1000sqft 0.69 30,000 0.00 — — —
High Turnover (Sit
Do
wn Restaurant)

16.7 1000sqft 0.38 16,660 0.00 — — —
Fast Food
Restaur
ant with
Drive Thru

3.50 1000sqft 0.08 3,500 0.00 — — —
Regional Shopping
Center

60.9 1000sqft 1.40 60,890 0.00 — — —
Supermarket 45.0 1000sqft 1.03 45,000 0.00 — — —
Parking Lot 930 Space 3.07 0.00 0.00 — — —
Other Asphalt
Surf
aces
434 1000sqft 9.97 0.00 0.00 — — —

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector No measures selected

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 194 193 31.7 64.0 0.09 1.12 6.75 7.43 1.03 1.62 2.47 — 14,890 14,890 0.55 0.73 26.9 15,149 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
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Unmit. 194 193 70.8 76.4 0.14 3.46 8.96 12.4 3.18 3.82 7.00 — 20,122 20,122 0.63 0.85 0.73 20,391 Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 30.5 30.2 20.3 33.5 0.05 0.73 4.07 4.58 0.68 0.98 1.62 — 9,052 9,052 0.25 0.49 7.31 9,212 Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 5.56 5.51 3.71 6.11 0.01 0.13 0.74 0.84 0.12 0.18 0.30 — 1,499 1,499 0.04 0.08 1.21 1,525

2.2. Construction Emissions by Y ear, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Y ear TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2026 5.88 5.05 31.7 64.0 0.09 1.12 5.98 7.10 1.03 1.44 2.47 — 14,890 14,890 0.55 0.73 26.9 15,149 2027 4.28 3.62 23.3 50.9 0.07 0.72 5.78 6.50 0.67 1.39 2.06 — 13,018 13,018 0.33 0.69 23.7 13,255 2028 194 193 23.5 55.3 0.07 0.67 6.75 7.43 0.62 1.62 2.24 — 14,020 14,020 0.32 0.73 24.2 14,269 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 9.26 7.79 70.8 64.2 0.12 3.46 8.96 12.4 3.18 3.82 7.00 — 13,219 13,219 0.53 0.19 0.09 13,290 2026 8.51 7.16 55.3 76.4 0.14 2.19 8.82 11.0 2.02 2.47 4.48 — 20,122 20,122 0.63 0.85 0.73 20,391 2027 4.20 3.53 23.6 44.9 0.07 0.72 5.78 6.50 0.67 1.39 2.06 — 12,616 12,616 0.33 0.69 0.62 12,830 2028 194 193 23.9 48.6 0.07 0.67 6.75 7.43 0.62 1.62 2.24 — 13,547 13,547 0.33 0.73 0.63 13,772 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 0.52 0.44 3.99 3.64 0.01 0.19 0.47 0.67 0.18 0.20 0.37 — 776 776 0.03 0.01 0.09 780 2026 3.39 2.87 20.3 33.5 0.05 0.73 3.69 4.43 0.68 0.94 1.62 — 8,666 8,666 0.25 0.43 6.48 8,805 2027 3.00 2.53 17.0 32.7 0.05 0.51 4.07 4.58 0.48 0.98 1.46 — 9,052 9,052 0.24 0.49 7.31 9,212 2028 30.5 30.2 13.9 27.9 0.04 0.40 3.61 4.01 0.37 0.87 1.24 — 7,779 7,779 0.19 0.42 5.79 7,917 -------------------
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Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 0.10 0.08 0.73 0.66 < 0.005 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.07 — 128 128 0.01 < 0.005 0.01 129 2026 0.62 0.52 3.71 6.11 0.01 0.13 0.67 0.81 0.12 0.17 0.30 — 1,435 1,435 0.04 0.07 1.07 1,458 2027 0.55 0.46 3.10 5.97 0.01 0.09 0.74 0.84 0.09 0.18 0.27 — 1,499 1,499 0.04 0.08 1.21 1,525 2028 5.56 5.51 2.54 5.08 0.01 0.07 0.66 0.73 0.07 0.16 0.23 — 1,288 1,288 0.03 0.07 0.96 1,311

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 138 131 78.1 567 1.34 2.69 106 109 2.63 27.0 29.6 854 166,802 167,656 94.1 6.42 755 172,675 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 127 120 81.4 451 1.26 2.65 106 109 2.60 27.0 29.6 854 159,398 160,252 94.4 6.61 419 165,000 Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 119 113 63.5 446 1.07 1.58 93.3 94.8 1.53 23.7 25.2 854 132,173 133,027 93.4 5.93 543 137,672 Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 21.7 20.6 11.6 81.4 0.20 0.29 17.0 17.3 0.28 4.32 4.60 141 21,883 22,024 15.5 0.98 89.9 22,793

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
-------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 11 / 68
Mobile 91.2 85.8 55.3 501 1.19 0.86 106 107 0.80 27.0 27.8 — 122,112 122,112 5.92 5.96 344 124,381 Area 46.2 45.1 13.8 61.1 0.09 1.11 — 1.11 1.10 — 1.10 0.00 17,007 17,007 0.32 0.03 — 17,025 Energy 1.04 0.52 9.03 4.61 0.06 0.72 — 0.72 0.72 — 0.72 — 25,999 25,999 2.07 0.15 — 26,096 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 105 1,683 1,789 10.9 0.27 — 2,143 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 748 0.00 748 74.8 0.00 — 2,619 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 410 410
Total 138 131 78.1 567 1.34 2.69 106 109 2.63 27.0 29.6 854 166,802 167,656 94.1 6.42 755 172,675 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 85.7 80.2 59.1 441 1.12 0.86 106 107 0.80 27.0 27.8 — 114,871 114,871 6.28 6.15 8.93 116,870 Area 40.2 39.5 13.3 5.65 0.08 1.07 — 1.07 1.07 — 1.07 0.00 16,845 16,845 0.32 0.03 — 16,862 Energy 1.04 0.52 9.03 4.61 0.06 0.72 — 0.72 0.72 — 0.72 — 25,999 25,999 2.07 0.15 — 26,096 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 105 1,683 1,789 10.9 0.27 — 2,143 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 748 0.00 748 74.8 0.00 — 2,619 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 410 410
Total 127 120 81.4 451 1.26 2.65 106 109 2.60 27.0 29.6 854 159,398 160,252 94.4 6.61 419 165,000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 74.8 70.0 53.2 403 1.01 0.76 93.3 94.0 0.72 23.7 24.4 — 103,225 103,225 5.57 5.51 132 105,137 Area 42.9 42.6 1.26 38.4 0.01 0.10 — 0.10 0.09 — 0.09 0.00 1,265 1,265 0.03 < 0.005 — 1,267 Energy 1.04 0.52 9.03 4.61 0.06 0.72 — 0.72 0.72 — 0.72 — 25,999 25,999 2.07 0.15 — 26,096 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 105 1,683 1,789 10.9 0.27 — 2,143 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 748 0.00 748 74.8 0.00 — 2,619 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 410 410
Total 119 113 63.5 446 1.07 1.58 93.3 94.8 1.53 23.7 25.2 854 132,173 133,027 93.4 5.93 543 137,672 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 13.7 12.8 9.70 73.6 0.18 0.14 17.0 17.2 0.13 4.32 4.45 — 17,090 17,090 0.92 0.91 21.9 17,407 Area 7.83 7.77 0.23 7.00 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 0.00 209 209 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 210 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 12 / 68
Energy 0.19 0.10 1.65 0.84 0.01 0.13 — 0.13 0.13 — 0.13 — 4,304 4,304 0.34 0.02 — 4,320 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 17.5 279 296 1.81 0.04 — 355 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 124 0.00 124 12.4 0.00 — 434 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 68.0 68.0
Total 21.7 20.6 11.6 81.4 0.20 0.29 17.0 17.3 0.28 4.32 4.60 141 21,883 22,024 15.5 0.98 89.9 22,793

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

4.82 4.05 37.5 32.4 0.05 1.93 — 1.93 1.78 — 1.78 — 5,528 5,528 0.22 0.04 — 5,547 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 5.66 5.66 — 2.69 2.69 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.21 0.18 1.64 1.42 < 0.005 0.08 — 0.08 0.08 — 0.08 — 242 242 0.01 < 0.005 — 243 -------------------
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Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.25 0.25 — 0.12 0.12 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.04 0.03 0.30 0.26 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.01 — 0.01 — 40.1 40.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 40.3 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.05 0.05 — 0.02 0.02 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.08 0.07 0.08 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.05 0.05 — 227 227 0.01 0.01 0.02 230 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.11 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 — 91.8 91.8 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 96.1 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 10.1 10.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 10.2 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 4.02 4.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 4.21 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.67 1.67 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.69 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 14 / 68
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.67 0.67 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.70 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.3. Grading (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

4.24 3.57 32.6 29.4 0.06 1.52 — 1.52 1.40 — 1.40 — 6,715 6,715 0.27 0.05 — 6,738 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 2.67 2.67 — 0.98 0.98 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.30 0.25 2.30 2.07 < 0.005 0.11 — 0.11 0.10 — 0.10 — 473 473 0.02 < 0.005 — 475 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.19 0.19 — 0.07 0.07 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 15 / 68
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05 0.05 0.42 0.38 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 78.3 78.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 78.6 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.03 0.03 — 0.01 0.01 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.09 0.08 0.10 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.06 0.06 — 259 259 0.01 0.01 0.03 262 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.46 0.14 < 0.005 0.01 0.11 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.04 — 398 398 0.01 0.06 0.03 416 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 18.5 18.5 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 18.7 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 28.0 28.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 29.3 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 3.06 3.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 3.10 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 4.64 4.64 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 4.86 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.5. Grading (2026) - Unmitigated
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 16 / 68
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

4.03 3.39 30.0 28.7 0.06 1.38 — 1.38 1.27 — 1.27 — 6,715 6,715 0.27 0.05 — 6,738 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 2.67 2.67 — 0.98 0.98 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.65 0.54 4.81 4.60 0.01 0.22 — 0.22 0.20 — 0.20 — 1,078 1,078 0.04 0.01 — 1,081 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.43 0.43 — 0.16 0.16 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12 0.10 0.88 0.84 < 0.005 0.04 — 0.04 0.04 — 0.04 — 178 178 0.01 < 0.005 — 179 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 17 / 68
———————0.030.03—0.080.08——————Dust
From
Mater
ial
Movement
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.09 0.08 0.09 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.06 0.06 — 254 254 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 257 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.44 0.13 < 0.005 0.01 0.11 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.04 — 392 392 0.01 0.06 0.03 410 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 — 41.2 41.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.06 41.8 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.07 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 — 62.8 62.8 < 0.005 0.01 0.07 65.8 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.82 6.82 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 6.92 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 10.4 10.4 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 10.9 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.7. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —------------------- 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 18 / 68
——————————————————Daily,
Summer
(Max)
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

2.56 2.14 19.6 25.2 0.05 0.75 — 0.75 0.69 — 0.69 — 4,817 4,817 0.20 0.04 — 4,833 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

2.56 2.14 19.6 25.2 0.05 0.75 — 0.75 0.69 — 0.69 — 4,817 4,817 0.20 0.04 — 4,833 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.42 1.19 10.9 14.0 0.03 0.42 — 0.42 0.38 — 0.38 — 2,677 2,677 0.11 0.02 — 2,686 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.26 0.22 1.99 2.55 < 0.005 0.08 — 0.08 0.07 — 0.07 — 443 443 0.02 < 0.005 — 445 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 19 / 68
Worker 1.75 1.58 1.46 26.7 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 5,134 5,134 0.22 0.18 17.4 5,210 Vendor 0.15 0.07 3.44 1.07 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,221 3,221 0.07 0.50 8.81 3,380 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.67 1.49 1.63 20.3 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 4,721 4,721 0.07 0.18 0.45 4,778 Vendor 0.14 0.06 3.59 1.10 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,223 3,223 0.07 0.50 0.23 3,374 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.92 0.82 0.99 11.8 0.00 0.00 2.66 2.66 0.00 0.62 0.62 — 2,657 2,657 0.04 0.10 4.18 2,693 Vendor 0.08 0.04 2.00 0.60 0.01 0.03 0.50 0.53 0.03 0.14 0.17 — 1,791 1,791 0.04 0.28 2.10 1,876 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.17 0.15 0.18 2.15 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.49 0.00 0.11 0.11 — 440 440 0.01 0.02 0.69 446 Vendor 0.01 0.01 0.37 0.11 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.09 0.10 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 — 296 296 0.01 0.05 0.35 311 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.9. Building Construction (2027) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

2.46 2.06 18.7 25.1 0.05 0.67 — 0.67 0.62 — 0.62 — 4,817 4,817 0.20 0.04 — 4,833 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 20 / 68

0.000.000.000.000.000.00—0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00Onsite truck
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

2.46 2.06 18.7 25.1 0.05 0.67 — 0.67 0.62 — 0.62 — 4,817 4,817 0.20 0.04 — 4,833 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.76 1.47 13.4 18.0 0.03 0.48 — 0.48 0.44 — 0.44 — 3,440 3,440 0.14 0.03 — 3,452 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.32 0.27 2.44 3.28 0.01 0.09 — 0.09 0.08 — 0.08 — 570 570 0.02 < 0.005 — 572 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.68 1.49 1.29 24.7 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 5,039 5,039 0.06 0.18 15.7 5,109 Vendor 0.14 0.07 3.31 1.04 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,162 3,162 0.07 0.47 8.05 3,313 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 21 / 68
Worker 1.60 1.41 1.46 18.7 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 4,635 4,635 0.07 0.18 0.41 4,689 Vendor 0.14 0.06 3.46 1.07 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,164 3,164 0.07 0.47 0.21 3,308 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.14 1.01 1.15 14.0 0.00 0.00 3.42 3.42 0.00 0.80 0.80 — 3,352 3,352 0.05 0.13 4.82 3,396 Vendor 0.10 0.05 2.46 0.75 0.02 0.03 0.65 0.68 0.03 0.18 0.21 — 2,259 2,259 0.05 0.34 2.48 2,364 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.21 0.18 0.21 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.62 0.00 0.15 0.15 — 555 555 0.01 0.02 0.80 562 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.45 0.14 < 0.005 0.01 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.04 — 374 374 0.01 0.06 0.41 391 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.11. Building Construction (2028) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

2.37 1.98 17.8 25.1 0.05 0.60 — 0.60 0.55 — 0.55 — 4,818 4,818 0.20 0.04 — 4,834 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 22 / 68
4,834—0.040.204,8184,818—0.55—0.550.60—0.600.0525.117.81.982.37Off-Roa d
Equipm
ent
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.44 1.21 10.8 15.3 0.03 0.37 — 0.37 0.34 — 0.34 — 2,932 2,932 0.12 0.02 — 2,942 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.26 0.22 1.97 2.79 0.01 0.07 — 0.07 0.06 — 0.06 — 485 485 0.02 < 0.005 — 487 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.62 1.44 1.28 23.0 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 4,945 4,945 0.06 0.18 14.0 5,013 Vendor 0.14 0.07 3.15 1.01 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,090 3,090 0.05 0.47 7.33 3,240 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.40 1.36 1.45 17.4 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 4,549 4,549 0.07 0.18 0.36 4,603 Vendor 0.14 0.06 3.29 1.04 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,093 3,093 0.05 0.47 0.19 3,235 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 23 / 68
——————————————————Average
Daily
Worker 0.84 0.82 0.88 11.2 0.00 0.00 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.68 0.68 — 2,803 2,803 0.04 0.11 3.69 2,840 Vendor 0.09 0.04 2.02 0.63 0.01 0.03 0.55 0.58 0.03 0.15 0.18 — 1,881 1,881 0.03 0.29 1.92 1,970 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.15 0.15 0.16 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.53 0.00 0.12 0.12 — 464 464 0.01 0.02 0.61 470 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.37 0.11 < 0.005 0.01 0.10 0.11 0.01 0.03 0.03 — 312 312 0.01 0.05 0.32 326 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.13. Paving (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.91 0.76 7.12 9.94 0.01 0.32 — 0.32 0.29 — 0.29 — 1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 — 1,516 Paving 0.44 0.44 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.91 0.76 7.12 9.94 0.01 0.32 — 0.32 0.29 — 0.29 — 1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 — 1,516 Paving 0.44 0.44 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 24 / 68
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.19 0.16 1.50 2.10 < 0.005 0.07 — 0.07 0.06 — 0.06 — 319 319 0.01 < 0.005 — 320 Paving 0.09 0.09 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.03 0.03 0.27 0.38 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 52.8 52.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 52.9 Paving 0.02 0.02 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.07 0.06 0.06 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.05 — 207 207 0.01 0.01 0.70 210 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.05 — 190 190 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 193 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 25 / 68
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 — 40.6 40.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.06 41.2 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.73 6.73 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 6.82 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.15. Architectural Coating (2028) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.17 0.14 1.08 1.49 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 178 178 0.01 < 0.005 — 179 Architect
ur
al
Coating
s
190 190 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.17 0.14 1.08 1.49 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 178 178 0.01 < 0.005 — 179 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 26 / 68
————————————————190190Architect
ur
al
Coating
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.03 0.02 0.16 0.22 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 26.3 26.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 26.4 Architect
ur
al
Coating
s

28.0 28.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.04 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 4.36 4.36 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 4.38 Architect
ur
al
Coating
s

5.12 5.12 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.32 0.29 0.26 4.61 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.23 0.23 — 989 989 0.01 0.04 2.81 1,003 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 27 / 68
——————————————————Daily,
Winter
(Max)
Worker 0.28 0.27 0.29 3.49 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.23 0.23 — 910 910 0.01 0.04 0.07 921 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.03 0.03 — 136 136 < 0.005 0.01 0.18 138 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 — 22.6 22.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 22.9 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing

27.6 25.8 17.7 162 0.40 0.28 35.4 35.7 0.26 8.98 9.25 — 40,487 40,487 1.86 1.92 115 41,221 City
P
ark

0.04 0.04 0.04 0.40 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.10 0.10 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 — 111 111 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.32 113 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 28 / 68
Hotel 3.14 2.94 2.07 19.1 0.05 0.03 4.23 4.26 0.03 1.07 1.11 — 4,830 4,830 0.22 0.23 13.7 4,917 General
Office
Building

0.82 0.75 0.75 7.30 0.02 0.01 1.80 1.81 0.01 0.46 0.47 — 2,026 2,026 0.07 0.09 5.83 2,059 Library 9.59 8.83 7.70 73.7 0.19 0.13 17.5 17.7 0.13 4.45 4.58 — 19,812 19,812 0.75 0.86 56.8 20,145 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)

7.68 7.39 3.23 26.3 0.05 0.04 4.13 4.17 0.04 1.05 1.09 — 4,993 4,993 0.40 0.32 13.4 5,113 Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru

7.24 6.90 3.58 30.8 0.07 0.05 5.70 5.75 0.05 1.45 1.49 — 6,686 6,686 0.41 0.37 18.5 6,826 Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center

16.9 16.1 9.00 79.0 0.18 0.13 15.5 15.6 0.12 3.93 4.05 — 17,999 17,999 1.01 0.95 50.2 18,358 Superm
ar
ket

18.2 17.1 11.3 102 0.25 0.18 21.9 22.1 0.17 5.57 5.73 — 25,167 25,167 1.20 1.22 71.1 25,631 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 91.2 85.8 55.3 501 1.19 0.86 106 107 0.80 27.0 27.8 — 122,112 122,112 5.92 5.96 344 124,381 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing

25.9 24.2 18.9 141 0.37 0.28 35.4 35.7 0.26 8.98 9.25 — 38,074 38,074 1.96 1.98 2.97 38,717 City
P
ark

0.04 0.04 0.04 0.33 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.10 0.10 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 — 104 104 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 106 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 29 / 68
Hotel 2.96 2.75 2.22 16.6 0.04 0.03 4.23 4.26 0.03 1.07 1.11 — 4,542 4,542 0.23 0.23 0.36 4,617 General
Office
Building

0.78 0.70 0.80 6.06 0.02 0.01 1.80 1.81 0.01 0.46 0.47 — 1,902 1,902 0.07 0.09 0.15 1,931 Library 9.06 8.29 8.25 62.1 0.18 0.13 17.5 17.7 0.13 4.45 4.58 — 18,614 18,614 0.78 0.89 1.47 18,900 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)

7.18 6.88 3.44 25.1 0.05 0.04 4.13 4.17 0.04 1.05 1.09 — 4,715 4,715 0.43 0.33 0.35 4,826 Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru

6.78 6.44 3.82 28.2 0.06 0.05 5.70 5.75 0.05 1.45 1.49 — 6,300 6,300 0.44 0.38 0.48 6,426 Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center

15.8 15.0 9.61 71.2 0.17 0.13 15.5 15.6 0.12 3.93 4.05 — 16,948 16,948 1.08 0.98 1.30 17,268 Superm
ar
ket

17.1 16.0 12.0 89.7 0.23 0.18 21.9 22.1 0.17 5.57 5.73 — 23,672 23,672 1.27 1.26 1.84 24,080 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 85.7 80.2 59.1 441 1.12 0.86 106 107 0.80 27.0 27.8 — 114,871 114,871 6.28 6.15 8.93 116,870 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing

4.60 4.28 3.44 26.1 0.07 0.05 6.24 6.29 0.05 1.58 1.63 — 6,242 6,242 0.32 0.32 8.04 6,354 City
P
ark
< 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 9.44 9.44 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 9.59 Hotel 0.51 0.47 0.39 2.99 0.01 0.01 0.73 0.73 0.01 0.18 0.19 — 726 726 0.04 0.04 0.94 738 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 30 / 68
2410.310.010.01237237—0.060.06< 0.0050.240.24< 0.005< 0.0050.860.110.090.11General Office
Building
Library 1.41 1.29 1.32 10.1 0.03 0.02 2.71 2.73 0.02 0.69 0.71 — 2,677 2,677 0.11 0.13 3.49 2,722 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)

1.04 1.00 0.51 3.77 0.01 0.01 0.60 0.60 0.01 0.15 0.16 — 632 632 0.06 0.04 0.77 647 Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru

0.97 0.92 0.56 4.20 0.01 0.01 0.81 0.82 0.01 0.21 0.21 — 836 836 0.06 0.05 1.05 854 Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center

2.33 2.20 1.44 10.9 0.02 0.02 2.26 2.28 0.02 0.57 0.59 — 2,302 2,302 0.15 0.13 2.92 2,348 Superm
ar
ket

2.68 2.51 1.93 14.7 0.04 0.03 3.42 3.45 0.03 0.87 0.89 — 3,430 3,430 0.18 0.18 4.41 3,493 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 13.7 12.8 9.70 73.6 0.18 0.14 17.0 17.2 0.13 4.32 4.45 — 17,090 17,090 0.92 0.91 21.9 17,407

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 31 / 68
——————————————————Daily,
Summer
(Max)
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 9,277 9,277 0.68 0.08 — 9,318
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,168 1,168 0.09 0.01 — 1,174 General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — — 325 325 0.02 < 0.005 — 326
Library — — — — — — — — — — — — 356 356 0.03 < 0.005 — 358 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — — 726 726 0.05 0.01 — 730
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — — 153 153 0.01 < 0.005 — 153
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — — 738 738 0.05 0.01 — 741
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — — 1,792 1,792 0.13 0.02 — 1,800
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 145 145 0.01 < 0.005 — 146
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 14,681 14,681 1.07 0.13 — 14,747 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 32 / 68
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 9,277 9,277 0.68 0.08 — 9,318
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,168 1,168 0.09 0.01 — 1,174 General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — — 325 325 0.02 < 0.005 — 326
Library — — — — — — — — — — — — 356 356 0.03 < 0.005 — 358 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — — 726 726 0.05 0.01 — 730
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — — 153 153 0.01 < 0.005 — 153
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — — 738 738 0.05 0.01 — 741
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — — 1,792 1,792 0.13 0.02 — 1,800
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 145 145 0.01 < 0.005 — 146
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 14,681 14,681 1.07 0.13 — 14,747 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 33 / 68
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 1,536 1,536 0.11 0.01 — 1,543
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — — 193 193 0.01 < 0.005 — 194 General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — — 53.8 53.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 54.0 Library — — — — — — — — — — — — 59.0 59.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 59.3 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — — 120 120 0.01 < 0.005 — 121
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — — 25.3 25.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 25.4 Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — — 122 122 0.01 < 0.005 — 123
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — — 297 297 0.02 < 0.005 — 298
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 24.1 24.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 24.2 Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,431 2,431 0.18 0.02 — 2,441 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 34 / 68

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing

0.84 0.42 7.18 3.06 0.05 0.58 — 0.58 0.58 — 0.58 — 9,118 9,118 0.81 0.02 — 9,144 City
P
ark

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Hotel 0.05 0.03 0.47 0.39 < 0.005 0.04 — 0.04 0.04 — 0.04 — 559 559 0.05 < 0.005 — 561 General
Office
Building

0.01 0.01 0.11 0.09 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 133 133 0.01 < 0.005 — 133 Library 0.04 0.02 0.35 0.29 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.03 — 0.03 — 413 413 0.04 < 0.005 — 414 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)

0.06 0.03 0.51 0.43 < 0.005 0.04 — 0.04 0.04 — 0.04 — 609 609 0.05 < 0.005 — 611 Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru

0.01 0.01 0.11 0.09 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 128 128 0.01 < 0.005 — 128 Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center

0.01 0.01 0.10 0.08 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 116 116 0.01 < 0.005 — 116 Superm
ar
ket

0.02 0.01 0.20 0.17 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 242 242 0.02 < 0.005 — 243 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 35 / 68

0.00—0.000.000.000.00—0.00—0.000.00—0.000.000.000.000.000.00Parking Lot
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 1.04 0.52 9.03 4.61 0.06 0.72 — 0.72 0.72 — 0.72 — 11,318 11,318 1.00 0.02 — 11,349 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing

0.84 0.42 7.18 3.06 0.05 0.58 — 0.58 0.58 — 0.58 — 9,118 9,118 0.81 0.02 — 9,144 City
P
ark

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Hotel 0.05 0.03 0.47 0.39 < 0.005 0.04 — 0.04 0.04 — 0.04 — 559 559 0.05 < 0.005 — 561 General
Office
Building

0.01 0.01 0.11 0.09 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 133 133 0.01 < 0.005 — 133 Library 0.04 0.02 0.35 0.29 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.03 — 0.03 — 413 413 0.04 < 0.005 — 414 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)

0.06 0.03 0.51 0.43 < 0.005 0.04 — 0.04 0.04 — 0.04 — 609 609 0.05 < 0.005 — 611 Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru

0.01 0.01 0.11 0.09 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 128 128 0.01 < 0.005 — 128 Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center

0.01 0.01 0.10 0.08 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 116 116 0.01 < 0.005 — 116 Superm
ar
ket

0.02 0.01 0.20 0.17 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 242 242 0.02 < 0.005 — 243 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 36 / 68
Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 1.04 0.52 9.03 4.61 0.06 0.72 — 0.72 0.72 — 0.72 — 11,318 11,318 1.00 0.02 — 11,349 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing

0.15 0.08 1.31 0.56 0.01 0.11 — 0.11 0.11 — 0.11 — 1,510 1,510 0.13 < 0.005 — 1,514 City
P
ark

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Hotel 0.01 < 0.005 0.09 0.07 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 92.6 92.6 0.01 < 0.005 — 92.9 General
Office
Building
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 22.0 22.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 22.0 Library 0.01 < 0.005 0.06 0.05 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 68.4 68.4 0.01 < 0.005 — 68.6 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)

0.01 0.01 0.09 0.08 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 101 101 0.01 < 0.005 — 101 Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 21.2 21.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 21.2 Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 19.1 19.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 19.2 Superm
ar
ket
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.04 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 40.1 40.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 40.2 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 37 / 68
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.19 0.10 1.65 0.84 0.01 0.13 — 0.13 0.13 — 0.13 — 1,874 1,874 0.17 < 0.005 — 1,879

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 1.55 0.78 13.3 5.65 0.08 1.07 — 1.07 1.07 — 1.07 0.00 16,845 16,845 0.32 0.03 — 16,862 Consum
er
Product
s

35.9 35.9 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ur
al
Coating
s

2.80 2.80 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

5.95 5.59 0.51 55.4 < 0.005 0.04 — 0.04 0.03 — 0.03 — 162 162 0.01 < 0.005 — 163 Total 46.2 45.1 13.8 61.1 0.09 1.11 — 1.11 1.10 — 1.10 0.00 17,007 17,007 0.32 0.03 — 17,025 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 1.55 0.78 13.3 5.65 0.08 1.07 — 1.07 1.07 — 1.07 0.00 16,845 16,845 0.32 0.03 — 16,862 Consum
er
Product
s

35.9 35.9 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 38 / 68
Architect
Coatings

2.80 2.80 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total 40.2 39.5 13.3 5.65 0.08 1.07 — 1.07 1.07 — 1.07 0.00 16,845 16,845 0.32 0.03 — 16,862 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.07 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 0.00 191 191 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 191 Consum
er
Product
s

6.55 6.55 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ur
al
Coating
s

0.51 0.51 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.74 0.70 0.06 6.93 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 18.4 18.4 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 18.5 Total 7.83 7.77 0.23 7.00 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 0.00 209 209 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 210

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 62.4 1,472 1,534 6.50 0.16 — 1,746 City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 21.8 21.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 21.9 Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — 5.15 22.7 27.9 0.53 0.01 — 44.9 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 39 / 68
General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — 5.11 22.5 27.6 0.53 0.01 — 44.5
Library — — — — — — — — — — — 1.80 7.93 9.73 0.19 < 0.005 — 15.7 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — 9.69 42.7 52.4 1.00 0.02 — 84.5
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — 2.04 8.98 11.0 0.21 0.01 — 17.8
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — 8.64 38.1 46.8 0.89 0.02 — 75.4
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — 10.6 46.9 57.5 1.09 0.03 — 92.7
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 105 1,683 1,789 10.9 0.27 — 2,143 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 62.4 1,472 1,534 6.50 0.16 — 1,746 City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 21.8 21.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 21.9 Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — 5.15 22.7 27.9 0.53 0.01 — 44.9 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 40 / 68
General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — 5.11 22.5 27.6 0.53 0.01 — 44.5
Library — — — — — — — — — — — 1.80 7.93 9.73 0.19 < 0.005 — 15.7 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — 9.69 42.7 52.4 1.00 0.02 — 84.5
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — 2.04 8.98 11.0 0.21 0.01 — 17.8
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — 8.64 38.1 46.8 0.89 0.02 — 75.4
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — 10.6 46.9 57.5 1.09 0.03 — 92.7
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 105 1,683 1,789 10.9 0.27 — 2,143 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 10.3 244 254 1.08 0.03 — 289
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 3.62 3.62 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 3.63 Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — 0.85 3.76 4.62 0.09 < 0.005 — 7.44 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 41 / 68

7.38—< 0.0050.094.583.730.85———————————General
Office
Building
Library — — — — — — — — — — — 0.30 1.31 1.61 0.03 < 0.005 — 2.60 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — 1.60 7.08 8.68 0.17 < 0.005 — 14.0 Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.34 1.49 1.82 0.03 < 0.005 — 2.94 Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — 1.43 6.31 7.74 0.15 < 0.005 — 12.5 Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — 1.76 7.76 9.52 0.18 < 0.005 — 15.3 Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 17.5 279 296 1.81 0.04 — 355

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 42 / 68
——————————————————Daily,
Summer
(Max)
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 395 0.00 395 39.5 0.00 — 1,381
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.22 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 — 0.78
Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — 31.3 0.00 31.3 3.13 0.00 — 109 General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — 7.52 0.00 7.52 0.75 0.00 — 26.3
Library — — — — — — — — — — — 14.9 0.00 14.9 1.49 0.00 — 52.1 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — 107 0.00 107 10.7 0.00 — 374
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — 21.7 0.00 21.7 2.17 0.00 — 76.0
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — 34.5 0.00 34.5 3.44 0.00 — 121
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — 137 0.00 137 13.7 0.00 — 479
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 748 0.00 748 74.8 0.00 — 2,619 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 43 / 68
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 395 0.00 395 39.5 0.00 — 1,381
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.22 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.00 — 0.78
Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — 31.3 0.00 31.3 3.13 0.00 — 109 General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — 7.52 0.00 7.52 0.75 0.00 — 26.3
Library — — — — — — — — — — — 14.9 0.00 14.9 1.49 0.00 — 52.1 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — 107 0.00 107 10.7 0.00 — 374
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — 21.7 0.00 21.7 2.17 0.00 — 76.0
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — 34.5 0.00 34.5 3.44 0.00 — 121
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — 137 0.00 137 13.7 0.00 — 479
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 748 0.00 748 74.8 0.00 — 2,619 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 44 / 68
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 65.4 0.00 65.4 6.53 0.00 — 229
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.04 0.00 0.04 < 0.005 0.00 — 0.13 Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — 5.18 0.00 5.18 0.52 0.00 — 18.1 General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — 1.24 0.00 1.24 0.12 0.00 — 4.35
Library — — — — — — — — — — — 2.47 0.00 2.47 0.25 0.00 — 8.62 High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — 17.7 0.00 17.7 1.77 0.00 — 61.9
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.60 0.00 3.60 0.36 0.00 — 12.6
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — 5.70 0.00 5.70 0.57 0.00 — 20.0
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — 22.6 0.00 22.6 2.26 0.00 — 79.2
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Other
Asphalt
Surf
aces
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 124 0.00 124 12.4 0.00 — 434 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 45 / 68

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9.22 9.22
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 32.8 32.8
General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.02 0.02
Library — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.04 0.04
High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9.35 9.35
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.96 1.96
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.23 0.23
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 46 / 68
357357————————————————Superm
arket
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 410 410
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
F
amily
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9.22 9.22
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 32.8 32.8
General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.02 0.02
Library — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.04 0.04
High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9.35 9.35
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.96 1.96
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.23 0.23
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 357 357
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 410 410
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 47 / 68

1.531.53————————————————Single
Family
Housing
City
P
ark
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00
Hotel — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5.43 5.43
General
Office
Building
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — < 0.005 < 0.005
Library — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.01 0.01
High
T
urnover
(Sit
Down
Restaurant)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.55 1.55
Fast
F
ood
Restaurant
with
Drive
Thru
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.33 0.33
Regiona
l
Shoppin
g
Center
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.04 0.04
Superm
ar
ket
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 59.1 59.1
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 68.0 68.0

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 48 / 68
CO2eRN2OCH4CO2TNBCO2BCO2PM2.5TPM2.5DPM2.5EPM10TPM10DPM10ESO2CONOxROGTOGEquipm ent
Type
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
T
ype
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 49 / 68

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
T
ype
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Vegetati
on
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 50 / 68
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 51 / 68
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description Site Preparation Site Preparation 11/5/2025 11/26/2025 5.00 16.0 — 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 52 / 68
Grading Grading 11/26/2025 03/23/2026 5.00 84.0 —
Building Construction Building Construction 03/23/2026 11/6/2028 5.00 686 — Paving Paving 07/23/2026 11/6/2026 5.00 77.0 —
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 08/23/2028 11/6/2028 5.00 54.0 —

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 3.00 8.00 367 0.40 Site Preparation Crawler Tractors Diesel Average 4.00 8.00 87.0 0.43 Grading Excavators Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Grading Graders Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 148 0.41
Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 367 0.40 Grading Scrapers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 423 0.48
Grading Crawler Tractors Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 87.0 0.43 Building Construction Cranes Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 367 0.29 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Average 5.00 8.00 82.0 0.20 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 14.0 0.74 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 5.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 46.0 0.45 Paving Pavers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 81.0 0.42
Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 89.0 0.36 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 37.0 0.48

5.3. Construction Vehicles
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 53 / 68

5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation — — — —
Site Preparation Worker 17.5 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor 3.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck — — HHDT
Grading — — — —
Grading Worker 20.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor 13.0 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck — — HHDT
Building Construction — — — —
Building Construction Worker 372 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Building Construction Vendor 107 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Paving — — — —
Paving Worker 15.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor — 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck — — HHDT
Architectural Coating — — — —
Architectural Coating Worker 74.5 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Architectural Coating Vendor — 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck — — HHDT
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 54 / 68

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.5. Architectural Coatings
Phase Name Residential Interior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
Architectural Coating 2,916,000 972,000 344,189 114,730 34,081

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy) Material Exported (cy) Acres Graded (acres) Material Demolished (sq. ft.) Acres Paved (acres) Site Preparation — — 320 0.00 —
Grading — — 1,680 0.00 —
Paving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.9

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Control Strategies Applied Frequency (per day) PM10 Reduction PM2.5 Reduction Water Exposed Area 3 74% 74%

5.7. Construction Paving
Land Use Area Paved (acres) % Asphalt
Single Family Housing 8.82 0%
City Park 0.00 0%
Hotel 0.00 0%
General Office Building 0.00 0%
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 55 / 68
Library 0.00 0%
High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) 0.00 0%
Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru 0.00 0%
Regional Shopping Center 0.00 0%
Supermarket 0.00 0%
Parking Lot 3.07 100%
Other Asphalt Surfaces 9.97 100%

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors kWh per Y ear and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Y ear kWh per Y ear CO2 CH4 N2O
2025 0.00 453 0.03 < 0.005
2026 0.00 453 0.03 < 0.005
2027 0.00 453 0.03 < 0.005
2028 0.00 453 0.03 < 0.005

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Y ear VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Y ear Single Family
Housing
7,544 7,584 6,784 2,716,017 49,727 49,990 44,717 17,902,768 City Park 4.00 9.41 10.5 2,082 53.0 125 139 27,578
Hotel 848 855 630 298,521 5,923 5,975 4,398 2,085,156
General Office
Building
192 33.1 10.5 52,333 2,544 439 139 693,376
Library 2,162 2,403 1,263 754,815 22,281 24,760 13,012 7,778,475 High Turnover (Sit
Do
wn Restaurant)
1,786 2,039 2,376 695,863 4,387 5,009 5,837 1,709,283
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 56 / 68
Fast Food
Restaur
ant with
Drive Thru
1,636 2,156 1,654 625,218 6,107 8,050 6,175 2,334,026
Regional Shopping
Center
4,112 4,936 2,599 1,464,935 18,216 21,868 11,513 6,489,740 Supermarket 4,224 5,074 4,609 1,606,201 25,801 30,993 28,151 9,810,512 Parking Lot 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Asphalt
Surf
aces

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.1.1. Unmitigated
Hearth Type Unmitigated (number)
Single Family Housing —
Wood Fireplaces 0
Gas Fireplaces 800
Propane Fireplaces 0
Electric Fireplaces 0
No Fireplaces 0
Conventional Wood Stoves 0
Catalytic Wood Stoves 0
Non-Catalytic Wood Stoves 0
Pellet Wood Stoves 0

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings
Residential Interior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Residential Exterior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area Coated
(sq
ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 57 / 68
2916000 972,000 344,189 114,730 34,081

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00
Summer Days day/yr 250

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Single Family Housing 7,471,395 453 0.0330 0.0040 28,451,451 City Park 0.00 453 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
Hotel 940,998 453 0.0330 0.0040 1,745,474
General Office Building 261,648 453 0.0330 0.0040 413,800 Library 287,072 453 0.0330 0.0040 1,288,510
High Turnover (Sit Down
Restaur
ant)
585,014 453 0.0330 0.0040 1,900,220
Fast Food Restaurant with
Dr
ive Thru
122,902 453 0.0330 0.0040 399,206
Regional Shopping Center 594,189 453 0.0330 0.0040 360,601 Supermarket 1,443,587 453 0.0330 0.0040 755,314
Parking Lot 117,147 453 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
Other Asphalt Surfaces 0.00 453 0.0330 0.0040 0.00

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated
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Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) Single Family Housing 32,539,020 181,588,668
City Park 0.00 3,315,245
Hotel 2,688,878 0.00
General Office Building 2,666,006 0.00
Library 938,667 0.00
High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) 5,056,872 0.00
Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru 1,062,368 0.00
Regional Shopping Center 4,510,276 0.00
Supermarket 5,547,070 0.00
Parking Lot 0.00 0.00
Other Asphalt Surfaces 0.00 0.00

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
Single Family Housing 732 —
City Park 0.41 —
Hotel 58.0 —
General Office Building 14.0 —
Library 27.6 —
High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) 198 —
Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru 40.3 —
Regional Shopping Center 63.9 —
Supermarket 254 —
Parking Lot 0.00 —
Other Asphalt Surfaces 0.00 —
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5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced Single Family Housing Average room A/C &
Other
residential A/C
and heat pumps
User Defined 750 < 0.005 2.50 2.50 10.0
Single Family Housing Household
refr
igerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.12 0.60 0.00 1.00
City Park Other commercial A/C
and
heat pumps
User Defined 750 < 0.005 4.00 4.00 18.0
City Park Stand-alone retail
refr
igerators and
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.04 1.00 0.00 1.00
Hotel Household
refr
igerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.00 0.60 0.00 1.00
Hotel Other commercial A/C
and
heat pumps
User Defined 750 1.80 4.00 4.00 18.0
Hotel Walk-in refrigerators
and
freezers
User Defined 150 < 0.005 7.50 7.50 20.0
General Office
Building
Household
refr
igerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.02 0.60 0.00 1.00
General Office
Building
Other commercial A/C
and
heat pumps
User Defined 750 < 0.005 4.00 4.00 18.0
Library Household
refr
igerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.02 0.60 0.00 1.00
Library Other commercial A/C
and
heat pumps
User Defined 750 < 0.005 4.00 4.00 18.0
Library Stand-alone retail
refr
igerators and
freezers
R-134a 1,430 < 0.005 1.00 0.00 1.00
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Library Walk-in refrigerators
and
freezers
User Defined 150 < 0.005 7.50 7.50 20.0
High Turnover (Sit
Do
wn Restaurant)
Household
refr
igerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.00 0.60 0.00 1.00
High Turnover (Sit
Do
wn Restaurant)
Other commercial A/C
and
heat pumps
User Defined 750 1.80 4.00 4.00 18.0
High Turnover (Sit
Do
wn Restaurant)
Walk-in refrigerators
and
freezers
User Defined 150 < 0.005 7.50 7.50 20.0
Fast Food Restaurant
with
Drive Thru
Household
refr
igerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.00 0.60 0.00 1.00
Fast Food Restaurant
with
Drive Thru
Other commercial A/C
and
heat pumps
User Defined 750 1.80 4.00 4.00 18.0
Fast Food Restaurant
with
Drive Thru
Walk-in refrigerators
and
freezers
User Defined 150 < 0.005 7.50 7.50 20.0
Regional Shopping
Center
Other commercial A/C
and
heat pumps
User Defined 750 < 0.005 4.00 4.00 18.0
Regional Shopping
Center
Stand-alone retail
refr
igerators and
freezers
R-134a 1,430 0.04 1.00 0.00 1.00
Supermarket Other commercial A/C
and
heat pumps
User Defined 750 < 0.005 4.00 4.00 18.0
Supermarket Supermarket
refr
igeration and
condensing units
User Defined 150 26.5 16.5 16.5 18.0

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated
Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor

5.16. Stationary Sources
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5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps
Equipment Type Fuel Type Number per Day Hours per Day Hours per Y ear Horsepower Load Factor

5.16.2. Process Boilers
Equipment Type Fuel Type Number Boiler Rating (MMBtu/hr) Daily Heat Input (MMBtu/day) Annual Heat Input (MMBtu/yr)

5.17. User Defined
Equipment Type Fuel Type

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year) 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 62 / 68

6. Climate Risk Detailed Report

6.1. Climate Risk Summary
Cal-Adapt midcentury 2040–2059 average projections for four hazards are reported below for your project location. These are under Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 which assumes
GHG emissions will continue to rise strongly through 2050 and then plateau around 2100.

Climate Hazard Result for Project Location Unit
Temperature and Extreme Heat 28.0 annual days of extreme heat Extreme Precipitation 2.05 annual days with precipitation above 20 mm Sea Level Rise — meters of inundation depth
Wildfire 7.76 annual hectares burned
Temperature and Extreme Heat data are for grid cell in which your project are located. The projection is based on the 98th historical percentile of daily maximum/minimum temperatures from obser
ved historical data (32 climate model ensemble from Cal-Adapt, 2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

Extreme Precipitation data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The threshold of 20 mm is equivalent to about ¾ an inch of rain, which would be light to moderate rainfall if receiv
ed over a full day or heavy rain if received over a period of 2 to 4 hours. Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

Sea Level Rise data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from Radke et al. (2017), as reported in Cal-Adapt (Radke et al., 2017, CEC-500-2017-008), and consider
inundation location and depth for the San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and California coast resulting different increments of sea level rise coupled with extreme storm events. Users may select from four scenarios to view the range in potential inundation depth for the grid cell. The four scenarios are: No rise, 0.5 meter, 1.0 meter, 1.41 meters Wildfire data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from UC Davis, as reported in Cal-Adapt (2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5), and consider historical data of
climate, vegetation, population density, and large (> 400 ha) fire history. Users may select from four model simulations to view the range in potential wildfire probabilities for the grid cell. The four simulations make different assumptions about expected rainfall and temperature are: Warmer/drier (HadGEM2-ES), Cooler/wetter (CNRM-CM5), Average conditions (CanESM2), Range of different rainfall and temperature possibilities (MIROC5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 0 0 N/A
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 0 0 N/A
Wildfire 1 0 0 N/A
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 0 0 0 N/A
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The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the g
reatest exposure.

The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing
the greatest ability to adapt.

The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores do not include implementation of climate risk reduction measures
.

6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 1 1 3
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 1 1 2
Wildfire 1 1 1 2
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 1 1 1 2
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the g
reatest exposure.

The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing
the greatest ability to adapt.

The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores include implementation of climate risk reduction measures
.

6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures

7. Health and Equity Details

7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.

Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Exposure Indicators —
AQ-Ozone 99.1
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AQ-PM 56.1
AQ-DPM 64.1
Drinking Water 10.2
Lead Risk Housing 19.2
Pesticides 62.3
Toxic Releases 54.3
Traffic 43.8
Effect Indicators —
CleanUp Sites 17.1
Groundwater 0.00
Haz Waste Facilities/Generators 40.9
Impaired Water Bodies 0.00
Solid Waste 0.00
Sensitive Population —
Asthma 72.0
Cardio-vascular 93.5
Low Birth Weights 68.4
Socioeconomic Factor Indicators —
Education 49.4
Housing 62.4
Linguistic 56.3
Poverty 60.6
Unemployment 58.4

7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.

Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Economic —
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Above Poverty 46.40061594
Employed 68.38188118
Median HI 54.09983318
Education —
Bachelor's or higher 45.52803798
High school enrollment 100
Preschool enrollment 16.32234056
Transportation —
Auto Access 70.20402926
Active commuting 11.88245862
Social —
2-parent households 45.51520595
Voting 16.7842936
Neighborhood —
Alcohol availability 82.6767612
Park access 53.93301681
Retail density 39.66380085
Supermarket access 38.16245348
Tree canopy 0.898242012
Housing —
Homeownership 49.23649429
Housing habitability 68.70268189
Low-inc homeowner severe housing cost burden 15.42409855 Low-inc renter severe housing cost burden 85.268831
Uncrowded housing 85.268831
Health Outcomes —
Insured adults 21.95560118
Arthritis 90.5
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Asthma ER Admissions 30.2
High Blood Pressure 79.9
Cancer (excluding skin) 85.3
Asthma 49.0
Coronary Heart Disease 94.7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 86.1
Diagnosed Diabetes 80.8
Life Expectancy at Birth 17.2
Cognitively Disabled 33.5
Physically Disabled 52.4
Heart Attack ER Admissions 3.3
Mental Health Not Good 51.7
Chronic Kidney Disease 90.3
Obesity 37.0
Pedestrian Injuries 19.6
Physical Health Not Good 69.2
Stroke 88.3
Health Risk Behaviors —
Binge Drinking 20.5
Current Smoker 45.9
No Leisure Time for Physical Activity 52.7
Climate Change Exposures —
Wildfire Risk 18.6
SLR Inundation Area 0.0
Children 35.2
Elderly 94.0
English Speaking 77.1
Foreign-born 60.7
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Outdoor Workers 46.4
Climate Change Adaptive Capacity —
Impervious Surface Cover 84.1
Traffic Density 36.6
Traffic Access 23.0
Other Indices —
Hardship 35.1
Other Decision Support —
2016 Voting 26.1

7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
Metric Result for Project Census Tract
CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Score for Project Location (a) 63.0 Healthy Places Index Score for Project Location (b) 42.0 Project Located in a Designated Disadvantaged Community (Senate Bill 535) No Project Located in a Low-Income Community (Assembly Bill 1550) No Project Located in a Community Air Protection Program Community (Assembly Bill 617) No a: The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state. b: The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.

7.4. Health & Equity Measures
No Health & Equity Measures selected.

7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
Health & Equity Evaluation Scorecard not completed.

7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
No Health & Equity Custom Measures created.

8. User Changes to Default Data
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Unmitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 68 / 68
Screen Justification
Land Use Land uses modeled consistent with information provided in Traffic and on Site Plan Construction: Construction Phases Taken from latest provided construction schedule Construction: Off-Road Equipment Construction equipment based on consultation with the Project Team Construction: Dust From Material Movement Analysis conservatively assumes that up to 20 acres can be disturbed per day As
such, the “Total Acres Graded” field in CalEEMod has been revised to 320 acres for site preparation (20 acres disturbed per day x 16 working days) and 1680 acres for grading activities (20 acres disturbed per day x 84 working days) Construction: Trips and VMT Vendor Trips adjusted based on CalEEMod defaults for Building Construction and number of da
ys for Site Preparation, Grading, and Building Construction Construction: Architectural Coatings SCAQMD Rule 1113
Operations: Vehicle Data Trip characteristics based on information provided in the Traffic analysis P
ass-by and internal capture was accounted for in the "Pass By Trip" category.

Operations: Hearths SCAQMD Rule 445
Characteristics: Project Details —
Operations: Architectural Coatings SCAQMD Rule 1113
Operations: Refrigerants As of 1 January 2022, new commercial refrigeration equipment may not use refrigerants with a GWP
of 150 or greater. Further, R-404A (the CalEEMod default) is unacceptable for new supermarket and cold storage systems as of 1 January 2019 and 2023, respectively.

Beginning 1 January 2025, all new air conditioning equipment may not use refrigerants with a GWP of 750 or greater.

14556-12 AQ Report

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14556-12 AQ Report

APPENDIX 5.2:

CALEEMOD CONSTRUCTION (MITIGATED) EMISSIONS MODEL OUTPUTS 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 1 / 36
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report Table of Contents

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information

1.2. Land Use Types

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.2. Construction Emissions by Y ear, Unmitigated

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2025) - Unmitigated

3.3. Grading (2025) - Unmitigated

3.5. Grading (2026) - Unmitigated

3.7. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated

3.9. Building Construction (2027) - Unmitigated

3.11. Building Construction (2028) - Unmitigated

3.13. Paving (2026) - Unmitigated
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 2 / 36

3.15. Architectural Coating (2028) - Unmitigated

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies

5.5. Architectural Coatings

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 3 / 36

5.7. Construction Paving

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated

6. Climate Risk Detailed Report

6.1. Climate Risk Summary

6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores

6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores

6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures

7. Health and Equity Details

7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores

7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores

7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 4 / 36

7.4. Health & Equity Measures

7.5. Evaluation Scorecard

7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures

8. User Changes to Default Data
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 5 / 36

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Construction Start Date 11/5/2025
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Plan/community
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s) 2.50
Precipitation (days) 24.0
Location 33.920986394588446, -117.193682312174
County Riverside-South Coast
City Moreno Valley
Air District South Coast AQMD
Air Basin South Coast
TAZ 5592
EDFZ 11
Electric Utility Moreno Valley Utility
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.29

1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft) Landscape Area (sq ft)
Special Landscape
Area
(sq ft)
Population Description
Single Family
Housing
800 Dwelling Unit 33.1 1,440,000 9,370,286 — 2,584 —
City Park 4.80 Acre 4.80 0.00 209,088 0.00 — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 6 / 36
Hotel 106 Room 1.34 58,409 0.00 — — —
General Office
Building

15.0 1000sqft 0.34 15,000 0.00 — — —
Library 30.0 1000sqft 0.69 30,000 0.00 — — —
High Turnover (Sit
Do
wn Restaurant)

16.7 1000sqft 0.38 16,660 0.00 — — —
Fast Food
Restaur
ant with
Drive Thru

3.50 1000sqft 0.08 3,500 0.00 — — —
Regional Shopping
Center

60.9 1000sqft 1.40 60,890 0.00 — — —
Supermarket 45.0 1000sqft 1.03 45,000 0.00 — — —
Parking Lot 930 Space 3.07 0.00 0.00 — — —
Other Asphalt
Surf
aces
434 1000sqft 9.97 0.00 0.00 — — —

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector No measures selected

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 59.3 58.8 13.6 69.1 0.09 0.36 6.75 7.01 0.34 1.62 1.87 — 14,890 14,890 0.55 0.73 26.9 15,149 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 59.0 58.7 16.8 88.4 0.14 0.44 8.96 9.26 0.42 3.82 4.10 — 20,122 20,122 0.63 0.85 0.73 20,391 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 7 / 36
Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 9.89 9.75 8.02 37.3 0.05 0.19 4.07 4.24 0.19 0.98 1.15 — 9,052 9,052 0.25 0.49 7.31 9,212 Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 1.80 1.78 1.46 6.80 0.01 0.04 0.74 0.77 0.03 0.18 0.21 — 1,499 1,499 0.04 0.08 1.21 1,525

2.2. Construction Emissions by Y ear, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Y ear TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2026 3.89 3.46 13.6 69.1 0.09 0.36 5.98 6.34 0.34 1.44 1.78 — 14,890 14,890 0.55 0.73 26.9 15,149 2027 2.84 2.47 10.8 55.3 0.07 0.25 5.78 6.03 0.24 1.39 1.63 — 13,018 13,018 0.33 0.69 23.7 13,255 2028 59.3 58.8 11.9 59.7 0.07 0.26 6.75 7.01 0.25 1.62 1.87 — 14,020 14,020 0.32 0.73 24.2 14,269 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 1.56 1.49 8.27 68.5 0.12 0.28 8.96 9.24 0.28 3.82 4.10 — 13,219 13,219 0.53 0.19 0.09 13,290 2026 3.80 3.37 16.8 88.4 0.14 0.44 8.82 9.26 0.42 2.47 2.89 — 20,122 20,122 0.63 0.85 0.73 20,391 2027 2.76 2.38 11.1 49.3 0.07 0.25 5.78 6.03 0.24 1.39 1.63 — 12,616 12,616 0.33 0.69 0.62 12,830 2028 59.0 58.7 12.2 53.0 0.07 0.26 6.75 7.01 0.25 1.62 1.87 — 13,547 13,547 0.33 0.73 0.63 13,772 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 0.09 0.09 0.51 4.01 0.01 0.02 0.47 0.49 0.02 0.20 0.21 — 776 776 0.03 0.01 0.09 780 2026 1.93 1.70 7.83 37.3 0.05 0.19 3.69 3.89 0.19 0.94 1.13 — 8,666 8,666 0.25 0.43 6.48 8,805 2027 1.97 1.70 8.02 35.9 0.05 0.18 4.07 4.24 0.17 0.98 1.15 — 9,052 9,052 0.24 0.49 7.31 9,212 2028 9.89 9.75 6.81 30.5 0.04 0.15 3.61 3.75 0.14 0.87 1.01 — 7,779 7,779 0.19 0.42 5.79 7,917 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
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2025 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.73 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.09 0.09 < 0.005 0.04 0.04 — 128 128 0.01 < 0.005 0.01 129 2026 0.35 0.31 1.43 6.80 0.01 0.04 0.67 0.71 0.03 0.17 0.21 — 1,435 1,435 0.04 0.07 1.07 1,458 2027 0.36 0.31 1.46 6.55 0.01 0.03 0.74 0.77 0.03 0.18 0.21 — 1,499 1,499 0.04 0.08 1.21 1,525 2028 1.80 1.78 1.24 5.57 0.01 0.03 0.66 0.69 0.03 0.16 0.18 — 1,288 1,288 0.03 0.07 0.96 1,311

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.52 0.52 2.71 30.0 0.05 0.10 — 0.10 0.10 — 0.10 — 5,528 5,528 0.22 0.04 — 5,547 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 5.66 5.66 — 2.69 2.69 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02 0.02 0.12 1.31 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 242 242 0.01 < 0.005 — 243 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 9 / 36
———————0.120.12—0.250.25——————Dust
From
Mater
ial
Movement
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.24 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 40.1 40.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 40.3 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.05 0.05 — 0.02 0.02 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.08 0.07 0.08 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.00 0.05 0.05 — 227 227 0.01 0.01 0.02 230 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.11 0.03 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 — 91.8 91.8 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 96.1 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 10.1 10.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 10.2 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 4.02 4.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 4.21 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.67 1.67 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.69 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 10 / 36
Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.67 0.67 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.70 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.3. Grading (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.84 0.80 4.82 36.2 0.06 0.17 — 0.17 0.17 — 0.17 — 6,715 6,715 0.27 0.05 — 6,738 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 2.67 2.67 — 0.98 0.98 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.06 0.06 0.34 2.55 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 473 473 0.02 < 0.005 — 475 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.19 0.19 — 0.07 0.07 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 11 / 36
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.01 0.01 0.06 0.47 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 78.3 78.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 78.6 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.03 0.03 — 0.01 0.01 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.09 0.08 0.10 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.06 0.06 — 259 259 0.01 0.01 0.03 262 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.46 0.14 < 0.005 0.01 0.11 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.04 — 398 398 0.01 0.06 0.03 416 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 18.5 18.5 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 18.7 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 28.0 28.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 29.3 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 3.06 3.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 3.10 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 4.64 4.64 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 4.86 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.5. Grading (2026) - Unmitigated
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 12 / 36
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.83 0.80 4.80 36.2 0.06 0.17 — 0.17 0.17 — 0.17 — 6,715 6,715 0.27 0.05 — 6,738 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 2.67 2.67 — 0.98 0.98 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.13 0.13 0.77 5.81 0.01 0.03 — 0.03 0.03 — 0.03 — 1,078 1,078 0.04 0.01 — 1,081 Dust
F
rom
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.43 0.43 — 0.16 0.16 — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02 0.02 0.14 1.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 178 178 0.01 < 0.005 — 179 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 13 / 36
———————0.030.03—0.080.08——————Dust
From
Mater
ial
Movement
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.09 0.08 0.09 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.26 0.00 0.06 0.06 — 254 254 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 257 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.44 0.13 < 0.005 0.01 0.11 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.04 — 392 392 0.01 0.06 0.03 410 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 — 41.2 41.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.06 41.8 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.07 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 — 62.8 62.8 < 0.005 0.01 0.07 65.8 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.82 6.82 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 6.92 Vendor < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 10.4 10.4 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 10.9 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.7. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —------------------- 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 14 / 36
——————————————————Daily,
Summer
(Max)
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.05 0.93 6.25 29.6 0.05 0.21 — 0.21 0.20 — 0.20 — 4,817 4,817 0.20 0.04 — 4,833 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.05 0.93 6.25 29.6 0.05 0.21 — 0.21 0.20 — 0.20 — 4,817 4,817 0.20 0.04 — 4,833 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.58 0.52 3.47 16.4 0.03 0.12 — 0.12 0.11 — 0.11 — 2,677 2,677 0.11 0.02 — 2,686 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11 0.09 0.63 3.00 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 443 443 0.02 < 0.005 — 445 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 15 / 36
Worker 1.75 1.58 1.46 26.7 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 5,134 5,134 0.22 0.18 17.4 5,210 Vendor 0.15 0.07 3.44 1.07 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,221 3,221 0.07 0.50 8.81 3,380 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.67 1.49 1.63 20.3 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 4,721 4,721 0.07 0.18 0.45 4,778 Vendor 0.14 0.06 3.59 1.10 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,223 3,223 0.07 0.50 0.23 3,374 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.92 0.82 0.99 11.8 0.00 0.00 2.66 2.66 0.00 0.62 0.62 — 2,657 2,657 0.04 0.10 4.18 2,693 Vendor 0.08 0.04 2.00 0.60 0.01 0.03 0.50 0.53 0.03 0.14 0.17 — 1,791 1,791 0.04 0.28 2.10 1,876 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.17 0.15 0.18 2.15 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.49 0.00 0.11 0.11 — 440 440 0.01 0.02 0.69 446 Vendor 0.01 0.01 0.37 0.11 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.09 0.10 < 0.005 0.03 0.03 — 296 296 0.01 0.05 0.35 311 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.9. Building Construction (2027) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.02 0.91 6.17 29.6 0.05 0.20 — 0.20 0.19 — 0.19 — 4,817 4,817 0.20 0.04 — 4,833 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 16 / 36

0.000.000.000.000.000.00—0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00Onsite truck
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.02 0.91 6.17 29.6 0.05 0.20 — 0.20 0.19 — 0.19 — 4,817 4,817 0.20 0.04 — 4,833 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.73 0.65 4.41 21.1 0.03 0.14 — 0.14 0.14 — 0.14 — 3,440 3,440 0.14 0.03 — 3,452 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.13 0.12 0.80 3.85 0.01 0.03 — 0.03 0.02 — 0.02 — 570 570 0.02 < 0.005 — 572 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.68 1.49 1.29 24.7 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 5,039 5,039 0.06 0.18 15.7 5,109 Vendor 0.14 0.07 3.31 1.04 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,162 3,162 0.07 0.47 8.05 3,313 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 17 / 36
Worker 1.60 1.41 1.46 18.7 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 4,635 4,635 0.07 0.18 0.41 4,689 Vendor 0.14 0.06 3.46 1.07 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,164 3,164 0.07 0.47 0.21 3,308 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.14 1.01 1.15 14.0 0.00 0.00 3.42 3.42 0.00 0.80 0.80 — 3,352 3,352 0.05 0.13 4.82 3,396 Vendor 0.10 0.05 2.46 0.75 0.02 0.03 0.65 0.68 0.03 0.18 0.21 — 2,259 2,259 0.05 0.34 2.48 2,364 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.21 0.18 0.21 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.62 0.00 0.15 0.15 — 555 555 0.01 0.02 0.80 562 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.45 0.14 < 0.005 0.01 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.04 — 374 374 0.01 0.06 0.41 391 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.11. Building Construction (2028) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.00 0.89 6.09 29.5 0.05 0.19 — 0.19 0.18 — 0.18 — 4,818 4,818 0.20 0.04 — 4,834 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 18 / 36
4,834—0.040.204,8184,818—0.18—0.180.19—0.190.0529.56.090.891.00Off-Roa d
Equipm
ent
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.61 0.54 3.71 18.0 0.03 0.11 — 0.11 0.11 — 0.11 — 2,932 2,932 0.12 0.02 — 2,942 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11 0.10 0.68 3.28 0.01 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 485 485 0.02 < 0.005 — 487 Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.62 1.44 1.28 23.0 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 4,945 4,945 0.06 0.18 14.0 5,013 Vendor 0.14 0.07 3.15 1.01 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,090 3,090 0.05 0.47 7.33 3,240 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 1.40 1.36 1.45 17.4 0.00 0.00 4.87 4.87 0.00 1.14 1.14 — 4,549 4,549 0.07 0.18 0.36 4,603 Vendor 0.14 0.06 3.29 1.04 0.02 0.05 0.92 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.30 — 3,093 3,093 0.05 0.47 0.19 3,235 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 19 / 36
——————————————————Average
Daily
Worker 0.84 0.82 0.88 11.2 0.00 0.00 2.92 2.92 0.00 0.68 0.68 — 2,803 2,803 0.04 0.11 3.69 2,840 Vendor 0.09 0.04 2.02 0.63 0.01 0.03 0.55 0.58 0.03 0.15 0.18 — 1,881 1,881 0.03 0.29 1.92 1,970 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.15 0.15 0.16 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.53 0.00 0.12 0.12 — 464 464 0.01 0.02 0.61 470 Vendor 0.02 0.01 0.37 0.11 < 0.005 0.01 0.10 0.11 0.01 0.03 0.03 — 312 312 0.01 0.05 0.32 326 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.13. Paving (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.43 0.38 2.35 10.6 0.01 0.10 — 0.10 0.09 — 0.09 — 1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 — 1,516 Paving 0.44 0.44 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.43 0.38 2.35 10.6 0.01 0.10 — 0.10 0.09 — 0.09 — 1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 — 1,516 Paving 0.44 0.44 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 20 / 36
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.09 0.08 0.50 2.24 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 319 319 0.01 < 0.005 — 320 Paving 0.09 0.09 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02 0.01 0.09 0.41 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 52.8 52.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 52.9 Paving 0.02 0.02 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.07 0.06 0.06 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.05 — 207 207 0.01 0.01 0.70 210 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.05 0.05 — 190 190 < 0.005 0.01 0.02 193 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 21 / 36
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 — 40.6 40.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.06 41.2 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 6.73 6.73 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 6.82 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.15. Architectural Coating (2028) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.17 0.14 1.08 1.49 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 178 178 0.01 < 0.005 — 179 Architect
ur
al
Coating
s

56.0 56.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.17 0.14 1.08 1.49 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 178 178 0.01 < 0.005 — 179 -------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 22 / 36
————————————————56.056.0Architect
ur
al
Coating
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.03 0.02 0.16 0.22 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 26.3 26.3 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 26.4 Architect
ur
al
Coating
s

8.29 8.29 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 0.04 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 4.36 4.36 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 4.38 Architect
ur
al
Coating
s

1.51 1.51 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
tr
uck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.32 0.29 0.26 4.61 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.23 0.23 — 989 989 0.01 0.04 2.81 1,003 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 23 / 36
——————————————————Daily,
Winter
(Max)
Worker 0.28 0.27 0.29 3.49 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.23 0.23 — 910 910 0.01 0.04 0.07 921 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.03 0.03 — 136 136 < 0.005 0.01 0.18 138 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 — 22.6 22.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.03 22.9 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Vegetati
on
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 24 / 36
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
-------------------
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 25 / 36
——————————————————Remove
d
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 26 / 36
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description Site Preparation Site Preparation 11/5/2025 11/26/2025 5.00 16.0 — Grading Grading 11/26/2025 03/23/2026 5.00 84.0 —
Building Construction Building Construction 03/23/2026 11/6/2028 5.00 686 — Paving Paving 07/23/2026 11/6/2026 5.00 77.0 —
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 08/23/2028 11/6/2028 5.00 54.0 —

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Tier 4 Final 3.00 8.00 367 0.40 Site Preparation Crawler Tractors Diesel Tier 4 Final 4.00 8.00 87.0 0.43 Grading Excavators Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Grading Graders Diesel Tier 4 Final 1.00 8.00 148 0.41
Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Tier 4 Final 1.00 8.00 367 0.40 Grading Scrapers Diesel Tier 4 Final 2.00 8.00 423 0.48 Grading Crawler Tractors Diesel Tier 4 Final 2.00 8.00 87.0 0.43 Building Construction Cranes Diesel Tier 4 Final 2.00 8.00 367 0.29 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Tier 4 Final 5.00 8.00 82.0 0.20 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 14.0 0.74 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Tier 4 Final 5.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 46.0 0.45 Paving Pavers Diesel Tier 4 Final 2.00 8.00 81.0 0.42
Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Tier 4 Final 2.00 8.00 89.0 0.36 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 37.0 0.48 14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 27 / 36

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation — — — —
Site Preparation Worker 17.5 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor 3.00 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck — — HHDT
Grading — — — —
Grading Worker 20.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor 13.0 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck — — HHDT
Building Construction — — — —
Building Construction Worker 372 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Building Construction Vendor 107 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Paving — — — —
Paving Worker 15.0 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor — 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck — — HHDT
Architectural Coating — — — —
Architectural Coating Worker 74.5 18.5 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Architectural Coating Vendor — 10.2 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 28 / 36
Architectural Coating Onsite truck — — HHDT

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.5. Architectural Coatings
Phase Name Residential Interior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated
(sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
Architectural Coating 2,916,000 972,000 344,189 114,730 34,081

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy) Material Exported (cy) Acres Graded (acres) Material Demolished (sq. ft.) Acres Paved (acres) Site Preparation — — 320 0.00 —
Grading — — 1,680 0.00 —
Paving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.9

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Control Strategies Applied Frequency (per day) PM10 Reduction PM2.5 Reduction Water Exposed Area 3 74% 74%

5.7. Construction Paving
Land Use Area Paved (acres) % Asphalt
Single Family Housing 8.82 0%
City Park 0.00 0%
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 29 / 36
Hotel 0.00 0%
General Office Building 0.00 0%
Library 0.00 0%
High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) 0.00 0%
Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru 0.00 0%
Regional Shopping Center 0.00 0%
Supermarket 0.00 0%
Parking Lot 3.07 100%
Other Asphalt Surfaces 9.97 100%

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors kWh per Y ear and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Y ear kWh per Y ear CO2 CH4 N2O
2025 0.00 453 0.03 < 0.005
2026 0.00 453 0.03 < 0.005
2027 0.00 453 0.03 < 0.005
2028 0.00 453 0.03 < 0.005

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 30 / 36
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)

6. Climate Risk Detailed Report

6.1. Climate Risk Summary
Cal-Adapt midcentury 2040–2059 average projections for four hazards are reported below for your project location. These are under Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 which assumes
GHG emissions will continue to rise strongly through 2050 and then plateau around 2100.

Climate Hazard Result for Project Location Unit
Temperature and Extreme Heat 28.0 annual days of extreme heat Extreme Precipitation 2.05 annual days with precipitation above 20 mm Sea Level Rise — meters of inundation depth
Wildfire 7.76 annual hectares burned
Temperature and Extreme Heat data are for grid cell in which your project are located. The projection is based on the 98th historical percentile of daily maximum/minimum temperatures from obser
ved historical data (32 climate model ensemble from Cal-Adapt, 2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

Extreme Precipitation data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The threshold of 20 mm is equivalent to about ¾ an inch of rain, which would be light to moderate rainfall if receiv
ed over a full day or heavy rain if received over a period of 2 to 4 hours. Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

Sea Level Rise data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from Radke et al. (2017), as reported in Cal-Adapt (Radke et al., 2017, CEC-500-2017-008), and consider
inundation location and depth for the San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and California coast resulting different increments of sea level rise coupled with extreme storm events. Users may select from four scenarios to view the range in potential inundation depth for the grid cell. The four scenarios are: No rise, 0.5 meter, 1.0 meter, 1.41 meters Wildfire data are for the grid cell in which your project are located. The projections are from UC Davis, as reported in Cal-Adapt (2040–2059 average under RCP 8.5), and consider historical data of
climate, vegetation, population density, and large (> 400 ha) fire history. Users may select from four model simulations to view the range in potential wildfire probabilities for the grid cell. The four simulations make different assumptions about expected rainfall and temperature are: Warmer/drier (HadGEM2-ES), Cooler/wetter (CNRM-CM5), Average conditions (CanESM2), Range of different rainfall and temperature possibilities (MIROC5). Each grid cell is 6 kilometers (km) by 6 km, or 3.7 miles (mi) by 3.7 mi.

6.2. Initial Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 0 0 N/A
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 31 / 36
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 0 0 N/A
Wildfire 1 0 0 N/A
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 0 0 0 N/A
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the g
reatest exposure.

The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing
the greatest ability to adapt.

The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores do not include implementation of climate risk reduction measures
.

6.3. Adjusted Climate Risk Scores
Climate Hazard Exposure Score Sensitivity Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Temperature and Extreme Heat 3 1 1 3
Extreme Precipitation N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sea Level Rise 1 1 1 2
Wildfire 1 1 1 2
Flooding N/A N/A N/A N/A
Drought N/A N/A N/A N/A
Snowpack Reduction N/A N/A N/A N/A
Air Quality Degradation 1 1 1 2
The sensitivity score reflects the extent to which a project would be adversely affected by exposure to a climate hazard. Exposure is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing the g
reatest exposure.

The adaptive capacity of a project refers to its ability to manage and reduce vulnerabilities from projected climate hazards. Adaptive capacity is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a score of 5 representing
the greatest ability to adapt.

The overall vulnerability scores are calculated based on the potential impacts and adaptive capacity assessments for each hazard. Scores include implementation of climate risk reduction measures
.

6.4. Climate Risk Reduction Measures
14556-Moreno Valley Towne Center (Mitigated) Detailed Report, 12/13/2024 32 / 36

7. Health and Equity Details

7.1. CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Scores
The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state.

Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Exposure Indicators —
AQ-Ozone 99.1
AQ-PM 56.1
AQ-DPM 64.1
Drinking Water 10.2
Lead Risk Housing 19.2
Pesticides 62.3
Toxic Releases 54.3
Traffic 43.8
Effect Indicators —
CleanUp Sites 17.1
Groundwater 0.00
Haz Waste Facilities/Generators 40.9
Impaired Water Bodies 0.00
Solid Waste 0.00
Sensitive Population —
Asthma 72.0
Cardio-vascular 93.5
Low Birth Weights 68.4
Socioeconomic Factor Indicators —
Education 49.4
Housing 62.4
Linguistic 56.3
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Poverty 60.6
Unemployment 58.4

7.2. Healthy Places Index Scores
The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.

Indicator Result for Project Census Tract
Economic —
Above Poverty 46.40061594
Employed 68.38188118
Median HI 54.09983318
Education —
Bachelor's or higher 45.52803798
High school enrollment 100
Preschool enrollment 16.32234056
Transportation —
Auto Access 70.20402926
Active commuting 11.88245862
Social —
2-parent households 45.51520595
Voting 16.7842936
Neighborhood —
Alcohol availability 82.6767612
Park access 53.93301681
Retail density 39.66380085
Supermarket access 38.16245348
Tree canopy 0.898242012
Housing —
Homeownership 49.23649429
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Housing habitability 68.70268189
Low-inc homeowner severe housing cost burden 15.42409855 Low-inc renter severe housing cost burden 85.268831
Uncrowded housing 85.268831
Health Outcomes —
Insured adults 21.95560118
Arthritis 90.5
Asthma ER Admissions 30.2
High Blood Pressure 79.9
Cancer (excluding skin) 85.3
Asthma 49.0
Coronary Heart Disease 94.7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 86.1
Diagnosed Diabetes 80.8
Life Expectancy at Birth 17.2
Cognitively Disabled 33.5
Physically Disabled 52.4
Heart Attack ER Admissions 3.3
Mental Health Not Good 51.7
Chronic Kidney Disease 90.3
Obesity 37.0
Pedestrian Injuries 19.6
Physical Health Not Good 69.2
Stroke 88.3
Health Risk Behaviors —
Binge Drinking 20.5
Current Smoker 45.9
No Leisure Time for Physical Activity 52.7
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Climate Change Exposures —
Wildfire Risk 18.6
SLR Inundation Area 0.0
Children 35.2
Elderly 94.0
English Speaking 77.1
Foreign-born 60.7
Outdoor Workers 46.4
Climate Change Adaptive Capacity —
Impervious Surface Cover 84.1
Traffic Density 36.6
Traffic Access 23.0
Other Indices —
Hardship 35.1
Other Decision Support —
2016 Voting 26.1

7.3. Overall Health & Equity Scores
Metric Result for Project Census Tract
CalEnviroScreen 4.0 Score for Project Location (a) 63.0 Healthy Places Index Score for Project Location (b) 42.0 Project Located in a Designated Disadvantaged Community (Senate Bill 535) No Project Located in a Low-Income Community (Assembly Bill 1550) No Project Located in a Community Air Protection Program Community (Assembly Bill 617) No a: The maximum CalEnviroScreen score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects a higher pollution burden compared to other census tracts in the state. b: The maximum Health Places Index score is 100. A high score (i.e., greater than 50) reflects healthier community conditions compared to other census tracts in the state.

7.4. Health & Equity Measures
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No Health & Equity Measures selected.

7.5. Evaluation Scorecard
Health & Equity Evaluation Scorecard not completed.

7.6. Health & Equity Custom Measures
No Health & Equity Custom Measures created.

8. User Changes to Default Data
Screen Justification
Land Use Land uses modeled consistent with information provided in Traffic and on Site Plan Construction: Construction Phases Taken from latest provided construction schedule Construction: Off-Road Equipment Construction equipment based on consultation with the Project Team Tier
4 Final applied to equipment more than 50 HP to satisfy MM AQ-1 Construction: Dust From Material Movement Analysis conservatively assumes that up to 20 acres can be disturbed per day As
such, the “Total Acres Graded” field in CalEEMod has been revised to 320 acres for site preparation (20 acres disturbed per day x 16 working days) and 1680 acres for grading activities (20 acres disturbed per day x 84 working days) Construction: Trips and VMT Vendor Trips adjusted based on CalEEMod defaults for Building Construction and number of da
ys for Site Preparation, Grading, and Building Construction Construction: Architectural Coatings Super-Compliant Low VOC paints used (10 g/l) satisfy MM AQ-1 Operations: Vehicle Data Trip characteristics based on information provided in the Traffic analysis P
ass-by and internal capture was accounted for in the "Pass By Trip" category.

Operations: Hearths SCAQMD Rule 445
Characteristics: Project Details —
Operations: Architectural Coatings SCAQMD Rule 1113
Operations: Refrigerants As of 1 January 2022, new commercial refrigeration equipment may not use refrigerants with a GWP
of 150 or greater. Further, R-404A (the CalEEMod default) is unacceptable for new supermarket and cold storage systems as of 1 January 2019 and 2023, respectively.

Beginning 1 January 2025, all new air conditioning equipment may not use refrigerants with a GWP of 750 or greater.

14556-12 AQ Report
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