2.4.1.3 Develop and implement garbage and litter
management plans for all sites identified in action
2.4.1.2 where litter and garbage contribute to
predation on western snowy plovers. Plans for
managing litter and garbage should be incorporated into 179
long-term protection and management efforts developed
and implemented under action 3. Beachgoers should be
discouraged from leaving or burying trash or food scraps on the beach. Trash cans should not be located on the
beach unless there is no other recourse to prevent
littering. Emptying cans in the evening instead of leaving them overnight is preferable. Fish -cleaning stations
should be located well away from plover breeding areas.
Land managers should supply covered or scavenger -proof trash receptacles at access points and away from western snowy plover habitat, and receptacles should be routinely emptied. Until predator -proof trash containers can be
installed, existing trash cans should be emptied frequently to reduce attractiveness and availability of their contents to scavenging predators. Land managers should also
provide toilets at access points and away from western
snowy plover habitat to discourage people from using the dunes.
Although removal of trash from the beach reduces
predation threats, beach -raking should be avoided year- round to protect breeding and wintering western snowy
plovers (see action 2.3.5). Beach -raking of western
snowy plover habitat also should be avoided because it
removes plover food sources. Trash should be selectively removed from the beach manually, but natural materials, including shells, kelp, and driftwood, should be left intact (see action 2.3.4).
2.4.2 Annually identify predator perches and unnatural habitats attractive to predators and remove where feasible. Planners should not allow unnatural habitats or other predator attractants to be placed near western snowy plover nesting locations. Where feasible, land managers should remove from western snowy plover breeding locations any exotic vegetation, perches, and other
features that attract avian and mammalian predators. Where signs and fences are necessary as part of management to protect plover breeding areas, attempts should be made to design them in a way that will deter their use by predators (e.g., install spikes on fence posts).
2.4.3 Erect predator exclosures to reduce western snowy plover egg predation and improve productivity (number of fledglings per male) where appropriate. Guidelines for the use of predator exclosures to protect nesting western snowy plovers are contained in Appendix F. Exclosures are a valuable tool for countering human -abetted predation threats to western snowy plover eggs, but they are not appropriate for use in all situations, nor do they provide any protection for mobile plover chicks, which generally leave the exclosure within one day of hatching and move extensively along the beach to feed. Exclosures should be used in conjunction with an integrated predator management program.
Also, exclosures must be carefully constructed, monitored, and evaluated by qualified persons. In some areas, avian predators have learned over time to associate exclosures with a source of prey (J. Buffa in litt. 2004). String (twine) or a more substantial plastic stealth material may be needed on top of exclosures to deter avian predators. Appendix C, Table C-1 identifies 53 locations where exclosures are currently used or recommended for use to achieve management goals.
The use of exclosures (small circular, square, or triangular metal fences that can be quickly assembled) to deter predator and human intrusion is recommended as one of the most effective management tools to protect nests (see Appendix F for exclosure protocols).
However, it should be recognized that while exclosures provide nest protection, they do not ensure survival of chicks to fledging age and may contribute to predation on adults, so their use should be evaluated carefully and may not substitute for other measures 181
that reduce human disturbance (2.3) or control predation (2.4.1,
2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.4.5).
2.4.4 Evaluate the need for and feasibility of predator removal and implement removal where warranted. Where predators have been identified through monitoring to adversely affect western snowy plover breeding success and/or survival and cannot be adequately controlled through use of exclosures, land managers should evaluate the need for and feasibility of predator removal.
Removal of predators should be pursued where it is feasible, warranted, humanely conducted, and useful. Situations that may especially warrant predator removal include those where nonnative predators such as red fox (Vulpes vulpes regalis), feral cats, and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are present, where predators have been introduced to islands, where predator range extensions have been human -abetted, or where high rates of western snowy plover adult, chick, or egg predation (which cannot be countered with predator exclosures or other aversion methods) are occurring.
Nonnative predators should be lethally controlled in plover nesting habitat. Native predators should be removed or controlled by nonlethal means whenever possible. Gulls also should be discouraged from establishing and expanding nesting colonies at western snowy plover nesting areas, and land managers should determine whether existing gull colonies warrant removal. If removal is not warranted, exclosures around plover nests should be used to prevent large flocks of roosting gulls from trampling plover nests.
Federal and State permits must be obtained to legally capture, kill, or hold and release birds protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and State laws. Also, individuals responsible for capturing such birds and the holding facility must have the proper Federal and State permits, and Federal land managers must document that such activities are in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act. Biological considerations for determining whether 182
removal of avian predators is appropriate include the time of year (to assess whether the predator is caring for young or is a fledgling itself), whether the predatory bird is a resident or migrating through western snowy plover nesting habitat, and whether the predatory bird is a sensitive species or listed under the Endangered Species Act. Because of the potential for swift and significant losses of plovers by avian predators, land managers should plan in advance to complete the necessary procedures and secure needed permits to effectively deal with cases of high negative impact on western snowy plovers. If feasible, removal of native predators should focus on problem individuals rather than populations. Possible control methods include egg addling, nest removal, translocation of problem individuals, and holding in captivity with later release after plover breeding season. State permits must also be obtained as appropriate for the capture and removal of problem mammals (e.g., raccoons, skunks, and opossums). In 2001, the California Coastal Commission determined that predator management in western snowy plover habitat on Vandenberg Air Force Base was also subject to Coastal Consistency review under the Coastal Zone Management Act.
2.4.5 Remove bird and mammal carcasses in western snowy plover nesting areas. Where practical and not disturbing to western snowy plovers, dead birds and mammals that wash up on the beach in close proximity to plover nests should be removed to reduce the attraction of predators to plover nests. Removal of carcasses of marine mammals and species listed under the Endangered Species Act should be coordinated with the National Marine Fisheries Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
2.5 Protect western snowy plovers and their breeding and wintering habitat from oil or chemical spills. Land managers should develop oil/chemical spill emergency response plans that provide for protection of known western snowy plover breeding areas. The U.S. Coast Guard should update their emergency response measures to include protective 183
measures for the western snowy plover. In the event of a spill in the vicinity of a western snowy plover nesting or feeding area, efforts should be made to prevent oil/chemicals from reaching these beaches. Clean-up operations should be prompt, but agencies should exercise special care during remediation efforts and coordinate closely with us to prevent accidental destruction of nests and/or excessive disturbance of breeding adults, nests, or chicks. Response plans should include applicable recommendations contained in this recovery plan (e.g., Action 2.3.5 regarding essential vehicles).
Efforts must be made to minimize the likelihood of oil or chemical spills in plover wintering areas. Land managers should develop oil/chemical spill emergency response plans that provide for protection of known plover wintering areas. The U.S. Coast Guard should update their emergency response measures to include protective measures for the western snowy plover. Shorebird or coastal ecosystem protection plans developed by State or local agencies to address oil/chemical spills should also include protection measures for western snowy plovers. In the event of a spill in a known western snowy plover wintering area, efforts should be made to prevent oil/chemicals from impacting plovers and unavoidable impacts should be documented. Restoration efforts should begin expeditiously, but agencies should exercise special care and coordinate closely with us to prevent excessive disturbance to wintering western snowy plovers. Further, habitat restoration efforts must be conducted in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act and the Coastal Zone Management Act.
If western snowy plovers or their habitat sustain injury due to oil/chemical spills, the responsible parties should restore the areas to their original condition or the Federal Government (U.S. Coast Guard) should lead the clean-up effort; appropriate claims should also be filed under the Natural Resource Damage Assessment regulations to recover damages and undertake relevant restoration work. Assessment of natural resource damages is facilitated by availability of baseline data on pre -spill conditions. Therefore, whenever possible, agencies that own or manage
western snowy plover habitat should collect baseline data on behavior, reproduction, distribution, abundance, and habitat use. The baseline information on plover distribution and habitat use should also be supplied to the Area Committees that develop and update regional spill contingency plans so that this information can be incorporated into pre -spill planning efforts for protection of sensitive environments and species. Oil spill emergency response personnel should be well aware of potential plover locations. These locations should be named as avoidance areas as a part of their training exercises. Appendix C, Table C-1 identifies 4 locations where contaminant removal is occurring or is recommended to achieve management goals.
2.5.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists should participate in Area Committees responsible for maintaining the Area Contingency Plans for the Pacific Coast to facilitate the updating of spill response plans to include protection of western snowy plovers. Active participation in the Area Committees would require funding for staff participation from the six U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service offices responsible for the coastlines of California, Oregon and Washington.
2.5.2 Assign monitors to beaches that are inhabited by western snowy plovers to protect western snowy plovers from injury during spill responses. Monitors would be responsible for identifying areas of beach that are in use by plovers and directing response personnel and vehicles around these sensitive areas.
Potential monitors should be identified in advance, and, where necessary, retained under contract so they can begin work immediately in the event of a spill. Spill response may require approximately two weeks of cleanup work that should be
monitored, with potentially five incidents of this magnitude per year.
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2.6 Reduce adverse impacts of recovery efforts for other sensitive species, including those within the San Francisco Bay Recovery Unit, by compensating for the loss of western snowy plover breeding and wintering habitat. Management and recovery actions for other sensitive species carried out in western snowy plover habitat should be evaluated for adverse effects to western snowy plover habitat. All efforts should be made to conserve western snowy plover habitat and minimize adverse effects. Where this is not possible, any loss of western snowy plover habitat values should be compensated. Within coastal beach -dune habitats in Washington, Oregon, and California, compensation efforts should emphasize the removal of beachgrass (Ammophila spp.) for lost western snowy plover breeding habitat resulting from management for other sensitive species.
To compensate for the loss of existing western snowy plover breeding habitat values in San Francisco Bay from planned conversion to tidal marsh, appropriate salt ponds should be designated for protection and enhancement as western snowy plover breeding habitat. Currently, most western snowy plover breeding habitat occurs on levee roads, margins of active salt ponds, and pond bottoms of inactive salt ponds. Roads and levees provide lower quality habitat because of disturbance and ease of predator access. Any losses of western snowy plover breeding habitat should be replaced with habitat that provides similar or higher values (i.e., salt ponds or salt pans) in concert with recovery actions implemented from the Recovery Plan for Tidal Marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in prep.). Habitat enhancement for western snowy plovers should be phased in with scheduled tidal marsh restoration for other listed species. During this interim period, land managers should make all efforts to achieve the recovery criteria of 500 breeding adults within the San Francisco Bay Recovery Unit by intensively managing existing western snowy plover breeding habitat.
Any replacement of western snowy plover breeding habitat in San Francisco Bay should concentrate on areas where the necessary components of western snowy plover breeding habitat can be created. ::
These areas include locations where unvegetated salt pans, salt ponds, islets and levees, and tidal mudflats/sandflats can be created or enhanced.
Also, attempts should be made to avoid areas that are adjacent to landfills or other high concentrations of potential predators. Unless it is shown to be infeasible, creation and enhancement of western snowy plover breeding habitat should be emphasized in areas that currently support high numbers of breeding plovers and/or are not conducive to salt marsh restoration.
The area to be managed for western snowy plovers should be sufficient to support a population of 500 breeding birds, estimated at 809 hectares (2,000 acres) of managed salt ponds. Most of these managed salt ponds should be located in South San Francisco Bay, which supports most of the existing western snowy plover population; however, some should also be located in the North Bay. Created or enhanced salt ponds should be intensively managed, similar to the Moss Landing Wildlife Area salt ponds. Management measures practiced at these salt ponds include maintenance of water control structures to maintain desired water levels, removal of excessive vegetation, and predator control.
2.7 Discourage pinnipeds from usurping western snowy plover nesting areas. Land managers should monitor pinniped colonies adjacent to western snowy plover breeding habitat and seek to keep breeding pinnipeds from occupying western snowy plover nesting areas during the breeding season where possible. Where conflicts occur, breeding pinnipeds should be discouraged from hauling out at western snowy plover breeding areas or be relocated, if feasible. Implementation of this action should be coordinated with the National Marine Fisheries Service to ensure compliance with the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.).
2.7.1 In coordination with National Marine Fisheries Service, investigate feasibility and methods for discouraging pinniped use of western snowy plover nesting areas. Marine mammal populations have increased in many western snowy plover nesting areas. However, methods, effectiveness, and impacts of
discouraging pinniped use of beaches are unknown and should be 187
investigated. Methods considered should be evaluated for their effects on western snowy plovers and their habitat as well as effectiveness in discouraging pinniped use. Workshops, such as those conducted by NMFS, for developing methods to reduce conflicts between pinnipeds and other species and human users should be held.
2.7.2 Identify areas where pinniped use is negatively affecting western snowy plover nesting and implement any appropriate methods identified in action 2.7.1. If effective methods are determined through action 2.7.1, sites where pinniped use negatively affects western snowy plover nesting should be identified and methods to discourage pinniped use implemented.
Implementation of any methods to discourage pinniped use should be closely coordinated with the National Marine Fisheries Service to ensure compliance with the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq. ).
3 Develop mechanisms for long-term management and protection of western snowy plovers and their breeding and wintering habitat. Long-term management and protection will be needed on Federal and non -Federal lands to meet recovery criteria for each recovery unit and to meet management goals for individual breeding and wintering locations. Development of long-term protection mechanisms should include opportunities for participation of various stakeholders in development of management options.
3.1 Establish and maintain western snowy plover working groups for each of the six recovery units to facilitate regional cooperative networks and programs. Development of regional cooperative networks and programs, coordinating local public and private land use planning with State and Federal land use planning, recovery planning, and biodiversity conservation is needed (Figure 12). To facilitate and develop regional cooperative programs, working groups have been established for each of the six recovery units and should be maintained. U.S. Fish and Wildlife am
Service field offices should facilitate exchange of information among working groups. The working groups should be composed of representatives from the Federal, State, local, and private sectors; and meet regularly to assess western snowy plover population trends and coordinate plover recovery efforts. Each of the six working groups should use this recovery plan as a guide, but members will prioritize in cooperation with our Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office what management measures need to be implemented in their recovery unit because they have on -the -ground, day-to-day, experience about what is currently being done in these areas.
Working groups should assist with updating information contained in Appendices B and C, tracking whether management goals are being met, and recommending changes in management goals and site -specific management actions, if necessary. Public outreach also should be a major focus of the working groups. An interchange of ideas between all six working groups should also occur on an on -going basis.
3.2 Develop and implement regional participation plans for each of the six recovery units that outline strategies to implement recovery actions.
The 1994 Interagency Cooperative Policy on Recovery Plan Participation and Implementation Under the Endangered Species Act (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1994) provides for a participation plan process, which involves all appropriate agencies and affected interests in a mutually -developed strategy to implement recovery actions. Participation plans for implementing recovery actions for the western snowy plover that include all partners should be developed by each of the six recovery unit working groups. In addition to outlining a strategy to implement recovery actions, the participation plan should include strategies for evaluation of progress and needs for plan revision. Participation plans may also achieve the policy's goal of providing for timely recovery of species while minimizing social and economic impacts. Plans should identify and prioritize specific recovery activities for each location identified in Appendices B and C,while considering the needs of the entire Pacific coast population. They
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Facilitate formation and maintenance of plover working groups for each recovery unit (Action 3.1) Assist State agencies, local governments, and private landowners in developing management plans and Habitat Conservation Plans (Action 3.3, 3.4)
Provide assistance to local governments to develop land -use protection measures (Action 3.5) Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Implement Recovery
Coordinate and distribute monitoring data and educational materials (Action 7) Compile and distribute annual status updates (Action 7) Coordinate plover conservation actions, consultations, HCP's and permitting (Action 7)
Recovery Unit Working Groups (6)
Develop participation plans (Action 3.1.2)
Federal Agencies
Develop and implement management plans for Federal lands (Action
3.3.1)
State Agencies
Develop and implement management plans and Habitat Conservation Flans (Action 3.3.2)
Local Governments
Develop and implement management plans and Habitat Conservation Plans (Action 3.4)
Develop and implement land -use protection measures (Action 3.5) Private Landowners
Develop and implement management plans and Habitat Conservation Plans (Action 3.4)
Figure 12. Chart of recovery planning and implementation efforts. 190
should include, but not be limited to: (1) endorsements by responsible agencies of their intent to seek economic resources for ongoing recovery actions; (2) outreach efforts to enhance the public's understanding of the western snowy plover's habitat needs (including an information and education strategy specific to area demographics and recreational activities); (3) economic in cent ive s for con servat ion of western snowy plovers on private lands; and (4) all actions necessary to maintain western snowy plover productivity after delisting. Participation plans may also identify ways in which recovery actions for western snowy plovers will be covered as part of coastal ecosystem plans or other conservation measures.
3.3 Develop and implement management plans for all Federal and State lands to provide intensive management and protection of western snowy plovers and their habitat. Federal and State land managers should develop and implement management plans for all breeding and wintering locations (listed in Appendix B) that occur on Federal or State lands. Intensive management programs for western snowy plovers at national wildlife refuges should be implemented and annually evaluated to ensure they provide sufficient plover protection. Intensive management programs also should be implemented and periodically evaluated on lands administered bythe National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, U.S.
Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and Federal military bases, State wildlife areas, State ecological reserves, and State park lands (including State natural preserves and State seashores).
3.3.1 Develop and implement management plans for Federal lands.
Federal agencies should develop or update, as appropriate, site - specific management plans that address threats to western snowy plovers, and adopt management measures for habitat protection and enhancement on Federal lands. Management plans should be implemented on an ongoing basis. Federal agencies also should review their proposed actions under the requirements of sections 7 and 10 of the Endangered Species Act prior to implementing the management plans because they may require authorization under section 7(a)(2) or 10(a)(1)(A).
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3.3.2 Develop and implement management plans and habitat conservation plans on State wildlife areas, State ecological reserves, and State beaches. State agencies that manage State beaches, wildlife areas, or ecological reserves should develop and implement site -specific management plans and habitat
conservation plans to minimize and mitigate impacts to western snowy plovers, and management measures for habitat protection and enhancement on State lands. State agencies should coordinate the development of habitat conservation plans with us and apply for section 10(a)(1)(B) permits under the Endangered Species Act if their management actions and allowed uses are resulting in incidental take of western snowy plovers.
3.4 Develop and implement habitat conservation plans or other management plans for western snowy plover breeding and wintering sites owned or managed by local governments and private landowners. We should provide assistance in the development of habitat conservation plans or other management plans to: (1) county and city governments that manage western snowy plover habitats; (2) private resource managers; and (3) owners of large amounts of private natural land. Habitat conservation plans are only required if an incidental take permit under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Endangered Species Act is desired or required.
3.5 Provide technical assistance to local governments in developing and implementing local land use protection measures through periodic workshops. Federal and State agencies should assist local governments with jurisdiction over western snowy plover habitats in developing western snowy plover protection policies as part of new or revised local general plans, zoning policies, implementing measures, land use plans, comprehensive plans, and local coastal programs. For areas where beach closures are necessary, appropriate ordinances, administrative rules, and regulations should be developed by State and local governments to enable law enforcement officers to conduct necessary enforcement actions. 192
Technical assistance such as maps of western snowy plover habitats, identification of local threats, and recommended site -specific protective measures should be provided to coastal planners. At least two workshops within each recovery unit that provide local governments with basic information on the western snowy plover, its habitats, threats, and recommended protective measures should be conducted during the first 10 years of recovery plan implementation. Additional technical assistance likely will be required but should be provided on an as needed basis as new or revised general plans, policies, ordinances, and other land use protection measures are developed.
3.6 Develop and implement cooperative programs and partnerships with the California State Coastal Commission, the Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development, the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, the California Department of Parks and Recreation, and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife to ensure that they use their authorities to the fullest extent possible to promote the recovery of the western snowy plover. Federal and State agencies should assist the California State Coastal Commission, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development, Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, California Department of Parks and Recreation, and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in reviewing, updating, and amending local coastal programs and policies for consistency with the western snowy plover recovery plan.
This review should include protection of western snowy plover habitats, cumulative impacts to western snowy plovers, and policies or restrictive measures recommended in this recovery plan.
3.7 Obtain long-term agreements with private landowners.
Agreements between Federal and State agencies and private landowners interested in western snowy plover conservation should be developed and implemented. Landowners should be informed of the significance of plover populations on their lands and be provided with information about available conservation mechanisms, such as agreements and incentive 193
programs. For private lands with potential occurrences of western snowy plovers, permission should be sought from landowners to conduct on -site surveys. If surveys identify plover populations, landowners should be informed of their significance and offered incentives to continue current land uses that support species habitat. Appendix C, Table C-1 identifies 69 locations where landowner cooperation/cooperative agreements are occurring or are recommended to achieve management goals.
3.8 Identify and protect western snowy plover habitat available for acquisition. Federal, State, and private conservation organizations should protect western snowy plover habitat as it becomes available, through fee title or conservation easement, etc. We and other organizations should identify sites that may become available for acquisition, and we should continue to evaluate excess Federal lands for western snowy plover habitat and apply to acquire them as they become available. Each recovery unit working group should develop a list of priority properties for acquisition, and Federal, State, and nongovernmental organizations should work with land conservancy groups to implement land trades and acquisitions.
Management plans for the western snowy plover should be developed during the land acquisition process.
3.9 Ensure that section 10(a)(1)(B) permits contribute to Pacific coast western snowy plover conservation. Recommendations contained in this recovery plan should guide the preparation of habitat conservation plans under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Endangered Species Act for western snowy plovers on the Pacific coast by providing information to: (1) guide potential applicants in developing plans that minimize and mitigate the impacts of take and (2) assist us in evaluating the impacts of any proposed conservation plans on the recovery of the Pacific coast western snowy plover population. The section 10(a)(1)(B) permit process may be a valuable mechanism for developing the long-term protection agreements called for in Actions 3.3.2 and 3.4, especially where significant population growth has already occurred and productivity exceeds 1.0 fledged chick per male.
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3.10 Ensure that consultations conducted pursuant to section 7 of the Endangered Species Act contribute to Pacific coast western snowy plover conservation. The recovery plan should also guide the evaluation of impacts to western snowy plovers pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act. In evaluating these impacts, we and other Federal agencies should consider each of the breeding and wintering locations listed in Appendix B as important for recovery, and should also refer to the management goal breeding numbers for applicable locations and determine how the proposed project will affect those goals.
Coordination with military bases which have western snowy plover populations is important to ensure that military activities do not affect the western snowy plovers or their habitat. Appendix C, Table C-1 identifies 54 locations where military uses are either restricted or recommended for restriction to achieve management goals.
4 Undertake scientific investigations that facilitate recovery efforts. Major gaps remain in our understanding of useful protection measures and conservation efforts for the western snowy plover. These include effective methods for habitat restoration, predator control, and monitoring population numbers and demographic characteristics.
4.1 Investigate effective methods for habitat restoration.
4.1.1 Evaluate the effectiveness of past and ongoing methods for habitat restoration by removal of introduced beachgrass and identify and carry out additional investigations necessary.
Land managers, in coordination with recovery unit working groups, should summarize methods used to date for removal of introduced beachgrass and review their effectiveness. They also should pursue any additional field studies necessary to determine the most effective and cost-efficient methods for habitat restoration through removal of introduced beachgrass. Controlled studies with improved monitoring would provide needed direction for
management decisions.
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4.1.2 Evaluate the impacts and potential benefits of past and ongoing beach nourishment activities and identify and carry out any additional studies necessary to determine effects of beach nourishment activities on western snowy plover habitat.
Beach nourishment activities should be carefully evaluated to weigh the probable adverse and beneficial effects on plovers and on other sensitive coastal dune species. Pre- and post -deposition beach profiles and faunal studies (including invertebrates) should be conducted to determine effects on habitat suitability for western snowy plovers. Consideration should be given to whether the projected long-term benefits are likely to occur.
4.2 Develop and test new predator management techniques to protect western snowy plover nests and chicks. Because many of the techniques currently used to reduce predation have disadvantages or limitations in effectiveness, new predator management techniques should be investigated. Assistance from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services Branch, from State wildlife agency furbearer biologists, and other predatory bird and mammal specialists should be sought on these matters.
4.2.1 Develop higher -efficiency nest exclosures. Because exclosures must be deployed quickly, and currently -designed exclosures are heavy and labor- and time -intensive to erect, new exclosure designs should be tested. Prototypes should include lightweight materials that are easier to transport and a design that is easy to assemble and install.
4.2.2 Develop California least tern exclosures that prevent harm to western snowy plovers. Resource managers should continue to investigate modified designs for California least tern enclosures to further minimize western snowy plover mortality.
4.2.3 Identify, prioritize, and carry out needed investigations on control of native and nonnative predators. Aspects of the .r
ecology of problematic avian predators (e.g., ravens and shrikes) and native mammals (e.g., coyotes and gray foxes) that could be used to gain an understanding of how to control their impact on western snowy plover nesting areas during the plover breeding season should be investigated. Information also is needed on the applicability and usefulness of other control methods, including aversive techniques for conditioning predators to avoid foraging in western snowy plover nesting areas or preying on western snowy plover eggs, chicks, or adults. Investigation is also needed to develop methods to discourage gull colonies. Aversive techniques may include taste aversions, displaying predator carcasses, or installing electric fences. Effective modifications of signs and fencing to prevent their use as predator perches also requires investigation. While in many cases there appear to be practical obstacles to development of effective aversion techniques that can be efficiently applied in the field, the goal of reducing predation with minimum disruption to native predator populations that are important to overall ecosystem balance is desirable and any methods that appear potentially practical and useful should be evaluated for success and cost-effectiveness. Initial study trials might be done at sites or seasons where western snowy plovers are not present in order to minimize unplanned adverse impacts.
Recovery unit working groups should identify and prioritize studies needed and inform us of their recommendations.
4.2.4 Identify, prioritize, and carry out needed investigations on predator management at the landscape level. Resource
managers should investigate landscape -level management of predators that inhabit western snowy plover nesting areas. This management could include removal of predator nest sites and other predator attractants or habitat on lands surrounding western snowy plover breeding areas. Recovery unit working groups should identify and prioritize studies needed and inform us of their recommendations.
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4.2.5 Investigate techniques for identifying predators responsible for individual nest predation events. Techniques should be developed to identify predators responsible for nest predation events so that appropriate management measures can be applied.
Such techniques could include installation of a remote video camera to monitor western snowy plover nests and exclosures and identify problematical predators.
4.3 Improve methods of monitoring population size and reproductive success of western snowy plovers. Methods used to monitor western snowy plover populations have differed over time and from site to site. To measure progress toward recovery reliably, standard monitoring guidelines have been developed (Appendix J). Logistical and financial constraints likely will preclude complete coverage of all areas, so sampling methods should be developed.
4.3.1 Improve methods of monitoring western snowy plover population size. Not all western snowy plovers at a given location are detected during a single survey, such as the annual breeding - season window survey. Consequently, correction factors are necessary to extrapolate population size from window surveys.
Correction factors are determined on a site -specific basis.
Intensive monitoring and/or color banding make it possible to know the number of western snowy plovers present at a site.
When a window survey is completed, the ratio of the total number of western snowy plovers to the number of western snowy plovers counted provides a correction factor that may be used for future window surveys of the site and for other sites with window surveys but without intensive monitoring. Site -specific correction factors should be obtained for all major nesting locations. When correction factors have been determined for many sites, patterns may emerge that allow correction factors to be applied more broadly.
4.3.2 Develop sampling methods for annually estimating
reproductive success within each recovery unit. While it is extremely valuable to monitor clutch hatching success and chick fledging success at each site as a measure of habitat quality, it is critical to determine the number of young fledged per male for each recovery unit to measure the potential for population stability and growth. Measuring the number of young fledged per male requires intensive monitoring, and at sites with large numbers of birds, some method of identifying individual males. Extensive color banding of adults and their young, enabling determination of young fledged per male, has been undertaken in large portions of coastal Oregon, the shoreline of Monterey Bay, and coastal San Diego County for the past several years. These efforts should continue. Since there are insufficient color band combinations to monitor all individuals in every recovery unit, sampling procedures should be developed to color band adequate samples of males, and if necessary their chicks, in the other recovery units to obtain estimates of the number of young fledged per male. Color banding for measuring reproductive success should be integrated with banding for estimating population size.
4.3.3 Develop methods to monitor western snowy plover survival rates within each recovery unit. Extensive color banding of adult plovers and their young in coastal Oregon, the shoreline of Monterey Bay, and coastal San Diego County has enabled survival rates of adults and young to be calculated for several years (see Population Status and Trends and Survival sections). These efforts should continue. Information on survival rates of birds from other recovery units can be derived from birds banded for monitoring reproductive success or estimating population size.
4.4 Conduct studies on western snowy plover habitat use and availability.
4.4.1 Identify western snowy plover brood habitat and map brood home ranges. Brood movements should be mapped and distances 199
quantified to identify how large an area must be protected for broods. Determine home ranges of western snowy plovers through radio telemetry studies. Traditionally used brood habitat should be identified and protected through actions 2 and 3.
4.4.2 Identify components of high -quality western snowy plover brood rearing habitat. The elements of high -quality brood habitat should be determined to facilitate creation and enhancement of suitable characteristics at other breeding locations.
4.4.3 Quantify wintering habitat needs of western snowy plovers along the Pacific coast. The amount of habitat needed to support wintering western snowy plovers along the Pacific coast should be determined. This effort should include estimating the numbers of western snowy plovers that can be supported at wintering locations listed in Appendix B and identifying important site characteristics.
This action will require consideration of wintering habitat quality along the Pacific coast of the United States and Mexico, and quantifying the combined interior and coastal populations.
4.4.4 Identify any important migration stop -over areas used by migrating but not by breeding or wintering western snowy plovers. Additional information on western snowy plover migration patterns is needed because migration involves expenditure of energy that may affect survival or productivity.
Although monitoring and protection of breeding and wintering locations are currently higher priorities than protection of migration sites, further investigations of, and protective measures for, migration sites should be undertaken when feasible. Threats and management needs of identified migration stop -over habitat should be evaluated and included in management monitoring, and protection tasks (see action 1.6).
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4.5 Develop and implement a research program to determine causes of adult western snowy plover mortality, including investigation of possible causes, magnitude, and frequency of catastrophic mortality.
Determine causes of mortality and the stage in the annual cycle (e.g., post - breeding, migration, winter, pre -breeding, breeding) at which mortality occurs for each sex and age class. This assessment can be done through intensive, bi-weekly monitoring to determine relative health and potential for disease. Monitoring could include fat content and weight related to the season.
4.6 Improve techniques for banding western snowy plovers. Improve the technique for banding birds to reduce injuries. Because western snowy plover injuries are usually associated with Federal metal bands but not with plastic bands, removal of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lettering from the inside of the metal band should be investigated. Eliminating use of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service metal band also should be considered. Experimentation with new techniques must be conducted cautiously and may need to include pre -testing on nonlisted surrogate species.
4.6.1 Compile information regarding number and types of banding injuries to western snowy plovers to determine extent and causes of banding injuries. Several banding injuries to western snowy plovers have been reported. However, there is currently no consistent reporting of injuries to determine the extent or types of injuries. Working groups should compile information on banding injuries to use in determining the type and extent of the problem and in developing a course of action. Information collected should include number of injuries, type of injury (abrasion, foot loss, broken leg, etc.), probable cause of injuries (foreign object lodged between band and leg, wearing of band, etc.), effect of injuries on behavior (breeding, foraging, predator avoidance), type of bands (plastic or metal) associated with injuries, whether metal bands had writing on the inside or other rough areas likely to cause abrasion or lodging of foreign object.
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4.6.2 Review compiled information and determine and implement a appropriate course of action to minimize banding injuries. The information complied in step 4.6.1 should be reviewed to determine the appropriate course of action to minimize banding injuries. Review may reveal that banding injuries are rare or have little impact on breeding success or survival, in which case no changes to banding procedures may be necessary. However, extensive numbers of injuries or impacts on breeding success and survival may require actions such as changing the location of metal bands from the tarsus to tibiotarsus, discontinuing use of metal bands, or using different band types. All decisions regarding changes to banding procedures should consider effects of such changes to the type, quantity, and quality of data that may be gathered from banding efforts, and whether such changes will affect the ability to determine population trends, monitor success of management actions, or otherwise affect recovery efforts. For example, discontinuing use of metal bands may affect the ability to gather information on survival, longevity, and dispersal useful in analyzing population viability.
4.7 Identify effects of oil spills on western snowy plovers. Research should be conducted on the direct and indirect effects of oil spills on western snowy plovers, including, but not limited to: (1) how oil spills affect the plover's prey base; (2) chronic effects of oiling; (3) transmission of oil on partially -oiled birds from the breast to the egg; (4) at what stage oiled plovers need to be captured or re -captured; (5) preferable methods to remove oil from soiled birds; and (6) impacts to plovers during oil clean- up and remediation activities.
4.8 Monitor levels of environmental contaminants in western snowy plovers. When abandoned eggs and/or dead chicks that are not needed for law enforcement investigations become available, they should be collected for potential contaminants assessment. Egg removal and salvage of dead chicks should only be done by individuals possessing proper Federal and State authorizations. Chemical analysis of salvaged specimens should be 202
coordinated through our Division of Environmental Contaminants. All salvaged eggs should be analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), selenium, mercury, and boron.
All sampling should be opportunistic, based on availability of eggs that are known to be abandoned. Eggs should never be removed from the beach as long as there is any realistic chance that they might hatch. In the case of unhatched eggs from a partially hatched clutch, eggs should not be collected until at least 36 hours after the known hatch date of the other eggs. Full clutches should not be collected unless it is known that 35 or more days have elapsed since the last egg was laid. When this opportunistic sampling of failed eggs indicates potential problems with contaminants, follow up studies should be carried out (see action 4.9).
4.9 Design and conduct contaminants studies if monitoring of contaminants in action 4.8 indicates potential contaminants effects.
When opportunistic sampling of failed eggs (action 4.8) indicates potential problems with contaminants, additional studies should be carried out to evaluate the extent of contamination in western snowy plover diets, its effects on nest success and egg hatchability, and its effects on various life stages of snowy plovers (eggs vs. adults). Thresholds when management action is required should be identified. When the target threshold is exceeded research should be conducted to identify the source.
4.10 Identify, prioritize, and carry out needed investigations of the effects of human recreation on western snowy plovers. Many studies on the effects of recreational activities on western snowy plovers have already been conducted. To avoid duplicating previous or ongoing efforts, recovery unit working groups should evaluate and prioritize additional study needs to determine the effects of human recreation on western snowy plover. Western snowy plover should be monitored for effects from recreational activities such as off -road vehicle riding, horseback riding, walking, jogging, fishing, aircraft, ultralight aircraft, and kite - flying.
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4.11 Revise the population viability analysis (Appendix D), if needed, when sufficient additional information on demographic characteristics (survival rates, reproductive success) is available from each recovery unit and information is obtained on the probability and magnitude of catastrophic mortality events. As new information on population numbers, survival rates, and reproductive success are acquired from monitoring (actions 1.1 and 1.2), monitoring techniques are improved (action 4.3), and mortality sources and rates of mortality are determined (action 4.5), the population viability analysis should be reviewed and revised if additional information differs significantly from that used to construct the original analysis.
5 Undertake public information and education programs. Expanded efforts are needed to increase public awareness of the needs of westem snowy plovers, other rare beach species, and the beach and dune ecosystem. Public outreach efforts should be a major focus of each of the working groups for the six recovery units. Appendix C, Table C-1 identifies 84 locations where public information and education is either currently occurring or is recommended to achieve management goals.
5.1 Develop and implement public information and education programs.
Millions of beach recreationists come in contact with western snowy plover nesting and wintering areas each year. Disregard to signs, symbolic fencing, and leash laws by beach users can directly affect the productivity and health of western snowy plovers on those beaches.
Public information and education efforts play a key role in obtaining compliance of beach recreationists with plover protection measures that, in turn, affect the birds' recovery. Central messages to the beach -going public include: (1) respect areas fenced or posted for protection of plovers and other rare beach species; (2) do not approach or linger near western snowy plovers or their nests; (3) if pets are permitted on beaches used by plovers, keep the pets leashed; (4) don't leave or bury trash or food scraps on beaches, as garbage attracts predators that may prey upon plover eggs or chicks; and (5) do not build wood structures that can be used as predator perches.
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Because of the importance of information and education for the western snowy plover recovery effort, as part of this recovery plan, we developed an Information and Education Plan for the Western Snowy Plover, Pacific coast population (Appendix K).
5.2 Inform Federal, State, and local resource/regulatory agencies and local planning departments of threats to breeding and wintering western snowy plovers and their habitats. Periodic meetings and/or workshops should be held to inform Federal, State, and local resource management and regulatory agencies, and city and county planning departments about threats, research, and management needs for plovers.
A network of public agency staff from each of the six recovery unit working groups should develop a coordinated approach to present this information to these agencies periodically, or as needed.
5.3 Develop and maintain updated information and education materials on western snowy plovers. Members of the six recovery unit working groups should develop new western snowy plover information and education materials for target audiences to stimulate public interest and awareness. In addition, all materials should be kept reasonably current regarding the status of the species and protection efforts. These materials should also explain the need for conservation of the beach and dune ecosystem and the plight of other rare beach -dwelling species.
Videos detailing needed western snowy plover recovery actions by location and recovery unit should be developed, and might be efficiently produced in conjunction with updated public service advertisements.
5.4 Alert landowners and beach -goers about access restrictions within western snowy plover habitats. Land managers should begin providing informational and educational outreach at least 2 weeks prior to the onset of the nesting season to provide beach -goers and interested landowners with advance notice of impending restrictions on publicly - owned western snowy plover breeding habitats. This outreach is particularly important for the first year of restrictions. If necessary, 205
follow-up publicity that includes information on citations issued to violators should be implemented to help reinforce the message.
5.5 Provide trained personnel to facilitate protective measures, provide public education, and respond to emergency situations. Biologists, docents, volunteers, and other personnel should be trained to patrol western snowy plover nesting areas to monitor birds, distribute educational materials, respond to emergency situations, and ensure that beach -goers stay out of fenced areas and adhere to other plover protection measures. Biologists engaged in monitoring, management, or research activities should also advance the public's understanding of plover management needs.
5.6 Develop protocols for handling sick, displaced, injured, oiled, and dead birds or salvaged eggs. Land managers within each recovery unit should develop protocols for all trained personnel identifying who should be contacted when injured, dead, oiled, or displaced birds are found, and who is permitted to handle these birds. Federal and State salvage permits are necessary for the disposal of dead birds and the transportation of injured birds. Federal and State endangered species permits are necessary for wildlife rehabilitators to accept and care for injured and sick birds. Coordination with biologists that are monitoring and banding western snowy plovers is essential for capture and release of injured/rehabilitated birds. Live chicks that are found should not be moved or taken for rehabilitation as these chicks are often not abandoned, even though plover adults may not be obvious at the time the chicks are seen. Protocols should also be developed on how to collect and preserve salvaged eggs used for contaminants analysis.
5.7 Establish a distribution system and repository for information and education materials. Land managers must distribute information and education materials to target audiences. To reach the large population of potential beach -goers within a few hours' drive of many major metropolitan areas, broad -scale information and education mechanisms should be implemented, including distribution by mass media such as l:
newspapers, radio and television announcements, and internet web sites.
Land managers should also focus their information and education efforts on user groups at beach parking lot entry stations and kiosks, visitor centers, marinas, beach -front housing developments, equestrian and angler access points, and locations providing off -road vehicle permits.
Public outreach efforts should be directed to groups within the geographical location of the managed beaches (e.g., to private and commercial equestrian users) and to groups outside of the area who use the beaches on a regular or seasonal basis (e.g., to off -road vehicle associations from out-of-state or inland locations). Land managers, with the help of docents and volunteers, should coordinate with local school teachers to develop and present environmental education lesson plans and participatory activities for elementary and middle school groups.
We will act as a central repository for current and new information and education materials received; upon request, we will make these materials available to recovery unit working groups and the general public. We will also maintain information on western snowy plovers at our website ( http://www.fws.gov/aeata) . Major distributional efforts should also continue by Federal, State, and local agencies, and private conservation organizations.
5.8 Establish a reporting and distribution system for annual monitoring data and management techniques. Our Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office should coordinate and produce an annual report of submitted breeding and wintering monitoring data and distribute it to recovery unit working groups. This report should describe results of monitoring throughout the western snowy plover population's range. A distribution system should also be established for sharing information on predator management techniques, nest protection, etc. among working groups. 6 Review progress towards recovery and revise recovery efforts as appropriate. Communication, evaluation, and coordination play a major role in western snowy plover recovery efforts. Land managers within each of the six recovery unit working groups should review the effectiveness of their 207
management activities in coordination with other members of their working group, and revise management measures as appropriate. They should also provide results of annual population monitoring and the effectiveness of management activities to their working group and to our Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office.
6.1 Develop and implement a tracking process for the completion of recovery actions and the achievement of delisting criteria. A tracking process should be developed to track the completion of recovery actions and progress toward delisting. Utilizing information from specific actions, the recovery criteria such as the implementation of management activities can be tracked. Information from the tracking process can be used in outreach and in helping identify when the western snowy plover can be delisted.
6.2 Review progress toward recovery annually within each recovery unit working group and revise site -specific recovery efforts as appropriate to meet recovery goals. Communication, evaluation, and coordination play a major role in western snowy plover recovery efforts.
Land managers within each of the six recovery unit working groups should review the effectiveness of their management activities in coordination with other members of their working group, and revise management measures as appropriate. They should also provide results of annual population monitoring and the effectiveness of management activities to their working group and to our Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office.
Additionally, the working groups in conjunction with land managers should review success in meeting management goal breeding numbers recommended in Appendix B, and develop recommendations for any necessary revisions to those numbers based on site -specific conditions.
Ongoing and needed management activities recommended in Appendix C also should be evaluated and revised according to site specific conditions. Revisions to management goals and management activities should be provided to our Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office.
6.3 Assess the applicability, value, and success of this recovery plan to the recovery of the western snowy plover every 5 years until the recovery criteria are achieved. Rather than revising the entire recovery plan, it is proposed that minor revisions, clarifications, and prioritization changes be made through an addendum, to be produced and distributed every 5 years. This addendum would address data gaps identified in this version of the recovery plan including recommended management prescriptions, specific habitat management recommendations, management goal breeding numbers, directed surveys; and necessary changes discussed in previous recovery actions. It would provide a summary of the recovery actions implemented to date, and it would be a forum to solicit comments from the Recovery Team, stakeholders, and others interested parties on anyproposed major changes. Major changes, elimination, or addition of recovery actions may initiate a revision.
6.4 Prepare a delisting package for the Pacific coast population of the western snowy plover. If actions 6.1 through 6.3 indicate recovery criteria have been met, actions to ameliorate or eliminate threats have been implemented and determined to be effective, and analyses of threats demonstrate that threats identified during and since the listing process have been ameliorated or eliminated, prepare a delisting package.
6.5 Prepare and implement a post-delisting monitoring plan. If delisting is warranted, prepare a post-delisting monitoring plan. Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act requires, in cooperation with the States, monitoring for a minimum of five years all species that have been recovered (i.e., delisted).
7 Dedicate sufficient U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff for coordination of western snowy plover recovery implementation. Our Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office holds lead responsibility for coordinating implementation of western snowy plover recovery. We should assure that the Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office has sufficient staff to handle the primary responsibility of implementing the western snowy plover recovery plan. Duties should include 209
coordination and distribution of monitoring information and educational materials; transmission of copies of annual population monitoring results to our field offices that are responsible for westem snowy plover issues; compilation and distribution of annual population status updates to all working groups; coordination with our other field offices in CNO and Region 1 regarding western snowy plover conservation actions, consultations, habitat conservation plans, and permits; facilitating coordination among the working groups created for the six recovery units; and fund raising to support recovery implementation actions.
8 Establish an international conservation program with the government of Mexico to protect western snowy plovers and their breeding and wintering locations in Mexico. Meeting the recovery goals outlined in this recovery plan is dependent only on actions recommended for implementation along the Pacific coast of the United States. However, other actions are identified for Mexico to complement conservation efforts in the United States. Efforts should be made to establish an international conservation program between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Mexico's National Institute of Ecology, Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Fisheries.
Programs to facilitate implementation of this conservation program should include Partners in Flight, North American Waterfowl Management Plan, and the Borderlands Initiative.
8.1 Develop a joint effort between the United States and Mexico to protect western snowy plover populations and their habitat. Joint efforts should be implemented to determine important habitat in Mexico and protect these breeding and wintering locations from human disturbance.
8.2 Encourage research and monitoring of breeding and wintering western snowy plovers in Baja California, Mexico, by universities and authorities of Mexico. Joint efforts should be made to develop and implement a long-term monitoring program for western snowy plover populations of Mexico. They should include developing methods for consistent monitoring, coordination of banding and color -marking with 210
banders from the United States, assessment of the population status of breeding and wintering birds, and assessment of environmental impacts that may adversely affect plover populations.
8.3 Encourage development and implementation of public information and conservation education in Mexico for western snowy plovers.
Public information and educational efforts should be coordinated and implemented by the United States and Mexico. They should include development of bilingual pamphlets for distribution to anglers, tourists, and local communities, and construction and placement of bilingual signs alerting them of the presence of nesting western snowy plovers. 9 Coordinate with other survey, assessment, and recovery efforts for the western snowy plover throughout North America. Western snowy plovers range through much of North America, and many individuals of the Pacific Coast population of western snowy plovers may overy inter in areas that overlap with other populations. Participation and coordination with other groups working on survey, assessment, and recovery efforts may yield valuable information on the distribution, status, and management needs for the Pacific Coast population of the western snowyplover. This coordination effort should be included in establishment of an international conservation program with Mexico.
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212
IV. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
The following Implementation Schedule outlines actions needed, responsible parties, and estimated costs to recover the United States portion of the Pacific coast population of the western snowy plover. Considering the recovery criteria, results of the population viability analysis (Appendix D), and fulfillment of the recommendations contained in the recovery plan, recovery of the western snowy plover could occur in approximately 40 years. This time estimate assumes dedicated, proactive efforts toward improvements in western snowy plover management in the near -term, and subsequent management at a maintenance level commensurate with fulfillment of the recovery criteria.
The total cost of implementing actions outlined in this recovery plan over 40 years is $149,946,000. However, this figure represents only a portion of the overall costs because the cost of many actions cannot be estimated at this time. For example, costs associated with intensive protection and management on Federal and State lands (Action 3.3) should be determined by members of each of the six recovery unit working groups because they are most familiar with their site -specific needs and constraints. Costs of many actions were estimated based on current management recommendations provided in Appendix C. However, coastal ecosystems are dynamic and necessary management actions may vary with time, as site conditions change. Improvements over time in methods for predator control, control of nonnative vegetation, and monitoring are also expected and may affect actual costs.
It should be recognized that expenditure of funds for recovery of the western snowy plover will provide far-reaching benefits beyond those gained for a single species. Allocation of these funds will also benefit many other sensitive fish and wildlife species, the coastal beach -dune ecosystem, public appreciation for natural habitats, and aesthetics. These estimated costs do not reflect a cost/benefit analysis that incorporates other values or economic effects with implementation of the recommendations contained in this recovery plan.
We believe that protection and management costs could be substantially reduced by selecting protection strategies that are more restrictive of other beach uses. 213
While we believe that it is neither feasible nor desirable to completely eliminate beach recreation in most western snowy plover habitat, we also recognize that management strategies that protect western snowy plovers on beaches where public use is also maintained require a continuing commitment of person -power, and are inherently expensive.
The Implementation Schedule lists and ranks actions that should be undertaken within the next 5 years. This schedule will be reviewed routinely until the recovery objective is met, and priorities and actions will be subject to revision. 214
Key to Acronyms used in the
Implementation Schedule
Definition of action priorities:
Priority 1 - An action that must be taken to prevent extinction or prevent the species from declining irreversibly in the foreseeable future.
Priority 2 - An action that must be taken to prevent a significant decline in species population or habitat quality, or some other significant negative impact short of extinction.
Priority 3 - All other actions necessary to provide for full recovery of the species.
Definition of action durations and costs:
Annual - An action that will be implemented each year.
Continual - An action that will be implemented on a routine basis once begun.
Ongoing - An action that is currently being implemented and will continue until action is no longer necessary.
As needed - An action that will be implemented on an "as needed" basis.
Unknown - Either action duration or associated costs are not known at this time.
To Be Determined (TBD) - Costs to be determined at a later date. 215
Responsible parties*:
ARMY U.S. Army
BLM
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
CCC
California State Coastal Commission
CDFG
California Department of Fish and Game
CDPR
California Department of Parks and Recreation
CE
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CI
Cities
CO
Counties
CON
California Coastal Conservancy
EBRPD
East Bay Regional Park District
ES
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Ecological Services (includes Endangered Species and Contaminants)
FAA
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation
Administration
HARD
Hayward Area Recreation and Park District
IA
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of International Affairs LE
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Law Enforcement LMAO
Land Management Agencies and Organizations and other
Cooperators.
(This category includes Federal and local land management agencies listed above, private organizations and individuals that own and manage snowy plover breeding and wintering habitat, and private conservation groups that provide on -site protection of lands owned by others.)
MPOSD
Mid -Peninsula Open Space District
MPRPD
Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration -Ames Research Center
NAVY
U.S. Navy
NMFS
National Marine Fisheries Service
NPS
National Park Service
ODFW
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
ODLCD
Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
OPRD
Oregon Parks and Recreation Department
216
P
Private landowners (except HARD, MPOSD, and TNC)
PA
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Public Affairs
PGH
Port of Grays Harbor
PO
Port of Oakland
PRBO
Point Reyes Bird Observatory Conservation Science
PSL
Port of San Luis Harbor District
RSCH
Research institutions and agencies
RW
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Refuges and Wildlife (includes Realty)
SDRPJPA
San Dieguito River Park Joint Powers Authority
TNC
The Nature Conservancy
TPL
Trust for Public Land
USAF
U.S. Air Force
USCG
U.S. Coast Guard
USFS
U.S. Forest Service
USFWS
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
BBL
U.S. Geological Survey, Bird Banding Laboratory
BRD
U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division
USMC
U.S. Marine Corps
WDFW
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
WDNR
Washington Department of Natural Resources
WS
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services Branch WSPRC
Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
* All responsible parties listed for actions in Implementation Schedule are considered lead agencies for those actions.
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N
00 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Western Snowy Plover Pacific Coast Population Recovery Plan Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 1 Annually monitor
1.1 annual
LMAO, CO, Cl,
2,194
54.9 54.9
54.9 54.9
54.9 Assumes 157 window survey days,
abundance, population
RSCH
with 2 biologists perlocation at.
size and distribution at
Action needed to determine
breeding and wintering
fulfillment ofrecovery criteria.
locations.
1 Develop and implement a
1.2 annual
LMAO, CO, Cl.
TBD
Action needed to determine
program to monitor
RSCH
fulfillment ofrecovery criteria.
productivity and annual
Depends partly on completion of
survival.
4.3.2 and 4.3.3.
1 Develop and implement a
1.3 annual
LMAO, RSCH
1,125
60 27
27 27
27 Assumes initial cost for
program to monitor
development of standardized
habitat condition and
monitoring program and subsequent
threats at all breeding and
monitoring for 155 sites.
wintering sites.
3 Develop and implement
1.4 continual
ES, LMAO,
363.5
32 8.5
8.5 8.5
8.5 Assumes initial cost to develop
training and certification
RSCH
program and subsequent
programs for ,western
implementation.
snowy plover survey
coordinators and
observers.
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Improve submittal
1.5 continual
ES, LMAO, BBL,
346
32 8
8 8
8 Assumes initial cost to develop
system for monitoring
PRBO
submittal and reporting system and
data to ensure consistnt
subsequent annual review.
reporting.
3 Assess and evaluate new
1.6 continual
ES, LMAO,
TBD
Depends on results of annual
breeding wintering and
PRBO
surveys and monitoring.
migration areas for
threats and management
needs and update lists as
data become available.
3 Coordinate monitoring of
1.7 annual
ES, RW, NAVY,
1,020
25.5 25.5
25.5 25.5
25.5 Coordinate at biannual pre- and
snowy plovers and
USMC, USAF,
post -season Califomia least tern
California least terns to
CDFG, CDPR,
monitoring meeting. Assumes 2
minimize disturbances.
WS, BRD
meetings at 2 days per meeting with
9 agency staff attending.
3 Develop a post-delisting
1.8 TBD
ES, LMAO, CO,
TBD
monitoring plan.
CI, RSCH
N
N
O
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 1 Develop a prioritized list
2.1.1 2 yrs
ES, LMAO,
59.65 59.65
Assumes time to evaluate sites and
of wintering and
CO, CI, RSCH
development of the prioritized list.
breeding sites where
natural coastal processes
need protection and/or
enhancement.
1 Identify and implement
2.1.2 continual
ES, LMAO,
TBD
Incorporate into ongoing
mechanisms to protect,
CO, Cl, RSCH
managementin action 3. Costs will
enhance or restore
depend on mechanisms identified
natural coastal processes.
and carried out.
1 Develop and implement
2.2.1.1 continual
CE, LMAO, CO,
TBD
App C identifies 86 sites. Costs
prioritized removal and
Cl
range for mechanical, manual and/or
control for introduced
chemical control: $1,000 to
beachgrass and other
$87,000/hectare ($400 to $35,000
non-native vegetation.
per acre).
2 Replace exotic dune
2.2.1.2 continual
CE, LMAO, CO,
TBD
Estimated cost of planting native
plants with native dune
CI
vegetation: $30,000 per hectare
vegetation where it is
($12,000 per acre). Number of sites
likely to improve habitat.
to be determined.
N
N
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Evaluate breeding and
2.2.2.1 2 yrs
CE, ES, LMAO,
110
55 55
Assumes cost to evaluate each site.
wintering sites to
CO, CI
determine whether
dredged materials may be
used to enhance or create
nesting habitat.
3 Develop and implement
2.2.2.2 ongoing
CE, ES, LMAO,
TBD
Costs will depend on completion of
plans to use dredged
CO, CI
acts on 2.2.2.1.
materials may be used to
enhance or create nesting
habitat.
3 Identify sites where
2.2.3.1 2yrs
CE, ES, LMAO,
110
55 55
Assumes cost to evaluate each site.
beach nourishment may
CO, CI
be effective in creating
and enhancing habitat.
3 Develop and implement
2.2.3.2 ongoing
CE, ES, LMAO,
TBD
Cost dependent on number of sites
beach nourishment plans
CO, CI
identified in 2.2.3.1 and outcome of
for site identified in
4.1.1. action 2.2.3.1.
N
N
N
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 1 Create, manage, and
2.2.4 ongoing
ES, RW, CE,
TBD
App C identifies 15 sites. Costs
enhance coastal ponds
CDFG, NASA,
dependent on type and area of
and playas for breeding
HARD, LMAO
restoration.
habitat.
1 Seasonally close areas
2.3.1.1.1 annual
LMAO, CO,
559.2
13.98 13.98
13.98 13.98
13.98 App C identifies 81 sites. Assumes
used by breeding snowy
CON, CI
cost to close these sites.
plovers.
1 Fence areas usedby
2.3.1.1.2 annual
LMAO, CO,
14,840
371
371
371
371
371
App C identifies 64 sites. Cost
breeding snowy plovers
CON, CI
assumes 1 kilometer fencing
required per site at a cost of $5,900
per kilometer.
1 Post signs in areas used
2.3.1.1.3 annual
LMAO, CO,
202
5 5
5 5
5 App C identifies 65 sites. Cost
by breeding snowy
CON, CI
dependent on number of signs
plovers
needed at each site, but assumes cost
for installation and a minimum of 4
signs at $20 per sign.
1 Evaluate effects of
2.3.1.2.1 1 year
LMAO, CO, Cl
455
455
Appendix C identifies 81 sites.
existing and planned
Assumes cost to conduct use survey
access at all breeding and
for the identified sites.
wintering locations and
any new locations
identified.
1 Develop and implement
2.3.1.2.2 continual
LMAO, CO, Cl
TBD
Costs depend on outcome of
plans to minimize
2.3.1.2.1. adverse access effects.
N
N
W
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Implement and enforce
2.3.2 continual
LMAO, CO, CI
39,406
985
985
985
985
985
Appendix C identifies 120 sites
pet restrictions.
Assumes staff time to implement
and enforce restrictions at the
identified sites.
I
Annually review
2.3.3 annual
LMAO, CO, Cl
21,948
549
549
549
549
549
Assumes staff cost to develop and
recreational activities and
implement plans at each site
develop and implement
annually.
plans to prevent
disturbance from
disruptive recreational
activities at breeding and
wintering sites
3 Prevent driftwood
2.3.4 continual
LMAO, CO, Cl
1,805
50 45
45 45
45 Appendix C identifies 26 sites. Cost
removal through posting
dependent on number of signs
of signs
needed at each site, but assumes cost
for installation and a minimum of 4
signs at $20 per sign.
1 Prevent disturbance,
2.3.5 continual
LMAO, CO, Cl
18,760
469
469
469
469
469
Appendix C identifies 101 sites.
mortality, and habitat
Assumes staff time formonitoring
degradation by
on weekends.
prohibiting or restricting
off -road vehicles and
beach -raking machines.
3 Implement restrictions on
2.3.6 annual
LMAO, CO, CI
1,033.7
25.8 25.8
25.8 25.8
25.8 Appendix C identifies 72 sites.
horseback riding through
Assumes staff time to implement
annual coordination.
restrictions.
N
N
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Implement and enforce
2.3.7 annual
LMAO, CO, Cl
255
6.3 6.3
6.3 6.3
6.3 Appendix C identifies 18 sites.
restrictions on livestock
Assumes staff time to implement
through annual
restrictions.
coordination.
1 Determine enforcement
2.3.8.1 continual
LE, LMAO,
TBD
Cost will depend on identified
needs and provide
CO, Cl
enforcement needs.
sufficient wardens,
agents or officers to
enforce protective
measures in breeding and
wintering habitat.
3 Develop and implement
2.3.8.2 continual
LE, LMAO, CO,
320
8 8
8 8
8 Annual training cost estimate $8,000
training programs for
Cl
per year.
enforcement personnel to
improve enforcement of
regulations and minimize
effects of enforcement.
2 Develop and implement a
2.3.9 annual
LMAO, CO,
339.8
8.5 8.5
8.5 8.5
8.5 Assumes staff costs per recovery
program to annually
Cl, FAA, LE
unit to compile list and notify
coordinate with local
aircraft operations and facilities.
airports, aircraft
operations regarding
minimum altitude
requirementss.
3 Implement and enforce
2.4.1.1 annual
LMAO, CO, CI
TBD
Incorporate into ongoing
anti -littering regulations.
management and Action 3.
N
N
Ch
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Evaluate the effects of
2.4.1.2 2 yrs
LMAO, CO, Cl
110
55 55
Assumes evaluation time per site.
current litter and garbage
management on
predation at breeding and
wintering sites.
3 Develop and implement
2.4.1.3 continual
LMAO, CO, Cl
TBD
Costs will depend on 2.4.1.2 and
garbage and litter
plans developed.
management plans where
litter and garbage
contribute to predation.
3 Annually identify and
2.4.2 continual
LMAO, CO, CI
375.2
9.4 9.4
9.4 9.4
9.4 Assumes staff time to complete
remove predator perches
action each year.
and unnatural habitats
attractive to predators.
1 Erect predator exclosures
2.4.3 annual
LMAO, CO, Cl
18,266
456
456
456
456
456
App C identifies 53 sites. Assumes
to reduce egg predation
cost per unit installation.
and improve
productivity.
1 Evaluate the need for
2.4.4 as
LMAO, CO, CI,
TBD
App, C identifies 61 sites for
predator removal and
needed
WS, CDFG
additional predator control Costs
implement where
dependent on assessment of needs
warranted and feasible.
and feas ability.
3 Remove bird and
2.4.5 as
LMAO, CO, Cl
TBD
mammal carcasses in
needed
nesting areas.
N
N
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife
2.5.1 annual
ES
5,154
128.9
128.9
128.9
128.9
128.9
Assumes staff time from the six ES
Service biologists should
office responsible for coastlines of
participate in Area
CA, OR, and WA.
Committees responsible
for maintaining the Area
Contingency Plans for
the Pacific Coast to
facilitate the updating of
spill response plans to
include protection of
western snowy plovers.
1 Assign monitors to
2.5.2 as
ES, USCG,
1,984
49.6 49.6
49.6 49.6
49.6 Assumes cost of two weeks of
beaches that are
needed
LMAO, CO, Cl
monitoring for five incidents per
inhabited by western
year.
snowy plovers to protect
western snowyplovers
from injury during spill
responses.
2 Compensate the loss of
2.6 ongoing
ES, RW,
TBD
Costs dependent on effectiveness of
plover breeding and
CE, LMAO
minimizing habitat loss.
wintering habitat
associated with recovery
efforts for other sensitive
species.
3 Investigate feasibility and
2.7.1 5 yrs
ES, NMFS,
320
64 64
64 64
64 Assumes staff time to investigate.
methods for discouraging
NAVY, LMAO
pinniped use of nesting
areas.
N
N
J
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Identify areas where
2.7.2 TBD
ES, NMFS,
TBD
Costs dependent on number of sites
pinniped use is
NAVY, LMAO
identified and methods determined
negatively affecting
in 2.7.1.
nesting and implement
any appropriate methods.
1 Establish and maintain
3.1 continual
ES, LMAO,
3,650
96 96
91 91
91 Essential mechanism to advance
snowy plover working
CO, C I, P
plover recovery. Includes biannual
groups for each ofthe six
meeting costs and staff costs to
recovery units.
establish new working groups.
2 Develop and implement
3.2 1 yr for
ES, LMAO
193
193
Assumes staff cost to develop and
regional participation
develop-
implement participation plans.
plans for each of the six
ment,
recovery units.
continual
thereafter
3 Develop and implement
3.3.1 ongoing
RW, ARMY,
TBD
Implementation cost dependent on
management plans for
BLM, CE,
content of plans developed.
Federal lands.
NASA, NAVY,
NPS, USAF,
USMC, USFS
tJ
tJ
00 Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Develop and implement
3.3.2 5 years
CDFG, CDPR,
966
193
193
193
193
193
Assumes cost for each recovery unit
managementplans and
ODFW, OPRD,
to assist in development.
Habitat Conservation
WDFW, WDNR,
Implementation cost to be
Plans on State wildlife
WSPRC
determined.
areas, State ecological
reserves, and State
beaches.
3 Develop and implement
3.4 5 years
ES, LMAO, CO,
966
193
193
193
193
193
Assumes cost for each recovery unit
Habitat Conservation
CI, P, EBRPD,
to assist in development.
Plans or other
HARD, MPOSD,
Implementation cost to be
management plans for
MPRPD, PGH,
determined.
sites owned by local
PO, SL, TNC,
governments or private
SDRPJPA
landowners.
2 Provide technical
3.5 10 years
ES, CCC, CDFG,
TBD
Estimated at 2 workshops per
assistance to local
CDPR, CON,
recovery unit at a cost of $
governments in
ODFW, ODLCD,
developing and
OPRD, WDNR,
(Patty Carol in RO)
implementing local land
WDFW, WSPRC,
use protection measures
CO, CI
through periodic
workshops.
N
N
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Develop and implement
3.6 continual
ES, CCC,
TBD
Costs may vary from year to year
cooperative programs
ODLCD, ODFW,
based on identified program needs.
and partnerships with the
OPRD, CDPR,
California State Coastal
WSPRC
Commission, the Oregon
Department of land
Conservation and
Development, the
Washington State Parks
and Recreation
Commission, the Oregon
Parks and Recreation
Department, the
California Department of
Parks and Recreation,
and the Oregon
Department of Fish and
Wildlife.
3 Obtain long-term
3.7 12 years
ES, CDFG, P
2,319
193
193
193
193
193
Assumes staff time to facilitate 6
agreements with private
CDPR, ODFW,
agreements per year per recovery
landowners.
WDFW, WSPRC,
unit. Appendix C identifies 72 sites.
LMAO
3 Identify and protect
3.8 ongoing
CON, ES, RW,
TBD
habitat available for
LMAO
acquisition.
N
w
0 Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Ensure that any section
3.9 ongoing
ES,
1,288
32'32
32 32
32 32
Assumes staff time for annual
10(a)(1)(B) and section
Federal agencies
evaluation.
7(a)(2) permits contribute
to Pacific coast western
snowy plover
conservation.
3 Ensure that section 7
3.10 ongoing
ES,
1,288
32'32
32 32
32 32
Assumes staff time for annual
consultations contribute
Federal agencies
evaluation.
to Pacific coast western
snowy plover
conservation.
2 Evaluate effectiveness of
4.1.1 continual
CON, ES,
TBD
Depends on the number and location
habitat restoration by
LMAO, RSCH
of sites as well as the temporal
removal of introduced
duration of the restoration project.
beachgrass and identify
additional studies
necessary.
3 Evaluate the impacts and
4.1.2 ongoing
ES, LMAO,
TBD
potential benefits of past
RSCH, CE, Cl,
and ongoing beach
CO
nourishment activities
and identify and carry
out any additional studies
necessary.
2 Develop higher-
4.2.1 ongoing
ES, LMAO,
20 10
5 3
2 0
Compare new exclosures with
efficiency nest
RSCH
current ones to determine effects on
enclosures.
snowy plovers.
N
W
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 2 Develop California least
4.2.2 as
ES, USMC,
TBD
Costs specific to sites with
tern enclosures that
needed
CDFG, CDPR,
California leasttern enclosures.
prevent harm to snowy
LMAO, RSCH
Estimated cost for materials
plovers.
(fencing/posts): $7per linear foot
($23 per meter).
3 Identify, prioritim and
4.2.3 as
ES, RW,
TBD
Cost dependent on number and
carry out investigations
needed
LMAO, WS,
types of studies identified.
on control of predators.
CDFG, RSCH,
CO, CI, P
3 Investigate predator
4.2.4 as
ES, RW, LMAO,
TBD
Costs dependent on number and
management at the
needed
WS, RSCH, CO,
types of studies identified.
landscape level.
CI, P
3 Investigate tedmiques for
4.2.5 continual
LMAO, RSCH
TBD
identifying nest
predators.
2 Improve methods of
4.3.1 ongoing
ES, LMAO,
TBD
Dependent on costs of intensive
monitoring population
RSCH
monitoring of some sites.
size.
2 Develop sampling
4.3.2 2 years
ES, RSCH
64 64
Assumes time to compile and review
methods for annually
data and develop methodology.
estimating reproductive
success.
3 Develop methods to
4.3.3 ongoing
ES, LMAO,
TBD
monitor plover survival
RSCH
rates.
N
W
N
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Identify brood habitat
4.4.1 ongoing
ES, LMAO,
TBD
Costs dependent on study design.
and map brood home
continual
RSCH, CO, Cl, P
May include radio telemetry.
ranges.
3 Identify components of
4.4.2 1 year
ES, LMAO,
131
131
Assumes study at 6 geographically
high -quality brood
RSCH, CO, Cl, P
representative sites for duration of
rearing habitat
breeding season.
3 Quantify wintering
4.4.3 5 years
ES, RSCH, BRD,
75 75
Assumes study at 6 geographically
habitat needs along the
PRBO
representative sites during winter
Pacific coast.
months.
3 Identify important
4.4.4 ongoing
ES, LMAO
TBD
migration stop -over
habitat.
3 Develop and implement a
4.5 ongoing
LMAO, RSCH
TBD
Costs dependent on study design.
research programto
determine causes of adult
mortali ty.
3 Compile information
4.6.1 1 year
ES, RSCH,
32 32
Assumes staff time to develop,
regarding number and
PRBO, BRD,
distribute and compile information
types of banding injuries
BBL
requests.
to plovers.
3 Review compiled
4.6.2 1 year
ES, RSCH,
32 Assumes staff time to review
information (see 4.6.1)
PRBO, BRD,
compiled information, distribution
and determine and
BBL
and coordination with other
implement an appropriate
responsible parties.
course of action.
N
w
w
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Identify effects of oil
4.7 as
ES, RSCH,
TBD
Typical range of cost for study is
spills on snowy plovers.
needed
BRD, LMAO
estimated bet -,wen $25,000 -
$100,000.
3 Monitor levels of
4.8 as
ES, RSCH,
TBD
Depends on number and type of
environmental
needed
BRD, LMAO
samples. Cost estimate $700 per
contaminants in snowy
sample, but may vary depending on
plovers.
type of contaminant.
3 Design and conduct
4.9 as
LMAO, ES,
TBD
Depends on number of sites and
contaminants studies if
needed
RSCH, BRD
samples analyzed. Cost estimates for
monitoring of
studies range from $25,000 to
contaminants in action
$50,000 per site.
4.8 indicates potential
contaminants effects.
3 Identify, prioritize and
4.10 ongoing
LMAO, ES,
TBD
Costs dependent on research needs
carry out studies on the
RSCH, PRBO,
identified.
effects of human
BRD
recreation on western
snowy plovers.
3 Revise the population
4.11 1 year
ES, RSCH,
25 Assumes cost to conduct modeling.
viability analysis when
PRBO, BRD
sufficient additional
information is available
2 Develop and implement
5.1 ongoing
ES, PA,
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
Depends on individual recovery unit
public information and
LMAO
strategies. See Appendix K
education programs.
(Information & Education Plan) for
estimates of component expenses.
N
w
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Inform Federal, State and
5.2 continual
ES, LMAO,
TBD
local planning agencies
CCC, CDFG,
and local planning
CDPR, ODFW,
departments of threats to
ODLCD, OPRD,
breeding and wintering
WDFW, WDNR,
snowy plovers and their
WSPRC, CO/CI
habitats.
3 Develop and maintain
5.3 ongoing
ES, PA, LMAO,
TBD
Incorporate into ongoing
updated information and
CO, CI
management and Action 3.1 through
education materials on
3.10. See Appendix K
snowy plovers.
3 Alert landowners and
5.4 ongoing
ES,
TBD
Incorporate into ongoing
beach -goers about access
PA,
management and Action 3.1 through
restrictions within snowy
LMAO,
3.10. See Appendix K
plover habitats.
CO, CI
3 Provide trained personnel
5.5 continual
LMAO, CO, CI
TBD
Need to secure funds for volunteer
to facilitate protective
coordinator and staff to train
measures, provide public
volunteers. Incorporate into Action
education, and respond to
3.1 through 3.10. See Appendix K.
emergency situations.
3 Develop protocols for
5.6 1 with
LMAO,
32.2 32.2
Assumes staff time to develop
handling sick, displaced,
periodic
CO, CI
protocol.
injured, oiled, and dead
review
birds or salvaged eggs.
N
w
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Establish a distribution
5.7 continual
ES, LMAO,
TBD
Incorporate into ongoing
system and repository for
CO, CI
management and Action 3.1 through
information and
3.10 and 7. See Appendix K.
education materials.
3 Establish a reporting and
5.8 annual
ES
644
16 16
16 16
16 Assumes time spent collecting and
distribution system for
compiling data.
annual monitoring data.
2 Develop and implement a
6.1 continual
ES, RW, ARMY,
688
64 16
16 16
16 Assumes staff time to develop and
tracking process for the
BLM, CE,
implement tracking process.
completion of recovery
NASA, NAVY,
actions and the
NPS, USAF,
achievement of delisting
USFS, USMC,
criteria.
CDFG, CDPR,
ODFW, OPRD,
WDFW, WDNR,
WSPRC, LMAO
3 Review progress toward
6.2 annual
ES, LMAO
566
14 14
14 14
14 Assumes staff time to compile and
recovery annually.
review data.
3 Assess the applicability,
6.3 every 5
258
32.2 Assumes staff time to review every
value and success of this
years
5 years.
plan to the recovery of
the western snowy plover
every 5 years.
3 Prepare a delisting
6.4 6 months
ES
64 64
Assumes staff time to prepare
package for the Pacific
delisting package.
coast population of the
western snowyplover.
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Prepare and implement a
6.5 6 months
ES
64 64
Assumes staff time to prepare and
post-delisting monitoring
implement post-delisting monitoring
plan.
plan.
1 Dedicate sufficient U.S.
7 continual
ES
5,152
128.8
128.8
128.8
128.8
128.8
Assumes staff time to coordinate
Fish and Wildlife Service
recovery implementation
staff for coordination of
western snowy plover
recovery implementation.
3 Develop a joint United
8.1 continual
ES, IA
TBD
States and Mexico effort
to protect snowy plover
populations and their
habitat.
3 Encourage research and
8.2 continual
ES, IA, RSCH,
TBD
monitoring of breeding
BRD
and wintering snowy
plovers in Baja
California, Mexico by
universities and
authorities of Mexico.
3 Encourage development
8.3 continual
ES, IA, PA
TBD
and implementation of
public information and
conservation education in
Mexico.
Cost Estimate (in $1,000 units)
Priority Action Action Action Responsible Total
No. Description Number Duration Parties Costs FYI FY2 FY3 FY4 FY5 Comments/Notes 3 Coordinate with other
9 continual
ES, IA, RSCH,
TBD
survey, assessment, and
BRD
recovery efforts for the
western snowy plover
throughout North
America.
Total Cost of Recovery through 2046: $149,946,000 plus additional costs that cannot be estimated at this time.
N
w
J
238
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272
DUNE HABITAT RESTORATION PLAN
FOR
THE CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for.
The City of Newport Beach
Contact: Chelsea Crager
100 Civic Center Drive, Bay E,
Newport Beach, California 92660
Telephone: (949) 644-3227
Prepared by:
Glenn Lukos Associates, Inc.
Contact: Tony Bomkamp
1940 E. Deere Avenue, Suite 250
Santa Ana, California 92705
Telephone: (949) 837-0404
June 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................. 1 II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION................................................................................................. 2 A. Responsible Parties.......................................................................................................... 2 B. Project Location............................................................................................................... 2 C. Development to be Removed........................................................................................... 2 D. Proposed Removal and Restoration................................................................................. 3 III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION....................................................................................... 3 A. Responsible Parties.......................................................................................................... 3 B. Project Goals.................................................................................................................... 3 C. Schedule of Work............................................................................................................. 4 D. Breeding and Nesting Birds............................................................................................. 5 E. Biological Monitoring...................................................................................................... 6 F. Contractor Education........................................................................................................ 6 IV. WORK PLAN FOR REMOVALS [PHASE 11 .................................................................. 7 A. Survey/Staking................................................................................................................. 7 B. Removal of Concrete Walkway....................................................................................... 7 C. Best Management Practices and Impact Minimization Measures .................................... 7 D. Waste Disposal................................................................................................................. 8 V. WORK PLAN DURING DUNE RESTORATION [PHASE 21 ....................................... 8 A. Non -Native Species Removal.......................................................................................... 8 B. Native Plants and Seed..................................................................................................... 8 C. As -Built Report ............................................................................................................. 11 VI. MAINTENANCE................................................................................................................11 A. Responsible Parties........................................................................................................ 11 B. Weed Abatement............................................................................................................ 11 C. Irrigation......................................................................................................................... 11 D. Trash Removal............................................................................................................... 11 E. Supplemental Seeding.................................................................................................... 11 i
F. Maintenance Schedule.................................................................................................... 12 VII. MONITORING PLAN....................................................................................................... 13 A. Success Criteria and Performance Standards................................................................. 13 B. Monitoring Methods....................................................................................................... 14 C. Monitoring Schedule...................................................................................................... 15 D. Annual Monitoring Reports........................................................................................... 15 TABLES
1. Implementation Schedule...................................................................................................5
2. Southern Foredune Scrub Container Stock........................................................................9
3. Southern Foredune Scrub Seed Mix................................................................................10
4. Maintenance Schedule.....................................................................................................12
EXHIBITS
1. Regional Map
2. Vicinity Map
3A. Existing Vegetation Map
313. Existing Vegetation with Non -Native Points Map
4. Removal Map
5. Conceptual Planting Plan
6A. Peninsula Point Encroachment Removal and Replacement Plan (F Street) 613. Peninsula Point Encroachment Removal and Replacement Plan (G Street) Dune Habitat Restoration Plan ii
DRAFT
THE CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
DUNE HABITAT RESTORATION PLAN
ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This proposed Dune Habitat Restoration Plan ("Restoration Plan") addresses the removal of non- native vegetation, a concrete walkway, and manmade structures on the beach including logs, bricks, poles, and other structures associated with multiple volleyball courts. The Restoration Plan also addresses southern foredune scrubrestoration on an area within the eastern portion of the Balboa Peninsula that is within U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) designated Critical Habitat' for the federally listed threatened western snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) ("WSP") as well as areas to the east of Critical Habitat Unit. The Plan serves as a component of the Western Snowy Plover Management Plan for East Balboa Peninsula Beaches ("Management Plan")2 prepared for the City of Newport Beach (City), Orange County, California [Exhibits 1 and 2 — Regional and Vicinity Maps] by Glenn Lukos Associates, Inc. (GLA). The Plan was prepared as requested in a July 27, 2021 Letter from the California Coastal Commission regarding the Management Plan previously submitted to the Coastal Commission for review.
The Restoration Plan identifies areas within Critical Habitat Unit 48 where non-native species, including invasive fig marigold (Carpobrotus edulis) herein referred to as iceplant, will be removed and re -planted with native dune vegetation as shown on Exhibits 1-5. Additional areas subject to proposed restoration include the area occupied by a concrete walkway, that extends from E Street toward the water, multiple volleyball courts, and areas adjacent to Critical Habitat Unit 48 where non-native species exist. Collectively, the areas within Critical Habitat Unit 48 that consist of removal areas and areas of native dune vegetation reestablishment as well as those adjacent to Critical Habitat Unit 48 are referred to as the "Study Area" which measures approximately 25.73 acres, as depicted on Exhibits 1-5.
The Restoration Plan actions described herein provide a work plan and strategy to implement the removal of the concrete walkway, volleyball courts, and replacement of non-native plants with native southern foredune scrub vegetation using a phased approach. To avoid leaving areas currently vegetated with invasive species completely devoid of ground cover and unstable during the process, non-native species removal will be performed in stages over a two-year period, while introducing appropriate native vegetation in non-native species removal areas. This Plan also proposes five years of maintenance and monitoring following the removal of the concrete walkway and non-native plants. The five-year maintenance and monitoring period is inclusive of the two- year phased non-native species removal and replacement with southern foredune scrub vegetation.
The purpose of this Plan is to remove non-native invasive vegetation and to restore the existing dune habitat by the reestablishment of native southern foredune scrub. ' U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2012. "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for the Pacific Coast Population of the Western Snowy Plover; Final Rule." Federal Register Volume 77 Number 118; 50 CFR Part 17. June 2012
2 GLA, 2022. Western Snowy Plover Management Plan for East Balboa Peninsula Beaches, Newport Beach, California Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 1
June 15, 2022
II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Responsible Parties
Applicant: The City of Newport Beach
Contact: Chelsea Crager
100 Civic Center Drive
Newport Beach, California 92660
Telephone: (949) 644-3227
B. Project Location and Description
This Plan addresses removal of non-native invasive vegetation and the establishment of native vegetation on Balboa Peninsula, in the City of Newport Beach, Orange County, California [Exhibits 1 and 2 — Regional and Vicinity Maps].
The Study Area includes open stretches of unvegetated sandy beach and areas of low southern foredune scrub habitat that exhibits sparse vegetation. Within Critical Habitat Unit 48, vegetated dune habitat begins approximately 200 feet east of B Street (extended) and extends just east of the F Street pathway. The dune areas extend from near the concrete boardwalk toward the water, leaving an unvegetated strip of beach that ranges from approximately 175- to 250-feet wide between the edge of the dunes and the surf. The vegetated areas of dunes are separated by paths and walkways that are intended to provide for directed or controlled beach access that limits potential impacts to the dunes.
It is important to note that areas of non-native vegetation exist to the east of the Study Area that are not being included in this Restoration Plan because they are part of the City of Newport Beach Peninsula Point Encroachment Removal and Replacement Plan [Exhibits 6A and 6B]. Therefore, in an effort to avoid overlap with that plan, these areas have been excluded from this Restoration Plan.
However, as noted above, other areas adjacent to the Critical Habitat Unit 48 that contain non-native species and are not covered under the above mentioned encroachment removal plan, are included as part of this Restoration Plan.
Ornamental vegetation occurs in patches along the ocean side of the boardwalk and extends, in some places, up to 50 feet from the boardwalk into the Critical Habitat area.
Native southern foredune scrub species that have been detected in the dune habitat within the Balboa Beach Critical Habitat Unit 48 include, Coast Wooly Heads (Nemacaulis denudata var. denudata), Beach Morning Glory (Calystegia soldanella), Pink Sand Verbena (Abronia umbellata), Beach Evening Primrose (Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia), Beach Bur (Ambrosia chamissonis), and Coast Cryptantha (Cryptantha leiocarpa).
Non-native species detected within the Critical Habitat area and within the Study Area include crystalline ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), European sea rocket (Cakile maritima), iceplant (Carpobrotus edulis), and buttercup oxalis (Oxalis pes-caprae).
Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 2
June 15, 2022
C. Development to be Removed
Development that will be removed consists of a concrete walkway, constructed in 2014, that extends southward from E Street as well as a volleyball court constructed near the boardwalk between C and D Streets and associated logs/poles that have been placed on the sand adjacent to the volleyball court. There are also poles south of the dune habitat that prior to 2022 were used to hang volleyball nets (see Exhibit 4).
Six street end entrances are located from A Street to G Street. In addition, C, D, E, and F Streets each have an asphalt or concrete pathway that extend various lengths from the intersection of the street entrance and boardwalk, toward the ocean within the designated Critical Habitat. It is important to note that, except for the concrete path that extends from E Street, each of the concrete walkways pre -date the Coastal Act and do not need authorization from the Coastal Commission.
Consistent with the request of USFWS in their February 23, 2022 letter, The City has determined that it will not seek after -the -fact authorization for the E Street walkway and this Plan includes removal of this feature and restoration of the area.
D. Proposed Removal and Restoration
The City proposes to conduct the necessary removals through a restoration program consisting of:
1. The removal of the concrete walkway and volleyball courts listed above;
2. Establishment of native southern foredune scrub vegetation in the Study Area which includes portions of the areas where the concrete walkway is to be removed as well as other portions of the dunes as requested in the July 27, 2021, letter from the California Coastal Commission;
3. Implementation of a phased non-native vegetation removal program on existing dune within the restoration area and establishment of appropriate native southern foredune scrub plant species where necessary;
4. Five years of maintenance and monitoring of the restoration area.
III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
A. Responsible Parties
The City of Newport Beach will be responsible for the implementation of this Plan.
Project Biologist: Glenn Lukos Associates, Inc.
Contact: Sheri Asgari
1940 E. Deere Avenue, Suite 250
Santa Ana, California 92705
Telephone: (949) 340-3356
Dune Habitat Restoration Plan
June 15, 2022
B. Project Goals
This Plan outlines the following goals:
1. Remove the concrete walkway and volleyball courts as outlined above;
2. Establish a non-native vegetation removal program that replaces the invasive species with appropriate native southern foredune scrub vegetation; and
3. Conduct five years of maintenance and monitoring to ensure successful restoration of native species in the restoration area.
C. Schedule of Work
Work is expected to occur in two phases:
• Phase 1: Concrete Walkway Removal (Fall 2022) or upon receipt of Coastal Development Permit.
• Phase 2: Non-native Species Removal and Dune Restoration, Maintenance, and Monitoring (Fall 2022-Winter 2027) or as otherwise determined in coordination with Coastal Commission.
Phase 1 — Concrete Walkway and Volleyball Courts Removal The Initial Removal Phase is expected to begin following approval of this Plan by the CCC, in Fall 2022. Removal of the concrete walkway and volleyball courts must occur within 90 days of the permit date. Removal may be performed through a variety of methods, including (if necessary) use of heavy equipment such as a loader/excavator and manual/mechanical removal.
Phase 2 — Non -Native Species Removal and Dune Restoration Non-native species and ornamental species occur on and adjacent to the existing dune area, as depicted on Exhibits 3A and 3B. The presence of iceplant functions as a natural sand stabilizer.
Therefore, if all iceplant were removed at once, the dune could become unstable. Native dune plants would serve as a natural sand stabilizer once established within the restoration area, however, establishment takes time. Therefore, this Plan proposes phased removal of non-native species, without use of herbicides, within the existing vegetated dune area and associated phased replacement with native species.
Removal of non-native species biomass will be performed in two stages or rounds. Round 1 will entail removal of approximately half of the non-native species biomass in Fall 2022, followed by installation of native southern foredune scrub plants and seed. Round 2 will occur in Fall 2023 and will entail removal of the remaining non-native species. Each fall during the subsequent maintenance period, a supplemental nativeseed mix may be applied to the Study Area (if deemed necessary by the Project Biologist) to ensure establishment of native dune species.
Maintenance and monitoring are proposed through the end of the 2027 (to be adjusted as needed Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 4
June 15, 2022
based on timing of CDP issuance), with an annual monitoring report to be submitted to the CCC at the end of each calendar year for a period of five years starting in 2023 (or as adjusted).
Table 1 below provides the recommended timeline of removals, native plant seeding and planting, maintenance, monitoring, and reporting for the proposed activities.
TABLE 1 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Work Phase/Seasonal on
r
Timelinecd
w3 �vn,,w�V1un
Cn
rnCn
PHASE 1 - Remov� 2022 2023 --
U�
�
,
11111111111111111111111
k1fir?Q11KHT4, •1 - 97.11, .
Round I Non-native-
11 1
Removal: Manual Removal
Install Container Plants and Seed
11 1
(Hand -Broadcast)
PHASE 2 Restoration
2024
202
Implementation and
Monitoring
Round
Removal
• '
111
,'d Quarterly III
Maintenance (Monthly Yr I and
11 111
1 1
Quarterly111
Quantitative..III111
11 1Annual
Report
* Spring = March — May; Summer = June — August; Fall = September — November; Winter = December — February.
D. Breeding and Nesting Birds and Wintering WSP
Nesting season begins January 15 and extends through September 15 for most species. For WSP nesting occurs from March 1 through September 30. Nesting occurs on coastal sandspits, dune -backed beaches, beaches at creek mouths and lagoons, and salt pans at lagoons and estuaries. The non -breeding season is also termed the "wintering" period. This period occurs from September through February.
Overwintering habitat is very important for WSP and other migratory shorebirds. The habitat provides connectivity for dispersal between nesting sites and provides resources that allow birds to build fat reserves necessary for spring migration and the upcoming nesting season. WSP exhibit strong fidelity to overwintering sites, often returning to the same beaches every year after nesting elsewhere.
Dune Habitat Restoration Plan
June 15, 2022
While construction under this plan is currently anticipated to occur in the fall, outside of breeding and nesting season, potential for disturbance to overwintering WSPs is high. Therefore, for any construction and/or removal activities (with potential noise impacts) as defined in this plan, a qualified biologist ("Project Biologist") will conduct surveys in order to assess bird behavior, document the presence of nesting birds, and to evaluate ambient and project noise levels.
All project operations will be carried out consistent with the following:
1. The Project Biologist will conduct surveys 15 calendar days prior to project activities, including any demolition and/or removal (with potential noise impacts) to detect any breeding behavior or active bird nests in all accessible trees within 500 feet of the project and to document ambient and project noise levels. A follow-up survey will be conducted three (3) calendar days prior to the initiation of project activities and nest surveys must continue monthly, throughout the nesting season or until the project is completed, whichever comes first.
2. If an active nest(s) of any shore bird or wading bird is found within 300 feet of the project or bird nesting or courtship behavior is observed within the project site, the Project Biologist will monitor bird behavior and construction noise levels. If an active nest is located in any of the trees required to be removed, then removal activities for that tree will be halted until after nesting season is complete and the Project Biologist has confirmed that there is no longer any active nesting activityin the subject tree. The nest(s) and nesting bird(s) shall not be removed or disturbed.
3. The Project Biologist will be present at all relevant construction meetings and during all significant construction activities (those with potential noise impacts) to ensure that nesting birds are not disturbed by construction related noise. Construction activities may occur only if construction noise levels are at or below the demonstrated ambient noise levels or a peak of 65 dB at the nest site(s),If construction noise exceeds the ambient noise levels or a peak level of 65 dB at the nest site(s), sound mitigation measures such as sound shields, blankets around smaller equipment, mixing concrete batches off -site, use of mufflers, and minimizing the use of back-up alarms will need to beemployed. If an active nest of a federally or state -listed threatened or endangered species, bird species of special concern, or designated migratory bird under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, is found within 300 feet of the project, or an active nest for any species of raptor is found within500 feet of the project, the permittee shall notify the appropriate state and/or federal wildlife agencies within 24 hours, and appropriate action specific to each incident will be developed. The permittee will notify the California Coastal Commission by e-mail within 24 hours and consult with the Commission regarding determinations of state and federal wildlife agencies.
4. The City must cease work if informed by the Project Biologist that proceeding with any development authorized by this permit would adversely affect breeding, nesting, or overwintering birds, and will consult with the appropriate federal and/or state wildlife agencies as well as the Commission Executive Director on appropriate steps to protect breeding or nesting birds. The City will immediately notify the Commission Executive Director if activities outside of the scope of the subject Commission -approved project Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 6
June 15, 2022
occur. If the Commission Executive Director determines thatsignificant impacts or damage to sensitive habitats or to wildlife species has occurred, the permittee shall submit an application to the Commission to amend this permit to include appropriate mitigation and/or restoration measures.
E. Biological Monitoring
A qualified restoration ecologist, referred to herein as Project Biologist, will supervise the implementation and maintenance of the Project and perform the proposed five-year monitoring of the restored areas.
The Project Biologist will be on -site to monitor the dune establishment and monitor the phased removal of invasive groundcovers and replacement with native coastal foredune vegetation. The Project Biologist will also perform ongoing training with landscape personnel during the period of removals and provide direction and monitoring during the native plant establishment and maintenance period.
F. Contractor Education
Contracting for the Project comprises two categories. The first category consists of removal of the concrete walkway that may need to be performed by a commercial contractor. For this Plan, this contractor will be referenced as the "Removal Contractor". Prior to the commencement of Project related activities in areas near the restoration area, the Project Biologist will review all aspects of the concrete walkway removal in that area and Dune Habitat Restoration Planwith the Removal Contractor.
The second category, consisting of invasive plant treatment/removal and replacement with native southern foredune scrub vegetation will require specialized knowledge in native habitat restoration.
This work shall be performed by a qualified landscape contractor with a minimum of five years of experience in coastal habitat restorationprojects. For this Plan, this contractor will be referenced as the "Restoration Contractor". The Restoration Contractor will be required to demonstrate experience in this field to the Project Biologist prior to contracting with the City. The Restoration Contractor shall possess C27 and Pest Control Advisor (PCA) licenses for herbicide treatment of the invasive non-native species in the restoration area. All contractors must strictly adhere to the Best Management Practices and Impact Minimization Measures outlined in Section IV.C. of this Plan.
IV. WORK PLAN FOR REMOVALS [PHASE 11
A. Survey/Staking
The City of Newport Beach, in coordination with the Project Biologist will flag the limits of the concrete walkway removal areas near the restoration area prior to start of work by the Removal Contractor to clearly delineate property boundaries, limits of removals and access path for equipment to minimize any driving on the beach and to avoid the existing dune to the maximum extent feasible and full avoidance of native dune vegetation.
Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 7
June 15, 2022
Final staging and access will be determined prior to commencement of work and be approved by the Project Biologist. The Project Biologist will flag limits of existing native plants to be avoided during the removal activities.
B. Removal of Concrete Walkway and Volleyball Court
The removal of the concrete walkway at E Street as well as the volleyball court between C and D streets is recommended to occur between the months of September and December and will occur under supervision of the Project Biologist. Removal may be performed through a variety of physical removal methods but are anticipated to involve manual/mechanical removal. As noted above, because the walkway would be removed during the period when wintering WPS could occur in proximity to the walkway removal site, pre -construction surveys would be implemented to ensure that WSP winter roosting is not disturbed during demolition.
C. Best Management Practices and Impact Minimization Measures All work will be performed in conformance with Best Management Practices (BMPs) outlined in this Plan and under the direction of the Project Biologist experienced in habitat restoration and resource management in Southern California. BMPs set forth herein limit the introduction, transport, and proliferation of invasive species on the beach and to ensure that all work is performed with the least incidental impact to native plants:
• Flagging, stakes, and/or rope shall be used to demarcate the boundary of the work areas and the beach.
• Equipment access and staging areas shall be identified by The City and approved by the Project Biologist.
• Flagging of native species patches to be avoided shall be conducted by the Project Biologist prior to start of work.
• Contractors shall clean all equipment, tools, gear, and clothing prior to start of work to avoid introduction of invasive species to work areas. • Clear demarcation of access routes prior to start of work shall be conducted by The City and the Project Biologist.
D. Waste Disposal
All materials removed from the concrete walkway removal area and non-native species removal areas shall be disposed of offsite at a landfill. Non-native plant material will be covered during transport.
V. WORK PLAN DURING DUNE RESTORATION [PHASE 2]
A. Non -Native Species Removal
As previously described, invasive iceplant is the primary non-native/invasive species occurring on the existing dune and adjacent areas within proposed restoration site. Other species in the area consist of crystalline ice plant, sea rocket, buttercup oxalis, as well as ornamental species. The Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 8
June 15, 2022
invasive and ornamental species will be removed manually. Manual removal of non-native species biomass will be performed in two stages or rounds. Round 1 will entail removal of approximately half the biomass by hand in Fall 2022, followed by installation of native southern foredune scrub plants and seed, as outlined below. Round 2 will occur in Fall 2023 and will entail removal of the remaining non-native biomass throughout the restoration area.
This Plan proposes that container plants be installed in areas where non-native species are being removed to stabilize the existing dune habitat. Plantings will be installed in a patchy distribution to mimic typical dune vegetation growth patterns.
B. Native Plants and Seed
Coastal dunes are characterized by low plant density and low species diversity, as few species can withstand the harsh conditions characteristic of this environment including wind, sand and salt spray, low soil nutrients, lack of soil moisture retention, high summer temperatures, and human disturbance. Typical southern foredune scrub plants are perennial, have gray or succulent leaves (or both), have prostrate or creeping growth patterns, and oftenproduce roots along their length, reproducing both vegetatively and through seed dispersal. Plants typicallyhave a long flowering season. These characteristics enable plants to withstand the unstable sandy substrate, strong winds, poor water retention, and high summer surface temperatures. Common species include sticky sand verbena (Abronia maritima), pink sand verbena (Abronia umbellata), yellow hairy sand verbena (Abronia villosum aurita), sand bur (Ambrosia chamissonis), beach morning glory (Calystegia soldanella), and beach evening primrose (Cammisoniopsis cheiranthifolia), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata).
It is expected that over time the restored areas will begin to reestablish with southern foredune scrub vegetation through natural recruitment following the removal of non-native species and continued weed abatement within the existing and restored dunes. A slow transition from the invasive iceplant groundcover is proposed through removal of iceplant, and other non-native species, over a two-year period, while promoting the growth of native species such as yellow hairy sand verbena, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, sand bur, and saltgrass.
To aid the revegetation by native species, a combination of native container stock and seed mix will be installed in areas of removal, including areas where the concrete walkway is being removed as well as areas of invasive species removal, conceptually depicted on Exhibit 5. Container stock will be planted heavily within planting clusters to promote quicker infill, with areas of sandy beach in between planting clusters. Table 2 below provides a list of container stock to be planted in the restoration area in the fall months following removals.
TABLE 2
SOUTHERN FOREDUNE SCRUB CONTAINER STOCK
(1.71 Acres)
Species
Common Name
Stock Type
Plants/Acre
Total
Abronia villosum aurita
fellow hairy sand
verbena
1-gallon/Liner
16 49
Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 9
June 15, 2022
Ambrosia chamissonis
Sand bur
1-gallon/Liner
39 99
Cammisonioppsis
cheiranthi olia
Beach evening
primrose
1-gallon/Liner
39 99
Distichlis s icata
Saltgrass
I-gallon/Liner
79 184
Total Container Stock
431
Source of Plant Materials
It is preferred that the source of all propagules and seed used at the mitigation site be from coastal Orange County. If not available, the remainder of propagules and seed required may be considered from coastal San Diego and/or Los Angeles counties and collected as close to the restoration site as possible to preserve regional genetic integrity.
Contract Growing
Contract growing of all container plants shall be by a local experienced native plant nursery.
Substitution of plant material at the time of planting depends upon the discretion of the Project Biologist. Any substitutionsthat are approved will be documented in the annual monitoring reports to The City and CCC.
Container Stock
One -gallon container stock, rose pots, and liners may be utilized for the restoration project, as available, withone-gallon size being the preferred container size. Plant materials will be inspected by the Project Biologist and approved as healthy, disease free, and of proper size prior to planting.
Overgrown, root -bound containerstock will be rejected. Container stock will be laid out in such a manner that mimics natural plant distribution (i.e., in clusters and islands) to emulate typical dune vegetation assemblages and existing plant communities in Newport Beach. Prior to container stock installation, the Project Biologist will flag plant locations in the field with pin -flags that will be color coded as to plant species. A list of species with their appropriate color code will be provided to the Contractor prior to plant installation.
Table 3 below provides a list of species and application rate to be applied to the existing dune and restoration area. This seed mix may be applied multiple times during the five-year monitoring period, as directed by the Project Biologist.
TABLE 3
SOUTHERN FOREDUNE SCRUB SEED MIX
(3.84 Acrea)
Species
Common Name
Stock
Type
Lbs/
Acre
Total
(Lbs)
Distichlis s icata
Saltgrass
Seed
3 12
Ambrosia chamissonis
Sand bur
Seed
1 4
Cammisoniopsis cheiranthifolia
Beach evening rimrose
Seed
2 8
Lu inus bicolor
Dove lupine
Seed
3 12
Total Seed
35 Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 10
June 15, 2022
Method and Timing of Seed Application
The seed mix will be broadcast by hand and will be scattered within the restoration area. To maximize the germination of seed, broadcast will occur following a rain event of roughly 1-inch, or more, in the months between September and February.
Irrigation
Planting and seeding will be conducted during the late fall and winter months (between November and February) to take advantage of cooler temperatures and natural rain cycles to establish planted container stock and seed. However, in case of unseasonable warm winters or drought conditions, the Project Biologist may recommend supplemental irrigation to establish the native plant material.
This will be conducted using a hose to establish the native container plant material. Individuals conducting irrigation should take care not to trample or drag hose through native plants or newly planted areas.
No permanent irrigation systems will be installed as a part of this plan.
Fencing
The primary purpose of this Plan is to establish native southern foredune scrub vegetation in disturbed areas where a concrete walkway and volleyball courts will be removed, adjacent to the existing dunes, and in areas where non-native invasive vegetation will be removed. Placement of perimeter symbolic (e.g. post and rope) fencing would deter the public from trampling native plants being established, as well as slow down sand movement during the dune restoration process. The fencing shall remain in place only as long as needed, as approved by the City and CCC.
Straw bundles (made from a weed -free straw material) may also be employed to slow sand movement and provide sheltered planting locations.
C. As -Built Report
Within 90-days following the completion of installation of sand fencing and restoration area planting, an as -built report will be submitted to the CCC, providing details of the removal activities and restoration implementation. The as -built report will provide dates of removal activities, weed abatement, site preparation, fencing installation, and plant/seed installation. Photographs of the restoration area will also be provided, along with a graphic depicting installed dimensions and quantity of sand fencing segments.
VI. MAINTENANCE
A. Responsible Parties
The City will be responsible for carrying out the five-year maintenance program.
B. Weed Abatement
Restoration area maintenance will focus on the suppression of non-native species, while promoting the growth and recruitment of native southern foredune scrub species. All follow-up non-native Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 11
June 15, 2022
species control will consist of hand -pulling or use of manual tools to avoid impacts to newly establishing native species.
C. Irrigation
Irrigation shall be applied using a hose to water the planted container stock and seeded areas on an as -needed basis during the maintenance period, under the direction of the Project Biologist.
D. Trash Removal
The Study Areas shall be well -maintained to deter vandalism and dumping of trash. Contractor shall, during routine quarterly maintenance, manually remove weeds and trash from the Study Areas and dispose of off -site as permitted by law.
E. Supplemental Seeding
Each year during the five years of maintenance and monitoring required under this Plan, the Project Biologist will assess the infill of native southern foredune scrub species and recommend supplemental seeding of the seed mix outlined in Table 3, if necessary.
F. Maintenance Schedule
The maintenance program will begin following initial removals in fall 2022 and will occur on a monthly basis for the first year and quarterly thereafter for the remainder of the five-year restoration project.
Table 4 below provides a recommended maintenance schedule.
TABLE 4 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
Season
Maintenance Activity
Initial Removals and Container Plant
Installation - 2022
Fall
Remove iceplant and other non-nativespecies by hand
Winter
Install container plants and seed
Maintenance Year 1- 2023
Spring
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Summer
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Fall
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Winter
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Maintenance Year 2 - 2024
Spring
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Summer
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Fall
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Winter
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 12
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Maintenance Year 3 - 2025
Spring
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Summer
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Fall
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Winter
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Maintenance Year 4 - 2026
Spring
Remove weeds and regrowth of other non-nativeplants/remove trash
Summer
Remove weeds and regrowth of other non-nativeplants/remove trash
Fall
Remove weeds and regrowth of other non-nativeplants/remove trash
Winter
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
Maintenance Year 5 - 2027
Spring
Remove weeds and regrowth of other non-nativeplants/remove trash
Summer
Remove weeds and regrowth of other non-nativeplants/remove trash
Fall
Remove weeds and regrowth of other non-nativeplants/remove trash
Winter
Remove weeds/trash; hand -water as necessary
VII. MONITORING PLAN
For the duration of the five-year monitoring period, elimination of the non-native/invasive species and establishment of the plantings will be measured through a series of qualitative and quantitative measurements assessing native species cover, non-native species cover, survival of planted container stock, and unvegetated sandy beach. Monitoring will be performed by a qualified Biologist, and continuity within the personnel and methodology of monitoring shall be maintained insofar as possible to ensure comparable assessments.
Quantitative data will be collected annually using accepted vegetative sampling methods in order to evaluate survivorship and native plant percent cover. In the event that plantings should fail to meet the specified requirements, compliance will be ensured by the performance of either or both of the following remedial procedures by the contractor on an as -needed basis as directed by the Project Monitor: (1) replacing unsuccessful plantings with appropriate -sized stock or seed mixes to meet stated cover or survival requirements, and/or (2) performing maintenance procedures to ensure the site conditions are appropriate (e.g., non-native species removal).
A. Success Criteria and Performance Standards
The performance standards set forth in the Dune Habitat Restoration Plan for the five-year monitoring period are outlined as follows:
First -Year Monitoring
Success Criteria:
• 15-percent absolute cover by native species
• At least 80-percent of the planted species represented in the restoration site • No more than 15-percent coverage by non-native species Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 13
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Second -Year Monitoring
Success Criteria:
• 20-percent absolute cover by native species
• At least 80-percent of the planted species represented in the restoration site • No more than 15-percent coverage by non-native species Third -Year Monitoring
Success Criteria:
• 25-percent absolute cover by native species
• At least 80-percent of the planted species represented in the restoration site • No more than 10-percent coverage by non-native species Fourth -Year Monitoring
Success Criteria:
• 30-percent absolute cover by native species
• At least 80-percent of the planted species represented in the restoration site • No more than 10-percent coverage by non-native species Fifth -Year Monitoring
Success Criteria:
• 35-percent absolute cover by native species
• At least 80-percent of the planted species represented in the restoration site • No more than 5-percent coverage by non-native species B. Monitoring Methods
Qualitative Monitoring
The Project Biologist will conduct qualitative monitoring surveys on a monthly basis during the first year andquarterly during the remainder of the five-year monitoring period. Qualitative surveys will consist of walkingthrough the restoration area documenting general observations, such as regrowth of iceplant, natural recruitment of native southern foredune scrubspecies, establishment of planted container stock and seed, trash/debris, signs of disturbance/vandalism, and weed invasions. Records will be kept of site conditions during each sitevisit. The Project Biologist will determine adaptive management measures to be undertaken to ensure successful implementation of the Plan. All adaptive management measures undertaken will be referenced in annual monitoring reports submitted to the CCC.
Quantitative Monitoring
Quantitative sampling shall be conducted using one -meter quadrats placed throughout the restoration area. Placement of quadrats will be determined using random number tables to provide two coordinates, one thatindicates the distance along a longitudinal centerline bisecting the site and one that determines the distance from the line. Plots will be placed on alternating sides of the centerline and perpendicular to the centerline. Vegetative cover will be visually estimated within Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 14
June 15, 2022
the quadrat for each species present and recorded on a data sheet. Any species observed during the sampling that does not fall within a quadrat will be recorded and included on the list of species for the restoration site. At least 30 replicates will be initially sampled. Sample variance from data collection in years one through three will be used to determine if 30 samples are adequate. If a power analysis indicates that more than 30 samples are required, additional transects or quadrats will be added. If power analysis indicates that fewer than 30 samples are required, the number of quadrats will be reduced. Sampling will be conducted with sufficient replication to detect a 10% difference in absolute ground cover between the mean of the restoration and the success standard with 90% power at analpha level of 0.10. The mean native cover for the restoration site will be compared to the performance criteria at the end of five years using an appropriate inferential test such as a single -sample t-test. The mean cover for the restoration site will be considered to meet the performance criteria if the resulting alpha level is greater than 0.10.
Photo -Documentation
Fixed photo points shall be established prior to or during the first annual monitoring event to ensure that photo -documentation is consistent. During every monitoring event photographs shall be taken from the fixed photopoints and in the same compass directions to document and compare the condition of the restoration site fromyear to year. Photographs shall reflect material addressed in the annual monitoring reports.
C. Monitoring Schedule
The monitoring program will begin immediately following initial removals. Qualitative monitoring will occur monthly during the first year and quarterly for the remainder of the five- year monitoring period. Quantitative monitoring will be conducted annually in spring months, with annual monitoring reports to be submitted to the CCC by the end of each year (December 31).
D. Annual Monitoring Reports
At the end of each of the five years of maintenance and monitoring, an annual report shall be prepared for submittal to the CCC. These reports will document the revegetation progress of the work areas and summarize maintenance activities that occurred during each respective year. At the end of the fifth monitoring year, upon satisfaction of all performance standards, the CCC will be notified in writing that the monitoring period is complete. All annual monitoring reports shall include the following:
• a list of names, titles, and companies of all persons who prepared the content of the annual report andparticipated in monitoring activities for that year; • a vicinity map indicating location of all removal areas and the restoration site; • an aerial photograph/drone imagery flown each year at the same time of year; • a site plan identifying GPS points or polygons for significant natural recruitment of native foredunespecies, invasive non-native species removal areas, photo station locations, etc.;
• a description of the status native plant communities, and percent cover by non-native species in the Study area;
• an analysis of monitoring results; and
• copies of all monitoring photographs.
Dune Habitat Restoration Plan 15
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The City will notify the CCC in writing when the five-year monitoring period is complete. The final report will provide an assessment of the removal areas and achievement of the fifth- year performance standards. If any portion of the performance standards have not been met, adaptive management measures will be implemented to address any deficiency, and monitoring will continue until allsuccess standards have been met.
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Distribution Page of all Persons Receiving a Copy of the Dune Habitat Restoration Plan and Annual Monitoring Reports
Amrita Spencer
California Coastal Commission
301 E. Ocean Blvd.
Suite 300
Long Beach, California 90802
Chelsea Crager
The City of Newport Beach
100 Civic Center Drive,
Newport Beach, California 92660
Sandy Vissman
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2177 Salk Ave, Ste 250
Carlsbad, CA 92008
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PROJECT LOCATION
CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
DUNE HABITAT RESTORATION PLAN
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OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
G LE N N LU KGS ASSOCIATES
Exhibit 1
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DUNE HABITAT RESTORATION PLAN
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Service Layer Credits: Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed
G LE N N LU KGS ASSOCIATES
Exhibit 2
Study Area (25.73 ac.)
Southern
Foredune Scrub (6.22 ac.)
Unvegetated
Sandy Beach (17.42 ac.)
Non -Native
Iceplant (0.76 ac.)
Iceplant/Ornamental (1.08 ac.)
Ornamental (0.07 ac.)
Sea Rocket (0.17 ac.)
N
A
0 100 200 400
Feet
1 inch = 200 feet
Coordinate System: State Plane 6 NAD 83
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic
Datum: NAD 1983 2011
Map Prepared by: B. Gale, GLA
Date Prepared: June 1, 2022
CITY OF NF-WPORT BEAGH
DUNE HABITAT RESTORATION PLAN
Existing Vegetation ..
GLENN LUKOS ASSOCIATES
Exhibit 3A
X:\0363-THE REST\0560-22PLOV\WesternSnowyPlover_Balboa\WesternSnowyPlover_ Balboa _560-22_GIS\VegetationGlS\REV1\560-22_VegetationREV1.mxd
Study Area (25.73 ac.)
Southern
Foredune Scrub (6.22 ac.)
Unvegetated
Sandy Beach (17.42 ac.)
Non -Native
o Iceplant (0.76 ac.)
Iceplant/Ornamental (1.08 ac.)
o Ornamental (0.07 ac.)
o Sea Rocket (0.17 ac.)
N
A
0 100 200 400
Feet
1 inch = 200 feet
Coordinate System: State Plane 6 NAD 83
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic
Datum: NAD 1983 2011
Map Prepared by: B. Gale, GLA
Date Prepared: June 1, 2022
p
11 4Asting Vegetation with Non -Native Points Map
GLENN LUKOS ASSOCIATES
Exhibit 313
X:\0363-THE REST\0560-22PLOVtWesternSnowyPlover_Balboa\WesternSnowyPlover_ Balboa _560-22_GISWegetationGIS\REV1\560-22_VegetationREV1_wlnvasivePoints.mxd
Study Area (25.73 ac.)
Non -Native Vegetation
o
Iceplant (0.76 ac.)
Iceplant/Ornamental (1.08 ac.)
o
Ornamental (0.07 ac.)
o
Sea Rocket (0.17 ac.)
Man -Made
Structures
Brick Pad
E Street Boardwalk
Volleyball Court (Log)
0 Volleyball Court Pole
0 100 200 400
Feet
1 inch = 200 feet
Coordinate System: State Plane 6 NAD 83
Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic
Datum: NAD 1983 2011
Map Prepared by: B. Gale, GLA
Date Prepared: June 1, 2022
CITY OF NEWPURT BEACH
DUNE HABITAT RESTORATION PLAN
GLENN LUKOS ASSOCIATES
Exhibit 4
X:\0363-THE REST\0560-22PLOV\WesternSnowyPlover_Balboa\WesternSnowyPlover_ Balboa _560-22_GIS\RestorationGIS\560-22_DuneRestoration_Removal.mxd
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Parcel Boundary
Phase 1 - Encroachment Removal
Hard scape/Stepping Stones
+ � _ Lawn
Ornamental Shrub/Groundcover
r4
~~ * Ornamental Tree
1320 _ , _
_ � City Restoration Area*
'Areas labelled "City Restoration Area" are not
associated with any private residence address,
but will be subject to removal and restoration
1322 activity by the city
Phase 2 - Iceplant Removal
Iceplant
1324
1350.
/1^ / 0 12.5 25 50
Feet
1 inch = 25 feet
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Parcel Boundary
Phase 1 - Encroachment Removal
4 Hardscape/Stepping Stones
Lawn
Ornamental Shrub/Groundcover
Ornamental Tree
City Restoration Area*
*Areas labelled "City Restoration Area" are not
associated with any private residence address,
but will be subject to removal and restoration
activity by the City
Phase 2 - Iceplant Removal
Iceplant
N
0 12.5 25
Feet
1 inch = 25 feet
2 0-11]-A�11111111111
i
50 PENINSULA POINT ENCROACHMENT
REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT PLAN
GLENN LUKOS ASSOCIATES
Exhibit 6B
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