APPROVED AS TO FORM AND LEGALITY
________________________
CITY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
OAKLAND CITY COUNCIL
RESOLUTION NO. _______________ C.M.S.
RESOLUTION ADOPTING THE CITY OF OAKLAND INVESTMENT
POLICY FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022-2023
WHEREAS , the City of Oakland may present a statement of its Investment Policy to the City’s legislative body annually; and
WHEREAS, on June 15, 2021, the City Council passed Resolution No. 8871 2 C.M.S., which adopted the City’s Investment Policy for Fiscal Year (FY) 2021-2022; and WHEREAS, in accordance with best financial practices and sound financi al management the City’s investment policy will continue to be pre sented to the City’s legislative body for approval each year; and
WHEREAS, the City’s proposed FY 2022-23 Investment Policy is presented herewith for City Council approval; now therefore be it
RESOLVED: That the proposed City of Oakland FY 2022-23 Investment Policy, attached hereto as Exhibit A, is adopted.
IN COUNCIL, OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA,
PASSED BY THE FOLLOWING VOTE:
AYES – FIFE, GALLO, KALB, KAPLAN, REID, TAYLOR, THAO AND
PRESIDENT FORTUNATO BAS
NOES –
ABSENT –
ABSTENTION –
ATTEST:
ASHA REED
City Clerk and Clerk of the Council of
the City of Oakland, California
VED AS TO FORM AND LEGALI
________________________
CITY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
CIL
3174193v2/ARM
(;+,%,7 A
City of Oakland
Investment Policy
For
Fiscal Year 2022-23
Prepared by
Treasury Bureau
Adopted by the City Council
On June 21, 2022
1 Table of Contents
Topic Page Number
P o l i c y 2
S c o p e 2
P r u d e n c e 2
O b j e c t i v e s 2
Delegation of Authority 3
I n t e r n a l C o n t r o l 3
E t h i c s a n d C o n f l i c t s o f I n t e r e s t 3 Safekeeping and Custody 3
A p p l i c a b l e O r d i n a n c e s 4
Social Responsibility 4
R e p o r t i n g 4
Trading Polices 5
Broker/Dealers and Financial 5
General Credit Quality 6 Permitted Investments 7 U . S . T r e a s u r y S e c u r i t i e s 7 Federal Agencies and Instrumentalities 7
B a n k e r ' s A c c e p t a n c e s 7
C o m m e r c i a l P a p e r 8
A s s e t - B a c k e d C o m m e r c i a l P a p e r 8 L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t I n v e s t m e n t P o o l s 9 M e d i u m T e r m N o t e s 9
N e g o t i a b l e C e r t i f i c a t e s o f D e p o s i t 9 R e p u r c h a s e A g r e e m e n t s 9
R e v e r s e R e p u r c h a s e A g r e e m e n t s 10 Secured Obligations and Agreements 10 C e r t i f i c a t e s o f D e p o s i t 1 1 M o n e y M a r k e t M u t u a l F u n d s 1 1 State Investment Pool (Local Agency Investment Fund) 12 L o c a l C i t y / A g e n c y B o n d 1 2
S t a t e O b l i g a t i o n s – C A a n d O t h e r s 1 2 Other Local Agency Bonds 1 3
Deposits- Private Placement 13 S u p r a n a t i o n a l s 13 Public Bank Obligations 14 M a x i m u m M a t u r i t i e s 14
G l o s s a r y 14-24
2 1.0 POLICY
The purpose of this Investment Policy (“Policy”) is to establish overall guidelines for the management and investment of the City of Oakland (the “City”) public funds pursuant to Council Resolution Nos. _______ C.M.S and _______ C.M.S, and in accordance with Governm ent Code Section 53607. This Investment Policy is now amende d and adopted as of June 21 ,202 2 and will serve as the City of Oakland’s Investment Policy for Fiscal Year 2022-23 and until it’s further revised.
2.0 SCOPE
The Investment Policy applies to the operating funds of the Cit y of Oakland, and the Port of Oakland (the “City Operating Pool”), wh ich includes the General Fund, S pecial Revenue Funds, Debt Service Funds and all other funds comprised in City Operating Pool.
2.1 Proceeds of notes, bonds issues or similar financings including, but not limited to, reserve funds, project funds, debt service funds and capital trust funds derived from such financing, are not governed by this Investme nt Policy, but rather shall be invested pursuant to their respective bond indentures or the State of California Governmen t Code 53600, as applicable.
2.2 Retirement/Pension Funds and Deferred Compensation Funds a re also not governed by this Investment Policy, but rathe r by the policies and Federal or State statutes explicitly applicable to such funds.
3.0 PRUDENCE
All investments and evaluation of such investments shall be mad e with the Prudent Investor Standard as set forth by California Government Code, Section 53600.3 and 27000.3, is defined as;
Prudent Investor Standard: Ac ting with care, skill, prudence and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing, which persons of prudence, discretion and intelligence exercise in the professional management of their business affairs, not for speculation, but for investment, considering the probable safety of their capital as well as the probable income to be derived.
4.0 OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives, in order of priority, of the City Portfolio are:
4.1 Preservation of C apital (Safety)
The first and prima ry goal of the Portfolio is the preservation of capital. Investment shall be undertaken in a manner to avoid losses due to market value risk, issuer default and broker default. To attain this objec tive; investments are diversified.
4.2 Liquidity
The Portfolio will be structured in a manner that will provide cash as needed to meet anticipated disbursements. Cash flow modeling ensures that investments mature as needed for disbursements.
3 4.3 Diversity
The objective is to avoid over-c oncentration in issuers, instru ments, and maturity sectors.
No more than 5 percent of the total assets of the investments h eld by the City may be invested in the securities of any one issuer, except the obliga tions of the United States government or government-sponsored enterprises.
4.4 Yield
The Portfolio is also managed to maximize its overall market return with consideration of the safety, liquidity, and diversity parameters discussed above. Exception to the prohibition of securities issued by, or backed by, the United States government that could result in zero or negative interest accrual if held to maturity, in the event of or duration of negative market interest rates. This exception will sunset on January 1st, 2026.
5.0 DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
Management responsibility for the investment program is specifi cally delegated by the City Administrator or designee to the Finance Director/Treasurer or designee who shall establish procedures for the investment pr ograms, which are consistent wi th the Investment Policy.
Authorization for investment decisions is limited to the Financ e Director/Treasurer or designee. The Treasury Administrator and/or Inve stment Operations Manager may execute investment transactions in the absence of the Treasurer or designee per the Treasurer’s instructions or prior authorization.
A Treasury Administrator or Investment Operations Manager may make decisions only with respect to overnight investments, but may implement investment decisions r eceived directly from the Treasurer or designee.
6.0 INTERNAL CONTROL
The Treasurer or designee shall maintain a system of internal c ontrols designed to ensure compliance with the Investment Policy and to prevent losses due to fraud, employee error, and misrepresentations by third parties or unanticipated changes in financial markets.
7.0 ETHICS AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
All officers and employees involved in the investment process s hall not engage in any personal business activity, which could conflict with proper execution o f investments subject to this Policy.
Any material financial interests in financial institutions whic h do business with the City should be disclosed to the City Administr ator. All individuals involved in the investment process are required to report all gifts and income in accordance with California State Law.
8.0 SAFEKEEPING AND CUSTODY
All security transactions, including collateral for repurchase agreements, entered into by the City shall be conducted on a delivery-versus-payment (DVP) basis pursuant to approved custodial safekeeping agreements. All securities owned by the City shall be held in safekeeping by the City’s custodial bank, which acts as agent for the City under the terms of custody agreement.
4 9.0 APPLICABLE ORDINANCES
9.1 Nuclear Free Zone Ordinance
Under the guidelines of a voter-approved Measure, the Oakland City Council approved Ordinance No. 11062 C.M.S effective December 16, 1988, which restricts the City’s investments in U.S Government Treasuries. The Treasurer shall make every attempt to invest in any available short-term option that provides approximately the same level of security and return as Treasuries. In the event that no reasonable alternatives exist, or to the extent that the City may experience financial hardship as a result of investment in these alternatives, the City Council may adopt a waiver for a period not to exceed 60 days, as authorized by the Ordinance, allowing the City to invest in U.S securities.
9.2 Linked Banking Ordinance
Pursuant to Ordinance No. 12066 C.M.S adopted by Council on July 14,1998, the City has established a Linked Banking Service Program. This reference applies to depositories for both the City of Oakland and the Port of Oakland banking needs. Depositories are defined within the Ordinance as "all banking services utilized by the City including the Port of Oakland operating fund, with the exception of investments made through investment banks and broker/dealers." Depositories providing services to the City and the Port of Oakland must provide to the City, annually, the information enumerated under Section 3 of the Ordinance. On July 27 2017, City Council adopted Ordinance No. 13445 C.M.S that Amended Ordinance No. 12606 C.M.S.
9.3 Tobacco Divestiture Resolution
On February 17, 1998, Council adopted Resolution No. 74074 C.M.S., which prohibits investment in businesses deriving greater than fifteen percent of their revenues from tobacco products. Treasury Bureau maintains a list of firms excluded from permitted investments due to the tobacco divestiture requirements.
9.4 Fossil Fuel Divestiture Resolution
On June 17, 2014, Council adopted Resolution No. 85053 C.M.S. which prohibits the Investment or ownership stake in any companies that extract, produce, refine, burn or distribute fossil fuels. Treasury Bureau is in full compliance with this Resolution
9.5 Firearm or Gun Manufacturer Divestiture Resolution On March 5, 2013, Council a dopted Resolution No. 84242 C.M.S which prohibits investment or ownership stake in any manufacturer of firearms or ammunition. Treasury Bureau does not have any direct investment exposure to firearms or ammunition manufacturers.
9.6 Sanctuary City Inv estment Ordinance
On June 5, 2019, Council adopted Ordinance No. 13540 C.M.S which prohibits the City from investing in companies that contract with the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Customs and Border Protection, or the Department of Health and Human Services of Refugee Resettlement to provide services or goods for data collection or immigration detention services.
This Investment Policy will hereto to any City of Oakland Reso lutions and Ordinances adopted after adoption of this Investment Policy for Fiscal Year 2022-23.
5 10.0 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
When possible, it is the City's policy to invest in companies t hat promote the use and production of renewable energy resources and any other socially responsible i nvestments, subject to the prudent investment standard.
11.0 REPORTING
11.1 City Council
As best practice and sound financ ial management practice, the C ity Administrator or designee will publish a quarterly investment report and an annu al investment policy for the City within 30 days following the period being reported to the City Council.
The quarterly cash management report will be deemed timely pursuant to this Investment Policy and Government Code Section 53646, so long as it has been submitted to be published on the City’s Finance Website within 30 days following the period, concurrent to the agenda schedule for the Finance and Management Committee. The quarterly cash management report for the period ending June 30 will be filed in a timely manner, but it will not be published until September due to the City Council summer recess.
The report will include the information required under Government Code Section 53646 including: the type of investment, issuer, date of maturity, par and dollar amount invested (this data may be in the form of a subsidiary ledger of investments); a description of any investments under management of contracted parties, if any; current market values and source of valuation; statement of compliance or manner of non-compliance with the Investment Policy; and a statement denoting the ability to meet the Fund's expenditure requirements for the next six months. In addition, the report shall summarize economic conditions, liquidity, diversity, risk characteristics and other features of the portfolio. The report will disclose the total investment return for the 3-month period. In meeting these requirements, the report shall include an appendix that discloses all transactions during each month and the holdings at the end of each month during the period being reported.
11.2 Annual Audit
Investment Portfolio is pr iced to market per Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and reported in compliance with General Accepted Accounting Principals.
Annual disclosure requirements such as Custodial Credit Risk, Credit Risk, Concentration of Credit Risk, Interest Rate Risk and Foreign Currency Risk are reported in the City’s Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (CAFR).
11.3 Internal Audits
Internal audits of treasury operations maybe conducted periodically to review its procedures and policies and make any recommendations for changes and improvements if needed.
12.0 TRADING POLICES
12.1 Sales Prior to Maturity
"Buy and hold" is not necessarily the strategy to be used in managing the Funds. It is expected that gains will be realized when prudent. Losses are acceptable if the proposed 6 swap/trade clearly enhances the portfolio yield over the life of the new security on a total return basis.
Sufficient written documentation will be maintained to facilitate an audit of the transaction. Losses, if any, will be recognized and recorded based on the transaction date.
13.0 BROKER/DEALERS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
The purchase of any authorized investment shall be made either directly from the issuer or from any of the following:
Institutions licensed by the State of California as a broker/dealer Members of a federally regulated securities exchange
National or state-chartered banks
Federal or state savings institutions or associations as defined in Finance Code Section 5102 Brokerage firms reporting as a primary government dealer to the Federal Reserve Bank
The Treasurer or designee will maintain a current and eligible list of reputable primary and regional dealers, brokers and financial institutions with whom securitie s trading and placement of funds are authorized. A strong capital ba se credit worthiness, and, where applicable, a broker/dealer staff experienced in transactions with California local governments are the primary criteria for inclusion on the City of Oakland's approved list.
Approved dealers and brokers shall be limited to primary dealers or regional dealers that qualify under Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 15C3-1 (uniform net cap ital rule) and which provide:
proof of Financial Industry Regul atory Authority (FINRA) certif ication; proof of California State registration; and a completed C ity of Oakland broker/dealer que stionnaire. In addition, prior to approval and for every two years thereafter, approved dealers a nd brokers must provide: an audited financial statement; certificati on of receipt, review of and wi llingness to comply with the current Investment Policy; and certification of compliance with Rule G- 37 of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board regarding limitations on political contributio ns to the Mayor or any member of the City Council or to any candidate for these offices.
The Treasurer may remove a firm from the approved list at any time due to: any failure to comply with any of the above criteria; any failure to successfully execute a transaction; any change in broker/dealer staff; or any other action, event or failure to act which, in t he sole discretion of the Treasurer is materially adverse to the best interests of the City.
14.0 GENERAL CREDIT QUALITY
Short- term debt shall be rated at least “A-1” by Standard & Poor’s Corporation, “P-1” by Moody’s Investor Service, Inc., “F-1” by Fitch. Long-term debt shall be rated in a rating category of at least “A” by Standard & Poor’s Corporation, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., or Fitch.
The minimum credit requirement for each security is further def ined within the Permitted Investments section of the policy. If securities which are purchased for th e Fund are downgraded below the credit quality required by the Fund. The Treasurer will determine whet her to retain or to sell the security.
Evaluation of divestiture of securities will be determined on a case-by-case basis .
7 15.0 PERMITTED INVESTMENTS
The following securities are permissible investments pursuant t o Section 53601 of the Government Code as well as this Investment P olicy. Any other investment no t specified hereunder shall be made only upon prior approval by the City Council.
15.1 U. S. Treasury Securities
Bills, notes and bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury which are direct obligations of the federal government.
Maximum Maturity: 5 years
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 20%*
Maximum Issuer Exposure: Prudent person standard applies overall
Credit Requirement: N.A.
*20% limit is a result of the Nuclear Free Zone Ordinance, subject also to prior adoption by Council of a waiver for a period not to exceed 60 days allowing investment in U.S.
Treasury securities due to specified findings. There is no limitation under the Government Code
15.2 Federal Agencies and Instrumentalities
Notes and bonds of federal agencies, government-sponsored enterprises and international institutions. Not all are direct obligations of the U. S. Treasury but may involve federal sponsorship and/or guarantees, in some instances.
Maximum Maturity: 5 years
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: None
Maximum Issuer Exposure: Prudent person standard applies overall
Credit Requirement: N.A.
15.3 Banker’s Acceptances (BA)
Bills of exchange or time drafts drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank, typically created from a letter of credit issued in a foreign trade transaction.
Maximum Maturity: 180 days
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 40%
Maximum Issuer Exposure: 30% of total surplus funds may be in B As of one commercial bank; maximum 5% per issuer
8 Credit Requirement: Al, P1, or F 1 or better by two or the three nationally recognized rating services. No ra ting may be lower that any of the rating listed above.
15.4 Commercial Paper
A short-term, unsecured promissory note issued by financial and non-financial companies to raise short-term cash. Financial companies issue commercial paper to support their consumer and/or business lending; non-financial companies issue for operating funds.
Maximum Maturity: 270 days
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 40%
Maximum Issuer Exposure: No more than 10% of the total assets of the investments held by the City may be invested in any one issuer’s commercial paper; and maximum 5% per issuer
Credit Requirement: Al, P1, or F 1 or better by two or the three nationally recognized rating services. No ra ting may be lower that any of the rating listed above.
Eligibility Limited to general corporations organized and opera ting in the United States with assets in excess of $500 million, and having rating category of "A" or higher ratings for the issuer's debt, other than commercial paper, if any, as provided by NRSRO.
15.5 Asset-Backed Commercial Paper
Asset-Backed Commercial Paper (“ABCP”) issued by special purpose corporations (“SPCs”) that is supported by credit enhancement facilities (e.g. over-collateralization, letters of credit, surety bonds, etc.)
Maximum Maturity: 270 days
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 25% (Not to exceed 25% of total sec ured and unsecured CP)
Maximum Issuer Exposure: No more than 10% of the total assets of the investments held by the City or Agency may be invested in any one issuer’s commercial paper; and maximum 5% per issuer
Credit Requirement: Al, P1, or F 1 or better by two or the three nationally recognized rating services. No ra ting may be lower that any of the rating listed above.
Eligibility: Issued by special purpose corporations (“SPC”) organized and operating in the United States with assets exceeding $500 million. Restri cted to programs sponsored by commercial banks or finance companies organized an d operated in the United States.
Program must have credit facility that provides at least 100% liquidity
Serialized ABCP programs are not eligible
9 Ratings are to be routinely monitored. The Treasurer is to perf orm his/her own due diligence as to creditworthiness.
15.6 Local Government Investment Pools
For local agencies (including counties, cities or other local a gencies) that pool money in deposits or investments with other local agencies, investments may be made subject to the following:
Maximum Maturity: N/A
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 20%
NAV Requirement: $1.00
Credit Requirement: Top ranking or highest letter and numerical rating provided by at least two nationally recognized statistical rating organizations
Must retain an Investment Advisor
R e g i s t e r e d w i t h t h e S E C w i t h n o t l e s s t h a n 5 y e a r s e x p e r i e n c e in investing securities as authorized by the Code, and with assets under man agement in excess of $500 million
Fund Composition Comprised of instruments in accordance with the California State Government Code
15.7 Medium Term Notes
Corporate Bonds, Corporate Notes and Deposit Notes. Issuers are banks and bank holding companies, thrifts, finance companies, insurance companies and industrial corporations.
These are debt obligations that are generally unsecured.
Maximum Maturity: 5 years (additional limitations based on credit, below)
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 30%
Maximum Issuer Exposure: No more than 5% of the Portfolio shall be invested in any single institution.
Credit Requirement: Must be Rate d A3, A-, or A- or better by tw o of the three nationally recognized rating serv ices, Moody’s, S&P, or Fitch, respectively. No Rating may be lower than any of the Rating listed above and should have minimum “A” rating category or its equivalent or better.
Eligibility: Limited to corporations organized and operating within the United States or depository institutions licensed by the United States or any state and operating within the United States
10 15.8 Negotiable Certificates of Deposit
Issued by commercial banks and thrifts, and foreign banks (Yankee CD's).
Maximum Maturity: 5 years
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 30%
Maximum Issuer Exposure: Prudent person standard applies overal l; maximum 5% per issuer
Credit Requirement: Top 3 rating categories, A, A2 or A (S&P/Mo ody's/Fitch) being the lowest, if rated by S&P, Moody's or Fitch.
15.9 Repurchase Agreements
A contractual transaction between the investor and a bank/dealer to exchange cash for temporary ownership or control of securities/collateral with an agreement by the bank/dealer to repurchase the securities on a future date. Primarily used as an overnight investment vehicle.
Maximum Maturity: 360 days
Maximum Portfolio: Exposure None
Maximum Dealer Exposure: Prudent person standard applies overall; maximum 5% per issuer
Collateral Requirements: Collateral limited to Treasury and Agency securities; must be 102% or greater
Mark-to-market: Daily
Eligibility: Limited to primary dealers of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, for which a current Master Repurchase Agreement has been executed with the City.
15.10 Reverse Repurchase Agreements
The mirror image of a repurchase agreement. Used as a source of liquidity when there is a mismatch of cash flow requirement and scheduled maturities. A mechanism to avoid liquidating securities for immediate cash needs. Restricted to securities owned for a minimum of 30 days prior to settlement of the repurchase agreement.
This strategy should be used solely for liquidity and not for arbitrage or leverage purposes.
Maximum Maturity: 92 days (unless a written agreement guarantee ing the earnings or spread for the entire period)
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 20% of the base value of the portfolio
11 Eligibility: Limited to primary dealers of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or nationally or State chartered ba nk with significant banking rel ationship with the City.
15.11 Secured Obligations and Agreements
Obligations, including notes or bonds, collateralized at all times in accordance with Sections 53651 and 53652 of the Government Code.
Maximum Maturity: 2 years
Maximum Portfolio Exposure 20%
Maximum Issued/Provider Exposure: Prudent person standard appli es overall; maximum 5% per issue
Collateral Requirements: Collateral limited to Treasury and Agency securities; must be 102% or greater
Mark-to-market: Daily
Credit Requirement: Issuer/Provider rated in "AA" category by at least one national rating agency; or agreement guaranteed by an "AA" company
Eligibility: Banks, insurance companies, insurance holding comp anies and other financial institutions
15.12 Certificates of Deposit
Time deposits, which are non-negotiable, are issued most commonly by commercial banks, savings and loans and credit unions with federal deposit insurance available for amounts up to $250,000. Deposits in banks, savings and loan associations and federal credit unions with a branch office within Oakland will be made (to the extent permissible by State and Federal law or rulings) pursuant to the following conditions:
Maximum Maturity: 360 days
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: Prudent person standard applies.
Maximum Issuer Exposure: Prudent person standard applies.
Credit Requirement: For depos its over $250,000: Top 3 rating ca tegories - A, A2 or A (S&P/Moody’s/Fitch) being the lowest, if rated by S&P, Moody’s or Fitch.
Deposit Limit: For federally ins ured deposits of $250,000 or le ss: No minimum credit rating required. City’s d eposits cannot exceed the tota l shareholder’s equity of the institution. For deposits over $250,000, it must be collateralized.
Depository Selection: Highest available rate of interest
Institution Requirements: Most recent Annual Report
12 Pursuant to Government code 53637, the City is prohibited from investing in negotiable certificates of deposit of a state or federal credit union if a member of the legislative body or any person with decision-making authority serves on the board of directors or committee.
15.13 Money Market Mutual Funds
Regulated by the SEC, these funds operate under strict maturity and diversification guidelines. These funds have no federal guarantee but are viewed as a very safe short- term cash investment.
Maximum Maturity: N/A
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 20%
NAV Requirement: $1.00
Credit Requirement: Top ranking or highest letter and numerical rating provided by at least two nationally recognized statistical rating organizations
Investment Advisor Alternative to Ratings: Registered with the SEC with not less than 5 years experience in investing securities as authorized b y the Code, and with assets under management in excess of $500 million
Fund Composition: Comprised of in struments in accordance with t he California State Government Code
15.14 State Investment Pool (Local Agency Investment Fund) A pooled investment fund overseen by the State Treasurer, which operates like a money market fund, but is for the exclusive benefit of governmental entities within the state.
Maximum currently authorized by Local Agency Investment Fund (LAIF) is $75 million, which is subject to change. The LAIF is in trust in the custody of the State Treasurer.
The City’s right to withdraw its deposited monies from LAIF is not contingent upon the State’s failure to adopt a State Budget.
Maximum Maturity N/A
Maximum Portfolio Exposure None
15.15 Local City/Agency Bonds
Bonds issued by the City of Oakland, or any department, board, agency or authority of the City.
Maximum Maturity: 5 years
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: None
Maximum Issuer Exposure: Prudent person standard applies overal l; maximum 5% per issuer
Credit Requirement: Prudent person standard applies
13 15.16 State of California Obligations and Others
State of California and any other of the 49 United States registered state warrants, treasury notes, or bonds issued by a State.
Maximum Maturity: 5 years
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: None
Maximum Issuer Exposure: Prudent person standard applies overal l; maximum 5% per issuer
Credit Requirement: Prudent person standard applies
15.17 Other Local Agency Bonds
Bonds, notes, warrants or other e vidences of indebtedness of an y local agency with the state.
Maximum Maturity: 5 years
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: None
Maximum Issuer Exposure: Prudent person standard applies overal l; maximum 5% per issuer
Credit Requirement: Prudent person standard applies
15.18 Deposits- Private Placement
Prudent to Government Code Section 53601.8 and 53635.8, local agencies are authorized to invest their sur plus funds in deposits, certifica tes of deposits including negotiable certificate of deposits at a commercial or saving ba nk, saving and loan, or credit union using a private sector deposit placement service.
x Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 50%
Maximum Issuer Exposure: maximum 10% per private sector placement entity
Credit Requirement: Prudent person standard applies
Sunset on January 1, 2026
15.19 Supranationals
U.S dollar denominated senior unsecured unsubordinated obligati ons issued or unconditionally guaranteed by any of the supranational institut ions such as International Bank of Reconstruc tion and Development (IBRD), th e International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Inter-American Development B ank (IADB).
Eligible for purchase and sale within the United States.
14 Maximum Maturity: 5 years
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: 30%
x Credit Requirement: Minimum Rating Category of “AA” or better by NRSRO
15.20 Public Bank Obligations
Any commercial paper, debt securities, or other obligations of a public bank as defined in California Government Code Section 57600-57607.
Maximum Maturity: 5 year
Maximum Portfolio Exposure: N.A
x Credit Requirement: Prudent Standard Applies
16.0 MAXIMUM MATURITIES
The City’s Investment Policy sha ll be structured to provide tha t sufficient funds from investments are available to meet City’s anticipated cash need. No investments will have a maturity of more that 5 years from its date of purchase.
17.0 GLOSSARY
Definitions of investment-related terms are listed in Exhibit A.
15 EXHIBIT A
GLOSSARY
ACCRETION: Adjustment of the difference between the prices of a bond bou ght at an original discount and the par value of the bond.
AGENCIES: Federal agency securities and/or Government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), also known as U.S. Government instrumentalities. Securities issued by Gove rnment National Mortgage Association (GNMA) are considered true agency securities, backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. GSEs are financial intermediaries establi shed by the federal government to fund loans to certain groups of borrowers, for example homeowne rs, farmers and students and are privately owned corporations with a public purpose. The most co mmon GSEs are Federal Farm Credit System Banks, Federal Home Loan Banks, Federal Home Loan Mortga ge Association, and Federal National Mortgage Association.
AMORTIZATION: Accounting procedure that gra dually reduces the cost value o f a limited life or intangible asset through periodic charges to income. For fixed assets, the term used is “depreciation”.
It is common practice to amorti ze any premium over par value pa id in the purchase of preferred stock or bond investments.
APPRECIATION: Increase in the value of an asset such as a stock bond, commodity or real estate.
ASKED PRICE: The price a broker/dealer offers to sell securities.
ASSET BACKED : A type of security that is secured by receivables, such as cr edit card and auto loans. These securities typically pay principal and interest monthly.
BANKERS' ACCEPTANCE (BA): A draft or bill or exchange accepted by a bank or trust compan y.
The accepting institution guarantees payment of the bill, as we ll as the issuer. This money market instrument is used to finance international trade.
BASIS POINT: One-hundredth of one percent (i.e., 0.01%).
BENCHMARK: A comparative base for measuring the performance or risk tole rance of the investment portfolio. A benchmar k should represent a close corr e l a t i o n t o t h e l e v e l o f r i s k a n d t h e average duration of the portfolio’s investment.
BID PRICE: The price a broker/dealer offers to purchase securities.
BOND: A financial obligation for which the issuers promises to pay the bondholder a specified stream of future cash flows, including periodic interest payments and a principal repayment.
BOOK VALUE : The value at which a debt security is shown on the holder’s b alance sheet. Book value is acquisition cost less amortization of premium or accretion of discount.
BROKER: A broker acts as an intermedi ary between a buyer and seller f or a commission and does not trade for his/her own risk and account or inventory.
CALLABLE SECURITIES : A security that can be redeemed by the issuer before the sche duled maturity date.
16 CASH FLOW: An analysis of all changes that affect the cash account during a specified period.
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT (CD): A time deposit with a specific maturity evidenced by a certificate. Large-denomination CD's are typically negotiable.
COLLATERAL: Securities, evidence of deposit or other property which a borrower pledges to secure repayment of a loan. Also refers to securities pledged by a bank to secure deposits of public monies.
COLLATERALIZED MORTGAGE OBLIGATION (CMO) : A type of mortgage-backed security that creates separate pools of p ass-through rates for different classes of bondholders with varying maturities, called trances. The repayments from the pool of pas s-through securities are used to retire the bonds in the order specified by the bonds' prospectus.
COMMERCIAL PAPER: Short-term, unsecured, negotiable promissory notes of corporations.
COMPREHENSIVE ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT (CAFR) : The official annual financial report for the City. It includes combined statements and basic financial statements for each individual fund and account group prepared in conformity with Generally Ac cepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
CORPORATE NOTE: Debt instrument issued by a private corporation.
COUPON: The annual rate at which a bond pays interest.
CREDIT RATINGS : A grade given to a debt instrument that indicates its credit quality. Private independent rating services such as Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch provide these
CREDIT RISK: The risk that an obligation will not be paid and a loss will result due to a failure of the issuer of a security.
CUSIP: Stands for Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Pro cedures. A CUSIP number identifies most securities, including: stocks of all registered U.S. and Canadian companies, and U.S. government and municipal bonds. The CUSIP system—owned by the A merican Bankers Association and operated by Standard & Poor’s—facilitates the clearing and settlement process of securities. The number consists of nine characters (including letters and numbers) that uniquely identify a company or issuer and the type of security.
CURRENT YIELD: The annual interest on an investment divided by the current m arket value. Since the calculation relies on the current market value rather than the investor’s cost, current yield is unrelated to the actual return the investor will earn if the security is held to maturity.
CUSTODIAN: A bank or other financial institution that keeps custody of s tock certificates and other assets.
DEALER: A dealer, as opposed to a broker, acts as a principal in all transactions, buying and selling for his/her own risk and account or inventory.
DEBENTURES: A bond secured only by the general credit of the issuers.
DELIVERY VERSUS PAYMENT (DVP) : Delivery of securities with a simultaneous exchange of money for the securities.
17 DERIVATIVE: A financial instrument that is based on, or derived from, som e underlying asset, reference date, or index.
DIRECT ISSUER : Issuer markets its own paper directly to the investor without u s e o f a n intermediary.
DISCOUNT: The difference between the cost of a security and its value a t maturity when quoted at lower than face value.
DIVERSIFICATION: Dividing investment funds among a variety of securities offer ing independent returns and risk profiles.
DURATION: A measure of the timing of the cash flows, such as the intere st payments and the principal repayment, to be recei ved from a given fixed-income s ecurity. This calculation is based on three variables: term to maturity, coupon rate, and yield to m aturity. Duration measures the price sensitivity of a bond to changes in interest rates.
FACE VALUE: The principal amount owed on a debt instrument. It is the amo unt on which interest is computed and represents the amount that the issuer promises to pay at maturity.
FAIR VALUE : The amount at which a security could be exchanged between wil ling parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale. If a market price is avai lable, the fair value is equal to the market value.
FANNIE MAE : Trade name for the Federal Na tional Mortgage Association (FNM A), a U.S.
Government sponsored enterprise.
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC) : A federal agency that provides insurance on bank deposits, guaranteeing deposits to a set limit per account, currently $250,000.
FEDERAL FARM CREDIT BANK (FFCB) : Government-sponsored enterprise that consolidates the financing activities of the Federal Land Banks, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks and the Banks for Cooperatives. Its securities do not carry direct U.S. government guarantees.
FEDERAL FUNDS RATE : The rate of interest at which Federal funds are traded. This rate is considered to be the most sensitive indicator of the direction of interest rates, as it is currently pegged by the Federal Reserve through open-market operations.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY SECURITIES : Federal Agency or United States government-sponsored enterprise ob ligations, participations, or other instruments, including those issued by or fully guaranteed as to principal and interest by f ederal agencies or United States government-sponsored enterprises.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS (FHLB) : Government sponsored enterprise (currently made up of 12 regional banks) that re gulates and lends funds and provid es correspondent banking services to member commercial banks, thrift institutions, credit unions and insurance companies. Although the banks operate under federal charter with government supervision , the securities are not guaranteed by the U. S. Government.
FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION (FHLMC) : Government sponsored enterprise that helps maintain the availability of mortgage cre dit for residential housing. FHLMC 18 finances these operations by mark eting guaranteed mortgage cert ificates and mortgage participation certificates. Its discount notes and bonds do not carry direct U.S. government guarantees.
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION (FNMA): Government sponsored enterprise that is the largest s ingle provider of residential m ortgage funds in the United States. FNMA is a private stockholder-owned corporation. The corporation's purchases include a variety of adjustable mortgages and second loans, in addition to fixed-rate mortgages . FNMA's securities are also highly liquid and are widely accepted.
FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE (FOMC): A committee of the Federal Reserve Board, which establishes monetary po licy and executes it through tempo rary and permanent changes to the supply of bank reserves.
FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM: The central bank of the U.S. which consists of a seven member Board of Governors, 12 regional banks and about 5,700 commercial banks that are members.
FED WIRE : A wire transmission service es tablished by the Federal Reserv e Bank to facilitate the transfer of funds through debits and credits of funds between participants within the Fed system.
FREDDIE MAC: Trade name for the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FH LMC), a U.S. government sponsored enterprise.
GINNIE MAE : Trade name for the Government N ational Mortgage Association ( GNMA), a direct obligation bearing the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.
GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD (GASB): A standard-setting body, associated with the Financial Accounting Foundation, which pres cribes standard accounting practices for governmental units.
GUARANTEED INVESTMENT CONTRACTS (GICS) : An agreement acknowledging receipt of funds, for deposit, specifying terms for withdrawal, and guaranteeing a rate of interest to be paid.
INTEREST RATE: The annual yield earned on an investment, expressed as a percentage.
INTEREST RATE RISK : The risk of gain or loss in market values of securities due t o changes in interest-rate levels. For example, rising interest rates will cause the market value of portfolio securities to decline.
INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS: A contract providing for the lending of issuer funds to a fin ancial institution which agrees to repay the funds with interest under predetermined specifications.
INVESTMENT GRADE (LONG TERM RATINGS ): The minimum, high quality ratings for long term debt such as corporate notes. Investment Grade ratings are as follows: A3 (Moody’s), A- (S&P), and A- (Fitch).
INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO : A collection of securities held by a bank, individual, instit ution or government agency for investment purposes.
LIQUIDITY: A liquid asset is one that can be converted easily and rapidl y into cash with minimum risk of principal.
19 LOCAL AGENCY INVESTMENT FUND (LAIF ): An investment pool sponsored by the State of California and administered/managed by the State Treasurer. Loc al government units, with consent of the governing body of that agency, may voluntarily deposit surp lus funds for the purpose of investment. Interest earned is d istributed by the State Contro ller to the particip ating governmental agencies on a quarterly basis.
LOCAL AGENCY INVESTMENT POOL : A pooled investment vehicle sponsored by a local agency or a group of local agencies for use by other local agencies.
MARKET RISK: The risk that the value of securities will fluctuate with cha nges in overall market conditions or interest rates. Systematic risk of a security tha t is common to all securities of the same general class (stocks, bonds, not es, money market instruments) and cannot be eliminated by diversification (which may be used to eliminate non-systematic risk).
MARKET VALUE : The price at which a security is currently being sold in the market. See FAIR VALUE.
MASTER REPURCHASE AGREEMENT : A written contract covering all future transactions between the parties to repurchase agreements and reverse repurc hase agreements that establish each party's rights in the transactions. A master agreement will oft en specify, among other things, the right of the buyer-lender to liquidate the underlying securities in the event of default by the seller-borrower.
MATURITY: The date that the principal or stated value of a debt instrum ent becomes due and payable.
MEDIUM-TERM NOTES (MTNs): Unsecured, investment-grade senior debt securities of major corporations which are sold in relatively small amounts either on a continuous or an intermittent basis.
MTNs are highly flexible debt instruments that can be structured to respond to market opportunities or to investor preferences.
MODIFIED DURATION: The percent change in price for a 100 basis point change in yields. This is a measure of a portfolio’s or security’s exposure to market risk.
MONEY MARKET : The market in which short term debt instruments (Treasury Bi lls, Discount Notes, Commercial Paper, Banker’ s Acceptances and Negotiable Ce rtificates of Deposit) are issued and traded.
MORTGAGED BACKED SECURITIES : A type of security that is secured by a mortgage or collection of mortgages. These securities typically pay principal and interest monthly.
MUNICIPAL BONDS: Debt obligations issued by st ates and local governments and t heir agencies, including cities, counties, govern ment retirement plans, school districts, state universities, sewer districts, municipally owned utilities and authorities running bridges, airports and other transportation facilities
MUTUAL FUND : An entity that pools money and can invest in a variety of sec urities which are specifically defined in the fund’s prospectus.
NEGOTIABLE CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT : A large denomination certificate of deposit which can be sold in the open market prior to maturity.
20 NET PORTFOLIO YIELD : Calculation in which the 365- day basis equals the annualized percentage of the sum of all Net Earning during the period divi ded by the sum of all Average Daily Portfolio Balances.
NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED RATING ORGANIZATION (NRSRO ): is a credit rating agency that issues credit rating that U.S Securities and Exchange Comm ission permits other financial firms to use for certain regulatory purposes.
OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS: Purchases and sales of government and certain other securities in the open market by the New York Federal Reserve Bank as directe d by the FOMC in order to influence the volume of money and credit in the economy. Purchases inject reserves into the bank system and stimulate growth of money and credit: Sales have the opposite effect. Open market operations are the Federal Reserve's most important and most flexible monetary policy tool.
PAR VALUE: The amount of principal which must be paid at maturity. Also referred to as the face amount of a bond. See FACE VALUE.
PORTFOLIO: The collection of securities held by an individual or institution.
PREMIUM: The difference between the par value of a bond and the cost of the bond, when the cost is above par.
PRIMARY DEALER: A group of government securities dealers who submit daily rep orts of market activity and positions and monthly financial statements to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and are subject to its informal oversight. These dealers are author ized to buy and sell government securities in direct dealing with the Federal Reserve Bank of N ew York in its execution of market operations to carry out U.S. monetary policy. Such dealers must be qualified in terms of reputation, capacity, and adequacy of staff and facilities.
PRIME (SHORT TERM RATING) : High quality ratings for short term debt such as commercial paper. Prime ratings are as follows: P1 (Moody’s), A1 (S&P), and F1 (Fitch).
PRINCIPAL: The face value or par value of a debt instrument, or the amou nt of capital invested in a given security.
PRIVATE PLACEMENTS : Securities that do not have to be registered with the Securit ies and Exchange Commission because they are offered to a limited number of sophisticated investors.
PROSPECTUS: A legal document that must be provided to any prospective pur chaser of a new securities offering registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission that typically includes information on the issuer, the issuer’s business, the proposed use of proceeds, the experience of the issuer’s management, and certain certified financial statements (also known as an “official statement”).
PRUDENT INVESTOR STANDARD : A standard of conduct for fidu ciaries. Investments shall be made with judgment and care--under circumstances then prevailin g, which persons of prudence, discretion and intelligence exercise in the management of their own affairs, not for speculation, but for investment, considering the pr obable safety of their capital as well as the probable income to be derived.
PUBLIC BANK : A corporation, organized as e ither a nonprofit mutual benefit corporation or a nonprofit public benefit corporati on for the purpose of engagin g in the commercial banking business 21 or industrial banking business, that is wholly owned by a local agency, as specified, local agencies, or a joint powers authority.
PUBLIC DEPOSITS : A bank that is qualified under California law to accept a dep osit of public funds.
PURCHASE DATE: The date in which a security is purchased for settlement on t hat or a later date.
Also known as the “trade date”.
RATE OF RETURN: 1) The yield which can be attained on a security based on its purchase price or its current market price. 2) In come earned on an investment, ex pressed as a percentage of the cost of the investment.
RATING SCALE:
Moody's S&P Fitch
Rating description
Long-
term
Short-
term
Long-
term
Short-
term
Long-
term
Short-
term
Aaa
P-1
AAA
A-1+
AAA
F1+
Prime
Investment-grade
Aa1 AA+ AA+
High grade Aa2 AA AA
Aa3 A $í $$í
A1 A+ A-1 A+ F1 Upper medium
grade A2 A A
A3 P-2 $í A-2 $í F2 Baa1 BBB+ BBB+
Lower medium
grade Baa2 P-3 BBB A-3 BBB F3 Baa3 %%%í %%%í
Ba1
Not
prime
BB+
B
BB+
B
Non-investment
grade
speculative
Non-investment
grade
aka high-yield
bonds
aka junk bonds
Ba2 BB BB
Ba3 %%í %%í
B1 B+ B+
Highly speculative B2 B B
B3 %í %í
Caa1 CCC+
C CCC C
Substantial risks
Caa2 CCC Extremely
speculative
Caa3 &&&í Default imminent
with little
prospect for
recovery
Ca
CC
C
C
D /
DDD
/ In default / DD
D
22 REALIZED GAIN (OR LOSS): Gain or loss resulting from the sale or disposal of a security.
REGIONAL DEALER: A financial intermediary tha t buys and sells securities for t he benefit of its customers without maintaining substantial inventories of securities and that is not a primary dealer.
REPURCHASE AGREEMENT (RP or REPO ): A transaction in which a counterparty or the holder of securities (e.g. investment dealer) sells these secur ities to an investor (e.g. the City) with a simultaneous agreement to repurch ase them at a fixed date. The security "buyer" (e.g. the City) in effect lends the "seller" money for the period of the agreement , and the terms of the agreement are structured to compensate the “buyer” for this. Dealers use RP extensively to finance their positions. Exception: When the Fed is said to be doing RP, it is lending money, that is, increasing bank reserves.
REVERSE REPURCHASE AGREEMENT (REVERSE REPO ): The opposite of a repurchase agreement. A reverse repo is a transaction in which the City s ells securities to a counterparty (e.g. investment dealer) and agrees to repurchase the securities from the counterparty at a fixed date. The counterparty in effect lends the seller (e.g. the City) money for the period of the agreement with terms of the agreement structured to compensate the buyer.
RISK: Degree of uncertainty of return on an asset.
SAFEKEEPING: A service which banks offer to clients for a fee, where physi cal securities are held in the bank’s vault for protec tion and book-entry securities ar e on record with the Federal Reserve Bank or Depository Trust Company in the bank’s name for the ben efit of the client. As agent for the client, the safekeeping bank settles securities transactions, c ollects coupon payments, and redeems securities at maturity or on call date, if called.
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC ): Agency created by Congress to protect investors in securities transactions by administering securities legislation.
SECONDARY MARKET : A market for the repurchase a nd resale of outstanding issues following the initial distribution.
SECURITIES: Investment instruments such as notes, bonds, stocks, money ma rket instruments and other instruments of indebtedness or equity.
SETTLEMENT DATE: The date on which a trade is cleared by delivery of securities against funds.
SPREAD: The difference between two figures or percentages. It may be the difference between the bid (price at which a prospectiv e buyer offers to pay) and aske d (price at which an owner offers to sell) prices of a quote, or between the amount paid when bought and the amount received when sold.
STRUCTURED NOTE : A complex, fixed income instr ument, which pays interest, bas ed on a formula tied to other interest rates, commodities or indices. E xamples include “inverse floating rate” notes which have coupons that increase when other interest rates are falling, and which fall when other interest rates are rising and “dual index floaters”, which pay interest based on the relationship between two other interest rates, for ex ample, the yield on the ten-yea r Treasury note minus the Libor rate.
Issuers of such notes lock in a reduced cost of borrowing by purchasing interest rate swap agreements.
23 SUPRANATIONALS: are international institutions that provide development finan cing, advisory services and/or financial servi ces to their member countries to achieve the overall goal of improving living standards through sustainable economic growth. The Government Code allows local agencies to purchase the United States dollar denominated senior unsecured unsubordinated obligations issued or unconditionally guaranteed by the International Bank for Recons truction and Development, International Finance Corporation, or Inter-American Development Bank.
TIME DEPOSIT : A deposit with a California ba nk or savings and loan associat ion for a specific amount and with a specific matur ity date and interest rate. Dep osits of up to $250,000 are insured by FDIC. Deposits over $250,000 are collateralized above the insurance with either government securities (at 110% of par value), first trust deeds (at 150% of par value), or letters of credit (at 105% of par value).
TOTAL RATE OF RETURN : A measure of a portfolio’s performance over time. It is the i nternal rate of return which equates the beginning value of the portfol io with the ending value, and includes interest earnings and realized and unrealized gains and losses on the portfolio. For bonds held to maturity, total return is the yield to maturity.
TRUSTEE OR TRUST COMPANY OR TRUST DEPARTMENT OF A BANK : A financial institution with trust powers which acts in a fiduciary capacit y for the benefit of the bondholders in enforcing the terms of the bond contract.
UNDERWRITER: A dealer which purchases a new issue of municipal securities for resale.
UNIFORM NET CAPITAL RULE : Securities and Exchange Commission requirement that member firms as well as nonmember broke r/dealers in securities maintain a maximum ratio of indebtedness to liquid capital of 15 to 1; also called net capita l rule and net capital ratio. Indebtedness covers all money owed to a firm, including margin loans and commitments to purchase securities, one reason new public issues are spread among members of underwriting syndicates. Liquid capital includes cash and assets easily converted into cash.
U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCY SECURITIES : Securities issued by U.S. government agencies, most of which are secured only by the credit worthiness of the particular agency. See AGENCIES.
U.S. TREASURY OBLIGATIONS : Securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. Treasuries are the bench mark for interest rates on all other securities in the U.S. The Tre asury issues both discounted sec urities and fixed coupon notes and bonds. The income from Treasury securities is exempt from state and local, but not federal, taxes.
TREASURY BILLS: Securities issued at a discount with initial maturities of o ne year or less. The Treasury currently issues three-month and six-month Treasury bi lls at regular weekly auctions. It also issues very short-term “cash management” bills as needed to smooth out cash flows.
TREASURY NOTES : Intermediate-term coupon-bearing securities with initial mat urities of one year to ten years.
TREASURY BOND: Long-term coupon-bearing secur ities with initia l maturities o f ten years or longer.
24 UNREALIZED GAIN (OR LOSS ): Gain or loss that has not become actual. It becomes a realiz ed gain (or loss) when the security in which there is a gain or loss is actually sold. See REALIZED GAIN (OR LOSS).
VOLATILITY: Characteristic of a security, commodity or market to rise or fall sharply in price within a short-term period.
WEIGHTED AVERAGE MATURITY : The average maturity of all the securities that comprise a portfolio that is typically expressed in days or years.
YIELD: The annual rate of return on an investment expressed as a per centage of the investment. See CURRENT YIELD; YIELD TO MATURITY.
YIELD CURVE: Graph showing the relationship at a given point in time between yields and maturity for bonds that are identical in every way except maturity.
YIELD TO MATURITY : Concept used to determine the rate of return if an investment is held to maturity. It takes into account purchase price, redemption val ue, time to maturity, coupon yield, and the time between interest payments. It is the rate of income re turn on an investment, minus any premium or plus any discount, with the adjustment spread over the period from the date of purchase to the date of maturity of the bond, expressed as a percentage.