Pacifica City Council
July 14, 2025

EXHIBIT B

CLIMATE ACTION AND RESILIENCE PLAN (CARP)

APPENDICES

CITY OF PACIFICA
May 2025
Climate Action &
Adaptation Plan
APPENDICESNatalia (8 years old)
Contents
Appendix A Glossary of Terms and Acronyms..........................................................................................................................................................A-1 Appendix B Ramaytush Word Bank .......................................................................................................................................................................... A-4 Appendix C Community Engagement....................................................................................................................................................................... A-6 Appendix D Summary of Key Findings.....................................................................................................................................................................A-17 Appendix E Youth Competition................................................................................................................................................................................ A-35 Appendix F Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report................................................................................................................................................. A-38 Appendix G Funding Sources .................................................................................................................................................................................... A-68 Appendix H Policy, Climate Legislation and Regulations .......................................................................................................................................A-71 Appendix I Considerations for E-Bikes and E-Bike Chargers .............................................................................................................................. A-81 Appendix J Sustainability Coordinator Sample Job Descriptions from Other Bay Area Cities....................................................................... A-83

APPENDIX A
Glossary of
Terms and
Acronyms
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
City documents referenced in the actions:

A
ADC–Alternative Daily Cover
B
BAAD–Bay Area Air District
C
CARB – California Air Resources Board
CAAP – Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
CBO – Community Based Organization
CDD – Community Development Department
CEC – California Energy Commission
CEQA – California Environmental Quality Act
CO2 – Carbon dioxide
CO2
e – Carbon dioxide equivalent
CPUC – California Public Utilities Commission
E
EIR – Environmental impact review
EV – Electric vehicle
G
GHG – Greenhouse gas
I
ICLEI – International Council for Local Environmental
initiatives
K
kWh – Kilowatt hour
M
MFD – Multifamily dwelling
MPO – Metropolitan planning organization
MT – Metric ton
N
NCCWD – North Coast County Water District
NOx – Nitrogen Oxide
O
OSPAC – Open Space and Parkland Advisory
Committee
P
PB&R – Parks, Beaches and Recreation
PCE – Peninsula Clean Energy
PG&E – Pacific Gas and Electric Company
PPM – Parts per million
Pacifica’s
General Plan
Housing
Element
Local Coastal
Plans
Sharp Park
Specific Plan
Bicycle and
Pedestrian Plan
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-2 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms | Pacifica CAAP Appendix PV – Photovoltaic
PWD – Public Works Department
R
RPS – Renewable portfolio standard
T
TOD – Transit-oriented development
U
US EPA – United States Environmental Protection
Agency
V
VMT – Vehicle Miles Traveled
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-3 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms | Pacifica CAAP Appendix City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-4 Ramaytush Word Bank | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX B
Ramaytush
Word Bank
Ramaytush Word Bank
Guided by Muchia Te’ Indigenous Land Trust and its partnership with Linguists from the University of California, Berkeley Muchia Te' language program
Ramma
West in chiceno language à people of the west
Change to village names
Timiktak (different than documentation)
TaK (at the end of the name)
Place of reference (descriptive of the places)
Pruristak
Place of the sandhill cranes à pre colonization, it was a resting place for costal migrant routes annually à
migratory routes are inland, resting points
Entire peninsula
Only known muchia te, and Uktis à 4 lines of descents
à only known living Rammaytush descendants
Umu
Ocean
Wish (weeesh)
Beach
Dragonfly
Of change à being aquatic in its embryotic stage,
then grows legs, then climbs out (terrestrial) then is
ariel) à it goes through different life stages
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-5 Ramaytush Word Bank | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Appendix C
Community Engagement
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-6 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX C
Community
Engagement
Community Engagement
In 2023, as part of the City’s efforts to address
climate change, the City Council formed the Climate
Action and
Adaptation Plan (CAAP) Task Force to update the
City’s Climate Action Plan
An inclusive community engagement process is a
cornerstone in the creation and adoption of a successful climate action plan. The task force's approach to community engagement was pivotal in shaping the
Climate Adaptation and Action Plan (CAAP), ensuring
that the voices of Pacifica residents, businesses, and
local municipalities were heard and reflected in the
final document.

By creating open communication and active participation, the task force worked diligently to represent the diverse perspectives and environmental concerns of our community. Through various outreach efforts, including surveys, tabling at community
events, and hosting focus groups, the task force was
able to gather essential input from a wide range of
voices. This collaborative approach not only informed
the development of an actionable plan but also
empowered Pacifica’s to contribute to the conversation, ensuring they were not only heard but also part of the solution.

This ongoing engagement will continue to have ripple
effects (like the waves of the beautiful Pacific Ocean
that Pacificans have the honor to reside next to),
developing deeper connections and inspiring further
interaction, ensuring that the climate action plan
remains a living, evolving framework for the future of
Pacifica.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-7 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-8 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Community Engagement Focused on 3 Foundational Pillars:

1. Education

2. Outreach

3. Community input
Photo: First meeting with the Task Force 2023 with City Manager City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-9 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
How they Reached Pacifica!
Websites
CAAP Website – www.planpacifica.org/caap
City Website – www.cityofpacifica.org
Surveys
FlashVote – professional, scientific survey consultant
Microsoft Forms
E-newsletters
Connect With Pacifica weekly e-newsletter
CAAP e-newsletter
Meetings and events
Talk in action science (Sharp Park Lib)
WhaleFest
Pacifica PRIDE
Pacifica Collaborative
Social Media
Facebook
Nextdoor
Instagram
Stakeholders
Tribal consultation
Community residents
Community business organizations
Youth (K-12)
Printed Materials
Printouts of items for distribution at events
Posters
Photos
Feedback Collection and Process
The “FlashVote Survey: Climate Action” was
released on Tuesday February 27, 2024, and
remained open until February 29, 2024. There
was a total of 306 participants; of those,291 represented 40% of all the total Pacifica community members who signed up to receive FlashVote notifications. There were 15 other participants in the survey as well.

Flash Vote (click the link on the left to get the survey analysis) consultants provided valuable feedback
to initial drafts of a community survey, and upon
closer collaboration with City Staff, COS was able to
develop a survey draft that would provide members
of the Task Force with information on community
sentiments. As this survey comes at an early point
in the drafting process of the CAAP Project, the Task
Force agreed that multiple FlashVote surveys would
need to be utilized. Before conducting this these
questions, the task force was aware of the limited
knowledge available for climate change in Pacifica,
and in general.

FlashVote consultants provided valuable feedback to
initial drafts of a community survey, and upon closer
collaboration with City Staff, COS was able to develop
a survey draft that would provide members of the
Task Force with information on community sentiments. As this survey comes at an early point in the drafting process of the CAAP Project, the Task Force
agreed that multiple FlashVote surveys would need
to be utilized.

The “FlashVote Survey: Climate Action” was
released on Tuesday February 27, 2024, and
remained open until February 29, 2024. There
were a total of 306 participants; of those,291 represented 40% of all the total Pacifica community members who signed up to receive FlashVote notifications. There were 15 other participants in the survey as well.

Provided below, is an example of the question,
“which potential climate change impacts in Pacifica
are you most concerned about, if any?
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-10 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Question 3
This data reveals opportunities for the City to educate the public on a multitude of issues taking place. Concerns related to sea level rise can be directed towards communications and delivery of information from other City Policy documents and projects such as the Local Coastal Program and the Beach Boulevard Infrastructure resiliency Project. “Education! Many of the options listed previously
are already available—do enough people know?
Partner with local organizations to schedule an
ongoing series of events, ensuring the community
understands that inaction will only lead to worsening
impacts. The time for change is NOW.

Commute.org should initiate a city-wide carpooling
program, particularly with the PSD, to reduce congestion and GHG emissions. Relying on SamTrans for additional buses is unlikely to succeed, and shuttles
are complex and costly—these are not the most
effective solutions.

Do not allow the quarry to be subjected to unnecessary fill, which would turn the area into a dump site and increase GHG emissions due to excessive
truck traffic hauling questionable materials.

Explore truly green streets with space for greenery
and water absorption, including permeable
pavement. We must take action to protect our community from rising sea levels, invest in solar energy, reduce reliance on gas, and plan for managed retreat
where necessary. Public investment should focus
on clean energy, local solutions, and sustainable
development.”
The following was feedback written by a community
member for consideration.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-11 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
WhaleFest
The City of Pacifica Climate Action and Adaptation (CAAP) Task Force participated in the Pacific Beach Coalition's WhaleFest event held at Linda Mar Beach on April 20, 2024. This event hosts local organizations, community groups, City Departments, and more. The CAAP booth was supported by Task Force members Kimberly Finale, Maria Barr, Rick Nahass, and Nancy Tierney.

CivicSpark Fellow Gabriel Trevino was also in attendance.

A recorded 95 community members were engaged.

One poster Board #1 was background information regarding the greenhouse gas reductions between the baseline year of 2005 and the last available inventory conducted by RINCON in 2021. This poster then summarized the extent of these greenhouse gas reductions in an accessible metric that might be more relatable than metric tonnes of carbon dioxide, such as the number of homes powered by solar for a year. The poster highlighted the actions the City of Pacifica has already taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provided a QR code for community members to sign up to receive email updates from the Task Force.

Poster 2 contained 5 empty boxes corresponding to 5 prompts for community members to place their votes in.

Everyone that chose to participate in the survey was given 2 sticky notes for the 5 prompts they believed were most important. The prompts were: Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled, Increase Building Energy Efficiency, Electrify Fleet (Municipal and Private), Incorporate Nature-Based Solutions, and a write in section.

Electrify Your Home Event
CAAP Task Force members also attended the Electrify Your Home Event on Thursday, July 25th to do outreach!
Fog Fest
The Pacific Coast Fog Fest, hold on the last weekend of September, celebrates Pacifica’s community, coastline, and local organizations while raising funds – over $1.25 million to date – for more than 50 groups. Since 1986, the festival has drawn visitors with a lively parade, arts and crafts, food, music and family-friendly activities. With thousands attending, it was the perfect place for the Task Force to connect with residents, share solutions, and inspire local sustainability though the climate action plan efforts. This helped awareness and action towards a greener, more resilient Pacifica.

Photo: Showcases the community responses
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-12 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Task Force Member Kai Martin Task Force Member Dave Plumb Task Force Member Carl Schwab
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-13 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Pacifica PRIDE!
Pacifica’s Pride Day Collaborative Emergency Preparedness event held on October 26th, 2024, gathered community voices to shape the city’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan.

Feedback from event: Pride Day Collaborative Emergency Preparedness Task Force members present: Rick Nahass and Kim Finale
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-14 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Question: What would you like to see in Pacifica’s
Climate Action and Adaptation plan?
11 Responses
y “Preservation and expansion of green spaces,
making them even more accessible.” M. Sharpe
y “Improve seawalls. Get rid of sand build up that
makes walking down the pier impossible. Invest in
climate justice and give the land back!”
y “More chargers for electric vehicles”
y “Encouragement of walking and bike riding, and
bus routes. Maybe a beach shuttle to reduce
driving. More libraries to reduce shipping costs.”
y “Best practices from other communities (coastal)
and coming up with both palatable means of filling
out a plan to PAC.”
y “Tree canopy goal and plan”
y “A large portion of greenhouse gas emissions
come from animal agriculture. Pacifica could subsidize plant-based alternatives to animal products to encourage people to consume less meat and
emit less.”
y “More plans for EV charging, especially affordable
charging stations.”
y “I would like to see more beach cleanups and
maybe better recycling initiatives to prevent
buildings of plastics on our beaches.”
y “More electric can chargers in public parking lots
and solar power for Eureka Square Plaza.”
y “As a lifelong environmentalist, and engineer, I
support and want to see nuclear power become
the primary source of power. Please contact me
and I will talk for hours as to why.” Rick Owen
Post it Notes
y More plants! Nature bridges for animals! Less
concrete!”
y More local amenities- Restaurant, jobs etc., so residents do not have to travel out of town” y Public composting sites
y Local restaurants, composting, and no single use
incentives
y Pacifica public transportation shuttle for commuters (to BART) y More EV chargers, except in apartment complexes
Pacifica’s Climate Action Plan
Reimagined Poster Board
y Reduce vehicle miles traveled (4)
y Electrify Fleet (Municipal and Private) (7)
y Increase Building Energy Efficiency (5)
y Incorporate Nature- Based Solutions (7)
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-15 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Focus Groups with MIG
The City of Pacifica coordinated a series of focus
groups on Saturday, December 14, 2024, in partnership with MIG, a consulting firm specializing in community engagement and climate action planning.

Participants were recruited for focus groups based
on three key audiences including: 1) representatives of community-based organizations, 2) high school and college age young people, and 3) parents,
teachers, and the general community. The goal of
these focus groups was to gather insights, feedback
on draft goals, and concerns from key community
organizations, residents, and stakeholders. This
collaborative approach aimed to help co-create
solutions that enhance Pacifica’s resilience and sustainability, reinforcing the belief that collective action is essential in addressing the challenges posed by
climate change.

Focus groups were used to examine community
attitudes and insights on climate issues. Participants
were recruited through the City’s organizational
contacts and the public via email, and through social
media. All participants were provided with food and
refreshments and were provided with a $50 gift card
for participation.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-16 CommunityEngagement | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-17 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Appendix D
Summary of Key Findings
Appendix C
Community Engagement
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX D
Summary of
Key Findings
Summary of Key Findings
Prepared by MIG, Inc.

Develop Inclusive Climate
Communication, Engagement,
and Education Programs
Challenge: The draft CAAP uses technical and
academic language that limits accessibility for the
general public. The language and theories used in
the CAAP may be academic and primarily tailored to
climate experts.

Recommendation: Systems and communication
strategies should be designed to engage people of
all ages, abilities, and levels of climate knowledge.

Simplify language and create communication
strategies tailored to different demographics,
including youth, seniors, and non-English speakers.

Examples include:
y Public workshops, school programs, and visual
aids to explain climate goals and actions.
y Bilingual materials and outreach efforts to engage
diverse communities.

Increase Collaboration
and Coordination
Challenge: Past climate efforts suffered from insufficient coordination among stakeholders, committees, and community members. There are many existing
efforts taking place in the community, often in parallel, in competition, or without knowing what others are doing.

Recommendation: Build partnerships across community-based organizations (CBOs), local businesses, and residents to align strategies and streamline
implementation. Examples include:
y Establishing a centralized task force to oversee
collaboration.
y Hosting regular stakeholder meetings to share
updates and gather input.
y Focus on Resilience
Challenge: Pacifica faces acute and tangible climate
risks, including sea-level rise, wildfires, and tsunamis, which demand immediate action and planning.

Recommendation: Emphasize resilience planning
with a focus on:
y Developing a community-wide resilience hub to
serve as an emergency resource center.
y Integrating individual emergency plans with citylevel strategies.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-18 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
y Enhancing green infrastructure, such as permeable surfaces and tree canopies, to mitigate climate impacts.

Encourage Behavior
Change and Accessibility
Challenge: Adopting sustainable practices is hindered by cost, convenience, and entrenched habits.

It is important to determine what information and
tools are most viable for different populations
regarding the CAAP. Various community actors—such
as the general public, businesses, community-based
organizations, children, and developers—engage
with the environment in diverse ways. They also have
different priorities regarding the environment.

Recommendation: Address these barriers through:
y Incentives, such as subsidies for sustainable technologies (e.g., electric vehicles, solar panels). y Community programs to promote behavior
changes, such as reducing car use and adopting
zero-waste practices.
y Tailored solutions for vulnerable groups, ensuring
equitable access to resources.

Ensure Equity and Inclusion
Challenge: Vulnerable populations face greater challenges in accessing climate solutions.

Recommendation: Ensure equity by:
y Targeting resources to low-income and marginalized communities. y Including diverse voices in the decision-making
process to ensure solutions address all needs.
y Offering affordable housing and transportation
options that align with climate goals.

Lead Future Actions Through
Research and Examples
Challenge: Community members expressed that the
local government is not always leading by example
and that private community members are often
leading the charge. They would like to see these
values of Climate Action reflected in their local government actions and those of private individuals held up as models.

Recommendation: Including sustainable gardening
and other climate mitigation practices in city
buildings and research efforts conducted by organizations, individuals, and households to evaluate the strategies required to change city-wide infrastructure
and household habits across various areas.

Summary of Priorities
by Focus Group
Community Based Organizations
y Fostering coordination and collaboration
among community members and organizations
is essential to gaining support for the CAAP
and ensuring its goals are achievable. The CBOs
emphasized how they do not feel there is currently enough collaboration. They brought up instances in the past where more collaboration
was essential.
y Effectively implementing and enforcing
existing plans and policies is crucial to the
success of the CAAP. CBOs are concerned that the
CAPP will not be implementable because of a lack
of enforcement of policies.
y Leveraging technology and innovation can help
remove barriers and support the effective implementation of the CAAP. CBOs want to be more innovative and bring in new systems and resources
for climate action.
y Ensuring safety and accessibility while
addressing the specific needs of diverse groups is
vital to creating an inclusive CAAP. CBOs emphasized that they want to be inclusive and have a diverse number of voices, lifestyles, and opinions
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-19 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
considered in the implementation and writing of
the CAAP.
y Developing strategies to protect vulnerable populations should be a priority when developing and implementing the CAAP.

General Community
y Community members want there to be more
collaboration since without collaboration, they
feel that a climate solution is not possible.
y Focus on resilience to sea level rise, tsunamis, and
wildfires, with clear, actionable plans for future
climate impacts. The general community was
very concerned about resilience and adaptation
because of their lived experiences with the recent
climate crisis. They did not like how climate emergencies were handled in the past and wanted to focus on how to handle them in the future.
y Community members want to feel empowered
to know what to do in a climate emergency.

They want an increase in individual and community plans. ∙ Overcome political resistance and secure
funding for climate actions, including grants and
financial resources.
∙ Ensure that climate strategies protect vulnerable
populations and are accessible to all community members.

Youth
y Access to social spaces and experiences is a
concern for youth when making sustainable
decisions.
y Convenience and time efficiency are highly
valued by youth and are considered when making
sustainable decisions.
y Safety and security remain foundational concerns, as youth prioritize environments that protect their well-being and provide peace of mind.
y Alignment with personal values drives decision-making, as youth seek opportunities and initiatives that resonate with their beliefs and ethical standards.
y Engaging with climate change in relatable
and relevant ways empowers youth to take
actionable steps toward sustainability which
reflect their lived experiences.
y Limited understanding environmental impacts
and the systems result in young people continuing in practices that hurt the climate.

Note: The following summaries were developed
based on an earlier version of the plan, in which
goals and sections were organized differently.

In the current version, the "Emissions Reduction
and Energy" section was renamed "Buildings and
Energy", and the "Food and Consumption" section
was renamed "Food, Consumption, and Waste" to
incorporate waste-related actions that were previously listed under the "Emissions Reduction and Energy" section.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-20 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Summary of Key Findings for Goal Area 1:

Transportation and Land Use (TLUS)
CAAP Task Force TLUS Statements
Goal (What We Want to Achieve) Actions and Strategies (How we Achieve What We Want) Increase Active Mobility
Pacifica should reduce driving trips by 25% by 2030 through strategies like community bike share programs and others that help increase walking, biking, and transit use.

Promote Transit Ridership
Pacifica should promote transit use through such strategies and improved city communications, establishing auto-enrollment in Clipper START for income-qualified residents, by improving bus stops with increased bike parking and adding amenities like benches, shelter, light, real-time information, and wayfinding.

Build Sustainable Neighborhoods
Pacifica should promote sustainable and walkable neighborhoods by upzoning for denser development for residential and mixed-use projects, and focus on infill development, especially on underutilized sites and those served by pedestrian and transit routes.

Create Neighborhoods
for Diverse Needs
Pacifica should create housing solutions for different populations, including low-income levels and seniors, and for interim and permanent.

Reactions to TLUS Statements
Community Based Organizations prioritize the
new climate action plan, aiming to make it implementable, equitable, and responsive to community needs. They believe the community desires transportation that is both flexible and on-demand. CBOs advocate for innovative transit solutions tailored to
specific demographics, with a strong emphasis on
climate resilience. They believe that effective implementation cannot be accomplished without coordination among existing and prospective committees, stakeholders, and community members.

Community members viewed the TLUS statements as
interconnected, with walkability as the foundation.

They emphasized that walkability is essential for the
success of other goals. The community believes goals
and strategies should overlap, not be isolated, and
that old priorities need reinforcement, particularly
in making neighborhoods walkable and connected.

They also stressed the importance of research to
understand how to implement these strategies
effectively. The overall view is that a cohesive, evidence-driven approach is needed, with walkability at its core.

Youth prioritize transportation and land use,
viewing transit as closely connected to climate
change. Their needs shaped the TLSU goals they
focused on, with a strong emphasis on active
mobility and promoting transit ridership. There
needs to be more research into their views. They
showed less interest in goals related to building sustainable neighborhoods or creating diverse communities, although they acknowledged the importance of these issues.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-21 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Prioritized TLUS Statements by Focus Group
CBOs Priorities
y CBOs believe it is important to improve bus stops
in underserved areas and raise awareness of
transit options.
y CBOs believe that it is important to build sustainable neighborhoods by focusing on infill development that aligns with climate goals and
resilience to climate risks.
y CBOs believe in implementing zoning changes to
provide affordable housing for low-income families, seniors, and people with disabilities.

Youth Priorities
y Youth Prioritize TLUS goals that have a direct
impact on their daily lives, focusing on active
mobility options that offer independence and easy
community navigation. They value transportation
methods that enhance socialization, convenience,
and efficiency.
y Youth favor options that support active mobility,
like walking, biking, or public transit.
y Youth are interested in expanding ride Share
Programs (Carpooling/Transit)
y Youth wanted improved access and auto-enrollment in Clipper cards make public transit more convenient and accessible.
y Youth want improved transit service and amenities like enhanced bus stops, reliable schedules, and better pickup times to cater to the need for
convenience, safety, and timely travel.

Community Members’ Priorities
y Community members expressed that everything
starts with creating a walkable town, since it is
crucial for a sustainable, livable community.
∙ In Pacifica, many neighborhoods are disconnected, making it difficult to walk safely between areas. Improving walkability means
creating safe, accessible paths that connect
neighborhoods and key services, encouraging
walking and cycling over car use. This leads to
a healthier, more active community, supports
local businesses, and reduces traffic congestion.

Prioritizing walkability will help build sustainable, connected neighborhoods in Pacifica. y Community members emphasized the need for
denser, mixed-use developments that encourage
walking, cycling, and public transit use.
∙ Many neighborhoods in Pacifica are currently
low-density, which limits these options. They
highlighted the importance of upzoning
(allowing more housing in certain areas) and
focusing on in-fill development (developing
vacant or underutilized land). These efforts
would help create more walkable neighborhoods and reduce reliance on cars. y Community members expressed a strong desire
to promote public transit use, aiming to reduce
the number of driving trips. Strategies to achieve
this include improving bus stops, adding bike
parking, and providing amenities like benches,
shelters, lighting, and real-time information.
∙ They highlighted the need for auto-enrollment
for low-income residents to make public
transit more accessible. By improving communication and infrastructure, the city can make transit more attractive and user-friendly for
residents.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-22 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
TLUS Implementation Ideas
CBO Implementation Target Areas
y Implementation of Existing Plans: Ensuring that
current plans, like the bike and pedestrian plan,
are funded, enforced, and put into action rather
than creating new initiatives.
y Coordination and Collaboration: Emphasizing
the need for better coordination across committees and sectors to ensure aligned strategies, especially for transportation and land use.
y Safety and Accessibility: Advocating for safer
and more accessible infrastructure, particularly for
vulnerable populations such as children, seniors,
and people with disabilities.
y Technology and Innovation: Supporting the use
of innovative solutions like electric and robotic
shuttles to improve transit options, especially for
seniors and those with mobility challenges.
y Addressing Demographic-Specific Needs:

Developing TLUS strategies to the specific needs of
diverse groups, ensuring inclusivity and equity.
y Climate Sensitivity: Prioritizing TLUS strategies
that protect vulnerable populations from climate
risks, with thoughtful planning to avoid development in high-risk areas. y Securing Funding: CBOs emphasized the importance of obtaining adequate funding and applying for grants to ensure effective implementation.
y Research: CBOs advocated for more research to
be done to identify best practices and ensure the
ethical implementation of plans in Pacifica.

Community Member Implementation
Target Areas
y Increasing Active Mobility Infrastructure:

Expand and improve pedestrian and bike paths
to make walking and biking safer and more convenient. This includes adding more bike lanes, enhancing sidewalks, and creating well-lit and
easily accessible routes.
y Seeing How Goals and Strategies Overlap: They
believed that ridership and neighborhood diversity
need to go together:
y Compliance with existing codes and policies: There needs to be an enforcement of existing codes.
y Improving Public Transit Accessibility: Invest in
infrastructure to make public transit more accessible, such as improving bus stops, adding shelters, benches, and bike parking, and enhancing scheduling and communication. y Promoting Carpooling and Ridesharing:

Encourage ride-sharing programs, such as carpooling and vanpooling, through incentives and awareness campaigns, to reduce single-occupancy
vehicle use.
y Improving Housing and Increase Density:

Focus on building denser, mixed-use housing
developments in areas with good transit access to
reduce dependence on cars and support walkable
neighborhoods.
y Expanding Clipper Card Access: Provide easier
access and auto-enrollment for Clipper cards for
youth and low-income residents to make public
transit more affordable and accessible.
y Enhance Safety in Transportation: Ensure safer
transportation options by adding more crosswalks,
bike lanes, and better lighting, especially in hightraffic or high-risk areas. y Incorporating Community Engagement in
Planning: Involve the community in the planning
and decision-making processes, ensuring that
diverse needs are met and that the strategies align
with the public's preferences and concerns.
y Focusing on Sustainability in Development:

Implement zoning changes to promote mixed-use,
walkable neighborhoods, and encourage sustainable building practices that reduce environmental impacts.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-23 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Youth Implementation Target Areas
y Independence and autonomy: Youth prioritize
transportation options that give them control over
their schedules and destinations, providing a sense
of freedom.
∙ Access to social spaces: Socializing is a top priority. Youth need convenient access to popular destinations such as schools, malls, recreational
areas, and hangout spots.
∙ Convenience and Time Efficiency: Youth prioritize quick and convenient travel. They are looking for transit options that are efficient
in terms of time and take them directly to the
places they need to go.
y Safety: Youth need routes and environments that
feel secure and protective, such as well-lit streets,
safe crossings, and reliable transit.
y Alignment with Values: Youth are increasingly
aware of climate change and want to do something
about it.

Challenges and Barriers to
Implementing TLUS
y Bicycling and walking are not always viable
for everyone due to the unique hilly geography of
Pacifica and the highway poses safety concerns,
the placement and lack of pathways and other
insufficient infrastructure,
y Limited transit options and limited public
awareness, behavior change, and a lack of funding
for upgrades prevent transit mobility from being
widespread in Pacifica.
y Zoning and land use policies that prioritize
single family homes, the potential displacement
of vulnerable populations, and community resistance prevent policy changes that foment density and walkability.
y Lack of accessible housing, potential harm to vulnerable neighborhoods, and community resistance to building housing, and available funding limit
new construction.
y Resistance to moving away from car-dependence and demographic differences may be difficult to predict future mobility behavior. y Conflicting needs and wants of developers, politicians, community members, and youth may be a key challenge.
y Complexity, lack of understanding, and a
gap in the sense of agency about transportation and land use may be key obstacles to sustainable policies.

Anticipated Community
Pushback to TLUS Policies
y Lack of implementation and enforcement of
past policies might cause pushback because community members are used to passive resistance or may not be happy with the change in enforcement.
y Concerns about overcrowding, the loss of
neighborhood character, or fear of increased
density and loss of open space will require
thoughtful community engagement and clear communication about the benefits of any proposed land use and transportation changes.
y Changing transportation habits is a challenge
even if new infrastructure is developed. There’s
a need to support behavior change through
education and incentives in addition to building
new infrastructure. Some community members
may resist using public transit, especially if they
are used to driving, due to concerns about convenience, time, or perceived safety. Even with improved transit infrastructure, convincing people
to switch from car use to public transportation can
be a slow process.
y Pacifica is made up of various communities,
each with its own behaviors and needs. These
differences must be taken into account when
planning and implementing transportation and
land use changes.
y Loss of parking, construction costs, or disruption
to existing traffic patterns will be a primary
concern voiced if changes to the city's infrastructure, such as the addition of bike lanes or the redesigning of streets for better walkability are
proposed.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-24 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Summary of Key Findings for Goal Area 2:

Emissions Reduction and Energy
CAAP Task Force ERES Statements
Goal Action
Promote Electric Vehicles
Increase Pacifica EV Use to 50% by 2030 and to 100% by 2045 in part by increasing Pacifica EV Charging stations to 550 by 2035, and by partnering with organizations to establish an ongoing EV Education and Outreach program that includes information about incentives for switching to EV Reduce GHG emissions in Buildings
Pacifica should work toward reducing 2023 GHG levels by 30% by 2030 in the building sector in part by providing resources for home efficiency and electrification, encouraging all residents and PCE customers within City boundaries to participate in PCE's ECO100 program, by easing the ability of residents to install heat pumps and heat pump water heaters, by streamlining the permit process for electric appliances, and by providing incentives for residents to install balcony solar, rooftop solar and batteries.

Reduce Organics
in Solid Waste
Reduce landfill by 75% (from 2014 levels) by 2025 (per SB 1383 [2016]) through food recovery programs for restaurants by 12/27, by increasing public awareness of food composting waste bins by 12/26 (RoC doing some), and by assessing opportunities to use biochar, compost, mulch & biofuels by 12/2027 Promote the 4Rs
(Reuse, Repair, &
Recovery/Recycling)
Pass a city standard to Promote reduction, reuse, repair, & recovery of goods & materials, including funding a local waste-related outreach program by 12/2027 (RoC has outreach programs now)) Promote Reusables
to Businesses
Pacifica should adopt an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policy for City contracts by 2027 that holds manufacturers and importers responsible for the management of their products throughout their lifecycle, including after they are used by consumers, and by requiring Corporate Waste Audits every 4 years.

Reduce GHG emissions in
Wastewater Treatment
Pacifica should reduce emissions from 2023 levels by 10% in 2030 by streamlining the permit process for Residential Graywater use and by creating a program to Inspect Sanitary Sewer Lines at an industry std interval by 12/2024 Avoid Nonsustainable PracticesPacifica should place a ban on new gas stations by 2027 and enact a Gas Leaf Blower Ban by 2027
Reactions to ERES Statements
Community-based organizations (CBOs) emphasize
acting on existing climate plans, coordinating efforts
across committees, and expanding EV charging
stations in underserved areas. They advocate for
integrating technology like autonomous shuttles,
offering incentives for vulnerable groups, and
securing funding for infrastructure upgrades. CBOs
highlight the need for education, public outreach,
and overcoming challenges like resistance to change,
high costs, and logistical barriers to sustainability.

Community members saw the ERES goals as an
extension of resilience and adaptation, emphasizing
the importance of discussing ongoing resilience measures. They prioritized equity among communities and stressed the need for more diverse voices in
these conversations.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-25 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Youth are less educated on ERES issues, particularly
regarding the impact of GHG emissions, wastewater
treatment, and the full scope of recycling and reuse
practices. While they value thrifting and are aware
of some environmental concerns, they often lack the
knowledge and resources to implement more sustainable behaviors. Cultural pressures, limited access to green technologies, and high costs further hinder
their engagement in sustainability efforts.

Prioritized ERES Statements
by Focus Group
CBO Priorities
y CBOs expected action on existing plans, especially those lacking funding or enforcement, to help Pacifica meet climate goals and reduce emissions.
y CBOs suggested better alignment between
committees and advisory boards like Public
Works, Parkline, and City Council to address infrastructure needs (e.g., sewage separation) and maximize sustainability efforts.
y CBOs promoted equitable transportation by
expanding EV charging stations in underserved
areas and exploring flexible transit options for
seniors and low-income groups.
y CBOs wanted to reduce emissions and enhance
public transit through autonomous shuttles,
solar-powered systems, and advanced waste management technologies. y CBOs proposed the idea of incentives and programs for low-income residents, seniors, and people with disabilities to ensure equitable participation in sustainability efforts. y CBOs suggest integrating climate resilience
in development plans and avoiding building
in high-risk areas like flood zones or wildfire-prone zones. y CBOs requested the City aggressively pursue
state, federal, and private funding for sustainability projects, including EV infrastructure and energy-efficient upgrades.
y CBOs suggested an assessment of sustainability programs to guide future strategies based on data and best practices.

Community Members’
Priorities
y Community Members called for more emphasis
on individual household actions, with a focus
on practical measures like rainwater harvesting,
energy efficiency, and home resilience (e.g., using
non-flammable materials). They recognized that
while larger city-wide actions are important, personal actions are often the most feasible and impactful in the short term.
y Community Members noted the importance
of community-wide coordination and collaboration, particularly in creating a unified voice on climate issues.
y Community Members re-iterated the need
for better communication and outreach to the
community about available resources, government
programs, and ways to improve sustainability.
y Community Members emphasized the importance of accessibility and equity, particularly for vulnerable populations (e.g., low-income residents, and seniors. Participants stressed that policies should ensure vulnerable groups have
equal opportunities to participate in sustainable
practices, including electric vehicle adoption and
renewable energy solutions.

Youth Priorities
y Youth indicated that they could not likely buy
an EV because it was expensive, their first car is
likely a hand-down non-EV.
y Youth value promoting the 4Rs (Reuse, Repair,
& Recovery/Recycling) because of their taste for
thrifting clothing and said they would be open to
thrifting other items relevant to them.
y Youth emphasized they are less engaged in
ERES issues compared to other actions that more
directly affect their daily routines. For instance,
while they recognize the environmental impact of
gas stations and leaf blowers, these issues do not
drive as much immediate action.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-26 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
ERES Implementation Ideas
CBO Implementation Target Areas
y Incentive Programs: Emphasis should be on
offering incentives to businesses and residents,
including Extended Producer Responsibility to
encourage sustainable practices.
y Community Partnerships: Collaboration with
local organizations, restaurants, and businesses to
promote sustainability and green jobs.
y Technological Advances: Adoption of new technologies to address environmental challenges and improve sustainability efforts.
y Education and Outreach: Focus on public education and increased awareness about sustainability, including methane emissions monitoring and sustainable practices.
y Public Awareness Campaigns: Efforts to raise
community awareness about environmental issues
through local campaigns and collaborations.
y Funding for Infrastructure: Highlighting the
need for funding to upgrade infrastructure,
ensuring long-term sustainability.
y Economic Development: A focus on economic
development tied to long-term planning and the
benefits of green jobs and sustainability initiatives.

Youth Implementation Target Areas
y Future Solutions: Youth see electric vehicles (EVs)
as a long-term solution for reducing emissions,
with a focus on policies that increase charging
stations and offer incentives to make EVs more
appealing.
y Education Programs: There is strong support for
educational outreach, particularly in schools, to
raise awareness about energy-efficient practices
and GHG emissions reduction in buildings.
y Food Recovery Programs: Youth recognize the
importance of food recovery, especially in restaurants, and the need to raise awareness about composting and provide easy access to food waste
bins to reduce organic waste.
y Thrifting & 4Rs: Youth are embracing thrifting
as a sustainable trend, which promotes the 4Rs
(reduce, reuse, recycle, repair). They see it as
both eco-friendly and a form of climate activism.

Schools and local programs can further encourage
this through workshops, recycling guides, and
clothing swaps.
y Government Programs: Local initiatives could
encourage sustainable practices by offering incentives such as discounts and promoting sustainable fashion and goods.
y Wastewater Treatment: Youth support educational campaigns on reducing GHG emissions in wastewater treatment and the importance of
incentivizing sustainable alternatives.
y Decision-Making: Youth want to be more
included in decision-making processes and have
the opportunity to lead and participate in climate
action initiatives.

Community Members’
Implementation Target Areas
y Focus on household suggestions: Household
changes take experimentation so encourage community members to share their strategies and let them know that some strategies are not going to
work for everyone.
y Focus on creating educational resources for homebased solutions. y Community Sharing: Have community members
share tips and ideas for what they are doing by
themselves in their households and use this to
inform policy and information resources.

Challenges and Barriers
to Implementing ERES
y High Costs & Limited Access: Expensive setup
and insufficient charging stations.
y Lack of Awareness & Behavioral Shift: Limited
knowledge and difficulty changing public attitudes.
y Upfront Costs & Delays: Financial burden and
slow approval processes for infrastructure.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-27 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
y Logistical Issues & Enforcement Gaps:

Challenges in setup, maintenance, and policy
enforcement.
y Infrastructure & Cultural Resistance: Gaps in
necessary infrastructure and pushbacks from businesses and communities. y Cost & Limited Access: High costs and availability
issues hinder access to green technologies and
sustainable products.
y Lack of Education & Awareness: Insufficient
knowledge about GHG emissions, sustainability
practices, and wastewater impact among youth.
y Wasteful Consumption & Online Shopping:

Consumer culture and emissions from online
shopping contribute to environmental harm.
y Inconvenience & Limited Options: Difficulty
recycling, limited sustainable products, and few
local reusable options.
y Cultural Pressures & Resistance to Change:

Peer pressure to buy new items and challenges in
changing habits due to social norms.
y Limited Decision-Making Power: Youth often
lack control over household sustainability
decisions.

Summary of Key Findings for Goal Area 3:

Food and Consumption (FACS)
CAAP Task Force FACS Statements
Goal (What we Want to
Achieve) Actions and Strategies (How we Achieve What we Want) Promote Food Waste
Awareness
Pacifica should help inform the community about sustainable food consumption practices in part by Publishing Monthly Articles about Consumption Hosting Quarterly Workshops that alternate topics, hosting How-to workshops and community events at local libraries and the community center, on topics like canning, pickling, or other food, preservation, and garden food swap, or cook-off Create Consumption
Community
Awareness Campaign
Pacifica should help create educational opportunities to change wasteful habits in part by publishing articles or using other centralized bulletin boards to inform, educate and promote ideas for/about decreasing air travel by encouraging trip-bundling (pairing vacation with work travel), “buy durable” or “buy repairable”, local thrift stores, clothing swap, options for plastic-free consumer goods and packaging, re-usable, packaging, buying goods in bulk, buy-local campaigns, promote libraries for books, games, and entertainment, products made with other “low-carbon” attributes such as refurbished products, or those made with bio-based materials or recycled content, and Fixit clinics on how-to-repair goods and clothing Promote Circular Economy
Pacifica should work to establish at least three programs to build a circular economy by 2027 including community-based re-use hubs (like Urban Ore in Berkeley), including clothing and toys, and/or a tool-lending and bike library or other sharing programs Promote Local Business
Development
Pacifica should work to increase local spending by 25% by 2030 by increasing the number of local businesses by 10% by 2027 by requiring building materials from within a 500-mile radius of the job site; encouraging locally sourced products, by identifying barriers keeping small, local retailers from seeking out space along Palmetto Avenue, and by continuing to amplify local business via Shop Pacifica and other innovative programs City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-28 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Reactions to FACS Statements by Focus Group
CBOs emphasized the need for sustainable economic
development through a circular economy model,
local business support, and community education,
while also highlighting concerns about the costs and
resistance to funding these initiatives. They had the
most to say about FACS out of every focus group.

The focus was on larger, overarching solutions, with
little emphasis on FACS as a key issue. FACS was
not considered a primary priority, and no specific
actions or details were provided about it. Instead, the discussion centered around broader strategies and
ideas from other areas on the list. FACS was likely not a priority because it was not focused on resilience,
which was a large priority for the general community.

Youth had less input in this section as they felt it was less relevant to them. However, they showed interest
in the concept of a circular economy and suggested
youth-friendly ways to implement it, such as organizing clothing swaps.

Prioritized FACS Statements
by Focus Group
CBO Priorities
y CBOs suggested the circular economy could be
encouraged with tool lending and repair centers,
or adaptive re-use stores.
y CBOs wanted to promote local business development, particularly through sustainable practices.
y CBOs promoted more educational efforts to the
community on food waste awareness and consumption habits.

Community Members’ Priorities
y Community Members suggested researching
this issue more and sharing information with the
community.
y Community Members wanted to ensure strategic
implementation of the actions and priorities in
the CAAP.
y Prioritizing individual and collective
level decisions
Youth Priorities
y Youth suggested encouraging clothing swaps to
foment the circular economy.
y Youth wanted to build awareness of consumption for peers who typically shop online for convenience.

FACS Implementation
Target Areas
y Increase community education and participation
in creative and engaging ways.
∙ Promote and publicize sustainable alternatives
to help people discover different methods.
∙ Research resources for repairing products.
y Investigate and/or look for partners to establish
community-based reuse programs.
∙ Look for opportunities for youth lead circular
economy initiatives.
∙ Develop policies that encourage local sourcing
and that support small businesses.
y Amplify initiatives like "Shop Pacifica" to boost
local spending and help small businesses grow.

Challenges and Barriers
Implementing FACS
Limited awareness, engagement, and knowledge of
sustainable food practices
Resistance to changing established consumer habits
and behaviors.

High costs of sustainable food items
Logistical and economic challenges in establishing
reuse hubs.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-29 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Anticipated Community Pushback to FACS Policies
y Concerns were raised about prioritizing development projects that might affect Pacifica’s small town, beachside character.
∙ Large mixed-use projects could lack incentives
for businesses to rent space.
∙ There was a call for more support for visitor-serving businesses in the area. y Potential resistance might be expected for
funding or grants for the circular economy
projects and local business development, particularly if they involve significant upfront costs.

Summary of Key Findings for Goal Area 4:

Resilience and Adaptation (RAS)
CAAP Task Force RAS Statements
Goal (What we Want to
Achieve) Actions and Strategies (How we Achieve What we Want) Build a Resilience Hub Pacifica should research building Ra Resilience Hub (i.e. Collective Resilience now) in Pacifica and explore grant opportunities.

Increase Tree Canopy
Pacifica should increase the tree canopy by exploring incentives.

Xxxx for residents to plant trees on their property or
sponsor a tree on city land were feasible.

Promote Green
Infrastructure
Pacifica should develop projects incorporating complete streets, pavementto-parks other permeable surface options, and green infrastructure.

Conserve and Manage
Stormwater
To better manage stormwater Pacifica should incentivize green roofs on homes and buildings, increase permeable infrastructure including parking lots and streets, and incentivize local rainwater harvesting by promoting local rebates.

Reactions to RAS Statements
CBOs emphasized the need for sustainable economic
development through a circular economy model,
local business support, and community education,
while also highlighting concerns about the costs and
resistance to funding these initiatives. They had the
most to say about FACS out of every focus group.

The community emphasized the need to prioritize
resilience and adaptation to climate change, while
also focusing on mitigation strategies to reduce
long-term impacts. They call for creating a resilience
hub, managing natural disasters like sea level rise,
and enhancing green infrastructure. Educating residents about sustainable practices and available resources is key, and ensuring inclusion for all, especially those with fewer resources, is a priority. In the future they want more voices represented in the
room in these sessions.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-30 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Priorities Regarding
RAS Per Focus Group
CBO Priorities
y Build a Resilience Hub: CBO’s support for creating a Resilience Hub in Pacifica emphasizes that the hub needs to be well-defined and integrated
with both individual and city-level emergency
plans. It should also involve CERT (Community
Emergency Response Team) training to build
long-term resilience. CBO suggests combining
these efforts with personal emergency plans, such
as escape routes and emergency systems (e.g.,
electricity and sewer).
y Increase Tree Canopy: CBOs prioritized
increasing the canopy, with a specific target of
achieving a 25% canopy. CBO also wants guidance
on selecting appropriate native trees based on
the area's microclimates. They suggest updating
educational materials like tree guides to help
individuals select and plant the right trees for
their property.
y Promote Green Infrastructure: CBOs are
focused on incorporating green infrastructure in
new projects, particularly through initiatives like
complete streets, pavement-to-parks, and permeable surfaces. This strategy aligns with ongoing city efforts to review parks and identify areas for
potential green infrastructure development.
y Conserve and Manage Stormwater: CBOs
support actions to conserve and manage stormwater, including incentivizing green roofs, increasing permeable surfaces, and promoting
local rainwater harvesting through rebates. There
is recognition of the importance of nature-based
solutions to help address stormwater and climate
resilience, with efforts to work with local organizations like the Pacifica Land Trust to explore such solutions.

Community Members
y Resilience Hub Development: Community
members believe that the focus should be on
creating a resilience hub specific to Pacifica,
emphasizing preparation for natural disasters,
and exploring funding and grant opportunities.

This hub should address both individual and community resilience. y Sea Level Rise and Climate Events: There is a
need to integrate plans for sea level rise, tsunami,
and wildfire risks into the climate action plan. The
community emphasizes the urgency of futureproofing against climate events and anticipates the necessity of individual-level preparations alongside
city-wide strategies.
y Tree Canopy and Green Infrastructure: While
the tree canopy is seen as valuable for natural
beauty, there are concerns regarding the safety
risks posed by trees falling on homes. There is
a desire for a clear strategy for managing the
tree canopy, including guidance on plant species
selection.
y Stormwater Management and Green
Infrastructure: Support for stormwater management strategies such as green roofs, permeable surfaces, and rainwater harvesting, though challenges are noted in terms of communication
and access to relevant resources for households.

Youth
y Increase Tree Canopy: Youth viewed increasing
the tree canopy as an exciting and positive development happening worldwide. They believed it would enhance the natural beauty of Pacifica. It is
an example to youth that Pacifica is up to date on
climate trends worldwide.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-31 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
RAS Implementation
Target Areas
CBOs
Collaborate with local organizations: Collaborate with
organizations like the Pacifica Land Trust to identify
and implement solutions that enhance infrastructure
and protect vulnerable areas.

Prioritize the development of the resilience hub:

Define and develop a comprehensive Resilience Hub
that integrates individual, and community resilience
plans, supports CERT training, and ensures emergency preparedness.

Encourage nature-based solutions: Engage the community in research to identify local needs and prioritize solutions like green spaces and sustainable development to protect vulnerable areas.

Increase information and educational resources
on best practices for household action and community action.

Community Members
y Community Engagement and Education: The
community is calling for more accessible education
on climate action, especially focusing on how
individuals can implement sustainable practices
at the household level. They also emphasize the
need for improved communication about available
resources and services, such as energy assessments and sustainability incentives. y Inclusive Decision-Making and Coordination:

The community calls for collective and coordinated
efforts across different groups in Pacifica, recognizing that solutions should be driven by both the city and individual households working together.

There is also an emphasis on bridging generational
divides and overcoming psychological and financial
barriers to action.
y Having things that Address the challenges in
Implementation: Some community members
expressed concerns over the high upfront costs of
certain climate solutions, potential resistance from
businesses, and logistical hurdles like the complexity of organizing reuse hubs and overcoming barriers for small local businesses.
y Addressing Equity: Community members
acknowledge that the city's demographic divides,
including generational and institutional differences, may create challenges in implementing a collective plan. There is a need to ensure that all
residents, especially those with fewer resources,
are included and supported in climate actions.
y Adaptation and Mitigation Balance: There is a
recognition that Pacifica must prioritize adaptation
over mitigation due to its vulnerabilities. However,
there is a desire for both approaches to be
addressed simultaneously in a comprehensive plan
that considers the community's specific needs.

Challenges and Barriers to
Implementing RAS Policies
y Political and Institutional Barriers: Resistance
to policy changes, especially in businesses and
local governance, with a lack of coordinated action
and priorities across sectors.
∙ Regulatory Hurdles: Permitting delays for
nature-based solutions.
y Funding and Resources: Limited financial
resources for large-scale resilience and adaptation
projects, as well as barriers to securing grants and
other resources for projects like Resilience Hub
and green infrastructure.
y Logistical and Technical Challenges: Difficulty
in implementing complex infrastructure changes
(e.g., resilience hubs, stormwater management
systems) and the lack of space or infrastructure for
some solutions.
∙ Geographic Constraints: Pacifica's diverse
landscape makes implementation difficult.
∙ Emergency Preparedness: Ensuring every
household has resilience plans and city coordination is a large undertaking. y Community Resistance: Pushback from residents
is likely to policies of managed retreat, coastal
defenses, or large-scale green infrastructure
projects and tree planting.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-32 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
y Lack of Awareness: Many people are unaware
of available resources, policies, or the urgency of
climate adaptation, making education and outreach critical to build understanding and support. ∙ Behavioral Change: Lack of support makes
implementation difficult to overcoming
ingrained habits and convincing residents to
adopt sustainable practices and prepare for
future climate impacts.
∙ Generational and Demographic Divide:

Different values and priorities between generations or community groups, make consensus on climate action and resilience policies challenging.

Collective Action and
Behavior Change
CBO Behavior Change Suggestions
y Action-Oriented Education: Encourage direct
action with educational programs and community-led initiatives. y Resource Coordination: Ensure resources align
with educational efforts and activities.
y Misinformation: Openly discuss and use data
and resources to debunk climate change misinformation to foster understanding. y Collective Action: Work to implement both small
and large-scale climate solutions.
y City Leadership: The city should model climate
actions and engage in ethical research to identify
specific community needs.

Community Member Behavior
Change Suggestions
y Inclusive Education: Use community meetings,
libraries, and schools to teach sustainable
behaviors, with a focus on youth. Ensure each
area and population have equal access to education programs. ∙ Ensure open dialogue and research to engage
vulnerable populations and align with city-wide
climate goals.
y Resource-Driven Actions: Prioritize resources
and education together to create impactful climate
solutions.
y Collaborative Efforts: Partner with existing community efforts and innovative solutions to share knowledge and reduce waste.
y Actionable Plans: Move beyond conceptual
plans to actionable, ongoing city-led projects.

Community members would feel empowered if the
plan had household and individual suggestions.
y Accessible Conversations: Make climate action
seem accessible.

Youth Behavior Change
Suggestions
y Education & Long-Term Thinking: Educate youth
on the long-term impact of their actions, like
reducing water usage and energy consumption.
y Community-based Learning: Engage students in
relevant leadership programs, school-based workshops, and community involvement. Create programming around experiences youth would have with climate change and sustainability concerns
that impact their lives.
∙ Efforts should reach into schools or community
centers rather than expecting youth to come
to meetings.
y Incentives & Identity: Use incentives (like resume
building) and make climate actions feel personal
(e.g., reusability).
y Collaborative Solutions: Work with school
leaders to implement sustainable solutions like
water fountains or reusable containers.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-33 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Pushback
y Disruption to Lifestyle: Reluctance to change
personal habits or daily routines, especially when
it involves perceived inconveniences (e.g., reducing
car use, or adopting new waste management
practices).
y Lack of Understanding: Insufficient understanding of the long-term benefits of climate action leads to skepticism about its necessity and
effectiveness.
∙ Skepticism about the immediate and tangible
benefits of proposed changes, particularly if the
community doesn't see direct or clear rewards.
y Equity and Accessibility: Concerns about
the fairness of certain solutions, particularly if
resources or programs are seen as inaccessible to
vulnerable or underserved populations.
y Inadequate Infrastructure: Fear that the city
cannot support ambitious climate strategies, especially when it comes to providing basic services or ensuring resilience in the face of natural disasters.
y Fear of Increased Regulation: Worries about
more regulations and enforcement, particularly
if they feel these will negatively impact personal
freedoms or financial situations.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-34 Summary of Key Findings | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-35 Youth Competition | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Appendix D
Summary of Key Findings
Appendix C
Community Engagement
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX E
Youth
Competition
Date: Saturday, April 12th
Location: Community Center, 540 Crespi Drive
⏰ Time: 10 AM - 2 PM
Who Can Participate?
Open to young artists (K-8th)
How It Works:
✨ Two guided art sessions at 10 AM & 12 PM
✨Drop in anytime to create independently too! – first come, first served!
✨ Artwork will be featured in Pacifica’s Climate Action & Adaptation Plan (CAAP)
✨ Supplies are included – however, feel free to bring your own art set if you prefer
Cover Art Selection:

One submission will be chosen as the CAAP cover
Community vote at Pelican Fest – April 26th, 10:30 AM - 1:30 PM, Linda Mar State Beach hosted by Pacifica Beach Coalition Youth Art
Competition!
A creative opportunity for youth (K-8th) to
express their perspective on climate change
through art. One cover art will be selected, and
all submissions will be showcased throughout
the CAAP!
Hosted by the Climate Action and
Adaptation Plan (CAAP) Task Force
**NOTE: A PARENT

OR GUARDIAN

MUST BE PRESENT

THROUGHOUT

THE EVENT
Can’t make
it?
p
Y
a
o
r
u can still
ticipate!
CANT MAKE IT? YOU CAN STILL PARTICIPATE!
For details, contact: Brittany Hernandez, Program Manager at [email protected] or
Maria Barr, Task Force member, at [email protected] City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-36 Youth Competition | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Youth Art Competition!
Engaging Local Youth in Climate Action
As part of our continued efforts to involve the community in the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP), the city hosted a Youth Art Competition for
students in grades K–8. This creative initiative invited young artists to express their perspectives on climate
change through art.

The event took place on Saturday, April 12th, from
10am–1pm at the Pacifica Community Center (540
Crespi Drive) and was facilitated by members of the
Community Outreach Subcommittee, Maria Barr
and Kim Finale, and Program Manager, Brittany
Hernandez.

All submissions will be showcased throughout
the CAAP process to highlight youth voices in our
community.

Key Highlights:
y The community will have the opportunity to vote
for the winning piece during Pelican Fest on April
26th (10:30am–1:30pm at Linda Mar State Beach).
y One winning artwork will be selected as the CAAP
cover image.

Youth Participants:
∙ Amelia (11 years old) ∙ Harvey (10 years old)
∙ Andy (8 years old) ∙ Jolene (7 years old)
∙ Ava (7 years old) ∙ Matias (2 years old)
∙ Beau (10 years old) ∙ Mira (8 years old)
∙ Ben (6 years old) ∙ Natalia (8 years old)
∙ Brixton (unknown age) ∙ Raena (7 years old)
∙ Cody (10 years old) ∙ Hanson (9 years old)
All submissions after the event
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-37 Youth Competition | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-38 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Appendix D
Summary of Key Findings
Appendix C
Community Engagement
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX F
Pacifica
Substanital
Evidence Report
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-39 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
Technical Memorandum
prepared for
City of Pacifica
Community Development Department
1800 Francisco Blvd
Pacifica, California 94044
prepared by
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
66 Franklin Street, Suites 352
Oakland, California 94607
May 2025
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-40 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Table of Contents
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum i Table of Contents
1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 GHG Emission Reduction Targets ........................................................................ 1

1.2 Mitigation Goals and Actions Organization......................................................... 2

1.3 GHG Emissions Reductions .................................................................................. 3 2 Sector E: Buildings and Energy........................................................................................ 5 3 Sector T: Transportation and Land Use........................................................................14 4 Sector F: Food, Consumption, and Waste ....................................................................24 Tables
Table 1 Pacifica CAP GHG Emission Reduction Summary by GHG Mitigation Goals ..... 3 Table 2 City of Pacifica GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway .......................................... 4 Table 3 Sector E: Energy GHG Emission Reduction Summary ......................................... 5 Table 4 All-electric New Construction Parameters and Data Sources ............................ 8 Table 5 All-electric Existing Building Parameters and Data Sources ............................... 9 Table 6 Sector T: Transportation GHG Emission Reduction Summary ........................ 14 Table 7 Active Transportation Parameters and Data Sources...................................... 16 Table 8 Public Transportation Parameters and Data Sources...................................... 19 Table 9 ZEV Population Parameters and Data Sources................................................. 22 Table 10 Sector F: Food, Consumption, and Waste GHG Emission Reduction Summary .............................................................................................................................. 24 Table 11 Landfilled Organics Reduction Parameters and Data Sources........................ 25 Table 12 Compost Procurement Parameters and Data Sources.................................... 26 City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 1 1 Introduction
This technical memorandum presents the quantification and evidence that supports the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential of the City of Pacifica’s (the City) Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP). The CAAP is Pacifica’s plan to reduce GHG emissions and address climate change through implementation of goals and actions in the community. While the CAAP is not considered a “qualified GHG reduction plan” under California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines, the strategies are still based on technical evidence and the best available science and data. This document provides the methodologies used to quantify GHG emission reductions associated with the CAAP’s goals and actions as well as sources for assumptions and approaches. Based on the evidence contained in this document, the GHG emissions reductions associated with full implementation of the CAAP’s goals and actions put Pacifica on track to achieve its fair share of GHG emissions consistent with the 2030 reduction target established by Senate Bill (SB) 32 and consequently make progress towards its target for carbon neutrality by 2045 which aligns with California’s 2045 carbon neutrality goal established by Assembly Bill (AB) 1279.1

The quantification in this report is intended to illustrate a path to achieving GHG emission reductions consistent with the SB 32 2030 target. Mechanisms to monitor the CAAP’s progress toward achieving the GHG emissions reduction targets have been established through the CAAP development process. If, based on the tracking of community GHG emissions, the City is not on track to reach its targets, the CAAP may need to be amended and additional GHG reduction strategies will be prepared to increase emissions reductions and align with state goals. This report does not address how the City will meet the long term 2045 target to achieve carbon neutrality in line with the State of California’s 2045 target. Future iterations of the CAAP will address these long-term goals.

1.1 GHG Emission Reduction Targets
Pacifica’s GHG emission reduction targets align with San Mateo County’s Climate Action Plan,2
which aims to reduce emissions 45 percent below 1990 levels by 2030— exceeding the State’s 2030 GHG reduction goal established by SB 32. Since Pacifica’s baseline GHG inventory is based on 2005 emissions, its 2030 target is set in relation to that year, corresponding to a 53.2 percent reduction in emissions from 2005 levels by 1 SB 32 established the State goal to reduce GHG emission 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. AB 1279 established the State goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The State defines carbon neutrality as net zero carbon emissions, which is achieved by reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing the remaining emissions.
2 San Mateo County. 2022. Community Climate Action Plan. Available at:
https://www.smcgov.org/media/73456/download?inline=
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2 2030. California also aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 under AB 1279, defined as reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing or sequestering the remaining emissions.

Pacifica’s short- and long-term GHG emission reduction targets are:
 Reduce GHG emissions 53.2 percent below 2005 levels by 2030; and  Achieving carbon neutrality by 2045.

1.2 Mitigation Goals and Actions Organization
As part of the CAAP process, Pacifica has developed a comprehensive set of goals and actions to reduce communitywide GHG emissions to achieve Pacifica’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target. The GHG mitigation goals and actions are organized according to the following hierarchy:
 Sectors: Sectors define the GHG emissions category in which the GHG reductions will occur. The mitigation sectors include:
 Buildings and Energy (E)
 Transportation and Land Use (T)
 Food, Consumption, and Waste (F)
 Goals: Goals identify specific targets and GHG reductions necessary to address GHG emissions in each sector and achieve the community’s GHG reduction targets. The reduction of GHG emissions is included for each goal, if quantifiable.  Actions: Actions are the specific steps the City and community will implement to support each goal. Actions specifically identify the mechanisms required for implementation. Goals and actions can be either quantitative or supportive, depending on whether they directly result in GHG emissions reductions or instead support reductions (for example, the development of partnerships or education programs).

This memorandum identifies the goals that are quantifiable (i.e., include GHG emissions reductions) and provides a complete description of their contribution to achieving the City of Pacifica’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target. Likewise, this report only details the quantitative actions that enable each GHG mitigation goal. The goals and actions that do not include GHG emissions reductions are denoted as supportive and excluded from this memorandum because they do not contribute directly to achieving and making progress towards the City’s GHG emission reduction targets. These goals and actions are nonetheless critical to the overall success of the CAAP. Detail on the goals and acions without GHG emissions reductions can be found in the CAAP.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 3

1.3 GHG Emissions Reductions
Table 1 summarizes the GHG mitigation goals and the GHG emission reductions they would achieve in 2030 upon the implementation of their actions.

Table 1 Pacifica CAAP GHG Emission Reduction Summary by GHG Mitigation Goals Goal Goal Text
2030 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
Buildings and Energy
Goal E1 Reduce GHG emissions from the building sector by 24% in 2030.
13,807
Goal E2 Reduce GHG emissions from wastewater treatment 10% below 2021 levels by 2030.

Supportive
Transportation and Land Use
Goal T1 Reduce vehicle miles travelled by 12% by 2030 compared to 2021 levels through increased public transit, walking, and biking.
6,133
Goal T2 Reduce GHG emissions through land use changes. Supportive Goal T3 Increase total number of public EV charging stations from 32 to 540 by 2030.

Supportive
Goal T4 Increase Pacifica EV use to 50% by 2030. 15,506 Food, Consumption, and Waste
Goal F1 Prioritize education to community and City staff about sustainable food and consumption practices.

Supportive
Goal F2 Increase local spending on food within Pacifica by 25% by 2030. Supportive Goal F3 Reduce GHG emissions from the solid waste sector by 75% below 2021 level by 2030.
6,634
Total 42,080
Together, the GHG mitigation goals and actions in the CAAP provide Pacifica with the GHG emission reductions necessary to achieve Pacifica’s 2030 GHG emission reduction target (see Table 2). Since the CAAP’s goals and actions are intended to be implemented to achieve the 2030 target and then updated in a CAAP Update based on new information and future technologies, the goals do not account for progress after 2030.

Therefore, due to the evolving nature of Pacifica’s CAAP, this memorandum does not quantify GHG emission reductions for 2045. The goals and actions will be updated in future CAAP Updates based on information the City gains from implementing this CAAP’s actions, new technologies that emerge over the time period, and new state programs and regulations that are established to reduce GHG emissions. These updates will focus on achieving the 2045 target. This CAAP’s goals and actions do, however, make substantial progress on the Pacifica’s 2045 GHG emission reduction City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
4 target by aligning with the San Mateo County goal for 2030 which exceeds State goals, thereby placing Pacifica on a path to acheiveing the carbon neutrality by 2045.

Table 2 City of Pacifica GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway GHG Emission Forecast or Reduction Target 2030 GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) Adjusted Forecast 123,674
GHG Emissions Reductions (from full implementation of goals) (42,080) GHG Emissions Remaining (after goals reductions) 81,595 GHG Emission Reduction Target 81,758
GHG Emissions Gap (between remaining GHG emissions and
target)
(163)
Target Anticipated to be Met? Yes
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-46 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Sector E: Buildings and Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 5 2 Sector E: Buildings and Energy
Pacifica’s Buildings and Energy sector include several sources of emissions related to the built environment including natural gas and electricity use as well as waste and water. These goals aim to reduce emissions by transitioning residential and commercial buildings to decarbonized equipment and systems. This includes supporting the adoption of high-efficiency technologies powered by carbon-neutral electricity from Peninsula Clean Energy (PCE). The City is partnering with PCE to maintain strong community participation in clean electricity programs and is implementing local initiatives to streamline permitting, adjust zoning for energy upgrades, and expand access to incentives for solar panels, battery storage, and other low-emission technologies. Additional efforts include adopting Zero NOx reach codes, encouraging the use of low-carbon construction materials, and aligning building standards with green rating systems to further support emission reductions.

Table 3 summarizes the building energy goals with quantifiable GHG reductions. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies used to estimate GHG emissions reductions for this sector.

Table 3 Sector E: Energy GHG Emission Reduction Summary Goal ID Goal
2030 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
E1 Reduce GHG emissions from the building sector by 24% in 2030.
13,807
Total 13,807
E1: Reduce GHG emissions from the building sector by 24% in 2030.

Goal E1 puts Pacifica on a path to reduce existing commercial and residential natural gas consumption by 24 percent by 2030 to reduce GHG emissions. The primary Actions that enable this level of adoption include:
 Action E1.1, which directs the City to partner with Peninsula Clean Energy (PCE) to monitor and reduce opt-out rates and strive for 100% community participation in carbon-neutral electricity, including PG&E customers within City boundaries;  Action E1.2, which commits the City to support home electrification upgrades by streamlining permitting for installations such as heat pumps and panel upgrades, and easing zoning restrictions related to heat pump placement.  Action E1.6, which commits the City to adopt a “Zero NOx” reach code for new construction by December 2025, requiring new buildings to install only noncombustion equipment in alignment with regional air quality and decarbonization goals; and
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6  Action E1.7, which commits the City to adopt a “Zero NOx” reach code for existing buildings by December 2027, aligned with Bay Area Air District (BAAD) Zero NOx rules, to transition existing combustion equipment to non-emitting alternatives over time.

These actions will support the BAAD zero-nitrogen oxides (zero-NOx) rules and existing market trends to require and encourage the electrification of existing residential and commercial water heating, space heating, and cooling appliances in Pacifica and reduce the associated GHG emissions from natural gas consumption. Electrification of buildings will result in additional GHG reductions as more households and businesses enroll in cleaner, more renewable electricity options offered by Peninsula Clean Energy (PCE), further decreasing reliance on fossil fuels for energy use.

Ordinance Implementation

POLICY EVIDENCE
Actions E1.6 and E1.7 commit the City to adopt zero-nitrogen oxides (zero-NOx) emissions thresholds for new buildings by 2025 and existing buildings by 2027. A zeroNOx threshold establishes a performance-based emissions limit for existing building systems such as water heating and space heating, requiring these systems to produce no nitrogen oxide emissions3. These performance-based standards, to be modeled after BAAD thresholds, are set low enough that no currently available natural gas appliances comply—effectively promoting a transition to all-electric systems such as heat pumps.4
Additionally, the City of Pacifica is under BAAD’s jurisdiction and will be affected by the amendments adopted for BAAD’s Rule 9-6: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Boilers and Water Heaters. These amendments govern point of sale emission standards for small water heating systems starting January 1, 2027.5 By regulating emissions rather than banning specific fuel sources, a zero-NOx standard provides a legally robust strategy for reducing GHG emissions in light of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit’s decision to overturn the City of Berkeley’s natural gas regulation.6
Unlike direct bans, a zero-NOx threshold complies with federal preemption 3 Nitrogen oxide emissions, specifically in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O), have a significant warming potential roughly 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide in terms of contributing to global warming over a 100-year timeframe; meaning that even though it's present in smaller quantities, a single unit of N2O has a much greater impact on warming the planet compared to carbon dioxide (CO2). 4
Bay Area Air District (BAAD). 2022. Electric Infrastructure Impacts from Proposed Zero NOx Standards. Available at:
https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/dotgov/files/rules/reg-9-rule-4-nitrogen-oxides-from-fan-type-residential-centralfurnaces/2021-amendments/documents/20221220_sr_appd_rg09040906- pdf.pdf?rev=2c9ddef1ee9e4d5f8fafea0f68c9c932&sc_lang=en 5 Under Rule 9-6: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Boilers and Water Heaters, small water heaters are units under 75,000 British Thermal Units (BTU)/hour. 6
CRA V. City of Berkeley, No. 21-16278. Accessed at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/21- 16278/21-16278-2023-04-17.html.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 7 under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) by focusing on the emissions performance of equipment rather than dictating energy type.

TECHNOLOGY EVIDENCE
The assessment of emissions reductions associated with Action E1.6 and 1.7 is based on the impact of electrification of water heating and HVAC systems. According to a recent market share study, electric space heaters have grown to a 20 percent market share in 2019, while electric water heaters have grown to an 11 percent market share in 2019.7
This trend is not only expected to continue through 2030 because all-electric new construction has proven to be cost-effective in the region for most all buildings types,8,
9 but will also be accelerated when coupled with funding and engagement conducted by the City and its partners including Peninsula Clean Energy. Peninsula Clean Energy provides technical support, rebates, and financing for community members to install electric or heat pump space and water heating appliances.10 Although there are a range of electric alternatives (e.g. electric resistance space heating, heat pumps), heat pumps for HVAC and water heaters are the most cost-effective option on the market due to their significantly higher efficiency (200 to 400 percent) and resulting lower operating costs.11,
12 Although a recent market share study shows
that electric resistance and heat pump technologies together accounted for 20% of the space heating market and 11% of the water heating market in 2019,13 the substantial funding now available to community members is expected to further accelerate the adoption of heat pump appliances.14 Actions E1.6 and 1.7 are thus assumed to set thresholds that promote installation of electric heat pump HVAC and water heaters. 7 Opinion Dynamics. California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022). Available at:
https://pda.energydataweb.com/#!/documents/2625/view
8 California Energy Codes and Standards. Cost Effectiveness Explorer (2024). Accessed at:
https://explorer.localenergycodes.com/jurisdiction/eureka-city/study-results/1-PGE?only_study_type=new-buildings 9 According to the California Energy Codes and Standards’ Cost Effectiveness Explorer, all-electric construction is cost effective for all residential building types.
10 Peninsula Clean Energy Rebates: https://www.peninsulacleanenergy.com/residential/home-upgrade-services/ Other funding options include: High Efficiency Electric Home Rebate [HEEHRA], Homeowner Managing Energy Savings [HOMES] Rebate, Inflation Reduction Act, TEHC Clean California. 11 U.S Department of Energy. 2024. Air-Source Heat Pumps. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/air-sourceheat-pumps?utm_source=chatgpt.com 12 U.S Department of Energy. 2024. Heat Pump Water Heaters. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heatpump-water-heaters 13 Opinion Dynamics. California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022). Available at:
https://pda.energydataweb.com/#!/documents/2625/view
14 Some funding options include: High Efficiency Electric Home Rebate [HEEHRA], Homeowner Managing Energy Savings [HOMES] Rebate, Inflation Reduction Act, TEHC Clean California.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
8 GHG QUANTIFICATION
Quantification of GHG emission reductions associated with the implementation of a zero-NOx ordinance for new buildings are quantified based on the estimated natural gas use avoided beginning in the ordinance’s implementation year (2025). For the purposes of this analysis, it is assumed that all new construction complies fully with the ordinance. The quantification includes emissions reductions from both avoided natural gas combustion and associated methane leakage (see Equation 1). It also accounts for emissions from electricity use by replacement equipment, assuming a 300 percent efficiency consistent with average heat pump performance. Table 4 summarizes the parameters and data sources used to determine GHG emission reductions attributable to Action E1.6.

All-electric New Construction Equations
Equation 1 CO2e ReductionNG,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,i*EFNG)+(Fuel AvoidedNGL,i*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedi*EFelec,i*(1-LT&D))
Table 4 All-electric New Construction Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 Data Source
FuelNG,i Forecasted natural
gas consumption
therms Residential 6,998,797 Pacifica CAAP
Forecast Nonresidential 1,170,909
Fuel AvoidedNG,i Natural gas
consumption
avoided
therms Residential 462,392 Calculated2
Nonresidential 58,872
Fuel AvoidedNGL,i Natural gas
leakage avoided
therms Residential 13,012 Calculated3
Nonresidential 1,657
Elec Converti Electricity usage
from conversion
kWh Residential 4,516,029 Calculated4,5,6
Nonresidential 574,980
LT&D Electricity T&D
Losses
percentage — 4.40% Pacifica CAAP
GHG Inventory
EFNG Natural gas
emission factor
MT CO2e/
therm
— 0.005311 Pacifica CAAP
GHG Inventory
EFNGL Natural gas
leakage emission
factor
MT CO2e/
therm
— 0.053067 Pacifica CAAP
GHG Inventory
EFelec,i Forecasted
electricity emission
factor
MT CO2e/
kWh
Residential 0.0000031 Pacifica CAAP
GHG Forecast Nonresidential 0.0000281
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 9 Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 Data Source
CO2e
ReductionNG,i
Natural gas GHG
emission
reductions
MT CO2e Residential 3,132 Eq 1
Nonresidential 384 Eq 1
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; T&D = transmission and distribution

1. Avoided natural gas use is calculated by subtracting estimated consumption in the ordinance implementation year—determined through linear interpolation between the CAAP inventory year (2021) and the 2030 forecast—from the 2030 forecasted natural gas use.

2. Natural gas leaks avoided is determined based on the estimated fuel avoided by scaling to account for leakage from end-use (0.5%) and leakage from pipeline transportation (2.3%). Factors for leakage were sourced from the GHG Inventory developed for the Pacifica CAAP.

3. To estimate electricity use attributable to fuel switching from natural gas to electric equipment, the avoided natural gas use is multiplied by a conversion factor (29.3 kWh/therm) and divided by the efficiency ratio of electric to gas equipment (3 times as efficient) as cited by the European Copper Institute (see source reference below).

4. Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours. Available at: https://www.metric-conversions.org/energy-and-power/thermsus-to-kilowatt-hours.htm

5. European Copper Institute. 2018. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling. Accessed at:
https://www.ehpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/White_Paper_Heat_pumps-1.pdf GHG emission reductions resulting from the implementation of a zero-NOx ordinance for existing buildings are estimated based on the assumed replacement of natural gas HVAC and water heaters at the end of their useful life between the 2027 ordinance implementation year and 2030. The analysis assumes 100% compliance with the ordinance, meaning all affected appliances are replaced with electric alternatives— specifically heat pumps—upon reaching end-of-life. Emission reductions account for avoided natural gas combustion and leakage, as well as emissions associated with electricity use by replacement equipment, assuming an average efficiency of 300% to reflect typical heat pump performance. Similar to new buildings, existing building GHG reductions are estimated following the formula in Equation 1. However, the parameters, data sources, and methods particular to implementation of an existing building ordinance is summarized in Table 5 below.

Table 5 All-electric Existing Building Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 Data Source
FuelNG,i Forecasted natural
gas consumption
after new building
electrification
therms Residential 6,536,405 Calculated1
Nonresidential 1,112,037
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas
consumption
avoided
therms Residential 928,895 Calculated2
Nonresidential 154,331
Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i Natural gas
leakage avoided
therms Residential 26,009 Calculated3
Nonresidential 4,321
Elec Converty,i Electricity usage
from conversion
kWh Residential 9,072,203 Calculated4,5,6
Nonresidential 1,507,303
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10 Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 Data Source
LT&D Electricity T&D
Losses
percentage — 4.40% Pacifica CAAP
GHG Inventory
EFNG Natural gas
emission factor
MT CO2e/
therm
— 0.005311 Pacifica CAAP
GHG Inventory
EFNGL Natural gas
leakage emission
factor
MT CO2e/
therm
— 0.053067 Pacifica CAAP
GHG Inventory
EFelec,y,i Forecasted
electricity emission
factor
MT CO2e/
kWh
Residential 0.0000031 Pacifica CAAP
GHG Forecast Nonresidential 0.0000281
CO2e
ReductionNG,y,i
Natural gas GHG
emission
reductions
MT CO2e Residential 6,285 Eq 1
Nonresidential 1,005 Eq 1
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; T&D = transmission and distribution

1. Building natural gas use in 2030 subject to the existing building ordinance is estimated by subtracting the natural gas reductions achieved through the new building ordinance from the total forecasted 2030 natural gas use (see Table 4).

2. To estimate the amount of natural gas fuel avoided, the total natural gas use forecasted for 2030 is multiplied by the proportion of natural gas consumption attributable to the specific equipment type (e.g., water heating or space heating) and the percent of that equipment assumed to reach end-of-life by 2030. The percentage of natural gas appliances assumed to reach end-of-life (EOL) by 2030 is estimated by dividing the number of years between 2030 and the implementation year (2027) by the average equipment lifespan. This method assumes uniform age distribution of equipment, thereby resulting in a uniform replacement rate over time. a. Residential and non-residential water heaters are estimated to have 13-year and 10-year lifespans, respectively, while HVAC systems are estimated to have 21.5-year and 23-year life spans. (https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/buildings/equipcosts/pdf/full.pdf) b. Residential and non-residential water heaters comprise 38 percent and 28 percent of total building natural gas consumption, respectively, while HVAC comprises 39 percent and 42 percent. (https://www.synapseenergy.com/sites/default/files/Decarbonization-Heating-CA-Buildings-17-092-1.pdf)

3. Natural gas leaks avoided is determined based on the estimated fuel avoided by scaling to account for leakage from end-use (0.5%) and leakage from pipeline transportation (2.3%). Factors for leakage were sourced from the GHG Inventory developed for the Pacifica CAAP.

4. To estimate electricity use attributable to fuel switching from natural gas to electric equipment, the avoided natural gas use is multiplied by a conversion factor (29.3 kWh/therm) and divided by the efficiency ratio of electric to gas equipment (3 times as efficient) as cited by the European Copper Institute (see source reference below).

5. Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours. Available at: https://www.metric-conversions.org/energy-andpower/therms-us-to-kilowatt-hours.htm

6. European Copper Institute. 2018. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonise heating and cooling.

Accessed at: https://www.ehpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/White_Paper_Heat_pumps-1.pdf Voluntary Adoption

MARKET EVIDENCE
In addition to building ordinances, through actions such as Action E1.2 the City will support existing electrification market trends to reduce an additional 2.5 percent of existing residential and commerical natural gas consumption by 2030. The calculation is based on a recent study showing significant growth in the adoption of electric heating City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 11 appliances in California.15 Electric space heaters increased their market share from five percent in 2009 to 20 percent in 2019, while electric water heaters increased their market share from six percent to 11 percent over the same period. This trend is expected to continue through 2030, driven by the large amount of federal, state, and regional incentives available to Pacifica residents,16 as well as through Action E1.2 which will provide assistance to the community to ease the installation process for electric equipment. In order to be additive to the other building electrification actions, these voluntary replacements would need to occur prior to burnout or for appliances besides water heaters and HVAC units including driers, stoves, and pool heaters.

GHG QUANTIFICATION
Given market trends showing a 5–15 percent growth in electric alternatives over the past decade, it is reasonable to estimate that actions such as Action E1.2 will contribute to a 2.5 percent reduction in natural gas consumption over the next five years. This reduction would result from end-of-life equipment replacements prior to the ordinance’s implementation in 2027, as well as from voluntary early replacements during the Pacifica CAAP implementation period leading up to the 2030 target year.

As such, the calculation assumes a 2.5 percent reduction in forecasted residential and commercial natural gas consumption in 2030 due to continued market trends. This reduction is applied after accounting for reductions already attributed to the new building electrification ordinance and the existing building ordinance aligned with BAAD’s zero-NOx rules, to avoid double counting. While heat pumps are expected to be the predominant replacement technology, a conservative estimate of electricity consumption was used based on the current market mix of electric resistance equipment and heat pumps.17,
18 As a result, electric water heaters were assumed to
have similar efficiency to natural gas units on average,19, 20 while electric HVAC systems
15 Opinion Dynamics. California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022). Accessed at:
https://pda.energydataweb.com/#!/documents/2625/view. 16 Some funding options include: High Efficiency Electric Home Rebate [HEEHRA], Homeowner Managing Energy Savings [HOMES] Rebate, Inflation Reduction Act, TEHC Clean California. 17Based on Opinion Dynamics’ California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022), electric resistance HVAC systems comprise 82 percent of electric equipment share, with heat pumps comprising the remaining 18 percent. Additionally, the study shows that water heaters were predominantly electric resistance in 2019, therefore market trend quantification conservatively assumes 100 percent of water heaters are electric resistance technology.
18 Opinion Dynamics. California Heat Pump Residential Market Characterization and Baseline Study (2022). Accessed at:
https://pda.energydataweb.com/#!/documents/2625/view. 19 Southface Energy Institute. Water Heater Efficiency, Efficiency of Fuel Types and Alternatives for Heating Water.

Available at: https://www.ncelec.org/sites/ncelec/files/documents/waterheater_efficiency_041614.pdf 20 Pennsylvania State University. 2023. Energy Efficiency of Water Heaters. Available at: https://www.eeducation.psu.edu/egee102/node/2009 City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
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12 were assumed to operate with an average efficiency coefficient of 1.36.21, 22 With
continued market momentum and installation streaming, Pacifica can expect to reduce emissions from natural gas consumption in existing residential and commercial buildings by 1,100 MT CO₂e and 163 MT CO₂e, respectively, by 2030.

Renewable Energy Procurement

ENROLLMENT EVIDENCE
In 2021, Peninsula Clean Energy (PCE) provided electricity to approximately 90 percent of Pacifica, with the remaining electricity supplied by Pacific Gas & Electricity (PG&E).

Currently, electricity customers in Pacifica are automatically enrolled in Peninsula Clean Energy’s ECOplus electricity option (with a near-zero GHG emission factor) but are allowed to opt-up to Peninsula Clean Energy’s ECO100 electricity option, opt-out to receive electricity directly from PG&E, or in some cases opt-out to procure electricity at wholesale directly from electricity generators (i.e., direct access). Action E1.1 commits the City to work with PCE to decrease opt-out rates to achieve 100 percent residential and commercial enrollment by 2030. PCE currently offers an electricity option with a GHG emission rate lower than the other electricity options offered in the region. This electricity option, known as ECO100, supplies electricity sourced 100 percent from solar and wind at a GHG emissions rate of zero.23 Additionally, by 2025, PCE plans to provide all customers 100 percent renewable energy on an hourly basis at cost-effective rates.24 By monitoring enrollment under Action E1.1, the City will be enabled to identify issues and provide incentives as necessary to the community to maintain enrollment and minimize opt-out rates.

GHG QUANTIFICATION
Estimation of GHG emissions reduction associated with renewable energy enrollment assumes Pacific will be able to achieve 100 percent enrollment by 2030. Additionally, quantification of GHG reductions assumes Pacifica will support PCE in achieving this renewable energy goal by 2025, supplying all PCE customers in Pacifica with electricity sourced 100 percent from renewable sources to reduce such customers’ electricity GHG emissions to zero.
21 U.S Department of Energy. 2024. Air-Source Heat Pumps. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/air-sourceheat-pumps?utm_source=chatgpt.com 22 Energy.gov. Electric Resistance Heating. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/electric-resistanceheating#:~:text=Electric%20resistance%20heating%20is%20100,the%20fuel's%20energy%20into%20electricity. 23 California Energy Commission. 2022 Power Content Label: Peninsula Clean Energy Authority. Accessed at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/filebrowser/download/6049. 24 Peninsula Clean Energy. ACHIEVING 24/7 RENEWABLE ENERGY BY 2025 (2023). Available at:
https://www.peninsulacleanenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/24-7-white-paper-2023.pdf.

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A-54 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Sector E: Buildings and Energy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 13 The GHG emission reductions from renewable energy enrollment are calculated based on the forecasted residential and nonresidential electricity consumption and the additional electricity consumption expected from new building electrification, existing building electrification, and zero-emission vehicle adoption. The GHG emissions savings are based on the comparison between forecasted electricity emission factors under current conditions and assuming a linear reduction in emissions over time due to SB100 and 100% carbon free electricity from PCE. This results in an electricity related emissions reduction of 372 MT CO2e in residential electricity, and 1,367 MT CO2e in non-residential electricity in 2030.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
14 3 Sector T: Transportation and Land Use
Pacifica’s Transportation sector aims to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) through active and public transportation and leverage renewable and carbon-free electricity to reduce GHG emissions from the remaining VMT. Reducing VMT consists of transitioning Pacifica residents and visitors out of single-occupancy vehicles and into active or public transportation mode options (i.e., walking, biking, and bus). The remaining VMT will then be decarbonized by increasing the adoption of zero-emission vehicles (ZEV). When combined with renewable and carbon-free electricity, electric vehicles (EV) eliminate GHG emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Transportation strategy consists of the following quantifiable goals presented in Table

6. The subsections below detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies used to estimate the GHG emission reductions associated with this sector.

Table 6 Sector T: Transportation GHG Emission Reduction Summary Goal ID Goal
2030 GHG Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
T1 Reduce vehicle miles travelled by 12% by 2030 compared to 2021 levels through increased public transit, walking, and biking. 6,133
T4 Increase Pacifica EV use to 50% by 2030. 15,506
Total 21,638
T1: Reduce vehicle miles travelled by 12% by 2030 compared to 2021 levels through increased public transit, walking, and biking.

Goal T1 aims to increase Pacifica’s active and public transportation mode share to 12 percent by 2030. The primary Actions that enable this Goal are:
 Action T1.1 initiates the development of a Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan beginning in 2025, with completion targeted by 2030;  Action T1.2 supports implementation of Pacifica’s 2020 Bike and Pedestrian Master Plan by 2040, including semi-annual progress reviews starting in 2025, and calls for a plan update before 2030 that incorporates a feasibility study for a community bike share program in coordination with MTC, C/CAG, and Bay Wheels;  Action T1.3 which encourages increased transit ridership by featuring transit options in City communications and creating auto-enrollment in the Clipper START program for income-qualified residents.

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A-56 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Sector T: Transportation and Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 15 Active Transportation

INFRASTRUCTURE EVIDENCE
Through Actions T1.1 and T1.2, Goal T1 focuses on infrastructure improvements to facilitate shifting the community to utilize more active transportation options and increase mode share. As part of Action T1.1, the City plans to collaborate with the San Mateo County Transportation Authority (SMCTA) to improve bus stop accessibility and amenities—such as bike parking, seating, shelter, lighting, and real-time wayfinding—and work with Caltrans on major roadway projects like a Highway 1 bike/pedestrian overcrossing in high-congestion areas. The City will also coordinate with MTC and SamTrans to enhance transit system usability and explore opportunities for micro transit expansion. Under Action T1.2, the City aims to complete all projects outlined in Pacifica’s 2020 Bike and Pedestrian Master Plan by 2040, which recommends developing and upgrading 34.5 miles of bicycle facilities in the community.25
By focusing on infrastructure improvements, the plan aligns with studies which have shown that investments in active transportation infrastructure significantly improve active transportation mode shifts and reduce GHG emissions.26 For example, urban cities that make a strong commitment to bicycle travel can see up to an 11 percent reduction in VMT and associated GHG emissions.27 Such VMT reductions can be reasonably expected because in 2017, about 16 percent of vehicle trips made nationally were one mile or less—a distance easily travelled by foot or bicycle.28

MODE SHARE CASE STUDIES
To estimate the mode shift potential of implementing the Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan in Pacifica, other cities’ bicycle and road networks were analyzed. The City of Berkeley leads the State with an 18 percent active transportation mode share in 2022 (i.e., 4.9 percent bicycle mode share and 13.4 percent pedestrian mode share) followed by the City of Davis with a 16 percent active transportation mode share in 2022 (i.e.,

13.5 percent bicycle mode share and 2.6 percent pedestrian mode share).29, 30 The mode share in Pacifica in the GHG Inventory year (2021) for biking was 0.30 percent, while walking was 1.10 percent mode share.31 To meet its 2030 targets, Pacifica must achieve an active transportation mode share of 20 percent, with the increase primarily attributed to growth in bicycle use, while walking mode share is conservatively assumed 25 City of Pacifica. 2020. Bicycle & Pedestrian Master Plan. Available at:
https://www.cityofpacifica.org/home/showpublisheddocument/2168/637831368066870000 26 Glazener, Andrew and Khreis, Haneen. Transforming our Cities: Best Practices Towards Clean Air and Active Transportation (2019). Accessed at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40572-019-0228-1 27 Jacob Mason et al., Institute for Transportation & Development Policy and the University of California, Davis. A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario (2015). Accessed at: https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/A-GlobalHigh-Shift-Cycling-Scenario_Nov-2015.pdf 28 National Household Travel Survey. Population Vehicle Trips Statistics (2021). Accessed at: https://nhts.ornl.gov/vehicletrips 29 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0618100. 30 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0606000. 31 City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan A-57 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix City of Pacifica
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
16 to remain constant. While the target increase in active transportation mode share is ambitious, it is aligned with the upper range of mode shares demonstrated to be achievable in the case studies presented.

GHG QUANTIFICATION
GHG emissions reductions associated with active transportation mode share increase is estimated according to Equation 2 and the parameters listed in Table 7 below, assuming Pacifica will achieve a 20 percent bicycle and walking transportation mode share.

Active Transportation Mode Share Equations
Equation 2 CO2e Reduction= VMTpass*TPMpass*TLbike*MS IncreaseBike*VMT EFpass Table 7 Active Transportation Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Unit 2030 Data Source
VMTpass Forecasted Passenger VMT miles 178,155,345 Pacifica CAAP Forecast
TPMpass Forecasted trips per mile trips/mile 0.173 EMFAC1 TLbike Average bicycle trip length miles/trip 1.50 CARB (2019)2 MS IncreaseBike Bicycle mode share increase percentage 18.60% Calculated3,4 VMT EFpass VMT emission factor MT
CO2e/mile

0.000277 EMFAC1
CO2e Reduction VMT GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e 2,388 Eq 2
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2024. Emission FACtor (EMFAC). Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/44d4e20d4e19185bde9a4d769147356d2f0eae62

2. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2019. Quantifying Reductions in Vehicle Miles Traveled from New Bike Paths, Lanes, and Cycle Tracks: Technical Documentation. Accessed at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/auction-proceeds/bicycle_facilities_technical_041519.pdf

3. U.S. Census Bureau. 2021. ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex.

Accessed at: https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2021.S0801?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0654806

4. Bike mode share increase is determined by subtracting the walking and bicycle mode shares in 2021 (0.30 and

1.10 percent, respectively) from the target active transportation mode share in 2030 (20 percent).

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 17 Public Transportation

INFRASTRUCTURE EVIDENCE
Public transit mode share in 2021, the Pacifica CAAP baseline GHG Inventory year, was 8 percent. To achieve Pacifica’s 2030 targets, the community will need to increase this mode share to 20 percent.32 Key strategies employed by cities looking to increase public transportation mode share include significant expansions of public transportation service lines, designated streets or lanes for bus lines to decrease headways, implementation of taxes to support transit, and reduced parking availability. Studies have shown that expanding transit coverage through services routes and schedules can increase public transit mode share in a city. Specifically, studies which incorporated factors such as elasticity of transit demand and average mode shift factors have estimated that doubling transit coverage in a city can reduce VMT—and associated GHG emissions—up to 4.6 percent.33 Furthermore, increasing transit service frequency can reduce VMT, and associated GHG emission, up to 11.3 percent.34 The intent of Actions T1.1 and T1.3 aligns closely with the infrastructure strategies shown to increase public transit mode share and reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT).

By proposing expanded transit service routes—such as limited-stop buses connecting Pacifica neighborhoods to regional transit hubs and weekend beach shuttles—Action T1.1 supports the evidence-based approach of increasing transit coverage and frequency to shift travel behavior. Further, planned coordination with San Mateo County Transit Authority (SMCTA) and Caltrans to implement queue jumps, signal priority, and improved bus stop amenities mirrors proven strategies for reducing transit headways and enhancing rider experience. These improvements directly address factors that studies have identified as critical to increasing transit use and lowering emissions. Additionally, Action T1.3 complements these infrastructure investments by promoting transit accessibility and ease of use through targeted communication and automatic enrollment in the Clipper START program for incomequalified residents, helping to remove financial and informational barriers to public transit adoption.
32 U.S. Census Bureau. 2021. ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2021.S0801?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0654806 33 California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021). 34 California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021). Measure T-26. Accessed at:
https://www.airquality.org/ClimateChange/Documents/Final%20Handbook_AB434.pdf City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
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18 GHG QUANTIFICATION
Efforts to increase public transit mode share associated with Goal T1 may lead to more frequent transit operations or route changes, potentially increasing GHG emissions.

However, SMCTA is required to expand its ZEV bus fleet in alignment with California’s Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulation, which requires all public transit agencies to transition to zero-emission bus fleets by 2040.35 The ICT regulation mandates a phased transition schedule: by 2023, large transit agencies must ensure 25% of new bus purchases are zero-emission; by 2026, large agencies must increase this to 50%, with small transit agencies beginning their transition at 25%; and by 2029, all new bus purchases statewide must be zero-emission.36 Additionally, programs such as the Low Carbon Transit Operations Program (LCTOP), established under Senate Bill 862, provide funding to support this transition.37 For the purposes of quantification, it is assumed that any new buses required to support expanded service or additional routes under this action would be electric or zero-emission in alignment with State regulations. Using electric buses is anticipated to have continual GHG reduction benefits as emissions from electricity decline as a result of implementation of Goal E1 which promotes community enrollment in renewable energy. As a result, GHG emissions from potential public transit expansion in Pacifica are anticipated to be negligible and are not included in the quantification of net GHG emissions reductions from this goal.

Table 8 shows the parameters and data sources that support the GHG emissions reduction associated with reducing vehicle miles traveled through public transit mode share.

Public Transportation Mode Share Equations
Equation 3 CO2e Reductiontransit = (VMTpass – VMTactive)*TPMpass*TLtransit*MS Increasetransit*VMT EFpass
35 Mendicino Transit Authority (MTA). 2024. Mendocino Transit Authority Short-Range Transit Development Plan 2024 Update. Available at: https://www.mendocinocog.org/files/18849c841/MTA+2024+SRTDP_Final%28web%29.pdf 36 California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2024. Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) Regulation Fact Sheet. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/innovative-clean-transit-ict-regulation-fact-sheet 37 Caltrans. 2024. Low Carbon Transit Operations Program (LCTOP). Available at: https://dot.ca.gov/programs/rail/lowcarbon-transit-operations-program-lctop City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-60 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Sector T: Transportation and Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 19 Table 8 Public Transportation Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Unit 2030 Data Source
VMTpass Forecasted Passenger VMT miles 178,155,345 Pacifica CAAP Forecast
VMTactive VMT reduction from active
transportation targets
miles 8,610,496 Calculated
TPMpass Forecasted trips per mile trips/mile 0.173 EMFAC1 TLtransit Average public transit length miles/trip 3.80 CARB (2019)2,3 MS Increasetransit Piblic Transit mode share
increase
percentage 12.10% Calculated4,5
VMT EFpass VMT emission factor MT
CO2e/mile

0.000277 EMFAC1
CO2e
Reductiontransit
VMT GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e 3,745 Eq 3
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2024. Emission FACtor (EMFAC). Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/44d4e20d4e19185bde9a4d769147356d2f0eae62

2. American Public Transportation Association. Public Transportation Fact Book (2018). Accessed at:
https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Resources/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/2018-APTA-FactBook.pdf.

3. Note: Regular bus trip length was utilized to remain conservative.

4. U.S. Census Bureau. 2021. ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex.

Accessed at: https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2021.S0801?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0654806

5. Public transit mode share increase is determined by subtracting the public transit mode share in 2021 (7.90 percent) from the target active transportation mode share in 2030 (20 percent).

T4: Increase Pacifica EV use to 50% by 2030.

Goal T4 aims achieve a passenger ZEV adoption rate of 50 percent by 2030. The Actions that enable this Goal are:
 Action T4.2 which creates incentives for low-cost EV charging for City employees, including childcare workers, and coordinates with the Pacifica School District to explore charging options for teachers, beginning in 2025;  Action T4.3 partners with relevant organizations to launch a community-facing EV Education and Outreach Program by 2025, with a focus on promoting available EV incentives and supporting equitable transition to Evs.

The EV adoption target of Goal T4 is primarily supported by Goal T3, which commits the City to aid in increasing public EV Charging stations in Pacifica to 540, and supplement with shared private chargers, by 2030. Actions which enable this Goal include:
 Action T3.1 which calls for the preparation of an EV Readiness Plan by 2026 that requires CalGreen Tier 2 EV charging standards and includes cost estimates for expanding EV infrastructure citywide;
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20  Action T3.2 commits the City to install 25 EV chargers at municipal facilities by 2030 to support the electrification of the City fleet and employee vehicle charging needs;  Action T3.2 commits the City to facilitate the installation of 540 public EV charging stations across the city by 2030.

INFRASTRUCTURE EVIDENCE
The State has established a goal of putting 5 million ZEVs on the road by 2030 and, according to executive order N-79-20, 100 percent of passenger vehicle sales are to be zero emission by 2035. This new executive order puts the total number of ZEVs on the road by 2035 at approximately 15 million.38Based on the current number of vehicles registered in California and application of a conservative population growth rate of 2 percent per year, 15 million ZEVs accounts for 35 percent of total passenger vehicles in 2035. The State has also established the Advanced Clean Fleets (ACF) rule, which requires the gradual transition of vehicle fleets to ZEVs in California.39 Starting in 2024, fleets must begin transitioning to ZEVs, with new trucks added to the fleet required to be zero-emission. Currently, the State is anticipated to reach 26 percent ZEV adoption across all vehicles by 2030.40,
41 However, Pacifica is pursuing a more ambitious path. The City has set a local target to achieve 50 percent ZEV adoption for passenger vehicles by 2030—exceeding the State’s projected ZEV market share under current legislative conditions. To support this goal, the City has committed through Goal T3 to install the charging infrastructure necessary to serve this expanded EV population. Studies have consistently found that limited charging infrastructure is one of the primary barriers to EV adoption.42, 43 Publicly accessible EV chargers make owning an electric vehicle convenient for all drivers— including those who cannot charge at home or drive daily distances longer than their EV battery range. Public charging is especially important for multifamily housing which can be difficult to retrofit for EV charging. According to a recent study on public 38 Davis, A., Hoang, T., Lopez, T., Lu, J., Nguyen, T., Nolty, B., Rillera, L., Schell, D., and Wofford, M. 2023. California Energy Commission Staff Report, Assembly Bill 2127 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Assessment. Available at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/publications/2023/second-assembly-bill-ab-2127-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructureassessment 39 CARB. Advanced Clean Fleets Regulation Overview. Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/factsheets/advanced-clean-fleets-regulation-overview 40 California Energy Commission (CEC). 2021. Report Shows California Needs 1.2 Million Electric Vehicle Chargers by 2030.

Accessed at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/news/2021-06/report-shows-california-needs-12-million-electric-vehiclechargers-2030 41Based on the zero-emission vehicle goals for passenger vehicles established by Executive Order N-79-20, eight million zero-emission vehicles are anticipated statewide by 2030. The City of Pacifica, through the development of this CAAP, estimates that these eight million zero-emission vehicles represent 26 percent of the total passenger vehicles expected statewide by 2030 (based on statewide passenger car and light-duty truck counts in 2016 and population estimates for 2016 and 2030).
42 Kumar, Rajeev Ranjan and Kumar Alok. Adoption of Electric Vehicle: A Literature Review and Prospects for Sustainability (2020). Accessed at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095965261934781X. 43 Winjobi, Olumide and Kelly, Jarod. Used Plug-in Electric Vehicles as a Means of Transportation Equity in Low-Income Households (2021). Accessed at: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1658592.

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A-62 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Sector T: Transportation and Land Use
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 21 charging infrastructure needs, it is expected that 20 percent of EV charging nationally will occur at publicly accessible chargers in 2030.44By committing to install approximately 540 public EV chargers and facilitating the deployment of shared private chargers for multifamily housing, the City is proactively addressing infrastructure barriers and enabling equitable access to EV adoption. See below for justification of the EV charger infrastructure needs to support Pacifica’s 50 percent EV adoption goal.

EV CHARGER IMPLEMENTATION
Estimation of EV charging infrastructure requirements to support Goal T4 is based on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) outputs for the San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley Metropolitan Area.45 The tool is used to calculate the number of publicly accessible EV chargers needed in Pacifica to support a 50 percent passenger ZEV adoption in 2030. The quantification assumes all ZEVs will be EVs to remain conservative in the plan for EV chargers.

To determine Pacifica’s target EV population, the 2021 ratio of vehicles per person was applied to Pacifica’s projected 2030 population, resulting in an estimated 18,306 EVs.46, 47 As the EVI-Pro tool requires a minimum input of 35,000 vehicles, this baseline was used to derive a regional EV-to-public charger ratio (32 vehicles per charger). This ratio was then applied to Pacifica’s projected 2030 EV population, allowing for a localized estimate of infrastructure needs. The current number of public EV chargers in Pacifica was subtracted from this estimate to determine the number of additional chargers required by 2030.48 Through this method, it was identified that Pacifica will need approximately 540 additional public EV chargers by 2030 to adequately support its EV adoption goals. Due to the large amount of state and federal funding available to support California’s need for over one million public and shared chargers by 2030 (to meet Executive Order B-48-18’s ZEV goals), it is expected that these chargers are economically feasible and will be implemented through public-private funding and partnerships and permit streamlining.49
44 Kampshoff, Philipp et al. Building the Electric-Vehicle Charging Infrastructure America Needs (2022). Accessed at:
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/building-the-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructureamerica-needs. 45 U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite. Accessed at:
https://afdc.energy.gov/evi-pro-lite. 46 The population of Pacifica in 2021 and projected population in 2030 was sourced from Pacifica’s GHG Inventory and Forecast developed for purposes of CAAP development 47 California Department of Motor Vehicles. 2020. Fuel Type by County as of 1/1/2020. Available at:
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/uploads/2020/09/MotorVehicleFuelTypes_City_01012020.pdf 48 PlugShare. 2025. Best EV Charging Stations in Pacifica. Available at:
https://www.plugshare.com/directory/us/california/pacifica 49Office of Governor Gavin Newsom. California Building Bigger, Better Zero-Emission Charging Network. Accessed at:
http://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/02/14/california-building-bigger-better-zero-emission-charging-network/.

Caltrans. California Investing in EV Charging Reliability Statewide with $63 Million in Federal Funding (2024). Accessed at:
https://dot.ca.gov/news-releases/news-release-2024-002.

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22 GHG QUANTIFICATION
GHG emissions reductions associated with Goal T4 are estimated based on the reduction in gasoline-powered vehicle miles traveled (VMT), assuming that each percentage increase in EV adoption corresponds to an equivalent percentage decrease in internal combustion engine vehicle miles. The analysis accounts for the baseline EV population in 2021 to calculate the net increase in EVs and includes emissions from the electricity used to power the additional EVs. Equation 4 and Table 9 summarize the methodology and data sources used to estimate GHG reductions associated with increasing Pacifica’s EV population to 50 percent by 2030.

ZEV Population Increase Equations
Equation 4 CO2e ReductionZEV = ((VMTpass-VMTalt)*(ZEV Adoption2030-ZEV Adoption Baseline)* EFVMT)- (Elec Converted *EFelec *(1+LT&D))
Table 9 ZEV Population Parameters and Data Sources
Variable Definition Unit 2030 Data Source
VMTpass Forecasted Passenger VMT miles 178,155,345 Pacifica CAAP Forecast
VMTalt VMT reduction from active
and public transportation
targets
miles 22,115,002 Calculated
ZEV Adoption2030 Electric vehicle adoption
target
percent 50% City Target
ZEV Adoption
Baseline
Electric vehicle adoption
baseline
percent 7.36% EMFAC1
EFVMT Forecasted VMT emission
factor
MT
CO2e/mile

0.0002773 EMFAC1
Elec Converted Electricity from electric
vehicle conversion
kWh 24,517,835 Calculated1,2
EFelec Forecasted residential
electricity emission factor
MT
CO2e/kWh

0.0001150 Pacifica CAAP
Forecast
LT&D Electricity T&D Losses percentage 4.40% Pacifica CAAP GHG Inventory
California Energy Commission (CEC). Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Assessment-AB 2127. Accessed at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/reports/electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-assessment-ab-2127.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 23 Variable Definition Unit 2030 Data Source
CO2e ReductionZEV ZEV GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e 15,506 Eq 4
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2024. Emission FACtor (EMFAC). Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/44d4e20d4e19185bde9a4d769147356d2f0eae62

2. Electricity converted is estimated by applying a forecasted electricity usage per mile rate, as provided by the EMFAC Model, to the VMT reduced from achieving ZEV adoption increase.

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24 4 Sector F: Food, Consumption, and
Waste
Pacifica’s food and solid waste sector focuses on recovering organic waste and utilizing it to support carbon sequestration. As the City expands organics diversion to comply with SB 1383, this diverted waste can be processed into products such as compost, which—when applied to land—improves soil health and sequesters atmospheric carbon. Additionally, the City will work with Recology to increase the use of zeroemission or biogas-fueled vehicles and conduct waste audits for commercial customers to ensure compliance with recycling and composting requirements. The following subsection details the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies used to estimate GHG emission reductions for this sector.

Table 10 summarizes the solid waste goals with quantifiable GHG reductions. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies used to estimate GHG emissions reductions for this sector.

Table 10 Sector F: Food, Consumption, and Waste GHG Emission Reduction Summary Goal ID Goal
2030 GHG
Emission
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
F3 Reduce GHG emissions from the solid waste sector by 75% below 2021 level by 2030.
6,634
Total 6,634
F3: Reduce GHG emissions in solid waste sector by 75% by 2030.

Goal F3 puts Pacifica on a path to meet the City’s SB 1383 organics diversion and procurement target by 2030. SB 1383 requires each jurisdiction in California to reduce landfilled organic waste—and its associated GHG emissions—by 75 percent by 2030, as well as to procure recovered organics waste products to meet annual procurement targets developed by CalRecycle.50 Recovered organic waste products include compost, mulch, renewable energy generated from anaerobic digestion (e.g., transportation fuel, electricity, and gas for heating), and electricity generated from biomass conversion.

While a jurisdiction has the option to procure any combination of recovered organic waste products to fulfill 100 percent of its procurement target, Pacifica aims to meet their procurement target primarily through the procurement of compost, mulch, and 50 CalRecycle. Procurement Targets and Recovered Organic Waste Products. Accessed at:
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/procurement/recoveredorganicwasteproducts/.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Memorandum 25 biochar to leverage the carbon sequestration benefits it provides when applied to lands. The primary actions that enable this goal include:
 Action F3.1, which directs the City to establish a food recovery program for restaurants by December 2027, in coordination with Recology to identify and engage potential food service providers and retailers; and  Action F3.2, which commits the City to assess opportunities for the beneficial use of organic waste products—such as biochar, compost, mulch, and biofuels—by June 2027, to support carbon sequestration and sustainable land management practices.

These actions direct the City to divert and procure organics to align with their annual SB 1383 requirements.

Organics Diversion
GHG emissions reductions associated with organics diversion is estimated according to Equation 5 and the parameters listed in Table 11 below, assuming Pacifica will achieve complete compliance with SB 1383 requirements.

Landfilled Organic Waste Reduction Equations
Equation 5 CO2e ReductionLOW= CO2e Emissions*Reduction TargetLOW Table 11 Landfilled Organics Reduction Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Unit 2030 Data Source
CO2e Emissions Landfilled organic waste GHG
emissions in 2030
MT CO2e 8,212 Pacifica CAAP
Forecast
Reduction Targetlow Landfilled organic waste reduction
target
percent 75% SB 1383
compliance1
CO2e ReductionLOW,y Landfilled organic waste GHG
emission reductions
MT CO2e 6,159 Eq 5
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. CalRecycle. SB 1383 Jurisdiction Responsibilities. Accessed at:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/Docs/Web/119160#:~:text=Beginning%20in%202022%2C%20SB%201383,is%20au tomatically%20provided%20the%20service
Organics Procurement
GHG emissions reductions associated with organics procurement is estimated according to Equation 6 and the parameters listed in Table 12 below.

Compost Procurement Equations
Equation 6 CO2e Sequestration = (Compost Required * CSFCompost) * Compliance Target City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-67 Pacifica Substanital Evidence Report | Pacifica CAAP Appendix City of Pacifica
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
26 Table 12 Compost Procurement Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Unit Value Data Source
Compost Required Compost procurement required to
meet organic waste procurement
target
tons 2,065 Calculated1,2,3
CSFCompost Carbon sequestration factor for
mixed organic compost application
MT CO2e/ ton 0.23 CARB (2017)4
Compliance Target Compliance target with
procurement requirement
percentage 100% SB 1383
compliance
CO2e
Sequestration
Carbon sequestered from
compost procurement and
application
MT CO2e 475 Eq 6
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. Compost procurement requirements is estimated based on forecasted population of Pacifica in 2030 (44,507).

According to SB 1383 requirements, jurisdictions must procure 0.08 tons of organics per person. Assuming all organics are procured in the form of compost, total organic tons is converted to compost tons based on CalRecycle’s Procurement Calculator tool (0.58 compost tons per organic waste tons.

2. CalRecycle. 2025. Procurement Targets and Recovered Organic Waste Products. Accessed at:
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/procurement/recoveredorganicwasteproducts/

3. CalRecycle. 2025. Model Reporting Tools; Procurement Calculator Tool. Available at:
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/reporting/

4. California Air and Resources Board (CARB). 2017. Method for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions From Diversion of Organic Waste From Landfills to Compost Facilities. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/waste/cerffinal.pdf City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-68 FundingSources | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Appendix D
Summary of Key Findings
Appendix C
Community Engagement
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX G
Funding
Sources
San Mateo County Transportation
Authority
y Transportation Demand Management Planning
(2026, 2028): $100K
y Shuttle Program Implementation (2025,
2027): $500-$1M
y Pedestrian and Bicycle Implementation (2026,
2028): $26.8M
Metropolitan Transportation Commission
y California’s Active Transportation Program
(ATP): Taps state and federal funds to support programs that make walking and biking better travel options for Bay Area residents. $500K - $4M.
y Housing Incentive Pool Grant: Encourages
the production and preservation of
affordable housing.
y Parking & Curb Management: Offers technical
assistance and grants to help local governments
update parking and curb policies and implement
programs to achieve local and regional goals.
y Pavement Management Technical Assistance
Program (P-TAP): Calls for projects every Fall
related to:
∙ Implementing, updating, and maintaining
pavement management databases
∙ Providing accurate pavement condition data to
city councils, county supervisors or other local
decision makers
∙ Supporting regional management of nonpavement street and road assets (signs, storm drains, curbs and gutters, traffic signals, and
streetlights) through pilot projects
y Priority Conservation Area (PCA) Grant: Calls
for projects every Fall from agencies, tribes, and
non-profits working to advance Bay Area conservation priorities. Initiatives are intended to protect and enhance the region's natural and agricultural lands, improve outdoor access and urban greening, and build regional climate resiliency
across Bay Area communities.
y MTC’s Priority Development Area (PDA) Grant:

Calls for proposals every other year to fund plans
and offer technical assistance to locally nominated
Priority Development Areas (PDAs) that address
regional long-term goals related to reducing
GHG emissions and offering more affordable
housing for all. Project categories, along with their
maximum grant amount, include:
∙ Plans: Specific, precise, or similar plan. Up
to $1.2M.
∙ Plan Amendments: Amendments to an
adopted plan. Up to $600K.
∙ Plan Implementation: Technical assistance to
develop and adopt policies or programs that
facilitate the implementation of an adopted
plan; may be applicable to two or more PDAs.

Up to $200K.

San Mateo County Office of Education
y San Mateo County Safe Routes to School
(SRTS): Calls for projects annually in late Winter
that address small capital infrastructure or other
initiatives that enhance pedestrian or bicycle
safety near public school sites. Up to $30K.

Peninsula Clean Energy
y EV Ready Program: Offers $11.5M in grants,
available to member agencies like Pacifica.

Deadline July 30, 2025.
y Public Building Electrification Program
(GovBE): Helps local governments convert
methane gas to clean, efficient electricity in their
buildings. Offers grants of up to $600K per jurisdiction per year and loans of up to $600K per jurisdiction per year. Deadline July 3, 2025.
y Public Fleet Electrification Program (GovEV):

Provides free technical assistance, project
planning, and funding to public agencies for new
electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure
for their fleets. Rolling application.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-69 FundingSources | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
Bay Area Air District (BAAD)
y Charge! Program: Provides grants of up to $3M
to install publicly accessible electric vehicle (EV)
charging stations across the Bay Area, aiming
to support EV adoption and reduce transportation-related emissions. Applications open in mid-November.
y Carl Moyer Program: Provides grants (amount
varies, $43.4M statewide budget) to reduce
emissions from heavy-duty engines by funding
cleaner-than-required engines and equipment,
thereby improving air quality. Applications
for on-road and infrastructure projects open
on May 1, 2025. Off-road applications open
on June 2, 2025.

California Energy Commission
y Various EV programs, including but not limited to:
∙ GFO-24-604 Reliable, Equitable, and
Accessible Charging for Multi-Family Housing
(REACH): Intends to increase EV charging access
for residents of multi-family housing (MFH), particularly in disadvantaged and low-income communities. Up to $19M. For the last grant cycle, applications opened in October and closed in
February.
∙ GFO-23-606 Charging Infrastructure for
Government Fleets: Supports the electrification of light-duty government fleets in California by providing reliable and accessible
EV charging infrastructure. Up to $30M. Fort
the last grant cycle, applications opened in
December and closed in April.
∙ Communities in Charge: Incentive program
for property owners designed to rapidly deploy
Level 2 EV charging stations, focusing on community-centric locations to enhance EV accessibility. Up to 6.5K or 100% of eligible costs.

For the last grant cycle, applications opened in
November and closed in January.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-70 FundingSources | Pacifica CAAP Appendix
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-71 Policy, Climate Legislation and Regulations | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Appendix D
Summary of Key Findings
Appendix C
Community Engagement
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX H
Policy, Climate
Legislation and
Regulations
Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 General Sources:
∙ CA Legislation:
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/
Reaching California and US Climate Goals
y CA Climate Plan Road Map to 2045: Designed to
achieve net zero carbon pollution by 2045 through
many California laws, including the following:
∙ AB 1279 (2022) The California Climate Crisis
Act: Achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 and
maintain net negative GHG emissions thereafter, and ensure that by 2045, statewide anthropogenic GHG emissions are reduced
at least 85% below 1990 levels. https://ww2.
arb.ca.gov/2022-assembly-bill-1279-muratsuchi-al-california-climate-crisis-act-chaptered ∙ SB 1020 (2022) Clean Energy, Jobs, and
Affordability Act of 2022: Establishes interim
targets for the state’s 100% clean energy goal
in 2045 and accelerates the date by which state
agencies must achieve 100% clean energy use.
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/2022-senate-bill-1020-
laird-john-clean-energy-jobs-and-affordabilityact-2022-chaptered ∙ SB 905 (2022) Carbon sequestration: Carbon
Capture, Removal, Utilization, and Storage
Program: Requires CARB to create the CCRUSP
program to evaluate, demonstrate, and regulate carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) projects and technology. https://ww2.arb.
ca.gov/2022-senate-bill-905-caballero-anna-carbon-sequestration-carbon-capture-removal-utilization-and ∙ SB 1314 (2022) Oil and Gas: Class II Injection
Wells: Enhanced Oil Recovery: Prohibits the
injection of a concentrated carbon dioxide fluid
produced by a carbon dioxide capture project
or carbon dioxide capture and sequestration
project into a Class II well for the purposes
of enhanced oil recovery. https://www.gov.
ca.gov/2022/09/16/governor-newsom-signssweeping-climate-measures-ushering-in-newera-of-world-leading-climate-action/ ∙ AB 1757 (2022) California Global Warming
Solutions Act of 2006: climate goal: natural
and working lands: Calls for a suite of actions
to center nature-based solutions in California’s
climate efforts and urgently scale their implementation in line with best available science. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1757 y CARB Scoping Plan (2022): Created a more complete list of goals, including the following:
https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/11/16/californiareleases-worlds-first-plan-to-achieve-net-zero-carbon-pollution/ ∙ Cut air pollution 71% and GHG emissions
85% by 2045.
∙ Reduce GHGs 48% below 1990 levels by 2030.
∙ Reduce fossil fuel consumption to less than
one-tenth of what we use today, a 94% drop in
demand for oil and 86% drop in demand for all
fossil fuels.
∙ Create four million new jobs.
∙ Save Californians $200 billion in health costs
due to pollution.
∙ Build at least 20 offshore wind turbines by 2045;
Build three million climate-friendly homes by
2030 and 7 million by 2035; Install six million
heat pumps by 2030.
∙ Remove at least 20 million metric tons CO2
equivalent (MMTCO2e) by 2030 and 100
MMTCO2e by 2045.
∙ Achieve 20% non-combustion in the aviation
sector by 2045.
∙ Reduce light-duty vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
by 25% below 1990 levels by 2030 and 30%
below 1990 levels by 2045.
∙ Invest $54 billion to forge an oil-free future while
building sustainable communities throughout
the state.

City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
72 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix y California's Draft Priority Climate Action Plan
(2024): This comprehensive plan for reducing GHG
emissions and adapting to the effects of climate
change identifies strategies and measures to
meet the State of California’s 2030 and 2045 GHG
emission reduction requirements. https://ww2.arb.
ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-01/California%20
Draft%20CPRG%20Priority%20Climate%20
Action%20Plan%20as%20of%20January%20
31%202024.pdf
y San Mateo County’s Climate Action Plan
(2022): The Community Climate Action Plan
(CCAP) outlines priority actions to achieve a 45%
reduction of GHG emissions over 1990 levels
by 2030 and carbon neutrality within unincorporated San Mateo County by 2040. https:// www.smcsustainability.org/climate-change/
climate-action-planning/cc-action-plan
y US. Mayors Climate Action Protection
Agreement (2019): 1066 mayors in the U.S.,
including Pacifica’s mayor, signed the U.S. Mayors
Climate Protection Agreement, urging federal and
state governments to enact policies and programs
to meet the Kyoto Protocol targets and commits
their local agencies to strive to take actions to meet
the Kyoto Protocol targets. https://www.usmayors.
org/programs/mayors-climate-protection-center/
y Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (2021), also
known as the Infrastructure Investment and
Jobs Act: Grant opportunities for local/regional
transportation and other projects, including EV
charging. Provides billions of dollars to modernize
the electricity grid, build a nationwide network of
EV chargers, strengthen the battery supply chain,
expand public transit and passenger rail, invest
in new clean energy, and promote emissions
reduction technologies.
y https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/08/02/updated-fact-sheet-bipartisan-infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act/ y Inflation Reduction Act (2022): Offers rebates
and tax incentives for residents switching from gas
to electric appliances. Creates the Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Fund for local projects, including solar,
clean electricity, transmission, and clean transportation, including EV incentives. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376 y SB 253 (2024) Climate Corporate Data
Accountability Act: Requires the State Board
to adopt regulations by July 1, 2026 requiring
business entities in California with total annual
revenues in excess of $1B to publicly disclose their
emissions to the emissions reporting organization,
starting in 2026 and annually thereafter. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB253
y SB 261 (2023) California's Climate-Related
Financial Risk Act: Requires California businesses
with revenues over $500M to disclose climate-related financial risks every other year starting January 1, 2026.
y https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/
ca_202320240ab1893
y AB 1305 (2023) Voluntary Carbon Market
Disclosures Act: Requires buyers and sellers
of voluntary carbon offsets to disclose on their
website specified information about the applicable carbon offset project and details regarding accountability measures if a project is not completed or does not meet the projected emissions reductions or removal benefits. https://legiscan.
com/CA/text/AB1305/id/2832513
Electricity Supply & Alternative Energy
y Peninsula Clean Energy (PCE): Households and
businesses in Pacifica are automatically enrolled
in Peninsula Clean Energy (PCE), a joint powers
authority made up of the County of San Mateo and
the 20 cities in the County, including Pacifica. PCE
provides residents and businesses in San Mateo
County with a cleaner choice of electricity. The
default enrollment is in ECO Plus, which is 50%
renewable and 100% clean energy at a rate that is
approximately 5% lower than PG&E. All residents
and businesses are invited to enroll in the ECO
100 option which is 100% renewable and costs
one cent more per kilowatt hour than the Eco Plus
Option. https://www.peninsulacleanenergy.com/
energy-choices/
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
73 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix y SB 1078 (2002) Renewables Portfolio Standard
(RPS) Program: Sets the percentage of electricity
in CA that must be carbon free by a set date.
∙ SB 100 (2018) amends this law to direct that all
electricity generated must be carbon free by
2045, and 60% of all electricity must be carbon
free by 2030. SB 100 requires CEC, PUC, and
CARB to report their progress every four years.

Peninsula Clean Energy has a goal for all San
Mateo electricity to be from 100% renewable
sources by 2027. https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps
y SB 1020 (2022) 100% Clean Electric Grid: Creates
clean electricity targets of 90% by 2035 and
95% by 2040, advancing the state’s trajectory to
100% clean electricity by 2045. https://www.gov.
ca.gov/2022/09/16/governor-newsom-signs-sweeping-climate-measures-ushering-in-new-era-ofworld-leading-climate-action/ y AB 1921 (2024) Energy: Renewable electrical
generation facilities: definition: Revises the definition of “renewable electrical generation facility” to include a facility that uses fuel cells or linear
generators that use specified fuels. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB1921
y AB 2462 (2024) Public Utilities Commission:
written reports: energy: PUC reports contain
recommendations that may take longer than
12 months to implement, but could save costs
on utility bills, and must include consumer cost.
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2462 y SB 1006 (2024) Electricity: transmission capacity:
reconductoring and grid-enhancing technologies:

Requires transmission utilities by January 1, 2026,
and every two years thereafter, to prepare a feasibility study on projects to connect consumers with renewable energy and zero-carbon resources.
https://legiscan.com/CA/bill/SB1006/2023
y AB 2779 (2024) Electricity: renewable energy
resources: Requires Independent System
Operators to report use of new grid-enhancing
technology and its cost and/or efficiency savings.
https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB2779/id/2930535
y SB 1420 (2024) Hydrogen Production Facilities:

Under the California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA), documentation is required before a public
agency can approve or undertake certain projects.

This bill expands the types of facilities to include
hydrogen production, storage, and processing
facilities that do not use fossil fuels and that
receive funding from specified state and federal
programs. https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB1420/
id/3018925
y SB 288 (2022) Solar Bill of Rights: Ensures fair
treatment for solar energy users by eliminating
unfair fees, streamlining the processing of applications, and providing better compensation for solar energy production. https://www.solar.com/learn/
what-is-california-solar-bill-of-rights/
y Federal Solar Investment Tax Credit:

Provides incentives for residents to install
balcony solar and batteries by 2027. https://
www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/
solar-investment-tax-credit-what-changed
Transportation
y AB 32 Climate Change Scoping Plan (2006)
The California Global Warming Solutions Act:

Requires Pacifica to focus on:
∙ Accessibility: Improve mobility across all
modes of transportation
∙ Quality of Life and Public Health: Enable vibrant,
healthy communities through expanded
walking and bicycling paths and convenient
transit options.
∙ Environment: Reduce the negative impacts of
transportation by expanding low-carbon and
sustainable mobility options.
∙ https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/
ab-32-climate-change-scoping-plan
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
74 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix y CARB Regulations of 2023:
∙ Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II): Starting with
the 2026 model year, requires 35% of passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks to be zero-emission version increasing to 51% in
2028, growing each year until it reaches 100%
in 2035. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/
programs/advanced-clean-cars-program/
advanced-clean-cars-ii
∙ Advanced Clean Fleets (ACF): Accelerating ZEV
Truck Markets. State and local government
fleets, including city, county, special district,
and state agency fleets, are required to ensure
that 50% of vehicle purchases are zero emission
by the start of 2024 and 100% zero emission
by 2027. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/
programs/advanced-clean-fleets
y AB 1594 (2023) Medium- and heavy-duty
zero-emission vehicles: public agency utilities:

Establishes goal of transitioning medium and
heavy-duty vehicles to zero-emission vehicles
by 2045 and by 2035 for drayage trucks. https://
legiscan.com/CA/text/AB1594/id/2708171
y HR 3684 (2023) Infrastructure Investment
and Jobs Act: Established the Carbon Reduction
Program (CRP), which provides funds for projects
designed to reduce transportation emissions from
on-road highway sources. https://www.congress.
gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684
y EOB 16-12 (2016) Accelerate Market for ZEVs:

Directed state government to help accelerate
the market for zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs)
in California, and calls for 1.5 million ZEVs in
California by 2025. https://www.dgs.ca.gov/
Resources/SAM/TOC/4100/4121
y SB 743 (2013) Vehicle Miles Travelled Measure:

Requires the amount of driving and length of trips,
measured by "vehicle miles traveled" or VMT, to be
used to assess transportation impacts on the environment for CEQA review. Local governments are now required to streamline their ordinances for EV
charging infrastructure. https://www.sb743.org/
y AB 1236 (2015) Local ordinances: electric
vehicle charging stations.: Requires all California
cities and counties to develop an expedited,
streamlined permitting process for electric vehicle
charging stations (EVCS). https://business.ca.gov/
industries/zero-emission-vehicles/plug-in-readiness/permitting-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-best-practices/ y AB 2427 (2024) Electric vehicle charging
stations: permitting - curbside charging:

Requires local agencies to list all information
required for a permit to install an electric vehicle
charging station within the public right-of-way.

Pacifica must comply by Jan 1, 2029. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2427
y AB 2697 (2024) Transportation electrification:
electric vehicle charging infrastructure: Prohibits
subscription or membership fees for charging
stations. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/
billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2697
y AB 579 (2023-24) School buses must be zero
emission vehicles: Starting January 1, 2035,
requires all newly purchased or contracted school
buses to be zero-emission vehicles, where feasible.
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB579 y SB 59 (2024) Battery electric vehicles - bidirectional capability: Requires electric vehicle batteries to be bidirectional, if beneficial to operator and electrical grid. https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/ca_202320240sb59 Education
y AB 285 (2023) Pupil Instruction: Requires study
of science in grades 1-12 to include emphasis on
causes and effects of climate change and methods
to mitigate and to adapt. https://legiscan.com/CA/
text/AB285/id/2841747
y SB 394 (2023-24) Master Plan for Healthy,
Sustainable and Climate Resilient Schools:

Requires state officials to create a statewide plan
to help school districts integrate climate resilience
and sustainability into their master plans. Requires
the State Energy Resources Conservation and
Development Commission to develop a Master
Plan for Healthy, Sustainable, and Climate-Resilient
Schools on or before March 31, 2025. https://
legiscan.com/CA/text/SB394/id/2794090
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
75 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Housing
y SB 4 (2023) Affordable Housing on Faith and
Higher Education Lands Act: Allows streamlined by-right development for higher education and religious institutions, prioritizing higher
density multifamily housing through zoning
and regulation. https://www.coxcastle.com/
publication-governor-signs-long-awaited-affordable-housing-on-faith-and-higher-education-lands-act-of-2023 y SB 423 (2023) Land use: streamlined housing
approvals: multifamily housing developments:

Authorizes streamlined ministerial approval
process for affordable multifamily housing where
the housing element is not being met. Applies
in Coastal zone as of January 1, 2025. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB423
y AB 835 (2023) State Fire Marshal: building
standards: single-exit, single stairway multiunit
residential buildings: Instructs the State Fire
Marshal to assess standards for single entry,
single stairway multi-family housing; intended
to enable denser and more diverse housing and
lower barrier for buyers, renters, and developers.
https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB835/id/2698767
y AB 1319 (2023) Bay Area Housing Finance
Authority: Establishes Bay Area Housing Finance
Authority (BAHFA) to raise and allocate funding
for affordable housing and tenant protection
assistance. https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB1319/
id/2845300
y AB 1893 (2023) Housing Accountability Act:

Requires cities to create general land use plans
including housing elements. Starting Jan. 1, 2025,
new Builder's Remedy projects must comply with
site restrictions, density limits, certain objective
local standards, and other requirements. Eases
affordability requirements and offers Builder's
Remedy applicants more explicit protections.
https://legiscan.com/CA/rollcall/AB1893/
id/1444396
y AB 894 (2023) Parking Requirement: To lower
the cost of housing production, jurisdictions must
allow shared parking arrangements for new and
existing housing and commercial projects to count
towards meeting parking minimums. https://
legiscan.com/CA/text/AB894/id/2840380
y AB 1287 (2023) Density Bonus Law: Mandates
that cities grant a density bonus and provide
incentives for development proposals that
include deed-restricted affordable housing.
https://digitaldemocracy.calmatters.org/bills/
ca_202320240ab1287
y SB 1123 (2024) Planning and zoning: subdivisions: ministerial review: Prohibits accessory dwelling units or junior accessory dwelling
units from counting as residential units for
the requirement that a housing development
project on the lot proposed to be subdivided
will contain 10 or fewer residential units. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1123
y AB 1886 (2024) Housing Element Law: substantial compliance: Housing Accountability Act:

Strengthens California's "Builder's Remedy" provisions by clarifying that only the state housing department (HCD) or a court can determine
whether a local housing element complies with
state law, preventing cities from self-declaring
compliance to block housing projects. Ensures
that Builder’s Remedy projects submitted during a
period of noncompliance remain valid even if the
jurisdiction later comes into compliance. https://
www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2023/10/
californias-2024-housing-laws-what-youneed-to-know
y AB 2243 (2024) Housing Development projects:

Updates California’s streamlined housing approval
laws (AB 2011 and SB 6) by refining eligibility,
affordability, and site criteria for affordable and
mixed-income housing developments. Prohibits
demolishing historic structures listed on national,
state, or local registers and expands eligibility to
larger commercial sites, while clarifying affordability calculations and local review timelines. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2243 y SB 1211 (2024) Land use: accessory dwelling
units: ministerial approval: Prohibits local
agencies from requiring the replacement of offstreet parking spaces if an uncovered parking space is demolished in conjunction with the construction of, or is converted to, an ADU. https:// leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1211
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
76 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix y SB 450 (2024) Housing development approvals:

Removes the requirement that a proposed housing
development does not allow for the demolition
of more than 25% of the existing exterior structural walls to be considered ministerially. https:// leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB450
y AB 1893 (2024) Housing Accountability Act:
housing disapprovals: To achieve the state’s
statutory housing objective, the Legislature has
amended the Housing Element Law, to reflect
the complexities of existing land use practices
and economic realities. Self-executing remedies,
such as the existing “Builder’s Remedy” provision
set forth in the Housing Accountability Act, can
be more effectively deployed by the private
sector to develop more housing projects of all
levels of affordability. https://leginfo.legislature.
ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_
id=202320240AB1893&showamends=false
y AB 2493 (2024) Tenancy: application screening
fee: Authorizes a landlord to charge an application
screening fee only if the landlord, at the time the
application screening fee is collected, offers an
application screening process, as specified. Also
prohibits a landlord from charging an applicant an
application screening fee when they know that no
rental unit is available. https://leginfo.legislature.
ca.gov/faces/bil
y AB 2240 (2024) Farm labor centers: migratory
agricultural workers: Requires the department,
by January 1, 2026, to solicit feedback from
specified stakeholders on the definition of
“migratory agricultural worker” for the purposes of updating the definition. By July 1, 2027, requires the department to develop and submit
to specified legislative committees a report that
analyzes the feasibility and impact of transitioning housing units at Office of Migrant Services centers to year-round availability. https://leginfo.
legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_
id=202320240AB2240&email=467cb6399cb7df64551775e431052b43a775c749&emaila=12a6d4d069cd56cfddaa391c24eb7042&emailb=054528e7 403871c79f668e49dd3c44b1ec00c7f611bf9388f76b
b2324d6ca5f3
Buildings
y CEC, CA Building Code (2022): All California
buildings built after 1/1/23 must be more energy
efficient, as spelled out in the Building Efficiency
Standards CA 2022. Homes must have enough
solar or combination of solar and batteries to
power the home. Homes must be suitable for
electric heating, cooking and EV charging. https://
www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/
programs/building-energy-efficiency-standards
y SB-837 (2023) Sealed and Unvented Attics:

Mandates that the California Energy Commission
(CEC) consider revising building energy efficiency
standards to include sealed and unvented attics to
enhance energy efficiency by recognizing unvented
attics as part of the building's thermal envelope,
which could impact how energy efficiency is calculated for buildings with such attic designs. https:// legiscan.com/CA/text/SB837/id/2792964
y U.S. DOE (2022) Energy Efficiency Standards:

Requires heat pumps, as or more efficient than 15
SEER, for space heating or water heating. https://
www.ahrinet.org/2023-energy-efficiency-standards
y Section 48 of the Internal Revenue Code,
Investment Tax Credit (ITC) (2023): Covers up to
30% of the costs of dynamic glass, making it closer
in cost to other glazing solutions. https://www.
prnewswire.com/news-releases/inflation-reduction-act-adds-dynamic-glass-to-the-investmenty Cal Green's Update to 2022 Building Code, Model Reach Code (2024): Updates the California
Green Building Standards Code (CalGreen) Part 11,
Title 24. https://www.dgs.ca.gov/BSC/Codes
y AB 2446 (2022) Embodied Carbon Emissions:

Construction Materials: Mandates that carbon in
building materials be reduced by 20% by 2030 and
40% by 2035. Creates a framework for measuring
carbon intensity of building materials. https://
ww2.arb.ca.gov/2022-assembly-bill-2446-holden-chris-embodied-carbon-emissions-construction-materials-chaptered y AB 43 (2023) Greenhouse gas emissions:
building materials: Builders must use materials
that have reduced carbon. Authorizes CARB to
start a cap -and-trade program. https://legiscan.
com/CA/text/AB43/id/2725737
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
77 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix y Bay Area Air Quality Management District's
(BAAQMD) Regulation 9, Rule 4 and Rule 6: The
Bay Area Air District banned the sale of gas water
heaters in the Bay Area after 2026 and new gas
furnaces will be banned starting in 2029. https://
jmcinspections.com/bay-area-nox-ban
y SB 43 (2023) Building Energy Savings Act:

Mandates that the California Energy Commission
(CEC) develop a comprehensive strategy by July
1, 2026, to utilize benchmarking data for tracking
and managing energy usage and GHG emissions in
large buildings. The finalized strategy, along with
recommendations for further legislative actions,
is to be submitted to the Legislature by August
1, 2026. https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/reports/california-building-energy-performance-strategy-report y CalGreen 2025 California Green Building
Code (2024): CalGreen is a mandatory green
building code with additional voluntary provisions. Encourages sustainable construction practices in the following topic areas: Planning
and design, Energy efficiency, Water efficiency
and conservation, Material conservation and
resource efficiency, Environmental quality. Will
take effect Jan 1, 2026. https://www.energy.ca.gov/
proceeding/2025-california-green-building-standards-code-calgreen y SB 1190 (2024) Mobile-homes: solar energy
systems: Prohibits restrictions against solar
panels in mobile home parks. https://leginfo.
legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1190
y SB 1221 (2024) Gas corporations: ceasing
service: priority neighborhood decarbonization
zones: Requires gas corporations to submit annual
maps identifying potential gas line replacements,
enabling the California Public Utilities Commission
(CPUC) to designate “priority neighborhood
decarbonization zones” where targeted pilot
projects can test cost-effective, zero-emission
alternatives. Up to 30 pilot projects, affecting
no more than 1% of each utility's customers,
may allow utilities to cease gas service in these
zones by 2030 if adequate alternative energy is
available, with the CPUC setting cost-effectiveness
criteria and regulatory frameworks. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1221
Incentives
y Heat Pump Tax Credits and State Rebates:

Starting in 2023 through the end of 2032, all homeowners will be eligible for a 30% federal tax credit on the total cost of buying and installing a new
heat pump water heater, with a maximum credit
of $2K. California and PG&E also offers rebates for
heat pump HVAC systems. https://moneywise.com/
taxes/heat-pump-tax-credit-rebate
y Inflation Reduction Act’s Electrification
Incentives: Allocates more than $582M in
incentives in California for electrification of
homes including heat pumps and induction
stoves. https://home.treasury.gov/news/
press-releases/jy1830
y The Solar on Multifamily Affordable Housing
(SOMAH) Program: Offers eligible lower-income
multi-family homes free or low-cost solar panels
from the CPUC. https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/somah
Landscaping
y AB 1346 (2021) Air pollution: small off-road
engines: Prohibits gas-powered leaf blowers,
chainsaws, lawnmowers or other gas-powered
engines under 25 horsepower from being
sold in CA, effective 2024. Allows CARB
to extend the deadline. https://californialocal.com/localnews/statewide/ca/article/ show/1612-leaf-blower-ban-explained/
Reducing Waste
y SB 244 (2023) Right to Repair: Requires manufacturers of consumer electronics to provide replacement parts, diagnostic information, and
service literature to consumers and third-party
repair businesses. https://www.cawrecycles.org/
sb244-eggman?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=cf71
855a-ff96-4231-9b7c-8f482f18de75
y SB 1383 (2022): Requires jurisdictions in California
to provide organic waste collection services to
all residents and businesses. https://calrecycle.
ca.gov/Organics/SLCP/collection/
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
78 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix y SB 54 (2022) Solid waste: reporting, packaging, and plastic food service ware: Establishes the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging
Producer Responsibility Act, which covers single-use packaging and plastic single-use food service ware. Requires the producers of these
covered materials to reduce plastic covered
material, to ensure that covered material offered
for sale, distributed, or imported in or into the
state on or after January 1, 2032, is recyclable or
compostable. https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB54/
id/2600075
y SB 353 (2023) Beverage containers: Requires
a distributor to pay a redemption payment for
every beverage container sold or offered for sale
in the state. https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB353/
id/2766307
y SB 1053 (2024) Solid waste: recycled paper bags:
standards: carryout bag prohibition: Redefines
“single-use carryout bag” and “carryout bag”
to mean a bag made of plastic, paper, or other
material that is provided by a store to a customer
at the point of sale for the purpose of carrying
purchased goods and that is not a recycled
paper bag. Create a carryout bag exception to
include a bag provided to a customer. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB1053
y U.S. EPA National Recycling Strategy: Part One
of a Series on Building a Circular Economy for
All (2022): Advances the national municipal solid
waste (MSW) recycling system and identifies strategic objectives to create a stronger, more resilient, and cost-effective domestic MSW recycling
system. https://www.epa.gov/circulareconomy/
national-recycling-strategy
y U.S. EPA Solid Waste Infrastructure for
Recycling Grants for Communities Program
(2023): A new grant program, authorized by the
Save our Seas 2.0 Act and funded through the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, that provides funding to enhance recycling infrastructure and waste management systems across the
U.S. Aims to support the implementation of the
National Recycling Strategy, focusing on building
a circular economy, improving post-consumer
materials management, and assisting local waste
management authorities in making improvements
to local waste management systems. Solid Waste
Infrastructure for Recycling Grants for Political
Subdivisions | US EPA
y Soil Carbon Amendment (Ac.) (336)
Conservation Practice Standard: Promotes
reduction, reuse, repair, and recovery of goods and
materials. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/
guides-and-instructions/soil-carbon-amendmentac-336-conservation-practice-standard y U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable
Purchasing (EPP) Program (2024): Catalyzes a
more sustainable marketplace for all by leveraging
the >$760B federal budget. Aims to reduce climate
impacts, improve the health of frontline communities, prevent pollution, and increase U.S. industry competitiveness. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program y AB1276 (2021) Single-use foodware accessories and standard condiments: Prohibits a food facility from providing any single-use
food ware accessory or standard condiment
to a consumer unless requested. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1276
y SB 1053 (2024) Solid waste: recycled paper
bags: standards: carryout bag prohibition: Bans
all plastic bags for grocery use. Takes effect on
Jan 1, 2026. https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB1053/
id/2921399
y SB 707 (2024) Responsible Textile Recovery Act
(2024): Requires textile companies to repurpose
or recycle their products to divert products from
landfill. Takes effect after July 1, 2028. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB707
y SMC CD&D Guide (2024) Construction,
Deconstruction, and Demolition Guide:

Provides an extensive list of requirements for
construction, destruction, and demolition in San
Mateo County. https://www.smcsustainability.org/
wp-content/uploads/2024-05-24-Construction-Deconstruction-and- Demolition-Guide.pdf y AB 660 (2024) Food and beverage products:
labeling: quality dates, safety dates, and sell-by
dates: Standardizes food date labels to prevent
food waste statewide. The label 'BEST if Used By'
will be used to explain peak quality and the 'Use
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
79 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix By' label will be used to communicate product
safety. Bans the use of consumer-facing labels
featuring 'Sell By' dates. Takes effect July 1, 2026.
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB660

ADAPTATION
y SB 272 (2023) Planning and adaptation for sea
level rise (SLR): Cities with approved SLR plans
will be prioritized for funding. https://legiscan.
com/CA/text/SB272/id/2674172
y SB 1425 (2023) Open-space element: updates:

Requires cities to have open space plans by Jan
1, 2026 to include an action plan for climate resilience, rewilding, and equitable access to open spaces. https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB1425/
id/2609397
y AB 225 (2023) Real property: environmental hazards booklet: Requires Dept of Toxic Substances to update the Homeowners' Guide
to Environmental Hazards to include sections
on Wildfire, Climate Change, and Sea Level Rise.
https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB225/id/2844634
y AB 1280 (2023) Fire hazard severity zones:

Requires disclosure in the natural hazard
statement for single family residential properties
in a fire hazard severity zone to indicate whether
the home is in a high or very high fire hazard
severity zone. https://legiscan.com/CA/text/
AB1280/id/2832269
y Chapter 15, CA Plumbing Code (CPC): Adopts an
accessible permitting policy for graywater use and
provides safe installation of graywater systems
to allow cities to expedite the implementation of
residential graywater projects and increase public
education and active participation in water sustainability. https://sustainablesanmateo.org/wp y AB 781 (2023) Accessibility to emergency
information and services: emergency shelters:
persons with pets: Mandates that cities and
counties update their emergency plans to designate at least one emergency shelter, cooling center, or warming center capable of accommodating individuals with pets. Requires local governments to provide public information on pet emergency preparedness and to ensure that designated shelters comply with established safety procedures for sheltering pets. Bill Text - AB-781
Accessibility to emergency information and services: emergency shelters: persons with pets. y SB 306 (2023): Amends the California Emergency
Services Act to grant political subdivisions full
authority during a local emergency to provide
mutual aid to any affected area, in accordance with
local ordinances, resolutions, emergency plans, or
agreements. Emphasizes the importance of local
preparedness and coordination in emergency
response efforts. CA SB306 | 2025-2026 | Regular
Session | LegiScan
y SB 306 (2023) Extreme Heat Action Plan:

Mandates that the Governor’s Office of Planning
and Research (OPR) and the California Natural
Resources Agency update the State’s Extreme Heat
Action Plan every three years, starting on or before
July 1, 2026, to enhance coordinated state and local
responses to extreme heat events. These updates
must include reviews of state agency actions,
resource allocations, identification of program
gaps, and recommendations to protect vulnerable
populations, with the updated plan to be integrated into California’s broader climate adaptation strategy and made publicly available. https://
legiscan.com/CA/text/SB306/id/2840013
y California’s Draft Climate Adaptation Strategy
(2021): California’s strategy to prepare for
the impacts of a changing climate at the state,
regional, and local levels. The 2024 Draft Strategy
is under review. https://www.climateresilience.
ca.gov/overview/index.html
y AB 1819 (2024) Enhanced infrastructure
financing districts: public capital facilities: wildfires: Authorizes an enhanced infrastructure financing district in high or very high fire hazard
severity zones to finance heavy equipment to
be used for vegetation clearance and firebreaks,
undergrounding of local publicly owned electric
utilities against wildfires, and equipment used
for fire watch, prevention, and fighting. https://
leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.
xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB1819
y AB 1889 (2024) Conservation element: wildlife
and habitat connectivity: Requires a city or county
general plan’s conservation element to consider
the effect of development within the jurisdiction
on the movement of wildlife and habitat connectivity. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB1889 City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
80 Climate Legislation and Regulation, Selected as of December 2024 | Pacifica CAAP Appendix City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-81 Considerations for E-Bikes and E-Bike Chargers | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Appendix D
Summary of Key Findings
Appendix C
Community Engagement
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX I
Considerations
for E-Bikes and
E-Bike Chargers
Electric bikes (E-bikes) can alleviate traffic congestion in cities by reducing the number of vehicles driven on the road. However, E-bikes present a challenge for charging stations. Currently, the City of Pacifica does not have dedicated charging stations for E-bikes, but it is a worthwhile consideration.

This section highlights challenges and options for charging E-bikes, including the feasibility of using car EV charging stations, standard wall outlets, and dedicated E-bike charging stations. It outlines key considerations such as availability, compatibility, and potential risks. The pros and cons lists compare each charging method.

Some things to consider when making the decision to own E-bikes, and what their Charging Options may include:

Car EV charging stations
Pros:
∙ Can work with the right adapter
∙ Offers high-power charging
Cons:
∙ Risks battery damage (overheating, power
mismatch)
∙ May frustrate EV car drivers
∙ Not specifically designed for E-bikes
Dedicated E-bike Charging stations
Pros:
∙ Designated for E-bike batteries
∙ Safer and more reliable for charging
Cons:
∙ Not commonly available
∙ Requires the correct connector (may require
bringing personal charger)
Standard 120V Wall Outlets
Pros:
∙ Easily assessable in many locations
∙ Simple and cost-effective
Cons:
∙ Requires permission from outlet owner
∙ Must carry personal charger
Charging Stations with lockable
Battery Boxes
Pros:
∙ Reduces risk of battery theft
∙ Designed for secure charging
Cons:
∙ Requires battery removal
∙ Often requires a personal charger
General Availability of E-Bike
Charging Stations
Pros:
∙ Some rental companies have charging stations
Cons:
∙ Very limited availability, especially in Pacifica
and Peninsula Cities
∙ Likely restricted to rental company bikes
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-82 Considerations for E-Bikes and E-Bike Chargers | Pacifica CAAP Appendix City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-83 Sustainability Coordinator Sample Job Descriptions from Other Bay Area Cities | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Appendix D
Summary of Key Findings
Appendix C
Community Engagement
Appendix B
Ramaytush Word Bank

APPENDIX J
Sustainability
Coordinator Sample
Job Descriptions
from Other Bay
Area Cities
As the City of Pacifica implements its CAAP, a lead
sustainability staff member is required to coordinate between the Environmental Commission, City Departments, and the community. This appendix
offers sample job descriptions for a position that can
support the actions and goals in this CAAP, as well as
additional environmental initiatives throughout the
community.

Sustainability Analyst
City of San Mateo: The Sustainability Analyst prioritizes program development, project management, and policy analysis to support climate action efforts.
https://www.cityofsanmateo.org/DocumentCenter/
View/69760/Sustainability-Analyst?bidId=
y Key responsibilities include:
∙ Develop and implement sustainability initiatives
in line with the city’s Climate Action Plan
∙ Conduct research and data analysis to track
environmental performance
∙ Engage with community stakeholders to
promote sustainability programs
∙ Identify funding opportunities and manage
grant applications
∙ Provide reports and recommendations to city
management and elected officials
Sustainability Manager
City of Menlo Park: The Sustainability Manager
manages the City’s sustainability programs to
monitor environmental regulations and implement
climate action initiatives. https://menlopark.gov/files/ sharedassets/public/v/1/administrative-services/
documents/human-resources/job-classifications/
unrepresented-management/sustainability-manager-classification.pdf y Key responsibilities include:
∙ Lead citywide sustainability and climate adaptation efforts ∙ Develop policies and strategies to achieve
carbon neutrality goals
∙ Supervise sustainability staff and coordinate
interdepartmentally
∙ Serve as the City’s liaison with regional, state,
and federal agencies
∙ Manage budgets and secure funding for projects
Sustainability and Resilience Manager
City of Alameda: The Sustainability and Resilience
Manager is responsible for the administration and
implementation of the City’s Climate Action and
Resiliency plan.
https://www.governmentjobs.com/careers/
alamedaca/classspecs/1332464
y Key responsibilities include:
∙ Develop and monitor the City’s Climate Action
and Resiliency Plan
∙ Lead department teams in sustainability
projects and implement necessary policies
∙ Conduct policy research to prepare reports for
city leadership
∙ Manage outreach efforts and community sustainability programs ∙ Secure and administer grants to support policy
and program initiatives
City of Pacifica | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
A-84 Sustainability Coordinator Sample Job Descriptions from Other Bay Area Cities | Pacifica CAAP Appendix Amelia (11 years old)