Agenda packet — Palm Springs City Council, February 24, 2022 (part 4 of 5)

Resource Name or#: (Assigned by recorder) William Gray Purcell Residence

81. Historic Name: William Gray Purcell H_o_u_s_e ___ _

82. Common Name: 252 East Ocotil/o Avenue ------ 83. Original Use: Residential ______ B4. Present Use: Residential B5. Architectural Style: Modem
B6. Construction History: (Construction date, alterations, and date of alterations) This house was constructed in 1933.

B7. Moved? 8] No D Yes D Unknown Date:

88. Related Features:

Original Location:
89a. Architect: William Gray Purcell ____ b. Buflder: _U-=n,_k--,no,_w_n ____________ _ B10. Significance: Theme residential architecture/development Area _P._a_lm_S_,._p_n_·n,,,_g_s ____________ _ Period of Significance 1940-1960 Property Type residence Applicable Criteria C (Discuss importance in tenns of historical or architectural context as defined by theme, period, and geographic scope. Also address integrily.-) -- For centuries the habitat of the Agua Caliente band of Cahuilla Indians, Palm Springs, site of natural hot springs and sunny desert climate, drew its first non-Indian visitors in the late 19th century. For reasons of Improved health and recuperation, the first settlers established early hotels and inns. Not until 1938 did the village of Palm Springs Incorporate, setting out a gridded street plan and zoning controls. By then Palm Springs had already acquired an identity as a winter retreat for Hollywood stars and the wealthy, as evidenced by the exclusive older neighborhoods of Old Las Palmas, the Movie Colony, Little Tuscany, and the Tennis Club quarter, initially built for winter residents. Defined by elegant, grand architecture in predominantly Spanish and Mediterranean styles. these and other neighborhoods were later filled In with mid-century Modem homes by the end of the 1960s.

During the post-WWII era, the City of Palm Springs prospered, relying on tourism, resorts, and the appeal of golf, tennis, polo, and other sports to fuel the economy. During the Palm Springs heyday, tourists and Hollywood discovered the desert oasis and full-scale hotels, smaller inns, nightclubs and restaurants prospered. Concurrently, from the 1940s through the 1960s, Palm Springs was transformed into an increasingly urban environment, building schools, hospitals and an airport and other civic amenities. The commercial core of the City, long concentrated along the main thoroughfares of Palm Canyon Drive and Indian Canyon Drive, flourished. Expanding residential development began in the early 1960s when large tracts of popular, reasonably priced, Modernist-style homes were constructed by Jack MeJselman and later, George and Robert Alexander throughout Palm Springs. Tract subdivision development was followed by the establ[shment of condominiums, initially as second-homes tn the 1960s.
(See Continuation Sheet)
B 11. Additional Resource Attributes: HP2 -Single Family Property B12. References:
(Sketch Map with north arrow required.)
813. Remarks:

Petrin/Tinsley/W_a_ts_o_n ___ _
B14. Evaluator: Architectural Resources Group
Date of Evaluation: March 2004
(This space reserved for official comments.)
DPR 523B (1/95)
Item 2B - 148
•
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State of Callfomla -The Resources Agency

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION
Primary#
HRI#
CONTINUATION SHEET Trtnomlal
Page!__of3 Resource Name or #: (Assigned by recorder) William Gray Purcell Residence Recorded by PetrinfTinsleyM'atson Arch. Resources Group Date March 2004 0 Continuation O Update 810. Signifcance Continued
The Wimam Gray Purcell residence reflects the context of mid-century residential development in this area from the 1930s through the 1960s. The house was built in 1933. Modifications include partial enclosure of the patio in the rear and the replacement of the garage door with a sliding glass door. Despite these modifications, the residence retains a high degree of integrity; the location, setting, design, materfals, workmanship, feeling, and association appear to remain relatively unchanged since the building was constructed. In addition, because most of the buildings surrounding the property are older and residential, the setting of the home is intact.

The house at 252 East Ocotillo appears to meet the level of significance necessary for indlvidual National Register of Historic Places or California Register of Historical Resources eligibility at the local level. The William Gray Purcell residence is particularly significant as the first modernist residence in Palm Springs, pre-dating the later development of Modernism in this area by nearly a decade. This residence is typical of the pattern of development that occurred in the City of Palm Springs and the house is an outstanding example of residential buildings within this context. Further, the residence is associated with a master architect, Prairie School architect William Gray Purcell, who not only designed the house but lived and worked in Palm Springs for a brief time while recovering from an illness. Thus, this home has an elevated level of significance for Its association with an architect of national prominence. The building is an exceptional example of its type, period, or method of construction.

Because of the building's visual quality, history, intact setting, and high integrity, and as a excellent example of residential ·architecture, the building represents the overall residential development in the Modern style and contributes to the character of Palm Springs.

DPR 523L (1/95)
Item 2B - 149
Address
500
311
119
2027
1081
1027
991
1300
1350
590
650
591
694
300
183-193
1907
146
131
252
140
133
606
324
226
318
550
660
411
2796
2277
City of Palm Springs
Palm Springs Citywide Historic Resources Survey 2003
List of 200 Resources for which Primary Records were completed Date of
Direction Street APN Construction Resource Name
Indian Canyon
South Drive 508 121 001 1958 Securltv First National Bank Indian Canyon
North Drive 513 081 011 1940 Grevhound Bus Station
Indian Canyon
North Drive 513092004 1945 Commercial Buildina
Jacaues Drive 501142 003 residence
Twin Palms District
La Jolla Road 511 034002 1957 Contributor
Twin Palms District
La Jolla Road 511034005 1957 Contributor
Twin Palms District
La Jolla Road 511054005 1957 Contributor
LaVemeWav none 1971 Fire Station No. 4
Ladera Circle 505 082 011 012 1962 House of Tomorrow
West Linda Vista Drive 513193 014 residence
West Linda Vista Drive 513 193 018 residence
West Linda Vista Drive 513 193 026 Casa de Suenos
East" Mel Avenue 507 081 003 1937 residence
West MeritoPlace 505 293005 Villa Serena Residence
Merlto Manor & Mertto
West Melito Place 505 302 012 013 1960S Place
South Mesa Drive 513 390 031 1933 residence
East Moronao Road 508 301 022 1936 Jacobs Residence
East Moronao Road 508 302 027 1940-1954 residence
East Ocotillo Avenue 508 292013
William Gray Purcell
1933 Residence
East Ocotlllo Avenue 508·292 022 residence
East Ocotillo Avenue 508 301 002 1932 residence
South Oleander Road 680094 001
l
Veterinarv Medical Buildina
West Overlook Road 513 362 012 1930s residence
West Overtook Road 513 372 013 1926-1928 residence
West Pablo Drive 513 201 004 1964 residence
West PaWsades Drive 513110043 1945-60 residence
West Palisades Drive 513110044 1959 Russell House
Palm Canyon 1963-64/2000 Callente Tropics Hotel and
East Drive 511060006 , renovation\ Restaurant
Palm Canyon Wlllllam Cody Shell
North Drive 504 091 001 1964 Comoanv Gas Station
Palm Canyon
North Drive 504 242 008 1945 Desert lnn Visitor Center
Department of Planning and Zoning
\
Page4

ATTACHMENT D

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HISTORIC SITE PRESERVATION BOARD

STAFF REPORT

DATE: December 7, 2021 PUBLIC HEARING

SUBJECT: AN APPLICATION BY CHARLES AND PATRICIA STUMPF , OWNERS FOR HISTORIC DESIGNATION OF “THE WILLIAM PURCELL
RESIDENCE” LOCATED AT 252 EAST OCOTILLO AVENUE, (APN #508- 292-013), CASE HSPB #141. (KL).

FROM: Department of Planning Services

SUMMARY

The owners are seeking historic designation of the William Purcell Residence. The home was designed by William Gray Purcell, an intern ationally known architect and contemporary of Frank Lloyd Wright whose architectural commissions contributed to the development of the American Prairie School of Architecture. It is the only known commission by Purcell in the Coachella Valley.

If designated as a historic resource, the property would be subject to the regulations outlined in Section 8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code.

RECOMMENDATION:

1. Open the public hearing and receive public testimony.

2. Close the public hearing and adopt Resolution HSPB #141, “A RESOLUTION OF

THE HISTORIC SITE PRESERVATION BOARD OF THE CITY OF PALM

SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA, RECOMMENDING THAT THE CITY COUNCIL DESIGNATE “THE WILLIAM PURCELL RESIDENCE” LOCATED AT 252 OCOTILLO AVENUE, AS CLASS 1 (LANDMARK) HISTORIC RESOURCE HSPB #141, SUBJECT TO CONDITIONS (APN 508-292-013).”

BACKGROUND AND SETTING:

A historic resources report dated August 2021, prepared by the owners (“the report”) is the basis of this staff report.

Related Relevant City Actions by HSPB, Planning, Fire, Building, etc… November, 2021 Site inspection by members of the HSPB.

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Ownership Status
1980 Purchase by the current owner.

BELOW AN AERIAL VIEW OF THE RESIDENCE.

BELOW: FRONT OF HOME C.1930’S.

The design for the dwelling at 252 East Ocotillo Avenue appears to have been initiated in 1931 by Prairie School architect William Gray Purcell as an investment / rental property.

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It is a rare example in Palm Springs of Prairie style architecture and is recognized as one of the earliest residential Modernist structures in Palm Springs. The period of significance for the site is identified as “The period between the Wars”, (1917 – 1941).

Chain of Ownership. From the chain of title, it appears that around 1931, the property was owned by James Van Evera Bailey. Bailey, an architect, was a colleague of Purcell’s and provided on-site oversight of the construction of the home. Around June 1934 the chain of title indicates the property was sold to William and Cecily O’Brien Purcell, who in turn sold it to a Ms. Myrtle J. Hamilton in April 1936. A later record of transfer in March of 1941 again from Purcell to Henry Mc Manus shows up in the chain of ti tle. (It is not clear how Purcell regained title to the property from Hamilton, perhaps by foreclosure but it is not confirmed. ) In December 1941 Mc Manus died, and the property is shown as being sold on behalf of the estate of deceased Henry Mc Manus to Lee Evitts for $4,125 along with household furniture and furnishings of the property for $325. The next transfer appears to be in January 1942 from Lee Evitts to Grace E. Davis and in 1947 from Grace Davis to Harry A. Wagner . Wagner passed and his widow sold the property in 1953 to Anna Mohr. Mohr appears to have passed in 1975 and the property was conveyed to Patricia Mohr. In 1978, the property was deeded to new owners, Richard Bramley and Raymond Goularte who in turn conveyed title to the present own ers Charles & Patricia Stumpf in January, 1980. The Stumpfs moved the property into their family trust in 2005.

The Architect: William Gray Purcell (1880 – 1965). Purcell was born in Wilmette, Illinois and grew up in Oak Park, Illinois in the home of his maternal grandparents. Purcell’s father, Charles A. Purcell was a wealthy executive in a mailing firm founded by his brother.

Following W illiam Grey Purcell ’s graduation from the Cornell University School of Architecture in 1903, he returned to his hometown of Oak Park, Illinois. Soon thereafter he embarked on a trip through Europe where he met a number of like-minded progressive architects. Upon his return home to the States, he moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota and in 1907 formed a partnership with architect George Feick, Jr which was later expanded in 1910 to include George Elmslie who had worked in the office of master architect Louis Sullivan. Purcell & Elmslie bec ome one of the most commissioned firms among the Prairie School architects – second only to Frank Lloyd Wright.

A significant commission for the young architects – the Woodbury County Courthouse was completed in 1918, however business declined in the en suing years and Purcell dissolved the partnership in 1921. The work of Purcell and Elmslie during the early part of the twentieth century, became one of the most significant bodies of architectural work expressing the design characteristics and theories of the Prairie School style. Purcell then moved to Portland, Oregon where the report indica tes he designed a number of “Cotswold” style homes . While working with the Pacific States Engineering Company (“PSEC”), Purcell developed a strong interest in creating ready-made small home designs that could be built affordably from stock plans. Purcell met James Van Evera Bailey in 1925 and together they completed several commissions; the largest being the Third Church of Christ Scientist in Portland, Oregon in 1926.

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Around 1930 at the age of 50, Purcell was diagnosed with advanced tuberculosis. H e closed his architectural practice and resided in a sanatorium in Banning, California for four years (1931 – 1935), after which he left the desert and retired to an estate he developed in Pasadena, California that he named “Westwinds”.

Purcell was always a progressive-minded architect and beginning in the 1930’s he began to fully embrace modernism in architecture. The home in Palm Springs is identified as the only known surviving Modern ist building designed by Purcell in Palm Springs. The report notes that five other modernist homes designed by Purcell between 1945 and 1965 survive, albeit modified, in Pasadena. Also in the 1930’s Purcell was joined by James Van Evera Bailey who could not find work during the Depression in the Pacific Northwest, and came to California to construct houses designed by Purcell as guest cottages or rental properties in Banning and Palm Springs. The report makes no mention of whether any of these commissions still exist.

For the remaining thirty years of his life after leaving the desert in 1935, Purcell turned to writing; clarifying and articulating his views on art and architecture; an effort that continued prolifically until his death in 1965. In the early 60’s Purcell had an architectural apprentice, Arthur Dyson, who would go on to become a significant American organic architect.

252 East Ocotillo. The design of the rental property in Palm Springs features a horizontal brick and board wall treatment that emphasizes the flat character of the desert landscape.

Eaves extend several feet beyond the walls containing baffled louvers that helped ventilate the interior (These have been stucco’d over by prior owners) . The house also had an attached garage. The report notes that several other simi lar designs were sketched for an intended group of speculative houses, and it notes that Bailey applied the same principals for natural ventilation to other small homes in an architectural practice that he carried on in the area.

BELOW A ORIGINAL DRAWING OF THE FRONT ELEVATION OF THE PURCELL RESIDENCE.

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~ ... -~ .. -, ----- - ] - ~ ..

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BELOW LEFT A PORTION OF THE HORIZONGAL TONGUE AND GROOVE “BATTEN”.

BELOW RIGHT: AN EXTANT PORTION OF THE ORIGINAL WOOD EXERIOR SIDING.

A colorful collection of correspondence between Purcell and contractor / associate architect James Van Evera Bailey exists that gives an interesting glimpse into the design process that evolved as Bailey and Purcell completed the construction of the Ocotillo Avenue dwelling.

The letters and correspondence between Bailey and Purcell reveal the struggle the two architects had in designing a house that would fit within their very meager Depression - era budget.

“But here we are. A house that at best will cost $2,500 to build with no profit.

This.. …is way and above what it must cost.”

”By the way, we will not be bothered by building codes in Palm Springs. I read in the code itself that it only effects structures within the limits of incorporated towns.” (Note Palm Springs was not incorporated as a City until 1938.)

“John (White) told me this morning that Cecily (Purcell’s wife) would raise the ante to $2,400, to cover the house, lot and all. I have put up a hundred on the lot at $400. Other lots in the neighborhood sell for $650, on unimproved streets. One agent got his car stuck in the sand showing us a $700 lot and we were half an hour getting out.”

Regarding a particular discussion on details on the placement and enclosure of the water heater:

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“I am not very keen about these tanks in closets where they cannot be seen at all times. I would much prefer to leave space open. The tanks look so nice now-days and visible machinery is the modern sense of things.”

From the DPR form in the Report,

”The residence is significant as one of the first buildings in Palm Springs to be built in the Modernist tradition with the emphasis on simple cubic forms and minima ornament, but tailored to the desert locale. Though strongly horizontal, the design of this single-family residence is based on the concept of graduated cubic forms, highest at the center, creating a stepped roofline.”

On page 3 of the DPR forms in the Report it notes that the Purcell residence is particularly significant as the first modernist residence in Palm Springs, predating the later greater development of Modernism in this area by over a decade.

ANALYSIS:

Historic Preservation activities in Palm Springs are regulated under Municipal Code Section 8.05 (“ Historic Preservation” ). The purpose of the Historic Preservation Ordinance is:

“…to stabilize and improve buildings, structures or areas which are considered to be of historical, architectural, archaeological or ecological value, to foster civic beauty, to strengthen the local economy and to promote the use of historic resources for the education and welfare of the citizens.”

Standard Conditions that apply to Historic Resources
The following shall apply to a Class 1 or 2 Historic Site or Resource:

1. It shall meet the definition of a Class 1 or 2 historic resource as outlined in Municipal Code Section 8.05.020 including the findings outlined in Section

8.05.070 (C).

2. An archival file shall be maintained on the property by the City.

3. It may be qualified as ‘historic’ at the federal, state, and/or county level.

4. A marker explaining the historic nature of the site may be installed at the site in a location viewable from the public way.

5. Compliance with all rules and regulations for Historic Resources and Historic Districts under Chapter 8.05 of the Municipal Code.

6. If designated, the findings in support of designation shall be stated in a resolution of the City Council that shall be recorded with the County Recorders’ office within 90 days of the effective date of the Council’s resolution.

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Evaluation of the Application. Pursuant to Municipal Code Section 8.05.070 (C,1,a), the HSPB shall evaluate the application and make findings in conformance with the following criteria:

Criteria for the Designation of Class 1 Historic Resources. A site, structure, building or object may be designated as a Class 1 historic resource, provided both of the following findings (“a” and “b”) are met:

a. The site, structure, building or object e xhibits exceptional historic significance and meets one or more of the criteria listed below:

The Purcell residence exhibits exceptional historic significance because of its association with Prairie School architect William Gray Purcell and is noteworthy as one of the earliest examples of Modernist architecture in a residence in Palm Springs.

(Criterion 1) The resource is associated with events that have made a meaningful contribution to the nation, state or community;

The report does not list any events associated with the home that contributed to the nation, state or community. Thus, it does not qualify under Criterion 1.

(Criterion 2) The resource is associated with the lives of persons who made a meaningful contribution to national, state or local history;

The report discusses Purcell’s contribution to the American Prairie School of Architecture.

Beginning early in his career after graduating with an architectural degree from Cornell University in 1903 , Purcell developed a strong interest in establishing a progressive, uniquely American style of architecture, much along the lines of other notable architects from the period such as Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. Most notably, during Purcell’s association with fellow architects George Elmslie and George Feick Jr, from the early 1900’s through 1920, they developed, refined and further articulated their theories on an organic, uniquely American style of architecture. Purcell & Elmslie became one of the most commissioned firms among the Prairie School architects at the time. Among their most notable works were a series of small-town banks designed and constructed throughout the Midwest. It was through both their commercial and institutional work that Purcell & Elmslie created a group of buildings that were direct s tatements about their beliefs in Organic Architecture; earning them a place in history on the development of a uniquely American style of architecture alongside Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan and others. For these reasons, the site qualifies as a historic resource under Criterion 2.

(Criterion 3) The resource reflects or exemplifies a particular period of national, state or local history;

As noted in the report and the accompanying DPR forms, the Purcell residence is one of the earliest residential s tructures in Palm Springs designed in the Modernist style of Item 2B - 157
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architecture. The simple cubic geometry of the home, the absence of revival -style decorative features or elements, and visual emphasis on horizontality preceded what commonly is referred to as the Mid-century Modern” period by a decade.

Palm Springs, which enjoyed a period of significant growth and development between the wars became a place where property owners and developers were willing to “cast off” the conventional revivalist styles popular from the 1900’s through the 1920’s and experiment with new forms of architectural expression and design. Buildings such as the Oasis Hotel (1925), the Kocher Samson Building (1935) the Cork & Bottle Building (1936), and the Purcell Residenc e (1934) all represent the beginning of a period of transition in architectural taste that blossomed in the post -World War II period. For these reasons, staff concurs that the site qualifies as a historic resource under Criterion 3.

BELOW THE PURCELL RESIDENCE DURING CONSTRUCTION (C. 1934).

(Criterion 4) The resource embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction;

The Purcell residence is constructed of concrete masonry units with accent panels comprised of horizontally placed tongue and groove wood boards and “battens” that create a strong horizontal appearance to the home. Most modest dwellings built in the thirties in Palm Springs were built of stucco over wood frame construction. The use of concrete block masonry units was not new to Palm Springs, since many commercial and institutional buildings were being built using board -formed poured -in-place concrete, however it was rather unusual to see concrete masonry units used in residential construction. In a letter from Purcell to Bailey dated February 11, 1934, Purcell writes,

“I lean a little toward masonry with the blocks showing on the inside behind the stove, sink, etc., as being more sanitary and more in the spirit of the cabin sense of this building which we wish to retain.

Thus it appears Purcell chose the method of construction using concrete masonry units both for its durability, aesthetics, and ease of maintenance and cleaning. Judging from Item 2B - 158
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the discussion of costs in the correspondence between Purcell and Bailey, the comparative cost of building in concrete versus wood was negligible enough that he chose the more durable concrete block material.

Although the Purcell residence is unique in its use of concrete masonry units for a residential structure, its construction method is not particularly distinctive or unique. Thus, staff would assert that it is not eligible as a historic resource relative to Criterion 4.

(Criterion 5) The resource presents the work of a master builder, designer, artist, or architect whose individual genius influenced his age, or that possesses high artistic value;

William Gray Purcell is recognized as one of the most prominent architects in the early twentieth century who were instrumental in defining and developing what has become known as the American Organic or Prairie School of Architecture. His commissions done in collaboration with George Elmslie are recognized as notable examples of the Prairie School and can be found in more than twenty states.

Purcell’s career achievements qualify him as a “master architect”. Determining whethe r a particular architect or designer’s “genius influenced his age”; is a more difficult measure.

Certainly the collective body of architectural work categorized as being of the Prairie School has continued to influence architects and designers for decades . Purcell & Elmslie are recognized amongst the most prolific of the Prairie School architects, second only to Frank Lloyd Wright in the sheer number of commissions. Throughout his career, and especially during the last thirty years of his career, Purcell promoted his theories of an organic and “uniquely American” style of architecture. As principal contributing editor he authored over sixty articles to the architectural journal “Northwest Architect” espousing his philosophy and design theory . As such, staff would assert that through his designs and writings, Purcell influenced other architects and peers and as such the Purcell residence can be deemed a notable example of th e work of a master architect whose genius continues to influence other architects and designers.

(Criterion 6) The resource represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction, as used in evaluating applications for designation of historic dis tricts, for parcels on which more than one entity exists; or

The report does not assert that the Purcell residence qualifies under Criterion 6.

(Criterion 7) The resource has yielded or may be likely to yield information important to national, state or local history or prehistory.

No information has been provided in the historic resources report on any pre -historic significance of the site.

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Analysis of Integrity. (PSMC 8.05.070 (C,1,b). The site, structure, building or object retains one or more of the following aspects of integrity, as established in the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards: integrity of design, materials, workmanship, location, setting, feeling, or association.

The Purcell residence is evaluated in terms of its historic integrity as follows:

1. Location:

The Purcell residence remains in the same location that it was constructed, thus it retains integrity of location.

2. Design:

Some material changes to the exterior have occurred over time.

A. A unique tongue and groove horizontal board and batten siding was used in several parts of the home. The current owner reports this siding had been removed by a previous owner and plywood installed in its place. The current owner had stucco installed as a more weather-tight surface.

B. The exposed concrete masonry units have been covered in stucco on the outside and with drywall on the inside.

C. Additions have been built off the back side of the home in the 1980’s.

D. The height of the eave over the front door was raised slightly in the 1980’s.

E. The garage has been converted to living space.

F. The louvered eaves designed to bring in natural ventilation have been covered in stucco.

G. BELOW LEFT C. 1935, BELOW RIGHT CURRENT CONDITION

Despite these modifications, the overall massing and emphasis on horizontality, the steel casement windows and corner-set windows and thin eave dimension remain. The home has a fair degree of design integrity.

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THE IMAGES BELOW TAKEN IN 1934 DURING CONSTRUCTION CLEARLY SHOW THE HORIZONTAL WOOD

SIDING, THE EXPOED CONCRETE BRICK AND THE SHADOW OF THE CANTILEVERED EAVE SHOWS THE LOUVERS THAT ORIGINALLY ACTED TO VENTILATE THE INTERIOR OF THE HOME.

THE TWO 1934 IAMGES BELOW SHOW THE DETAILING OF THE EAVE AT THE SOUTHEAST CORNER

3. Setting:

At the time of construction, the Purcell residence was one of the first homes built in the vicinity and the area was mostly open desert. Today the neighborhood is fully built out.

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THE IMAGE BELOW SHOWS THE CONTRAST BETWEEN A TYPICAL “REVIVAL STYLE” HOME NEXT DOOR TO THE MODERN STYLE OF THE PURCELL RESIDENCE.

4. Materials:

The changes noted above obscure the home’s simple wood and concrete block construction. Although the basic material composition comprising the construction of the home remans, they have been covered with drywall and stucco. Removing the stucco and restoring the wood elements would enhance the material integrity of the home.

5. Workmanship:

The home is of average workmanship common for the era of the 1930’s.

BELOW THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE HOUSE DURING CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETED.

6. Feeling:

The Purcell residence retains its feeling as a modest home from the 1930’s.

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7. Association:

The dwelling at 252 East Ocotillo Avenue is most notably associated with architect William Purcell. Those who are familiar with the work of Purcell will likely be able to recognize this association.

In summary, the home has a fair degree of historic integrity. Removing the stucco, restoring the wood siding and louvered eaves, and restoring the garage would improve the historic integrity of the home.

DEFINING HISTORIC CHARACTERISTICS

In considerin g a recommendation for historic resource designation it is important to distinguish those physical elements that are original or from the period of significance that contribute to the resource’s historic significance from alterations, additions or features that were added at a later time that may be sympathetic to the original character, but which may create a false sense of historicity. Distinguishing original character -defining features from non -original elements aids the HSPB when it is tasked with eval uating future alterations to the historic resource.

Character-defining features of the home are as follows:

• Flat-roofed one-story structure with varying roof / parapet heights. • Emphasis on horizontality.
• Thin fascia profile, projecting eaves (originally exposed wood with ventilation louvers).
• Varied cubic massing that steps up toward the center volume of the house. • Steel sash windows including corner windows.
• The low garden wall in the front yard, close to the house.

Non-contributing elements:

• The stucco exterior finish.
• The front windows of the garage (originally garage doors). • The wood front door.
• The raised eave above the front door.
• The additions on the back of the home from the 1980’s. • The landscape.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

The proposed historic resource designation is not subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) pursuant to Sections 15060(c)(2) (the activity will not result in a direct or reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change in the environment) and 15060(c)(3) (the activity i s not a project as defined in Section 15378) of the CEQA Guidelines, Item 2B - 163
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Historic Site Preservation Board Staff Report:

HSPB• 141 -The William Purcell Residence

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December 7, 2021
California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Chapter 3, because it has no potential for resulting in physical changes to the environment, directly or indirectly.

NOTIFICATION
Pursuant to section 8.05.140 of the Municipal Code of Palm Springs, all residents within five hundred (500) feet of the subject property have been notified and notice was published in a newspaper of general circulation.

CONCLUSION:

The William Purcell residence meets the definition of a historic resource based on Criteria 2, 3, and 5 of the Palm Springs Historic Preservation Ordinance. The home has a fair degree of historic integrity that could be improved by removing the exterior stucco and restoring the horizontal wood tongue and groove siding and louvered eaves. As such the property qualifies as a Class 1 historic resource.
-
Ken Lyon, RA, Principal Planner
Historic Preservation Officer
Attachments:
1 . Vicinity Map

2. Draft Resolution
l c_. ·-l ¥
inn Fagg, AICP
Development Services Director

3. Application, related background materials, photos (under separate cover).

RESOLUTION NO. 141

A RESOLUTION OF THE HISTORIC SITE PRESERVATION

BOARD OF THE CITY OF PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA,
RECOMMENDING THAT THE CITY COUNCIL DESIGNATE “THE
WILLIAM PURCELL RESIDENCE” L OCATED AT 252 EAST
OCOTILLO AVENUE, A CLASS 2 (HISTORIC MERIT) HISTORIC
SITE, (HSPB #141), APN# 508-292-013.

THE HISTORIC SITE PRESERVATION BOARD FINDS AND DETERMINES AS FOLLOWS:

A. WHEREAS, Chapter 8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code allows for the designation of historic sites and districts; and

B. WHEREAS, Charles and Patricia Stumpf , owners, submitted an applicat ion to the City seeking historic site designation of the William Purcell residence located at 252 East Ocotillo Avenue; and

C. WHEREAS, in November, 2021, members of the Historic Site Preservation Board (HSPB) and City staff conducted site inspections of the proposed historic resource; and

D. WHEREAS, on December 7, 2021, a noticed public hearing of the Palm Springs Historic Site Preservation Board to consider Case HSPB #139 was held in accordance with applicable law; and

E. WHEREAS, at the said hearing, the HSPB carefully reviewed and considered all the evidence presented in connection with the hearing on the project, including, but not limited to, the staff report and all written and oral testimony.

THE HISTORIC SITE PRESERVATION BOARD OF THE CITY OF PALM SPRINGS RESOLVES:

SECTION 1: FINDINGS – PART “A”, CRITERIA FOR HISTORIC RESOURCES.

Evaluation of the Application. Pursuant to Municipal Code Section 8.05.070 (C,1,a), the HSPB shall evaluate the application and make findings in conformance with the following criteria:

a. The site, structure, building or object exhibits exceptional historic significance and meets one or more of the criteria listed below:

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(Criterion 1) The resource is associated with events that have made a meaningful contribution to the nation, state or community;

The report does not list any events associated with the home that contributed to the nation, state or community. Thus, it does not qualify under Criterion 1.

(Criterion 2) The resource is associated with the lives of persons who made a meaningful contribution to national, state or local history;

The report discusses Purcell’s contribution to the American Prairie School of Architecture.

Beginning early in his career after graduating with an architectural degree from Cornell University in 1903, Purcell developed a strong interest in establishing a progressive, uniquely American style of architecture, much along the lines of other notable architects from the period such as Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. Most notably, during Purcell’s association with fellow architects George Elmslie and George Feick Jr, from the early 1900’s through 1920, they developed, refined and further articulated their theories on an organic, uni quely American style of architecture. Purcell & Elmslie became one of the most commissioned firms among the Prairie School architects at the time. Among their most notable works were a series of small-town banks designed and constructed throughout the Mi dwest. It was through both their commercial and institutional work that Purcell & Elmslie created a group of buildings that were direct statements about their beliefs in Organic Architecture; earning them a place in history on the development of a uniquel y American style of architecture alongside Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan and others. For these reasons, the site qualifies as a historic resource under Criterion 2.

(Criterion 3) The resource reflects or exemplifies a particular period of national, state or local history;

As noted in the report and the accompanying DPR forms, the Purcell residence is one of the earliest residential structures in Palm Springs designed in the Modernist style of architecture.

The simple cubic geometry of the home, the absence of revival -style decorative features or elements, and visual emphasis on horizontality preceded what commonly is referred to as the Mid-century Modern” period by a decade.

Palm Springs, which enjoyed a period of significant growth and development between the wars became a place where property owners and developers were willing to “cast off” the conventional revivalist styles popular from the 1900’s through the 1920’s and experiment with new forms of architectural expression and design. Building s such as the Oasis Hotel (1925), the Kocher Samson Building (1935) the Cork & Bottle Building (1936), and the Purcell Residence (1934) all represent the beginning of a period of transition in architectural taste that blossomed in the post- World War II period. For these reasons, the HSPB concludes that the site qualifies as a historic resource under Criterion 3.

(Criterion 4) The resource embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction;

The Purcell residence is constructed of concrete masonry units with accent panels comprised of Item 2B - 166
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horizontally placed tongue and groove wood boards and “battens” that create a strong horizontal appearance to the home. Most modest dwellings built in the thirties in Palm Springs were buil t of stucco over wood frame construction. The use of concrete block masonry units was not new to Palm Springs, since many commercial and institutional buildings were being built using board- formed poured-in-place concrete, however it was rather unusual to see concrete masonry units used in residential construction. In a letter from Purcell to Bailey dated February 11, 1934, Purcell writes,

“I lean a little toward masonry with the blocks showing on the inside behind the stove, sink, etc., as being more s anitary and more in the spirit of the cabin sense of this building which we wish to retain.

Thus it appears Purcell chose the method of construction using concrete masonry units both for its durability, aesthetics, and ease of maintenance and cleaning. Judging from the discussion of costs in the correspondence between Purcell and Bailey, the comparative cost of building in concrete versus wood was negligible enough that he chose the more durable concrete block material.

Although the Purcell residence is unique in its use of concrete masonry units for a residential structure, its construction method is not particularly distinctive or unique. Thus, the HSPB finds that it is not eligible as a historic resource relative to Criterion 4.

(Criterion 5) The resource presents the work of a master builder, designer, artist, or architect whose individual genius influenced his age, or that possesses high artistic value;

Purcell’s career achievements qualify him as a “master architect”. Determining whether a particular architect or designer’s “genius influenced his age”; is a more difficult measure.

Certainly the collective body of architectural work categorized as being of the Prairie School has continued to influence architects and designers for decades. Purcell & Elmslie are recognized amongst the most prolific of the Prairie School architects, second only to Fran k Lloyd Wright in the sheer number of commissions. Throughout his career, and especially during the last thirty years of his career, Purcell promoted his theories of an organic and “uniquely American” style of architecture. As principal contributing edit or he authored over sixty articles to the architectural journal “Northwest Architect” espousing his philosophy and design theory. As such, the HSPB finds that through his designs and writings, Purcell influenced other architects and peers and as such the Purcell residence can be deemed a notable example of the work of a master architect whose genius continues to influence other architects and designers.

(Criterion 6) The resource represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction, as used in evaluating Item 2B - 167
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December 7, 2021

applications for designation of historic districts, for parcels on which more than one entity exists; or

The report does not assert that the Purcell residence qualifies under Criterion 6.

(Criterion 7) The resource has yielded or may be likely to yield information important to national, state or local history or prehistory.

No information has been provided in the historic resources report on any pre-historic significance of the site.

SECTION 2: PART “B” ANALYSIS OF HISTORIC INTEGRITY.

The Purcell residence is evaluated in terms of its historic integrity as follows:

1. Location:

The Purcell residence remains in the same location that it was constructed, thus it retains integrity of location.

2. Design:

Some material changes to the exterior have occurred over time.

B. The exposed concrete masonry units have been covered in stucco on the outside and with drywall on the inside.

C. The height of the eave over the front door was raised slightly in the 1980’s.

D. The louvered eaves designed to bring in natural ventilation have been covered in stucco.

Although these modifications do not adversely impact the overall massing, they visually obscure the horizontally placed board and batten siding and the exposed masonry units. The Board finds that these modifications impair the design integrity of the home. The Board would encourage current or future owners to remove the stucco cladding and restore the wood elements to improve the design integrity of the home.

3. Setting:

At the time of construction, the Purcell residence was one of the first homes built in the vicinity Item 2B - 168
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and the area was mostly open desert. Today the neighborhood is fully built out. Thus integrity of setting has been lost.

4. Materials:

The changes noted above obscure the home’s simple wood and concrete block construction.

Although the basic material composition comprising the construction of the home remans, they have been covered with drywall and stucco. Remov ing the stucco and restoring the wood elements would enhance the material integrity of the home. The Board finds that the buildings’ material integrity is impaired.

5. Workmanship:

The home is of average workmanship common for the era of the 1930’s and retains integrity of workmanship. .

6. Feeling:

The Purcell residence retains its feeling as a modest home from the 1930’s.

7. Association:

The dwelling at 252 East Ocotillo Avenue is most notably associated with architect William Purcell. Those who are familiar with the work of Purcell will likely be able to recognize this association.

In summary, the home has a fair degree of historic integrity, however the Board finds that it lacks sufficient integrity to qualify as a Class 1 (Lan dmark) historic site. Removing the stucco, restoring the wood siding and louvered eaves, and restoring the garage would improve the historic integrity of the home.

SECTION 3: DEFINING HISTORIC CHARACTERISTICS

In considering a recommendation for histo ric resource designation it is important to distinguish those physical elements that are original or from the period of significance that contribute to the resource’s historic significance from alterations, additions or features that were added at a later time that may be sympathetic to the original character, but which may create a false sense of historicity. Distinguishing original character -defining features from non -original elements aids the HSPB when it is tasked with evaluating future alterations to the historic resource.

Character-defining features of the home are as follows:

• Flat-roofed one-story structure with varying roof / parapet heights. • Emphasis on horizontality.
• Thin fascia profile, projecting eaves (originally exposed wood with ventilation louvers). • Varied cubic massing that steps up toward the center volume of the house.

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• Steel sash windows including corner windows.
• The low garden wall in the front yard, close to the house.

Non-contributing elements:

SECTION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

The proposed historic resource designation is not subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) pursuant to Sections 15060(c)(2) (the activity will not result in a direct or reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change in the environment) and 1 5060(c)(3) (the activity is not a project as defined in Section 15378) of the CEQA Guidelines, California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Chapter 3, because it has no potential for resulting in physical changes to the environment, directly or indirectly.

Based upon the foregoing, the HSPB hereby recommends that the City Council designate “The William Purcell residence” located at 252 East Ocotillo Avenue, a Class 2 (Historic Merit) Historic Resource (Case HSPB #141).

ADOPTED THIS SEVENTH DAY OF DECEMBER, 2021.

AYES: Miller, Rose, Nelson, Kiser, Hansen, Hough.

NOES: None.

ABSENT: Rosenow.

ABSTAIN:

ATTEST: CITY OF PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA

Flinn Fagg, AICP
Development Services Director

Item 2B - 170

EXCERPTS OF MINUTES

At the Historic Site Preservation Board meeting of the City of Palm Springs , held December 7, 2021, the Historic Site Preservation Board took the following action:

2.A. AN APPLICATION BY CHARLES AND PATRICIA STUMPF, OWNERS FOR HISTORIC DESIGNATION OF “THE WILLIAM PURCELL
RESIDENCE” LOCATED AT 252 EAST OCOTILLO AVENUE, (APN
#508-292-013), CASE HSPB #141. (KL).

Staff member Lyon summarized the staff report.

Discussion followed regarding whether the original details and materials still existed beneath the stucco (Mr. Stumpf stated yes, he believes it is still there), the possibility of designating the old smoke tree in front of the house as a character-defining feature (Mr. Stumpf clarifi ed that they planted the tree sometime after 1980, thus it is not original), and the differences between a Class 1 and Class 2 historical resource.

Chair Hough opened the public hearing.

CHARLES STUMPF (via telephone), Owner, addressed preservation of the wood under the stucco and reported he planted the smoke tree around forty years ago.

There were no other members of the public wishing to speak on this item and Chair Hough closed the public hearing.

Member Hansen expressed concerns regarding the integrity of the property as a Class1 resource and stated she would support a Class 2 designation.

Member Rose expressed concerns regarding the condi tion of the house; spoke about the alterations that have been made and suggested removing the stucco to get the exterior close to the original condition would improve its integrity.

Vice Chair Nelson noted that some of the alterations can be removed ; reported the house appears to be in good structural condition ; discussed the importance of the residence ; voiced his support of a Class 2 historic resource and reiterated his comments regarding keeping the existing smoke tree.

Member Rose stated he believes the Board must evaluate historic significance based on current conditions, not original conditions that do not exist.

Item 2B - 171

Member Miller expressed his support as a Class 2 historical resource.

Motion by Kiser, seconded by Miller, to adopt the findings in the staff report excepting the analysis of integrity and to recommend that the City Council designate the Purcell Residence as a Class 2 historic site.

AYES: Miller, Rose, Nelson, Kiser, Hansen, Hough
NOES: None
ABSENT: Rosenow

_________________________
Joanne Bruggemans
Adminstrative Secretary
Item 2B - 172

CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT
02/24/2022 4. A.

City Clerk -

SUBJECT

DISCUSSION OF THE USE OF FIREWORKS WITHIN THE CITY OF PALM

SPRINGS
RECOMMENDATION:

Direct Staff as appropriate.

Attachments
Item 4A

CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT

DATE: FEBRUARY 24, 2022 UNFINISHED BUSINESS

SUBJECT: DISCUSSION OF THE USE OF FIREWORKS WITHIN THE CITY OF

PALM SPRINGS

FROM: Justin Clifton, City Manager

BY: Department of Parks & Recreation

SUMMARY:

The City of Palm Springs is a well -known tourist destination and home to an array of special events throughout the year. Many of these nationally and internationally known events offer fireworks displays as part of , or at the conclusion of , their event. A special event application has been submitted for the White Party that includes a request to do a seven-minute firework show on Sunday, May 1, 2022. At this time, S taff is seeking City Council direction on the use of fireworks within the City for community events.

RECOMMENDATION:

Direct Staff as appropriate.

BACKGROUND:

At their meeting of May 6, 2021, City Council was asked to consider approving an agreement for a pyrotechnic display at the City’s annual July 4 th event. As part of that discussion, Council Members discussed the long tradition of fireworks as an American tradition and a prominent component of numerous Palm Springs Events as reasons to support fireworks. Council Members also identified impacts to domestic animals, wildlife, individuals with PTSD and air pollution as reasons to consider banning fireworks. Council ultimately voted to defer the use of fireworks for the 2021 event pending further S taff review and asked Staff for additional analysis on environmental, sound, and other impacts and to explore the use of “quiet” fireworks.

At their meeting of September 9, 2021, City Council approved fireworks for Veterans Day and Fourth of July celebrations, with direction to Staff to advertise about the specific timeframe when fireworks will be set of f. Again, Council discussed pros and cons of fireworks displays but Council directed Staff to return with more information focused on air quality impacts and recommendations on other events using fireworks.

Item 4A - 1
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 2
Discussion of Fireworks

Historically, the Special Events Planning Team (SEPT) has been coordinating both City- run fireworks shows and those produced by outside event promoters. The City typically issues 5 -8 fireworks permits per year for events produced in- house and to event promoters and organizers who produce events within city limits. Applicants wishing to have fireworks at their event must submit an application for a permit through the Fire Prevention Bureau. A fee of $597 is required, which includes the inspection of the product and standby fees for Staff during the fireworks display. All applicants must attend a SEPT meeting and notification to impacted neighborhoods is required.

Some of the permitted events have included:

• Evening Under the Stars (AAP Food Samaritans)
• Power Baseball Opening Night
• New Line Production Cinema
• White Party Entertainment
• Palm Springs High School Homecoming Game
• Palm Springs Veterans Day Parade (City event)
• All-American Fourth of July (City event)

STAFF ANALYSIS:

Staff sought out additional research on environmental impacts associated with fireworks and how those environmental impacts affect our community. The Clean Air Act requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set national air quality standards for particulate matter (PM), considered harmful to public health and the environment.

Because fireworks are known to emit large quantities of particulate matter, Staff reached out to South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) since they are the City of Palm Springs’ air quality monitoring agency, and they published a study about fireworks.

South Coast AQMD tracked and studied the effects of fireworks on the South Coast Air Basin, including what metals are known to be emitted from fireworks. The study on fireworks published by South Coast AQMD uses data from air quality monitoring stations located within the South Coast Air Basin (Basin). Palm Springs is located within South Coast AQMD’s jurisd iction but not within the B asin where the Independence Day Fireworks study was conducted. In both their 2020 and 2021 Independence Day Fireworks reports (Attachments B & C), they report that hourly concentrations of toxic metals were detected but did not exceed the acute reference exposure levels.

Staff spoke with Dr. Payam Pakbin, Program Supervisor in Advanced Monitoring Technologies at South Coast AQMD. Dr. Pakbin provided information, suggestions, and sent a peer-reviewed journal article on the topic of fireworks and air quality (Attachment A). Dr. Pakbin suggested ways to limit exposure to poor air quality during fireworks shows.

Dr. Pakbin noted that an important factor to consider is proximity to the source. For example, a combustion engine automobile exhaust , like the combustion of fireworks, Item 4A - 2
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 3
Discussion of Fireworks

produces fine particulate matter (PM) and is harmful to humans in concentrated amounts.

Vehicle exhaust emissions dissipate into the air before becoming dangerous to a person because of the distance from the source, i.e., the distance from the exhaust pipe to the person. When considering levels of concentration of vehicle exhaust, the Los Angeles region has a high concentration of vehicles, therefore the area has overall poorer air quality than a less populated area with fewer vehicles. Keeping a reasonable dista nce from the plume of smoke from fireworks is like keeping away from an automobile exhaust pipe. Regarding fireworks, the overall effect of multiple sources of fireworks displays will concentrate the air with PM, whereas one individual fireworks display would produce a lower level of PM.

Another factor to consider is the elevation of the fireworks. B y projecting commercially produced fireworks high into the air, much higher than residential fireworks like firecrackers and sparklers, you allow particles to disperse before coming to the ground.

According to Dr. Pakbin, at one single event, there is a low risk that there will be respiratory damage to individuals. There will still be particles in the air, so it is important to do outreach and education advising nearby residents to close their windows during and immediately following a show to help mitigate the issue.

In order to gain scientific evidence that is community-specific for Palm Springs, Dr. Pakbin suggested using c ommercial air quality sensors from companies such as PurpleAir.

PurpleAir’s website reports their sensors do real-time air quality monitoring that “ a community of citizen scientists use to collect air quality data and share on a map that is accessible to everyone. ” ( www2.purpleair.com
) Data can be monitored during and
immediately following a fireworks show to see if there is any noticeable change in air quality. Air sensors can be added throughout the city wherever a Wi -Fi signal is located to monitor for any number of air pollutants. Suggested City facilities could include the library, community centers, and fire stations.

From the peer-reviewed journal article provided by Dr. Pakbin from South Coast AQMD (Attachment A ), “Air quality during and after festivals: Aerosol concentrations, composition and health effects” from Atmospheric Research, May 2019, the authors conclude:

“Despite the potential impacts of short-term anthropogenic pollution events from the use of fireworks use, there are limited number of studies focused on the impact of fireworks-related emissions on air quality and public health.

The highest number of studies are from India and China. The current body of literature, including data from different countries around the world, provides clear evidence of the impact of fireworks events’ on air quality and visibility, albeit for short periods of time.”

SUMMARY:

Finding scientific data that matches the experiences seen in our region are difficult to Item 4A - 3
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 4
Discussion of Fireworks
locate. There is very little scientific data that specifically addresses the environmental conditions in Palm Springs, a city where residential fireworks are banned due to fire and safety risk. Most studies and articles are discussing fireworks events, including residential fireworks, that are taking place simultaneously throughout an entire city or region, and not one individual firework show.

Staff is seeking City Council direction regarding the approval of special event fireworks permits for fireworks utilizing our existing Special Event Planning Team process and purchasing air quality monitoring units to be placed strategically throughout the city to monitor real-time data when fireworks events are happening. Staff can return to City Council with data following a one-year pilot program.

FISCAL IMPACT:

Appr
oximately $2,500 to purchase 5- 7 air quality monitors to install at C ity facilities (Community Centers or Fire Stations) with established Wi-Fi signals. Sufficient funding is available in the current fiscal year budget.

REVIEWED BY:

Department Director: Jeannie Kays
Assistant City Manager: Teresa Gallavan
City Manager: Justin Clifton
ATTACHMENTS:

A. Si
ngh, P. Pant and F.D. Pope, Air quality during and after festivals: Aerosol concentrations, composition and health effects, Atmospheric Research.

B. South Coast AQMD, 2021 Independence Day Air Quality Assessment.

C. South Coast AQMD, 2020 Independence Day Air Quality Assessment.

D. PurpleAir Monitor Map of Palm Springs.

Item 4A - 4
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333126260 Air quality during and after festivals: Aerosol concentrations, composition and health effects
Article in Atmospheric Research · May 2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.012

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Accepted Manuscript
Air quality during and after festivals: Aerosol concentrations, composition and health effects
Ajit Singh, Pallavi Pant, Francis D. Pope
PII: S0169-8095(18)30727-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.012
Reference: ATMOS 4582
To appear in: Atmospheric Research
Received date: 4 June 2018
Revised date: 7 May 2019
Accepted date: 14 May 2019
Please cite this article as: A. Singh, P. Pant and F.D. Pope, Air quality during and after festivals: Aerosol concentrations, composition and health effects, Atmospheric Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.012
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Air quality during and after festivals: Aerosol
concentrations, composition and health effects
Ajit Singh1, Pallavi Pant2 and Francis D. Pope1

1School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
2Health Effects Institute, 75 Federal St, Boston MA 02110, USA

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Highlights
- Fireworks and bonfires are sources of atmospheric pollutants and typically affect short-term air quality.
- This review article presents a summary of the impacts of fireworks and bonfires on air quality, visibility, and human health.
- Typically, concentrations of air pollutants can be 2-8 times higher than average during fireworks events. Additionally, concentrations of elements including Ba, Cu, Pb, Cr and Sr are reported to be several times higher during fireworks events.
- Limited studies have shown an impact on respiratory health, but significant gaps in knowledge remain.

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Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) continues to be among the top environmental health concerns globally; in 2017, nearly 3 million deaths were attributed to exposure to PM2.5 around the world (HEI, 2019). While much attention is paid towards point and mobile sources of PM (e.g., power plants, vehicles), episodic/periodic events such as dust storms, use of fireworks etc. can also increase ambient PM levels and lead to adverse effects on air quality, visibility, and human health, albeit in the short-term. Fireworks and bonfires are commonly used during religious and cultural festivals including Diwali (India), Lunar New Year (China), Bastille Day (France), Guy Fawkes Night (UK), Australia Day (Australia), Fourth of July/Independence Day (USA), New Year’s Eve (worldwide) as well as large sporting and other events. During these events, use of fireworks results in smoke plumes which can raise the PM concentration levels for short periods of time. This review article summarizes the current body of literature on the role of fireworks use (and bonfires) on air quality, visibility, and human health. A summary of distinct type of fireworks and existing legislations/laws in different countries is also presented. Overall, there is clear evidence that such events produce exceptionally high level of pollutants, and as a result there can be intense exposures to a multipollutant mixture. In particular, the sharpest spikes are found in pollutant concentrations (such as PM 2.5, PM10, and NO x) during and immediately after the firework event, followed by a decrease in the concentrations back to background levels within 24 hours. Peak concentrations of pollutants during firework events can exceed ambient levels by 2-8 times. As a result, overall visibility also decreases significantly, and in some cases, by as much as 92% during fireworks events. Moreover, significant health risks due to fireworks activities are also reported, although limited research has been conducted on this type of rapid air pollution exposure. The review concludes with a list of suggested future research priorities required to better understand the impacts of fireworks and bonfires on human and environmental health.

Keywords: Particulate Matter, Fireworks, Air Quality, Trace Metals, Visibility

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1.0 Introduction
Over the past few years, concern over short and long-term effects of exposure to air pollution has increased dramatically. Several studies have linked exposure to particulate matter (PM) with a range of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (Dockery and Pope, 1994; Dominici et al., 2006; Goldberg et al., 2006; Hoek et al., 2013; Peters et al., 1997; Thurston et al., 2016). Major sources of air pollution include transportation, residential energy use, industries, power plants, dust and waste burning (Amato et al., 2016; Karagulian et al., 2015; Thurston et al., 2011; Viana et al., 2008).

Numerous festivals and events around the world involve the use of fireworks/bonfires including Diwali (India), Lunar New Year (China), Bastille Day (France), Guy Fawkes Night (UK), Australia Day (Australia), Fourth of July/Independence Day (USA), New Year’s Eve (worldwide) and large sporting events (Table 1). Use of fireworks and bonfires to mark cultural or national celebrations can be an important short-term anthropogenic source of air pollutants with significant impacts on local air quality (Galea and Powles, 2010; Pathak et al., 2013) . Firework and bonfire events have previously been connected to poor visibility and air quality around the globe, with corresponding health concerns (Becker et al., 2000; Kong et al., 2015a; Kulshrestha et al., 2004; Nasir and Brahmaiah, 2015; Pathak et al., 2013; Pope et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2005; Van Kamp et al., 2006; Witsaman et al., 2006; Yerramsetti et al., 2013). Use of fireworks or bonfires can release a range of air pollutants including particulate matter and gases (e.g., sulphu r dioxide [SO 2], nitrogen oxides [NO x], carbon dioxide [CO 2], carbon monoxide [CO]); these pollutants can have direct impacts on human health (Hamad et al., 2016; Kulshrestha et al., 2004; Ravindra et al., 2003; Seidel and Birnbaum, 2015). PM and gaseous pollutants emitted during such events can scatter and absorb light radiation and contribute to light extinction, thus influencing visibility (Appel et al., 1985; Singh et al., 2017; Singh and Dey, 2012). A recent analysis in Mexico also linked use of fireworks with enhanced production of nitrous acid (HONO) (Retama et al., 2019). The sudden spike in pollutant concentrations during fireworks and bonfire events can trigger a variety of adverse health effects including asthmatic attacks, lung infection,

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eye allergies, cough, fever and cardiovascular disease (Barman et al., 2008; Becker et al., 2000; Beig et al., 2013; Hirai et al., 2000). Finally, use of fireworks is also associated with high levels of noise which can impact wildlife (Shamoun-Baranes et al., 2011), and chemicals released from fireworks (e.g., perchlorates) have been reported to affect surface water quality (Wilkin et al., 2007) and contaminate snow (Steinhauser et al., 2008).

Despite being an important short-term source for air pollution, there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the characteristics of pollutants emitted during firework events, and related impacts. This review summarizes the existing literature on fireworks and bonfires and their impact on air quality and visibility. Knowledge gaps in the field are highlighted and will aid in shaping future research efforts. For the purposes of this review, relevant literature was collected via searches on PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and Science Direct using keywords such as “fireworks”, “bonfire”, “air pollution”, “air quality”, “visibility”, “particulate matter”, “particle”, “gas”, “health impact”, “meteorology”, “relative humidity, “temperature”, “wind” , ”urban/city” and “festivals/celebration”.

2.0 Types of fireworks and regulatory frameworks
Fireworks can be divided into four specific categories based on their use; (1) indoor fireworks, (2) outdoor fireworks, (3) display fireworks, and (4) professional fireworks. In general, professional and display fireworks are used during large events and generate large amounts of smoke and pollution while consumer fireworks (e.g., sparklers, bottle rockets, fountains and smoke bombs) are low-scale fireworks and typically generate relatively less smoke, sparks and flames (Martín-Alberca and García-Ruiz, 2014; Shimizu, 1996). Each type of firework typically has four major components- fuel (e.g., charcoal or sulphur, aluminium and magnesium), oxidizing component, which are typically chlorates, perchlorates or nitrates (e.g., potassium chlorate, barium or strontium nitrates etc.), metal-containing colorants (e.g., aluminium, iron, zinc, barium, lead etc.) which add colour and a combustible binder (e.g., nitrocellulose, shellac, resins etc.) (Betha and Balasubramanian, 2013; Kulshrestha et al., 2004; Li et al., 2017; Liu et al., 1997; Wang et al., 2012) . A number of metallic compounds are used for adding colour to the fireworks. Greens are usually

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associated with barium compounds (e.g., BaCl 2), while blues are usually associated with copper compounds (e.g., CuCl). In terms of emission rates (for particle concentration), among handheld firecrackers (sparklers), whistling sparklers are reported to have the highest PM emission rates (3.24 x 10 10 particles per gram of sparkler burnt compared to 1.68 × 10 9 particles per gram of sparkler burnt for low- smoke sparklers), and together with coloured sparklers, have higher respiratory deposition efficiency compared to low smoke sparklers (Betha and Balasubramanian, 2013). The burning rate, and hence efficiency, have also been reported to contribute to air pollution emission rates.

For public safety, many countries have legislation and specific regulatory guidance on the storage, manufacture, import, export, purchase and use of all type of fireworks (Table 2).

Table 1: List of festivals and celebrations involving fireworks and bonfires Festival/Event Country Time of year Description
Diwali Predomina
ntly India
October/
November
Also referred to as the festival of lights, Diwali is
celebrated using lights and fireworks. The festival is
widely celebrated in India by the Hindu community,
and celebrations also take place i n other countries
including Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Fiji,
Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Mauritius, Australia,
USA, Britain, South Africa, Canada, Singapore, and
Trinidad and Tobago.

Lunar New Year Predomina
ntly China
January/
February
Chinese New Year or the Spring Festival is the
biggest holiday in China. The Spring Festival is also
celebrated in other Asian co untries such as
Vietnam, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, Australia, Philippines, USA and Britain.

Celebrations typically last fo r a fortnight, with
firework displays on New Year’s Eve the largest.

Guy Fawkes
Night
United
Kingdom
November Guy Fawkes Night o r Bonfire Night is the biggest traditional event in the UK involving fireworks
displays and bonfires, and is celebrated every year
on and around 5 th November. It is celebrated in
remembrance of the event of that day in 1605, when
Guy Fawkes failed to blow up the House of
Parliament in the Gunpowder Plot.

Australia Day Australia January

Australia Day or National Day is the official event of
Australia, which is celebrated on every 26th January.

This special Day marks the anniversary of the
arrival of the first fleet of convict ships from Great
Britain to the British colony at New South Wales in
1788 and raising the Union Jack at Sydney port
cover by Captain Phillip. However, in contemporary
times, the day is used to celebrate the unity of a
diverse society, national pride and prodigious

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achievements. People celebrate this day especially
displaying of fireworks, spare time with their family
and friends, attending barbecue party and officia l
events such as parade and concerts.

Fourth of July USA July Independence Day of USA is celebrated on 4th of July to commemorate the Independence from
British Empire after the Revolutionary war in 1777.

The Day is commonly celebrated with using of
firecrackers/firework display associated with
parades, concerts, family gathering and fairs.

New Year’s Eve Worldwide December/
January
New Year’s Eve, the last day of the year (31st Dec
Eve) in the Gregorian Calendar is celebrated by
millions of people with intensive and wide spread
use of firecrackers, fireworks display and bonfires
across the world.

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Table 2: Regulations associated with fireworks use in select countries Country Firework type(s) Regulation(s) Temporal regulation United
Kingdom
 Indoor fireworks
 Garden fireworks
 Display fireworks
 Professional fireworks
(to be handled only for
trained individuals)

Under the UK Fireworks Act 2003, specific regulations are listed for control and handling of fireworks, and additional regulations were introduced in 2004 under Fireworks Regulations 2004 (HMSO, 2004). Normally, UK imports fireworks mainly from Asian countries, where the UK has set safety standards for its import (British Standard 7114) under the Fireworks Act 2003, Regulation 3 (Galea and Powles, 2010) . In the UK, fireworks can be bought from any licenced shop all year round, and during special events (e.g., Guy Fawkes Night, New Year’s Eve, Diwali and Chinese New Year), fireworks can be bought from any registered seller (HMSO, 2004). Any illegal fireworks activities can result in a fine and jail time, and there are significant restrictions towards purchase and use of fireworks for a person below the age of 18 (HMSO, 2004).

Use of fireworks is restricted
between 11:00 pm GMT to
07:00 am GMT, with the
exception of special events
such as Guy Fawkes Night,
New Year’s Eve, Diwali and
Chinese New Year when
fireworks’ use is permitted until
01:00 AM (HMSO, 2004).

USA  Display/professional
fireworks
 Consumer fireworks
 Articles pyrotechnic
(“Pyrotechnic devices
for professional use
similar to consumer
fireworks in chemical
composition and
construction but not
intended for consumer
use”- (BATF, 2009))
In USA, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) controls the fireworks activity legislation (https://www.ecfr.gov/). Under title 16 (parts 1500 and 1507) and 27 (part 555), CFR define specific regulations for explosives and consumer product safety (BATF, 2009; Martín-Alberca and García-Ruiz, 2014; U.S. Code, 2017a; U.S. Code, 2017b) while the Department of Transportation (DOT) categorises and regulates its transportation (U.S.

Code, 2017c). A federal explosive license from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), a federal law enforcement agency, must be required under CFR title 27 (part 555) for any type of manufacturing, storage, and dealing with transportation of fireworks or activity under display fireworks category (with restrictions on who can obtain the license), while no ATF licence is required for transportation, purchase, storage and use of consumer and articles pyrotechnic fireworks (BATF, 2009). In addition, states in USA have their own regulations for professional/display or consumer fireworks use and purchase, with some states including Indiana, South Carolina and Tennessee with very liberal regulations for fireworks activities, and others (e.g., Delaware, Massachusetts) with complete ban on storage, purchase and use of consumer fireworks (Canner et al., 2014).

India  Sound emitting
fireworks Colour/light
emitting fireworks
 Display fireworks
 Fireworks for export
purpose
In India, the Petroleum and Explosive Safety Organisation (PESO), Ministry of Commerce and Industry regulates all aspects of explosives (such as firew orks - low hazardous explosive) under the Explosive Act 1984 (PESO, 2017). Specific centres (Explosives and Fireworks Research and Development Centre -Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu and Departmental Testing Station- Nagpur, Maharashtra) have been established under PESO for explosives’ and fireworks’ quality control, testing and research. In 2017, the Supreme Court of India completely banned the use of five toxic chemicals and heavy metals- lithium (Li), antimony (Sb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in firecracker manufacturing and also directed the national government to stop import of these firecrackers (Lokur, 2017) .

Following this, in 2018, the Supreme Court of India banned the sales of any traditional fireworks and the use of firecrackers was restricted to a two-hour window in the evening (Gupta, 2018) . A licence (depending on firework type) is required to manufacture, transport, sell and store any explosives listed under Part 1 of Schedule IV (The Gazette of India, 2008) . However, during major festivals/occasions (such as Dussehra, Diwali, Use of fireworks is completely
restricted between 10 OM and
6 AM IST on normal days
under Environmental
Protection Act (1986) and The
Noise Pollution (Regulation
and Control) Rules (2000 -
2010). During major festivals
or events, use of fireworks is
permitted until 12 am IST (The
Gazette of India, 1986; The
Gazette of India, 2010).

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New Year’s Eve and Eid), a temporary licence can be issued from District Magistrate for sale and transport of fireworks.

Australia  Type 1 (indoor
domestic fireworks
which has very small
amount of pyrotechnic)
 Type 2 (consumer
fireworks for outdoor
use)
 Type 3 (professional or
display fireworks for
large events) and
Theatrical fireworks (for
concert purpose)
(WorkSafe Tasmania,
2016). [only applicable
in Tasmania]
Australia has very strong but specific laws on fireworks manufacturing, sale, purchase and use in different parts of the country. Use of consumer fireworks is completely banned in Western Australia and New South Wales (under Explosives Regulation 1963), Queensland (under Explosives Regulation 1999 and 2 003), Victoria (under Explosives Regulation 2005) and South Australia (under Explosives Regulation 1936, 2001), while display fireworks can be conducted during special occasions or purposes in these territories by pyrotechnicians and licenced operators (ACT, 2009). Few territories allow sale, purchase and use of consumer fireworks only on specific days such as 1st July (Northern territory), and Queen’s Birthday Public Holiday weekend (Australia Capital territory) (ACT, 2009). In Tasmania, Type 1 fireworks are exempt but Types 2 and 3 and theatrical fireworks are allowed in Tasmania with a licence under Explosive Regulations 2012.

China Given the harmful effects of fireworks, China has introduced several laws on its use, handling and storage since the 1990s. However, fireworks’ laws and regulations in China are usually controlled by public safety management at local level (such as distric t and township level). Most of the cities in china have adopted specific regulations for fireworks use during different occasions (Lai and Brimblecombe, 2017). For example, in Beijing, use of fireworks on New Year’s Eve is allowed only within 5th ring road until the midnight while in Shenzhen the use of fireworks is completely restricted in all main areas of the city(Lai and Brimblecombe, 2017). Like Beijing and Shenzhen, other megacities such as Chongqing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Nanjing too , have very strict regulations of fireworks use during Chinese New Year, but some cities like Xi’an, Taipei and Kaohsiung have no strict law rules for fireworks. In particular, after introduced many rules and regulations, air quality trends have improved during fireworks Chinese New Year (Lai and Brimblecombe, 2017).

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3.0 Air quality during fireworks events
Air pollutants from fireworks typically consist of PM, black carbon (BC), SO 2, CO and NOx. Most studies on fireworks typically make measurements before, during and after the event, in order to quantify the impact of fireworks emissions on air quality.

These studies have reported several-fold increase in concentrations of pollutants including PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm), PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm), and NOx during fireworks events across the world (Barman et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2015a; Seidel and Birnbaum, 2015). On average, studies have reported concentrations between 2–8 times higher than normal days during fireworks events (Figure 1). The sharpest spikes in concentration are typically reported during and immediately after the event, followed by a decrease in the concentrations back to background levels within 24 hours (Drewnick et al., 2006; Kulshrestha et al., 2004) .

Fireworks are typically used after sunset to maximize the visual effect of bright light against a dark background, and as a result, highest concentrations of pollutants are reported during evening hours. In the case of Diwali, for example, highest concentrations have been reported during extended evening hours (20:00-01:00 hours) (Kumar et al., 2016a), while during New Year fireworks events, highest concentrations have been reported around midnight to coincide with the new year festivities (Drewnick et al., 2006). Across cities, average concentrations during fireworks’ events range between a few µg/m 3 to as high as 2 mg/m 3 for short periods of time (Table 3, Figure 1).

In USA, short-term increases in PM concentrations as well as its constituents have been reported during the Independence Day (July 4 th) fireworks (Wang et al., 2012), and in one analysis, several stations were found to exceed the 24h National Ambient Air Quality Standard [NAAQS] for PM 2.5 (35 µg/m3) during the event (Seidel and Birnbaum, 2015). Similarly, in China, a number of studies have reported significant elevation in pollutant concentrations during Chinese New Year activities (Carranza et al., 2001; Han et al., 2014; Lai and Brimblecombe, 2017; Li et al., 2017; Li et al., 2013; Shi et al., 2014; Song et al., 2017) .

Wang et al. (2007) also reported increases up to
150% for PM 10 during Lantern Day celebrations. In India, a number of studies have assessed levels of air pollutants before, during and after Diwali, one of the largest Hindu festivals (Ambade, 2018; Barman et al., 2008; Gautam et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2016a; Rao et al., 2012; Yerramsetti et al., 2013). Additionally, Nishanth et al.

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(2012) reported increases up to 100% in concentrations of PM10 during a local festival (Vishu) where fireworks are used. In Italy, Masiol et al. (2014) reported high contribution for both PM 10 (peak concentration of 700 µg/m 3) and trace gases during folk fires burnt on the eve of Epiphany (January), with average increase of between 65 and 200 µg/m 3 for PM 10 and 90-235 µg/m 3 for PM 2.5. Finally, in Iran, higher than average PM concentrations have been reported during the fireworks related to the Chahar-Shanbe Suri festival (Oroji et al., 2019). A summary of results in presented in Table 3.

Figure 1 : Summary of PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations in India (Diwali) and China (Lunar New Year) and fireworks events elsewhere (all values in µg/m3)

A few studies have also attempted to quantify the contribution of firework emissions to total PM concentrations through source apportionment analyses. For example, during a fireworks event in Milan (Italy), Vecchi et al. (2008) estimated that nearly half of observed PM10 was attributable to fireworks; in India, Sarkar et al. (2010) attributed between 20-30% of the total PM10 to fireworks emissions in Delhi (India) and between 21-27% of the total ambient PM 10 in Jamshedpur (Ambade, 2018) . In China, Wang et al. (2007) attributed significant fractions (> 30% of observed concentration) of various elements (e.g., Zn and Pb) to fireworks emissions during the Lantern

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Festival and Ji et al. (2018) found fireworks to contribute to 36% of ambient PM 2.5 during the Spring Festival in Beijing.

3.1 PM composition associated with fireworks and bonfires A number of marker species have been proposed for firework emissions.

Potassium (K) is identified as one of the key components of fireworks emissions (Drewnick et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2007). The high concentrations of K in fireworks related particles are attributed to the use of black (gun) powder, which is rich in potassium nitrates, chlorates and perchlorates (Drewnick et al., 2006; Moreno et al., 2007). Given the use of heavy metals as colorants for fireworks, it is unsurprising that emissions from fireworks are rich in heavy metals. Results from a combustion chamber analysis revealed abundance of magnesium (Mg), K, aluminium (Al), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr) in coarse and fine fractions of PM emitted from fireworks (Tsai et al., 2012) . Firework associated PM has been found to be rich in metal elements including Pb, Ba and manganese (Mn), as well as organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Dutcher et al., 1999; Gaeggeler et al., 2008) . Several elements have been proposed as tracer species for fireworks, including strontium (Sr) (Vecchi et al., 2008) and Ba, Sr and copper (Cu) (Moreno et al., 2007). Barium compounds are used for a variety of purposes- as oxidizers, stabilizers and colouring agents (Moreno et al., 2007) and can be reliably used as markers for fireworks emissions. In Taiwan, Tsai et al. (2012) reported high concentrations of Mg, K, Pb and Sr as well as changes in the Cl-/Na+ and OC/EC ratios while in China, Feng et al. (2016) reported increase in concentrations of K, Fe, Mg, Al and K + and Cl − during the Spring and Lantern Festival. During a Chinese Spring Festival in Tianjin, a study by Liu et al. (2016) also found a clear changes in the concentrations of OC and EC as well as their ratios. Barman et al. (2008) reported increases in Cu, nickel (Ni), Cr, zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in Lucknow, India during Diwali. Kulshrestha et al. (2004) reported significant increases in concentrations of Ba (1091× more than the day before Diwali), K, Al, arsenic (As), Sr, Cu, Mg, Ni, vanadium (V) with the most significant increases in barium, potassium, aluminium and strontium (concentration of K was reported to be 58 µg/m3 during Diwali event for particles with aerodynamic diameter of 25 µm and lower). Vecchi et al. (2008) reported increases in concentration of Mg, Sr, Ba, K and Cu. In China, multiple studies have reported predominance of metallic particles rich in Sr, Ba, Pb, Al and Cu, with some K-

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containing particles (Shi et al.,2011; Li et al., 2017), while in USA, firework related particles were reported to be rich in K, sulphate and elements including Mg, Pb, Ba and Al (Liu et al., 1997) . Similarly, in Thailand, Pongpiachan et al. (2018) reported elevated concentrations of Ba and Pb during Bonfire night (see Figure 2). In Spain, Moreno et al. (2007) reported elevated concentration of Ba, Sr, Pb, and antimony (Sb) with modest increases in concentration of Cu, Mg, Al, and titanium (Ti). Using a Time of Flight- Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (TOF-MS), Drewnick et al. (2006) reported high concentrations of K +, SO42-, total organics and chloride within the non-refractory PM fraction in Germany and the chemical composition of PM was found to be significantly different compared to regular background aerosol composition. Some studies have also reported elevated concentrations of PAHs although the consensus seems to be that fireworks are not a significant source of PAH emissions (Drewnick et al., 2006; Li et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2014). Interestingly, one study from India (Kumar et al., 2016a) reported a decline in BC emissions during Diwali due to a reduction in traffic emissions.

Recently, Liu et al. (2019) reported the use of Ba, Cu, Pb and Cr as tracers for firework activity in a model for source attribution. Considering the body of literature on composition of PM emitted from fireworks, several elements including Ba, Cu, Sr, K and Mg emerge as good candidates as tracers for source apportionment studies.

Figure 2 : Reported concentrations for various elements during fireworks events in different countries for coarse (PM 2.5-10 and PM10) (Moreno et al., 2007; Pongpiachan et al., 2018; Tsai et al., 2012; Vecchi et al., 2008) and fine (PM 2.5) PM (Kong et al., 2015b; Liu et al., 2019; Tsai et al., 2012) (all values in ng/m 3). Please note that the studies represented here used various methodologies for element speciation.

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Table 3 : Summary of pollutant concentrations and visibility during fireworks’ (values in brackets represent the standard deviation)
Country/City Year Visibility
Ambient pollutant concentrations (µg/m3) Reference

Normal
day
(mean,
km)
During
event
(km)
% reduction PM10 PM2.5 BC SO2 NOx
Diwali; all reported studies from India
Lucknow 2005 807.5–1632.4 (D) 176.9-
283.3 (d)
126.7–
190.8 (D)
Barman et al.
(2008)
Lucknow 2005 352 (D) Barman et al.
(2009)
New Delhi Nov 2010 ~2.0 (0.5) 0.5 75 (5.0) 1216 (D) Kumar et al. (2016b)
Kolkata Nov 2012 ~3.0 (0.5) 2 33.3 (9.5) 1000 (D);
1100 (AF) 35 (D) 95 (NO2)
(D) Saha et al. (2014)
Kolkata Oct 2013 ~3.0 (0.5) 1.5 50.0 (7.1) 875 (D);
1660 (AF) 41 (D) 125 (D)
190
(NO2)
(D)
Saha et al. (2014)
Kolkata Nov 2010
153 ± 34 (night);
122 ± 24 (day)

711 (night, D);
397 (BF); 507
(AF)

125 (day, BF);
338 (D); 468 (AF)
Chatterjee et al.
(2013)
Rajnandgoan Oct 2011
431.43 ± 41 (D);
110.23 ± 12 (BF);
321.65 ± 10 (AF);
105.00 ± 19 (ND)
Ambade and
Ghosh (2013)
Hyderabad 2009-
2011
~6-12
15-20
ppbv

Yerramsetti et al.
(2013)
New Delhi Nov 2007 1200-1400 (D) 1200-1400
(D) Tiwari et al.
(2012a)
Delhi Nov 2010 >2500 (D) >2000 (D) Beig et al. (2013)

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Delhi
2006,
2007 and
2008

~ 400 in 2006
~ 1300 in 2007
~ 730 in 2008
(D)

~ 27 in
2006
~ 72 in
2007
~ 8 in 2008
(D)
~ 42 in
2006
~ 65 in
2007
~ 34 in
2008
(D)
(NO2)
Mandal et al.
(2012)
Delhi 2007 and
2008
610-1294 (D) in
2007;
578-931 (D) in
2008
Tiwari et al.
(2012b)
Dibrugarh Nov 2012 11.03 –

11.3 (D)

13.5-

15.3 ppb
(D)
Pathak et al.
(2013)
Vadodara City 2009-
2011

4.2 in
2009;

3.7 in
2010; 3.5
in 2011

99.9-699.5 (D) in
2009; 68-173 (D)
in 2010; 106-320
(D) in 2011

38.75-

87.62 (D)
in 2009;

5.79-29.57
(D) in
2010; 4.11-

16.6 (D) in
2011

16.5-

38.7 (D)
in 2009;
10-27.7
(D) in
2010;

4.5-28.9
(D) in
2011
Nasir and
Brahmaiah
(2015)
Delhi 2002-
2007 ~1.8 0.135 –

0.293 84-92 237 ± 55.2 - 368±

28.3 (D)
29 ± 8.5 -
75± 14.1
(D)

41.5 ±

4.9 - 90±

11.3 (D)
(Singh and Dey,
2012; Singh et
al., 2010)
Kolkata 2008 2237.25 (D) 1199.74 (D) 12.30(D) 97.54 (D) Thakur et al. (2010)
Delhi 2008-
2009 767 in 2008 (D);
620 in 2009 (D)
448 in 2008
(D);
365 in 2009
(D)
Perrino et al.
(2011)
Delhi 2009 317.2-616.8 (D) Sarkar et al.
(2010)
Tejpur
University, India
(rural area)
2009 40.88 ± 19 Deka and Hoque
(2014)

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Nagpur 930 (D); 271 (D); Rao et al. (2012)
Bhilai Nov 2012 1501.19 (D) Pervez et al.
(2016)
India Oct 2015

2220
(Ahmedabad);
726 (Delhi);
741 (Lucknow);
432 (Varanasi)
412 (Delhi);
280
(Varanasi)

11. 4±1.7
(regular);

8.8 (BF);

10.2 (D);

7.3 (AF)
(Kumar et al.,
2016a)
Jamshedpur 500.5 8.6 µg/m3 73.32
µg/m3 Ambade (2018)
Palwal
131-145 with
a maximum of
296
Gautam et al.
(2018)
Guwahati 2015 311 Garaga et al.
(2018)
Chinese Spring Festival/New Year Festival/Lantern Festival; China unless otherwise listed Nanjing Jan-Feb
2014 >10 4.3 ± 3.2 52 ± 16 113 ± 69 Kong et al.
(2015a)
Jinan Feb 2008 134.5 ± 97.4 (Yang et al.,
2014)
Beijing Feb 2007
58-224; 130
(BF Festival
Eve); 132 (AF
Festival Eve)
Xingru et al.
(2009)
Yellow River
Delta (YRD),
Shandong
Province
Jan-Feb
2011 <10
117-217 (D
festival); 25
(BF and AF
the festival)
4-8 (D
festival); 2
(BF and AF
festival )
Li et al. (2013)
Tianjin Fen 2013
148.74(D, light
fireworks); 249.08
(D, heavy
fireworks); 133.30
(during non-
fireworks days)

96.80 (D, light
fireworks);
140.59 (D,
heavy
fireworks);

83.98 (during
non-fireworks
days)
Tian et al. (2014)

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Xinxiang Feb 2015 <10 112 ±78 Feng et al. (2016)
Zhengzhou Jan-Feb
2014 365 ±264 173 ±125 Liu et al. (2014)
Shanghai Jan-Feb
2009
91 (mean
during whole
festival
period)
Feng et al. (2012)
Shanghai 2009 1054 ±322 (D) Zhang et al.
(2010)
Beijing 2015 22 7.8 64.5 248.9 57.8 Zhang et al.
(2017)
Shanghai Jan-Feb
2009 ~17 4.9 71.2 >900 (D) >900 (D) >8.5(D) 438 (D) 286 (D) Huang et al. (2012)
Beijing
Feb-
March
2013

775 (LNY);
650 (LFD);
320(LF)
Jiang et al.
(2015)
Beijing Feb 2006 7.58 1.81 77 466.2 (D); 85.6
(ND)
184.3 (D);

26.1 (ND) >150 >80
(NO2)
Wang et al.
(2007)
Kaohsiung City,
Taiwan Feb 2009 112.61 (D)
Tsai et al. (2012)
Xi’an Feb 2007 13.1 11.8 10
298.8±26.7
(D); 130±63.9
(ND)
Shen et al. (2009)
Beijing Feb 2013 103.5 (D) Jing et al. (2014)
Beijing 148 (2016)

92.4 (2018) Liu et al. (2019)
Other
Nottingham, UK 2000-
2012
~14.5
(3.0) 5.1 64 37.4 (D); 23.1 ±

3.1 (ND)

31.25-38.75
(D); 11.5 ± 4.0
(ND)

6.0 (D);

2.0±0.7
(ND)

Singh et al.
(2015); Guy
Fawkes Night
USA (315 sites
across the
country)
July
(1999-
2013)

17 (national
average
during
Fireworks); 5
(ND)

Seidel and
Birnbaum (2015);
US
Independence
Day

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Milan, Italy July 2006

63.9 (D)
53% form
fireworks

Vecchi et al.
(2008); FIFA
World Cup
Celebration#
Montréal,
Canada
June-July
2007 >1000 (during
display)
Joly et al. (2010);
2007 Montréal
International
Fireworks
Competition
Girona, Spain June 2008

25.3-30.8 (D)

16.3-22.1
(BF)

20.1-22.1
(AF)

Moreno et al.
(2010); Sant Joan
fireworks event
Malta
July-
October
2005

25.1-58* (D)

Camilleri and
Vella (2010);
Religious
festivals (festas)

*Weekly mean concentration, this study did not estimate the impact for a single day but over several months during which fireworks are used ; #Fireworks display D= during festival/fireworks event; ND= Normal days; AF= after fireworks; BF= before fireworks; LNY=Chinese Lunar New Year; LFD=Lunar Fifth Day; LF=Lantern Festival Haze is defined as visibility of less than 10 kilometres.

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18 3.2 Particle number concentration
A limited number of studies have looked at changes in particle number concentration (PNC) during fireworks events, and similar to PM mass, PNC also increases dramatically during such events (Drewnick et al., 2006; Wehner et al., 2000).

Similar to other combustion processes, firework emissions are typically associated with particles in the accumulation mode; one study in USA reported particle size to vary between 0.3 and 1.9 µm (Liu et al., 1997) . Betha and Balasubramanian (2013) reported that between 60 to 85% of the particles from fireworks were in the ultrafine size range (i.e., particles with aerodynamic diameter <100 nm) while a Yang et al. (2014) reported Aitken and accumulation mode to account for 57% and 42% of the total PNC in China. In Beijing (China), total PNC of 7.7 x 104 /cm3 was reported during Spring festival fireworks, and the average particle diameter was observed to be 150 nm (Jing et al., 2014) while in Jinan (China), an average PNC of 24783 cm -3 was reported during firework use, together with an increase in particles in the accumulation mode during the activity (Yang et al., 2014). In Germany, Wehner et al. (2000) also reported a dramatic increase in PNC in the accumulation range (> 100 nm) during a fireworks event.

3.3 Ozone formation during fireworks use
Coloured fireworks are reported to also generate ozone [O3] at the ground level (Attri et al., 2001; Ravindra et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2018). These coloured fireworks contain a mixture of rich substances such as sulphur, barium nitrate, potassium, perchlorate, manganese, and aluminium which generate colour/light. Usually, in the atmosphere ozone is produced by chemical reactions of NOx, CO and VOCs in the presence of sunlight via photochemical oxidation process. However, Attri et al. (2001) suggest ozone can be also formed without sunlight; burning a significant number of coloured fireworks generates significant amount of radiative energy which is enough to isolate atmospheric molecular oxygen into atomic oxygen and is able to cause ozone formation without sunlight. However, there has been very limited research on this topic, and further investigation is warranted.

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19 3.4 Visibility
Fireworks emissions can lead to significant deteriorations in visibility. A large number of studies have evaluated the long-term impacts of aerosols and gases on visibility but only a few were focused on the influence of fireworks (Huang et al., 2012; Kong et al., 2015a; Saha et al., 2014; Shen et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2017). In general, visibility is defined as the maximum visible distance along a horizontal line at the Earth’s surface, and is largely dependent upon the scattering and absorption of light by PM. Absorption by gas phase NO2 can also account for loss of visibility, but this is typically negligible compared to the loss of visibility caused by PM scattering and absorption (Singh et al., 2015).

Visibility loss during fireworks can be more pronounced and significant under certain meteorological conditions (Kong et al., 2015b; Saha et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2015). In particular, high RH conditions can cause water uptake onto hygroscopic particles (Pope et al., 201 0) thus changing the extinction coefficient of PM, and therefore the resulting degradation in visibility (Singh et al., 2015). RH is dependent upon air temperature and atmospheric pressure. As RH increases, hygroscopic particles grow in size, volume and weight due to water uptake through absorption and adsorption thus changes in particle physical and chemical properties. Enhanced water content can also alter the particle composition by enabling particle phase chemistry to occur (Gallimore et al., 2011). High PM loading in addition to high RH conditions can encourage fog formation and thus lower the visibility.

Table 3 summarises the available literature on the effect of firework events on visibility. The high loading of atmospheric PM generated by combustion of fireworks can lead to impairment of visibility up to 10 - 92%. Typically, visibility loss due to fireworks is short-lived. Typically, it can take between 2-7 days for visibility to return to normal background conditions, depending upon atmospheric, meteorological and topographical conditions.

Satellite measured Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), a measure of PM quantity distributed within a column of air from the Earth's surface to the top of the atmosphere, can also be used to understand and investigate the effect of fireworks on visibility and air quality (Kessner et al., 2013; Khor et al., 2014; Pope et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2014;

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20 Zheng et al., 2017). Devara et al. (2015) reported an approximately four-fold increase in AOD values during the Diwali festival in India. These results are similar to the observations in the UK where a significant increase (2-4 fold) in the aerosol loading during Guy Fawkes Night was reported (Pope et al., 2016). Both PM (PM10 and PM2.5) as well as AOD values were observed to be much higher compared to background levels during a fireworks event in the UK (Pope et al., 2016) and higher (10-90%) than normal AOD levels have also been reported during fireworks events in China (Yu et al., 2013; Zheng et al., 2017). One notable exception was a study in Delhi, which reported a lack of association between AOD and the fireworks events during Diwali in India; this discrepancy was attributed to the temporality of the satellite measurement, which is restricted to the overpass time (Kumar et al., 2016a).

4. Health Impacts
Exposure to air pollution in the short-term has been linked to several health effects (Brunekreef and Holgate, 2002; Nhung et al., 2017; Shah et al., 2015; Shang et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2016). In case of fireworks, there are several types of health effects possible including the effects related to air pollution exposure, but also physical injuries such as burn injuries or damage to the eyes. In fact, in the literature, much of the focus around the health effects of fireworks has been on burn injuries and ocular damage. There is limited evidence on the health effects of exposure to air pollution related to fireworks (Greven et al., 2019). Careless handling of fireworks during storage, transport and handling can have serious implications including skin burns, eye damage, and hearing loss (Billock et al., 2017; Canner et al., 2014; Maglieri and Henderson, 1973; Moore et al., 2014; Vernon, 1988). Typically, children and young adults, especially men, have been found to suffer the most injuries. Over the past two decades, however, overall injury rates have been reported to be declining (Billock et al., 2017; Chaparro-Narváez et al., 2017; Moore et al., 2014; Puri et al., 2009) .

Fireworks events are also associated with an increase in noise levels, and this can trigger psychological stress (Ising et al., 1980; Tanaka et al., 2016; Verma and Deshmukh, 2014); affect hearing function (Björkman and Rylander, 1997; Gjaevenes et al., 1974) and possibly increase the chances of cardiovascular disease (Babisch,

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21 2000). One study linked poor visibility due to short-lived fireworks-related pollution with disturbance in public safety (Rose, 2014).

Exposure to air pollutants including PM and gases has been found to trigger specific health effects including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (Brook, 2008; Brook et al., 2010; Franklin et al., 2015; Laumbach and Kipen, 2012). In particular, children and the elderly as well as people with pre-existing health conditions are vulnerable to health effects associated with exposure to firework related emissions. In the US, specific studies have reported exacerbation of asthma in individuals exposed to firework related emissions (Becker et al., 2000), and exposure to fireworks-related PM has also been associated with a decline in lung function (Smith and Dinh, 1975); in Oahu (Hawaii), a statistically significant increment of 113% in treated respiratory illnesses during fireworks events was reported (Bach et al., 1975). Other studies since have reported similar associations between fireworks’ events and respiratory health (Gouder and Montefort, 2014) although a recent analysis in the Netherlands reported mixed results for the relationship between PM 10 concentrations and daily mortality during periods of firework activity (Greven et al., 2019). In India, Sarkar et al. (2010) estimated at least 2% increase in the health effects associated with exposure to a set of elements associated with fireworks emissions (Al, Mn, Ba) during Diwali while in Bangkok, there was no significant difference in risk level for metals such as Pb, Zn and Cr during fireworks episodes (Pongpiachan et al., 2018). In a study of inhalation exposures, carcinogenic risk were found to be more pronounced in instances where the emissions were more highly concentrated (Betha and Balasubramanian, 2013). In Shanghai (China), exposure to fireworks-related emissions was found to contribute between 1.4 and 3.8% of the total daily mortality in the city (Yao et al., 2019).

The health impact of firework emissions is largely relevant in the context of acute exposures with exposure window of a few hours to days. It is unclear, at present, if there are long-term health effects associated with these acute exposures. The usage pattern of fireworks (e.g., fireworks display vs individual fireworks use) and the prevailing meteorological conditions can also influence the extent of exposure for the population. Notably, many firework related festivals/events take place during autumn/winter (e.g., Diwali (India), New Year’s Eve (worldwide), Guy Fawkes Night (UK) and the Spring Festival (China)) when temperatures and wind speeds are typically low, which will likely encourage the build-up of pollution through low boundary

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22 layer heights and low horizontal dispersion. When used at ground level, people can get directly exposed to metallic fumes released from handheld firecrackers (e.g., sparklers). Several elements associated with fireworks emissions, especially transition elements including Cu have been associated with increase in exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the lung cells, through Fenton-type reactions (Lippmann and Chen, 2009). A study in London reported significantly higher in vitro PM oxidative potential per unit mass for firework associated PM10 compared to PM10 associated with traffic emissions (Godri et al., 2010).

5. Impact of restrictions on use of fireworks on air quality In some regions in China, stringent regulations on firework use has led to a decline in overall emissions’ contribution from this source (Lai and Brimblecombe, 2017), and there is a strong public health argument for restricted use. In Beijing, Liu et al. (2019) reported a decline in the use of fireworks after the introduction of a stringent prohibition policy which has in turn led to a 72.9% decline in the contribution of firework activity to ambient PM 2.5 concentrations during periods of fireworks’ use.

Similarly, in Shanghai, PM 2.5 levels reduced from 79 to 32 µg/m 3 between 2013 and 2017 at the rate of −13.8 μg/m3/yr after restrictions on the use of fireworks (Yao et al., 2019). In India, s
ale and purchase of fireworks were restricted in 2018 (Trivedi, 2018), but no air quality benefits have been reported as yet.

6. Conclusions
Despite the potential impacts of short-term anthropogenic pollution events from the use of fireworks use, there are a limited number of studies focused on the impact of fireworks-related emissions on air quality and public health. The highest number of studies are from India and China. The current body of literature, including data from different countries around the world, provides clear evidence of the impact of fireworks events’ on air quality and visibility, albeit for short periods of time. Additionally, data on chemical composition of PM reveals higher levels of specific elements including Ba, Pb, K and Sr during such events. Based on the available literature, it is reasonable to assume that elements including Ba, Sr, Mg, K and Cu can be considered relevant

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23 tracers for fireworks-related PM. While some of these elements also serve as tracers for other sources (for example Ba and Cu are also markers for brake-wear emissions), the saliency of the fireworks events allows for estimation of specific impacts associated with such events. There are some early results on the role of fireworks-related emissions in formation of ozone, nitrous acid, and associated atmospheric chemistry, but more research is needed.

Furthermore, there are only a few studies that report on the health effects associated with exposure to fireworks-related air pollution. However, it is clear that in the short-term, exposure to fireworks-related PM can lead to exacerbation of respiratory illnesses including asthma.

It must be noted that it is difficult to rigorously compare the reported effects of fireworks upon air quality, largely due to the transient nature of the fireworks’ events (often lasting only a few hours to days). Due to the limited time periods where the fireworks source is relevant, most studies tend to include a limited number of samples.

Study designs are often vastly different, between different studies, rendering it difficult to compare and synthesise results. Additionally, fireworks events are held at different times of the year (i.e. different seasons), and due to the prevalent meteorological conditions, it can be difficult to make generalizations regarding underlying atmospheric processes that cause visibility reduction.

After a careful review of the literature, it is reasonable to conclude that:

1. Field measurements of firework events should aim for consistency in measurement approach. In particular, measurements before, during and after the event should be attempted. Detailed meteorological data should also be collected over the same timeframe, and where possible, PM data should be speciated to understand the chemical composition of particles. Studies could be designed specifically to measure fireworks’ related emission loads through comparison of sampling at field and background locations.

2. Most studies, so far, have assessed concentrations and composition of PM 10 and PM2.5, but very limited data are available for particle mass and number size distributions. Current evidence indicates that use of fireworks can lead to a significant increase in PNC, and future studies should focus on improving the understanding on this topic.

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24 3. Chamber studies such as Betha and Balasubramanian (2013) can help to generate evidence on detailed emissions profiles and tracers for firework events.

Such profiles can then be used in the receptor modelling framework to estimate the contribution of fireworks emissions to ambient PM 2.5. Such data can also be useful for estimation of health risks associated with exposure to fireworks emissions.

4. Global satellite measurements can be further utilized during firework events to understand spatial and temporal variations in pollutant concentrations related to firework events. Ancillary data such as fireworks sales can also be useful to generalise the results.

5. Future studies should focus on characterization of health effects associated with acute exposure to air pollutants during fireworks’ events. For example, daily hospital visit and mortality data can be analysed to understand the short-term health effects related to fireworks’ emissions. Given the very high concentrations of specific elements in fireworks emissions, similar to Godri et al. (2010), further analysis on the toxicity of fireworks-related particles may also help to improve our understanding of the health impacts.

6. In areas where specific interventions are introduced, either legal or through government policy, studies could be undertaken to understand the impact of the policy on air quality during fireworks events. This will create a rich evidence base for control of fireworks-related emissions.

7. Finall y, given the evidence that PM concentrations often return to ‘normal’ air quality levels within 24 hours of such events, air quality alerts might be deployed strategically to ensure that exposure is minimized, especially for the vulnerable sections of the population.

In conclusion, wider regulations on the use of fireworks will help in reducing exposure to fireworks-related air pollution, but significant socio-cultural beliefs and practices are often associated with religious/cultural events, making it difficult to introduce strict regulations. It is important to recognize that celebrations associated with use of fireworks can act as a force to bring people together and have deep cultural and social significance and can lead to positive psychological impact on individuals and communities. In addition, alternate modes of celebrations including light shows, use of lanterns and candles, LED-based fireworks replicas etc. can be promoted in order

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25 to reduce direct exposures related to fireworks emissions. In terms of public health, awareness regarding the health impacts is key and gradual behavioural shifts, spurred through public health alerts and advisories before and during fireworks events could help in minimizing the health burden.

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35 Highlights
- Fireworks and bonfires are sources of atmospheric pollutants and typically affect short-term air quality.
- This review article presents a summary of the impacts of fireworks and bonfires on air quality, visibility, and human health.
- Typically, concentrations of air pollutants can be 2-8 times higher than average during fireworks events. Additionally, concentrations of elements including Ba, Cu, Pb, Cr and Sr are reported to be several times higher during fireworks events.
- Limited studies have shown an impact on respiratory health, but significant gaps in knowledge remain.

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Figure 1
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Figure 2View publication statsView publication stats
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Fireworks are known to emit large amounts of particulate matter (PM) which can contribute to negative health eﬀects. With so many ﬁreworks going oﬀ at once, July 4 and 5 have some of the worst air quality of the year in the South Coast Air Basin (Basin).

Breathing high levels of ﬁne particulate matter (PM2.5) can lead to a wide variety of cardiovascular and respiratory health eﬀects such as heart attacks, asthma aggravation, decreased lung function, coughing and diﬃculty breathing. The pollution from ﬁreworks also contains high levels of several toxic metals.

In this presentation, we look at the levels of PM and its metal content during 2021 Independence Day ﬁreworks event.

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Jul 3, 2021, 12 AM
Jul 3, 2021, 6 AM
Jul 3, 2021, 12 PM
Jul 3, 2021, 6 PM
Jul 4, 2021, 12 AM
Jul 4, 2021, 6 AM
Jul 4, 2021, 12 PM
Jul 4, 2021, 6 PM
Jul 5, 2021, 12 AM
Jul 5, 2021, 6 AM
Jul 5, 2021, 12 PM
Jul 5, 2021, 6 PM
Jul 6, 2021, 12 AM
Jul 6, 2021, 6 AM
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Jul 6, 2021, 6 PM
Jul 7, 2021, 12 AM
Time (PST)
0 50
100
150
200
250
300
350PM2.5 (µg/m³)
Anaheim-Pampas Lane
Banning Airport
Compton-700 North Bullis Road
Crestline
Glendora-Laurel
Lake Elsinore-W Flint Street
Long Beach-Route 710 Near Road
Los Angeles-North Main Street
Mira Loma Van Buren
Mission Viejo-26081 Via Pera
North Hollywood
Ontario-Route 60 Near Road
Reseda
Riverside-Rubidoux
Santa Clarita
South Long Beach
Upland
Winchester-33700 Borel Road
© 2022 Mapbox © OpenStreetMap
Location of South Coast AQMD PM2.5 Monitoring Sites*
*Air monitoring sites in the Coachella Valley not shown Hourly PM2.5 Mass Concentrations During 2021 Independence Day Fireworks Across the Basin South Coast Air Basin
Hourly PM2.5 peaked at the
Ontario-Route 60 Near Road
site in the morning of July 5th
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Basin Average Hourly PM2.5 During Independence Day Fireworks in Past YearsJul 3, 12 AM Jul 3, 6 AM
Jul 3, 12 PM
Jul 3, 6 PM
Jul 4, 12 AM
Jul 4, 6 AM
Jul 4, 12 PM
Jul 4, 6 PM
Jul 5, 12 AM
Jul 5, 6 AM
Jul 5, 12 PM
Jul 5, 6 PM
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Jul 6, 6 AM
Jul 6, 12 PM
Jul 6, 6 PM
Jul 7, 12 AM
Time (PST)
10 20
30 40
50 60
70 80
90 100
110PM2.5 (µg/m³)
This year, average PM2.5 levels
in the Basin were the second
highest for Independence Day in
the past decade
Year
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
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Maximum Hourly PM2.5 During Independence Day Fireworks in the Basin in Past Years Year
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Maximum Hourly PM2.5 (µg/m³)
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
Los Angeles-North Main Street
Los Angeles-North Main Street
Los Angeles-North Main Street
Ontario-Route 60 Near Road
Glendora-Laurel
Glendora-Laurel
Glendora-Laurel
Glendora-Laurel
Glendora-Laurel
Glendora-Laurel
Glendora-Laurel
Upland
This year, the highest
hourly PM2.5
concentration was
recorded in Ontario. This
was the second highest
for Independence Day in
the past decade.

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Time Lapse of Air Quality Index (AQI) Map During 2021 Independence Day Fireworks During this year’s Independence Day ﬁreworks event, air quality reached Unhealthy to Hazardous categories with high PM2.5 levels throughout the South Coast Air Basin.

The arrows on the map show wind directions measured at the weather stations. The lengths of the arrows are proportional to the wind speed. The longer the arrows, the higher the wind speed.

What is Air Quality Index (AQI)?
Air quality is graded on a color-coded scale, with green for Good quality, and yellow, orange, red, and purple representing increasingly signiﬁcant risks. The Air Quality Index (AQI) values in the map are determined using a technique that blends measurements from high-quality regulatory monitors, quality-controlled and calibrated low-cost sensors, and an air quality model. For more information about this technique, please click here.

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What’s in Fireworks Smoke?
Several metals are used in ﬁreworks as explosives and to produce certain colors. For instance, potassium nitrate is used as an explosive in ﬁrecrackers, and barium and copper compounds are commonly used to produce green and blue colors. Once exploded, ﬁreworks emit large amounts of airborne particles which include many of these metals, some of which are known air toxics.

Boyle Heights
Paramount Diamond Bar
© 2022 Mapbox © OpenStreetMap
Location of Continuous Multi-Metals Monitors
This year, South Coast AQMD conducted
continuous multi-metals measurements
during the Independence Day ﬁreworks
event at three
locations across the Basin.

Hourly mass concentrations of several
metals were measured in Total
Suspended Particles (TSP) at Boyle
Heights, Paramount, and Diamond Bar.

TSP refers to the entire aerosol size range
and PM2.5 is a subset of TSP.

Jul 4, 2021, 12 AM
Jul 4, 2021, 6 AM
Jul 4, 2021, 12 PM
Jul 4, 2021, 6 PM
Jul 5, 2021, 12 AM
Jul 5, 2021, 6 AM
Jul 5, 2021, 12 PM
Jul 5, 2021, 6 PM
Jul 6, 2021, 12 AM
Time (PST)
0 1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000Concentration (ng/m³)
Hourly Concentrations of TSP Cu (Copper) Select a Metal Cu (Copper)
Boyle Heights
Diamond Bar
Paramount
Fireworks-related metals (e.g., Ba, K, Cu, As, Total Cr) showed generally higher concentrations in Boyle Heights, most likely due to enhanced ﬁreworks activity in the central part of the Basin. Concentrations peaked at 9pm on July 4th in Boyle Heights and Paramount, and peaked in the morning of July 5th in Diamond Bar, suggesting the regional transport of smoke across the Basin. These results are consistent with the trends of PM2.5 across the Basin. It is noteworthy that during this event, hourly concentrations of toxic metals did not exceed the acute reference exposure levels, but concentrations near ﬁrework displays or in a ﬁrework plume may be higher than measured at these three stations.

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What’s in Fireworks Smoke?
South Coast AQMD carried out similar multi-metals measurements in previous years during Independence Day in Boyle Heights and Paramount. This slide compares the concentrations of metals that are known to be emitted from ﬁreworks (As, Ba, Total Cr, Cu, K, Mn, Ti, and Zn) in past years at these two sites.

Jul 4, 12 AM
Jul 4, 6 AM
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Jul 5, 6 PM
Jul 6, 12 AM
Time (PST)
0 2,000
4,000
6,000
Concentration (ng/m³)
Hourly Concentrations of TSP Cu (Copper) in Boyle
Heights
Jul 4, 12 AM
Jul 4, 6 AM
Jul 4, 12 PM
Jul 4, 6 PM
Jul 5, 12 AM
Jul 5, 6 AM
Jul 5, 12 PM
Jul 5, 6 PM
Jul 6, 12 AM
Time (PST)
0 1,000
2,000
3,000Concentration (ng/m³)
Hourly Concentrations of TSP Cu (Copper) in
Paramount*
* The instrument was not operational in 2020 in Paramount.

Select a Metal
Cu (Copper)
Comparison of 2021 data with historical levels was not consistent across all sites and for all metals measured. For example, in Paramount, 2021 concentrations of all metals were comparable or lower than the historical levels. In Boyle Heights, however, concentrations of arsenic and potassium were higher in 2021 while other ﬁreworks-related metals were lower than 2020 levels. Results suggest the composition of ﬁreworks used during 2021 Independence Day celebrations might have changed. 2021
2019
2018
2017
2021
2020
Item 4A - 51
2021 Independence Day Air Quality Assessment

Page 1 ends

· Fireworks produce large amounts of particles that remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time after the ﬁreworks display.
· The magnitude and timing of the particulate pollution vary from location to location and from year to year, given variations in type of ﬁreworks, local meteorological conditions, and proximity to the display. · Transport of smoke from ﬁrework activity on July 4th across the Basin often causes concentrations to peak in inland areas and near the foothills in the morning of July 5th, as we have seen this year. · During this year’s Independence Day ﬁreworks event, air quality reached Unhealthy to Hazardous categories with high levels of ﬁne particulate matter (PM2.5) throughout the Basin. · This year, average PM2.5 levels in the Basin were the second highest for Independence Day in the past decade. The use of personal “backyard” ﬁreworks and commercial ﬁreworks displays were likely the main contributors to the poor air quality.
· Pollution from ﬁreworks contains high levels of several air toxic metals. South Coast AQMD’s monitors recorded elevated concentrations of metals during the ﬁreworks event, but they did not exceed the health-based standards.

Summary
Item 4A - 52
Air Quality During 2020 Independence Day Weekend in the South Coast Air Basin Boyle Heights
Paramount
© 2022 Mapbox © OpenStreetMap
Location of Continous Multi-Metals Monitors
Several metals are used in fireworks as explosives
and to produce certain colors. For instance,
Potassium Nitrate is used as an explosive in
firecrackers, and Barium and Copper compounds
are commonly used to produce green and blue
colors, respectively. Once exploded, fireworks emit
large amounts of airborne particles which include
many of these metals some of which are known
air toxics.

South Coast AQMD conducts continuous
multi-metals measurements at Resurrection
Church in Boyle Heights and at Promise Hospital in
Paramount, which enables the evaluation of the
impacts of Independence Day fireworks on local
air quality.

Fireworks are known to produce large amounts of
Particulate Matter (PM), which remain suspended in
the air for an extended period of time after the
fireworks display.

The plot to the right shows the basin average hourly
PM2.5 mass concentrations, measured from 17
air
monitoring stations, during the 2020 Independence
Day weekend in the south coast air basin. During
the fireworks event, PM levels typically start to
increase after sunset on July 4th and remain
elevated through midday on July 5th. The
magnitude and timing of the PM elevation, however,
may vary from location to location and from year to
year, given variations in type of fireworks
(commercial and personal), local meteorological
conditions, and proximity to the display.

The time-series plot above shows the hourly concentrations of metals measured before, during, and after the fireworks displays in 2020 in Boyle Heights and the past 3 three years in Paramount. It should be noted that while the 2020 data at Boyle Heights are plotted along with the historical data in Paramount, their concentrations may not be directly comparable to each other as the monitoring sites are in different locations (~ 10 miles apart, see the map above) and during such episodic event with widespread neighborhood fireworks shows the concentrations may vary substantially within a few miles. An analysis of total PM levels at these two areas showed that the PM concentrations were relatively higher in Boyle Heights than Paramount during the fireworks event this year and past year. Nonetheless, a comparison with historical Paramount data helps put the levels measured this year in Boyle Heights into context.

As mentioned above, elevated levels of PM-bound metals are expected during the fireworks display. This year, the concentrations of most metals were markedly higher than the levels measured during the fireworks in Paramount in the past three years even after considering the site to site variation discussed above. Unlike previous years that the concentrations of metals dropped sharply after midnight in Paramount, this year the concentrations in Boyle Heights remained elevated through the afternoon of July 5th. It is noteworthy that during this event, hourly concentrations of toxic metals did not exceed the acute reference exposure levels. 7/4, 12 AM
7/4, 6 AM
7/4, 12 PM
7/4, 6 PM
7/5, 12 AM
7/5, 6 AM
7/5, 12 PM
7/5, 6 PM
7/6, 12 AM
0 20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000Concentration (ng/m3)
Time Series of Metals Choose a Metal
K (Potassium)
Boyle Heights, 2020
Paramount, 2019
Paramount, 2018
Paramount, 2017
7/4, 12 AM
7/4, 6 AM
7/4, 12 PM
7/4, 6 PM
7/5, 12 AM
7/5, 6 AM
7/5, 12 PM
7/5, 6 PM
7/6, 12 AM
0 20
40 60
80 100
120PM2.5 (µg/m3)
Basin Average Hourly PM2.5
Item 4A - 53

EXISTING PURPLEAIR AIR QUALITY MONITORS LOCATION IN PALM SPRINGS, CA

Item 4A - 54

CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT

DATE: F EBRUARY 24, 2022 NEW BUSINESS

SUBJECT: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT (CDBG) 2022–2023

ANNUAL ACTION PLAN AND BUDGET DISCUSSION

FROM: Justin Clifton, City Manager

BY: Community & Economic Development Department
______________________________________________________________________

SUMMARY:

The CDBG Annual Action Plan (AAP) is prepared by the City every year pursuant to requirements set forth by the Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD), which mandate that units of government receiving federal housing and community development assistance must prepare an AAP as part of the implementation of the Five Year Consolidated Plan (ConPlan) which serves as the blueprint for community development activity in the City. At this time , Staff is seeking input from the City Council regarding the Annual Action Plan and CDBG Budget for the 2022-2023 fiscal year.

RECOMMENDATION:

Provide Staff with recommendations for the CDBG Annual Action Plan and Budget for the 2022 – 2023 Fiscal Year.

BACKGROUND

Palm Springs is an “entitlement city”, meaning that it is a direct recipient of CDBG funds from the federal government. The CDBG Program was adopted by Congress forty -eight years ago to provide a flexible fun ding source for local governments to meet the community development needs of their low and moderate- income (Low/Mod) residents and was the first federal block grant. This direct grant from HUD enables entitlement units of governments to fund three National Objectives: benefiting Low/Mod persons; preventing or eliminating slums or blight; and, meeting urgent need.

HUD provides the five models to identify and select sub-recipients for CDBG funds. These are:

Model 1: Formal application or request for application process.

Model 2: Simplified or limited application.

Model 3 Grantee survey of qualified organizations with direct solicitation.

Model 4: Response to unsolicited applications.

Item 5A - 1
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 – Page 2
CDBG 2022 – 2023 Annual Action Plan

Model 5: Review of existing sub- recipients’ performance before renewing t heir participation.

In Fiscal Year 2020, the City Council directed Staff to utilize Model 3. Model 3 allows the City to directly select the sub -recipients, which may include only City Departments for funding of City programs, services, or capital projects. At that time, the City Council also approved the 2020-2024 ConPlan goals listed in ATTACHMENT 1.

STAFF ANALYSIS:

At this time , it is estimated that the City will receive a CDBG allocation of $430,000 – which is the same amount of CDBG funds received las t year. This amount will be updated accordingly once HUD releases the FY22/23 CDBG entitlement allocations.

It should be noted that over the last two fiscal years , the City received $848,774 of additional CDBG funding specifically to address the impacts o n the community as a result of the Corona virus (CDBG -CV). The majority of the CDBG -CV funds were approved for a rental assistance program for Palm Springs residents ($510,000); $235,000 was provided to local non- profit organizations; and the balance of $103,000 was allocated for administrative cos ts. These allocations were only possible because CDBG-CV funds allowed for a waiver from the 15% Public Services limit.

This waiver does not apply to CDBG funds and allocations of CDBG funds for Public Services is limited to 15% of the CDBG allocation for Fiscal Year 2023.

Of the total amount of CDBG funds to be allocated for
Fiscal Year 2023 ($430,000), the
Federal statute requires that at least 70% of the expenditures benefit Low/Mod persons.

As an entit lement grantee, the City has and will continue to utilize these funds for neighborhood revitalization, preserving decent housing, expanding economic opportunities, and/or improving commu nity facilities and services , principally to benefit Low/Mod persons . A map showing the City’s Low/Mod areas is provided in ATTACHMENT 2.

There are also statutory limitations on the percentage of CDBG funds that may be utilized for administrative purposes, at no more than 20% of the entitlement, and as previously noted Public Services, at no more than 15% of the entitlement. The remaining 65% of the funds are to be utilized for Public Facilities and Capital Improvements , and Housing Rehabilitation.

It is estimated the CDBG budget for 2022-2023 by eligibility category is as follows:

Public Facilities and Capital Improvements $279,0 00 Public Services (includes Fair Housing) $ 55,000
Rehabilitation $ 10,000
TOTAL PROGRAMMATIC FUNDS (80%) $ 344,000

ADMINISTRATION (20%) $ 86,000

TOTAL CDBG 2022–2023 FUNDING $ 430,000
Item 5A - 2
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 – Page 3
CDBG 2022 – 2023 Annual Action Plan

It should be noted, the recommended allocation o f funds for Public Services is for a mandatory program of providing Fair Housing services. In addition, it is also recommended the City continue allocating CDBG funds ($10,000) to the Home Repair program. This program assists very low -income homeowners with minor rout ine maintenance, emergency repairs and accessibility modifications at nominal costs, including other related health and safety code work. F irst-year participants receiv e standard d isaster preparedness items (i.e., hot water heater strapping). Information on the Home R epair program is provided in ATTACHMENT 3.

In regard to the remaining Public Facilities and Capital Improvements CDBG funds in the amount of $279,000, Staff is recommending the entire amount be allocated to City public facility and capital improvement projects. As noted above, the City Council selected Model 3 to identify and select sub-recipients for CDBG f unding which may include only City Departments for funding of City programs, services, or capital projects.

Recommended projects include the following:

1. S hade Structures for Playground Equipment. CDBG may fund shade structures at Demuth Park and Baristo Park within the Low/Mod areas of the City . It is anticipated that three large shade structures would utilize the entire amount of allocated for public facilities and capital improvements ($279,000); or

2. Navigation Center. The Navigation Center at 3589 McCarthy will serve Low/Mod income clientele. The City and County have applied for Homekey 2 funds for the buildout of 80 modular units and two of the three buildings located at the Navigation Center. The third and largest building (25,800 square f eet) is not included in the funding application and will require additi onal funds for future renovations. It is antici pated that such im provements would utilize the entire amount of CDBG funds for Public Facilities and Capital Improvements ($279,000).

For reference, Pu blic Facilities and Capital Improvement s funded in the rece nt past include:

• City of Palm Springs Public Works & Engineering – Demuth Park Community Center Air Conditioning Project which was allocated a total of $400,000.

• City of Palm Springs Public Works & Engineering – Demuth Park Restroom Project which was allocated a total of $307,977.

Staff will incorporate City Council’s recommendations for use of the CDBG funds into a draft CDBG 2022-2023 Annual Action Plan and Budget and will seek approval of the CDBG 2022-2023 Annual Action Plan and Budget as follows:

• March 10 - Public Hearing #1 to solicit public input on the Draft Fiscal Year 2022- 2023 Annual Action Plan and Budget.

Item 5A - 3
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 – Page 4
CDBG 2022 – 2023 Annual Action Plan

• March 14 to April 13 – 30-day public review of Fiscal Year 2022- 2023 Annual Action Plan and Budget.

• April 21 - Public Hearing #2 Council approval of Fiscal Year 2022-2023 Annual Action Plan and Budget.

• May 2 - Submittal of Fiscal Year 2022-2023 Annual Action Plan and Budget to HUD for review and approval.

• July 1 - CDBG funds available for use (reimbursement basis).

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:

The recommended ac tion does not result in a “Project” as defined by the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Pursuant to Section 15378(a), a Project means the whole of an action, which has a potential for resulting in either a direct physica l change in th e environment, or a reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change in the environment. According to Section 15378(b), a Project does not include: ( 5) Organizational or administrative activities of governments that will not result in direct o r indirect physical changes in the environment.

FISCAL IMPACT:

This action is a pre -requisite to ensur e the City can receive approximately $430,000 in CDBG entitlement funding.

REVIEWED BY:

Department Director: Jay Virata
Deputy City Manager: Flinn Fagg
City Manager: Justin Clifton

ATTACHMENTS:

1. 2020-2024 ConPlan Goals.

2. Low/Moderate Income Census Block Map.

3. Home Repair Program Promotional Materials.

Item 5A - 4
Attachment 1

CONPLAN GOALS

HOUSING GOALS

GOAL 1: REMOVE CONSTRAINTS THAT HINDER THE PRODUCTIO N AND

CONSERVATION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING UNITS AND ASSIST IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF HO USING OPPORTUNITIES AND ACCESSIBILITY FOR ALL ECONOMIC LEVELS IN THE CITY.

GOAL 2: PROVIDE SUPPORT SERVIC ES FOR THE CITY'S RESIDENTS TO ENSURE

THAT ALL HOUSING PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE WITH OUT

DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF ACTUAL OR PERCEIVED RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, SEX, NATIONAL ORIGIN (I.E., PLACE OF ORIGIN,

IMMIGRATION STATUS, CULTURAL OR LINGUISTIC CHARACTE RISTICS,

OR ETHNICITY) , SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY, GENDER

EXPRESSION, AN CESTRY, DOMESTIC PARTNER STATUS, MARIITAL

STATUS, AGE, HOUSEHOLD COM POSITION, INCOME, SIZE, PHYSICL OR

MENTAL DISABILITY, MEDICAL CONDITION, OR ANY OTHER ARBITRARY FACTOR.

HOMELESS GOALS

GOAL 1: SUPPORT OR PROVIDE FUNDING FOR PROGRAM S THAT OFFER

SERVICES A ND/OR SUPPOR TIVE HOUSING TO AS SIST HOMELESS

INDIVIDUALS AND/OR FAMILIES

NON-HOUSING GOALS

GOAL 1: ESTABLISH NEW AND/OR EXPANDED COLLAB ORATIONS WIT H LOCAL

SERVICE PROVIDERS ON PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS THAT REDUCE

THE EFFECTS OF POVERTY AND S ERVES SENIORS, AT- RISK YOUTH ,

SEVERELY DISABLED ADULTS, AND SPECIAL NEEDS POPULATIONS

NON-HOUSING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT GOALS

GOAL 1: PROVIDE PUBLIC FACILITY IMPRO VEMENTS THROUGH DESIGN,

ENERGY-EFFICIENCY, REHABILITATION AND NEW CONSTRUCTION

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

GOAL 1: P ROMOTE, MAINTAIN AND/OR EX PAND THE CITY’S ECONOMIC BASE

THROUGH ECONOMIC AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES TO EXISTING

LOCAL BUSINESSES AND PROSPECTIVE BUSINESSES

Item 5A - 5

Attachment 2

Low / Moderate Income Census Block Map

Item 5A - 6

Attachment 3

Home Repair Program Promotional Materials

Item 5A - 7
060659414003
060650446023
060659412002
060659414002
060650445221
060650447021
060659408001
060650446062
060650446021
060650446042
060650447011
060650447012
060650448041
060650448061
060659410001
060659410002
060650446052
060650445211
Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), (c) OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
City of Palm Springs
Low and Moderate Income Areas with City Owned Overlays
Legend
Right-of-Way
City Owned Property within LMI
Low and Moderate Income Areas
Census block groups where over 51% of population is LMI.

Facility Name
A Sunrise Park/Stadium
B Skate Park
C PS Senior Affordable Apartments
D Police Station Complex
E Visitors Center
F Baristo Park
G Fire Station #4
H Waste Water Treatment Plant
I Demuth Park Community Center
A
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Item 5A - 8
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City of Palm Springs

Community Development Block Grant
Home Repair Program

What is the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program?

In 1974, the Federal Government created the CDBG program that replaced a variety of federal urban renewal, housing and neighborhood development programs. CDBG was the first federal ‘block grant’ program. Its purpose is to provide eligible units of govern ments with funds to help meet the needs of low to moderate (Low to Mod) income areas and persons. The City of Palm Springs receives an annual CDBG entitlement allocation established by a formula from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development – HUD, for local use, as an entitlement city based on population.

Which City Department oversees the CDBG program?

The City’s Community & Economic Development Department administers the CDBG program along with a variety of redevelopment and housing activities within the City’s jurisdictional boundary.

What type of housing maintenance assistance is available?

Through the City's CDBG Program, very low income homeowners with real property improvement needs are provided annual financial assistance fo r minor routine home maintenance, emergency repairs, accessibility modifications and code violations of health and safety concerns to the livable areas of the residence . D isaster preparedness items are addressed in applicant’s first year such as smoke detectors, natural gas shut -off valves, and hot water heater strapping. Applicants must be the primary owner-occupant, meet household-income guidelines, and in good financial standing with the City (delinquency of property taxes, fees, fines, liens, etc.).

What items of repairs may be addressed?

• Minor plumbing repairs.
• Routine heating/cooling and evaporative service calls. • Accessibility aids.
• City code violations and emergency repairs as determined by the City.

What items can NOT be addressed?

• Cosmetic repairs (e.g. irrigation, landscaping, painting, yard cleaning, etc.) • Property placed for sale.
• Premature useful-life replacement.
• Non built-in removable appliance.
• Questionable repairs (e.g. intentional destruction, vandalism, sanitary neglect, pr emature useful-life replacement, and existing condition prior to purchase etc.). • Frequency of prior similar request.

Item 5A - 9

How do I know if I am eligible?

The program is designed to facilitate the needs of very low income households who meet the following eligibility criteria:
• The applicant MUST b e the primary owner -occupant living in Palm Springs as one's primary residence.
• The applicant CANNOT have liquid assets exceeding $9,000, or have transferred assets of $5,000 or more to any other person in the preceeding two years, except in repayment of a legitimate loan. • The total income of the applicant's household cannot exceed the income limits:

Family Size No More Than
1 $27,650
2 $31,600
3 $35,550
4 $39,500
5 $42,700
6 $45,850
7 $49,000
8 $52,150

The applicant must be current on property taxes and have no outstanding debt to the City. Acceptance of new applicants and continued services are limited to funds available, as well as keeping scheduled appointments.

For more information or an applicatio n about maintenance assistance, contact the Community & Economic Development Department as follows:

The City of Palm Springs
Community & Economic Development Department

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT PROGRAM
3200 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way
Post Office Box 2743
Palm Springs, CA 92263-2743

For English Telephone: 760 323-8264
For Spanish Telephone: 760-323-8264
For TDD: 760-864-9527
FAX: 760 322-8325

The City of Palm Springs does not discriminate on the basis of any reason that is not related to a bona -fide qualification in admission or access to, or treatment or employment in, its federally assisted programs and activities. It is the intention of the City to comply with the American with Disabilities Act (ADA) in all respects.

Item 5A - 10
Community Development
Block Grant
City of
Palm Springs
Home Repair
Program
City of Palm Springs
Community & Economic Development Department
Post Office Box 2743
Palm Springs, CA 92263-2743

Palm Springs
Home Repair
Program
The City of Palm Springs
Community & Economic
Development Department
CDBG Grant Program
3200 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way
Post Office Box 2743
Palm Springs, CA 92263-2743
www.palmspringsca.gov

English: 760-323-8264
Spanish: 760-323-8264
FAX: 760-322-8325
TDD: 760-864-9527
Equal Housing
Opportunity
Item 5A - 11

for minor routine home maintenance,
emergency repairs, accessibility
modifications and code violations of health
and safety concerns to the livable areas of
the residence. Disaster preparedness
items are addressed in applicant ’s first
year such as smoke detectors, natural gas
shut-off valves, and hot water heater
strapping. Applicants must be the primary
owner-occupant, meet household -income
guidelines, and in good financial standing
with the City (delinquency of property
taxes, fees, fines, liens, etc.).

What items of repairs may be
addressed?

• Minor plumbing and electrical repairs.
• Routine heating/cooling and
evaporative service calls.
• Accessibility aids.
• City code violations and emergency
repairs as determined by the City.

What items are NOT addressed?

• Cosmetic repairs (e.g. irrigation,
landscaping, painting, yard cleaning,
etc.)
• Premature useful-life replacement.
• Non built-in removable appliance.
• Questionable repairs (e.g. intentional
destruction, vandalism, sanitary
neglect, premature useful -life
replacement, existing condition prior to
purchase, etc.).
• Property placed for-sale.
• Frequency of prior similar request.

What is the Community
Development Block Grant (CDBG)
Program?

Its purpose is to provide eligible units
of governments with funds to help
meet the needs of low to moderate
(Low to Mod) income areas and
persons. The City of Palm Springs
receives an annual CDBG entitlement
allocation established by a formula
from the U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development – HUD, for
local use, as an entitlement city based
on population.

Which City Department oversees
the CDBG program?

The City ’s Community & Economic
Development Department administers
the CDBG program along with a
variety of redevelopment and housing
activities within the City’s jurisdictional
boundary.

What type of housing maintenance
assistance is available?

Through the City's CDBG Program,
very low income homeowners with
real property improvement needs are
provided annual financial assistance
Home Repair
Program
How do I know if I am eligible?
The program is designed to facilitate
the needs of very low income house-
holds who meet the following eligibility
criteria:

The applicant MUST be the primary
owner-occupant living in Palm Springs
as one’s primary residence.
• The applicant CANNOT have
liquid assets exceeding $9,000, or
have transferred assets of $5,000
or more to any other person in the
preceeding two years, except in
repayment of a legitimate loan.
• The total income of the applicant ’s
household cannot exceed the
income limits:

Family Size No More Than
1 $27,650
2 $31,600
3 $35,550
4 $39,500
• The applicant must be current on
property taxes and have no
outstanding debt to the City.

Acceptance of new applicants and
continued services are limited to funds
available as well as keeping
scheduled repair appointments.

Equal Housing
Opportunity
Rev. 07/2021
Item 5A - 12

CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT
DATE: February 24, 2022 NEW BUSINESS
SUBJECT: F ISCAL YEAR 2020-21 FINANCIAL AUDIT REPORTS OF THE CITY OF

PALM SPRINGS
FROM: Justin Clifton, City Manager
BY: Department of Finance and Treasury
SUMMARY:

The c
ertified public accounting firm of The Punn Group, LLC, completed the annual financial reports of the City as of June 30, 2021.

RECOMMENDATION:

Rec
eive and file the following Financial Audit Reports for fiscal year June 30, 2021:
• Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR)
• Audit Communication letter to the City Council
• Internal Control and Compliance letter to the City Council • Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Report
• Housing Successor Audit Communication letter to the City Council • Public Financing Authority Financial Statements.
• Measure J Fund Report Annual Financial Report
• Measure D Independent Accountant’s Agreed Upon Procedures • Measure A Independent Accountant’s Agreed Upon Procedures (Conrad CPA Firm)
STAFF ANALYSIS:

Bas
ed on the results of their audit, The Punn Group provided the City with an unqualified opinion on the financial statements, which means the City’s financial statements are free of material misstatements and are in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

The specific financial documents on which the auditor expresses an opinion are: 1) the f
inancial statements, and 2) notes to the basic financial statements which include required supplementary information. These documents, along with the auditor’s opinion, audit Item 5B - 1
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 2
FY 2020-21 Financial Audit Reports of the City of Palm Springs

communication letter, and report on internal controls form the core of the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR).

Additional documents that make up the CAFR include the letter of transmittal, management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A), and a supplemental section which includes a statistical section presenting detailed information to assist the reader in assessing the economic condition of the City.

The Punn Group provided the Internal Controls and Compliance Letter. The purpose of this report is to describe the scope of the auditor’s testing of internal control over financial reporting and compliance, and the results of that testing.

The auditors identified a deficiency in internal controls, specifically in the internal services funds, in which there were overstated liabilities. Staff has identified that the total liability for OPEB (retiree health insurance) and recording the City’s total 2007 Pension Obligation Bond balance (considered a long-term debt) as a total debt liability in FY2015 resulted in negative fund balance s. In FY2020- 21, Staff reclassed the total liability to the General Governmental Long-Term Debt Fund, resulting in increases to the fund balances in the internal service funds. In addition, Staff recommended that the actuarial firm allocate the actual OPEB and CalPERS expenditures to the applicable funds and departments which also reflected as a fund balance restatement.

It is important to note that none of the findings identify misappropriation of funds, or failure to pay others, or to receive payment the City was otherwise due. These prior bookkeeping errors were incorrectly reflecting loan amounts or capital assets and affecting the fund balance of various funds as reported on the balance sheets and have since been corrected as noted in this staff report.

The FY2020- 21 audited financial reports are available on the City’s webpage at the following link:
https://www.palmspringsca.gov/government/departments/finance- treasury/comprehensive-annual-financial-report

Hard copies of the reports are also available for review in the Office of the City Clerk.

FISCAL IMPACT:

None.

REVIEWED BY:

Department Director: Nancy Pauley
City Manager: Justin Clifton

Item 5B - 2

CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT

DATE: February 24, 2022 NEW BUSINESS

SUBJECT: APPEAL OF HISTORIC SITE PRESERVATION BOARD ACTION

APPROVING A CERTIFICATE OF APPROPRIATENESS FOR
ALTERATIONS TO THE PALM SPRINGS CITY HALL, A CLASS 1
(LANDMARK) HISTORIC SITE LOCATED AT 3200 EAST TAHQUITZ
CANYON WAY – REMOVAL OF FRANK BOGERT STATUE, (HSPB #33D/ CASE 3.3377).

FROM: Justin Clifton, City Manager

BY: Jeffrey S. Ballinger, City Attorney
Flinn Fagg, Deputy City Manager

RECOMMENDATION:

1. Approve a Resolution Denying the Appeal and Upholding the Decision of the Historic Site Preservation Board, Approving a Certificate of Appropriateness for Alterations to the Palm Springs City Hall, A Class 1 (Landmark) Historic Site Located at 3200 East Tahquitz Canyon Way – Removal of Frank Bogert Statue (HSBP #33D / Case 3.3377).

SUMMARY:

On September 29, 2021, the City Council voted 5-0 to begin the process to remove the statue of Frank Bogert that is in front of City Hall. City Hall is a Class 1 (Landmark) historic resource.

On November 2, 2021, the City’s Historic Site Preservation Board (“HSPB”) considered a Certificate of Appropriateness application to determine whether removal of the statue would materially impair the historic significance of City Hall. At that meeting the HSPB considered the application and continued it to a date certain, requesting more information about the defining historic characteristics of City Hall.

A historic resources report dated January 20, 2022 (the “ARG Report”), was prepared by the firm Architectural Resources Group (“ARG”) which evaluated City Hall and identified, among other things, the defining historic characteristics of the historic resource, the elements on the site that contribute to its historic significance, the criteria from the City’s Historic Preservation Ordinance (Palm Springs Municipal Code (“PSMC”), Chapter 8.05) under which the site qualifies as a historic resource and its period of significance.

Item 5C - 1
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 2
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

The ARG Report concluded that the Bogert statue does not contribute to the historic significance of City Hall and its removal would not materially impair the characteristics that contribute to City Hall’s historic significance.

On February 1, 2022, the HSPB voted (4-2 (with 1 abstention)) to approve the certificate of appropriateness for the removal of the statue, with the strong recommendation that the City Council ensure relocation of the statue to a suitable, publicly -accessible site in perpetuity.

On Thursday, February 10, 2022, Rod Pacheco, on behalf of his client, Friends of Mayor Frank Bogert (“Appellant”), filed an appeal of the HSPB’s action. The action before the City Council is the consideration of that appeal.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK:

Pursuant to the PSMC Section 8.05.110(A), prior to alteration of a Class 1 historic resource a Certificate of Appropriateness must be processed. The removal of the statue is a “Minor Alteration” as defined in PSMC Section 8.05.020 (“Definitions”)

1. The HSPB’s authority, like that of the City Council in this appeal, is limited to evaluating the Certificate of Appropriateness application and making findings relative to the proposed alteration of the historic resource that is City Hall. The Board was not authorized by law, nor requested by the City Council, to evaluate the legacy of Frank Bogert, nor to opine about the artistic status or value of the statue itself – only whether its removal would materially impair the character-defining features that contribute to the historic significance of City Hall. That is the statutory authority of the HSPB, and on appeal, that of the City Council.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND:

The Palm Springs City Hall was designed in the Modernist architectural style by a collaborative effort of local architects including Albert Frey, John Porter Clark, and Robson Chambers. According to the ARG Report, construction of the original building began in 1956 and was completed in 1957. Subsequent additions were completed in 1965, 1972, and 1985. The ARG R eport states that the elements that contribute to the significance of the site are the original building, the 1965 addition, and the overall open layout of the site including planted areas, parking lots and the drive aisle fronting the 1957 portion of the building.

1 PSMC 8.06.110 (C)(2) notes that a Certificate of Appropriateness for “minor” alterations may be issued by the Historic Preservation Officer or may be referred to the HSPB for review and action. The HSPB is the reviewing body for Certificates of Appropriateness for demolitions and “major” alterations. However, the criteria used to issue a Certificate of Appropriateness is the same, regardless of whether the alteration is “minor” or “major”. (PSMC 8.05.110(E).) In this case, staff referred the proposed statue removal to the HSPB for consideration and action. Therefore, Appellant’s focus on the distinction between a “minor” alteration and a “major” alteration (Appeal, pp. 8-9) appears misplaced.

Item 5C - 2
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 3
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

The period of significance is identified in the ARG Report as 1956 to 1965.2

The non-contributing elements on the site include the 1972 and 1985 additions, the rear (north) parking lot and landscaping from 1985, all plant materials, the flagpole and the Bogert statue.

In 2015, City Hall was listed on the National Register of His toric Places and was determined eligible for listing “because it embodies the distinctive characteristics of civic architecture associated with Albert Frey and is the work of a master architect.”

On page 13, the ARG Report states, “The flagpole and Frank Bogert statue located in the lawn area in front of the building are alterations that occurred well after the period of significance and do not contribute to the property’s significance in terms of architecture or association with/embodiment of historic patterns of development – the flagpole was moved here from the main entrance in 1981 and the statue was added in 1990.”

On page 14, the ARG Report lists the character-defining features of the site as follows:

Site:
• General open co nfiguration and layout of the landscape and hardscape fronting the building, excluding planting materials, the flagpole, and the Bogert statue.

Building:
• Irregular plan.
• Low-slung, horizontal massing.
• Mid-Century Modern architectural style.
• Flat roofs.
• Low concrete plinth with curving concrete plaza and shallow steps. • Textured concrete masonry unit cladding, with “offset squares” appearance. • Asymmetrical composition of the primary façade, with office wing at the west and Council Chambers at the east.
• Original aluminum doors and windows.
• Projecting canopies over walkways at office wing primary façade, with light blue corrugated metal soffits and angled, cylindrical, metal brise soleils painted sage green.
• Deep eaves/metal canopy at office wing primary façade.

2 Appellant states, in its appeal, that “ ‘Period of significance’ does not appear in any part of the PSMC relating to historic resources or sites, nor does it direct that after historic designations are made this imagined phrase can be used as a basis for redefining the historic resource designated by City boards and the City Council. In fact, “period of significance” is defined in the PSMC, at section 8.05.020, as “a discrete chronological period demarcated by year for which a historic resource is associated. The period of significance is the time period that a historic resource reflects.” The period of significance is a criterion to be used in determining whether a site, structure, building or object exhibits exceptional historical significance. (PSMC 8.05.070(C)(1)(a)(iii) & (iv)).)
Item 5C - 3
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 4
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

• Differentiated Council Chamber massing / shape / details, with “telescopically stepped” walls with fixed windows oriented toward the north; diagonal corner treatment; and round concrete entry porch. • Freestanding “mirror opposite” entrance canopies with original signage at primary façade: at office wing, a flat-roofed square with angled steel I-beam supports, light blue corrugated metal soffits, corrugated metal fascia, and open circle in roof; at Council Chamber, a concrete circular disk with simple columns.
• Flush-mounted sans serif aluminum signage, including “PALM SPRINGS CITY HALL, “THE PEOPLE ARE THE CITY,” and “COUNCIL CHAMBER”. • Corrugated metal entry canopy at west façade with “spider leg” supports, over recessed entry approach.

Related Relevant City Actions by Planning, Fire, Building, etc. 1956 & 1965 Original portions of the building constructed. 1990 Frank Bogert statue placed in the front yard of City Hall. 1996 City Council designated City Hall as a Class 1 Historic Site. 2012 City Council expanded the Class 1 designation to include the entire parcel on which the building is located.
2015 City Hall listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Architecture of Albert Frey Multiple Property Submission. 2018 The HSPB approved alterations to the Council chamber, specifically the dais.

Neighborhood Meeting/Notification
1-28-22

Electronic notice sent to neighborhood organizations within a mile of the subject property.

APPELLANT’S ARGUMENTS

Accompanying this staff report is the written appeal. The appeal can be broken down into three (3) categories:

• Appellant’s assertion that the City did not follow the PSMC in approving the Certificate of Appropriateness;
• Appellant’s assertion that the is suance of the Certificate of Appropriateness violates the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”); and • Appellant’s assertion that federal and state laws regarding visual art on public display bars the proposed City action.

Each of these allegations are addressed, in turn, below.

I. The Certificate of Appropriateness was Properly Issued, in Accordance with the PSMC
Item 5C - 4
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 5
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

The essence of Appellant’s argument appears to be that Appellant disagrees with the findings recommended by City staff and adopted by the HSPB, relative to altering the City Hall, which is a historic resource.

Pursuant to Municipal Code Section 8.05.110 (E), (“Alteration of Class 1 and Class 2 Historic Resources – Certificate of Appropriateness ”), in considering a Certificate of Appropriateness request, the HSPB must evaluate the application and make findings for conformance based on the following criteria:

1. That the proposed alteration does not significantly impact or materially impair the character -defining features of the historic resource as listed in the resolution for historic designation, or, where a character-defining feature may be impacted, the proposed alteration minimizes that impact as much as possible;

Appellant argues that “removal/relocation of the Bogert statue would definitely impact the historic resource as it is part and parcel of that resource”. However, this argument, if followed to its logical extreme would mean that no historic resource could ever be altered, nor any object located on a historic site could be removed, even if that object’s removal does not significantly affect the character -defining features of that historic si te. Taken to its logical conclusion, Appellant’s argument would mean that the City could not remove a sprinkler head from the landscaped area in front of City Hall. The question is not whether a historic resource is being altered; the question is whether the proposed alteration significantly impacts or materially impairs the character -defining features of the historic resource.

As noted in the ARG Report, City Hall’s historic significance is recognized for its Mid- Century Modernist architectural style and its association with master architect Albert Frey.

The character-defining features of the historic resource, as listed on page 14 of the ARG Report, include the general open configuration and layout of the landscape and hardscape fronting the building but does not include the planting materials, the flagpole or the Bogert statue. The statue is located in the open space in front of City Hall. Its removal would not significantly impact or materially impair the character-defining features because it does not alter the general configuration and layout of the open space fronting the building or any other character -defining feature that contributes to the historic significance of City Hall. As such, this finding can be affirmatively met.

Appellant also asserts that the Bogert statue itself is a “historic resource”. The City’s Historic Preservation Ordinance defines a historic resource as “… any site, structure, building or object… which has been designated Class 1 or Class 2 status, or any identified contributing resource within a City Council -designated historic district.” In this case, the Bogert statue, while potentially capable of being designated as a historic resource, has not been granted Class 1 or Class 2 designation and has not been identified as a contributing resource in a Council-designated historic site or district. Nor is the statue from the period of significance for the City Hall. The statue itself is not a historic resource and thus is not subject to further evaluation as such.

Item 5C - 5
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 6
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

2. That the proposed alteration will assist in restoring the historic resource to its original appearance where applicable, or will substantially aid its preservation or enhancement as a historic resource;

Appellant argues that the removal of the statute would not assist in restoring the historic resource because, according to the Appellant, the statue was part of the historic resource defined in the City Council’s 2012 resolution. However, this analysis does not focus on the required finding, namely whether “ the proposed alteration will assist in restoring the historic resource to its original appearanc e” or “will substantially aid its preservation or enhancement as a historic resource”.

Upon completion of the original 1956 building and the 1965 addition, the character - defining open space in front of the City Hall building was comprised of two parking lots located at the southeast and southwest corners of the parcel, with a drive aisle connecting them across a broad expanse of landscape. There were no statues or other objects in the open space fronting City Hall during its period of significance. The Bogert statue was installed in 1990, well after the period of significance (1956-1965).

Further, Appellants have not demonstrated that the statue was part of the historic resource as designated by the City Council. The statue was not mentioned in the City Council resolutions that designated City Hall as a Class 1 historic site in 1996, nor in the subsequent resolution of 2012. It was also not mentioned in the materials submitted for consideration of adding City Hall to the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. It is not a character -defining feature; thus , its removal will not adversely affect the historic resource and will assist in restoring it to its original appearance. This finding can be affirmatively met.

3. That any additions to the historic resource are consistent with the massing, proportions, materials, and finishes of the existing historic resource, and: (i) can be distinguished from the existing historic resource as may be appropriate; or (ii) are indistinguishable from the historic resource as may be appropriate, and where such alterations are clearly documented in the City’s archival file for the historic resource as being non-original to the historic resource;

Appellant argues that the City Council’s 2012 resolution identified the Bogert statue as a historic resource, and therefore this finding cannot be met. As noted above, the 2012 resolution does not identify the st atute as a historic resource. Moreover, again, the question is not whether the statue is a historic resource or not. This finding is focused on whether any proposed “additions to the historic resources are consistent with the massing, proportions, materials, and finishes of the existing historic resource”. Here, the removal of the statue does not involve any “additions”. Therefore, regardless of whether or not the statue is a historic resource, removal of the statue is not an “addition”, and thus this finding can be affirmatively met.

Item 5C - 6
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 7
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

4. That, in cases where Federal funds are to be utilized in financing the proposed alterations, the alterations are consistent with the Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, as put forth by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior.

No federal funds are involved in the proposed project.

Appellant also appears to argue that, because the City is not proposing to remove all non- contributing elements, the City is therefore precluded from removing this one non- contributing element. However, the City’s motive for proposing the removal of the statue is not legally relevant to the findings that are called for under the PSMC. Instead, the findings that were provided by City staff, analyzed by City staff and the HS PB, and ultimately adopted by the HSPB are what are legally relevant.

II. The Issuance of the Certificate of Appropriateness is Lawful under CEQA

With regard to Appellant’s CEQA argument, Appellant asserts that removal would violate CEQA because Appellant believes that the removal of the Bogert statue will cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource.

However, as discussed above, based on the findings that are supported by the facts, the removal of the Bogert statue wil l not cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource. The Bogert statue itself is not designated as a historical resource. Further, as explained above, removing the statue would restore the character-defining features of City Hall, which is the historical resource at issue. As such, removing the statue would improve the significance of City Hall and would not cause any adverse change, much less substantial adverse change, in City Hall’s significance. As such, the categorical exemption relied upon by City staff and the HSPB is appropriate for the proposed removal of the Bogert statue.

III. Federal and state laws do not apply to the removal of art, as proposed by this action

Appellant cites to a Calif ornia statue that prohibits anyone, except the artist, from intentionally commi tting, or authorizing “ the intentional commission of, any physical defacement, mutilation, alteration, or destruction of a work of fine art. ” (California Art Preservation Act (“CAPA”), Civ. Code § 987(c)(1).)

However, even assuming the Bogert statue would be considered “fine art” under CAPA, the City is not proposing to deface, mutilate, alter, or destroy it. Instead, the City is proposing to remove the statue. Simply removing a statue from its current location and placing it in storage alone was not enough to violate CAPA, as found in the very recent case of Schmid v. City and County of San Francisco, (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 470, 488.

As such, the cited statute does not prohibit the City from removing the Bogert statue.

Item 5C - 7
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 8
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

CEQA DETERMINATION.

The proposed project is categorically exempt from review under the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”) under CEQA Guidelines section 15331 and section 15061(b)(3).

Under section 15331, also known as class 31, projects that are for the “maintenance, repair, stabilization, rehabilitation, restoration, preservation, conservation or reconstruction of historical resources in a manner consistent with the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties” (“the Standards”) ar e exempt from CEQA.

The proposed removal of the statue would restore the City Hall to conditions consistent with its period of historic significance and this restoration is consistent with the Standards for restoration. The Standards, beginning on page 118, state that restoration can include removal of features that were introduced onto a site from outside the period of significance. As outlined in the ARG Report, the period of signif icance for City Hall was 1956–1965. The statue was installed in 1990, well outside the period of significance.

Page 121 ends

“work is included to remove… existing features that do not represent the restoration period.” (emphasis added.) (Restoration period in this context is understood to mean the period of historic significance.) The Bogert statue was installed around 1990 and thus is not from the period of significance and removal is consistent with the Standards.

The Standards also denote on page 153 that retaining and preserving features that are important from the period of significance is recommended and that “ retaining non- restoration period (i.e., period of significance) landscape features is not recommended.” (emphasis added.) Thus, in considering the findings for a Certificate of Appropriateness, removal of the statue is consistent with the Standards because it will contribute to restoring the City Hall site closer to the original appearance as seen in the vintage photos taken during the period of significance. As stated in the ARG R eport, the statue is not recognized as a historic character-defining feature of the City Hall site and does not meet the definition of a historic resource as outlined in the City’s Historic Preservation Ordinance (PSMC 8.05.020); thus, its removal is consistent with the Standards. As such, removal is exempt from CEQA under CEQA Guidelines section 15331.

Under section 15061(b)(3), an activity is not subject to CEQA if “it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment.”

Removal of the statue will not have a significant effect on the environment. Removal of the statue can be accomplished with a standard truck -mounted articulating or “knuckleboom” hydraulic crane loading it onto a conventional flatbed truck. The stones around the concrete base can be disassembled and the concrete hauled away for recycling. T he lifting of a statue of this relatively small size onto a truck can be accomplished in a matter of hours and thus any noise or vehicle emissions while the Item 5C - 8
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 9
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

trucks are on site are brief, periodic and insignificant. Furthermore, removal of the statue is not anticipated to have any impact on vehicular trips to or from City Hall and thus other than the temporary parking of the crane and truck to lift the statue off the site, no impact on transportation is expected.

Under CEQA Guidelines section 15300.2, a categorical exemption (such as in Guidelines section 15331) may not be used if specified exceptions circumstances exist with respect to the proposed project. None of the exceptions apply here, as explained below.

1. Location exception (CEQA Guidelines section 15300.2(a)): This exception only applies to Class 3, 4, 5, 6 and 11 exemptions, none of which are being utilized here.

2. Cumulative impact exception (CEQA Guidelines section 15300.2(b)): This exception only applies if there are successive projects of the same type in the same place over time that have a significant cumulative impact. Here, there are no other similar restoration projects proposed for City Hall and thus no successive projects of the same type in the same place.

3. Unusual circumstances exception (CEQA Guidelines section 15300.2(c): This exception only applies if there is a reasonable possibility that the activity will have a significant effect on the environment due to unusual circumstances. This exception does not apply because as explained above, there is no possibility that the proposed activity will have a significant effect on the environment and because there are no unusual circumstances related to the removal of the statute.

4. Scenic highway exception (CEQA Guidelines section 15300.2(d)): The scenic highway exception only applies if the project may result in damage to scenic resources within a highway officially designated as a state scenic highway. This exception does not apply because the statue is not located within a highway that is officially designated as a state scenic highway. Tahquitz Canyon Way is identified in the City’s General Plan as an “enhanced transportation corridor” because it provides views of the San Jacinto Mountains and is developed with landscaped medians and street trees, however it is not a designated state scenic highway.

5. Hazardous waste site exception (CEQA Guidelines section 15300.2(e): This exception only applies to projects located on sites that are identified on the Cortese List of hazardous waste sites. This section does not apply because the Project site is not included on any list of hazardous waste sites.

6. Historical resources exception (CEQA Guidelines section 15300.2(f)): The historical resources exception states that a categorical exemption may not be used if it would cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource. This exception does not apply because, as explained above, the statue is not itself a historic resource, and because as also explained above, removal of the statue is a restoration of the City Hall site consistent with the Standards.

Removing the statue will bring the City Hall closer to its original appearance during its period of significance.

Item 5C - 9
City Council Staff Report
February 24, 2022 -- Page 10
Appeal of HSPB Certificate of Appropriateness – Frank Bogert Statue

CONCLUSION:

The statue of Frank Bogert was placed in the front yard of City Hall in 1990. The statue is not a character-defining feature of the building or site. It does not reflect the period of significance when the City Hall was designed and built. The statue itself is not a designated historic resource. Its removal will assist in returning the appearance of the City Hall site to the way it appeared during the period of significance shortly after its completion in 1965.

Therefore, City staff recommends that the City Council deny the appeal and uphold the HSPB’s approval of a Certificate of Appropriateness for the removal of the Bogert statue.

REVIEWED BY:

City Attorney: Jeffrey S. Ballinger
Deputy City Manager: Flinn Fagg
City Manager: Justin Clifton

ATTACHMENTS:

1. ARG Report, January 24, 2022.

2. Friends of Mayor Frank Bogert Appeal, February 10, 2022.

3. Resolution.

Item 5C - 10
Palm Springs City Hall (HSPB-33D)
Limited Historic Resources Report
3200 East Tahquitz Canyon Way
Palm Springs, CA
Prepared for:

City of Palm Springs
Department of Planning Services
Prepared by:

January 24, 2022
Item 5C - 11
Architectural
Resources Group
Item 5C - 12
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP i
Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................1

1.1 Frank Bogert Statue ......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Summary of Findings ....................................................................................................... 2

2. Administrative Background .............................................................................................3

3. Historical Background Summary ......................................................................................4

4. Summary Architectural Description .................................................................................6

4.1 Site ................................................................................................................................... 6

4.2 Building ............................................................................................................................ 6

5. Alterations and Chronology of Development ...................................................................8

6. Period of Significance ................................................................................................... 12

7. Character-Defining Features ......................................................................................... 14

7.1 Site ................................................................................................................................. 14

7.2 Building .......................................................................................................................... 14

8. Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 15 Appendix A. Existing Conditions Photos
Item 5C - 13
Item 5C - 14
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 1

1. Introduction
Group (ARG) has prepared this limited Historic Resources Report (HRR) for Palm Springs City Hall at 3200 East Tahquitz Canyon Way. Completed in 1957 and added on to several times since then, the Mid- Century Modern institutional building was designed by Clark, Frey & Chambers in collaboration with Williams, Williams & Williams. The City Hall landscape was originally designed by Eckbo, Royston & Williams.

In 1990, a statue of former mayor Frank Bogert was placed in the landscaped lawn area fronting City Hall, along Tahquitz Canyon Way. On October 2, 1996, Palm Springs City Hall was designated a Class 1 (Landmark) historic site through Council Resolution No. 18907, along with five other buildings designed by master architect Albert Frey. 1 This designation did not list the character-defining features that ; this was partially, but not fully, clarified in 2012 (see Section 2, Administrative Background) when a second City Council Resolution was issued.

On November 2, 2021, the Palm Springs Historic Site Preservation Board (HSPB) considered the proposed removal of the Bogert statue. Because City Hall is a Class 1 histori constitutes an alteration to a Class 1 site, and thus requires a Certificate of Appropriateness from the HSPB in order to proceed. Planning Department staff recommended the Certificate of Appropriateness be granted, on the grounds that the statue is not an original or character-defining feature of the designated site and its removal would not materially impair the historic character-defining features of the site nor diminish its historic significance.

In the November hearing, HSPB Commissioners requested additional study of the site, in order to determine the
period of significance and its character-defining features. This limited Historic Resources Report is the result of that request. Because the property is already designated and therefore does not require evaluation for significance/eligibility, the HRR does not include a full architectural description, a historic context statement, or evaluation of eligibility or integrity.

1.1 Frank Bogert Statue
The bronze statue depicting former mayor Frank Bogert astride a horse was placed and dedicated in March 1990.2 Designed and cast by Mexico City artist Raymundo Cobo, it was privately funded by the 50s Committee for Art in Public Places, a local non-profit group founded in 1988 to fund and promote public art.3 As of January 2022, the statue has not been evaluated for eligibility as a historic resource 1 This and all other designation information is derived from the Department of Planning Services, HSPB Staff Report November 2, 2021; the Department of Planning Services, City Council Staff Report March 7, 2012; the Department of Planning Services, City Council Staff Report February 15, 2012; and all attachments (including resolutions). The other Frey buildings designated under Resolution No. 18907 are the Frey House II, the Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, and the Carey House.
2 The Desert Sun April 2, 1990.
3 Palm Springs Desert Sun
The Desert Sun October 20, The Desert Sun
October 24, The Desert Sun March 22,
Item 5C - 15
At the request of the City of Palm Springs' Department of Planning Services, Architectural Resources contribute to the sites' historic significance
c site, the statue's removal
resource's
"Statue Honoring Palm Springs Pioneer Unveiled at City Hall," "Bogert Statue Drive Nearing the Finish Line," 3 October 1989; "Bogert Statue Will Stand Tall in Palm Springs," 1989; "Group Fights to Put Knight Back Out into the Daylight," 1989; "Bogert Statue To Be Unveiled on March 31," 1990; "Statue Honoring Palm Springs Pioneer."
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 2
and the historical significance of the art and its creator has not been determined. This study does not evaluate the Bogert statue under any eligibility criteria.

1.2 Methodology
Completion of this study involved a site visit and visual inspection of the property on December 28, 2021; compilation and review of historic drawings and project documents obtained from the Palm Springs Department of Planning Services; primary and secondary source research conducted through various online repositories, including the Palm Springs Historical Society Research Library, the Getty Research Institute, and the National Register of Historic Places database; and creation of a detailed development chronology. This report was prepared by Katie E. Horak, Principal and Mary Ringhoff, Senior Associate, both of whom meet the
for Architectural History. 4 ARG architectural historian Rosa Fry and intern Luke Leuschner provided research assistance and additional project support.

1.3 Summary of Findings
In summary, ARG recommends that the period of significance for Palm Springs City Hall be 1956-1965.

Contributing elements of the property as currently designated/defined include:
The original building (started 1956, completed 1957)
The open space at the front of the building including the parking lots, landscape areas and drive aisles. (1957)
The northwest addition (1965)
Specific character-defining features are listed in Section 7, Character-Defining Features.

Non-contributing elements including those that have been substantially altered or added outside the :
The northeast addition (1972)
The north addition (1985)
The rear parking lot and landscaping (1985)
All plant materials (1957-present)5
The flagpole (1957, moved to front lawn 1981)
The Bogert statue (1990)
4 ld.

She is a graduate of the Master of Historic Preservation (now Heritage Conservation) program at the University of Southern also
ram.
5 Council Resolution No. 23106 (attachment to November 2, 2021 HSPB staff report) specifies that landscape plant materials This is presumed to apply to any surviving original
vegetation namely, the olive trees directly fronting the building, and possibly other mature trees as well as replacement vegetation.

Item 5C - 16
Secretary of the Interior's Professional Qualification Standards site's period of significance ar
Katie E. Horak is a Principal and Architectural Historian in ARG's Los Angeles office, with 18 years of experience in the fie California. Mary Ringhoff is a Senior Associate in ARG's Los Angeles office, with 12 years of experience in the field. She is a graduate of USC's Master of Historic Preservation prog are excluded from the property's Class 1 historic site designation.

Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 3
The following report provides a summary and contextual basis for analysis and a discussion of how these findings were made.

2. Administrative Background
The 1996 designation of City Hall as a Class 1 historic site did not identify character-defining features or . On March 7, 2012, the City Council partially
addressed this issue by adopting Council Resolution No. 23106, which specified:

The Class 1 historic designation for the Palm Springs City Hall is hereby amended to include the structures, features, and land of that portion of APN No. 502-150-005 bounded by the north edge of the north parking lot and the curb edges along Civic Drive, Tahquitz Canyon Way, and 6 This clarification limited the designation to include the southern part of the City Hall site, including the building and the open space fronting it (primary frontage along Tahquitz Canyon Way), and excluded the northern part of the site, which contains a dog park and the co-generation plant, along with associated landscape areas. It did not specify period of significance, character-defining features, or applicable local eligibility criteria, but based on the original 1996 designation it is assumed that the building was landmarked for its Mid-Century Modern architectural design by master architect Albert Frey.

In 2015, City Hall was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part It was determined eligible for listing under
associated with Albert 7
6 Council Resolution No. 23106, attachment to November 2, 2021 HSPB staff report. 7 Peter Moruzzi, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Palm Springs City Hall, 2015.

Item 5C - 17
elements that contribute to the site's historic significance El Cielo Road, excepting the landscape plant materials therein ... of the "Architecture of
Albert Frey" Multiple Property Documentation submission.

National Register Criterion C, "because it embodies the distinctive characteristics of civic architecture Frey and is the work of a master architect."
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 4

3. Historical Background Summary
In the Palm Springs Citywide Historic Context Statement (2016), Palm Springs City Hall falls -World War II Palm Springs (1945- -World War II
Civic and Institutional Development (1945- During the post-war period, development and population growth in Palm Springs necessitated the construction of new civic buildings, including fire 8 The HCS summarizes the history and development of the building:9
In 1952 the firm of Clark, Frey & Chambers was selected to design a new City Hall building to -
33). Various sites were considered, including Tamarisk Park and Torney General Hospital (El Mirador), before the city selected a ten-acre site within the vacated Federal land, avoiding the costs of land acquisition. On December 15, 1953 the city transferred $300,000 from the Capital Outlay Fund to a dedicated City Hall Construction Fund to begin the process. The entire cost of the building, which totaled $408,318, was financed through sales tax revenues, without resorting to bond issues or increased property taxes. Final working drawings were submitted on January 18, 1956 and the bid was awarded to Kretz and Wilson of Indio on February 21.

Construction began on March 6, and the new City Hall was dedicated on November 8, 1957. By 10 For the design of City Hall, Clark, Frey & Chambers collaborated with Williams, Williams & Williams. The building used a Modern vocabulary to convey the symbolic role of a city hall; the main entrance to the administrative offices was defined by a large square canopy with a circular opening to the sky, while the city council chamber was given definition in a separate, attached wing marked by a freestanding aedicula. The windows of the office wing were shaded by deep eaves and a screen of deep tubular sections that allowed views out, but shut out direct sunlight.

The City Council wing was constructed of concrete block integrally tinted a rose color; the blocks were slightly offset to create a distinctive geometric pattern on the flat walls, especially when raked by sunlight.

Although completed in collaboration, the design of Palm Springs City Hall is firmly attributed to Albert of materials.11 The firm of Eckbo, Royston & Williams, led by master landscape architect Garrett Eckbo, designed the original landscape. 12 Xeriscaped areas with bare earth, ocotillos, yucca, olive trees, and 8 City of Palm Springs, City of Palm Springs Citywide Historic Context Statement & Survey Findings (prepared by Historic Resources Group for City of Palm Springs, 2016), 285.
9 Ibid., 285-286.
10 Springs Public Library).
11 Peter Moruzzi, National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form: The Architecture of Albert Frey, 2015, E-14.
12 The Desert Sun March 20, 1957; Julius Shulman, Job 2519 photographs: Palm Springs City Hall (Palm Springs, Calif.), 1958 (Julius Shulman Photography Archive, 1936-1997, Getty Research Institute), accessed January 2022, Job 2519: Palm Springs City Hall (Palm Springs, Calif.), 1958, 1958 - Getty Research Institute [Alma].

Item 5C - 18
("HCS")
under the context "Post 1969)" and the theme "Post
1969)."
stations, schools, churches, and City Hall. They were usually designed by local architects and "reflected the progressive symbolism of Modernism."
accommodate the growing city's administrative needs (3200 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way; HSPB that time the city's permanent population was 12,225, with a seasonal increase to 45,000.

Frey and John Porter Clark, and is noted to incorporate many of Frey's characteristic ideas and choice "Your City Hall" commemorative brochure published for the dedication of Palm Springs City Hall, November 8, 1957 (Palm "Council Given City Hall Landscaping,"
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 5
boulder clusters directly fronted the building and were also present at most of the area fronting the parking lots and drive, including the parkways (with California fan palm trees at the southeast corner of the parcel). Similar xeriscaping occupied most of what is now the lawn area containing the Bogert statue, with an undulating hillock planted with low-growth, drought tolerant vegetation, and a small patch of lawn.13
Multiple secondary sources state that the building was constructed in phases between 1952 and 1956, but examination of primary sources found this not to be the case. Based on newspaper articles and historic drawings on file at the City, Clark and Frey began preliminary sketches in 1952, the project was funded in 1953, the building site was finalized in 1955, working plans by Clark, Frey & Chambers with Williams, Williams, & Williams were approved in early 1956, City Hall was complete in 1957, and the site was not fully cleared of older buildings to enable landscaping until months after construction of the new building.14
As outlined in Section 5, Alterations and Chronology of Development, City Hall received multiple interior modifications and three additions after its original completion in 1957. In 1965, a Williams, Williams & Williams-designed addition was placed at the northwest corner; this reinforced concrete masonry unit volume was intended to serve as both office space and as an emergency operations center in case of disaster (including nuclear attack
in this regard, it is an architectural embodiment of Cold War concerns on the local as well as nationwide level). In 1972, a Williams, Williams & Williams-designed conference room addition was placed at the northeast corner of the building. And in 1985, a large rear addition was placed at the northeast portion of the building; it was designed by Williams, Clark & Williams in collaboration with Clinton Marr & Associates, and partially obscured/incorporated the 1972 conference room addition.
13 Garrett Eckbo Collection, Environmental Design Archives, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley: 35mm slides of Palm Springs City Hall landscape reproduced in letter from Palm Springs Preservation Foundation to the Palm Springs Planning Commission, August 10, 2010, accessed January 2022, 23Aug10ltrPCpdf.pdf (pspreservationfoundation.org); Julius Shulman photos at GRI.
14 at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services; The Desert Sun October 23, 1952; The Desert Sun October 26, 1953;
The Desert Sun December 17, 1953; The Desert Sun June 23, 1955; The Desert Sun January 19, 1956
The Desert Sun March 5, 1957.

Item 5C - 19
Williams, Williams, Williams & Clark, Frey, Chambers, "Palm Springs City Hall," drawings (as built), January 16, 1956, on file "Council Hires Architect for New City Hall,"
"Planners Call Meeting on Civic Center," "Earmark $300,000 for Proposed New City Hall," "Council Favors Airport Site for New City Hall," "City Hall Working Plans Approved; Total $380,800," ; "New City Hall To Be Ready By Next Friday,"
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 6

4. Summary Architectural Description

4.1 Site
The designated portion of the Palm Springs City Hall property occupies a large parcel bounded by East Tahquitz Canyon Way on the south, North Civic Drive on the west, the north edge of a surface parking lot on the north (abutting the dog park and cogeneration plant to the north), and East Cielo Road on the east. The building itself fronts south, facing Tahquitz Canyon Way, and sits on a low concrete plinth with concrete plaza and curving, shallow steps. Lawn, a low hedge, and mature trees are present directly adjacent to the building, including olive trees original to the 1957 landscape, and several Mexican fan palms in a circular planter at the main entrance. The palms occupy what was originally the location of the flagpole (moved in 1981), and projected up through the circular hole in the entrance canopy.

The flagpole, along with the bronze Frank Bogert statue, now sit in a larger, irregularly shaped, flat lawn area with mature Mexican fan palms, California fan palms, and a pine tree bordering Tahquitz Canyon Way. The parkway in the southeast portion of the parcel is xeriscaped with bare earth, yucca, California fan palms, and boulders; in the southwest portion of the parcel, the parkway contains lawn, palo verde trees, and a crape myrtle tree. Concrete-paved surface parking lots are present at the southeast, southwest, and north sides of the parcel, with the north lot being U-shaped and extending symmetrically southward on either side of the building. The lots in the south portion of the parcel are connected via a concrete-paved front drive that curves to follow the edge of the concrete plinth.

Concrete-curbed, linear planters containing palo verde trees and yucca are present in both parking lots.

4.2 Building
The National Register nomination for Palm Springs City Hall and other Albert Frey buildings provides the following architectural description of the primary (south) façade of the original 1957 building, which ARG confirmed is accurate through the December 28, 2021 site visit:15 The one-story flat-roofed building is divided into two distinct sections, a symmetrical office portion with a wing extending from the rear of the main entrance, and a large council chamber that projects outward toward Tahquitz Canyon Way. The primary construction material is sandblasted terra-cotta-colored concrete block, but in this case every two rows are aligned so that the appearance from a distance is of offset squares.

The office portion exhibits a low horizontal profile with the flat roof extending southward to form deep eaves. The portion connecting the offices to the council chamber becomes a covered walkway sheltered by a series of distinctive angled cylindrical metal brise soleil painted sage green. Each brise soleil shelters floor-to-ceiling glazing of the offices. Flat metal fasciae contrast with corrugated metal exterior ceilings colored light blue.

The projecting council chamber is taller than the office portion, differing substantially in its design. The flared walls of the concrete block chamber appear telescopically stepped toward the north. As such, the chamber seems windowless when viewed from the west, south or east. 15 Moruzzi, MPDF, E-14 to E-15.

Item 5C - 20
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 7
However, each flared elevation actually contains a north-facing window that provides light for the interior. An unusual detail of the council chamber is its corner treatment consisting of projecting concrete blocks cut at a diagonal at every other paired row. This element catches light and shadow, giving dynamism to the composition. It is a distinguishing detail that What makes the composition so extraordinary, however, is the design of the freestanding entrance canopies of the office portion and council chamber. The office canopy is a flat-roofed square of corrugated metal supported by posts; an open circle punctures the center. The words scia. The council chamber canopy consists of a
concrete circular disk supported by posts with a diameter equal to the void of the office mirror
opposite.
est (side) façade, comprising the west wall of the 1957 office wing and the west wall of the 1965 addition, is a windowless expanse clad in textured concrete masonry units. A recessed entrance is accessed by a concrete walkway sheltered by a canopy with me corrugated metal roof with light blue underside, matching the canopy at the primary elevation. is entirely that of the 1965 and 1985 addition, and
rear surface parking lot. It is clad in textured concrete masonry units matching that on the rest of the building, and has floor-to-ceiling, anodized aluminum fixed windows with dark glazing. It is fronted by multiple flat-roofed projecting colonnades with simple square column supports of concrete masonry units painted white, and textured stucco soffits. The eastern portion of the north façade is comprised of a glass and aluminum curtainwall set at an angle.
comprises three distinct sections. The southmost section is the clad in textured concrete masonry units and
abutted directly to the north by the 1972 conference room addition; this portion appears windowless when viewed straight on, but north-
as described above. The final section of the east façade, to the north, is that of the 1985 addition, and features fenestration, cladding, and colonnades like those at the rear (north) façade.

Item 5C - 21
would appear in more elaborate form in the firm's Tramway Gas Station of 1965. "Palm Springs City Hall" are written across the fa
canopy. On its fascia are the words "The People Are The City." Each canopy is its City Hall's w
tal "spider leg" supports and a
City Hall's rear (north) fa~ade faces the property's
City Hall's east (side) fa~ade
"telescoped" original fa~ade of the Council Chambers,
facing windows are actually present at each "telescoping" element Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 8

5. Alterations and Chronology of Development
Upon review of secondary sources, historical building drawings, newspaper sources, and photographs, ARG created the following chronology of development for the Palm Springs City Hall historic site.16 This chronology provides a summary of the development and all documented and observed alterations.

Chronology of Development and Use
1952 City Council commission the architectural firm of Clark and Frey to prepare preliminary sketches for a new City Hall, despite a site not yet having been selected.17 1953 City Planning Commission holds a public hearing to determine the location of the new City Hall. Preliminary sketches by Clark and Frey have been completed at this time.18 1955 Site
airport is selected for new City Hall. New architectural plans commence.19 1956 On January 19, 1956, working plans for the new city hall are approved.20 On March 9, 1956, construction begins. Kretz and Wilson are the builders and H.C.

Whittlesey is the structural engineer.21 According to original drawings the architects are Williams, Williams, Williams & Clark, Frey, Chambers.
1957 Palm Springs City Hall dedicated on November 8, 1957.22 City Hall landscape design by Eckbo, Royston & Williams approved by City Council and executed 23
1965 A 9,300 sq. ft. addition to the northwest corner of City Hall is constructed. The addition is intended to be an emergency operating center with convertible accommodations for office space. Designed by Williams and Williams Architects to provide fortified earthquake and disaster resistance, the addition is constructed of steel reinforced concrete block with a reinforced concrete roof Interioralterations to the original building 16 As building permits were not available for Palm Springs City Hall, findings are based primarily on drawings, photos, and newspapers; all development information in secondary sources (e.g., the National Register nomination, previous staff reports, Joseph Ro Albert Frey, Architect) was checked against primary sources. 17 The Desert Sun, October 23, 1952.
18 The Desert Sun, October 26, 1953.
19 The Desert Sun, June 23, 1955.
20 The Desert Sun, January 19, 1956.
21 The Desert Sun, March 9, 1956; Williams, Williams, Williams & Clark, Frey, Chambers, ces.
22 Historic Context Statement, 285.
23 The Desert Sun
The Desert Sun August 1, 1957 The Desert Sun August 8, 1957.

Item 5C - 22
property's
immediately north of city government buildings and adjacent to Palm Springs' by local contractors William A. Foster {hardscape) and Neel's Nursery. sa's
"Council Hires Architect for New City Hall,"
"Planners Call Meeting on Civic Center,"
"Council Favors Airport Site for New City Hall,"
"City Hall Working Plans Approved; Total 380,800,"
"Ground is Broken for New City Hall,"
"Palm Springs City Hall," drawings (as built), January 16, 1956, on file at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Servi "Your City Hall;"
"New City Hall Landscaping Plans Approved," July 11, 1957; "Council Approves Contract Bids, Plans at $211,088 Cost," ; Photo caption "Although the foundations ... " Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 9
at this time include the enlargement of two customer service counters, council chamber improvements, and the replacement of deteriorated asphalt tile with vinyl tile.24 1972 Rear conference room addition at the northeastern corner of the building and interior renovations by Williams and Williams.25
Concrete access ramp (sloping concrete walkway) with metal handrails added at east end of office wing, near junction with Council Chamber.26 1981 Exterior and interior (lobby and hallway) renovations by Daniel Brisset Inc.27 One set of fully glazed aluminum double doors at main entrance replaced with fully glazed sliding metal doors in original opening; other set of original doors replaced with fixed floor-to- ceiling aluminum windows (compatible with original assembly configuration).

Flagpole removed from canopy opening (replaced with palm trees) and relocated to the front lawn.28
1984 Work begins on substantial addition to the northeastern corner of the building and remodeling. Rear parking added. Addition designed by Williams, Clark, and Williams with associate architects Clinton Marr & Associates, and structural engineers Johnson & Nielson Associates.29
1985 Rear addition and remodeling completed.

Co-generation plant north of City Hall building completed.30 1987 Minor renovations to finance department, mailroom, and office additions as designed by E. Alonso.31
1990 Frank Bogert statue dedicated in July 1990 with landscape designed by David Hamilton.32 24 The Desert Sun
The Desert Sun
1965, on file at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services. 25 at
City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.
26 Ibid.
27 Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.
28 The Desert Sun, October 23, 1981.
29 Williams, Clar
of Planning Services.
30 The Desert Sun,
Operational The Desert Sun, May 15, 1985.
31 Department of Planning Services.
32 Palm Springs Desert Sun 2 April 1990; David Hamilton Landscape Design, untitled preliminary plans for Bogert Statue, preliminary drawings, undated, on file at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.

Item 5C - 23
"City Hall Addition Under Way," , May 11, 1965; "City Hall Addition Scheduled for Completion in December," , November 8, 1965; Williams & Williams and John Porter Clark, "Alterations to City Hall," drawings, August 9, Williams & Williams A.I.A. Architects, "Additions and Alterations City Hall," drawings (as built), February 24, 1972, on file Daniel Brisset lnc./Designer, "Palm Springs City Hall Lobby/Hallway Remodeling," drawings, June 2, 1981, on file at City of "Raising the Flag(pole),"
k, & Williams, "Expansion of City Hall," drawings, January 15, 1984, on file at City of Palm Springs Department "Palm Springs Breaks Ground for New Cogeneration Project," May 2, 1984; "Cogeneration Plants E. Alonso, "Finance Department, New Offices & Mailroom," drawings, May 7, 1987, on file at City of Palm Springs "Statue Honoring Palm Springs Pioneer Unveiled at City Hall," Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 10
1996 Interior renovations including recarpeting, painting, reupholstering, and other basic restoration work is planned to be completed by the interior design firm of Jeffrey Juraski.33
City Council designates City Hall a Class 1 historic site (HPSB-33, Resolution No. 18907).34 1997 Interior renovations by Interactive Design Group.35 1999 Dog park north of City Hall building completed.36
2004 37
2012 City Council amends the historic designation of the Palm Springs City Hall (Resolution No. 23106) excluding the sit area north of the north parking lot.38 2015 City Hall listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Architecture of Albert Frey Multiple Property Submission.39
During the December 28, 2021 site visit, ARG observed the following alterations which occurred at unknown dates:
Fully glazed metal door and sidelights added (or replaced original) at east end of office wing, near junction with Council Chamber
Alterations to original landscape: hillock in front lawn area flattened out, xeriscape of bare earth, ocotillos, yucca, and boulders directly adjacent to building replaced with lawn and hedge (olive trees retained), freestanding parking lot light standards replaced. 33 The Desert Sun, February 9, 1996.
34 Palm
Springs Department of Planning Services Historic Site Preservation Board, revised August 2, 2021, accessed 2022, https://www.palmspringsca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/71976/637677386962370000. 35 Intera
Springs Department of Planning Services.
36 The Desert Sun January 31, 1999;
The Desert Sun March 29, 1999.
37 The Desert Sun, February 23, 2004.
38 Palm
Springs Department of Planning Services Historic Site Preservation Board, revised August 2, 2021, accessed 2022, https://www.palmspringsca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/71976/637677386962370000. 39 Ibid; Peter Moruzzi, National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form: The Architecture of Albert Frey, 2015.

Item 5C - 24
Interior renovations remaking the mayor's office into cubicle space. "Panel aims to Restore City Hall,"
"Class 1 and Class 2 Historic Sites, Historic Districts, and Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places," ctive Design Corporation, "Palm Springs City Hall Renovation," drawings, March 5, 1987, on file at City of Palm "Fence Around Dog Park Going Up as 'Release the Hounds' Day Nears," Dog Park Ready for Use April 3,"
"City Hall Renovation Nears Completion,"
"Palm Springs
"Class 1 and Class 2 Historic Sites, Historic Districts, and Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places," Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 11
Areas of the site as discussed in this study. Base image: Google Maps, 2021.

Item 5C - 25
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 12

6. Period of Significance
ARG recommends 1956-1965 as the period of significance for Palm Springs City Hall.

The period of significance begins with approval of the final design and beginning of construction in 1956, and ends with the addition of the emergency operations center at the northwest corner of the building in 1965. Although the 1965 addition was not an original part of the building, it is compatible with the original massing, configuration, and Mid-Century Modern style, and is clad in textured concrete masonry units identical to that of the original building. It is slightly separated/differentiated from the original volume via a recessed west entrance approach sheltered by a canopy with supports and a corrugated metal roof with light blue underside matching the canopies at the primary elevation. As the addition is sited behind the original building and is not visible from the primary viewshed at Tahquitz Canyon Way, its placement did not negatively affect character. Its most visible façade, at the west, matches the west façade of the original volume, which is also windowless and devoid of ornamentation. For these reasons, the 1965 addition appears to be a as addressed in City of Palm Springs
Class 1 Eligibility Criteria 4 and 5.40
While a full significance evaluation is outside the scope of this study, ARG recommends that City Hall, comprising the original 1956-1957 volume and the 1965 northwest addition, also be considered eligible under local Class 1 Criterion 3 for its association with, and embodiment of, of post-World War II civic development in Palm Springs. 41 The original building was funded and constructed in response to population growth and increased development in the once-sleepy Village during the post-war period.

The 1965 addition was designed for use as an emergency operations center for civil defense as well as expanded office space, embodying the Cold War concerns preoccupying the nation in the years following the Bay of Pigs crisis. It was partially funded by the federal government and housed emergency equipment and supplies including a generator, separate water well, and a two-week supply of food for 90 people.42 For these reasons, the 1956-
eligibility under local Criteria 3 (period), 4 (construction on the 1965 part), and 5 (architect).

The original landscape design by Eckbo, Royston & Williams has been significantly altered since 1957:
most of the original plantings have changed; all low relief elements, notably an undulating hillock in the lawn area, have been flattened out; most boulders have been removed; and parking light standards have been replaced.). The general site plan configuration and layout of hardscape and landscape appears as it was during the period of significance, however the parking lot light fixtures and the specific plant materials that exist today in the landscape do not reflect the Ekbo design as seen in historic photos and a 1957 rendering. 43 The 2012 designation amendment are not included in the designation, and this is presumed to cover any remaining original as well as current vegetation. The flagpole and Frank Bogert statue located in the lawn area in front of the building 40 City of Palm Springs Municipal Code, 8.05.070.
41 See applicable eligibility criteria, integrity considerations, and registration requirements in the Citywide Historic Context Statement, 289-291.
42 The Desert Sun May 11, 1965.
43 The Desert Sun March 20, 1957.

Item 5C - 26
metal "spider leg"
the building's architectural
contributing element to the building's architectural significance "City Hall Addition Under Way,"
"Council Given City Hall Landscaping,"
1965 period of significance is also appropriate for City Hall's specified that "landscape plant materials"
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 13
are alterations that occurred well after the period of significance significance in terms of architecture or association with/embodiment of historic patterns of development the flagpole was moved here from the main entrance in 1981, and the statue was added in 1990. In summary, the open space at the front of the building is a contributing element, while the actual vegetation, flagpole, and statue are not contributing elements.

The 1972 conference room at the northeast corner of the building was partially subsumed by the subsequent, much larger, addition constructed at the rear of the original volume in 1985. As a result, it does not contribute to the significance of City Hall. The 1985 addition is relatively young in age and is not associated with patterns of postwar development in Palm Springs. In keeping with its construction date, its architectural style is more Late Modern than Mid-Century Modern in appearance, featuring flat-roofed projecting colonnades, anodized aluminum windows with dark glazing, and a dramatically angled glazed bay, all of which are unlike anything seen on the parts of the building constructed in 1957 or 1965. This addition is also taller than the rest of the building, rising above even the Council chambers at the southeast corner of the original City Hall. In summary, the 1972 and 1985 additions do not contribute to the significance of City Hall and fall outside the 1956-1965 period of significance.

Item 5C - 27
and do not contribute to the property's
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 14

7. Character-Defining Features
ARG recommends the following as character-defining features of the Palm Springs City Hall:

7.1 Site
General open configuration and layout of the landscape and hardscape fronting the building, excluding planting materials, the flagpole, and the Bogert statue

7.2 Building
Irregular plan.
Low-slung, horizontal massing.
Mid-Century Modern architectural style.
Flat roofs.
Low concrete plinth with curving concrete plaza and shallow steps. .
Asymmetrical composition of the primary façade, with office wing at west and Council Chambers at east.
Original aluminum doors and windows.
Projecting canopies over walkways at office wing primary façade, with light blue corrugated metal soffits and angled, cylindrical, metal brise soleils painted sage green Deep eaves/metal canopy at office wing primary façade. Differen
walls with fixed windows toward the north; diagonal corner treatment; and round concrete entry porch.
Freestanding entrance canopies with original signage at primary façade: at office wing, a flat-roofed square with angled steel I-beam supports, light blue corrugated metal soffits, corrugated metal fascia, and open circle in roof; at Council Chamber, a concrete circular disk with simple columns Flush-mounted s PALM SPRINGS CITY HALL,

THE PEOPLE ARE THE CITY

recessed entry approach.

Item 5C - 28
Textured concrete masonry unit cladding, with "offset squares" appearance II
tiated Council Chamber massing/shape/details, with "telescopically stepped" "mirror opposite"
ans serif aluminum signage, including "
," and "COUNCIL CHAMBER"
Corrugated metal entry canopy at west fa~ade with "spider leg" supports, over Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 15

8. Bibliography
On file at City of
Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.

City of Palm Springs. City of Palm Springs Citywide Historic Context Statement & Survey Findings .

Prepared by Historic Resources Group for the City of Palm Springs: Department of Planning Services, 2016.

City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services. HSPB Staff Report, November 2, 2021.

City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services. City Council Staff Report, March 7, 2012.

City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services. City Council Staff Report February 15, 2012.

City of Palm Springs Municipal Code, 8.05 Historic Preservation.

Palm Springs Department of Planning Services Historic Site Preservation Board. Revised August 2, 2021. Accessed January 2022,
https://www.palmspringsca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/71976/63767738696237000

0. 1981. On file at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.

David Hamilton Landscape Design. Untitled preliminary plans for Bogert Statue. Preliminary drawings.

Undated. On file at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.

The Desert Sun, various dates.

Garrett Eckbo Collection, Environmental Design Archives, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley. 35mm slides of Palm Springs City Hall landscape reproduced in letter from Palm Springs Preservation Foundation to the Palm Springs Planning Commission, August 10, 2010. Accessed January 2022, 23Aug10ltrPCpdf.pdf (pspreservationfoundation.org).

On file
at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.

Moruzzi, Peter. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Palm Springs City Hall, 2015.

Moruzzi, Peter. National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form: The Architecture of Albert Frey, 2015.

Item 5C - 29
Alonso, E. "Finance Department, New Offices & Mailroom ." Drawings. May 7, 1987. "Class 1 and Class 2 Historic Sites, Historic Districts, and Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places."
Daniel Brisset lnc./Designer. "Palm Springs City Hall Lobby/Hallway Remodeling." Drawings. June 2, Interactive Design Corporation . "Palm Springs City Hall Renovation ." Drawings. March 5, 1987.

Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 16
National Park Service. National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division, 1990, rev. 1991.

Palm Springs Historical Society. Various collections.

Rosa, Joseph. The Architecture of Albert Frey. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. Originally published: New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 1990.

Shulman, Julius. Job 2519 photographs: Palm Springs City Hall (Palm Springs, Calif.), 1958. Julius Shulman Photography Archive, 1936-1997, Getty Research Institute. Accessed January 2022, Job 2519: Palm Springs City Hall (Palm Springs, Calif.), 1958, 1958 - Getty Research Institute [Alma].

On file at City of Palm
Springs Department of Planning Services.
24, 1972. On file at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services. at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.

January 16, 1956. On file at City of Palm Springs Department of Planning Services.

Item 5C - 30
Williams, Clark, & Williams . "Expansion of City Hall." Drawings. January 15, 1984.

Williams & Williams A.I.A. Architects . "Additions and Alterations City Hall." Drawings (as built). February Williams & Williams and John Porter Clark. "Alterations to City Hall." Drawings. August 9, 1965. On file Williams, Williams, Williams & Clark, Frey, Chambers. "Palm Springs City Hall." Drawings (as built).

Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 17
Appendix A. Existing Conditions Photographs
View north of Bogert statue, lawn, and primary (south) façade. (ARG, 2021).

Detail view of Bogert statue (ARG, 2021).

Item 5C - 31
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 18
View northwest of the primary (south) façade with front driveway, off-center parking, and landscaping (ARG, 2021).

View north of the primary entrance. The palm trees at the center of the circular opening in the canopy were added in 1981 when the original flagpole was relocated to the front lawn (ARG, 2021).

Item 5C - 32
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 19
View northwest of the primary entrance canopy, concrete plinth, and steps (ARG, 2021).

Canopy and brise soleils along the covered walkway at the primary facade (ARG, 2021).

Item 5C - 33
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 20
View northwest of the Council Chamber entrance at the east corner of the primary (south) facade (ARG, 2021).

View northwest of the east façade with 1972 conference room addition (center-left volume) and 1985 addition (at colonnade) (ARG, 2021).

Item 5C - 34
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 21
View southwest of the east and north façade at the 1985 addition (ARG, 2021).

View east of the north façade of the 1985 addition (ARG, 2021).

Item 5C - 35
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 22
View southeast of the north façade with 1985 addition (left) and 1965 addition (right) (ARG, 2021).

View northeast of the west façade with 1965 addition and canopy (left) and original volume (right) (ARG, 2021).

Item 5C - 36
Palm Springs City Hall, Limited Historic Resources Report January 24, 2022 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 23
View northeast of the west and portion of south facades (ARG 2021).

View southeast from primary entrance canopy with the Bogert statue and E Tahquitz Canyon Way in the background (ARG 2021).

Item 5C - 37
Item 5C - 38
RESOLUTION NO. 23106

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA, AMENDING THE CLASS 1

HISTORIC DESIGNATION OF THE PALM SPRINGS CITY

HALL TO INCLUDE THE STRUCTURES, FEATURES AND
LAND OF THAT PORTION OF APN NO. 502-150-005

BOUNDED BY THE NORTH EDGE OF THE NORTH

PARKING LOT AND THE CURB EDGES ALONG CIVIC

DRIVE, TAHQUITZ CANYON WAY AND EL CIELO ROAD,

EXCEPTING THE LANDSCAPE PLANT MATERIALS
THEREIN.

The City Council of the City of Palm Springs, California finds:

A. Chapter 8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code allows for the designation of historic sites.

B. On October 2, 1996, the City Council adopted Resolution No. 18907 adopting a historic designation, Class 1 for the Palm Springs City Hall building, including express restrictions on the City Hall building, but did not include express restrictions or limitations on the surrounding grounds and ancillary facilities or improvements.

C. On May 11, 2010, the Historic Site Preservation Board conducted a public hearing in accordance with applicable law and voted to recommend amending the existing Class 1 historic designation of the Palm Springs City Hall to expressly include the entire site in the historic designation.

D. The designation of the entire site or portions of the Palm Springs City Hall site would further the purpose and intent of Chapter 8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code.

E. The designation of specific portions of the entire site of the Palm Springs City Hall shall promote the sensitive preservation of the Palm Springs City Hall site.

F. The City Council has reviewed and considered all of the evidence in connection with the designation, including but not limited to the staff report, application, and historical research, all written and oral testimony presented, and notes and reaffirms the following:

1. The lands and features surrounding the Palm Springs City Hall embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, because the steps and plaza, as a base or "plinth," reconcile the distinctive characteristics of the mid-century modern style with the traditional design of a public building.

Item 5C - 39
Resolution No. 23016

Page 2 ends

2. The building, lands, and features surrounding the Palm Springs City Hall include the work of a master builder, designer, artist, or architect whose individual genius influenced his age; because the development of the Palm Springs City Hall is part of Albert Frey's design plan for the property; the life and work of Albert Frey has been well-documented; and his work is recognized world wide as significant toward the development of the modern movements of architecture, especially as he adapted such styles and movements to the local environment.

THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF PALM SPRINGS RESOLVE:

SECTION 1. The Class 1 historic designation for the Palm Springs City Hall is hereby amended to include the structures, features, and land of that portion of APN No. 502-150-005 bounded by the north edge of the north parking lot and the curb edges along Civic Drive, Tahquitz Canyon Way, and El Cielo Road, excepting the landscape plant materials therein, subject to the following conditions:
1 . All future exterior modifications including but not limited to building, site, landscaping, lighting, walls, and fences shall require Architectural Approval pursuant to Section 94.04.00 of the Palm Springs Zoning Ordinance.

2. No permit for the alteration of the interior or exterior of any building, or the steps or entry plaza fronting the main (south) building entries, or the hardscape of the parking lot areas, including any and all of the properties elements and characteristics within the designated area described above shall be issued without prior approval by the Historic Site Preservation Board (HSPB) as provided in Chapter 8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code. Modifications to landscape plant materials are exempted from HSPB review.

3. All existing or previously approved or installed alterations or improvements shall be considered acceptable and consistent with the requirements of Chapter

8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code.

ADOPTED THIS 7TH DAY OF MARCH, 2012.

ATTEST:
ames Thompson, City Clerk
Item 5C - 40
Resolution No. 23016
Page3

CERTIFICATION

STA TE OF CALIFORNIA )
COUNTY OF RIVERSIDE ) ss.

CITY OF PALM SPRINGS)
I, JAMES THOMPSON, City Clerk of the City of Palm Springs, hereby certify that Resolution No. 23106 is a full, true and correct copy, and was duly adopted at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Palm Springs on March 7, 2012, by the following vote:

AYES:

NOES:

ABSENT:

ABSTAIN:

Councilmember Hutcheson, Councilmember Lewin, Mayor Pro Tern Foat, and Mayor Pougnet.

Councilmember Mills.

None.

None.
ames Thompson, City Clerk
City of Palm Springs, California
Item 5C - 41
RESOLUTION NO. 18907
OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF nm CITY OF PALM SPRINGS,

CALIFORNIA, DESIGNATING THE FREY HOUSE II, THE

VALLEY STATION OF THE PALM SPRINGS AERIAL

TRAMWAY, THE LOEWY HOUSE, PALM SPRINGS CITY
HALL, AND THE CAREY-PIROZZI HOUSE AS CLASS 1
HISTORlC SITES.
* * * * *
WHEREAS the Frey House II, the Valley Station of the Palm Spriugs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Springs City Hall, ancl the Carey House have c:ontributed sttbstantially lo the historic architectural diversity of the City of Palm Springs; and WHEREAS the Frey House II, tl1e Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, tl1e Loewy House, Palm Springs City Hall, and the Carey-Pirozzi House have long been landmarks of the City of Palm Springs for residents, architectural students and visitors; and WHEREAS the Frey House II, the Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Springs City Hall, and the Carey-Pirozzi House together constitute a significant portion of a body of work designed by the architect Albert Frey, FAIA, along with various pmtners; and
WHEREAS the life and work of Albert Frey, FAIA, has been well--documented, and his I
work is recognized world-wide as significant toward the development of the International I style and other modern movements of archilecmre, especially as he adapted such styles and movements to the local environment; and
WHEREAS the Palm Springs General Plan provides for the long-term preservation of significant architectural and historic buildings; and
WIIEREAS Chapter 8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code provides for the designation of sites with architectural and historic significm1ce; and WHEREAS on September 10, 1996, the Historic Site Preservation Board held a public hearing to recommend .the designation of the Frey House II, the Va,lley Station of the Palm Sptings Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Spriugs City Hall, and the Carey-Pirozzi House as historic sltes and unanimously recommends to the City Council designation of said properties as Class 1 Historic Siles; and
WHEREAS the City Council concurs in the reconnnendation of the: Historic Site Preservation Board regarding the arcl1.itectural and historic value of the Frey House II, the Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Springs City Hall, and the Carey-Pirozzi House; and
WHEREAS the designation of the Frey House II, the Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Springs City Hall, and the Carey-Pirozzi House I shall fi111her t11e pmposes and intent of the General Plan a11d Chapter 8. 05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code; aud
WHEREAS the designation of l11e Frey House II, the Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Springs City Hall, mid the Carey-Pirozzi House shall promote the sensitive preservation and restoration of said sites.

Item 5C - 42
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Rl8907

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NOW. THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Palm Springs, California, as follows:

Section 1.

Section 2.

Section 3.

Section 4.

Section 5.

Section 6.

The Frey House 11, the Valley Station of the Pahn Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Springs City HaU, and the Carey House were constructed during the period 1946-1965 and have since contributed to lite historic architectural diversity of the City. of Palm Springs.

The Frey House II, the Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Springs City Hall, and the Carey House are excellent examples of the Modem architectural movement in the City of Palm Springs as designed and adapted by Lhe renowned architect Albert Frey, FAIA. a. TI1e Frey House II, owned by Albert Frey ("Owner"), and localed at 686 Palisades Dr., shall be designated as a Class l Historic Site pursuant to Chapter 8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code. The site is located on Lot 10, and a portion of Lot 8, of Palm Springs Palisades, M/B 19/23, Riverside County, California; APN 513-110-020.
b.The Vailey Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, owned by Mount San Jacinto Winter Park ("Owner"), and located at the westerly terminus of Tram Way, shall be designated as a Class I Historic Site pursuant to Chapter

8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code. The site is located on a portion of Sec, '/, T.4S,, R.4.E., Riverside County, California; APN 505-020-012. c.The Loewy House, owned by James Gaudineer ("Owner"), and located at 600 Panorama Rd., shall be designated as a Class 1 Historic Site pursuant to Chapter 8.05 of the Palm Sp1ings Municipal Code. The site is located on a po1'tion of the SWl/4 SEl/4 of Section 3, TAS., R.4E., Riverside County, California; APN 504-292-014.
ct.Palm Springs City Hall, owned by U1e City of Pahn Springs ("Owner"), and located at 3200 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way, shall be designated as a Class 1 Historic Site pursuant to Chapter 8.05 of the Palm Springs Municipal Code.

The site is located on Lot 16 of Palm Valley Colony Lands, MB 14/652, San Diego County, California; APN 502-150-005.
e. The Carey-Pirozzi House, owned hy Vincent & Karen Pirozzi ("Owners"), and located at 651 W. Via Escuela, shall be designated as a Class 1 Historic Site pursuant to Chapter 8.05 of tile Palm Springs Municipal Code. The site is located on Parcel 1, R/S 27/75, Riverside County, California; APN 504-193-002.

No permits for the exterior alteration to the Frey Honse II, the Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Springs City Hall, and tJ1e Carey-Pirozzi House shall be granted without the prior approval of lhe Historic Site Preservation Board and/or the City Council, pursuant to Chapter 8.05 of tl1e Palm Springs Municipal Code; approved alterations shall maintain the historic architectural integrity of the building.

Tl1e Owners shall permit the City to demark the Frey House II, the Valley Station of the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway, the Loewy House, Palm Sp1ings City Hall, and the Carey-Pirozzi House as historic sites with a plaque of the City's choosing.

This resolution, and the historic designation put in place by it, shall not affect title to the subject properties.

Item 5C - 43
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Section 7. The City Council hereby directs the City Clerk to submit this resolution to the county recorder for recordation within 90 days of the effective date of this resolntion.

ADOPTED this ---1lliL- day of October, 1996.

AYES: Members
None
None
Barnes, Hodges, Oden, Spurgin and Mayor Kleindienst
NOES:

ABSENT:

ATTEST: CITY OF PAV
B~D~-L-4---c/---..
€'.i!y Clerk
REVIEWED & APPROVED:

I
I
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Item 5C - 44
Council Meeting Date:

Councilmembers Present:

Council members Absent:

Agenda Item No.

City of Palin Springs
Office of the City Clerk
3200 E. Tahquitz Canyon Way • Palm Springs, California 92262 Tel: 760.323.8204 • Fax: 760.322.8332 • TDD 760.864.9527 • www.palmspringsca.gov

ACTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE

CITY OF PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA
February 15, 2012
Councilmembers Hutcheson, Lewin, Mills, Mayor Pro Tern Foat, and Mayor Pougnet.

None.

Public Hearing, Item No. lA
PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO AN EXISTING CLASS 1 HISTORIC DESIGNATION FOR PALM SPRINGS CITY

HALL TO DENY THE HISTORIC SITE PRESERVATION BOARD'S REQUEST TO INCLUDE SITE PARKING AND

LANDSCAPE AREAS, AND AMENDING THE DESIGNATION TO INCLUDE THE CONCRETE PLAZA, LOCATED AT 3200 EASTTAHQUITZ CANYON WAY, AS A CLASS 1 HISTORIC SITE (HSPB 33} Craig Ewing, Director of Planning Services, provided background information as outlined in the staff report dated February 15, 2012.

Mayor Pro Tern Foat requested staff clarify the process of the staff recommendation as it differs from the Commission.

Council member Lewin noted previous actions of the City Council infer the Historic Designation included the entire site.

Mayor Pougnet opened the public hearing, and the following speakers addressed the City Council.

BARBARA MARSHALL, noted the concerns of the Historic Site Preservation Board, noted her frustration with City staff, and requested the City Council return the proposed resolution to the Historic Site Preservation Board for further discussion.

GARY JOHNS, Palm Springs, commented on the background and process to bring this item to the City Council, and requested the City Council support the Planning Commission's recommendation that protects the City Hall site.

RON MARSHALL, referred to a letter submitted by the Palm Springs Preservation Board dated January 13, 2012, and requested the City Council re-affirm the stated intent of the previous City Council designation of the City Hall site.

Post Office Box 2743 • Palm Springs, California 92263-2743 Post Office Box 27 43 • Palm Springs, California 92263-2743 CHRIS MENRAD, commented on the definition of a Historic Designation and noted recent examples, and requested the City Council clearly define all designations as to the site.

ROBERT STONE, commented on the staff report and noted the report to the Historic Site Preservation Board was omitted from the City Council documents, and stated the current designation includes the entire site.

No further speakers coming forward, the public hearing was closed.

Councilmember Mills commented on the process of developing the ordinance and noted the building and the site were intended to be separate, the City Council indicated to staff that only the City Hall building was included in the designation, and stated the parking lot does not warrant the historic designation.

Mayor Pro Tern Foat requested the City Council re-affirm Resolution No. 18907, and confirm for all the properties addressed in Resolution No.·18907 the Class 1 designation include the entire site.

Councilmember Hutcheson stated the City Council and community would benefit from the Historic Site Preservation Board review, discussion, and recommendations on any modifications to City Hall, and stated the entire site should be considered a Class 1 designation.

Councilmember Lewin stated the current language is not ambiguous, the Ordinance allows both the structure and site, and Resolution No. 18907 includes an APN which includes the entire site.

Councilmember Mills stated all the properties in the Resolution were with support of the property owners, and each property owner should be contacted.

Councilmember Hutcheson stated the City Council resolution was not perfect, and recommended the City Council clean-up the designation to support the entire site.

Mayor Pro Tem Foat recommended the City Council consider the declaring the entire site of Palm Springs City Hall as a Class 1 designation and request staff complete research on the other properties in Resolution No. 18907.

Councilmember Mills requested the City Council define site and if such definition of site includes landscaping and lighting.

Councilmember Lewin stated plantings should not be included in an historic designation.

ACTION: 1) Direct staff to prepare a resolution to designate the entire site of City Hall as a Class 1 designation; 2) Direct staff to prepare an amendment to Resolution No. 18907 for the properties designated Class 1 by Resolution No. 18907; and 3) Direct staff to notice all current property owners for all properties in Resolution No. 18907. Motion Mayor Pro Tem Foat, seconded by Councilmember Lewin and carried 4-1 on a roll call vote.

AYES: Councilmember Hutcheson, Councilmember Lewin, Mayor Pro Tem Foat, and Mayor Pougnet.

NOES: Councilmember Mills.

Councilmember Mills stated his no vote was not against the structure nor the hard-scape, but feels the parking lot was never considered historic nor should it be for the future.

Item 5C - 45
Post Office Box 27 43 • Palm Springs, California 92263-2743

STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
COUNTY OF RIVERSIDE ) SS.

CITY OF PALM SPRINGS )
I, ANTHONY J. MEJIA, City Clerk of the City of Palm Springs, California, do hereby certify the foregoing to be the official action taken by the City Council at the above meeting.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this 28th day of October 2021.

Anthony J. Mejia, City Clerk
City of Palm Springs, California
Item 5C - 46
Item 5C - 47
NPS Form 10-900
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
0MB No. 1024-0018
Nat\ona\ Register of Historic P\aces Registration Form
This form is for use in nominatin g o r requesting determinati ons for individu al p roperties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If a ny item d oes not apply 10 the property be ing documented, ente r "NIA''. for "not applicab~e." For functions, architectural class ification, materials, and areas"'°'~_A,E1JV<E0".228Q ca(egon es ana' suoca(egoncs from n,e mstrucnons. n Cv

1. Name of Property AUG 1 4 2015
Historic name: Palm Springs City Hall
Other names/site nwnber: Mat Register of Historic. Places National Park Service ----------- -------Name of related multiple property listing:

The Architecture of Albert Frey
(Enter "NI A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing

2. Location
Street & nwnber: 3200 East Tahguit z Canyon Way
City or to~n: Palm Springs State: __ C~A'---- County: Riverside Not For Publication: D Vicinity: D

3. State/Federa l Agency Certification
As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended , I hereb y certify that this _x_ nomina tion _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properti es in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.

In my opinion , the property _K_ meets _ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance :
_national _statewide _K_local
Applicable National Register Criteria:
_A _B _x_c _D
Jul" one Polanco/State Historic Preservation Officer
fomia State Office of Historic Preservation
State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government
In my opinion, the property _ meets _ does not meet the National Register criteria.

Signature of commenting official:

Title:

Date
State or Federal agency/bureau
or Tribal Government
Item 5C - 48
National Park Service I National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs Cit¥ Hall
Name of Property

4. National Park Service Certification
I he~by certify that this property is:
_✓_ P: erntered in the Nat ional Register
_ determined eligible for the National Register
_ determined not eligible for the National Register
_ removed from the National Register
_ other (explain:)
Si

5. Classification
Ownership of Property
(Check as many boxes as apply.)
Private: D
Public - Local [ii
Public - State
Public - Federal
Category of Property
(Check only one box.)
Buildin g(s)
District
Site
Structure
Object
[ii

Sections 1-6 page 2
Riverside , California
County and State
Date of Action
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Number of Resources within Property
(Do not include previously listed resources in the count) Contributing Noncontributing
______1_______ ______1_______ buildings
______0_______ ______0_______ sites
______0_______ ______0_______ structures
______0_______ ______0_______ objects
______1_______ ______1________ Total
Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register ___0______ ____________________________________________________________________________

6. Function or Use
Historic Functions
(Enter categories from instructions.)
GOVERNMENT/city hall
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Current Functions
(Enter categories from instructions.)
GOVERNMENT/city hall
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Sections 1-6 page 3
Item 5C - 49
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
_____________________________________________________________________________

7. Description
Architectural Classification
(Enter categories from instructions.)

MODERN MOVEMENT
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Materials: (enter categories from instructions.)
Principal exterior materials of the property: __METAL: steel, aluminum, CONCRETE

BLOCK, GLASS
Narrative Description
(Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable. Begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style, method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has historic integrity.)
______________________________________________________________________________ Summary Paragraph
Palm Springs City Hall is located just west of the Palm Springs Airport in the civic center portion of East Tahquitz Canyon Way. The initial phase was completed between 1952 and 1956.

Between 1956 and 1965 there were two large additions to the rear of the building, and, in 1984, a new building was constructed behind City Hall. The original one-story edifice facing Tahquitz Canyon Way strongly reflects Albert Frey’s philosophy of desert modern design with its terracotta-colored double-stacked concrete block construction, flat roof, deep overhangs of corrugated metal, and large windows. Distinctive angled cylindrical metal brise soleils shield the south facing office fenestration from the sun.1 The tall, projecting council chamber features telescopically flared concrete block walls fronted by a concrete circular disk supported by posts.

In contrast, the freestanding City Hall entrance canopy is of corrugated metal with an open center that matches the diameter of the council chamber disk. Palm Springs City Hall is in excellent condition and, as viewed from Tahquitz Canyon Way towards its primary elevation, retains a high level of historic integrity.
1 Brise-soleil: “A screen, usually of louvers, placed on the outside of a building to shield the windows from direct sunlight.” Francis D. K. Ching, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995), 227.

Section 7 page 4
Item 5C - 50
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
_____________________________________________________________________________ Narrative Description
Palm Springs City Hall (1952-1956) was one of Clark, Frey and Chambers’ most important public buildings. Although the architectural firm of Williams, Clark & Williams later designed the large building at the rear, the initial phase was primarily the design work of Albert Frey, according to historian Joseph Rosa.

The one-story flat-roofed building is divided into two distinct sections, a symmetrical office portion with a wing extending from the rear of the main entrance, and a large council chamber that projects outward toward Tahquitz Canyon Way (Figure 2). The primary construction material is sandblasted terracotta-colored concrete block, and in this case every two rows are aligned—or double-stacked—so that the appearance from a distance is of offset squares.

The office portion exhibits a low horizontal profile with the flat roof extending southward to form deep eaves. The portion connecting the offices to the council chamber becomes a covered walkway sheltered by a series of distinctive angled cylindrical metal brise soleils painted sage green (Figure 3). Each brise soleils shades floor-to-ceiling glazing of the offices (Figure 4).

Their cylindrical design appeared the following year in 1953 at Frey House I where they shaded the round windows of the architect’s second story bedroom. Corrugated metal exterior ceilings that are light blue in color—a typical Frey design characteristic—distinguish the walkways and entrance canopy.

The projecting council chamber is taller than the office portion, differing substantially in its design (Figure 5). The flared walls of the concrete block chamber appear telescopically stepped toward the north (Figure 6). As such, the chamber seems windowless when viewed from the west, south, or east. Each flared elevation actually contains a north-facing window that provides light for the interior. An unusual detail of the council chamber is its exterior corner treatment consisting of projecting concrete blocks cut at a diagonal at every other paired row. This element catches light and shadow, giving dynamism to the composition. It is a distinguishing detail that would appear in more elaborate form at the firm’s Tramway Gas Station of 1965.

What makes the composition so extraordinary is the design of the freestanding entrance canopies of City Hall and the council chamber. The former is a flat-roofed square of corrugated metal supported by posts; an open circle punctures the center (Figure 7 ). The words “Palm Springs
City Hall” are written across the fascia. The single flagpole that originally centered the opening has been replaced by landscaping beneath the oculus. In contrast, the council chamber canopy consists of a circular concrete disk supported by posts with a diameter equal to the void of City Hall’s entrance canopy (Figure 8). Classical tholos buildings of ancient Greece inspired the freestanding disk.2 On its fascia are the words “The People Are The City.” 2 Tholos, also known as a beehive tomb: “a stone-built subterranean tomb of the Mycenaean civilization consisting of a circular chamber covered by a corbeled dome and entered by a walled passage through a hillside.” Francis D. K.

Ching, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995), 248.

Section 7 page 5
Item 5C - 51
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
The initial phase of the building’s construction was completed in 1952 by the firm of Clark, Frey and Chambers with small additions by the firm continuing until 1956. That year, a 17,000 square foot office addition appeared at the rear northwest portion of the building designed by the firms of Clark, Frey & Chambers, and Williams, Williams & Williams. In 1965, a 9,700 square foot office addition designed by Williams, Clark & Williams was completed at the rear, center portion of the building. In 1972, the firm of Williams and Williams was responsible for a modest 1,710 square foot rear addition. A substantial remodel of City Hall was undertaken in 1984 that included the construction of a 14,000 square foot office building at the rear, northeast half of the original building with a covered walkway connecting the two elements. The architectural firm of Williams, Clark & Williams was responsible for the design of the new building, a noncontributing resource within the property boundary. Although sharing some materials with the original City Hall such as double-stacked terracotta colored concrete block, the new building is differentiated by its full-width east-facing covered walkway with square posts and canopy fascia of a much larger and more prominent thickness than the 1952-1956 portion of City Hall.

Other interior rooms at City Hall have been remodeled for new uses.

While cognizant of the noted alterations to and at the rear of the original building, the primary south-facing elevation of Palm Springs City Hall is able to convey its architectural significance because this portion of the property retains the essential physical features associated with the work of Albert Frey. These features include sandblasted double-stacked terracotta-colored concrete block, a flat roof, deep overhangs with fascia of corrugated metal, corrugated blue- colored metal ceilings for walkways and the main entrance canopy, distinctive brise soleils of angled metal cylinders, large expanses of glazing, and projecting concrete blocks with corners cut at a diagonal at every other paired row. The building’s only historical reference is that of a Greek tholos. In sum, as viewed from Tahquitz Canyon Way, the integrity of design, materials, workmanship, location, setting, feeling, and association of the original 1952-1956 exterior portion of Palm Springs City Hall remains high.

Section 7 page 6
Item 5C - 52
Item 5C - 53
NPS Form 10-900-a
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number Additional Integrity Discussion
0MB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall
Name of Property
Riverside County, California
County and State
Architecture of Albert Frey, The
Name of multiple listing (if applicable)
Page ---'1'--_
In response to the NPS reviewer's request for additional information regarding alterations and integrity, the following information is added to the National Register of Historic Places nomination September 25, 2015.

Palm Springs City Hall is able to convey its architectural significance because the primary south-facing elevation of the property retains the essential physical features associated with the work of Albert Frey. These features include sandblasted double-stacked terracotta-colored concrete block, a flat roof, deep overhangs with fascia of corrugated metal, corrugated blue colored metal ceilings for walkways and the main entrance canopy, distinctive brise soleils of angled metal cylinders, large expanses of glazing, and projecting concrete blocks with corners cut at a diagonal at every other paired row. The building's only historical reference is that of a Greek tholos. As viewed from Tahquitz Canyon Way, the integrity of design, materials, workmanship, location, setting, feeling, and association of the original 1952-1956 exterior portion of Palm Springs City Hall remains high.

In 1965, a 9,700 square foot office addition designed by Williams, Clark & Williams was completed at the rear, center portion of the building. In 1972, the firm of Williams and Williams was responsible for a modest 1, 71 0 square foot rear addition. Neither compromise the property's integrity because both of these additions are only visible from the secondary north elevation that faces a surface parking lot and a small public park.

The remodel of City Hall that was undertaken in 1984 included the construction of a 14,000 square foot office building at the rear, northeast half of the original building with a covered walkway connecting the two elements. The architectural firm of Williams, Clark & Williams was responsible for the design of the new building that, as noted on Form 10-900 in Section 5.

Classification, is a noncontributing resource within the subject property boundary. In addition, following the Secretary of the Interior's Standards, the new building is compatible with the historic materials given its use of double-stacked terracotta-colored concrete block. Further, according to the Standards, the new building is differentiated from the original by its full-width east-facing covered walkway with square posts and canopy fascia of a much larger and more prominent thickness.

As relates to the interior of Palm Springs City Hall, the 1984 remodel altered the main entry lobby and central hallway such that their interior walls have been resurfaced. In addition, the lobby's information podium and hanging light fixtures have been replaced. The various offices facing south have experienced minor alterations such as the erection of dividing walls in the mayor's and city manager's office. None of these modifications negatively impacts the building's integrity because the key character-defining features of Palm Springs City Hall as discussed are visible from the exterior, especially, as noted, along its primary south-facing elevation. It should be noted that the interior of the council chamber is relatively unaltered with the dais remodeled and public seating replaced in 1984. The entrance lobby, interior walls, and ceiling are unchanged.

Item 5C - 54
NPS Form 10-900-a
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
. National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number Additional Integrity Discussion
0MB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall
Name of Property
Riverside County, California
County and State
Architecture of Albert Frey, The
Name of multiple listing (if applicable)
Page __ ....;;;;2:;....__
In terms of visibility from the public right-of-way, Tahquitz Canyon Way is the major east-west thoroughfare in Palm Springs stretching from the airport to Albert Frey's second dwelling up the mountain. City Hall's south elevation, which is the primary elevation facing Tahquitz Canyon Way, is the original portion by the firm of Clark, Frey and Chambers. In contrast, the west and east elevations face North Civic Drive and El Cielo Road, respectively, and the north (rear) elevation faces a parking lot and a public park. These are all secondary elevations that are not considered by the public to be representative of "City Hall" as it is known and understood. Frequent bus tours of Palm Springs' modern architectural resources stop along Tahquitz Canyon Way to view the property, not along peripheral streets. Similarly, newspaper articles and televised events focus on the primary elevation with its dramatic "Palm Springs City Hall" and ''The People Are the City'' declarations. In sum, as viewed from Tahquitz Canyon Way, the integrity of design, materials, workmanship, location, setting, feeling, and association of the original 1952-1956 exterior portion of Palm Springs City Hall remains high.

United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
______________________________________________________________________________

8. Statement of Significance
Applicable National Register Criteria
(Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.)
A. Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.

B. Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past.

C. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction.

D. Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

Criteria Considerations
(Mark “x” in all the boxes that apply.)
A. Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes B. Removed from its original location
C. A birthplace or grave
D. A cemetery
E. A reconstructed building, object, or structure
F. A commemorative property
G. Less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years X
Section 8 page 7
Item 5C - 55

United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Areas of Significance
(Enter categories from instructions.)
__ARCHITECTURE__
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Period of Significance
_1952-1956_________
___________________
___________________
Significant Dates
__1952_____________
__1956_____________
___________________
Significant Person
(Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.)
___________________
___________________
___________________
Cultural Affiliation
__N/A______________
___________________
___________________
Architect/Builder
__Frey, Albert _______
__Clark, John Porter __
__Chambers, Robson__
__Williams, E. Stewart_
__Williams, Roger____
___________________
Section 8 page 8
Item 5C - 56
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any applicable criteria considerations.)
Palm Springs City Hall is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C at the local level of significance in the area of Architecture. The property embodies the distinctive characteristics of civic architecture associated with the modern movement as interpreted by Albert Frey for the desert environment of the Coachella Valley. In addition, the property meets The Architecture of Albert Frey Multiple Property Submission registration requirements for civic buildings in association with the historic context “Desert Modern Design in the Coachella Valley, 1934-1965.” The period of significance corresponds with the building’s original construction in 1952 to the completion of its first phase in 1956. ______________________________________________________________________________ Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance.)
Although a joint venture of Clark, Frey, and Chambers, the design of Palm Springs City Hall is attributed primarily to Albert Frey by scholar Joseph Rosa as noted in the Multiple Property Documentation Form. The building exemplifies the distinctive characteristics of Albert Frey’s approach to modern design in the desert. It is constructed of double-stacked sandblasted terracotta-colored concrete block, has a flat roof, utilizes corrugated metal for the deep eaves and main entrance canopy, and has large windows that are—in this case—distinctively shaded by grids of angled metal cylinders. Applied ornamentation is absent. The sole historical reference is a tholos reinterpreted by Frey in concrete as the symbolic entrance to the council chambers. The rear office building designed by the firm of Williams, Clark and Williams in 1984 is a noncontributing resource.

Palm Springs City Hall exemplifies the distinctive characteristics of civic architecture associated with architect Albert Frey. The importance of the building and its significance within the “Desert modern design in the Coachella Valley 1934-1965” historic context are presented in the Multiple Property Documentation Form. Palm Springs City Hall is a key example of the civic building property type that maintains sufficient integrity to be readily identifiable as the work of master architect Albert Frey. The property meets National Register Criterion C because it embodies the distinctive characteristics of civic architecture associated with Albert Frey and is the work of a master architect.

Section 8 page 9
Item 5C - 57
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
______________________________________________________________________________

9. Major Bibliographical References
Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form.) As indicated in The Architecture of Albert Frey Multiple Property Documentation Form. ___________________________________________________________________________ Previous documentation on file (NPS):
____ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested ____ previously listed in the National Register
____ previously determined eligible by the National Register ____ designated a National Historic Landmark
____ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #____________ ____ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # __________ ____ recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # ___________ Primary location of additional data:
____ State Historic Preservation Office
____ Other State agency
____ Federal agency
____ Local government
__X_ University of California, Santa Barbara
__X_ Other
Name of repository: _Palm Springs Art Museum__________________________ Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): ________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

10. Geographical Data
Acreage of Property _Approximately nine acres__
Latitude/Longitude Coordinates
Datum if other than WGS84:__________
(enter coordinates to 6 decimal places)

1. Latitude: 33.823876 Longitude: -116.511383
Sections 9-end page 10
Item 5C - 58
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.) The nominated property is located at 3200 East Tahquitz Canyon Way, Palm Springs, Riverside County, California northwest corner of East Tahquitz Canyon Way and El Cielo Road. The property fronts approximately 530 feet of East Tahquitz Canyon Way. Its legal description is 9.41 ACRES IN POR LOT 16 MB 014/652 SD P APN: 502-150-005.

Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.) The nominated property includes the entire parcel historically associated with Palm Springs City Hall, 3200 East Tahquitz Canyon Way.
______________________________________________________________________________

11. Form Prepared By
name/title: _____Peter Moruzzi/Architectural Historian ____________________________ organization: ____________________________ ________________________________ street & number: ____2018 Griffith Park Blvd. #114____________________________ city or town: __Los Angeles__ __________ state: __CA______ zip code:__ 90039_____ [email protected]_____________________________ telephone:___213-706-0151______________________
date:____February 9, 2015_________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Additional Documentation
Submit the following items with the completed form:
• Maps: A USGS map or equivalent (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location.
• Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to this map.
• Additional items: (Check with the SHPO, TPO, or FPO for any additional items.) Photographs
Submit clear and descriptive photographs. The size of each image must be 1600x1200 pixels (minimum), 3000x2000 preferred, at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Key all photographs to the sketch map. Each photograph must be numbered and that number must correspond to the photograph number on the photo log. For simplicity, the name of the photographer, photo date, etc. may be listed once on the photograph log and doesn’t need to be labeled on every photograph.

Sections 9-end page 11
Item 5C - 59
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Photo Log
Name of Property Palm Springs City Hall
City or Vicinity Palm Springs
County Riverside
State California
Photographer Peter Moruzzi
Date Photographed February 2015
Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera:
1 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0001.tif Primary (south) elevation, camera facing northwest
2 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0002.tif Primary (south) elevation, camera facing northeast
3 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0003.tif South elevation, camera facing northwest
4 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0004.tif South elevation beneath main entrance canopy, camera facing northeast 5 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0005.tif South elevation, covered walkway, camera facing west
6 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0006.tif South elevation, council chambers, camera facing north
7 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0007.tif East elevation, council chambers, camera facing southwest 8 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0008.tif Detail, corner of council chambers, camera facing northeast 9 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0009.tif East elevation, camera facing west
10 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0010.tif Rear (north) elevation, camera facing southwest
11 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0011.tif Rear (north) elevation, camera facing southeast
Sections 9-end page 12
Item 5C - 60
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
12 of 12 CA_Riverside County_Frey MPS_Palm Springs City Hall_0012.tif Interior view, council chambers, camera facing northwest Index of Figures
Figure 1 Palm Springs sketch map by Albert Frey. City Hall is indicated with arrow.

Figure 2 South elevation, looking northwest, 1958.

Figure 3 South elevation, looking west, 1958.

Figure 4 South elevation, covered walkway, camera facing west, 1958.

Figure 5 South elevation, council chambers, looking north, 1958.

Figure 6 East elevation, looking west, 1958.

Figure 7 South elevation, looking northeast, 1958.

Figure 8 Detail, council chambers entrance, looking southwest, 1958.

Sections 9-end page 13
Item 5C - 61
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Location Map
Latitude: 33.823876 Longitude: -116.511383
Sections 9-end page 14
Item 5C - 62
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United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall
Name of Property
Sketch Map/Photo Key
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3200 E Tahquitz
C;inyon Woy
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County and State
Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings . Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.).

Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form . Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC.

Sections 9-end page 15
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Figure 1. Palm Springs sketch map by Albert Frey. City Hall is indicated with arrow.

Sections 9-end page 16
Item 5C - 64

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United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Figure 2. South elevation, looking northwest, 1958.

Sections 9-end page 17
Item 5C - 65
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Item 5C - 66
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United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Figure 4. South elevation, covered walkway, camera facing west, 1958.

Sections 9-end page 19
Item 5C - 67
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Figure 5. South elevation, council chambers, looking north, 1958.

Sections 9-end page 20
Item 5C - 68
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Figure 6. East elevation, looking west, 1958.

Sections 9-end page 21
Item 5C - 69
Copyrighl Tho J, Pau l Gotty Tms L l ho Gclly Resoivc:h lns1itu10, Los Angolas. ID no,: gri_2004 _r_10_ b00 22_1023_2$19_19. Dijillal im-'9o s .ind Illas aro pov idc,d lor :itudy pu1posos only, Copy r~h t roSlrk:lionis ;ipply. For c::o?Yri9hl W ormulion or higher IH0lution lm91 Yisil: htll)"JJbcl.h:md lo.noll10020r'rc=po..J)Ofm, United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Figure 7. South elevation, looking northeast, 1958.

Sections 9-end page 22
Item 5C - 70
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United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
Palm Springs City Hall Riverside, California
Name of Property County and State
Figure 8. Detail, council chambers entrance, looking southwest, 1958.

Sections 9-end page 23
Item 5C - 71
Item 5C - 72
Item 5C - 73
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Item 5C - 84

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

EVALUATION/RETURN SHEET
REQUESTED ACTION: NOMINATION

PROPERTY
NAME :

MULTIPLE
NAME:

Palm Springs City Hall
Architecture of Albert Frey MPS
STATE & COUNTY: CALIFORNIA, Riverside
DATE RECEIVED :

DATE OF 16TH DAY:
8/14/15
9/24/15
DATE OF PENDING LIST:

DATE OF 45TH DAY:
9/09/15
9/29/15
DATE OF WEEKLY LIST:

REFERENCE NUMBER: 15000641
REASONS FOR REVIEW:

APPEAL : N
OTHER: N
REQUEST: Y
DATA PROBLEM: N
PDIL: N
SAMPLE: N
COM~T WAIVER: N
LANDSCAPE: N
PERIOD: N
SLR DRAFT: N
LESS THAN 50 YEARS :

PROGRAM UNAPPROVED:

NATIONAL:
/2.ccEPT RETURN _REJECT Cf-21·'to).) DATE
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY COMMENTS:
tiee5 ~'5 J.-~ ~M
RECOM./CRITER J;~ I- C
REVIEWER ' h~~J- DISCIPLINE ------- --

TELEPHONE DATE
DOCUMENTATION see attached comments Y/E7see attached SLR Y/fJ If a nomination is returned to the nominating authority, the nomination is no longer under consider ation by the NPS .

N
N
N
Item 5C - 85

STATE OF CALIFORNIA- THE RESOURCES AGENCY

OFFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION
1725 23rd Street, Suite 1 oo
SACRAMENTO, CA 95816-7100
(916) 445-7000 Fax: (916) 445-7053
[email protected]
www.ohp.parks.ca.gov
August 13, 2·015
J. Paul Loether, Deputy Keeper and Chief
National Register and National Historic Landmark Programs National Register of Historic Places
1201 Eye St. NW, 8th Fl.

Washington D.C. 20005
Subject: The Architecture of Albert Frey MPS
Riverside County, California
EDMUND G. BROWN, JR., Governor
RECEIVED 2280
AUG 1 4 2015
Nat. Register of Historic Places
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Nominations
Dear Mr. Loether:

Enclosed please find The Architecture of Albert Frey Multiple Property Submission consisting of the Multiple Property Documentation Form and ten associated individual nominations to the National Register of Historic Places. On August 7 in Sacramento, California, the California State Historical Resources Commission unanimously approved the MPS and found ten individual properties eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C at the local level of significance.

The enclosed eight disks contain the true and correct copy of the nominations for THE ARCHITECTURE OF ALBERT FREY MULTIPLE PROPERY SUBMISSION. Disk 1 includes the Multiple Property Documentation Form, correspondence, and ten associated individual nominations for Carey House, Fire Station #1, Frey House II, Kocher-Samson Building, Loewy House, North Shore Yacht Club, Palm Springs City Hall, Palm Springs Tramway Valley Station, Sieroty House, and Tramway Gas Station to the National Register of Historic Places. Disks 2 through 8 contain photographs in this same order.

The resources are eligible under Criterion C because they embody the distinctive characteristics of residential, commercial, civic, or religious architecture associated with architect Albert Frey. Frey's architecture helped define desert modernism in the Coachella Valley. Desert modernism is the adaptation of modern architectural concepts to the climatic extremes of the Coachella Valley while embracing the area's unique natural setting of mountains and open vistas. The geographical area of the MPS is Riverside County, California.

The first ten properties nominated under this MPS are as follows, in alphabetical order. Period of significance is the date of construction, indicated in parentheses. • Carey House: 651 West Via Escuela, Palm Springs (1956) • Fire Station #1: 227 North Indian Avenue, Palm Springs (1955) • Frey House II: 686 Palisades Drive, Palm Springs (1964) • Kocher-Samson Building: 766 North Palm Canyon Drive, Palm Springs_(1934) • Loewy House: 600 Panorama Road, Palm Springs (1946)
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• North Shore Yacht Club: 99-155 Sea View Drive, Mecca (1958) Architecture of Albert Frey MPS
August 13, 2015

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Palm Springs City CouncilFebruary 24, 2022

Palm Springs City Council
February 24, 2022