1 2
Palo Alto:
The Jewish Experience and Recommendations
Palo Alto Human Relations Commission
Listening Session with the Jewish Community
January 11, 2024
Speaker:
Rabbi David Booth
Attachment B
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5 6
7 8
9 10
Speaker:
Sarith Honigstein
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Los Altos ,
October 2023
13 14
Los Altos ,
October 2023
Woodside ,
October 2023
15 16
Israel Flag burned El Cerrito , January 2024
17 18
El Cerrito , January 2024
Stanford , October 2023
19 20
Palo Alto ,
December 2023
21 22
Oakland , November 2023
Speaker:
Lori Meyers
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ANTISEMITISM NOW
Antisemitism In the Community
Pennies thrown and “Hitler didn’t
finish the job”, 2012
“They are stupid Jews,” 2013
Pennies thrown, recent
Antisemitism
Antisemitism in the Library
Organization promoted on
Palo Alto Library website, May 2021 Author promoted by staff member on Palo Alto Library website, Oct 2023
More Antisemitism
25 26
Excerpts from “Handala’s Return,” TK-3rd
Grade lesson, “From Oakland to Gaza” T eac
In, 12/2023
Antisemitism In Our Lives
Antisemitic image 3rd-
5th Grade lesson, “Fr om
Oakland to Gaza”
T each-In, 12/2023
And More Antisemitism
Social media post, upcoming
“T each-In”, 1/2024
The “Palo Alto” WayThe “Palo Alto” Way
City of Palo Alto Proclamation,
October 2023
Junior Museum and Zoo helping
Jewish children, October 2023
27 28
Recommendation #1: Implement the
U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
U.S. National Strategy - Pillar 1
U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism :
Pillar 1
29 30
U.S. National Strategy - Pillar 1
U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism :
Pillar 2
U.S. National Strategy - Pillar 1
U.S. National Strategy: Pillar 3
31 32
U.S. National Strategy - Pillar 1
U.S. National Strategy: Pillar 4
Recommendation #2: Bring Us Together
A Mayor’s Guide to Countering Antisemitism:
Implementing the U.S. National
Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
The U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism outlines a whole-of- society effort to address anti-Jewish hate. *The Strategy stands on four pillars, each of which present opportunities for mayors who are often on the front line of combating antisemitism, protecting Jewish communities, and supporting American values. This guide provides suggestions for possible actions mayors could take to implement the four pillars.
A Mayor’s Guide to Countering Antisemitism:
Implementing the U.S. National
Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
*In many ways, the U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism mirrors AJC’s Call to Action Against Antisemitism in America1, a guide for all sectors of society to understand, respond to, and prevent antisemitism, released in September 2022. 1AJC.org/CallToAction
Pillar 1
Increase awareness
and understanding
of antisemitism,
including its
threat to America,
and broaden
appreciation of
Jewish American
heritage
The Strategy reaffirms the U.S. government's embrace of the non-legally binding ‘working definition’ of antisemitism adopted in 2016 by the 31-member states of the
International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA).
ADOPT OR ENDORSE the International
Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA)
Working Definition of Antisemitism2, a proven,
flexible tool embraced by more than half of U.S.
states and dozens of local municipalities3.
UTILIZE THE IHRA WORKING DEFINITION OF
ANTISEMITISM to deepen awareness amongst
educators, members of law enforcement,
prosecutors, and others. The U.S. Departments
of Education and State have used the definition
for years. Here4 is information on how several
European agencies are using the definition5.
The Strategy calls on state and local governments to
utilize materials published by Jewish organizations
to help identify antisemitic tropes, words, and
symbols that can hide in plain sight.
SHARE AJC’S TRANSLATE HATE GLOSSARY
which helps identify and expose antisemitic tropes,
words, and symbols. Mayors and departments
of education can share Translate Hate6 on
their websites for educators and constituents.
Urge public libraries to offer copies.
The Strategy calls on state and local leaders to celebrate the positive contributions Jewish Americans have made,
particularly by highlighting International Holocaust
Remembrance Day and Jewish American Heritage Month.
PLAN FOR JEWISH AMERICAN HERITAGE MONTH,
which occurs in May. AJC offers many resources
specifically designed to help mayors celebrate Jewish
American Heritage Month7, including talking points,
customizable social media posts, and template
press releases. AJC can also help plan community
events in partnership with elected officials.
ACKNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL HOLOCAUST
REMEMBRANCE DAY, designated by the UN to
take place annually on January 27. Mayors can
issue public statements8, use the opportunity
to encourage Holocaust education, and hold
community events reaffirming the fundamental
guiding lesson of the Holocaust: never again.
2AJC.org/the-working-definition-of-antisemitism
3AJC.org/use-of-the-working-definition-in-the-us
4AJC.org/employing-the-working-definition
5AJC.org/employing-the-working-definition
6AJC.org/TranslateHate
7AJC.org/JewishAmericanHeritageMonth
8AJC.org/InternationalHolocastRememberanceDay
The Strategy calls on states and localities to
offer trainings to help people understand Jewish
communities, antisemitism, and ways to counter
antisemitism in their neighborhoods.
PARTNER WITH AJC TO PLAN TRAININGS for
elected officials, law enforcement, corporations,
sports teams, higher education institutions, and
nonprofits to help them recognize antisemitism, raise
awareness, and address it using a variety of tools. To
schedule a training, contact [email protected].
The Strategy calls on state and local governments to
strengthen education on Jewish history, antisemitism,
and the Holocaust, by encouraging studies to assess how effectively school districts are teaching the Holocaust, and creating councils on Holocaust and genocide education.
SEE HOW YOUR STATE COMPARES. Thirty-nine
states9 have some sort of Holocaust education and
yet most Millennials and Gen Z lack basic knowledge.
Short of mandatory Holocaust education, state
and local governments can urge formal or informal
educational opportunities. AJC’s resource on Holocaust
education highlights legislative guidelines and best
practices for teaching Holocaust education10.
The Strategy affirms that ethnic studies and history
curricula should include Jewish studies.
ENCOURAGE JEWISH REPRESENTATION IN
ETHNIC STUDIES CURRICULA. Lessons should
include Jewish religion and culture11,Jewish history,
and contributions to America12, Jewish diversity, and
contemporary antisemitism13. Because antisemitism
presents in unique forms, teachers should be
trained to teach about the topic accurately and
to be alert to its presence in the classroom.
9AJC.org/NeverAgain
10AJC.org/NeverAgain
11AJC.org/Culture
12AJC.org/JAHMTalkingPoints
13AJC.org/Issues/Antisemitism
Pillar 2
Improve safety
and security
for Jewish
communities
The Strategy calls for increased coordination among
local government, law enforcement, and the Jewish
community. It cites AJC’s 2022 State of Antisemitism in America report14 that says 63% of American Jews believe law enforcement is effective in responding to the Jewish community’s needs, a sharp drop from 81% in 2019.
ENSURE COLLABORATION. Ask your city’s
police chief to designate an appropriate senior
official to be a central point of contact for local
Jewish communities on security needs.
INVEST IN JEWISH COMMUNITY SECURITY.
Encourage religiously affiliated institutions to
apply for nonprofit security grants15 from the
Department of Homeland Security to fund security
training and physical security enhancements.
The Strategy calls on mayors, governors, and municipal
leaders to convene diverse networks of community
partners, including law enforcement, to discuss
antisemitism and promote hate crime reporting. Year
after year, Jews are the largest target of all religiously motivated hate crimes, despite accounting for just 2% of the U.S. population. Making matters worse, many hate
crimes go unreported to law enforcement by victims.
APPOINT A LIAISON. Designate a central
coordinator for Jewish and other faith communities,
especially as security needs arise. Many elected
leaders have Jewish advisory groups or interfaith/
interethnic taskforces. Using the National Strategy
as a model, consider an action plan to outline a
comprehensive city-wide strategy on antisemitism.
ENCOURAGE VICTIMS AND WITNESSES TO
REPORT HATE CRIMES. Local governments can
leverage Department of Justice (DOJ) resources
for hate crimes bias training and hotlines.
ENCOURAGE LAW ENFORCEMENT REPORTING.
Year after year, fewer and fewer law enforcement
agencies share hate crimes data with the FBI. It is
impossible to address hate crimes when we do not
understand their extent. Elected leaders should work
to ensure that all law enforcement agencies submit
hate crimes data to the FBI for its annual report.
14AJC.org/AntisemitismReport2022
15www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/nonprofit-security
Pillar 3
Reverse the
normalization
of antisemitism
and counter
antisemitic
discrimination
The Strategy calls on elected leaders at all
levels to speak out against antisemitism and to
recognize and celebrate those in their communities
who speak out against antisemitism.
ISSUE UNEQUIVOCAL CONDEMNATIONS. As with
all hate crimes, when an incident occurs, elected
officials should speak out loudly and clearly using their broad reach, affirming that antisemitism is not just a
Jewish problem, but an assault on American values.
DEPOLITICIZE THE FIGHT AGAINST ANTISEMITISM.
Bipartisanship is critical to American success in
countering hatred of Jews in the U.S. and abroad.
Politicians must call out hatred within their party,
before pointing fingers across the aisle.
The Strategy calls on state and local leaders to work with Jewish and other religious communities to ensure that
calendars for public schools and elections consider the major holidays of religious groups of all faith communities and that appropriate religious accommodations are made.
ENCOURAGE OFFICIAL CALENDARS (schools,
elections, etc.) to consider major Jewish holidays16.
The Strategy calls on states, cities, and school districts to expand media literacy education to address online
misinformation and disinformation related to antisemitism.
ENCOURAGE MEDIA LITERACY. A number of attacks
against Jews originated on social media. State and local governments should promote media and digital literacy
and critical thinking, especially among educators.
16AJC.org/Culture
Pillar 4
Build cross-
community
solidarity and
collective action
to counter hate
The Strategy states it is imperative that non-Jewish and Jewish communities work together and stand up for each
other in order to counter antisemitism and other forms
of hate. A diversity of voices and actors signals that
antisemitism is not just a problem for Jews, but for all.
ENGAGE LEADERS IN COMMUNITY COALITIONS.
Elected officials should join in and lift up exemplary
cross-community partnerships like AJC’s Muslim-
Jewish Advisory Council17, Latino Jewish Leadership
Council18, and Christian-Jewish, Black/Jewish and other coalitions in solidarity and action against antisemitism.
CREATE PREVENTION NETWORKS. Consider
implementing a program like Tackle!, a customized
curriculum to empower public officials to develop local prevention frameworks to protect their communities
from threats motivated by extremism or bigotry.
Funded in part by a U.S. Department of Homeland
Security (DHS) grant, Tackle! is a partnership
between Muflehun19, a resource center, and AJC.
17AJC.org/MJAC
18AJC.org/LJLC
19www.muflehun.org
The United States Conference of Mayors (USCM)
is the official non-partisan organization of cities
with populations of 30,000 or more. There
are more than 1,400 such cities in the country
today. Each city is represented in the Conference
by its chief elected official, the mayor.
For decades, the U.S. Conference of Mayors has had
policy opposing antisemitism and all forms of hate and
bigotry in American cities. Mayors are on the frontlines of the fight against antisemitism, serving as a leading voice against hate crimes in their communities and
directing their local police departments to collect
and report all hate crimes. In 2021, USCM and AJC
established the Mayors United Against Antisemitism20
initiative to unite leaders across the country in the
fight against antisemitism. More than 500 mayors
joined this effort, signing a statement declaring
that antisemitism is incompatible with fundamental
democratic values. Recently the Conference
established a page dedicated to Combating
Antisemitism21 on its website. The U.S. Conference
of Mayors remains committed to combating
antisemitism and all forms of hate in America’s cities.
American Jewish Committee (AJC) is the global
advocacy organization for the Jewish people.
With headquarters in New York, 25 offices across
the United States, 14 overseas posts, as well as
partnerships with 38 Jewish community organizations
worldwide, AJC’s mission is to enhance the well-
being of the Jewish people and Israel, and to
advance human rights and democratic values
in the United States and around the world.
Following the historic unveiling of the U.S.
National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
by the White House, AJC CEO Ted Deutch
announced the creation of the AJC Task Force to
Implement the U.S. National Strategy to Counter
Antisemitism. AJC’s Task Force is designed to
ensure the execution of the National Strategy,
which includes dozens of AJC’s recommendations
closely resembling AJC’s Call to Action Against
Antisemitism in America, in a meaningful and
timely manner. For more information on AJC’s
Task Force visit AJC.org/NationalStrategyNews.
20AJC.org/mayors
21www.usmayors.org/programs/mayors-and-business-leaders- center-for-compassionate-and-equitable-cities/combating- antisemitism
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 1 AJC's glossary of
antisemitic terms,
phrases, conspiracies,
cartoons, themes,
and memes.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
B
blood libel 4
C
cabal 4
clannish 5
conspiracy theory 5
control 6
cosmopolitan elite 6
cowardice 7
creatures 7
D
deadly exchange 8
deicide 8
dual loyalty 9
E
(((echo))) 9
F
“From the River to the Sea” 10
G
globalist 10
“The Goyim Know” 11
greed 11
H
Holocough 12
Holocaust denial 13
I
Illuminati 14
J
Jewish capitalist 14
Jewish communist 15
Jew down 15
Jewish features 16
Jewish figures 16
Jewish lightning 17
Jewish lobby 17
Judas/30 pieces of silver 18
K
Khazars 18
Kike 19
kosher tax 19
N
New World Order 20
“not the real Jews” 20
P
poisoning the well 21
Protocols of the Elders of Zion 22
Q
QAnon 22
R
Rothschild 23
S
Satan 24
scapegoat 25
silencing 25
slavery / slave trade 26
smirking merchant 26
Soros 27
Z
“Zionism is racism” 27
Zionist / “Zio” 28
Zionist Occupied Government 29
Defining Antisemitism 30
How to Report Hate 32
Conclusion 33
3 Introduction
Antisemitism is the hatred of Jews. But it is not only a hatred and manifests itself in many different ways. It
includes medieval blood libel claims rooted in Christianity and twentieth century conspiracy theories about Jewish
control of the world economy. It encompasses Holocaust
denial and distortion and virulent anti-Israel animus. It can exist in places where Jews are prominent and visible and in places where Jews themselves are entirely absent. It may be present in physical encounters at work or on the street or in the virtual world of the internet and social media. But in order to combat antisemitism we must first understand it. And that means we must define it in all its forms and expressions, in ways both painfully evident and obscure.
In 2020, nine in ten American Jews believe that
antisemitism is a problem in the United States. Eight in ten believe it has increased in the past five years. Their concerns align with FBI data which show increased levels of antisemitism in the U.S. However, non-Jews are largely not aware of this increase. Only four in ten members
of the U.S. public believe antisemitism has increased in the past five years. And maybe most startling, nearly
half (46%) of U.S. adults have not heard the term
antisemitism or have heard the term but do not know
what it means.
Translate Hate was created to explain antisemitism.
This glossary aims to improve media literacy on
antisemitism and hate, especially in the digital realm.
It offers a comprehensive list of terms and expressions that will help you recognize antisemitism when you see
it. And once you recognize it, you can become part of
the global effort to fight it—and eliminate it.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 4 blood libel
noun \ 'bləd 'lī-bəl \
: perpetuated accusation that Jews have murdered non-Jews (such as Christian children) in order to use their blood in rituals WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
The blood libel charge—also known as the ritual murder
charge—has falsely accused Jews of killing and using the blood of Christians for ritual purposes since the Middle Ages.
Blood libels were commonly spread before the Jewish holiday of Passover, outrageously asserting that Jews “used the blood of Christian children” as an ingredient in ritual breads—an association linked to the ancient accusation that Jews are to blame for the death of Jesus (see deicide).
In more contemporary times, blood libel charges evolved into a widespread blame of Jews for unconnected murders and other horrific crimes—including the modern rumors
of organ harvesting in Israel (see Figure B1) and Jews (or Zionists) eating Palestinian children and drinking their blood (see Figure B2).
As one of the longest-standing forms of antisemitism, blood libels have led to horrific violence, destruction, persecution, and massacres of Jewish people and communities—before, during, and beyond the Nazi propaganda that used it to demonize Jews. Despite its utter falsehood and its disavowal by Jews, the Roman Catholic Church, and other nonreligious authorities, blood libel remains an influential myth in the 21st century.
cabal
Noun \ kə'bäl \
: a small, powerful group that seeks to establish control WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Jews have long been accused of being part of a secret group that controls the economic and political world order. The term cabal originates from the word kabbalah, the Jewish mystical interpretation of the Hebrew Bible. Often denoted as “Jewish cabal” on social media, it is a dog whistle for Jewish control (see control).
Several antisemitic publications and conspiracy theories capitalize on this imagery of a conniving cohort, such as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion or the New World Order theory which is based on the idea that Jews have formed a power structure in which they control the media, economy, and politics (see Protocols of the Elders of Zion, New World Order).
B
C
Figure B2
An UNRWA teacher in Jordan
posted this cartoon on
Facebook showing a Jewish
person cutting up and eating a
Palestinian child while drinking
his blood, 2015.
Figure C1
A tweet shared in September
2020.
Figure B1
A headline from October 2018
referencing a blood libel charge
of Israel murdering Palestinian
children for their organs.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 5 clannish
theme \ 'klaniSH \
: of or relating to a clan; tending to associate only with a select group of similar background or status
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Referring to Jews as clannish is an antisemitic stereotype claiming that Jews only associate and do business with “their own kind,” using their power to benefit other Jews and keep non- Jews from having a fair chance. This accusation has been used to label Jews as economically untrustworthy, aggressive, apathetic, exclusive, and unaccepting of non-Jews and non-Jewish cultures.
Similarly, the conspiracy that global Jewish financial firms are connected by family ties and work together in an unethical manner is known as the “clannish” theory. This false claim perpetuates the idea that Jews are “elitists” who work against the interest of all non-Jews to gain wealth (see greed).
The nearly 200-year-old Rothschild conspiracy theory is an example of how this “clannish” theme has fueled antisemitism throughout history to the modern day. At its core, this theory states that a secret clan of Jews under the leadership of the Rothschild banking family has been manipulating currency and global events for personal enrichment and world domination (see Rothschild).
conspiracy theory
theme \ kən-'spir-ə-sē 'thē-ə-rē \
: a belief that some covert but influential organization is responsible for a circumstance or event
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
From medieval times until the present day, conspiracy
theories have spread antisemitic beliefs that blame Jews for the world’s worst tragedies. Jews were accused of poisoning wells in 14th century Europe causing the Black Death and in 21st century America, they were charged with being the "hidden hand" responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Antisemitism, like all conspiracy theories, is irrational in nature— unable to be explained by logic or sound reasoning. In his 1986 book Antisemitism in the Contemporary World, Michael Curtis describes how no other group aside from Jews has been blamed simultaneously for opposing phenomena: being an
insular yet cosmopolitan group; for being capitalists and behind Communist revolutions; for being subhuman but also a chosen people. To conspiracists, conspiracy theories are “self-sealing,” meaning any attempt to dispel the theory with logic will serve as evidence to the conspiracist of the theory’s existence.
Many conspiracy theories are rooted in the antisemitic myth that Jews are the “hidden hand,” plotting to take over and Figure C3
An antisemitic conspiracy
involving the 9/11 terrorist
attack was spray-painted on
a landmark rock at the
University of Tennessee in
September 2019.
Referencing rumor of
celebrations following 9/11
Figure C2
A tweet shared in July 2011.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 6 control the world (see control). This trope was central in the rise of Nazism and is still present today.
Other conspiracies allege Jews are behind their own hate crimes, such as the “false flag” theories, and even go as far as to say the Holocaust was a hoax created by Jews to gain sympathy (see Holocaust denial).
control
theme \ kən'trōl \
: power or authority to guide or manage
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
False reports that claim Jews control the media, banks, and governments are part of a longstanding conspiracy of secret Jewish power. This antisemitic trope is rooted in the discredited publication, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which was published in Russian tsarist times and accused Jews of trying to control the world (see Protocols of the Elders of Zion).
These myths of control portray Jews as secret puppet
masters ruling over others and manipulating the world’s economies and governments (see Figure C4). For centuries, Jews were blamed for leading “blind” world leaders into wars and into debt to enrich themselves and further their own hidden agenda (see Figure C5).
Antisemitic propaganda continues to spread the idea that rich or influential Jews are behind the scenes furthering their plans of world domination.
cosmopolitan elite
Noun \ ,kazmə'palit(ə)n ‘i'lit \
: a phrase combining “cosmopolitan,” or representing many cultures, with “elite,” referring to the upper class of society WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
“Cosmopolitan” and “elite” are terms that have separately incited antisemites across the political spectrum. Based on stereotypes of Jewish wealth and insularity, Jews have been accused of being part of an elite class for centuries. In the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, for instance, Jews were charged with being “rootless cosmopolitans” and fell victim to Stalin’s anti-cosmopolitan campaign where they were arrested and tortured. Today, “cosmopolitan elite” is a code word used by the far-right to accuse Jews and liberals of controlling America and/or being disloyal and unpatriotic by favoring internationalism over isolationism.
Figure C6
A tweet shared in September 2020.
Figure C4
An antisemitic meme posted
by the former head of the
Philadelphia NAACP to
Facebook in July 2020.
Figure C5
Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu as a dog leading
a blind U.S. President Donald
Trump published in The New
York Times, April 25, 2019.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 7 Figure C7
An antisemitic Facebook threat
received in December 2015 by
a victim of the San Bernardino
shooting one day prior.
Figure C8
An antisemitic cartoon shared
on Instagram in July 2018.
Antisemitic caricatures mocking
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
and Likud lawmakers
cowardice
noun \ 'kau(-ə)r-dəs \
: lack of bravery
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Evolving from the erroneous accusation that Jews lacked patriotism (see dual loyalty), in the aftermath of World War I, Jews were portrayed as cowardly and weak people
who actively evaded military service. According to this trope, Jews’ inherent cowardice and disloyalty made them responsible for national defeats. The apparent Jewish
meekness in the face of the Holocaust (ignoring the many acts of bravery against overwhelming odds) even allowed antisemites to claim that Jews contributed to their own genocide (see Holocaust denial).
creatures
theme \ 'krē-chərs \
: animals, as distinct from human beings; fictional or
imaginary beings
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
A common form of coded antisemitism includes illustrations and images that depict Jews as vermin, tentacled creatures, reptilian men, and other “subhuman” monsters.
Antisemitic rhetoric that dehumanizes Jews laid the foundation for the Holocaust, used as rationale by the Nazis to treat them as creatures that needed to be exterminated. It appeared in Nazi literature and other propaganda to spread antisemitic tropes—including Jews as the overlords of global affairs, Jews controlling minds, Jews’ quest for world domination, and Jews as superior or elite masterminds (see New World Order).
More recently, antisemites such as Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan have referred to Jews as “termites” likening them to unwanted pests who multiply rapidly, take over, and destroy everything they touch.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 8 deadly exchange
theme \ 'dedli/ /iks'CHānj \
: suggesting Israel is responsible for American police brutality due to training programs between U.S. and Israeli police forces WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
The deadly exchange trope directly compares U.S. police actions against Black Americans with the Israeli Defense Forces’ (IDF) treatment of Palestinians. Believers in the “deadly exchange” allege “worst practices” are shared
[between U.S. and Israeli armed forces] to promote and
extend discriminatory and repressive policing practices that already exist in both countries, including racial profiling, massive spying and surveillance, deportation and detention, and attacks on human rights defenders.”
Users of this trope argue Israeli and U.S. law enforcement exchange security practices and ideologies to purposely target people of color. This false equivalence appeared in demonstrations in the summer of 2020 when protesters
chanted “Israel, we know you, you murder children, too" (see blood libel). This is categorically false. Accusing Israel or Zionists (see Zionists) of complicity in the murder of Black people is malicious, perpetuates antisemitism, and blames Jews for societal ills (see scapegoat).
deicide
noun \ 'di ə,said \
: the killing of a god
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Deicide is the charge that Jews bear eternal responsibility for the death of Jesus Christ. This claim is based on Matthew 27:24-25, “His blood be on us, and on our children,” also known as the blood curse. This verse (25) has led to more Jewish suffering than any other passage in the Christian Bible.
This source of antisemitism among Christians was only
refuted by the Catholic Church in 1965, with Nostra Aetate, the landmark document that rejected collective Jewish
responsibility for this crime. Protestant churches have also repudiated the deicide charge. Nevertheless, antisemites continue to use the charge that Jews killed Jesus to justify their anti-Jewish hatred. Additionally, the same wrongful accusation and imagery connected with Jews as Christ-killers has been recycled in the Middle East, often in the form of Jesus representing Palestinians who are “crucified” by the Israeli Defense Forces or the Israeli Government.
Recycled deicide charge
Figure D3
Boukhari, Arabia.com. April 7,
2002.
D
Implying Israel is responsible
for claims of American police
brutality and racism
Figure D2
A headline from March 2016
reporting on an antisemitic
chant that broke out during a
high school basketball game.
Figure D1
A cartoon shared on the official
Fatah Facebook page, May 2020.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 9 dual loyalty
noun \ 'd(y)oōəl 'loiəltē \
: loyalty to two separate interests that potentially conflict with each other, leading to a conflict of interest
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Dual loyalty is a bigoted trope used to cast Jews as the “other.” For example, it becomes antisemitic when an
American Jew’s connection to Israel is scrutinized to the point of questioning his or her trustworthiness or loyalty to the United States (see Figure D4). Dual loyalty accusations also occur on U.S. college campuses when Jewish students are asked to denounce the actions of the Israeli government in order to participate in progressive activities.
By accusing Jews of being disloyal citizens whose true allegiance is to Israel or a hidden Jewish agenda (see globalist), antisemites sow distrust and spread harmful ideas—like the belief that Jews are a traitorous “fifth column,” meaning they are undermining their country from within. The allegation of dual loyalty can also be aimed at non-Jews for what antisemites see as being “excessively loyal to Israel,” a criticism rarely leveled against friends and supporters of other countries (see Figure D5).
For centuries, these antisemitic accusations of disloyalty have led to the harassment, marginalization, oppression, and murder of Jewish people.
(((echo)))
symbol \ 'e-(,)kō \
: an antisemitic symbol used to highlight the names of Jewish individuals or organizations owned by Jews
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
The (((echo))) is part of the coded antisemitism that occurs online (see Figure E1). Used by antisemites, neo-Nazis, and white nationalists, the triple parentheses are applied to Jewish names or topics to identify, mock, and harass Jews in a way that is difficult to find in search engines, yet hiding in plain sight.
While it originated on an antisemitic blog, the (((echo))) went mainstream with the creation of a now-removed Chrome
extension—called "Coincidence Detector"—that placed three sets of parentheses around the names of Jewish individuals, of which there were over 8,000 listed.
This symbol has opened yet another avenue for Jews to be targeted with antisemitic messages and even death threats— but it’s also given some Twitter users a chance to fight back by placing parentheses around their names in an act of
solidarity spearheaded by Yair Rosenberg (see Figure E2).
Figure E2
A tweet shared by Yair
Rosenberg in June 2016.
Figure D5
A tweet shared in February 2019.
Blaming Jews for all tragedies
Figure E1
A tweet shared in September
2016.
Referring to Jewish
victims of the Holocaust
E
Figure D4
Antisemitic flyer posted in Long
Branch, New Jersey, June 2018.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 10 “From the River to the Sea”
noun \‘fruhm ‘thə ‘RIVər ‘too ‘thə ‘si\
: the catch-all phrase symbolizing Palestinian control over the entire territory of Israel’s borders, from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
“From the River to the Sea, Palestine Will Be Free” is a common call-to-arms for pro-Palestinian activists. It calls for the establishment of a State of Palestine from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea, erasing the State of Israel and its people. It is also a rallying cry for terrorist groups and their sympathizers, from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) to Hamas, which called for Israel’s destruction in its original governing charter in 1988.
Sometimes the Palestinian flag emoji is used as shorthand for this phrase to spam social media posts related to Jews, whether having to do with Israel or not. There is of course nothing antisemitic about advocating for Palestinians to have their own state. However, calling for the elimination of the Jewish state, or suggesting that the Jews alone do not have the right to self-determination, is antisemitic.
globalist
noun \ 'glōbəlist \
: a person who advocates the interpretation or planning of economic and foreign policy in relation to events and developments throughout the world
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Much like dual loyalty, globalist is used to promote the antisemitic conspiracy that Jewish people do not have
allegiance to their countries of origin, like the United States, but to some worldwide order—like a global economy or
international political system—that will enhance their control over the world’s banks, governments, and media (see control).
The idea of a Jewish globalist was embedded in the
core ideology of Nazism. Hitler often portrayed Jews as “international elements” who “conduct their business
everywhere,” posing a threat to all people who are “bounded to their soil, to the Fatherland.”
Today, globalist is a coded word for Jews who are seen
as international elites conspiring to weaken or dismantle “Western” society using their international connections and Figure G1
A tweet shared in March 2018.
AntiSemitic Term
G
F
Figure F1
A poster from the Popular
Front for the Liberation of
Palestine terrorist group.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 11 control over big corporations (see New World Order)—all echoing the destructive theory that Jews hold greed and tribe above country.
“The Goyim Know”
meme \ t'hə 'g'i-əm 'nō \
: a catchphrase used to impersonate and mock Jews and the antisemitic conspiracy theories connected to them
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
“The Goyim Know,” sometimes followed by “Shut It Down,” is a popular antisemitic meme based on conspiracy theories of manipulative Jews with plans of world domination and in control of the media, economy, and governments.
Typically paired with offensive images of a stereotypical Jew talking on a phone or holding a shocked expression (see Figure G2), this meme is widely used by white supremacists and other antisemites—on sites like 4chan and 8kun (formerly 8chan)—to mock a panicked Jew whose secret plot or manipulations have been revealed by non-Jewish people, or goyim.
While “goyim” is a term used by some Jews to refer to non- Jews, antisemites and white supremacists have weaponized the word to mock and accuse Jews of promoting a prejudiced support for their own clan.
As it spread online, “The Goyim Know” also made its way offline through an antisemitic song parody by the same name, as well as the phrase appearing on signs during the “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Other manifestations of the far-right using “Goyim” to mock Jews are the Goyim Defense League (GDL) and GoyimTV.com (see Figure G4).
greed
theme \ 'grēd \
: a selfish and excessive desire for more of something (such as money) than is needed
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
As a foundation for the most constant antisemitic
falsehoods, the association of Jews with greed has fueled antisemitism throughout history and still affects Jews today.
In the Middle Ages—when Christians were forbidden by the Church to lend money for interest—money-lending, trade, and commerce were the few professions Jews were allowed to have. Jews were blamed for usury, or the act of charging high rates of interest, and this association led to stereotypes about Jewish greed and wealth. These accusations were
among the reasons listed by John Earnest, the white
Figure G2
An example of the popular
“The Goyim Know. Shut It
Down.” meme.
Figure G3
An example of the popular
“The Goyim Know” meme.
Figure G4
A sign with the phrase "The
Jews Want A Race War” was
hung from the heavily trafficked
Los Angeles interstate 405
highway overpass.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 12 supremacist who murdered a Jewish woman and injured
others in Poway, CA in 2019. From Shakespeare’s sinister Jewish caricature in The Merchant of Venice to Rothschild schemes of world domination (see Rothschild) to Nazi
propaganda on Jewish economic control, the antisemitic
trope of greed can be found in everything from pop culture to deep-web conspiracy theories.
The theme of greed in antisemitic rhetoric is so widespread that it’s led to a long list of Jewish stereotypes, including being excessively materialistic and money-oriented,
exploiting others for personal gain, being overly wealthy, and controlling the world’s finances (see Figure G5).
Holocough
meme \ hälə ‘käf \
: a call by the far-right to spread coronavirus to Jews to infect and kill them
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
“Holocough” first emerged on white supremacist and neo- Nazi channels on alternative social media platforms as news of COVID-19 spread in the U.S. Far-right personality Milo Yiannopoulos used “Holocough” in a Telegram poll, and
the term further spread to Gab, a messaging platform with a large far-right and extremist base, after user Bjundabare created an image with the text, “If you have the bug, give a hug. Spread the flu to every Jew.”
The “Holocough” finds its roots in the historic practice of connecting Jews to sickness, providing antisemites with familiar tropes. In the 14th century, Jews in Europe were blamed for poisoning wells and causing the Bubonic plague, and thousands of Jews were murdered in response; in the 1890s, Jewish Americans were blamed for the tuberculosis outbreak in the U.S.; in the 1930s, Adolf Hitler compared Jews to bacteria and disease; and today we are again witnessing Jews being blamed for COVID-19 (see poisoning the well).
Ironically, the same people invoking the term #Holocough are often the same ones denying the scope and veracity of the Holocaust.
Figure H2
An antisemitic picture
created by Bjundabare on
Gab in April 2020.
H
Figure H1
A poll posted to Milo
Yiannopoulos’s Telegram page
in March 2020.
Figure G5
A tweet shared on August of
2019.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 13 Holocaust denial
theme \ hō-lə-,kost di-'nī(-ə)l \
: an attempt to negate the facts of the Nazi genocide of the Jewish people; a belief that the Holocaust did not happen or was greatly exaggerated
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Despite endless historical facts, Holocaust denial and
distortion spread the false idea that Jews invented or
exaggerated the Holocaust, including the diary of Anne
Frank, Nazism’s intent to massacre Jews, the use of gas chambers in concentration camps, and the murder of millions of Jews. Denying the Holocaust, including denying the scope or methods used by the Nazis and their allies during the Holocaust, is antisemitic.
The term “Holohoax” is a common term for Holocaust deniers across the political spectrum, who claim the Jewish people exaggerated or made up the Holocaust. The term appears
on dozens of Facebook groups of every political disposition, including extreme-right, anti-Zionist, conspiracy theory communities, pro-Palestinian groups, and more (see Figure H3).
And even when antisemites don’t deny the Holocaust, they have used it to attack Jews by accusing them of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust or by comparing its horrors by the Nazi regime to defensive actions taken by the State of Israel. Claiming that the State of Israel, home to the largest number of living Holocaust survivors, behaves like the
Nazis in its treatment of Palestinians is a personal attack on survivors and distorts the meaning of the Holocaust. Likening the Gaza Strip, governed by the terrorist organization
Hamas, to the Warsaw Ghetto, where Jews were confined
by the Nazis before being transported to death camps as part of the systematic massacre of 6 million Jews during the Holocaust, or comparing the Israeli Defense Forces to the Nazi army (Wehrmacht), is a form of Holocaust denial. There is no legitimate comparison between defending the State of Israel and ensuring the safety of its citizens to the systematic destruction and liquidation of an entire people.
Figure H3
A tweet shared in August 2020.
Figure H4
A tweet shared in October
2019.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 14 Illuminati
noun \ i-,lü-mə-'nä-tē \
: groups or persons claiming special religious enlightenment WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Historically, the Order of the Illuminati refers to a secret society founded in Bavaria by Adam Weishaupt in the late 18th to advocate for secularism. However, during the interwar period of the 20th century, fascist propaganda claimed the Illuminati were a subversive element which served Jewish elites who were behind global capitalism and Soviet communism (see Jewish capitalist, Jewish communist) and were plotting to create a New World Order (see New World Order).
This conspiratorial stance on the Illuminati, as well as its related conspiracy theory of Freemason-controlling Jews, are built on classic antisemitic themes, including the notion of Jewish control over the world, the meddling by Jews in global politics, and the Jewish plot for complete power over world governance (see control).
Jewish capitalist
noun \ 'joōiSH 'kapədləst \
: a person who supports the principles of capitalism, an economic and political system based on private or corporate ownership of production and profits as opposed to public or state ownership
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Jews have been accused of puppeteering the world economy for centuries, having been associated with money since the Middle Ages when commerce, trade, and other financial
industries were the only professions Jews were allowed
to have. As capitalism replaced other traditional forms of commerce, the association of Jews with money remained
(see greed).
While capitalism and communism are each terms that
describe an economic philosophy and worldview that have been embraced by millions of people and served to define the two adversaries of the Cold War which dominated the 20th century, when an adjective is added and the terms
become Jewish capitalist or Jewish communist (see Jewish communist), the meanings change.
Figure J2
Graffiti artist Mear One’s “Freedom
for Humanity” mural depicting white
male capitalists, several who are
Jewish (see Jewish features) as the
enemy of the good. London, 2012.
J
I
Figure I1
A headline referencing the New
World Order from February
2011.
Dollar triangle =
Illuminati triangle
Two triangles creating the Star of
David
“ASNOM” anagram for MASON
Figure J1
A tweet shared in October 2020.
The German Democratic
Republic (GDR ) was a
communist satellite state
of the Soviet Union and yet
Jews were blamed as enemy
capitalists.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 15 Blaming Jews as “greedy capitalists” or for being at fault for capitalism’s woes is a form of economic antisemitism.
Economic antisemitism is based on the alleged economic
status and financial behavior of Jews. It can also transcend into government policies which target Jews based on perceived economic practices.
Jewish communist
noun \ 'joōiSH 'kämyənəst \
: a person who supports the principles of communism, a
political and socio-economic ideology, in which all goods are publicly owned as opposed to privately or state owned, and social classes are eliminated
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
“Jewish communism,” or “Judeo-Bolshevism,” is an antisemitic conspiracy theory that states Jews have been behind
communist revolutions around the world. Leon Trotsky was a political ideologue, who happened to be Jewish, who was personified by the Russian Czarist government as a symbol for Jewish Bolshevism (see Figure J4). Nazi Germany invoked the antisemitic “Judeo-Bolshevism” myth to blame Jews for Germany’s woes after World War I. While some Jews were
communists and fought in the Red Army during World War
II, labeling all Jews as communists is antisemitic. Another code word invoked is “Marxists,” after Karl Marx, who, despite being of Jewish descent, decried Judaism and blamed Jewish merchants for promoting capitalism.
Jew down
verb \ joō doun \
: antisemitic term for haggling or bargaining for a cheaper price
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Rooted in the false stereotype that Jews are cheap or
stingy, the phrase “Jew down” may seem to be a harmless expression that’s used in everyday vernacular. However, it is an insulting, antisemitic misrepresentation of Jewish behavior that plays into the trope of Jews as greedy money handlers who are unwilling to part with their earnings.
The common, mainstream use of antisemitic terms, like Jew down, plays a dangerous role in normalizing antisemitism and reinforcing conspiracy theories in the minds of antisemites.
Figure J5
A tweet shared in March 2015.
Term for non-Jew
Figure J4
1919 Russian Civil War
propaganda poster depicting
Jewish Bolshevik Leon Trotsky
(from Serhii Plokhy’s The Gates
of Europe).
Figure J3
A tweet shared in July 2018.
‘Marxists’ has often been used as a code
word for Jews and is antisemtiic when
Jews are blamed for communist oppression
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 16 Jewish features
theme \ 'joōiSH 'fēCHərs \
: antisemitic stereotypes that focus on physical features or characteristics
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Large curved noses. Curly or red hair. Horns. Dark eyes with drooping lids. Even though Jesus and all twelve of his disciples were Jewish, it is red-haired Judas who is purported to espouse Jewish values of greed and betrayal (see Judas, greed). From religious woodcuts to inflammatory publications in the medieval ages, Jewish features like curly or red hair and hooked noses were grotesquely drawn, fueling conspiracies that Jews are easily identifiable and subhuman.
The degradation of Jews through fictional facial stereotypes has been a staple theme in antisemitic propaganda used to portray Jews as subhuman or disfigured. Stereotypical Jewish features are still used today—from Internet memes to cartoons in top-tier news outlets—and they perpetuate the antisemitic notion that base motives are revealed in ugly features. In the 2020 Aalst Carnival theme, “UNESCO: Controlled by the Jews?” Jews are drawn as distorted, red-nosed, and with gold teeth, furthering the stereotype that Jews are malformed and associated with money (see Figure J6).
Anti-Zionists also use the common feature of Jews as “white” to attack Israel as a “white, colonial, settler” power, which ignores and disavows the identity of millions of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews of color living in America, Israel, and around the world.
Jewish figures
theme \ 'joōiSH 'fi-gyərs \
: the use of public Jewish figures to spread antisemitic ideas about Jews as an overall group
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Much like the age-old theme of blaming Jews for disasters across the world (see scapegoat), prominent Jewish figures are often the victim of antisemitic rhetoric that’s actually being pointed at all Jews.
By focusing attacks on a single person, antisemites create a coded language in which that person’s name or face becomes synonymous with dangerous antisemitic conspiracies or
tropes. These can include everything from a Jewish plan for world domination to a Jewish puppet master who manipulates international events and creates social conflict for his own gain.
Modern examples of this include rumors that George
Soros—a Hungarian-American of Jewish descent and well-
known billionaire—is paying members of a migrant “caravan” Figure J7
A tweet shared in January 2018.
Figure J6
The 2020 Aalst Carnival theme:
“UNESCO: Controlled by the
Jews?”
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 17 to march on U.S. borders (see Soros). Or when Harvey Weinstein’s history of sexual abuse is somehow linked to his Jewish identity, spreading the antisemitic trope of “Jewish sexual perversion.”
The Rothschilds, another prominent Jewish family, have even been blamed for bad weather, natural disasters, and creating “the concept of climate change” (see Rothschild, Figure J7).
Jewish lightning
theme \ 'joōiSH 'lītniNG \
: a derogatory phrase describing the act of burning down a home or institution in order to collect the insurance money WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
“Jewish lightning,” like “Jew down,” is a phrase rooted in Jewish stereotypes of stinginess and greed (see greed). The faulty reasoning argues that because Jews love money and are unwilling to spend it, they will commit insurance fraud.
Whether directed at Jews or non-Jews (this term is also referred to as “Greek lightning” or “Irish lightning” depending on the area), it is an ethnic slur that should be condemned.
Jewish lobby
theme \ 'joōiSH 'läbē \
: Jewish interest groups that engage in lobbying to seek influence on a particular issue
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Lobbying groups by definition use their money to support specific causes. Individual Jewish groups use money through contributions, including campaign contributions, to draw support for various missions and causes, as do tens of
thousands of other American lobbies and interest groups.
There is no one “Jewish lobby” that speaks for the Jewish community. While some people use “Jewish Lobby” and
“Israel Lobby” interchangeably and have no antisemitic
intentions when saying “Jewish Lobby,” the phrase serves as a dog whistle for those who believe Jews control politics (see control). When “Jewish Lobby” is purposefully invoked to describe Jewish control of Washington, then that is antisemitic.
Figure J8
A tweet shared in June 2020.
Jews blamed for the
2019 Notre Dame fire
Figure J9
A tweet shared in August 2020.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 18 Judas/30 pieces of silver
person, theme \ joōDUS/ 'THərdē pēses ‘äv 'silvər \
: in the Christian Bible, Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus Christ for 30 pieces of silver
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Judas Iscariot, one of Jesus’s 12 disciples, received 30 pieces of silver to betray Jesus to the religious authorities.
Although Jesus and all 12 disciples were Jews, the Western world—through art, literature, music, and tradition—chose to depict Judas as the Jew who sold out his Savior for money.
Thus, the name Judas became synonymous with traitor,
contributing to the persecution of Jewish communities for two millennia. This false and libelous narrative would feed into Hitler’s propaganda and the Holocaust.
Khazars
people \ kə'zär \
: a people once existing as a nation in the Caucasus and southeastern Russia
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
In the 6th century CE, the Khazars—an obscure warlike tribe in Turkistan [present day Kazakhstan]—fought for land that was ultimately overtaken by Southern Russia and Ukraine.
Despite the decline in population and territorial defeat, the Khazars continued to be mentioned throughout history—
especially as one of the first groups to adopt Judaism.
By the 8th or 9th century, antisemitic conspiracy theories began forming around the Khazars’ reported conversion
to Judaism. This spurred antisemitic beliefs that they were building a secret empire which sought widespread control through financial gains (see Figure K1).
Given that the Khazars moved into and settled in Eastern Europe, antisemites push the conspiracy that Ashkenzai
Jews—Jews descending from Eastern Europe—are not “real
Jews” and are working to infiltrate other nations on their quest for world domination (see “not the real Jews”). The Khazar trope is also used to undermine the Jewish connection to Israel, and therefore Israel’s right to exist, because it falsely says Jews originated from the northern Caucasus region and were part of the Turkic empire—and not the Land of Israel (see Figure K2).
Figure K1
A social post from June 2019.
Figure K2
A tweet shared in February
2018.
K
Figure J10
A tweet shared in June 2020.
Antisemitic reference to
Judas and Jews as traitors
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 19 Kike
noun \ kīk \
: an offensive, derogatory term for a Jewish person
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Kike is an ethnic slur for a Jewish person. There are multiple theories about where the term might have emerged. One
popular theory is that it is derived from the Yiddish word for circle, “kikel,” a reference to how Jewish immigrants at Ellis Island signed their entry forms: a circle as opposed to an X, which Jews associated with the cross of Christianity.
Immigration officers described those who signed forms with a circle as “kikel,” eventually being shortened to “kike.” Kike is a highly offensive term used to insult and denigrate people of Jewish faith or ethnicity that is widely considered to be a form of hate speech.
kosher tax
conspiracy \ 'kō-shər 'taks \
: the idea that food companies and consumers are forced to pay money to support the Jewish religion or Zionist causes and Israel through the costs of kosher certification
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Many Jews adhere to religious dietary restrictions, which govern the slaughter of animals and the ingredients and production of various foodstuffs. To assist them, these products are usually marked with a symbol attesting to the fact that they are kosher, such as
and
.
The kosher tax conspiracy theory states that this kosher certification of products is an extra tax collected from unwitting consumers for the benefit of Jewish organizations. It is mainly spread by antisemitic and white supremacist groups, who claim this to be a “Kosher tax” (or “Jewish tax”) that is “extorted” from food companies wishing to avoid a boycott and used to support Zionist causes or the State of Israel.
Figure K5
A sticker circulated by
antisemites to be placed on
kosher items in stores.
Figure K3
Figure K4
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 20 New World Order
conspiracy \ 'nü 'wər(-ə)ld 'or-dər \
: the conspiracy of a small group of powerful individuals working in secret to establish all-powerful control
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
The New World Order conspiracy theory becomes antisemitic when it’s followed by a reference to a Jewish business leader or political official with a secret agenda who’s seeking global control.
A widely-used conspiracy theory made popular in the 20th century, the term centers on a cabal of world leaders using the global stage to create an almighty, totalitarian regime that strips people of their individual liberties and consolidates power at the very top (see cabal).
The conspiracy theory behind the New World Order involving Jewish leaders is based on the idea that Jews have formed a power structure in which they control every aspect of humankind—the economy, media, and political landscape (see control).
“not the real Jews”
theme \ nät thə ‘rē(ə)l joōs \
: a phrase claiming that Jews are not God’s chosen people as outlined in the Bible
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
While this phrase has been used by many throughout history, today it is most commonly used by Black supremacists
claiming Black people—not Jews—are the true chosen people of God. Black supremacy has roots in “Black Chosenness”— the belief that African Americans are the descendants of the twelve Hebrew tribes of Israel who settled across Africa after the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel and were eventually sold into slavery during the Atlantic slave trade.
Black supremacy argues that Black people are superior to all other races and that “white” Jews are imposters. Elements of Black supremacy can be found within the Black Hebrew Israelite movement, as well as within Nation of Islam under the leadership of Louis Farrakhan and his supporters. In the age of social media, some Black supremacists have co-opted the language of white supremacists when discussing Jews:
calling them “termites” and “bugs” with subhuman features (see creatures).
Figure N2
A tweet shared in September
2020.
Figure N3
An Instagram post shared in
April 2014
N
Figure N1
A tweet shared in October
2019.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 21 Some antisemites on both the right and left claim that Ashkenazi Jews are “fake Jews,” and that Israel is a “fake nation.” This accusation has been used historically and continues to be used by those who believe in the Khazar conspiracy theory dispelling the Jewish connection to Israel (see Khazar).
poisoning the well
trope \ 'poiz(ə)niNG thə wel \
: a smear tactic in which an opponent introduces negative information about their adversaries in order to discredit them.
The term derives from the ancient war tactic of poisoning an opponent’s water to diminish his strength
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
“Poisoning the well,” an accusation rooted in the 14th century Bubonic Plague, blames Jews for purposefully spreading
disease. As the Black Death spread across Europe, Jews were accused of spreading the infection through common drinking wells. Thousands of innocent Jews were murdered in response.
This trope can be found on all sides of the political spectrum— from Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf, which accused Jews of being “vermin” and spreading bacteria, to Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan’s diatribes labeling Jews as “termites” also spreading disease. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Jews
were blamed by alternative figures on various far-right fringe platforms for creating and/or purposefully spreading COVID-19.
This trope reached a more mainstream audience on the far-left, where political cartoons and statements were made saying Israel (or “Zionists”) created COVID-19 in order to hurt the Palestinians and/or profit off the vaccine.
Figure P2
An Instagram post shared in
July 2014.
P
Figure P1
Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu holding a piece of
bread for peace doves that he
is poisoning with liquid from
a bottle labeled "settlement
construction,” Stuttgarter
Zeitung, 2013.
Prime Minister Netanyahu
is depicted poisoning the
peace process
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 22 Protocols of the Elders of Zion
conspiracy \ 'prō-tə-,kol 'äv thə 'el-dər 'äv 'zī-ən \
: a fraudulent document attributed to the secret police of Tsarist Russia, first disseminated in the early 20th century and still circulated today, that serves as a pretext and rationale for antisemitism
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Protocols of the Elders of Zion—written by the Russian secret police in early 20th century—incorporates much of what we know to be classic antisemitic themes and supports the trope that Jews seek world domination, using their "invisible hand" to enslave the rest of mankind.
The book spun tales of a conspiracy that Jews were
collaborating clandestinely to use their international
influence in the media and economy to take over the world and encourage the downfall of societal norms through
communism, gambling, labor unions, and music.
Russian leadership used the Protocols of the Elders of Zion text to scapegoat Jews as the reason for widespread poverty and suffering (see scapegoat).
In the mid-1920s, Henry Ford brought this text to the United States and published excerpts alongside articles in The Dearborn Independent, a newspaper he owned. Through this effort, he propagated antisemitic falsehoods that Jews were using ideals of communism and their control over financial institutions to damage the U.S. economy and cause moral harm to the American people (see Jewish communist).
Today, Protocols of the Elders of Zion can still be found in translation across the world (see Figure P3)—including in many Arab nations where it’s sold as an authoritative text.
QAnon
conspiracy \ 'kyoo ən än \
: a loosely organized, far-right network of people who
believe the world is controlled by a satanic cabal of
pedophiles and cannibals, made up of politicians (mostly Democrats), mainstream media, journalists, and Hollywood entertainers. This cabal is accused of controlling a “deep- state” government whose purpose is to undermine and attack President Donald Trump and his supporters
Q
Figure Q1
Twitter account profile of
@Qanon76.
QANON'S MOTTO IS "WHERE WE GO ONE, WE GO
ALL" OFTEN WRITTEN AS WWG1WGA.
Figure P3
An Amazon listing for the
Protocols of the Learned Elders
of Zion paperback.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 23 WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Antisemitic conspiracy theories about Jewish elites, globalists, and bankers are part and parcel of the QAnon belief system, and George Soros and the Rothschilds are consistent
targets (see Soros, Rothschild). The use of children in the conspiracy—the need to rescue children from the hands of the powerful globalists—harkens back to medieval blood libel accusations against Jews (see blood libel).
QAnon emerged in October 2017 when anonymous messages
appeared on 4chan, an online messaging board used by the far-right. “Q” refers to the top security clearance of the U.S.
Department of Energy, while “Anon” references the anonymity of the Q source. “Q” is believed to be a government insider, revealing secrets to his/her followers.
QAnon conspiracy theorists are waiting for the “Storm”—the mass arrest of people in power—and the Great Awakening, where everyone will realize the QAnon theory is the truth. In May 2019, the FBI identified QAnon as a potential domestic terrorist threat.
Rothschild
person \ rōt SHild \
: a wealthy Jewish family whose banking business dates back to the 18th century Holy Roman Empire
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
The Rothschilds are a Jewish banking family who have been accused of secretly controlling the economy, manipulating the weather, and profiting from wars. “Rothschild” has become a generic term for greedy and manipulative Jewish billionaires (see Jewish figures, greed).
In the mid-19th century, French antisemite Georges Dairnvaell, under the pseudonym “Satan,” published a pamphlet alleging Nathan Rothschild witnessed France’s defeat in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and returned to London before the news broke to make 20 million francs on the stock exchange. All of this was false. Rothschild was not at Waterloo (or Belgium), nor did he profit from the battle. Despite being provably false, the Satan pamphlet was reprinted and translated into many languages. The Rothschild family (and by extension Jews) were blamed for economic crises and wars for the next 200 years.
R
Figure R1
An antisemitic cartoon
centered on the Rothschild
family, 2015.
Antisemitic cartoon depicting the
Rothschilds as a pig feeding countries’
intelligence services, including
Islamist terrorist groups.
Figure Q2
A tweet shared in 2020, using
QAnon slogan #WWG1WGA
(“Where we go one, we go all.”)
QAnon followers are encouraged to
become “digital soldiers” and take
an oath pledging support to the
cause. On July 4, 2020, Michael Flynn,
former National Security Advisor
to President Trump, posted a video
online of a small group, including
himself, taking this oath.”
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 24 Hitler’s propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, produced “Die Rothschilds Aktien auf Waterloo” in 1940 as part
of Nazi Germany’s antisemitic propaganda campaign.
Conspiracy theorists in Iraq recently blamed the Rothschilds for the COVID-19 pandemic. Louis Farrakhan’s speech, The Conspiracy of the International Bankers, claims the Rothschild banks are members of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which they are not.
The most malicious of conspiracies about the Rothschilds is that they orchestrated the Holocaust to gain sympathy for Jews in order to create the State of Israel (see Holocaust denial).
In January 2021, news broke that Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) had blamed “space lasers...beaming the sun’s power down to Earth,” funded by “Rothschild Inc.,” for California’s deadly wildfires in November 2018. It is yet another example of a baseless conspiracy that charges the Rothschilds for world events.
Satan
noun \ 'seit(ə)n \
: also known as the Devil, Satan is the Western personification of evil. Within Christianity, Satan is also referred to as the tempter, the ruler of demons, and the father of lies
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Referring to Jews as Satan or the devil stems from the
interpretation of John 8:41-44 in the Christian Bible. Here Jesus says to his fellow Jews, “For you are the children of your father the devil, and you love to do the evil things he does….
When [the devil] lies, it is consistent with his character; for he is a liar and the father of lies.”
In medieval Christian folklore and artwork, Jews were depicted with grotesque characteristics such as devil’s horns, sharp claws, jagged teeth, pointy ears, and other satanic features to portray the differences between Christianity and Judaism.
Today Jews, and the Jewish State, continue to be cast as Satan, demons, vampires, or other demonic figures. Like the deicide charge, antisemitic elements from Christian tradition have been recycled in the Muslim world (see deicide charge).
Israel is demonized and, like the devil, viewed as the “source of evil” in the world. The Islamic Republic of Iran openly calls for Israel’s destruction and refers to the country as the “Little Satan.” Louis Farrakhan has come under fire for ranting about “unmasking the satanic Jew and the synagogue of satan.” S
Figure S1
A cartoon shared in Qatari
newspaper al-Watan in July
2002.
The Star of David being used to make the
devil Jewish, with the face of former
Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon.
Figure S2
“The Pope,” al-Hayat al-Jadida,
March 22, 2000.
A Satanic-looking Jewish figure labeled
'Israeli Colonialism' replies to the Pope’s
words “May there be peace throughout
the Land,” with “May there be settlements
throughout the Land.”
Figure R2
A post on Marjorie Taylor
Greene’s Facebook page,
November 17, 2018.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 25 scapegoat
theme \ 'skāp-,gōt \
: one that bears the blame for others
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
The story of the scapegoat is derived from the book of
Leviticus in the Torah, and is translated from the Hebrew word ‘ăzāzêl, meaning “absolute removal.” It is said that every year on Yom Kippur, collective grievances and sins are placed onto a physical goat that is sacrificed, as a symbol of the washing away and casting aside of wrongdoing.
Antisemites have been using Jews as “scapegoats” for
thousands of years, blaming them for deicide, the murder of Christ, and even the Bubonic plague in the Middle Ages (see deicide, Figure D2). Over the past several hundred years, antisemitism has slanderously assigned blame to Jews for world events such as Germany’s loss in World War I— giving rise to Hitler and the Holocaust—and even 9/11 and the financial crisis in 2008 due to the perceived control of financial institutions (see conspiracy theory, control). silencing
theme \ 'sīlənsiNG\
: prohibit or prevent from speaking
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
One of the longest standing antisemitic attacks leveled against Jews is the “silencing” of their opponents. The false claim that Jews deem any criticism of Israel or the Jewish people as antisemitic, and wield the power of the antisemitic label to silence the opposition, is offensive and dangerous for productive discourse. The idea of “silencing” speech plays into the commonly used trope of “Jewish control” with the false accusation that all discourse that criticizes the policies of Israel should cease to exist in order for the State of Israel to remain powerful.
It is yet another example of the nonsensical way in which Jews are both blamed for silencing their critics and accused of perpetrating hateful rhetoric by speaking out against them in order to gain sympathy.
Figure S4
A tweet shared in June 2014.
Figure S3
A tweet shared in April 2018.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 26 slavery / slave trade
noun \ ‘sleiv(ə)ri \ ‘slāv trād \
: the practice of owning slaves, people who are forced to work with little or no pay and are denied physical freedom or the opportunity to leave
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
The claim that Jews controlled or made up a significant portion of the Atlantic Slave Trade is false. The Council of the American Historical Association (AHA) “condemns as false any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the exploitation of slave labor or in the Atlantic slave trade.” While some Jews with resources owned slaves, as did wealthy people of all backgrounds, it was by no means widespread within the Jewish community.
This trope has been spread by the far-right and far-left, from David Duke, the former Ku Klux Klan wizard, to Louis Farrakhan, the leader of the Nation of Islam (NOI). The claim was popularized in Farrakhan’s 1991 publication The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Volume One, and has most recently resurfaced within segments of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) Movement to prevent Jews from taking part in the protest movement.
smirking merchant
meme \ t'hə 'smərkiNG 'mər-chənt \
: an antisemitic cartoon portraying a Jew based on
stereotypes and tropes
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Visually, the smirking merchant cartoon, also known as the happy merchant meme, relies heavily on derogatory Jewish stereotypes—a large hooked nose, a scheming smirk and
pose, frizzy hair, and grimy beard (see Jewish features).
As the most popular antisemitic image online, the smirking merchant is also used to symbolize both traditional and modern-day tropes, including Jewish control over the world, Jewish greed, Holocaust denial, and a general blame for white supremacy hot topics like “race-mixing,” feminism, and the LGBTQ community.
While originally created as part of a racist and antisemitic cartoon, the smirking merchant joined other bigoted memes— e.g., antisemitic versions of trollface and Pepe the Frog—on popular, far-right sites like 4chan, 8kun (previously 8chan), and Gab.
Figure S6
Antisemitic Facebook
comment using the smirking
merchant meme.
Hooked
Nose
SIGNIFIES
GREED
EVIL,
SCHEMING
SMILE
Figure S5
A tweet shared in June 2020.
Claims that Jews made up the
majority of slave owners is
malicious and false.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 27 Soros
person \ ‘sORos \
: refers to Hungarian-born Holocaust survivor George Soros, a billionaire philanthropist, who was born Jewish, and
champions liberal and progressive causes
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
George Soros is vilified in some quarters of the world (and revered in others) for supporting progressive causes such as immigration and criminal justice reform. In the U.S., George Soros has been charged by the far-right with funding Black Lives Matter protests and migrant caravans to the southern U.S. border. He is also the namesake of the anti-migrant legislation in his native Hungary (the so-called “Stop Soros law,” which criminalizes aiding migrants).
Criticizing Soros or his politics and actions is not antisemitic.
Indeed, those who have suggested that any criticism is
antisemitic do real disservice to the cause of fighting Jew- hatred. However, when Soros is used as a symbol for Jewish control, wealth, and power, the criticism may be an updated version of traditional antisemitic tropes (see conspiracy theory, control, Jewish figures).
Unfortunately, hatred of George Soros has not remained
solely on the Internet. In October 2018, a far-right agitator sent a bomb to his house, as part of a string of bomb threats against prominent Democrats.
“Zionism is racism”
theme / 'zīə.nizəm iz 'rā,sizəm /
: refers to United Nations Resolution 3379 in 1975, in which the General Assembly linked Zionism and the State of Israel, to racism and racial discrimination. This was overturned in 1991 making it one of only two resolutions ever revoked by the UN WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Prior to 1948, Zionism was an aspiration—the national liberation movement of the Jewish people, founded by Theodore Herzl in the late 19th century, to re-establish a Jewish nation as a solution to the antisemitism Jews faced in Europe. After 1948 until today, Zionism became a reality: a homeland not only to persecuted European Jews, but Jews from all over the globe, including Jews fleeing persecution from the Soviet Union, the Arab world, Turkey, Iran, and Ethiopia, amongst others. Israel is one of the most diverse countries in the world with over half of its population being from Africa, India, and other areas of the Middle East. The vast majority of Jews around the world identify as Zionists, meaning they support the existence of Israel as a Jewish State in the historic Land of Israel.
Figure Z1
The Secretary of Iran's
Supreme National Security
Council claimed that racist
Zionism should be the most
concerned about "the collapse
of racist symbols." June 2020.
Connecting Zionism to racism
conveys that Jews do not have
a right to self-determination
Z
Figure S7
A tweet shared in Sept. 2020.
Figure S8
A tweet shared in March 2020.
Soros is often used as a
symbol of Jewish control
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 28 The Soviet Union led the effort to link Zionism to racism, basing their accusations on the notorious Protocols of the Elders of Zion and arguing that Judaism’s concept of “the chosen people” promoted racial superiority. This deliberate slur interpolated and distorted the real meaning of Judaism which explains the Jewish people are ‘chosen,’ or set apart, for special and burdensome religious and social obligations.
Other states from Cuba to the Arab world repeated these slurs and criticized Jews and Israel by using the phrase “Zionism is racism,” often taking the discrimination practiced historically against Jews as individuals and employing it against their collective identity.
Criticizing specific Israeli government policies as
discriminatory or racist is not antisemitic. However, saying “Zionism is racism,” a phrase which itself is a racist and religious distortion, conveys that the Jewish people—unlike all other people in the world—do not have a right to self- determination. The phrase also denigrates the Jewish State and belittles the diversity of Jewish life in Israel. Famed Soviet Nobel Peace Laureate Andrei Sakharov warned that this
resolution would “contribute to antisemitic tendencies in many countries by giving them the appearance of international legality.”
Zionist / “Zio”
noun / 'zīənəst / ‘zīō /
: a supporter of Zionism; a person who believes in the
development and protection of a Jewish nation in its historic homeland of Israel
WHEN IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
Zionism is a movement and ideology to reestablish and
support the existence of a Jewish state in the Biblical Land of Israel. A Zionist is someone who supports Jews’ right to self-determination in their historic homeland and Israel’s right to exist. However, antisemites often use “Zionist” or “Zio” as shorthand for “Jew,” while many antisemites attempt to cloak their hate by claiming to be merely “anti-Zionists” (see Figure Z3). Notably, anti-Zionism—the belief that the Jewish people do not have the right to a national home in their ancestral homeland (e.g. that the State of Israel should not exist)—is itself widely believed by Jews to be a form of antisemitism.
Anti-Zionism can also spread antisemitic conspiracy
theories. For example, referring to Zionism and Judaism interchangeably blames Jewish people for the actions and policies of the State of Israel, which furthers conspiracy theories about control and world domination (see Figure Z2).
Figure Z3
A tweet shared in August 2020.
Figure Z2
A tweet shared in September
2019.
1. Labelling Jews as “the other”
2. Widely used
antisemitic conspiracies
3. Using Jews as a scapegoat
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 29 Zionist Occupied Government (ZOG)
conspiracy /'zīə,nizt 'äkyə,pīd 'gəvər(n)mənt (zôg) /
: white supremacist belief declaring the U.S. government is controlled by Jews
WHY IT’S ANTISEMITIC:
ZOG is a white supremacist theory that believes Jews
(“Zionists”) secretly control Western politics (see conspiracy theory, control). The term first appeared in the 1970s in the U.S. and is found on white supremacist sites such as Aryan Nations and National Alliance. By manipulating Western
governments, antisemites claim ZOG controls the world
economy, limits free speech, confiscates land, and usurps military and police forces. The phrase “Zionist occupiers” is also used by antisemites on the far-left and by Islamists, seeking to destroy Israel.
Figure Z4
A tweet shared in August 2020.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 30 30
Defining Antisemitism
The purpose of Translate Hate is to provide visuals and explanations of the diversity of sources of contemporary antisemitism. Recognizing and defining antisemitism go
hand in hand. The tropes and themes referenced here are all encompassed within the authoritative International
Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Working Definition of Antisemitism, recommended by the European Council,
the European Parliament, the UN Secretary General,
the Organization of American States, and dozens of
governments around the world, including the United States.
To effectively fight antisemitism, we must define it. Here is the definition in full:
On 26 May 2016, the IHRA Plenary decided to adopt
the following non legally binding working definition of Antisemitism:
Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and
physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed
toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their
property, toward Jewish community institutions and
religious facilities.
To guide IHRA in its work, the following examples may serve as illustrations: Manifestations might include the targeting of the state of Israel, conceived as a Jewish collectivity. However, criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic. Antisemitism frequently charges Jews with conspiring to harm humanity, and it is often used to blame Jews for “why things go wrong.” It is expressed in speech, writing, visual forms and action, and employs sinister stereotypes and negative character traits.
Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include, but are not limited to:
• Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
• Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or
stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective—such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews
controlling the media, economy, government or other
societal institutions.
• Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 31 • Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
• Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
• Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
• Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a state of Israel is a racist endeavor.
• Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
• Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
• Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
• Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
Antisemitic acts are criminal when they are so defined by law (for example, denial of the Holocaust or distribution of antisemitic materials in some countries).
Criminal acts are antisemitic when the targets of attacks, whether they are people or property—such as buildings,
schools, places of worship and cemeteries—are selected
because they are, or are perceived to be, Jewish or linked to Jews.
Antisemitic discrimination is the denial to Jews of
opportunities or services available to others and is illegal in many countries.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 32 How to Report Hate
REPORT HATE ON SOCIAL MEDIA
We can all play a role in reducing online hate. Don’t be silent when you see an instance of antisemitism or other forms of hatred on social media. Report it to the platform directly.
1. Tap options symbol (dots, arrow, carrot) on the post, profile, or comment.
2. Tap Report.
3. Select the reason (hateful conduct, hate speech,
inappropriate) as listed on the platform.
Not seeing what you’re looking for? Find more direct
information from Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and TikT ok.
Help.twitter.com then click “Abuse” then “Report abusive behavior”
Facebook.com/Help then click “Policies and Reporting” then “Reporting Abuse”
Help.Instagram.com and search “Abuse and Spam”
Support.tiktok.com then click “Safety” then “Report a Problem” But what if the platform doesn’t take it down? We may not be able to remove all antisemitic posts, but we can and will have our voices heard. With every report, we shed light on antisemitic behavior—getting us a step closer to stopping it.
REPORT HATE IN YOUR COMMUNITY
Talk to Law Enforcement
Check www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/get-help-now for help on reporting hate crimes and incidents to your local police and the FBI.
WHAT YOU CAN DO WHEN INCIDENTS OF HATE OCCUR
Report it.
Speak out and be an ally. Consider a prompt, public statement of condemnation to signal that online hate is unacceptable.
Use Translate Hate to explain why a post is antisemitic.
Hold the perpetrator accountable and demand a public
apology. Work to restore civility to the public discourse.
Reach out personally to those affected by online hate to show solidarity.
Participate in coalitions and educate others about antisemitism.
Advocate for measures that help reporting and prosecution of hate crimes.
Support funding for Jewish community security needs.
American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | October 2021 33 Conclusion
While this glossary is by no means an exhaustive account of all the antisemitism present in our world, it captures the most commonly used tropes and conspiracies. After all, antisemitism is an ever-evolving threat, as are the most widely used tropes that help it spread. Antisemitism continues to pose a direct threat to democracy, democratic values, and human rights. It is a problem for Jews and—even more critically—for non-Jews to solve. Because antisemitism is a societal issue, our aim is to raise public awareness of common forms of antisemitism and elevate the debate on confronting this menace.
AJC.org/TranslateHate
34 | American Jewish Committee | The Translate Hate Glossary | January 2021