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General Amendment
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Produced by the
Department of Public Works
PA w/*A D E N A Adopted byclty council
CALIFORNIA • WWW.CITYOFPASADENA.NET
PASADENA
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AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
City Council
Victor Gordo, Mayor
Jess Rivas, V/'ce Mayor, District 5
Tyron Hampton, District 1
Rick Cole, District 2
Justin Jones, District 3
Gene Masuda, District 4
Steve Madison, District 6
Jason Lyon, District 7
City Commissions and
Committees
Municipal Services Committee
Design Commission
Office of the City Manager
Miguel Marquez, City Manager
Brenda Harvey-Williams, Assistant City Manager
Matthew Hawkesworth, Assistant City Manager
Nicholas Rodriguez, Assistant City Manager
Department of Public Works
Greg de Vinck, P.E., Director
Garrett Crawford, Street Maintenance Administrator
Kenneth Graham, Forestry Superintendent Michael
King, Forestry Program Coordinator
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
fit VISION
The City of Pasadena has a rich history of planting and preserving trees. Trees provide a wealth of environmental, economic and placemaking value for the City.
The City's urban forest comprises of over 100 different species of hardwood and palm trees. Tree canopy coverage in Los Angeles County - conducted by TreePeople Los Angeles and Loyola Marymount University's Center for Urban Resilience - noted that Pasadena possesses an average of 30% canopy coverage throughout the City, whereas, Los Angeles County possesses an average 20% canopy coverage.
The Master Street Tree Plan (MSTP) guides what tree species are planted in public spaces throughout the City. It is not the intention to do away with the City's current designated tree species list, rather, this General Amendment will provide staff the flexibility to use alternative tree species for planting under certain conditions. The MSTP and this General Amendment are limited in scope; these documents guide tree species selection. However, this is the Public Works Department's first step in an effort to adopt a broader Urban Forestry Master Plan that will guide the long-term management of the City's urban forest. l: Builcl iipoii PasadQnas rich urbaii forestn'history, |^ ith^it will aiiiclc? tree species selectioii that pmniotes a resilient anS ^ A ::.':'.^':''!¥^^^^^^^^^'^?
I siistaiiicil)lc? tirbari forest for future? gieiiemtioiis.£-" Emerging research in urban forestry management and tree care science has led to a longstanding question - what trees should we be planting? In the past, tree species may have been selected for their aesthetic value and to promote uniformity. Today, species criteria such as climate resilience and biodiversity are reshaping how we view and manage the urban forest. This General Amendment will adopt the guiding principles that sets the criteria for an Alternative Tree Species List, as well as provide the decision-making process on when it would be appropriate to use these tree species.
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HISTORY AND
RELATIONSHIP WITH
OTHER CITY PLANS
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1. Coast Live Oak Tree at Orange Grove Blvd and Pasadena Blvd.
As of 2025, the City has been recognized by
the Arbor Day Foundation as a Tree City
USA designee for 35 years. But the City's
horticultural and arboricultural history
stems from long before.
Early history of Pasadena painted a
landscape of oak trees littered among
orchards of fruit trees that were the driving
economic engine of the day. Estate
gardens began to emerge around the turn
of the century, and prominent residents
like Jeanne Carr and Arthur Heinemen
began to shape the City's horticultural and
arboricultural history. Jeanne Carr planted
and cultivated over 90 different tree
species from around the world - some
plants cultivated from seeds collected by
renown environmental preservationist John
Muir. Carr planted some of the City's
earliest Monterrey Cypress and California
Pepper trees along her estate, Carmelita,
which is now where the Norton Simon
Museum is located 2. Arthur Heineman was
an architect who championed the benefits
trees provide to communities leading to
some of the earliest tree planting programs
led by the City and more neighborhood
tree-lined streets3.
In 1940, the City's Park Department adopted
the 'Official Street Tree List', which called for
specific tree species to be planted on
streets throughout the City.
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As parts of Los Angeles County were
annexed into Pasadena and post-World
War II subdivisions expanded, older public
streets were rebuilt and new ones
constructed, adding more street trees into
the City's urban forest. By 1976, the City
adopted the Master Street Tree Plan,
aiming to bring greater consistency to the
selection and placement of street trees.
Around the same time, emerging
arboricultural research began shedding
light on how different species performed in
urban environments. Publications like
Recommended Street Trees for Southern
California by Street Tree Seminar Inc.
guided professionals in moving away from
commonly planted species that were later
found to have significant drawbacks - such
as vulnerability to pests or weak wood
prone to failure. The City inventoried all
existing public trees and hired J. Harold
Mitchell Company to assess the tree
species the City was planting and begin
making recommendations to improve the
urban forest.
The Master Street Tree Plan has been
amended over time based on staff's
observations of poor performing tree
species, as well as resident-initiated
requests to replace existing trees with
preferred alternatives. Tree species, such
as Carob {Ceratonia siliqua), Carrotwood
{Cupaniopsis anarcardioides}, Silver Maple
(Acer saccarinum), Shamel Ash (Fraxinus
uhdei), Tulip tree {iiriodendron tulipifera)
etc., are no longer planted in the City due
to susceptibility to tree failure, likelihood of
causing significant hardscape damage, or
other factors found to be of poor
performance as a street tree.
MASTER STREET TREE PLAN
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
1976
Prepared in the Qfflc* of
Dilroctur of Publiit: Koi
City of Ptsadun*, CaIitomK
The current iteration of the Master Street
Tree Plan is available on the City's Public
Works' webpage, as a GIS map feature.
Users can look up a specific address
throughout the City, and open a pop up
window that provides the current
designated tree species and year the
designation was last amended.
Tree planting supports every element of
the City's General Plan, and is a cost
effective tool to improve the environment
and livability of the City. In 2018, the City
launched Our Pasadena, an effort to
update each of the City's eight community
Specific Plans. Through public outreach,
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Pasadena Master SfreetTree Plan
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Planning and Community Development
staff found strong community interest in
the City's urban forest. And while the
ultimate decision for tree species selection
resides with the Public Works Department,
the Updated Specific Plans provides
recommended tree species for future
consideration within the Appendix section
of each Specific Plan. Within the tree care
industry, research related to climate
resilient tree species, and tree species that
better support ecological biodiversity
continue to emerge.
'All of this is to say: tree
species selection in a
cliatigiiig, tirb<an ^nvironiTierit
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Street: E CALIFORNIA BLVD
From Street: S SIERRA BONITA AVE
ToStreetSHILLAVE
Previous: CEDE
Current Updated: CEDE
Year: 1995
Species 1: DEODAR CEDAR
Species 2:
Species 3:
Species 4:
Species 5:
Click Here to learn more about the Tree
Species
Zoom to
Master Street Tree Plan Web Tool allows users to search for current tree species designations and provides year the respective street was last amended.
This General Amendment is intended to
adopt the following guiding principles and
a framework that provides staff flexibility to
plant different tree species under certain
conditions.
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GUIDING PRINCIPLES
1. Right Tree, Right Place, Right Reason
Right tree, right place and right reason is a principle in urban forestry that emphasizes selecting the appropriate tree species - given it's anticipated growth -for a specific location and with a purpose that aligns with current best management practices. Will the tree's canopy be in conflict with the adjacent building? Will the tree's height be in conflict with utility lines? Is the tree species recommended to support climate resilience, biodiversity, and drought tolerance? While —maintenanc® such as trimming can —l^olp—mitigate these conflicte/ / oxcoccivo maintonanco ie coctly and can compromico tho hoalth of tho troo in / tho iongrun. Right troo, right piaco, right roacon can ho!p oxtond tho lifo of urban Tree species that are appropriate for their planting site are pruned to meet the clearance needs for pedestrians, vehicles, and other conflicts, but should be maintained to provide the maximum level of functional shade to reduce the impacts of urban heat islands. When multiple tree species are determine^ to be appropriate for a particular site, preference will be given to species that provide greater expected canopy shade.
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1. Front yard space, common in single
family areas can accommodate larger-
canopy trees.
2. Areas of Old Town Pasadena, where
buildings are zero setback (building
comes up to property line/public right
of way), and canopy space is restricted,
smaller or more upright trees should be
considered.
3. Vegetation management around
utility lines is regulated by the California
Public Utilities Commission, and
administered by Pasadena Water &
Power. In order to preserve larger trees
around utility lines, directional pruning
(v pruning) is sometimes performed,
which can draw concern from the
community. Therefore, smaller trees is
generally recommended for planting ^
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2. Public Safety
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Public safety is paramount to the work in urban forestry. However, trees can at times pose complex challenges within a built environment that cannot always be mitigated from hazards. Fire resilience is one such challenge4. While all poorly maintained plants and vegetation can be fire-hazardous, certain tree species such as: Eucalyptus, Pine, Cypress and Pa/m posses characteristics (e.g. shedding bark; resinous foliage; and leaf litter production) that can be more prone to flammability under the right conditions5.
The California Department of Forestry and Fire Prevention (CAL FIRE) recently updated its fire hazard and severity zones map for the State. Much of the City west of the Arroyo, and the Upper Hastings Ranch neighborhood fall within defined 'Very High' fire hazard zones. The events of the 2025 Eaton Canyon Fire have understandably affected the entire community. And while weighing the ecological benefits of different tree species relative to their fire risk can be complex, out of an abundance of caution the City will amend planting any currently designated tree species located anywhere in the City that possess characteristics more prone to flammability with an alternative tree species.
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3. Tree Species Diversity
Not all trees are created equal. The ecological services trees can provide - such as reducing heat island effect and sequestering carbon - vary by species. And conversely, the tolerances to environmental stressors - such resilience to climate change and drought tolerance - can also vary by tree species6 A widely accepted guideline in
urban forestry management is
the 10-20-30 rule, This rule
states that no more than 30% of
the trees in a city's forest should
come from the same plant
family, no more than 20% from
the same genus, and no more
than 10% from the same
species. Planting a diverse
group of different tree species
helps spread the various
ecological services each tree
can provide, and help
safeguard the urban forest from
an unexpected spread of a pest
or other biotic disorder.
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If the 30-20-10 rule sets the thresholds for
the overall composition of the urban forest,
the following criteria should be considered
to guide species selection: tree species
that have shown resilience to climate
change; tree species that promote
biodiversity; native tree species; and tree
species that contribute to placemaking in
Pasadena, The abovementioned criteria is
evolving and can generate spirited
debates in the tree care industry, so it's
important for staff to stay informed of
changes that can be flexibility
implemented at a later time.
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The following criteria and research was used to create the Alternative Tree Species List.
Climate Resilience
In 2015, the University of California, Davis (UC Davis) launched a long-term study on how different, underutilized tree species would perform against a changing climate. Horticultural advisors went through a rigorous process of nominating, scoring and ultimately selecting 12 different tree species to plant and observe in conditions illustrative of California's Central Valley, Inland Empire region, and California's southern coastal region. The trees received the same irrigation, pruning and other maintenance activities, and were observed for establishment rates and overall performance over a multi-year period8'9. The results of this study are published by DC Davis' 'Climate Ready' trees program.
Biodiversity
Trees provide an invaluable habitat for the food web ecosystems, specifically, between insects and birds. Cal State LA is leading local research on this dynamic, and has gathered and published data collected on bird foraging observations among street trees throughout multiple residential neighborhoods in the greater Los Angeles area10. The Pasadena Audubon Society has provided a list of recommended tree species that better support biodiversity, incorporating research from Cal State LA and others experts in urban ecology. ^ Native Tree Species
The ecological value native tree species provide relative to non native species is unclear as research remains to be divided on this matter". However, there is historical, cultural and strong public support to continue planting native tree species. Native tree species that staff have found to perform well in Pasadena, and have been regularly available from local plant nurseries have been incorporated in the Alternative Tree Species List.
Placemaking
... that Public Works staff can use for tree selection
in addition to Alternative Tree Species List.
In 2018, the City's Planning and Community Development Department began the | process of updating the City's eight different Specific Plans. Extensive public / outreach was conducted in order to produce these plans. One of the sections in | the Plans that generated strong public interest was tree species selection in the f public realm. Each adopted Plan provides an appendix of recommended tree | species that added to Ptaoomaking for the rolativo noighborhood of the '*' r>(->rrc>cr>r^r>r~lir>n PlnnipQ-
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CURRENT TREE INVENTORY
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Understanding what trees currently make up the City's urban forest will allow for conformance to the 10-20-30 rule, and allow for appropriate species selection in the Alternative Tree Species List.
The Quercus (Oak) genus, and Q. agrifolia (Coast Live Oak) species are hovering close to the 20% and 10% thresholds, respectively. However, staff has observed Q. ilex (Holly Oak) species beginning to perform poorly in the City.
Swapping Q. /'/ex with other Quercus species trees in the Alternative Tree Species List will help keep the genus below the 20% threshold.
Maintaining an accurate and up-to-date tree inventory can be challenging and resource-intensive. However, tree inventories store vital information including, maintenance history, which can help the City defend itself against tree-related claims and lawsuits, as well as specific tree attributes that can help visualize better planning for the City. The City's Information Technology Department and Geography Information Systems (GIS) section are a talented and invaluable resource in managing and leveraging the City's Tree data. Best management practices recommend a comprehensive inventory update or quality check every 10 years, and as such, the Public Works Department should plan to allocate the appropriate resources accordingly.
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ALTERNATIVE TREE SPECIES LIST
The Alternative Tree Species List was aggregated from the criteria and research referenced previously in Section 3.
Common Name
9 Mulga
Desert Willow
Chitalpa
Ray Hartman Ceanothus
Red Push Pistache
Maverick Mesquite
Santa Cruz Ironwood
Noble Laurel
Marina Madrone
New Zealand Christmas Tree
Water Gum
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Acacia atieum
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Ceanoftuis 'Ray Hartrnati'
Pistacia 'Red Push'
Prosposls glandiilosa 'Maverick'
Lyoiwthanu u.is noribut idi is
I.til in is iiobilis
Arbiitiis 'Mariiia'
Metrosideros excelsa
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Indian Rosewood
Island Oak
Deodar Cedar
Southern Live Oak
Fern Pine
Gon'rnbia {.)api.iatia
Dalberaia slsso
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Quercus toiiieiitella
Cednis deodara
Quercns vlrgiiilaiia
Afrocarpi is ^alcatus
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AMENDMENT TO IMPLEMENTATION
1 Right Tree
Right Place
Given the rich history of the Master Street Tree Plan, current designated tree species should continue to be used unless the location or species meets one of the following criteria below. If staff use a species from the Alternative Tree Species List, they should select a species that looks close to the existing tree species in order to minimize inconsistency in the landscaping palette.
2.Public Safety
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current designated tree species has characteristics
that are more prone to flammabiritys^uca/yptus. Pine,
Cypress and Palm species), staff sRbbU^ utilize a
species from the Alternative Tree Species List.'
If any current designated species anywhere in the City..
3.1 Tree Species
Diversity
If the planting work will use an existing tree
species that is of concern due to the 10-20-30
rule (Q. agrifolia, M. grandi flora, C. camphora),
staff should utilize a species from the
Alternative Tree Species List.
4.Placemaking
If the planting work is within a Specific
Plan area, and the current designated
species is concerned to be poor
performing, staff may utilize the tree
species recommended in the Appendix
section of each respective Specific Plan.
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Tree species selection is critical to urban forestry management, but is only one piece of the puzzle. This General Plan Amendment allows staff to continue planting new street trees based on current best management practices. However, the City should allocate additional resources to meet community goals for long-term urban forest management. Assessing maintenance and operations practices, canopy coverage and future needs will be explored through a broader urban forest management plan.
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REFERENCES
1. Masters, N. (2017, August 29). Why did oak trees once grow in the middle of Pasadena intersections?. PBS SoCal. Retrieved from https://www.pbssocal.org/shows/lost-la/why-did-oak-trees-once-grow-in-the- middle-of-Dasadena-intersections
2. Sheid, A. (2013). The trees in California's cityscapes. Journal of the California Garden & Landscape History Society, 16(2), 4-9.
3. Scheid, A. (2024, June 21). The legacy (and challenges) of Pasadena's trees. City of Pasadena, Council District 6. Retrieved from https://www.cityofpasadena.net/district6/featured-stories/the-legacy-and- challenges-of-pasadenas-trees/ City of Pasadena
4. National Park Service, (n.d.). Fire management newsletter: Eucalyptus: A complex challenge [PDF]. Point Reyes National Seashore, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved August 28,2025, from
https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/upload/firemanagement Jireeducation newsletter eucalyptus.
Rdf
5. Varner, J. M., Shearman, T. M, Kane, J. M, Banwell, E. M, Jules, E. S, & Stambaugh, M. C. (2022).
Understanding flammability and bark thickness in the genus Pinus using a phylogenetic approach.
Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 7384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11451-x
6. Love, N. L R., Nguyen, V., Pawlak, C., Ritter, M. K., Ventura, J., Doremus, J., & Fricker, G. A. (2022). Diversity and structure in California's urban forest: What over six million data points tell us about one of the world's largest urban forests. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 74, Article 127679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127679
7.8antamour, F. S., Jr. (2003, August 11). Trees for urban planting: Diversity, uniformity, and common sense.
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