Piedmont City Council
October 6, 2025

Improving the pedestrian connectivity between Blair Park and Coaches Field is also consistent with the previously adopted 2014 Piedmont Pedestrian and Bicycle Master Plan and the 2021 Piedmont Safer Streets (PSS) Plan. Both documents recommend installing high visibility crosswalks across the north (Red Rock Road) and the east (Moraga Avenue) approaches of the intersection with rectangular rapid flashing beacons (RRFB) for the east crosswalk across Moraga Avenue to warn motorists in both directions of Moraga Avenue when pedestrians are crossing the roadway.

ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 264
Appendix C
Sewer Analysis
ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 265
Technical Memorandum 1 of 21
Technical Memorandum
To: Karly Kaufman, MESM,
Rincon Consultants, Inc.

From: Kevin Gustorf, PE
Megan Kurtz, PE
Date: July 16, 2024
Subject: Sewer Analysis for the City of Piedmont Housing Element Update

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Regional Housing Needs Allocation (RHNA) is a State of California Housing Law which requires cities to expand their affordable housing options. The RHNA is part of the periodic process of updating local General Plan Housing Element. The City of Piedmont (City) is in the process of preparing their 6th Cycle Housing Element Update (HEU) to incorporate General Plan amendments to comply with their required allocation and future housing needs. Table 1-1 summarizes the RHNA allocation assigned to the City. Please refer to the Housing Element Update for definitions of the income levels in the table below.

Table 1-1: Summary of RHNA Required Housing Allocation for City Income Level Units
Extremely Low and Very Low 163
Low 94
Moderate 92
Above Moderate 238
Total 587
Increasing residential capacity has many impacts which necessitate an environmental review to select optimal sites. Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon) is leading the environmental process and has subcontracted with Wood Rodgers, Inc. (Wood Rodgers) to perform a sewer capacity analysis to evaluate the impacts of the required additional development and provide a nexus of approval for future development. This Technical Memorandum (TM) summarizes the City’s existing sewer collection system, determines the available capacity in the system, evaluates the capacity impacts of the required additional development and documents the results of a hydraulic model analysis.

It should be noted that this study is a high-level analysis based on available data and assumptions made about the existing sewer infrastructure. Project specific sewer capacity studies must be completed for all proposed development projects greater than four (4) housing units and must include, but are not limited to, the following elements:

1. Sewer flow projections for the proposed development in Piedmont, and from other sources outside of Piedmont located upstream and served by the same sewer lines/trunk lines.

2. Capacity needed to serve the proposed development project from the project site to the trunk line.

ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 266
Sewer Analysis for the City of Piedmont Housing Element Update July 16, 2024
Technical Memorandum 2 of 21

3. Actual capacity of the existing sewer system.

4. Actual sewer flow measurements from a minimum of two separate time periods.

The scope of each project specific sewer study shall be coordinated with City staff.

2.0 BACKGROUND
The City is located in Alameda County about 10 miles east of San Francisco. The City of Oakland (Oakland) surrounds the City on all sides. Being completely landlocked and essentially built out has created challenges for new employment and housing within the City. In the 1.7 square miles of City, most of the development is single-family residential homes. Per 2023 estimates from the Division of Finance, there are 3,683 single-family residential homes (SFR), 77 SFR attached homes, 135 multifamily residential (MFR) homes with 2 to 4 units, and 78 MFR homes with 5 or more units. There is limited commercial space with the largest concentration being in the Civic Center area. Refer to Figure 2-1 for a map of the City and its current land use breakdown.

The City’s sewer system consists of approximately 271,009 linear feet (LF) of gravity main ranging from 4 to 18 inches in diameter. There is approximately 39,898 LF of lateral piping. The system has about 1,821 manholes including clean-outs and lamp holes. Elevation ranges in the City from about 46 feet to 620 feet above mean sea level. Elevation generally slopes downward from North to South and East to West. The flow direction for the gravity sewer pipes also follows this trend. The City does not have any pump/lift stations within its sewer collection system.

The City has 10 locations where flow comes into the system from Oakland. Additionally, there are 21 locations where flow leaves the City and flows into Oakland’s system. Figure 2-2 shows these locations as well as the direction of flow and diameter of pipes in the system. Table 2-1 summarizes the length of pipe by diameter and material.

Table 2-1: Summary of Pipe by Diameter and Material
**from City provided Geographic Information System (GIS)** The City is located close to employment centers making it a desirable place to expand housing.

However, there are currently only 60 vacant lots scattered throughout the City comprising an Diameter
(in)
Length by Material (ft)
CPP HDPE VCP PVC DIP STEEL TRU ACP Unknown
4 22 2,867 0 36 0 0 0 0 1,268
5 430 3,278 94 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 5,138 130,591 30,371 1,717 383 96 66 0 2,046
7 0 0 0 118 0 0 0 0 0
8 4,898 38,780 7,402 1,597 113 0 1,119 0 6,628
10 1,035 9,808 1,702 1,889 316 0 1,638 0 1,572
12 578 1,638 3,176 1,083 0 0 281 0 638
15 420 257 372 855 378 101 0 505 177
16 0 0 698 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 0 566 470 627 0 0 0 0 1,172
Total (ft) 12,521 197,620 44,284 7,923 1,191 197 3,103 505 43,562 ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 267
Sewer Analysis for the City of Piedmont Housing Element Update July 16, 2024
Technical Memorandum 3 of 21
approximate total of 12 acres. The number of lots that are developable is much smaller due to challenging terrain constraints.

The terms of the RHNA requires the City to develop 587 new units; however, the City’s HEU identifies a need for 652 additional units. This can be achieved through either a land use (LU) change or through a density bonus (accessory dwelling units added to an already residentially zoned property). Figure 2-3 shows these lots differentiated by density bonus or LU change. This analysis will consider the addition of 652 units as the minimum required.

Additionally, Senate Bill 9 (SB9) allows for additional development in the form of converting parking lots, gas stations, etc. into residential housing. These are not included in the 652 units identified by the City’s HEU; however, the lots are included in the 1,046 units buildout condition identified by the City.

ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 268
0200 4 1 Feet

EXISTING LAND USE

HOUSING ELEMENT UPDATE SEWER ANALYSIS

PIEDMONT, CA
JANUARY 2024
J:\Jobs\8585_Rincon\003_Piedmont Sewer Study\GIS\ArcGISPro\JN8585_Clean_DummyMegan\JN8585_Clean_DummyMegan.aprx(AMJ).aprx 1/17/2024 11:06 AM ajoven FIGURE 2-1
NORTH
Legend
Land Use
Estate Residential
Multi-Family Residential
Mixed Use and Commercial
Public Facilities
Single Family Residential
City Limits
ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 269
Legend
2!! Manholes - Piedmont
!( Manholes - Oakland
Flow
!H Entering System
!H Leaving System
Sewer Main - Piedmont
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15"
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18"
Sewer Main - Oakland
City Limits
LandType
ER
MFR
MUC
PF
SFR

EXISTING SEWER

SYSTEM LAYOUT

HOUSING ELEMENT UPDATE

SEWER ANALYSIS

PIEDMONT, CA
JANUARY 2024
J:\Jobs\8585_Rincon\003_Piedmont Sewer Study\GIS\ArcGISPro\JN8585_Clean_DummyMegan\JN8585_Clean_DummyMegan.aprx(AMJ).aprx 1/17/2024 11:09 AM ajoven FIGURE 2-2
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330-17
441-31
422-47A
431-40
434-04
316-20
307-71
342-44
341-32A
343-28
351-25
441-87
442-25
304-33
421-16
307-61
343-02
352-62
402-78
431-3C
404-35
304-32
ABND1
423-20
331-29
442-01
442-23
405-66
432-70
350-04
404-77
304-30
432-71
434-34
308-1C
434-11
331-46
434-25
405-1B
341-24
432-63A
343-38
400-32
402-68
352-11
422-87A
431-03
441-06
431-62B
330-22
420-12A
402-99
351-10
351-46
352-41
423-4A
310-66
431-65B
331-05
403-67403-74
442-04
433-32
351-12
403-1A
404-09
431-38
430-12
300-39
404-31A
316-07
422-22
322-69
403-68 432-64
351-32
402-33
343-48
400-73A
352-47
431-47
441-72
400-47
316-12
350-09
351-42
340-27
434-17A
340-14
434-31
316-17C
431-62A
432-61A
308-59
441-43
423-19
422-41
342-15
432-37
423-69
421-09
308-24A
404-80B
434-10
422-29
441-02
331-51
431-52
352-52
350-12
441-66A
422-2B
421-01A
442-08
ABND4
331-03A
404-69
331-36
405-03
308-57
405-3B
423-21
320-30
304-36
403-47
405-64A
316-03
441-85
431-29
405-41
331-5B
352-29
421-02
400-51
423-74A
442-20
422-98D
431-21
423-16A
342-46
442-22
441-74A
402-57
316-76
304-2A
431-17
431-01B
316-86
442-01B
402-93
352-58
423-43A
352-57
316-18
350-21
441-15
441-35C
343-40
341-46
434-16
352-26A
307-77
316-79
352-19
434-17
405-11
441-96
434-53
342-21
307-72
352-39
343-14
404-03
432-11
341-5B
404-96
433-17
316-42
307-57
341-3A
422-83
422-41A
340-24
351-09
442-26A
352-05
342-05
432-03
350-2A
352-24
400-41
316-1A
403-61A
308-46
404-55
402-51
422-99
405-63
422-97
440-09
405-06
441-62
400-40
441-60
403-39
300-39A
404-90
343-27
434-22
433-31
422-77
422-98
316-14
433-30
432-46A
440-18
400-29A
404-03A
422-50A
422-1C
352-43
441-49
402-40
434-56
405-04A
313-38
434-19
316-16
431-33
313-60
442-1B
350-07
308-37
351-63
341-20
442-31
441-44
316-46
431-12
404-13A
420-15
307-54
350-20
402-73
403-31
423-73
402-1E
308-58
402-79A
441-32
351-03
331-90
402-35
341-3B
352-17
304-4A
441-17
430-17A
330-09
403-54
331-60
431-30
434-48
351-22
404-32
441-67
423-48
431-24
423-39
441-29
340-05
307-94
331-22
331-52
341-38
405-06A
441-19A
330-06
403-19
431-62
404-22
403-11
310-44A
404-06
316-4A
405-38
433-49
431-46B
308-29
441-09
442-09
423-03
432-25
341-49
432-1D
331-18
402-79B
404-23
402-32
400-46
351-23
307-81
402-50
441-19
405-03A
404-15
400-42
400-34
352-84
434-42
431-2D
420-09
422-52
403-53
403-41
422-06
441-71
404-37
440-06
434-30
421-08
432-41A
300-35
434-05
404-95
423-3A
422-26
441-13
432-20
404-12
405-07A
434-52
403-05
431-53
404-51
404-52
404-58
405-53
422-39
431-2C
423-66
441-56
403-82
313-54
442-01A
400-39
400-24
434-50
331-5A
430-28
402-34
352-44
403-50
404-68
403-63
ABND2
422-55
341-22
400-66
422-50
402-86
403-09
420-07
331-09A
404-24B
422-53
343-18
431-91
342-23
433-15
404-80C
404-28
422-63A
341-45A
430-14
412-37
402-79
431-93
441-66
404-11
404-70A
340-43
433-26A
434-35
423-52
432-63
420-2C
433-2F
310-61
432-77
341-50
432-38
433-02
430-09
431-16
423-67
400-62
331-76
404-66
423-40
402-27
432-60A
441-05
404-86
441-35
316-72
422-50B
402-56
403-85
404-18
431-67A
402-6A
404-84
432-22A
404-91
432-67
403-02
441-89
440-14
430-05B
404-5A
405-64
433-25
342-08
340-06
403-17
352-56
308-34
431-42
422-67
400-25
423-2B
307-60
310-60
404-75
402-94
422-02
402-49
331-31
340-48
404-57
403-92
431-59
432-21
352-55
400-30
433-53
403-84
331-35
352-30
340-35A
331-27 352-37
433-52
403-43
441-76
440-02
402-36
404-67
342-14
420-94
441-28
404-08
322-67
422-63
351-13
432-1B
304-6A
430-02A
351-20
422-7A
341-27
433-41
441-01
352-23
431-43
403-13
331-79
420-13
403-44
403-32
352-51
431-40B
442-29
433-29
423-02A
343-03
432-31
307-51
403-81
313-59
316-36
316-63
412-35
330-13
351-57
422-34
351-37
331-14
322-68
403-93A
432-1A
340-22A
331-78
341-2D
331-80
422-31
422-36
307-73
331-2A
430-16
431-25
442-24
403-12
310-68
441-90
341-42
434-07
352-13
405-49
432-54A
331-19
423-01 422-60
400-48
405-48
431-67
440-10
432-45
434-08
404-47
331-58
430-21A
331-16
405-64B
331-49
422-5C
307-56
400-68
351-02
434-39
422-40
300-45
403-71
331-73
403-48 432-43
400-69
422-1B
441-38
434-3A
402-58
421-04
351-38
351-45
432-84
422-80
403-58
431-15
402-79C
404-74
343-17
433-34
316-60
405-61
431-08
304-5A
432-66
441-69
300-32
432-1E
431-94
400-36 402-88
405-54
422-58
441-75
423-09
434-23
340-49
422-82
351-18
340-41
331-33
330-20
402-59
342-41
350-3A
431-77
431-75
433-33
350-17
405-88
403-80
341-10
405-56
342-42
423-5A
405-51
423-15
430-21B
402-28
352-86
403-01
432-75
433-47
404-17
341-51
434-49 403-40
400-66A
423-11A
341-35A
422-22A
351-31
340-44A
404-49
404-92B
405-34
423-05
423-41
402-52
441-41
432-57A
313-57
431-65
442-30
441-84
351-28
430-01
308-02
420-3D
404-76
352-85
433-18
331-88
423-01A
432-54
341-17
430-11
422-28
308-24B
405-43
400-63
440-08
316-51
423-63
433-40
423-02
342-42B
421-01
433-56
430-22
340-12
422-98A
432-46
433-19
420-16
351-14A
412-1A
404-46
422-24
423-48A
430-17B
316-06
402-53
316-49
441-98A
423-28
423-2A
404-54
420-17
431-55 423-46
404-4A
403-73
402-78A
330-08
422-68
331-32
431-46A
351-1B
403-34
331-08A
400-31
340-35
440-04
316-82
340-24A
431-83
441-25
351-04
331-08
350-27
422-44A
300-33
310-47
422-79A
422-30
316-01
308-48
402-90A
342-17
308-03
340-31
402-29
432-30
341-37
402-64
422-72
402-43
430-05
432-32
352-10
307-63
308-04
432-86A
405-08B
402-83
308-17
316-17
441-29A
432-55
352-54
352-28
316-89
441-46
340-26
431-68
340-34
430-26
422-6A
352-04
343-33
400-49
405-65
421-11
432-6A
403-21B
433-09
402-38
331-84
308-19
331-06
ABND3
431-54
351-26
340-33
350-10
402-46
316-15
308-14
352-48
421-17
441-73
432-07
434-28
316-24A
434-18
316-61
430-01A
316-91
422-45
307-83
313-52
404-83
423-50
442-03
403-04
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404-19
432-74
421-07
404-56
441-82
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342-96
342-44
342-15
342-21
342-23
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351-38
342-41
342-42 342-42B
342-17
ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 270
Legend
Proposed Change Type
Density Bonus
Land Use
0200 4 1 Feet

PROPOSED SITES FOR

DENSITY INCREASE OR

LAND USE CHANGE

HOUSING ELEMENT UPDATE SEWER ANALYSIS

PIEDMONT, CA
JANUARY 2024
J:\Jobs\8585_Rincon\003_Piedmont Sewer Study\GIS\ArcGISPro\JN8585_Clean_DummyMegan\JN8585_Clean_DummyMegan.aprx(AMJ).aprx 1/17/2024 11:11 AM ajoven FIGURE 2-3
NORTH
NOTE: THIS FIGURE SHOWS
THE 652 SITES

IDENTIFIED BY RINCON
ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 271
Sewer Analysis for the City of Piedmont Housing Element Update July 16, 2024
Technical Memorandum 7 of 21

3.0 METHODOLOGY
The City provided their GIS files of the existing sewer collection system. The GIS files were imported into InfoSewer, the platform used to model the City’s system and determine available sewer capacity. A comparison of the City’s GIS data to record drawing information indicated data gaps existed, and data clean-up was required in order to develop the hydraulic model. As such, the City provided a LiDAR surface which was used to determine the rim elevation for each manhole.

A significant portion of the invert data was also missing from the GIS, however the GIS data included manhole depth. Therefore, the inverts were determined by subtracting the depth from the rim elevation obtained from the LiDAR. For simplicity, it was assumed that the invert coming into a manhole was the same as the invert going out (no drop across the manholes). All end-of-line cleanout manholes and lamp holes were removed from the model as these do not connect sewer main lines and typically are only used for maintenance purposes and do not have flow loading allocated to them.

The sewer system was then divided into tributary areas based on connectivity and outlet location from the City’s system. Fourteen (14) tributary areas were determined and are shown in Figure 3-1. Each tributary area was further broken down into Thiessen polygons around each manhole using geoprocessing tools in GIS. The Thiessen polygons are the basis of load allocation within the model which will be further discussed in the next section.

In order to determine an initial flow factor to load the model, the total number of dwelling units (DU) was divided by the total acreage of the City. This yielded 3.68 DU/acre. From there, Oakland flow factors (gallons per day (gpd) per DU) were multiplied to the 3.68 DU/acre to get a flow factor in gpd/acre for each land use type. Land use factors are summarized in Table 3-1. It is noted that these factors were only used for initial model loading purposes, and do not account for model calibration which will be discussed in Section 4-3. It should be noted that open space is omitted from this table as those areas do not produce additional generation.

Table 3-1: Summary of Demand Factors for Each Land Use
Land Use
Oakland
Demand
Factor
Model Loading
Demand Factor
(gpd/acre)
SFR 330 gpd/DU 1,213
MFR 250 gpd/DU 919
Commercial 100 gpd/ac 100
The City also provided recent flow data from a number of flow monitors (FM) located throughout the City. The flow data was collected over the course of several months in a different calendar years. The flow monitoring data was compared to the model flows allocated using the aforementioned flow factor, and adjustments were made within the model to better simulate the measured flow conditions. The flow monitor locations are shown in Figure 3-2.

The following section will discuss the model development and how the loads were determined and applied for each scenario.

ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 272
NORTH

TRIBUTARY AREAS

HOUSING ELEMENT UPDATE SEWER ANALYSIS

PIEDMONT, CA
JANUARY 2024
FIGURE 3-1
Legend
Number
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
City Limits
ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 273
NORTH

FLOW MONITOR LOCATIONS

HOUSING ELEMENT UPDATE SEWER ANALYSIS

PIEDMONT, CA
JANUARY 2024
FIGURE 3-2
Legend
& Sewer Mains - Piedmont
2!! Manholes - Piedmont
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PIE_0164A_010
PIE_0164A_008
PIE_0164A_007
PIE_0164A_004
PIE_0164A_009
PIE_0164A_005
PIE_0164A_002
PIE_0164A_001
PIE_0164A_003 PIE_0164A_006
PIE_0164A_006alt
PIE_0107_006
PIE_0107_001
PIE_0107_004
PIE_0107_003 PIE_0107_002
PIE_0107_005
PIE_0028B_001
PIE_0028B_002
ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 274
Sewer Analysis for the City of Piedmont Housing Element Update July 16, 2024
Technical Memorandum 10 of 21

4.0 HYDRAULIC MODEL
InfoSewer Suite 7.6, SP1, Update #19 was used to model the sewer system. The purpose was to determine if there is existing capacity to accommodate sewer generated from additional development at the proposed sites. This will assist the City in defining a nexus of approval with conditions for where upsizing existing pipes will be required by future developers.

4.1 – Model Scenarios
In total, nine (9) different scenarios were modeled, with three (3) different flow conditions: average dry weather flow (ADWF), peak dry weather flow (PDWF), and peak wet weather flow (PWWF), analyzed under three (3) different buildout conditions. The model scenarios are steady state (not extended period simulations). The scenarios modeled are as follows:

1. Baseline Scenario – Existing Land Use (LU)
a. ADWF
b. PDWF
c. PWWF

2. Interim (preferred) Scenario – Existing LU plus 652 Units Developed a. ADWF
b. PDWF
c. PWWF

3. Maximum Buildout Scenario – Existing LU plus 1,046 Units Developed (652 Units + 394 Bonus Units) a. ADWF
b. PDWF
c. PWWF
Each of the 14 tributaries were modeled under all nine scenarios. However, two of the tributaries were very small, with only a few manholes collecting waste from the City (T4 and T14) and are not impacted by any of the proposed additional development areas. Therefore, their sheds were omitted from the model analysis as they had no effect on the system from a capacity analysis perspective.

4.2 – Initial Model Loading
The model was initially loaded using the flow factors discussed in Section 3.0. Each manhole has a Thiessen polygon drawn around it and encompassing the land uses adjacent to it. The area for each land use within the polygon was determined and multiplied by the appropriate flow factor to generate the flow projection. This process produced an initial flow condition to represent the Baseline Scenario – ADWF condition. The flows were further calibrated as discussed later in this section. See Figure 4-1 for the breakdown of Thiessen polygon and tributary areas.

4.3 – Model Calibration
In order to validate model accuracy, the model is calibrated to field measured conditions. The Baseline Scenario – ADWF condition was calibrated using the flow monitor data gathered by EBMUD and provided by the City. Flow monitor data was provided from the fall and winter months of 2016-2017 and 2022-2023. Based on historical rainfall data, the months of November 2016 and November 2022 were determined to be the closest to ADWF conditions as they had minimal recorded rainfall and had the lowest measured flows.

The calibration effort utilized the flow monitor(s) located closest to the outfalls into the Oakland system since they capture the majority of the wastewater flowing through the City. Each tributary area was calibrated individually if data was available. The flow monitor data was compared to the flow produced ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 275
Sewer Analysis for the City of Piedmont Housing Element Update July 16, 2024
Technical Memorandum 11 of 21
in the model at the corresponding location. The flow monitor data was divided by the model flow to produce a factor used to scale the model flow up or down to match actual measured conditions. For tributaries without any flow monitor data used the highest factor to produce a worst-case scenario. Table 4-1 summarizes the original and calibrated flows for the ADWF condition.

Table 4-1: Summary of Calibrated Flows for Existing Average Dry Weather Flow Tributary Flow Monitor ID Flow Monitor
Flow (gpm)
Model Flow
(gpm)
Adjust
Factor
Calibrated
Total Flow
(gpm)
1 PIE_0107_0011237.1 337.5 0.70 236.5
2 PIE_0164A_004, 005, 007, 0082262.2 229.3 1.14 261.5
3 - - - 2.52 5.1
5, 6, 7 PIE_0164A_0092 43.7 21.5 2.03 43.6
8 - - - 2.52 1.3
9 - - - 2.52 2.2
10 - 2.52 7.4
11 PIE_016A_010228.3 11.2 2.52 32.2
12 - - - 2.52 15.7
13 - - - 2.52 11.3
TOTAL 616.8
Notes:

1. Tributaries 4 and 14 were excluded from the analysis due to their small size and not having any additional flows being contributed.

2. The Adjustment Factor was applied to individual tributary areas. The calibrated total flow does account for the various adjustment factors from upstream tributaries. 1 FM data is from 2019
2 FM data is from 2022
ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 276
NORTH

THIESSEN POLYGONS FOR

TRIBUTARY AREA LOADING

HOUSING ELEMENT UPDATE SEWER ANALYSIS

PIEDMONT, CA
JANUARY 2024
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FIGURE 4-1
Legend
& Sewer Mains - Piedmont
2!! Manholes - Piedmont
Land Use
Estate Residential
Multi-Family Residential
Mixed Use and Commercial
Public Facilities
Single Family Residential
Thiessen Polygons
T1
T2
T3
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
City Limits
ATTACHMENT D Agenda Report Page 277
Sewer Analysis for the City of Piedmont Housing Element Update July 16, 2024
Technical Memorandum 13 of 21
Once the Baseline - ADWF condition was calibrated, the flows were peaked according to the Oakland peaking factor (PF) formula:

 = 1 +
14 4 + (