Proposed Flooding Mitigation Action Items
The City of Pomona proposes the following wildfire mitigation action items as detailed in Section
11.3:
• Mitigation Action 2.6: Localized Flood Control Improvements
11.2.5 EXISTING WINDSTORM MITIGATION ACTIVITIES
As stated, one of the most common problems associated with windstorms is power outage. High winds can cause trees to bend, sag, or fail (tree limbs or entire trees), coming into contact with nearby distribution power lines. Fallen trees can cause short -circuiting and conductor overloading. Wind-induced damage to the power system causes power outages to customers, incurs cost to make repairs, and in some cases can lead to ignitions that start wild land fires.
CALIFORNIA CODE
One of the strongest and most widespread existing mitigation strategies pertains to tree clearance. Currently, California State Law requires utility companies to maintain specific clearances depending on the type of voltage running through the line - between electric power lines and all vegetation.
The following California Public Resource Code Sections establish tree pruning regulations:
66 • 4293: Power Line Clearance Required 4292: Power Line Hazard Reduction • 4291: Reduction of Fire Hazards Around Buildings
• 4171: Public Nuisances
The following pertain to tree pruning regulations and are taken from the California Code of Regulations:
• Title 14: Minimum Clearance Provisions
• Sections 1250-1258
• General Industry Safety Orders
• Title 8: Group 3: Articles 12, 13, 36, 37, 38
• California Penal Code Section 385
Finally, the following California Public Utilities Commission section has additional guidance:
• California Public Utilities Commission
• General Order 95: Rule 35
66 www.cpuc.ca.gov/js.asp
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Failure to allow a utility company to comply with the law can result in liability to the homeowner for damages or injuries resulting from a vegetation hazard. Many insurance companies do not cover these types of damages if the policy owne r has refused to allow the hazard to be eliminated.
The power companies, in compliance with the above regulations, collect data about tree failures and their impact on power lines. This mitigation strategy assists the power company in preventing future tree failure. From the collection of this data, the power company can advise residents as to the most appropriate vegetative planting and pruning procedures.
Proposed Windstorm Mitigation Action Items
The City of Pomona proposes the following windstorm mitigation action items as detailed in Section 11.3:
• Mitigation Action 2.8: Build and Retrofit Public Buildings and Critical Facilities • Mitigation Action 4.2: Vulnerable Building Reinforcement
11.2.6 EXISTING PANDEMIC/INFECTIOUS DISEASE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES Pandemic/infectious disease outbreaks have the potential to impact not only human lives, but the economic and governing stability of cities. The City of Pomona implemented the following policies in 2007 to protect City staff in the event of an infectious disease outbreak to ensure that City services can be maintained:
• Safety Policy Bloodborne Pathogens
• Safety Policy Respiratory Protection
• Safety Policy Tuberculosis Exposure
These policies were adopted to minimize exposure and outline procedures for reporting and seeking proper treatment following an exposure event.
Proposed Pandemic/Infectious Disease Mitigation Action Items Due to the COVID 19 pandemic, several measures were adopted in addition to the policies listed above to protect City employees, and additional measures were implemented to protect vulnerable populations, and the economic interests in the City. These mitigations are proposed for inclusion in this LHMP in the event of a future pandemic/infectious disease outbreak:
• Mitigation Action 2.7 City Employee Protection
• Mitigation Action 4.8 Business Community Protection
• Mitigation Action 5.1 Vulnerable Population Services
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11.3 MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
LHMP IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE
Mitigation Action 1.1: Implementation Options for Hazard Mitigation Secure necessary funding for implementation of hazard mitigation actions as follows:
• Allocate City resources and assistance for hazard mitigation projects, using available City resources efficiently and with consideration of cost-effectiveness analysis; • Identify and seek grant programs and foundations that may support mitigation activities; and • Partner with other government agencies, special districts, utility providers, and organizations involved in hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness and response to pursue grants and special funding programs.
Lead Department: Development Services, Public Works, or Water Resources, depending on the project
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; apply for grants on an annual basis Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: General fund, and federal, state, and regional grants Rank: Level 1
Goals and Objectives Implemented: All
READY CRITICAL FACILITIES AND EMERGENCY SERVICES
Mitigation Action 2.1: Integrity of Emergency Operation Center Ma
intain the system of the Emergency Operation Center (Brackett Airport in the City of Laverne, at the Pomona Police Department Hanger) with alternative back -up facilities to be activated in
the event the central facility is impaired. Because emergency service response times will decrease if back-up locations must be activated, maximize resiliency of the Central Emergency Operations Facility.
Lea
d Departments: Risk Management
Implementation Schedule: 2022 on schedule
Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: General Fund
Rank: Level 3
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities (Objectives
1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.4).
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• Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objectives 5.1.1, 5.1.3, 5.1.4).
Mitigation Action 2.2: Equip Back-up Emergency Operations Center Because the Emergency Operations Center and backup locations were previously clustered in the City center, activating the emergency response system could be impeded if the City center experienced extensive damage during a major earthquake. To ensure respon se capabilities, the City has designated and will work to equip a backup facility . The Pomona City Yard has been chosen because it is located outside of the City center, south of the I -10 freeway and outside of liquefaction zones.
Lead Department: Risk Management
Implementation Schedule: Complete in 2022
Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: General fund
Rank: Level 2
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities (Objectives
1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.4).
• Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objectives 5.1.1, 5.1. 3, 5.1.4, 5.1.5).
Mitigation Action 2.3: Reinforcement of Historic City Facilities Conduct a structural assessment of City-owned properties that are on or eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, the list of California Historic Landmarks, or Pomona’s list of local significance, to identify buildings needing seismic safety improvements. Prioritize improvements according to 1) minimizing injury and life loss, 2) ensuring emergency services and response, 3) ensuring distribution of hazard resistant emergency facilities across the City to maximize emergency response and accessibility.
Lead Department: Development Services
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; review for available funds annually Hazards Addressed: Earthquake, Wildfire
Funding Source: General fund and grants
Rank: Level 3
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities (Objectives
1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3).
• Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when impacted by local hazard events (Objective City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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5.1.1).
Mitigation Action 2.4: Establish " Lifeline" Circulation System North-south circulation in Pomona could be significantly diminished in the event a long freight train is stranded on the Southern Pacific Railroad due to an earthquake or other hazard event.
North-south circulation could also be impaired by significant flooding in the railroad underpasses at White, Towne, and Garey Avenues or the associated bridge collapses d ue to an earthquake.
These scenarios are of particular concern given the location of the City's only hospital north of these potential obstructions and the majority of City population to the south, and require the following actions:
• In the next update of the General Plan Safety Element and the SEMS Plan, establish "Life- line" circulation system whereby special protocols are enacted to manage traffic flows on White, Towne, and Garey Avenues to ensure adequate north-south access for emergency vehicles. Establish alternative Life -line streets in the event these streets are obstructed, including completion of bridge if the Metrolink Gold Line is extended to Montclair; • Continue prioritizing maintenance of the pumps in the underpasses;
Lead Department: Development Services, Public Works
Implementation Schedule: Maintenance of pumps ongoing ; update to Safety Element General Plan to address evacuation routes to follow the adoption of this LHMP update Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: General fund and grants
Rank: Level 4
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities (Objectives
1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.4).
• Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objective 5.1.3).
Mitigation Action 2.5: Aging Water and Sewer Infrastructure Replacement As an older City with the development in the City center dating back to the late 1800s - including the system of water wells and - pipelines portions of the City' s water and sewer infrastructure are in need of extensive maintenance and /or replacement. Older infrastructure is more prone to damage and service disrup tions during earthquake, with potential ramifications for public safety and firefighting capabilities. Continue to fund and prioritize water and sewer infrastructure improvements to reduce the potential for these hazard- related risks. Use the Sewer and Wat er Master Plans as the basis for the improvement schedule.
Lead Department: Water Resources
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; review for available funds annually Hazards Addressed: Earthquake, Wildfire
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Funding Source: General funds and grants
Rank: Level 3
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury. and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities (Objective
1.1.1).
• Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objective 5.1.1).
Mitigation Action 2.6: Localized Flood Control Improvements While the City has an effective flood control system, several localized areas continue to be subject to storm -related flooding. These include underpasses at the intersections of Garey, Towne, and White Avenues and the Union Pacific Railroad tracks; East End Avenue, between Mission Boulevard and Grand Avenue; Ninth Street, between the Union Pacific Railroad tracks and East End Avenue; and cul -de-sacs bounded by SR -60, County Road, Garey Boulevard, and Reservoir Street.
Conduct a study of these localized flooding hazards and identify needed improvements.
Determine priority for implementation in part with cost -effectiveness analysis. Once the improvements are identified, consider options for requiring construction of the improvements as part of development projects if appropriate and feasible.
Lead Department: Public Works and Water Resources
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; 1 – 2 years to complete study Hazards Addressed: Flooding
Funding Source: 500k from General fund for pump and electrical improvements at Reservoir and 1st Street grade separation.
Rank: Level 3
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1 : Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities (Objective
1.1.1).
• Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objective 5.1.1).
Mitigation Action 2.7: City Employee Protection
A pandemic or emerging infectious disease has the potential to severely disrupt City services.
During the COVID -19 pandemic, the City established protocols for safel y continuing City operations during a pandemic or emerging infectious disease incident. Implement the following City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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actions:
• Provide work from home opportunities
• Ensure field staff can work alone or use PPE and social distancing measures • Provide additional equipment and stagger staff shifts
Lead Department: Public Works, Water Resources
Implementation Schedule: This mitigation was implemented during the COVID19 pandemic and can be implemented as necessary in the event of a surge or a new infectious disease outbreak.
Hazards Addressed: Pandemic/Infectious Disease
Funding Source: General fund and available grant funds
Ranking: Level 2
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses (Objectives 1.1.1, 1.1.2).
• Goal 5.1 : Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objectives 5.1.1, 5.1.4).
Mitigation Action 2.8: Build and Retrofit Public Buildings and Critical Facilities Public buildings and critical facilities should be constructed or retrofitted to be to the highest standard that is feasible. Improve roof coverings, anchor roof -mounted equipment, and avoid placing flag poles or antennas near buildings.
Lead Department: Public Works, Neighborhood Services, Development Services Implementation Plan: Ongoing, case -by-case basis when new facilities are constructed, or deficiencies are found in older facilities
Hazards Addressed: Windstorms
Funding Source: General fund and grant funds
Ranking: Level 3
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses (Objectives 1.1.1, 1.1.2).
• Goal 5.1 : Ensure continued operations when the City is impa cted by local hazard events (Objectives 5.1.1, 5.1.4).
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS AND EDUCATION
Mitigation Action 3.1: Emergency Preparedness Campaigns City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Continue implementing customized campaigns to educate residents and businesses about appropriate emergency preparedness measures and what to do in the event of a disaster, using the following means of communication:
• Incorporation of special publications and inserts in the City's newsletter and other mailings such as utility bills;
• Traveling booths to set up in shopping centers, community centers, popular athletic fields, schools, and other activity centers;
• Information posted on website and social media;
• Media releases;
• Reports to City Council and City Commissions;
• Presentations to community organizations;
• Events such as the Police Department Open House, Child Safety Fair, and National Night Out; and
When designing and developing campaigns, give special attention to language, demographic, and cultural characteristics of the Pomona populati on to maximize effectiveness. Target vulnerable populations such as the elderly, poor, disabled, and non-English speakers.
Given the age of many Pomona homes and commercial structures, there should be frequent emphasis on insurance coverage and techniques to secure buildings to avoid seismically induced damage, including information on available assistance programs. Information should be periodically distributed about non- structural improvements to mitigate hazard risks, such as securing bookcases, filing cabinets, light fixtures, and similar objects that can cause injuries and block exits.
Lead Department: Police
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; events take place quarterly and annually Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: General fund
Rank: Level 2
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 2.1: Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with local hazards (Objectives 2.1.1 - 2.1.6). • Goal 4.1: Encourage and support leadership within Pomona to promote and implement local hazard mitigation activities (Objectives 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.4).
RESILIENT HOUSING, NEIGHBORHOODS AND COMMERCIAL DISTRICTS Mitigation Action 4.1: Unreinforced Masonry Buildings
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Continue requiring improvements to meet seismic safety standards for unreinforced masonry buildings when a change in use is proposed with tenant improvements.
Lead Department: Development Services
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; case-by-case as change of use projects are submitted to the City with tenant improvement plans.
Hazards Addressed: Earthquake
Funding Source: Development/permit fees
Rank: Level 1
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.2: Protect Pomona's unique character and values from being compromised by hazard events (Objectives 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.3).
• Goal 1.3: Minimize losses to existing property and reduce potential for damage to future development (Objectives 1.3.4, 1.3.5).
Mitigation Action 4.2: Vulnerable Building Reinforcement Much of the City was developed prior to current seismic standards. Older homes and buildings may require structural intervention to avoid significant damage in the event of a major earthquake or severe windstorm. In addition, the clusters of mobile homes in the City may need reinforcements such as foundation strappings. Structural interventions are often straightforward and cost -effective, such as bolting structures to foundations. Through community education campaigns, educate property owners about areas with structures potentially n eeding reinforcement, and provide technical assistance to property owners with vulnerable buildings to implement retrofit standards.
This action will be most effective when City building inspection staff are directed to prioritize identification and reinfo rcement of vulnerable buildings, are appropriately trained to detect vulnerable buildings and make reasonable, cost -efficient recommendations, and are consulted during formulation of community education campaigns.
Lead Department: Development Services
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; case-by-case as improvement plans are submitted to the City, and educational materials provided at the Development Services Department counter.
Hazards Addressed: Earthquake, Windstorm
Funding Source: General fund
Rank: Level 2
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.3: Minimize losses to existing property and reduce potential for damage to future development (Objectives 1.3.3, 1.3.4).
• Goal 2.1: Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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public awareness of the risks associated with natural hazards (Objectives 2.1.5, 2.1.6).
Mitigation Action 4.3: Valuing Heritage
Many of Pomona's designated historic buildings, as well as homes within the designated historic districts, do not meet seismic safety codes. Pomona's historic resources contribute greatly to local environment and culture and are tremendously valued by the community. Prioritize retrofitting City-owned historic structures and avoid demolition for the purpose of public safety.
Explore opportunities for federal and state grants for structural improvements to make City - owned buildings safer in lieu of demolition.
Lead Department: Development Services
Priority: Ongoing; annually review department budget and pursue grants Hazards Addressed: Earthquake
Funding Source: General fund and grants
Ranking: Level 3
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.2: Protect Pomona's unique character and values from being compromised by hazard events (Objectives 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.3).
Mitigation Action 4.4: Reduce Wildfire Threat
Continue existing programs to reduce risk of property damage and injury from wildfire, including:
• Citywide prohibition of new wood and wood shake roofing materials, and requirement of fire-resistant materials for re-roofing projects.
• Requirement of tile roofs in Phillips Ranch;
• Development of fire -resistant landscape program in coordination with Ganesha Hills homeowners; and
• County Fire Department weed abatement and brush clearance program.
Further measures to reduce the risks of wildfire include:
• Exploring options for further decreasing fire hazards through requirements established by ordinance in Ganesha Hills; and
• Limiting any increases in residential densities in wildfire hazard areas through appropriate land use policy applications in the General Plan Update.
Lead Department: Development Services, Fire Department
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; review department funds and resources for development of new ordinances. Review of re -roofing projects occur on case -by-case basis as projects are City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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submitted to the City.
Hazards Addressed: Wildfire
Funding Source: General fund and grants
Ranking: Level 4
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.3: Minimize losses to existing property and reduce potential for damage to future development (Objective 1.3.1).
• Goal 3.1: Balance natural resource management, and land use planning with local hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment (Objective s 3.1.1, 3.1.2).
Mitigation Action 4.5: Expanded Code Enforcement in Overcrowded Neighborhoods In Pomona's overcrowded neighborhoods:
• Step up code enforcement efforts, with particular emphasis on remediation of illegally inhabited building spaces that increase risks of injury or life loss in the event of a major earthquake.
• Significantly increase fees for code violations pertinent to public health and safety, so that the fees serve as a deterrent; and
• Continue enforcing stiff fines imposed on homeowners and contractors implementing structural modifications without appropriate permits.
Lead Department: Development Services
Implementation Schedule: Implemented, and ongoing as r egular inspections are conducted, or complaints received
Hazards Addressed: Earthquakes
Funding Source: General fund and code violation fees
Ranking: Level 1
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities. (Objective
1.1.3).
• Goal 1.3: Minimize losses to existing property and reduce potential for damage to future development (Objective 1.3.4).
Mitigation Action 4.6: Landslide Prevention
Prioritize routine maintenance and repairs of water, sewer, and irrigation lines in and around landslide prone areas to avoid long -term leaks that saturate and de -stabilize earth materials to point of dangerous and destructive landslides.
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Lead Department: Water Resources, Community Services, Public Works Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; irrigation lines inspected on quarterly basis Hazards Addressed: Landslide
Funding Source: General fund
Ranking: Level 2
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 3.1: Balance natural resource management, and land use planning with local hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment (Objectives 3.1.1, 3.1.2).
Mitigation Action 4.7: Landslide Prevention Development Standards Revise the City Grading Ordinance and development standards for hillside properties implemented through the " H" Overlay Zone to include best management practices for landslide prevention. Review the extent of pr operty subject to the overlay to ensure that all landslide potential areas are included and also continue applying the standards to all property meeting the requirements of "Hillside Area" as defined in Development Code Section 58010.
Lead Department: Development Services
Implementation Schedule: Zoning and Development Code currently undergoing update; completion expected by 2023.
Hazards Addressed: Landslide
Funding Source: General fund and grants
Ranking: Level 3
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.2: Protect Pomona's unique character and values from being compromised by hazard events (Objective 1.2.3).
• Goal 3.1: Balance natural resource management, and land use planning with local hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment (Objectives 3.1.1, 3. 1.2).
Mitigation Action 4.8: Business Community Protection
During an infectious disease outbreak, businesses can become severely impacted and may require modified operations from what would normally be permitted. Additionally, the city may need to modify normal operations to ensure development applications can continue. To protect the local economy, the following actions should be taken to ensure business operations and development can continue:
• Wave temporary use/special event permit fees,
• Work with businesses to modify operations for social distancing, • Establish protocol for electronic submission of applications, City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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• Teleconferencing should be used in place of in person meetings whenever possible. • Provide information to businesses about grants for PPE.
Lead Department: Development Services
Implementation Schedule: This mitigation was implemented during the COVID19 pandemic and can be implemented as necessary in the event of a surge or a new infectious disease outbreak.
Hazards Addressed: Pandemic/Infectious Disease
Funding Source: General fund and available grant funds
Ranking: Level 1
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses (Objectives 1.1.1, 1.1.2).
• Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objectives 5.1.2, 5.1.3, 5.1.4).
RISK REDUCTION FOR COMMUNITY VULNERABILITIES
Mitigation Action 5.1: Vulnerable Population Services
Vulnerable populations may be particularly impacted by a pandemic or infectious disease outbreak. The following mitigation can be implemented to reduce those impacts to the most vulnerable populations in the city:
• Employ eviction prevention programs,
• Provide emergency housing vouchers, rental assistance, and legal services, • Hold vaccination events in areas easily accessible by vulnerable populations, • Host zoom events for underprivileged children in the community.
Lead Department: Neighborhood Services
Implementation Schedule: This mitigation was implemented during the COVID19 pandemic and can be implemented as necessary in the event of a surge or a new infectious disease outbreak.
Hazards Addressed: Pandemic/Infectious Disease
Funding Source: General fund, and available grant funding including homeless prevention grants Ranking: Level 4
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses (Objectives 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3). • Goal 2.1: Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with local hazards (Objectives 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.5).
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
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Mitigation Action 6.1: General Plan and Development Code Update In the General Plan Update and associated Zoning Code amendments, integrate the hazards and risk assessment and mitigation in the new policy framework, with special attention to avoidance of new risks from proposed development, protection of environmental resources, appropriate level of public services and facilities, and circulation system effectiveness. As indicated in Section
1.4, t he Safety Element of the General Plan will be updated to address evacuation routes following the adoption of this LHMP update. Establish development policies that encourage and support redevelopment of aging building stock, consistent with community vision and goals.
Lead Department: Development Services
Implementation Schedule: Development Code update currently underway with completion expected in 2023. Complete General Plan update in the next 4-5 years.
Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: SB 2 grant and general fund
Ranking: Level 3
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses (Objective 1.1.3).
• Goal 1.2 : Protect Pomona’s unique character and values from being compromised by hazard events (Objectives 1.2.2, 1.2.3).
• Goal 1.3: Minimize losses to existing property and reduce potential for damage to future development (Objectives 1.3.1, 1.3 .4, 1.3.5,1.3.6).
• Goal 3.1: Balance natural resource management and land use planning with local hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment (Objectives 3.1.1, 3.1.2).
Mitigation Action 6.2: Development Project Review for Natural Hazards Risks When reviewing proposals for new development and infrastructure improvement projects, identify any natural hazards that have the potential to impact the property. If current building and development codes do not adequately address identified natural hazard impacts associated with a specific project, require additional mitigation to be incorporated into the project. Include this requirement in all project review procedures.
Lead Department: Development Services
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; case-by-case basis as development projects are submitted to the City.
Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: User fees, permit fees, and environmental review fees Ranking: Level 1
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
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• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses (Objective 1.1.3).
• Goal 1.2 : Protect Pomona’s unique character and values from being compromised by hazard events (Objectives 1.2.2, 1.2.3).
• Goal 1.3: Minimize losses to existing property and reduce potential for damage to future development (Objectives 1.3.1, 1.3 .4, 1.3.5,1.3.6).
• Goal 3.1: Balance natural resource management and land use planning with local hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment (Objectives 3.1.1, 3.1.2).
CITY EMERGENCY OPERATION PLAN (EOP) AND STANDARDIZED EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (SEMS) PLANNING AND TRAINING
Mitigation Action 7.1: Pomona SEMS Plan
Continue to implement the Pomona SEMS Plan contained within the City’s EOP, which functions as the City's manual for communications protocol in the event of a disaster. Update as needed for consistency with the State SEMS Plan involving interagency communication protocols, and this LHMP. Mobile command center system recently purchased for the Emergency Operation Center.
Lead Department: Risk Management
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; review SEMS plan annually for consistency with State SEMS Plan.
Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: General plan and grants
Ranking: Level 1
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential injury, and economic damage residents and businesses by Emergency preparedness for life loss, to Pomona maximizing capabilities. (Objectives
1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.4).
• Goal 2.1: Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with local hazards (Objectives 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4). • Goal 4.1: Encourage and support leadership within Pomona to promote and implement local hazard mitigation activities (Objectives 4.1.1, 4.1.3, 4.1.4, 4.1.5). • Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objectives 5.1.2, 5.1.3).
Mitigation Action 7.2: Emergency Preparedness Drills
Pursuant to the City's Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), conduct emergency preparedness and response drills for mock major earthquake events, the natural hazard with the greatest potential City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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for injury, loss life, property damage, and service interruptions. Drills should test disaster response systems and communication protocols. When preparing the drills, consider the wi de range of potential risks associated with critical facilities and vulnerabilities, such as interrupted service at Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center, street blockages from paused trains, major power service disruption, etc. Include representatives of City officials and staff, utility providers and the railroad operators, as well as trained community emergency response volunteers and emergency response stakeholders, and representatives of vulnerable facilities.
After the drill, analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the response effort and identify facility and infrastructure deficiencies contributing to response concerns. Use this information to inform priorities established in the LHMP Annual Report.
Lead Department: Risk Management
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing, on annual basis
Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: General plan and grants
Ranking: Level 4
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities (Objectives
1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.4).
• Goal 2.1: Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with local hazards (Objectives 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4). • Goal 4.1: Encourage and support leadership within Pomona to promote and implement local hazard mitigation activities (Objectives 4.1.1, 4.1. 3, 4.1.4, 4.1.5, 5.1.2, 5.1.3, 5.1.4,
5.1.6).
Mitigation Action 7.3: City Hall Life Safety Planning
Immediately following a disaster, community members will rely on City staff for assistance and direction. Part of the City's plan for maximizing emergency services must include taking care of staff's emergency needs so that they can function and serve the community. Without the ready services of City staff, the likelihood of hazard impacts to the community could increase.
Update City Hall Life Safety Preparedness Plan, conduct employee training, ensure that each department has complete first -aid kit, and hold emergency evacuation drills at City Hall on an annual basis. In addition, help staff establish reserve of personal emergency supplies, by buying kits at discounted prices and selling at- cost to staff or designating a team captain in each department to help individuals bring in appropriate kit.
Lead Department: Risk Management
Implementation Schedule: Ongoing; drills conducted annually and updates to Life Safety City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 11: Mitigation Action Plan
Preparedness Plan to occur as needed
Hazards Addressed: All Hazards
Funding Source: General fund and grants
Ranking: Level 2
Goals and Objectives Implemented:
• Goal 1.1: Reduce the potential for life loss, injury, and economic damage to Pomona residents and businesses by maximizing emergency preparedness capabilities (Objectives
1.1.1, 1.1. 2).
• Goal 5.1: Ensure continued operations when the City is impacted by local hazard events (Objectives 5.1.4, 5.1.6).
11.4 PROGRESS IN LOCAL MITIGATION EFFORTS
Several Mitigation Actions included in Section 11.3 , reflect actions that are ongoing as part of regular operations conducted by the City in an effort to mitigate or reduce the impacts of local hazards on the community. Some of these Mitigation Actions have been recently completed but may include some ongoing effort or additional component to complete in entirety. Additionally, some of the Mitigation Actions have been included that were implemented during the COVID 19 pandemic, that may be implemented if a future pandemic or infectious disease outbreak occurs in the City as necessary and based on relevance in a novel situation. The following Mitigation Actions reflect efforts that are ongoing as part of regular City operations:
• Mitigation Action 1.1: Implementation Options for Hazard Mitigation • Mitigation Action 2.3: Reinforcement of Historic City Facilities • Mitigation Action 2.4: Establish " Lifeline" Circulation System (component of this action is ongoing)
• Mitigation Action 2.5: Aging Water and Sewer Infrastructure Replacement • Mitigation Action 2.8: Build and Retrofit Public Buildings and Critical Facilities • Mitigation Action 3.1: Emergency Preparedness Campaigns • Mitigation Action 4.1: Unreinforced Masonry Buildings • Mitigation Action 4.2: Vulnerable Building Reinforcement • Mitigation Action 4.3: Valuing Heritage
• Mitigation Action 4.4: Reduce Wildfire Threat
• Mitigation Action 4.5: Expanded Code Enforcement in Overcrowded Neighborhoods • Mitigation Action 4.6: Landslide Prevention
• Mitigation Action 6.2: Development Project Review for Natural Hazards Risks • Mitigation Action 7.1: Pomona SEMS Plan
• Mitigation Action 7.2: Emergency Preparedness Drills
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 11: Mitigation Action Plan
• Mitigation Action 7.3: City Hall Life Safety Planning
The following Mitigation Action was completed during the preparation of this LHMP update:
• Mitigation Action 2.1: Integrity of Emergency Operation Center
The following Mitigation Actions were implemented during the COVID 19 pandemic and can be reinstated as necessary or relevant:
• Mitigation Action 2.7: City Employee Protection
• Mitigation Action 4.8: Business Community Protection
• Mitigation Action 5.1: Vulnerable Population Services City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
Appendix A:
Public Participation Survey Materials
& TAC Meeting Agendas
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
PUBLIC SURVEY FLYER – ENGLISH AND SPANISH
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
PUBLIC SURVEY SOCIAL MEDIA POST
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
1. Your Zip Code Answers varied and Community Name or Location Answers varied
2. Do you: ☐ Live or ☐ Work in Pomona?
3. If you live in Pomona, do you: ☐ Own or ☐ Rent?
2021 Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation
Plan Update Survey
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
4. If you live in Pomona, how many years? Answers varied from 1 to 50 years.
5. If you have lived in Pomona for 5 years or more, have you or someone in your household directly experienced a natural disaster such as an earthquake, severe windstorm, flood, wildfire, or other type of natural disaster while in Pomona?
☐ Yes ☐ No (IF NO, skip to question 7)
6. If “YES”, which of these natural disasters have you or someone in your household experienced in the past five years? (Please check all that apply)
☐ Earthquake
☐ Floods, Dam Failure and Inundation Hazards
☐ Wildfire Hazards/Brush Fire
☐ Climate Change
☐ Severe Windstorm
☐ Landslide
☐ Pandemic
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
7. How do you get information? (Please check up to three)
☐ Newspaper stories/ads ☐ Mail/Utility Bill
☐ Television news/ads ☐ Fire Department
☐ Radio News/ads ☐ Fact sheet/Brochure
Internet: ☐ Library
☐ Email newsletters ☐ Public workshops/Meetings ☐ Online news outlets ☐ SMS text message
☐ City web site ☐ College/University/Schools
☐ Social media (e.g. Facebook, ☐ Outdoor advertisements (billboards) Twitter, Instagram, etc.) ☐ Other: ___________________
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
8. How concerned are you about the following hazards?
Natural Disaster Very
Concerned
Somewhat
Concerned
Neutral Not Very
Concerned
Not
Concerned
Climate Change ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Severe Windstorm ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Flood, Dam Failure and
Inundation Hazards
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Wildfire Hazards/Brush
Fire
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Landslides ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Pandemic ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Earthquake ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
9. Planning ahead for responding to disasters can help lessen their impact. To help the City prioritize its disaster preparedness efforts, please tell us how important each of the following goals is to you.
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
Goal Very
Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral Not Very
Important
Not
Important
Protecting private property ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Protecting critical facilities
(hospitals, fire stations, etc.)
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Preventing development in
hazard areas
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Protecting the natural
environment
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Protecting historical/cultural
landmarks, museums, etc.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Promoting cooperation
among public and private
organizations and citizens
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Protecting and reducing
damage to utilities
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Strengthening emergency
services (police, fire,
ambulance)
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Protecting major employers ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Protecting small businesses ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Protecting K-12 schools ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Protecting
Colleges/Universities
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
10. Community assets are features, characteristics, or resources that either make a community unique or allow the community to function. Please rank the importance of protecting the following community assets:
Community Assets: Potential
Disaster Impact
Very
Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral Not Very
Important
Not
Important
Human: Loss of life and/or
injuries
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Economic: Business closures
and/or job losses
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Infrastructure: Damage or loss of
bridges, utilities, schools, etc.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Cultural Historic: Damage or loss
of libraries, museums,
fairgrounds, etc.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Environmental: Damage or loss
of forests, rangeland, waterways,
etc.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Governance: Ability to maintain
order and/or provide public
amenities and services
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
11. Have you taken any of the following steps to prepare for your household for potential disasters? Check all that apply.
☐ Purchased homeowners/renters insurance
☐ Purchased flood insurance
☐ Attended meetings or received written
information on natural disasters or
emergency preparedness
☐ Floodproofing (elevating furnace, water
heaters, electric panels
☐ Talked with family members about what to
do in case of a disaster or emergency
☐ Installed retrofits such as high impact
windows or doors to withstand high winds;
fire resistant siding roofing or window
☐ Developed a “Household/Family
Emergency Plan” in order to decide what
everyone would do in the event of a disaster
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
screens, etc.
☐ Installed/maintained firebreaks around the
home
☐ Prepared a “Disaster Supply Kit” (extra
food, water, batteries, medications, first aid,
etc.)
12. How would you rank the following strategies to address pre- and post-disaster damage? Strategy Very
Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral Not Very
Important
Not
Important
Retrofit and strengthen
essential facilities such as
police, fire, emergency medical
services, hospitals, schools,
etc.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Replace inadequate or
vulnerable bridges and
causeways
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Install or improve protective
structures, such as floodwalls
or levees
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Government buys flood-prone
properties and returns them to
a natural condition
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Assist property owners with
securing funding to mitigate
impacts to their property
caused by disasters
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Work on improving the damage
resistance of utilities
(electricity, communications,
water/wastewater facilities, etc.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
13. Please feel free to provide any additional comments:
Strengthen City codes,
ordinances, and plans to
require high risk management
standards
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☒
Provide better information
about hazard risk and high-
hazard areas
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Inform property owners of ways
they can prevent damage to
their properties
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
Interwest Consulting Group
Contact: Chantal Power, AICP
Phone: 909-754-1653
E-mail: [email protected]
Technical Advisory Committee Interview Agenda—Neighborhood Services January 27, 2022
1. Discuss outstanding questions:
A. List of transitional housing and senior care facilities B. Information about Housing Division rental and mortgage assistance, housing and rehab and façade improvement programs
C. List of community centers and City Parks
D. YMCA
2. Discuss mitigation actions from previous Hazard Mitigation Plan A. Landslide prevention (5.6) - Community Services?
B. Stabilizing Ganesha Park slopes (5.8) - Community Services? C. Vulnerable population services (6.2) - New; this was added to the pandemic section of the update
3. Discuss any new mitigation actions that should be included in update, considering the following:
A. Projects already planned for—studies, funding, commencement, completion in the next 5 years (implementation schedule)
C. Funding
D. Hazard(s) addressed
E. Goals and objectives addressed
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
Interwest Consulting Group
Contact: Chantal Power, AICP
Phone: 909-754-1653
E-mail: [email protected]
Technical Advisory Committee Interview Agenda—Water Resources February 3, 2022
1. Discuss outstanding questions:
A. Retrofits since last HMP update
B. Mitigations implemented following 2003 report regarding structural stability of city reservoirs
C. City ground water wells
D. City reservoirs, and retrofits
2. Discuss mitigation actions from previous Hazard Mitigation Plan A. Implementation options for hazard mitigation (1.2)
B. Water reservoir seismic retrofit completion (2.5)
C. Aging water and sewer infrastructure replacement (2.6) D. City employee protection (2.9) - New; added for new pandemic section E. Landslide prevention (5.6)
3. Discuss any new mitigation actions that should be included in update, considering the following:
A. Projects already planned for studies, funding, commencement, completion in the next 5 years (implementation schedule)
C. Funding
D. Hazard(s) addressed
E. Goals and objectives addressed
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
Interwest Consulting Group
Contact: Chantal Power, AICP
Phone: 909-754-1653
E-mail: [email protected]
Technical Advisory Committee Interview Agenda—Public Works February 3, 2022
1. Discuss outstanding questions:
A. Retrofits since last HMP update
B. Mitigations implemented following 2003 Ganesha Park landslide report C. Wastewater diverted to JWPCP in Carson
D. Areas of flood concern
2. Discuss mitigation actions from previous Hazard Mitigation Plan A. Implementation options for hazard mitigation (1.2)
B. Establish “Lifeline” circulation system (2.4)
C. Localized flood control improvements (2.7)
D. City employee protection (2.9) - New; added for new pandemic section E. Landslide prevention (5.6)
3. Discuss any new mitigation actions that should be included in update, considering the following:
A. Completion of Goldline
B. Public Works/CIP projects already planned for studies, funding, commencement, completion in the next 5 years (implementation schedule)
C. Funding
D. Hazard(s) addressed
E. Goals and objectives addressed
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
Interwest Consulting Group
Contact: Chantal Power, AICP
Phone: 909-754-1653
E-mail: [email protected]
Technical Advisory Committee Interview Agenda—Water Resources February 7, 2022
1. Discuss outstanding questions:
A. Copy of SEMS Plan
2. Discuss mitigation actions from previous Hazard Mitigation Plan A. Mitigation Actions under outside agency authority (2.8 & 4.2) 1) Back-up medical services (2.8)
2) Community emergency volunteers
B. Coordinator and LHMP committee (1.1)
C. Integrity of emergency operation center system (2.1) D. Back-up emergency operations center (2.2)
E. Hazard mitigation partners (4.3)
F. Pomona SEMS Plan (8.1)
G. Emergency preparedness drills (8.2)
H. Decentralized emergency supplies and equipment (8.3) I. City Hall life safety planning (8.4)
3. Discuss any new mitigation actions that should be included in update, considering the following:
A. Projects already planned for studies, funding, commencement, completion in the next 5 years (implementation schedule)
C. Funding
D. Hazard(s) addressed
E. Goals and objectives addressed
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
Interwest Consulting Group
Contact: Chantal Power, AICP
Phone: 909-754-1653
E-mail: [email protected]
Technical Advisory Committee Interview Agenda—Development Services February 14, 2022
1. Discuss outstanding questions:
A. URM buildings in the City
B. URM City owned facilities
C. List of Historic Resources
D. Housing Element—overcrowded neighborhoods and soft-story multi-family housing E. Safety Element update pursuant to SB 99 and AB 747
F. Housing vs population growth number, percent of housing types, and vacancy rates G. Properties on National Register of Historic Places, Historic Landmarks, Pomona’s Landmark Register
H. Percent of City located in liquefaction zones
I. Construction date of facilities used during emergencies
2. Discuss mitigation actions from previous Hazard Mitigation Plan A. Implementation options for hazard mitigation (1.2)
B. Reinforcement of other City facilities (2.3)
C. Establish “Lifeline” circulation system (2.4)
D. Unreinforced masonry buildings (5.1)
E. Vulnerable buildings reinforced (5.2)
F. Valuing heritage (5.3)
G. Reduce wildfire threat (5.4)
H. Expanded Code Enforcement in overcrowded neighborhoods (5.5) I. Landslide prevention development standards (5.7)
J. Business community protection (5.9); New, added for pandemic hazards K. General Plan and Development Code update (7.1)
L. Development project review for natural hazards risks (7.2)
3. Discuss any new mitigation actions that should be included in update.
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials and TAC Meeting Agendas
Interwest Consulting Group
Contact: Chantal Power, AICP
Phone: 909-754-1653
E-mail: [email protected]
Technical Advisory Committee Interview Agenda—Police Department March 7, 2022
1. Discuss mitigation actions from previous Hazard Mitigation Plan A. Early Warning Systems and Local Consideration (3.1)
B. Emergency Preparedness Campaigns (4.1)
C. Accelerated Emergency Response for Vulnerable Populations (6.1)
2. Discuss any new mitigation actions that should be included in update.
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix B: HAZUS Report
Appendix B:
HAZUS Report
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix B: HAZUS Report
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
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Appendix B: HAZUS Report
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resources Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
Appendix C:
Resource Directory &
Pomona Organizational Charts
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
APPENDIX C: RESOURCE DIRECTORY
The Resource Directory, provided by the Disaster Management Area D Coordinator, provides contact information for local, regional, state, and federal programs that are currently involved in hazard mitigation activities. The Hazard Mitigation Action Committee may refer to the organizations on the following pages for resources and technical assistance. The Resource Directory provides a foundation for potential partners in action item implementation.
American Public Works Association
Level: National
Hazard: Multi
http://www.apwa.net
2345 Grand Boulevard, Suite 500, Kansas City, MO 64108-2641 Ph: 816.472.1610
Notes: The American Public Works Association is an international educational and professional association of public agencies, private sector companies, and individuals dedicated to providing high quality public works goods and services.
Association of State Floodplain Manager
Level: Federal
Hazard: Flood
www.floods.org
2809 Fish Hatchery Road, Madison WI 53713
Ph: 608.274.0123
Notes: The Association of State Floodplain Managers is an organization of professionals involved in floodplain management, flood hazard mitigation, the National Flood Insurance Program, and flood preparedness, warning and recovery
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC)
Level: National
Hazard: Earthquake
www.bssconline.org
1090 Vermont Avenue NW, Suite 700, Washington DC, 20005 Ph: 202.289.7800
Notes: The Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) develops and promotes building earthquak e risk mitigation regulatory provisions for the nation.
California Department of Transportation (Cal-T rans)
Level: State
Hazard: Multi
http://www.dot.ca.gov/
120 S. Spring Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012
Ph: 213.897.3656
Notes: CalTrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the state's boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, Caltrans is also invo lved in the support of intercity passenger rail service in California.
California Resources Agency
Level: State
Hazard: Multi
http://resources.ca.gov/
1416 Ninth Street, Suite 1331, Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916.653.5656
Notes: The California Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and cultural resources for current and future generations using solutions based on science, collaboration and respect for all the communities and interests involved.
California Division of Forestry (CDF)
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
Level: State
Hazard: Multi
http://www.fire.ca.gov/php/index.php
210 W. San Jacinto, Perris, CA 92570
Ph: 909.940.6900
Notes: The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection protects over 31 million acres of California's privately-owned wildlands. CDF emphasizes the management and protection of California's natural resources.
California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG)
Level: State
Hazard: Multi
www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/index.htm
801 K Street, MS 12-30, Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916.445.1825
N
otes: The California Geological Survey devel -o
ps and disseminates technical information and
advice on California's geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources.
California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES) Level: State
Hazard: Multi
http://ceres.ca.gov/
900 N. Street, Suite 250, Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916.653.2238
Notes: CERES is an excellent website for access to environmental information and websites.
California Department of Water Resources (DWR)
Level: State
Hazard: Flood
http://www.dwr.water.ca.gov
1416 9th Street, Sacramento, CA 95814
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
Ph: 916.653.6192
Notes: The Department of Water Resources manages the water resources of California in cooperation with other agencies, to benefit the State's people, and to protect, restore, and enhance the natural and human environments.
California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office Level: State
Hazard: Multi
www.consrv.ca.gov
655 S. Hope Street, #700, Los Angeles, CA 90017-2321
Ph: 213.239.0878
Notes: The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental health, economic vitality, informed land-use decisions and sound management of our state's natural resources.
EPA, Region 9
Level: Regional
Hazard: Multi
http://epa.gov/region09
75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA 94105
Ph: 415.947.8000
Notes: The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment through the themes of air and global climate change, water, land, communities and ecosystems, and compliance and environmental stewardship.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX
Level: Federal
Hazard: Multi
www.fema.gov
1111 Broadway, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94607
Ph: 510.627.7100
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
Notes: The Federal Emergency Management Agency is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division Level: Federal
Hazard: Multi
www.fema.gov/fima/planhowto.shtm
500 C. Street, SQ, Washington, DC 20472
Ph: 202.566.1600
Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance, Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throughout the country.
Floodplain Management Association
Level: Federal
Hazard: Flood
www.floodplain.org
P.O. Box 50891, Sparks, NV 89435-0891
Ph: 775.626.6389
Notes: The Floodplain Management Association is a nonprofit educational association. It was established in 1990 to promote the reduction of flood losses and to encourage the protection and enhancement of natural floodplain values. Members include representatives of federal, state and local government agencies as well as private firms.
Gateway Cities Partnership
Level: Regional
Hazard: Multi
www.gatewaycities.org
7300 Alondra Blvd., Suite 202, Paramount, CA 90723
Ph: 562.817.0820
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
Notes: Gateway Cities Partnership is a 50 1-C3 non-profit Community Development Corporation for the Gateway Cities region of southeast LA County. The region comprises 27 cities that roughly speaking extends from Montebello on the north to Long Beach on the South, the Alameda Corridor on the west to the Orange County line on the east.
Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES)
Level: State
Hazard: Multi
www .oes.ca.gov
P.O. Box 419047, Rancho Cordova, CA 95741-9047
Ph: 916.845.8911
Notes: The Governor's Office of Emergency Services coordinates overall state agency response to major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state’s readiness to respond to and recover from natural, manmade, and war-caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and recovery efforts.
Governor’s Office of Planning and Research
Level: State
Hazard: Multi
https://www.opr.ca.gov/about/contact-us.html
1400 Tenth Street, Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916.322.2318
Notes: The Governor’s Office of Planning and Research studies future research and planning needs, fosters goal -driven collaboration, and delivers guidance to state partners and lo cal communities, with a focus on land use and community development, climate risk and resilience, and high road economic development.
Landslide Hazards Program, USGS
Level: Federal
Hazard: Landslide
http:// lands I ides.usgs.gov/index.htmI
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192
Ph: 703.648.4000
Notes: The NLIC website provides good information on the rograms and resources regarding landslides. The page includes information on the National Landslide Hazards Program Information Center, a bibliography, publications, and current projects. USGS scientists are working to reduce long -term losses and casualties from landslide hazards through better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of ground failure both nationally and worldwide.
Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation
Level: Regional
Hazard: Multi
www.laedc.org
444 S. Flower Street, Los Angeles, CA 90071
Ph: 213.236.4813
N
otes: The LAEDC is a private, non- profit 501 (c) 3 organization established in 1981 with the mission to attract, retain and grow businesses and jobs in the Los Angeles region. The LAEDC is widely relied upon for its Southern California Economic Forecasts and Industry Trend Reports.
Lead by the renowned Jack Kyser (Sr. Vice President, Chief Economist) his team of re -s
earchers
produces numerous publications to help business, media and government navigate the LA region's diverse economy.
Los Angeles County Public Works Department
Level: County
Hazard: Multi
http://ladpw.org
900 S. Fremont Ave., Alhambra, CA 91803
Ph: 626.458.5100
Notes: The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works protects property and promotes public safety through Flood Control, Water Conservation, Road Maintenance, Bridges, Buses and Bicycle Trails, Building and Safety, Land Development, Waterworks, Sewers, Engineering, Capital Projects and Airports.
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Program
Level: Federal
Hazard: Wildfire
www.firewise.org/
1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471
Ph: 617.770.3000
Notes: Firewise maintains a Website designed for people who live in wildfire -prone areas, but it also can be of use to local planners and decision makers. The site offers online wildfire protection information and checklists, as well as listings of other publications, videos, and conferences.
National Resources Conservation Service
Level: Federal
Hazard: Multi
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
1 4th and Independ
-e
nce Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20250
Ph
: 202.720.7246
Notes: NRCS assists owners of America's private land with conserving their soil, water, and other natural resources, by delivering technical assistance based on sound science and suited to a customer's specific needs. Cost shares and financial incentives are available in some cases.
National lnteragency Fire Center (NIFC)
Level: Federal
Hazard: Wildfire
www.nifc.gov
3833 S. Development Ave., Boise, Idaho 83705-5354
Ph: 208.387.5512
Notes: The NIFC in Boise, Idaho is the nation's support center for wildland firefighting. Seven federal agencies work together to coordinate and support wildland fire and disaster operations.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Level: National
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Hazard: Wildfire
http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/home/index.asp
1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02 I 69-7471
Ph: 617.770.3000
N
otes: The mission of the international non -pr
ofit NFPA is to reduce the worldwide burden of
fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating scientifically based consensus codes and standards, research, training and education.
National Floodplain Insurance Program (NFIP)
Level: Federal
Hazard: Flood
www.fema.gov/nfip/
500 C Street, S. W., Washington, O.C. 20472
Ph: 202.566.1600
Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance, Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throughout the country.
National Oceanic /Atmospheric Administration
Level: Federal
Hazard: Multi
www.noaa.gov
14th Street & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20230 Ph: 202.482.6090
Notes: NOAA's historical role has been to predict environmental changes, protect life and property, provide decision makers with reliable scientific information, and foster global environmental stewardship.
National Weather Service, Office of Hydrologic Development Level: Federal
Hazard: Flood
http://www.nws.noaa.gov/
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1325 East West Highway, SSMC2, Silver Spring, MD 20910 Ph: 301.713.1658
Notes: The Office of Hydrologic Development (OHO) enhances National Weather Service products by infusing new hydrologic science, developing hydrologic techniques for operational use, managing hydrologic development by NWS field office, providing advanced hydrologic products to meet needs identified by NWS customers.
National Weather Service
Level: Federal
Hazard: Multi
http://www.nws.noaa.gov/
520 North Elevar Street, Oxnard, CA 93030
Ph: 805.988.6615
Notes: The National Weather Service is resp onsible for providing weather service to the nation.
It is charged with the responsibility of observing and reporting the weather and with issuing forecasts and warnings of weather and floods in the interest of national safety and economy.
Briefly, the priorities for service to the nation are: 1. protection of life, 2. protection of property, and 3. promotion of the nation's welfare and economy.
San Gabriel Valley Economic Partnership
Level: Regional
Hazard: Multi
www.valleynet.org
4900 Rivergrade Road, Irwindale, CA 91706
Ph: 626.856.3400
Notes: The San Gabriel Valley Economic Partnership is a non-profit corporation representing both public and private sectors. The Partnership is the exclusive source for San Gabriel Valley specific information, expertise, consulting, products, services, and events. It is the single organization in the Valley with the mission to sustain and build the regional economy for the mutual benefit of all thirty cities, chambers of commerce, academic institutions, businesses, and residents.
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Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County
Level: County
Hazard: Flood
http://www.lacsd.ora/
1955 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90607
Ph: 562.699.7411 x 2301
Notes: The South Bay Economic Development Partnership is a collaboration of business, labor, education and government. Its primary goal is to plan and implement an economic development and marketing strategy designed to retain and create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the South Bay of Los Angeles County.
South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD)
Level: Regional
Hazard: Multi
www.aqmd.gov
21865 E. Copley Drive, Diamond Bar, CA 91765
Ph: 800.CUT.SMOG
Notes: AQMD is a regional government agency that seeks to achieve and maintain healthful air quality thro ugh a comprehensive program of research, regulations, enforcement, and communication. The AQMD covers Los Angeles and Orange Counties and parts of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties.
Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
Level: Regional
Hazard: Earthquake
www.scec.org
3651 Trousdale Parkway, Suite 169, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0742 Ph: 213.740.5843
Notes: The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers new information about earthquakes in Southern California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end-users and the general public in order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives.
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Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG)
Level: Regional
Hazard: Multi
www.scag.ca.gov
818 W. Seventh Street, 12th floor, Los Angeles, CA 90017 Ph: 213.236.1800
Notes: The Southern California Association of Governments functions as the Metropolitan Planning Organization for six counties: Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura and Imperial. As the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization, the Association of Governments is mandated by the federal government to research and draw up plans for transportation, growth management, hazardous waste management, and air quality.
State Fire Marshal (SFM)
Level: State
Hazard: Wildfire
http://osfm.fire.ca.gov
1131 "S" Street, Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916.445.8200
Notes: The Office of the State Fire Marshal (SFM) supports the mission of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) by focusing on fire prevention. SFM regulates buildings in which people live, controls substances which may, cause injuries, death and destruction by fire; provides statewide direction for fire prevention within wildland areas; regulates hazardous liquid pipelines; reviews regulations and building standards; and trains and educates in fire protection methods and responsibilities.
The Community Rating System (CRS)
Level: Federal
Hazard: Flood
http://www.fema.gov/nfip/crs.shtm
500 C Street, S. W., Washington, D.C. 20472
Ph: 202.566.1600
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Notes: The Community Rating System (CRS) recognizes community floodplain management efforts that go beyond the minimum requirements of the NFlP. Property owners within the County would receive reduced NFIP flood insurance premiums if the County implements floodplain management practices that qualify it for a CRS rating. For further information on the CRS, visit FEMA's website.
United States Geological Survey
Level: Federal
Hazard: Multi
http://www.usgs.gov/
345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025
Ph: 650.853.8300
Notes: The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life.
US Army Corps of Engineers
Level: Federal
Hazard: Multi
http://www.usaace.army.mil
P.O. Box 532711, Los Angeles CA 90053- 2325
Ph: 213.452.3921
Notes: The United States Army Corps of Engineers work in engineering and environmental matters. A workforce of biologists, engineers, geologists, hydrologists, natural resource managers and other professionals provide engineering services to the nation including planning, designing, building and operating water resources and other civil works projects.
USDA Forest Service
Level: Federal
Hazard: Wildfire
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http://www.fs.fed.us
1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-0002
Ph: 202.205.8333
Notes: The Forest Service is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Forest Service manages public lands in national forests and grasslands.
USGS Water Resources
Level: Federal
Hazard: Multi
www.water.usgs.gov
6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819-6129
Ph: 916.278.3000
Notes: The USGS Water Resources mission is to provide water information that benefits the Nation's citizens: publications, data, maps, and applications software.
Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC)
Level: Regional
Hazard: Earthquake
www.wsspc.org/home.html
125 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306
Ph: 650.330.1101
Notes: WSSPC is a regional earthquake consortium funded mainly by FEMA. Its website is a great resource, with information clearly categorized - from policy to engineering to education.
Westside Economic Collaborative C/O Pacific Western Bank Level: Regional
Hazard: Multi
http://www.westside-la.or
120 Wilshire Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90401
Ph: 310.458.1521
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Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts
Notes: The Westside Economic Development Collaborative is the first Westside regional economic development corporation. The Westside EDC functions as an information gatherer and resource center, as well as a forum, through bringing business, governmen t, and residents together to address issues affecting the region: Economic Diversity, Transportation, Housing, Workforce Training and Retraining, Lifelong Learning, Tourism, and Embracing Diversity.
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Appendix D: Economic Guidelines for Natural Hazard Mitigation Projects
Appendix D:
Economic Analysis Guidelines for Natural
Hazard Mitigation Projects
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Appendix D: Economic Analysis Guidelines for Natural Hazard Mitigation Projects
APPENDIX D: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS GUIDELINES FOR NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PROJECTS Benefit/cost analysis is a key mechanism used by the state Office of Emergency Services (OES), the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other state and federal agencies in evaluating hazard mitigation projects and is required by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as amended.
This appendix outlines several approaches for conducting economic analysis of natural hazard mitigation projects. It describes the importance of implementing mitigation activities, different approaches to economic analysis of mitigation strategies, and methods to calculate costs and benefits associated with mitigation strategies. Information in this section is derived in part from: The Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police - Office of Emergency Management, 2000), and Federal Emergency Management Agency Publication 331, Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation.
This section is not intended to provide a comprehensive description of benefit/cost analysis, nor is it intended to provide the details of economic analysis methods that can be used to evaluate local projects.
It is intended to (I) raise benefit/cost analysis as an important issue, and (2) provide some background on how economic analysis can be used to evaluate mitigation projects.
PURPOSE
Mitigation activities reduce the cost of disasters by minimizing property damage, injuries, and the potential for loss of life, and by reducing emergency response costs, which would otherwise be incurred.
Evaluating natural hazard mitigation provides decision makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. Evaluating mitigation projects is a complex and difficult undertaking, which is influenced by many variables. First, natural disasters affect all segments of the communities they strike, including individuals, businesses, and public services such as fire, police, utilities, and schools.
Second, while some of the direct and indirect costs of disaster damages are measurable, some of the costs are non-financial and difficult to quantify in dollars. Third, many of the impacts of such events produce "ripple-effects" throughout the co mmunity, greatly increasing the disaster's social and economic consequences.
While not easily accomplished, there is value, from a public policy perspective, in assessing the positive and negative impacts from mitigation activities and obtaining an instru ctive benefit/cost comparison.
Otherwise, the decision to pursue or not pursue various mitigation options would not be based on an objective understanding of the net benefit or loss associated with these actions.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR MITIGATION STRATEGIES
The approaches used to identify the costs and benefits associated with natural hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis. The distinction between the two methods is the way in which the relative costs and benefits are measured. Additionally, there are varying approaches to assessing the value of mitigation for public sector and private sector activities.
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Appendix D: Economic Analysis Guidelines for Natural Hazard Mitigation Projects
Benefit/Cost Analysis
Benefit/cost analysis is used in natural hazards mitigation to show if the benefits to life and property protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determ ining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster related damages later. Benefit/cost analysis is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard, avoided future damages, and risk.
In benefit/cost analysis, all costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net benefit/cost ratio is computed to determine whether a project should be implemented (i.e., if net benefits exceed net costs, the project is worth pursuing). A project must have a benefit/cost ratio greater than 1 in order to be funded.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. This type of analysis, however, does not necessarily measure costs and benefits in terms of dollars.
Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can also be organized according to the perspective of those with an economic interest in the outcome. Hence, economic analysis approaches are covered for both public and private sectors as follows.
Investing in public sector mitigation activities
Evaluating mitigation strategies in the public sector is complicated because it involves estimating all of the economic benefits and costs regardless of who realizes them, and potentially to a large number of people and economic entities. Some benefits cannot be evaluated monetarily, but still affect the public in profound ways. Economists have developed methods to evaluate the economic feasibility of public decisions that involve a diverse set of beneficiaries and non-market benefits.
Investing in private sector mitigation activities
Private sector mitigation projects may occur on the basis of one of two approaches: it may be mandated by a regulation or standard, or it may be economically justified on its own merits. A building or landowner, whether a private entity or a public agency, required to conform to a mandated standard may consider the following options:
• Request cost sharing from public agencies;
• Dispose of the building or land either by sale or demolition; • Change the designated use of the building or land and change the hazard mitigation compliance requirement; or
• Evaluate the most feasible alternatives and initiate the most cost -effective hazard mitigation alternative.
The sale of a building or land triggers another set of concerns. For example, real estate disclosure laws can be developed which require sellers of real property to disclose known defects and deficiencies in the property, including earthquake weaknesses and hazards to prospective purchasers. Correcting deficiencies can be expensive and time consuming, but their existence can prevent the sale of the building. Conditions of a sale regarding the deficiencies and the price of the building can be negotiated between a buyer and seller.
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Appendix D: Economic Analysis Guidelines for Natural Hazard Mitigation Projects
CONDUCTING AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Benefit/cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis are important tools in evaluating whether or not to implement a mitigation activity. A framework for evaluating alternat ive mitigation activities is outlined below:
1. Identify the Alternatives. Alternatives for reducing risk from natural hazards can include structural projects to enhance disaster resistance, education and outreach, and acquisition or demolition of exposed properties, among others. Different mitigation project can assist in minimizing risk to natural hazards but do so at varying economic costs.
2. Calculate the Costs and Benefits. Choosing economic criteria is essential to systematically calculating costs and b enefits of mitigation projects and selecting the most appropriate alternative. Potential economic criteria to evaluate alternatives include:
• Determine the project cost. This may include initial project development costs, and repair and operating costs of maintaining projects over time.
• Estimate the benefits . Projecting the benefits, or cash flow resulting from a project can be difficult. Expected future returns from the mitigation effort depend on the correct specification of the risk and the effectivenes s of the project, which may not be well known.
Expected future costs depend on the physical durability and potential economic obsolescence of the investment. This is difficult to project. These considerations will also provide guidance in selecting an appropriate salvage value. Future tax structures and rates must be projected.
Financing alternatives must be researched, and they may include retained earnings, bond and stock issues, and commercial loans.
• Consider costs and benefits to society and the enviro nment. These are not easily measured but can be assessed through a variety of economic tools including existence value or contingent value theories. These theories provide quantitative data on the value people attribute to physical or social environments. Even without hard data, however, impacts of structural projects to the physical environment or to society should be considered when implementing mitigation projects.
• Determine the correct discount rate. Determination of the discount rate can just be the r isk- free cost of capital, but it may include the decision maker's time preference and also a risk premium. Including inflation should also be considered.
3. Analyze and Rank the Alternatives. Once costs and benefits have been quantified, economic analysis tools can rank the alternatives. Two methods for determining the best alternative given varying costs and benefits include net present value and internal rate of return.
• Net present value . Net present value is the value of the expected future returns of an investment minus the value of expected future cost expressed in today's dollars. If the net present value is greater than the project costs, the project may be determined feasible for implementation. Selecting the discount rate and identifying the present and future costs and benefits of the project calculates the net present value of projects. • Internal Rate of Return. Using the internal rate of return method to evaluate mitigation City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix D: Economic Analysis Guidelines for Natural Hazard Mitigation Projects
projects provides the interest rate equivalent to the dollar returns expected from the project.
Once the rate has been calculated, it can be compared to rates earned by investing in alternative projects. Projects may be feasible to implement when the internal rate of return is greater than the total costs of the project.
Once the mitigation projects are ranked on the basis of economic criteria, decision-makers can consider other factors, such as risk; project effectiveness; and economic, environmental, and social returns in choosing the appropriate project for implementation.
ECONOMIC RETURNS OF NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION
The estimation of economic returns, which accrue to building or landowner as a result of natural hazard mitigation, is difficult. Owners evaluating the economic feasibility of mitigation should consider reductions in physical damages and financial losses. A partial list follows:
• Building damages avoided
• Content damages avoided
• Inventory damages avoided
• Rental income losses avoided
• Relocation and disruption expenses avoided
• Proprietor's income losses avoided
These parameters can be estimated using observed prices, costs, and engineering data. The difficult part is to correctly determine the effectiveness of the hazard mitigation project and the resulting reduction in damages and losses. Equally as difficult is assessing the probability that an event will occur. The damages and losses should only include those that will be borne by the owner. The salvage value of the investment can be important in determining economic feasibility. Salvage value becomes more important as the time horizon of the owner declines. This is important because most businesses depreciate assets over a period of time.
ADDITIONAL COSTS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS
Property owners should also assess changes in a broader set of factors that can change as a result of a large natural disaster. These are usually termed "indirect" effects, but they can have a very direct effect on the economic value of the owner's building or land. They can be positive or negative, and include changes in the following:
• Commodity and resource prices
• Availability of resource supplies
• Commodity and resource demand changes Building and land values • Capital availability and interest rates
• Availability of labor
• Economic structure
• Infrastructure
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• Regional exports and imports
• Local, state, and national regulations and policies
• Insurance availability and rates
Changes in the resources and industries listed above are more difficult to estimate and require models that are structured to estimate total economic impacts. Total economic impacts are the sum of direct and indirect economic impacts. Total economic impact models are usually not combined with economic feasibility models. Many models exist to estimate total economic impacts of changes in an economy.
Decision makers should understand the total economic impacts of natural disasters in order to calculate the benefits of a mitigation activity. This suggests that understanding the local economy is an important first step in being able to understand the potential impacts of a di saster, and the benefits of mitigation activities.
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Conducting an economic analysis for potential mitigation activities can assist decision-makers in choosing the most appropriate strategy for their community to reduce risk and prevent loss from natural hazards.
Economic analysis can also save time and resources from being spent on inappropriate or unfeasible projects. Several resources and models are listed on the following page that can assist in conducting an economic analysis for natural hazard mitigation activities.
Benefit/cost analysis is complicated, and the numbers may divert attention from other important issues.
It is important to c onsider the qualitative factors of a project associated with mitigation that cannot be evaluated economically. There are alternative approaches to implementing mitigation projects. Many communities are looking towards developing multi-objective projects. With this in mind, opportunity rises to develop strategies that integrate natural hazard m itigation with projects related to watersheds, environmental planning, community economic development, and small business development, among others. Incorporating natural hazard mitigation with other community projects can increase the viability of project implementation.
RESOURCES
The following resources for economic analysis have been provided by the Disaster Management Area D Coordinator.
CUREe Kajima Project, Methodologies For Evaluating The Socio-Economic Consequences Of Large Earthquakes, Task 7.2 Economic Impact Analysis, Prepared by University of California, Berkeley Team, Robert A. Olson, VSP Associates, Team Leader; John M. Eidinger, G&E Engineering Systems; Kenneth A. Goettel, Goettel and Associates lnc.; and Gerald L. Horner, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1997.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects, Riverine Flood, Version 1.05, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1996.
Federal Emergency Management Agency Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation.
Publication 331, 1996.
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Goettel & Horner Inc., Earthquake Risk Analysis Volume Ill: The Economic Feasibility of Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings in The City of Portland, Submitted to the Bureau of Buildings, City of Portland, August 30, 1995.
Goettel & Horner Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects Volume V, Earthquakes, Prepared for FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Branch, October 25, 1995.
Horner, Gerald, Benefit/Cost Methodologies for Use in Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Proposed Hazard Mitigation Measures, Robert Olson Associates, Prepared for Oregon State Police, Office of Emergency Management, July 1999.
Interagency Hazards Mitigation Te am, _State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police - Office of Emergency Management, 2000).
Risk Management Solutions, Inc., Develop ment of a Standardized Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, National Institute of Building Sciences, Volume I and II, 1994.
VSP Associates, Inc., A Benefit/Cost Model for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Volumes I & 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA Publication Numbers 227 and 228, 1991.
YSP Associates, Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigatio n Projects: Section 404 Hazard Mitigation Program and Section 406 Public Assistance Program, Volume 3: Seismic Hazard Mitigation Projects, 1993.
YSP Associates, Inc., Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model, Volume I, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Number 255, 1994.
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Appendix E: List of Acronyms
Appendix E:
List of Acronyms
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Appendix E: List of Acronyms
APPENDIX E: LIST OF ACRONYMS
FEDERAL ACRONYMS
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ATC Applied Technology Council
BCA Benefit/Cost Analysis
BFE Base Flood Elevation
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BSSC Building Seismic Safety Council
CDBG Community Development Block Grant
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CRS Community Rating System
EDA Economic Development
Mitigation EDA Environmental Protection Agency
ER Emergency Relief
EWP Emergency Watershed Protection (NRCS Program)
FAS Federal Aid System
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map
FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance
FTE (FEMA Program)
GIS Geographic Information System
GNS Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (International) GSA General Services Administration
HAZUS Hazards U.S.
HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
HMST Hazard Mitigation Survey Team
HUD Housing and Urban Development (United States, Department of) IBHS Institute for Business and Home Safety
ICC Increased Cost of Compliance
IHMT Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team
NCDC National Climate Data Center
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NHMP Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (also known as "409 Plan") NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences
NIFC National Interagency Fire Center
NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPS National Park Service
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service
NWS National Weather Service
SBA Small Business Administration
SEAO Structural Engineers Association of Oregon
SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer
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TOR Transfer of Development Rights
UGB Urban Growth Boundary
URM Unreinforced Masonry
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USBR United States Bureau of Reclamation
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USFA United States Fire Administration
USFS United States Forest Service
USGS United States Geological Survey
WSSPC Western States Seismic Policy
CALIFORNIA ACRONYMS
A&W Alert and Warning
AA Administering Areas
AAR After Action Report
ARC American Red Cross
ARP Accidental Risk Prevention
ATC20 Applied Technology Council 20
ATC21 Applied Technology Council 21
BCP Budget Change Proposal
BSA California Bureau of State Audits
CAER Community Awareness & Emergency Response
CalARP California Accidental Release Prevention
CalBO California Building Officials
CalEPA California Environmental Protection Agency
CalREP California Radiological Emergency Plan
CALSTARS California State Accounting Reporting System
CalTrans California Department of Transportation
CBO Community Based Organization
CD Civil Defense
CDF California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection CDMG California Division of Mines and Geology
CEC California Energy Commission
CEPEC California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council CESRS California Emergency Services Radio System
CHIP California Hazardous Identification Program
CHMIRS California Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System CHP California Highway Patrol
CLETS California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System CSTI California Specialized Training Institute
CUEA California Utilities Emergency Association
CUPA Certified Unified Program Agency
DAD Disaster Assistance Division (of the state Office of Emergency Svcs) DFO Disaster Field Office
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DGS California Department of General Services
DHSRHB California Department of Health Services, Radiological Health Branch DO Duty Officer
DOC Department Operations Center
DOE Department of Energy (U.S.)
DOF California Department of Finance
DOJ California Department of Justice
DPA California Department of Personnel Administration
DPIG Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant
DR Disaster Response
DSA Division of the State Architect
DSR Damage Survey Report
DSW Disaster Service Worker
DWR California Department of Water Resources
EAS Emergency Alerting System
EDIS Emergency Digital Information System
EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
EMA Emergency Management Assistance
EMI Emergency Management Institute
EMMA Emergency Managers Mutual Aid
EMS Emergency Medical Services
EOC Emergency Operations Center
EOP Emergency Operations Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.)
EPEDAT Early Post Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool
EPI Emergency Public Information
EPIC Emergency Public Information Council
ESC Emergency Services Coordinator
FAY Federal Award Year
FDAA Federal Disaster Assistance Administration
FEAT Governor's Flood Emergency Action Team
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FFY Federal Fiscal Year
FIR Final Inspection Reports
FIRESCOPE Firefighting Resources of So. Calif Organized for Potential Emergencies FMA Flood Management Assistance
FSR Feasibility Study Report
FY Fiscal Year
GIS Geographical Information System
HAZMAT Hazardous Materials
HAZMIT Hazardous Mitigation
HAZUS Hazards United States (an earthquake damage assessment prediction tool) HAD Housing and Community Development
HEICS Hospital Emergency Incident Command System
HEPG Hospital Emergency Planning Guidance
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HIA Hazard Identification and Analysis Unit
HMEP Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness
HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
IDE Initial Damage Estimate
IA Individual Assistance
IFG Individual & Family Grant (program)
IRG Incident Response Geographic Information System
IPA Information and Public Affairs (of state Office of Emergency Services) LAN Local Area Network
LEMMA Law Enforcement Master Mutual Aid
LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee
MARAC Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Council
MHID Multi-hazard Identification
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NBC Nuclear, Biological, Chemical
NEMA National Emergency Management Agency
NEMIS National Emergency Management Information System
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association
NPP Nuclear Power Plant
NSF National Science Foundation
NWS National Weather Service
OA Operational Area
OASIS Operational Area Satellite Information System
OCC Operations Coordination Center
OCD Office of Civil Defense
OEP Office of Emergency Planning
OES California Governor's Office of Emergency Services
OSHPD Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development OSPR Oil Spill Prevention and Response
PA Public Assistance
PC Personal Computer
PDA Preliminary Damage Assessment
PIO Public Information Office
POST Police Officer Standards and Training
PPA/CA Performance Partnership Agreement/Cooperative Agreement/Cooperative Agreement (FEMA)
PSA Public Service Announcement
PTAB Planning and Technological Assistance Branch
PTR Project Time Report
RA Regional Administrator (OES)
RADEF Radiological Defense (program)
RAMP Regional Assessment of Mitigation Priorities
RAPID Railroad Accident Prevention & Immediate Deployment RDO Radiological Defense Officer
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix E: List of Acronyms
RDMHC Regional Disaster Medical Health Coordinator
REOC Regional Emergency Operations Center
REPI Reserve Emergency Public Information
RES Regional Emergency Staff
RIMS Response Information Management System
RMP Risk Management Plan
RPU Radiological Preparedness Unit (OES)
RRT Regional Response Team
SAM State Administrative Manual
SARA Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act
SAVP Safety Assessment Volunteer Program
SBA Small Business Administration
SCO California State Controller's Office
SEMS Standardized Emergency Management System
SEPIC State Emergency Public Information Committee
SLA State and Local Assistance
SONGS San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SWEPC Statewide Emergency Planning Committee
TEC Travel Expense Claim
TRU Transuranic
TTT Train the Trainer
UPA Unified Program Account
UPS Uninterrupted Power Source
USAR Urban Search and Rescue
USGS United States Geological Survey California State
WC Warning Center
WAN Wide Area Network
WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Project
Source: Disaster Management Area D Coordinator, 2004.
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix F: Glossary
Appendix F:
Glossary
Draft Table of Contents Section
Appendix F: Glossary
APPENDIX F: GLOSSARY
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity at the earth's surface is 9.8 meters per second squared. That means that every second that something falls toward the surface of earth its velocity increases by 9.8 meters per second.
Asset
Any manmade or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to people; buildings; infrastructure like bridges, roads, and sewer and water systems; lifelines like electricity and communication resources; or environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wet-lands, or landmarks.
Base Flood Flood that has a I percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also known as the 100-year flood.
Base Flood Elevation (BFE)
Elevation of the base flood in relation to a specified datum, such as the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The Base Flood Elevation is used as the standard for the National Flood In-surance Program.
Bedrock The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel.
Building
A structure that is walled and roofed, principally above ground and permanently affixed to a site. The term includes a manufactured home on a permanent foundation on which the wheels and axles carry no weight.
Coastal High Hazard Area
Area, usually along an open coast, bay, or inlet, that is subject to inundation by storm surge and, in some instances, wave action caused by storms or seismic sources.
Coastal Zones
The area along the shore where the ocean meets the land as the surface of the land rises above the ocean. This land/water interface includes barrier islands, estuaries, beaches, coastal wetlands, and land areas having direct drainage to the ocean.
Community Rating System
(CRS)
An NFIP program that provides incentives for NFIP communities to complete activities that reduce flood hazard risk. When the community completes specified activities, the insurance premiums of policyholders in these communities are reduced.
Computer-Aided Design and
Drafting (CADD)
A computerized system enabling quick and accurate electronic 2-D and 3-D drawings, topographic mapping, site plans, and profile/cross- section drawings.
Contour A line of equal ground elevation on a topographic (contour) map.
Critical Facility
Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following hazard events. Critical facilities include, but are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and hospitals.
Debris
The scattered remains of assets broken or destroyed in a hazard event.
Debris caused by a wind or water hazard event can cause additional damage to other assets.
Digitalize
To convert electronically points, lines, and area boundaries shown on maps into x, y coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude, universal transverse mercator (UTM), or table coordinates) for use in computer Draft Table of Contents Section
Appendix F: Glossary
applications.
Displacement Time
The average time (in days) which the building's occupants typically must operate from a temporary location to while repairs are made to the original building due to damages resulting from a hazard event.
Duration How long a hazard event lasts.
Earthquake A sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated within or along the edge of earth's tectonic plates.
Erosion
Wearing away of the land surface by detachment and movement of soil and rock fragments, during a flood or storm or over a period of years, through the action of wind, water, or other geologic processes.
Erosion Hazard Area
Area anticipated to be lost to shoreline retreat over a given period of time. The projected inland extent of the area is measured by multiplying the average annual long-term recession rate by the number of years desired.
Essential Facility
Elements that are important to ensure a full recovery of a community or state following a hazard event. These would include: government functions, major employers, banks, schools, and certain commercial establishments, such as grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations.
Extent The size of an area affected by a hazard or hazard event.
Extratropical Cyclone
Cyclonic storm events like Nor'easters and severe winter low-pressure systems. Both West and East coasts can experience these non-tropical storms that produce gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy rain or snow. These cyclonic storms, commonly called nor'easters on the East Coast because of the direction of the storm winds, can last for several days and can be very large -1,000-mile wide storms are not uncommon.
Fault
A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are differentially displaced parallel to the plane of fracture.
Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA)
Independent agency created in 1978 to provide a single point of accountability for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and emergency preparedness, response and recovery.
Fire Potential Index (FPI)
Developed by USGS and USFS to assess and map fire hazard potential over broad areas. Based on such geo-graphic information, national policy makers and on-the-ground fire managers established priorities for prevention activities in the defined area to reduce the risk of managed and wildfire ignition and spread. Prediction of fire hazard shortens the time between fire ignition and initial attack by enabling fire managers to pre-allocate and stage sup-pression forces to high fire risk areas.
Flash Flood A flood event occurring with little or no warning where water levels rise at an extremely fast rate.
Flood
A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of nor-mally dry land areas from (I) the overflow of inland or tidal waters, (2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from Draft Table of Contents Section
Appendix F: Glossary
any source, or (3) mudflows or the sudden collapse of shoreline land.
Flood Depth Height of the floodwater surface above the ground surface.
Flood Elevation
Elevation of the water sur-face above an established datum, e.g.
National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, North American Ver-tical Datum of 1988, or Mean Sea Level.
Flood Hazard Area The area shown to be inundated by a flood of a given magnitude on a map.
Flood Insurance Rate Map
(FIRM)
Map of a community, pre-pared by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency that shows both the special flood hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to the community.
Flood Insurance Study (FIS)
A study that provides an examination, evaluation, and determination of flood hazards and, if appropriate, corresponding water surface elevations in a community or communities.
Floodplain Any land area, including watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source.
Frequency
A measure of how often events of a particular magnitude are expected to occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude, duration, and/or extent typically occurs, on average.
Statistically, a hazard with a 100-year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years on average, and would have a 1 percent chance -its probability-of happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies depending on the kind of hazard being considered.
Fujita Scale of Tornado
Intensity
Rates tornadoes with numeric values from F0 to F5 based on tornado wind-speed and damage sustained. An F0 indicates minimal damage such as broken tree limbs or signs, while and F5 indicated severe damage sustained.
Functional Downtime The average time (in days) during which a function (business or service) is unable to provide its services due to a hazard event.
Geographic Area Impacted The physical area in which the effects of the hazard are experienced.
Geographic Information
Systems (GIS)
A computer software application that relates physical features on the earth to a database to be used for mapping and analysis.
Ground Motion
The vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate.
The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or epicenter, but soft soils can further amplify ground motions.
Hazard
A source of potential danger or adverse condition. Hazards in this how- to series will include naturally occurring events such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property.
Hazard Event A specific occurrence of a particular type of hazard.
Hazard Identification The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area.
Hazard Mitigation Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk from hazards and their effects.
Draft Table of Contents Section
Appendix F: Glossary
Hazard Profile
A description of the physical characteristics of hazards and a determination of various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when they are recorded and displayed as maps.
HAZUS (Hazards US) A GIS-based nationally standardized earthquake loss estimation tool developed by FEMA
Hurricane
An intense tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in which wind speeds reach 74- miles-per-hour or more and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center or "eye." Hurricanes develop over the north Atlantic Ocean, northeast Pacific Ocean, or the south Pacific Ocean east of 160°E longitude. Hurricane circulation is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
Hydrology The science of dealing with the waters of the earth. A flood discharge is developed by a hydrologic study.
Infrastructure
Refers to the public services of a community that have a direct impact on the quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and sewer treat-ment facilities, and includes an area's transportation sys-tem such as airports, heliports; highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, over-passes, railways, bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, drydocks, piers and regional dams.
Intensity A measure of the effects of a hazard event at a particular place.
Landslide Downward movement of a slope and materials under the force of gravity.
Lateral Spreads
Develop on gentle slopes and entail the sidelong movement of large masses of soil as an underlying layer liquefies in a seismic event. The phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid. Liquefaction causes two types of ground failure: lateral spread and loss of bearing strength.
Liquefaction Results when the soil supporting structures liquefies. This can cause structures to tip and topple.
Lowest Floor Under the NFIP, the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including basement) of a structure.
Magnitude
A measure of the strength of a hazard event. The magnitude (also referred to as severity) of a given hazard event is usually determined using technical measures specific to the hazard.
Mitigation Plan
A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of natural hazards typically present in the state and includes a description of actions to minimize future vulnerability to hazards.
National Flood Insurance
Program (NFIP)
Federal program created by Congress in 1968 that makes flood insurance available in communities that enact minimum floodplain management regulations in 44 CFR §60.3.
National Geodetic Vertical Datum established in 1929 and used in the NFIP as a basis for Draft Table of Contents Section
Appendix F: Glossary
Datum of 1929 (NGVD) measuring flood, ground, and structural ele-vations, previously referred to as Sea Level Datum or Mean Sea Level. The Base Flood Elevations shown on most of the Flood Insurance Rate Maps issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency are referenced to NGVD.
National Weather Service
(NWS)
Prepares and issues flood, severe weather, and coastal storm warnings and can provide technical assistance to Federal and state entities in preparing weather and flood warning plans.
Nor’easter An extra-tropical cyclone producing gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy snow or rain.
Outflow Follows water inundation creating strong currents that rip at structures and pound them with debris and erode beaches and coastal structures.
Planimetric Describes maps that indicate only man-made features like buildings.
Planning The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social or economic unit.
Probability A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur.
Recurrence Interval
The time between hazard events of similar size in a given location. It is based on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year.
Repetitive Loss Property
A property that is currently insured for which two or more National Flood Insurance Program losses (occurring more than ten days apart) of at least $1,000 each have been paid within any 10-year period since 1978.
Replacement Value
The cost of rebuilding a structure. This is usually expressed in terms of cost per square foot and reflects the present-day cost of labor and materials to construct a building of a particular size, type and quality.
Richter Scale A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude devised by seismologist C.F.
Richter in 1935.
Risk
The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse condition that causes injury or damage.
Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, moderate or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the intensity of the hazard.
Riverine Of or produced by a river.
Scale
A proportion used in determining a dimensional relationship; the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance between the two points on the earth's surface.
Scarp A steep slope.
Scour
Removal of soil or fill material by the flow of floodwaters. The term is frequently used to describe storm-induced, localized conical erosion around pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of flow increases turbulence.
Seismicity Describes the likelihood of an area being subject to earthquakes.
Special Flood Hazard Area
(SFHA)
An area within a floodplain having a 1 percent or greater chance of flood occurrence in any given year (100-year floodplain); represented Draft Table of Contents Section
Appendix F: Glossary
on Flood Insurance Rate Maps by darkly shaded areas with zone designations that include the letter A or V.
Stafford Act
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL 100-107 was signed into law November 23, 1988 and amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93-288. The Stafford Act is the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities, especially as they pertain to FEMA and its programs.
State Hazard Mitigation Officer
(SHMO)
The representative of state government who is the primary point of contact with FEMA, other state and Federal agencies, and local units of government in the planning and implementation of pre- and post- disaster mitigation activities.
Storm Surge
Rise in the water surface above normal water level on the open coast due to the action of wind stress and atmospheric pressure on the water surface.
Structure Something constructed. (See also Building)
Substantial Damage
Damage of any origin sustained by a structure in a Special Flood Hazard Area whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before-damaged condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the damage.
Super Typhoon A typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph or more.
Surface Faulting
The differential movement of two sides of a fracture - in other words, the location where the ground breaks apart. The length, width, and displacement of the ground characterize surface faults.
Tectonic Plate
Torsionally rigid, thin seg-ments of the earth's lithosphere that may be assumed to move horizontally and adjoin other plates. It is the friction between plate boundaries that cause seismic activity.
Topographic
Characterizes maps that show natural features and indicate the physical shape of the land using contour lines. These maps may also include manmade features.
Tornado A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.
Tropical Cyclone A generic term for a cyclonic, low-pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters.
Tropical Depression A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of less than 39 mph.
Tropical Storm A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds greater than 39 mph and less than 74 mph.
Tsunami Great sea wave produced by submarine earth movement or volcanic eruption.
Typhoon
A special category of tropical cyclone peculiar to the western North Pacific Basin, frequently affecting areas in the vicinity of Guam and the North Mariana Islands. Typhoons whose maximum sustained winds attain or exceed 150 mph are called super typhoons.
Vulnerability
Describes how exposed or susceptible to damage an asset is.
Vulnerability depends on an asset's construction, contents, and the economic value of its functions. Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the community is often related to the vulnerability of Draft Table of Contents Section
Appendix F: Glossary
another. For example, many businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power -if an electric substation is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and damaging than direct ones.
Vulnerability Assessment
The extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built environment.
Water Displacement
When a large mass of earth on the ocean bottom sinks or uplifts, the column of water directly above it is displaced, forming the tsunami wave. The rate of displacement, motion of the ocean floor at the epicenter, the amount of displacement of the rupture zone, and the depth of water above the rupture zone all contribute to the intensity of the tsunami.
Wave Runup
The height that the wave extends up to on steep shorelines, measured above a reference level (the normal height of the sea, corrected to the state of the tide at the time of wave arrival).
Wildfire An uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, exposing and possibly consuming structures.
Zone A geographical area shown on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) that reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area
Source: Disaster Management Area D Coordinator, 2004.