Attachment No. 2; Exhibit A - WSCP — City Council / Housing Authority, May 18, 2026 (part 1 of 3)

2025 WATER SHORTAGE

CONTINGENCY PLAN

CITY OF POMONA
2025 Water Shortage Contingency
Plan
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Acronym Description
AF Acre‑Foot
AFY Acre‑Feet per Year
CII Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional
City City of Pomona
CWC California Water Code
DMM Demand Management Measure
DWR California Department of Water Resources
ERP Emergency Response Plan
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FY Fiscal Year
IEUA Inland Empire Utilities Agency
LACSD Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts
MWD Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
RRA Risk and Resilience Assessment
SWP State Water Project
TVMWD Three Valleys Municipal Water District
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
UWMP Urban Water Management Plan
WSAP Water Supply Allocation Plan
WSCP Water Shortage Contingency Plan

2025 Water Shortage Contingency
Plan
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WATER SHORTAGE CONTINGENCY PLAN
The City of Pomona’s (City) Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP) discusses and provides the following:
• The City’s WSCP is a detailed approach which presents how the City intends to act, or respond, in the case of an actual water shortage contingency. • Preparation of the City’s “Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment” (Annual Assessment) is discussed. Beginning July 1, 2022, the City has submitted the Annual Assessment every year through 2025. The Annual Assessment includes a review of the City’s “unconstrained” water demands for the current year and for a potential upcoming single dry year. Unconstrained water demands represent the City’s water demands prior to any “response actions” the City may invoke pursuant to the City’s WSCP.
• The City will manage water supplies to minimize the adverse impacts of water shortages. The City’s plan for water usage during periods of shortage is designed to incorporate six standard water shortage levels including up to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 percent shortages, and greater than a 50 percent shortage. • For each declared water supply shortage level, customers will be required to reduce their consumption by the percentage specified in the corresponding water supply shortage level.

WATER SHORTAGE CONTINGENCY PLAN

LAY DESCRIPTION
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• For each declared water supply shortage level, the City has established response actions to reduce demand on water supplies and to reduce any shortage gaps in water supplies. These demand reduction actions include irrigation and other outdoor use restrictions, rate structure changes, and other water use prohibitions. • The operational changes the City will consider in addressing water shortages on a short-term basis are discussed and include improved monitoring, analysis, and tracking of customer water usage to enforce demand reduction measures. • The City’s Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is summarized. The ERP provides the management, procedures, and designated actions the City and its employees will implement during emergency situations (including catastrophic water shortages) resulting from natural disasters, system failures, and other unforeseen circumstances.
• The preparation of the City’s seismic risk assessment and mitigation plan is discussed. The locations of earthquake faults in the vicinity of the City’s water service area are provided.
• The effectiveness of the shortage response actions for each of the City’s standard water shortage levels is presented. The City has been able to provide sufficient water supplies to its customers, including during long-term droughts and years with historically high water demands.
• The communication protocols implemented by the City when it declares any water shortage level are presented.
• The compliance and enforcement procedures associated with City’s standard water shortage levels are presented.
• The legal authorities associated with City’s standard water shortage levels are presented.
• The financial consequences associated with City’s standard water shortage levels are presented.
• The City will evaluate the need for revising the WSCP in order to resolve any water shortage gaps, as necessary. The steps necessary for the City to adopt and amend its WSCP are presented.

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The following WSCP includes references to Chapters and Sections from the City’s 2025 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP):

1 WATER SUPPLY RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
_

CWC 10632.

(a)(1) The analysis of water supply reliability conducted pursuant to Section 10635.

The City’s sources of supply were discussed in Chapter 4 of the 2025 UWMP and consist of groundwater from Six Basins, groundwater from Chino Basin, groundwater from Spadra Basin, treated surface water from San Antonio Creek, treated imported water purchased from Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) through Three Valleys Municipal Water District (TVMWD), and recycled water purchased from the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts (LACSD). The City provides recycled water for irrigation in lieu of potable water supplies. Both Six Basins and Chino Basin are adjudicated, and groundwater supplies are managed. The reliability of the various sources of su pply is discussed in Chapter 5 of the 2025 UWMP. Based on the adjudication provisions in the two groundwater basins, the City is able to produce groundwater without limitation, provided an applicable assessment is paid to the respective Watermaster service to purchase untreated imported water for groundwater replenishment. Imported water supplies (both treated and untreated) may be impacted in the event MWD implements its Water Supply Allocation Plan ( WSAP) due to a water supply shortage. Finally, recycled water is locally generated and is not impacted by drought conditions.

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2 ANNUAL WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES

CWC 10632.

(a)(2) The procedures used in conducting an annual water supply and demand assessment that include, at a minimum, both of the following:

(A) The written decision-making process that an urban water supplier will use each year to determine its water supply reliability.

(B) The key data inputs and assessment methodology used to evaluate the urban water supplier’s water supply reliability for the current year and one dry year, including all of the following:

(i) Current year unconstrained demand, considering weather, growth, and other influencing factors, such as policies to manage current supplies to meet demand objectives in future years, as applicable.

(ii) Current year available supply, considering hydrological and regulatory conditions in the current year and one dry year. The annual supply and demand assessment may consider more than one dry year solely at the discretion of the urban water supplier.

(iii) Existing infrastructure capabilities and plausible constraints.

(iv) A defined set of locally applicable evaluation criteria that are consistently relied upon for each annual water supply and demand assessment.

(v) A description and quantification of each source of water supply.

CWC 10632.1.

An urban water supplier shall conduct an annual water supply and demand assessment pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 10632 and, on or before July 1 of each year, submit an annual water shortage assessment report to the department with information for anticipated shortage, triggered shortage response actions, compliance and enforcement actions, and communication actions consistent with the supplier’s water shortage contingency plan. An urban water supplier that relies on imported water from the State Water Project or the Bureau of Reclamation shall submit its annual water supply and demand assessment within 14 days of receiving its final allocations, or by July 1 of each year, whichever is later.

Beginning July 1, 2022, the City has submitted an Annual Assessment in accordance with Department of Water Resources’ (DWR) guidance and requirements. The Annual Assessment include s a review of the City’s unconstrained water demands (i.e. water demands prior to any projected response actions the City may trigger under this WSCP) for the current year and the upcoming (potential single dry) year. The City also includes information regarding anticipated shortages, triggered shortage response actions, City of Pomona Page 5
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compliance and enforcement actions, and communication actions consistent with the City’s WSCP.

For each Annual Assessment, the City prepare s a preliminary assessment which evaluates the adequacy of its water supplies for the current and upcoming years by April of each year. The preliminary assessment includes a review of water supplies for at least a single dry year.

The components of an Annual Assessment consist of the following:
• A written decision-making process
• Key data inputs and assessment methodology

2.1 DECISION MAKING PROCESS

The City produces groundwater from the Chino Basin, Spadra Basin, and Six Basins as its primary sources of water supply and these basins are managed on a fiscal year (FY) basis. Consequently, during the third quarter of each fiscal year, the City reviews its water demands from the initial six months along with the current groundwater basin conditions and local hydrology. This information is used to help develop the Annual Assessment.

The City c ompares total demand to total supply to identify potential shortages. If shortages are identified, the City will determine the necessary WSCP level and corresponding reduction. A draft of the Annual Assessment is circulated internally within the City for peer review and comment. Based on comments received, a redraft is prepared and provided to City managers during the Spring of each year. The draft is subsequently provided to the City Manager for final review. Subsequently, a final draft of the Annual Assessment is provided to the City Council for review and included in the agenda as part of a City Council meeting such that it can be approved, and any recommended specific shortage response actions may be enacted. The final Annual Assessment is provided to DWR no later than July 1 of each year.

The Annual Assessment is instrumental in providing guidance to the City for decisions regarding potential declarations of a water supply shortage and implementation of water reduction stages, instituting mandatory water restrictions, promoting water use efficiency City of Pomona Page 6
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and conservation programs, water rates and drought rate surcharges, and the necessity of pursuing alternative water supplies. This process ensure s adequate water supply resources are available to the City.

2.2 DATA AND METHODOLOGIES

The key data inputs and methodologies that are evaluated by the City during the preparation of the preliminary assessment will include the following:

1) Evaluation Criteria: The locally applicable evaluation criteria used to prepare the Annual Assessment are identified. The evaluation criteria includes, but is not limited to, an analysis of current local hydrology (including rainfall and groundwater levels), current water demands, a review of water system improvement plans which may impact infrastructure availability, and water quality regulations which may impact groundwater availability.

2) Water Supply: A description of each available water supply source is provided. The descriptions includes a quantification of each available water supply source and are based on review of current production capacities, historical production, UWMPs, and prior water supply studies (including Water Supply Assessments and/or Master Plans).
3) Unconstrained Water Demand: The potential unconstrained water demands during the current year and the upcoming (potential single dry) year, prior to any special shortage response actions, are reviewed. The review include s factors such as weather, existing and projected land uses and populations, actual customer consumption and water use factors, monthly Urban Water Supplier Reports, existing water shortage levels (see Section 3), and existing water conservation ordinances (see Section 8.1.1 of the UWMP).

4) Planned Water Use for Current Year Considering Dry Subsequent Year: The water supplies available to meet the demands during the current year and the upcoming (potential single dry) year are considered and identified for each source of supply.

The evaluation include s factors such as estimated water demands, weather, City of Pomona Page 7
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groundwater basin operating safe yields, water quality results, existing available pumping capacities, imported water allocations, contractual obligations, regulatory issues, use of emergency interconnections, and the costs associated with producing each water supply source.

5) Infrastructure Considerations : The capabilities of the water distribution system infrastructure to meet the water demands during the current year and the upcoming (potential single dry) year are considered. Available production capacities (e.g. groundwater well capacities) and distribution system water losses (see Section

2.1.2 of the UWMP ) are reviewed. In addition, capital improvement and replacement projects, as well as potential projects which may increase water system and production capacities (see Section 4.7 of the UWMP ), will be considered.

6) Other Factors : Additional local considerations, if any, which can affect the availability of water supplies are described.

3 SIX STANDARD WATER SHORTAGE LEVELS

CWC 10632.

(a)(3)(A) Six standard water shortage levels corresponding to progressive ranges of up to 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 percent shortages and greater than 50 percent shortage. Urban water suppliers shall define these shortage levels based on the suppliers’ water supply conditions, including percentage reductions in water supply, changes in groundwa ter levels, changes in surface elevation or level of subsidence, or other changes in hydrological or other local conditions indicative of the water supply available for use.

Shortage levels shall also apply to catastrophic interruption of water supplies, i ncluding, but not limited to, a regional power outage, an earthquake, and other potential emergency events.
(a)(3)(B) An urban water supplier with an existing water shortage contingency plan that uses different water shortage levels may comply with the requirement in subparagraph (A) by developing and including a cross reference relating its existing categories to the six standard water shortage levels.

The City will manage water supplies to prudently minimize the adverse impacts of water shortages. The City’s plan for water usage during periods of shortage is designed to incorporate six standard water shortage levels corresponding to progressive ranges from up to a 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 percent shortages, and greater than a 50 percent shortage.

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For each declared water supply shortage level, customers will be required to reduce their consumption by the percentage specified in the corresponding water supply shortage level. The required percentage reduction for each customer will be based on water usage during the same billing period in the last calendar year during which there were no declared water shortages.

The City’s Ordinance No. 4122 (“Water Conservation and Water Supply Shortage Program and Regulations”), adopted in June 2009, previously established three (3) water shortage levels. A copy of Ordinance No. 4122 is provided in Appendix A. In accordance with the CWC in which urban water suppliers are required to define six standard water shortage levels, the City has developed the crosswalk illustrated below that translates the City’s previously established shortage levels to the mandated standard shortage levels.

The shortage level changes were made in 2020 and have remained the same for 2025.

Note: The 2020 shortage levels have remained the same for 2025.

Table 1 provides a description of the six standard water shortage levels which may be triggered by a shortage in one or more of the City’s water supply sources, depending on the severity of the shortage and its anticipated duration.

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Table 1. Water Shortage Contingency Planning Levels

Submittal Table 8-1 Water Shortage Contingency Plan Levels Shortage
Level
Percent
Shortage Range
Shortage Response Actions
(Narrative description)
1 Up to 10%
Watering or irrigating is limited to a maximum of 3 days per week during April through October and a maximum of 1 day per week during November through March. All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions must be repaired within 72 hours.

In addition, actions include implementation of other prohibitions, restrictions, or operational changes on water use as determined by the City. These actions include, but are not limited to, an increase in the water rate structure and increased performance of customer water loss audits.
2 Up to 20%
In addition to Shortage Level 1, actions include increased limitation on watering or irrigating; all leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions must be repaired within 48 hours; Limits on filling ornamental lakes, washing vehicles, and filling residential swimming pools and spas.
3 Up to 30%
In addition to Shortage Level 2, actions include implementation of other prohibitions, restrictions, or operational changes on water use as determined by the City. These actions include, but are not limited to, an increase in the water rate structure and increased performance of customer water loss audits. 4 Up to 40%
In addition to Shortage Level 3, actions include restrictions on watering or irrigating and all leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions must be repaired within 24 hours. The City in its sole discretion may decide not to provide new potable water service or may discontinue service.
5 Up to 50%
In addition to Shortage Level 4, actions include implementation of other prohibitions, restrictions, or operational changes on water use as determined by the City. These actions include, but are not limited to, an increase in the water rate structure and increased performance of customer water loss audits. 6 >50%
In addition to Shortage Level 5, actions include implementation of other prohibitions, restrictions, or operational changes on water use as determined by the City. These actions include, but are not limited to, an increase in the water rate structure and increased performance of customer water loss audits.

Notes
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4 SHORTAGE RESPONSE ACTIONS

CWC 10632.

(a)(4) Shortage response actions that align with the defined shortage levels and include, at a minimum, all of the following:

(A) Locally appropriate supply augmentation actions.

(B) Locally appropriate demand reduction actions to adequately respond to shortages.

(D) Additional, mandatory prohibitions against specific water use practices that are in addition to state-mandated prohibitions and appropriate to the local conditions.

(E) For each action, an estimate of the extent to which the gap between supplies and demand will be reduced by implementation of the action.

Shortage response actions are dependent on the severity of a declared shortage level.

Response actions implement varying improvements and regulations of system infrastructure and operations, water supply augmentation, demand reduction initiatives and other water use functions to conserve water supplies.

4.1 DEMAND REDUCTION

The City has established water shortage response actions to reduce demand on water supplies. These demand reduction actions include irrigation and other outdoor use restrictions, rate structure changes, and other water use prohibitions. Depending on the percent reduction in the City’s water supply and corresponding water shortage level, regulations have been made to conserve water and reduce the shortage gap in normal supply levels. Many demand reduction actions are applicable to all levels of water shortages while others are exclusive to certain levels of shortage. The structure of demand reduction actions under a specific water shortage level are designed to encourage those customers with high gallon per capita usage to achieve proportionally greater reduction than those with low use. Violations of these demand reduction actions may be considered waste and an unreasonable use of water. Table 2 describes each demand reduction action and its effect on reducing the shortage gap.

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The following demand reduction actions are applicable to all water shortage levels and are in effect at all times:
• Watering or irrigating of any lawn, landscape, or other vegetated area in a manner that causes or allows excessive water runoff onto an adjoining sidewalk, driveway, street, alley gutter, or ditch is prohibited.
• Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape, or other vegetated area with potable water using a landscape irrigation system or a watering device, that is not continuously attended, is limited to no more than 15 minutes watering per day per station. This does not apply to landscape irrigation systems that exclusively use very low-flow drip type irrigation systems when no emitter produces more than two gallons of water per hour and weather-based controllers or stream rotor sprinklers that meet a 70 percent efficiency standard. Operating a water fountain or other decorative water feature that does not use recirculated water is prohibited. • Washing down hard or paved surfaces, including but not limited to sidewalks, walkways, driveways, parking areas, tennis courts, patios, or alleys, is prohibited except when necessary to alleviate safety or sanitary hazards, and then only by use of a hand-held bucket or similar container, a hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing water shut-off device, or a low-volume, high-pressure cleaning machine equipped to recycle any water used, or a low-volume high-pressure water broom.
• Using water to wash or clean a vehicle, including but not limited to any automobile, truck, van, bus, motorcycle, boat, motor home, or trailer, whether motorized or not is prohibited, except by use of a hand -held bucket or similar container or a hand - held hose equipped with a positive self-closing water shut-off nozzle or device, or at a commercial car washing facility that utilizes a recirculating water system.

Installation of non-recirculating water systems is prohibited in new commercial conveyor car wash, new commercial laundry systems, or new other water intensive operations as determined by the City.
• Commercial lodging establishments must provide customers with an optional daily towel and linen laundering service. Commercial lodging establishments must prominently display notice of this option in each bathroom. Contingent on available City of Pomona Page 12
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funding and materials as determined by the City in its sole discretion, the City will annually provide display materials to establishments for notice on these items. • Food preparation establishments are prohibited from using non -water conserving dish wash spray valves.
• Eating or drinking establishments, including but not limited to a restaurant, hotel, cafe, cafeteria, bar, club, or other public place where food or drinks are sold, served, or offered for sale, are prohibited from providing drinking water to any person unless expressly requested.

Water Supply Shortage Level 1:

• Limits on Watering Days: Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape, or other vegetated area with potable water during the months of April through October is limited to three days per week on a schedule established by the City. (By way of example - Odd addresses on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; even addresses on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday.) During the months of November through March, watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape, or other vegetated area with potable water is limited to no more than one da y per week on a schedule established and noticed by the City. (By way of example - Odd addresses on Tuesday, even addresses on Thursday.) This provision does not apply to landscape irrigation zones that exclusively use very low flow drip type irrigation systems when no emitter produces more than two gallons of water per hour. This provision also does not apply to watering or irrigating by use of a hand-held bucket or similar container, a hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing water shut-off nozzle or device, or for very short periods of time for the express purpose of adjusting or repairing an irrigation system.
• Obligation to Fix Leaks, Breaks, or Malfunctions: All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions in the customer’s plumbing or distribution system must be repaired within seventy-two (72) hours of notification by the City unless other arrangements are made with the City.
• Other Prohibited Uses: The City may implement other prohibitions, restrictions or operational changes on water uses as determined by the City, upon reasonable City of Pomona Page 13
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notice to customers. This includes an increase in the conservation rate structure and increased performance of water loss audits.

Water Supply Shortage Level 2:

In addition to the restrictions identified in Water Supply Shortage Level 1, the following additional water conservation requirements apply:
• Limits on Watering Days: Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape, or other vegetated area with potable water during the months of April through October is limited to two days per week on a schedule established by the City. (By way of example - Odd addresses on Monday and Thursday, even addresses on Tuesday and Friday). During the months of November through March, watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape or other vegetated area with potable water is limited to no more than one day per week on a schedule established by the City. (By way of example - Odd addresses on Tuesday, even addresses on Thursday). This provision does not apply to landscape irrigation zones that exclusively use very low flow drip type irrigation systems when no emitter produces more than two gallons of water per hour. This provision also does not apply to watering or irrigating by use of a hand- held bucket or similar container, a hand -held hose equipped with a positive self - closing water shut -off nozzle or device, or for very short periods of time for the express purpose of adjusting or repairing an irrigation system. • Obligation to Fix Leaks, Breaks, or Malfunctions: All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions in the customer’s plumbing or distribution system must be repaired within forty-eight (48) hours of notification by the City unless other arrangements are made with the City.
• Limits on Filling Ornamental Lakes or Ponds: Filling or refilling ornamental lakes or ponds is prohibited, except to the extent needed to sustain aquatic life, provided that such animals are of significant value and have been actively managed within the water feature prior to declaration of a standard Water Shortage Level 2. • Limits on Washing Vehicles: Using water to wash or clean a vehicle, including but not limited to, any automobile, truck, van, bus, motorcycle, boat, motor home, or trailer, whether motorized or not, is prohibited except by use of a hand-held bucket City of Pomona Page 14
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or similar container, a hand-held hose equipped with a positive self -closing water shut-off nozzle or device, by high pressure/low volume wash systems, or at a commercial car washing facility that utilizes a recirculating water system to capture or reuse water.
• Limits on Filling Residential Swimming Pools and Spas: Refilling of more than one foot per week, and initial filling of residential swimming pools or outdoor spas with potable water is prohibited, except upon written authorization from the City Manager or designee.
• Other Prohibited Uses: The City may implement other prohibitions, restrictions or operational changes on water uses as determined by the City, upon reasonable notice to customers. This includes an increase in the conservation rate structure and increased performance of water loss audits.

Water Supply Shortage Level 3:

In addition to the restrictions identified in Water Supply Shortage Level 2, the following additional water conservation requirements apply:
• Limits on Watering Days: Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape, or other vegetated area with potable water during the months of April through October is limited to two days per week on a schedule established by the City. (By way of example - Odd addresses on Monday and Thursday, even addresses on Tuesday and Friday). During the months of November through March, watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape or other vegetated area with potable water is limited to no more than one day per week on a schedule established by the City. (By way of example - Odd addresses on Tuesday, even addresses on Thursday). This provision does not apply to landscape irrigation zones that exclusively use very low flow drip type irrigation systems when no emitter produces more than two gallons of water per hour. This provision also does not apply to watering or irrigating by use of a hand- held bucket or similar container, a hand -held hose equipped with a positive self - closing water shut -off nozzle or device, or for very short periods of time for the express purpose of adjusting or repairing an irrigation system.

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• Obligation to Fix Leaks, Breaks, or Malfunctions: All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions in the customer’s plumbing or distribution system must be repaired within forty-eight (48) hours of notification by the City unless other arrangements are made with the City.
• Limits on Filling Ornamental Lakes or Ponds: Filling or refilling ornamental lakes or ponds is prohibited, except to the extent needed to sustain aquatic life, provided that such animals are of significant value and have been actively managed within the water feature prior to declaration of a standard Water Shortage Level 3. • Limits on Washing Vehicles: Using water to wash or clean a vehicle, including but not limited to, any automobile, truck, van, bus, motorcycle, boat, motor home, or trailer, whether motorized or not, is prohibited except by use of a hand-held bucket or similar container, a hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing water shut-off nozzle or device, by high pressure/low volume wash systems, or at a commercial car washing facility that utilizes a recirculating water system to capture or reuse water. • Limits on Filling Residential Swimming Pools and Spas: Refilling of more than one foot per week, and initial filling of residential swimming pools or outdoor spas with potable water is prohibited, except upon written authorization from the City Manager or designee.
• Other Prohibited Uses: The City may implement other prohibitions, restrictions, or operational changes on water uses as determined by the City, upon reasonable notice to customers. This includes an increase in the conservation rate structure and increased performance of water loss audits.

Water Supply Shortage Level 4:

In addition to the restrictions identified in Water Supply Shortage Level 3, the following additional water conservation requirements apply:
• No Watering or Irrigating: Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape, or other vegetated area with potable water is prohibited. This restriction does not apply to the following categories of use unless the City has determined that recycled water is available and may be lawfully applied to the use:

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a) Maintenance of vegetation excluding turf, but including trees and shrubs, that are watered using a hand-held bucket or similar container, hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing water shut-off nozzle or device, or a very low -flow drip type irrigation system when no emitter produces more than two gallons of water per hour subject to the watering hour restrictions;
b) Maintenance of existing landscape necessary for fire protection; c) Maintenance of existing landscape for soil erosion control; d) Maintenance of plant materials identified to be rare or essential to the wellbeing of rare animals;
e) Maintenance of landscape within active public parks and playing fields, day care centers, school grounds, cemeteries, and golf course greens, provided that such irrigation does not exceed two days per week according to the established watering schedule and time restrictions; • Obligation to Fix Leaks, Breaks or Malfunctions: All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions in the customer’s plumbing or distribution system must be repaired within 24 hours of notification by the City unless other arrangements are made with the City.
• New Potable Water Service: The City, dependent on an analysis of water supply, may decide not to (a) provide new potable water service; (b) provide new temporary meters or permanent meters, and (c) issue any statements of immediate ability to serve or provide potable water service (such as, will serve letters, certificates, or letters of availability), except under the following circumstances:

a) A valid, unexpired building permit has been issued for the project; or b) The project is necessary to protect the public's health, safety, and welfare; or
c) The applicant provides substantial evidence of an enforceable commitment that water demands for the project will be offset prior to the provision of a new water meter(s) to the satisfaction of the City.

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This provision does not preclude the resetting or turn -on of meters to provide continuation of water service or the restoration of service that has been interrupted for a period of one year or less, or as determined by the City Manager or designee. • Discontinue Service: The City, in its sole discretion, may discontinue service to consumers who willfully violate provisions of this WSCP. • Other Prohibited Uses: The City may implement other prohibitions, restrictions or operational changes on water uses as determined by the City, upon reasonable notice to customers. This includes an increase in the conservation rate structure and increased water loss audits.

Water Supply Shortage Level 5:

In addition to the restrictions identified in Water Supply Shortage Level 4, the City may implement further and more restrictive water conservation measures under Water Supply Shortage Level 5. The following additional water conservation requirements apply:
• No Watering or Irrigating: Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape or other vegetated area with potable water is prohibited. This restriction does not apply to the following categories of use unless the City has determined that recycled water is available and may be lawfully applied to the use:
a) Maintenance of vegetation excluding turf, but including trees and shrubs, that are watered using a hand-held bucket or similar container, hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing water shut-off nozzle or device, or a very low -flow drip type irrigation system when no emitter produces more than two gallons of water per hour subject to the watering hour restrictions;
b) Maintenance of existing landscape necessary for fire protection; c) Maintenance of existing landscape for soil erosion control; d) Maintenance of plant materials identified to be rare or essential to the wellbeing of rare animals;
e) Maintenance of landscape within active public parks and playing fields, day care centers, school grounds, cemeteries, and golf course greens, provided that such irrigation does not exceed two days per week according to the established watering schedule and time restrictions; City of Pomona Page 18
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• Obligation to Fix Leaks, Breaks or Malfunctions: All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions in the customer’s plumbing or distribution system must be repaired within 24 hours of notification by the City unless other arrangements are made with the City.
• New Potable Water Service: The City, dependent on an analysis of water supply, may decide not to (a) provide new potable water service; (b) provide new temporary meters or permanent meters, and (c) issue any statements of immediate ability to serve or provide potable water service (such as, will serve letters, certificates, or letters of availability), except under the following circumstances:
a) A valid, unexpired building permit has been issued for the project; or b) The project is necessary to protect the public's health, safety, and welfare; or
c) The applicant provides substantial evidence of an enforceable commitment that water demands for the project will be offset prior to the provision of a new water meter(s) to the satisfaction of the City.

Water Supply Shortage Level 6:

In addition to the restrictions identified in Water Supply Shortage Level 5, the City may implement further and more restrictive water conservation measures under Water Supply Shortage Level 6. The following additional water conservation requirements apply:
• No Watering or Irrigating: Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape, or other vegetated area with potable water is prohibited. This restriction does not apply to City of Pomona Page 19
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the following categories of use unless the City has determined that recycled water is available and may be lawfully applied to the use:
a) Maintenance of vegetation excluding turf, but including trees and shrubs, that are watered using a hand-held bucket or similar container, hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing water shut-off nozzle or device, or a very low -flow drip type irrigation system when no emitter produces more than two gallons of water per hour subject to the watering hour restrictions;
b) Maintenance of existing landscape necessary for fire protection; c) Maintenance of existing landscape for soil erosion control; d) Maintenance of plant materials identified to be rare or essential to the wellbeing of rare animals;
e) Maintenance of landscape within active public parks and playing fields, day care centers, school grounds, cemeteries, and golf course greens, provided that such irrigation does not exceed two days per week according to the established watering schedule and time restrictions; • Obligation to Fix Leaks, Breaks, or Malfunctions: All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions in the customer’s plumbing or distribution system must be repaired within 24 hours of notification by the City unless other arrangements are made with the City.
• New Potable Water Service: The City, dependent on an analysis of water supply, may decide not to (a) provide new potable water service; (b) provide new temporary meters or permanent meters, and (c) issue any statements of immediate ability to serve or provide potable water service (such as, will serve letters, certificates, or letters of availability), except under the following circumstances:
a) A valid, unexpired building permit has been issued for the project; or b) The project is necessary to protect the public's health, safety, and welfare; or
c) The applicant provides substantial evidence of an enforceable commitment that water demands for the project will be offset prior to the provision of a new water meter(s) to the satisfaction of the City.

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Table 2. Demand Reduction Actions

Submittal Table 8-3: Demand Reduction Actions
Shortage
Level
Demand Reduction Actions
Drop down list
These are the only categories that will be accepted by
the WUEdata online submittal tool. Select those that
apply.

How much is this going to reduce the shortage gap?
Include units used (volume type or percentage)
Additional Explanation or Reference
(optional)
Penalty, Charge,
or Other
Enforcement?
For Retail Suppliers
Only
Drop Down List
1 Landscape - Restrict or prohibit runoff from
landscape irrigation
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY No excessive runoff. Yes
1 Landscape - Prohibit certain types of landscape
irrigation
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY
No watering/irrigating for more than 15
min/day/station. Yes
1 CII - Lodging establishment must offer opt out
of linen service
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY Yes
1 CII - Commercial kitchens required to use pre -
rinse spray valves
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY Yes
1 Water Features - Restrict water use for
decorative water features, such as fountains
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY
Water features must operate with
recirculated water. Yes
1 Other - Prohibit use of potable water for
washing hard surfaces
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY
Exceptions for hand-held bucket or
similar container or a hand- held hose
equipped with a positive self-closing
water shut-off nozzle or device
Yes
1 Other - Prohibit vehicle washing except at
facilities using recycled or recirculating water
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY
Exceptions for hand-held bucket or
similar container or a hand- held hose
equipped with a positive self-closing
water shut-off nozzle or device
Yes
1 Other - Customers must repair leaks, breaks,
and malfunctions in a timely manner
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY
Must be repaired within 72 hours of
notification. Yes
1 Landscape - Limit landscape irrigation to
specific days
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY Maximum 3 days a week. Yes
1 Increase Frequency of Meter Reading Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY
Per evaluation of annual water loss
audits. No
1 Implement or Modify Drought Rate Structure or
Surcharge
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 1 actions is up to 1,814 AFY At the sole discretion of City Council. Yes 2 Other Collective reduction from Shortage Level 1 plus all Shortage Level 2 actions is up to 3,627 AFY All actions under Shortage Level 1 Yes 2 Landscape - Limit landscape irrigation to
specific days
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 2 actions is up to 3,627 AFY Maximum 2 days a week. Yes
2 Other water feature or swimming pool
restriction
Collective reduction from all Shortage Level 2 actions is up to 3,627 AFY
Filling ornamental, lakes, ponds, pools,
or spas is prohibited. Yes
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4.2 SUPPLY AUGMENTATION

The City does not plan to add a new source of water supply to address customer demands but instead will consider increased supplies from existing sources. Table 3 reflects this approach and does not identify any new supplies. Instead, the City will focus on demand reduction measures in the event existing sources of supply are not sufficient to meet customer demands. As discussed in Chapter 4 of the UWMP , the City’s sources of water supply include groundwater produced from the Chino Basin, Spadra Basin, and Six Basins, treated imported water purchased from MWD through TVMWD, and recycled water supplies provided by LACSD. As noted in Section 2, beginning July 1, 2022, the City has prepared and submitted an Annual Assessment which includes a review of water supplies available to meet water demands for the current and upcoming years. In the event the City is currently in, or considers entering into, one of the standard water shortage levels identified in Section 3, the City will consider the water sup ply (augmentation) actions described below.

For each water shortage level discussed in Section 3, the City will consider supplementing its existing treated imported water supplies through increased production of groundwater supplies, to the extent possible. Due to previous critically dry conditions, MWD developed the WSAP whereby available supplies are equitably allocated to its member agencies, City of Pomona Page 22
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including TVMWD. The WSAP establishes ten different shortage levels and a corresponding drought allocation to each member agency. Based on the shortage level established by MWD, the WSAP provides a reduced drought allocation to a member agency for its Municipal and Industrial (M&I) retail demand. The ratio of MWD water supply drought allocation to local water supply will change based on the WSAP stage. The MWD drought allocation can be used to make Full Service water deliveries at the Tier 1 rate up to a Tier 1 allocation. Any Full Service water delivered in excess of a drought allocation is subject to a penalty rate in addition to the normal rate paid for the water.

In addition to the WSAP, MWD describes supply augmentation actions in its Regional 2025 UWMP, which is incorporated by reference. MWD’s primary response to any gap between core supplies (from the State Water Project (SWP) and Colorado River) and demand is to make optimal use of its supply augmentation options, consisting of drawing from flexible supply programs and storage reserves. MWD has developed and actively manages a portfolio of water supply programs including water transfer, storage, and exchange agreements. MWD pursues voluntary water transfer and exchange programs to help mitigate supply/demand imbalances and provide additional dry -year supply sources. In addition, MWD has developed significant storage capacity in reservoirs, conjunctive use, and other groundwater storage programs totaling approximately 6.0 million A F. Pursuant to MWD’s “Emergency Storage Objective”, updated in 2019 , approximately 750,000 AF of total stored water is emergency storage reserved by MWD for use in the event of supply interruptions. Based on MWD’s historical and on-going water supply and storage programs and management practices, the City will use up to the treated imported water supply made available from MWD through TVMWD in association with each of the standard water shortage levels identified in Section 3. Water demands will be addressed through increased use of the local groundwater supplies and implementation of demand reduction measures through the various stages of action.

The City has the flexibility to augment its existing water supplies through production of groundwater from the Six Basins and Chino Basin. The Six Basins is managed by the Six Basins Watermaster, and the Chino Basin is managed by the Chino Basin Watermaster.

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Judgment, significant drought events have occurred. In each drought cycle, both the Six Basins and the Chino Basin have been managed to maintain water levels. Parties to the Six Basins Basin Judgment and Chino Basin Judgment, including the City, are authorized to produce groundwater in excess of their rights and pay assessments for such production to the respective Watermaster. The assessments are used to purchase untreated imported water to replenish the Six Basins and Chino Basin. The Six Basins Watermaster purchases untreated imported water to replenish the Six Basins from MWD through TVMWD. The Chino Basin Watermaster purchases untreated imported water to replenish the Chino Basin from MWD through Inland Empire Utilities Agency ( IEUA). In addition, groundwater quality in the Six Basins and the Chino Basin is not expected to impact potable supplies or constrain supply reliability. Groundwater quality is carefully monitored and managed by the Watermaster for each respective basin. In addition, Treatment facilities and/or blend plans have been developed by water agencies to meet potable water standards and to prevent the spread of any groundwater contamination. Based on historical and on-going management practices, the City will be able to continue relying on the Six Basins and Chino Basin for adequate supplies in response to each of the standard water shortage levels identified in Section 3. An additional potential source of replenishment water is recycled water.

Table 3. Supply Augmentation and Other Actions

Submittal Table 8-2: Supply Augmentation and Other Actions Shortage Level Supply Augmentation Methods and
Other Actions by Water Supplier
Drop down list
These are the only categories that will be
accepted by the WUEdata online submittal tool
How much is this going to reduce
the shortage gap? Include units
used (volume type or percentage)
Additional Explanation or Reference
(optional)
1 Transfers Not applicable (see Notes)
2 Transfers Not applicable (see Notes)
3 Transfers Not applicable (see Notes)
4 Transfers Not applicable (see Notes)
5 Transfers Not applicable (see Notes)
6 Transfers Not applicable (see Notes)
NOTES: The City will consider increased production from Six Basins and the Chino Basin using existing facilities to address increased demands. As noted on Table 2, the City plans to implement demand reduction measures in the event water supplies from existing sources are not sufficient to meet anticipated demands.

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4.3 OPERATIONAL CHANGES

During a water supply shortage situation, the City will manage its water supply resources to provide sufficient water supplies capable of meeting the demands of its customers.

Section 4.2 describes the City’s water supply sources and water supply augmentation actions available. Section 4.2 describes the City’s standard water shortage levels and associated demand reduction measures. The supply augmentation actions and demand reduction measures, when implemented, may potentially result in short -term operational changes which are necessary to allow the City to utilize all available water supply sources in response to water shortage situations.

As noted in Section 2, beginning July 1, 2022, the City has prepared and submitted an Annual Assessment which includes a review of the water supplies available to meet water demands for the current and upcoming years. Preparation of the Annual Assessment assists the City in determining any potential operational changes. In addition, the City’s standard water shortage levels and the associated demand reduction measures, in conjunction with the City’s existing Demand Management Measures (DMM) (discussed in Chapter 8 of the UWMP), will be essential to the City in reducing water demands during any water shortage period. The operational changes the City will consider in addressing non-catastrophic water shortages on a short-term basis include the following:
• Improved monitoring, analysis, and tracking of customer water usage to enforce demand reduction measures.
• Optimized production from existing available water supply sources. • Potential use of emergency supply sources, including emergency interconnections.
• Potential blending of water supply resources.
• Improved monitoring, maintenance, and repairs to reduce water distribution system losses.

4.4 ADDITIONAL MANDATORY RESTRICTIONS

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The mandatory restrictions which are implemented by the City to reduce customer demands are discussed in Section 4.2. There are no additional mandatory restrictions planned at this time.

4.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

Catastrophic water shortages are incorporated in the City’s standard water shortage levels (identified in Section 3) and the associated demand reduction measures (described in Section 4.1). In addition to the water supply augmentation actions (Section 4.2) and potential operational changes (Section 4.3) which the City may consider in order to continue providing sufficient water supplies, the City will review and implement any necessary steps included in its ERP.

As part of the “America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018”, community water systems serving a population greater than 3,300 people, including the City, are required to review and update their “Risk and Resilience Assessment” (RRA) and the associated ERP every five (5) years. However, due to security concerns regarding the submitting of these reports, water systems are required to submit certifications to the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA), confirming the current RRA and ERP have been reviewed and updated. For the City, the RRA certification was due by March 31, 2025, and the ERP certification was due by September 30, 2025.

The City’s RRA evaluates the vulnerabilities, threats, and consequences from potential hazards to the City’s water system. The City prepared its RRA (which is incorporated by reference) by evaluating the following items:

• Natural hazards and malevolent acts (i.e., all hazards); • Resilience of water facility infrastructure (including pipes, physical barriers, water sources and collection, treatment, storage and distribution facilities, and electronic, computer and other automated systems);
• Monitoring practices;
• Financial systems (e.g., billing systems);
• Chemical storage and handling; and
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• Operation and maintenance.

The City’s RRA evaluated a series of potential malevolent acts, natural hazards, and other threats in order to estimate the potential “monetized risks” (i.e. associated economic consequences to both the water system and surrounding region, and the likelihood of occurrence) associated with the City’s water facility assets. The cost -effectiveness of implementing potential countermeasures to reduce risks was also reviewed.

The City’s ERP provides the management, procedures, and designated actions the City and its employees will implement during emergency situations (including catastrophic water shortages) resulting from natural disasters, system failures, and other unforeseen circumstances. The City’s ERP (which is incorporated by reference) provides guidelines for evaluating an emergency situation, procedures for activating an emergency response, and details of the different response phases in order to ensure that customers receive a reliable and adequate supply of potable water. The scope of the ERP includes emergencies which directly affect the water system and the ability to maintain safe operations (such as chlorine release, and earthquake, or a threat of contamination). The ERP also incorporates the results of the City’s RRA and includes the following:

• Strategies and resources to improve resilience, including physical and cybersecurity;
• Plans and procedures for responding to a natural hazard or malevolent act; • Actions and equipment to lessen the impact of a natural hazard or malevolent act; and
• Strategies to detect natural hazards or malevolent act.

The City will review the ERP for procedures regarding the utilization of alternative water supply sources in response to water supply shortages, including during the standard water shortage levels. The City will also review applicable procedures described in the ERP regarding any necessary temporary shutdown of water supply facilities, including appropriate regulatory and public notifications.

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4.6 SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION PLAN

CWC 10632.5.

(a) In addition to the requirements of paragraph (3) of subdivision (a) of Section 10632, beginning January 1, 2020, the plan shall include a seismic risk assessment and mitigation plan to assess the vulnerability of each of the various facilities of a water system and mitigate those vulnerabilities.

(b) An urban water supplier shall update the seismic risk assessment and mitigation plan when updating its urban water management plan as required by Section 10621.

(c) An urban water supplier may comply with this section by submitting, pursuant to Section 10644, a copy of the most recent adopted local hazard mitigation plan or multihazard mitigation plan under the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106 -390) if the local hazard mitigation plan or multihazard mitigation plan addresses seismic risk.

The City prepared a local “Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Update” which was approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 20 22. The “Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Update” identifies effective ways to assess the significant natural hazards (including earthquakes) that may affect the City and its residents. The “Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Update” provides resources, information, and strategies to reduce the City’s vulnerability to these hazards, while providing guidance for the c oordination of mitigation activities throughout the City. The “Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Update” includes mitigation projects necessary to reduce seismic risk to the City’s water distribution system facilities (including its distribution system pipelines, groundwater wells, booster pumps, and storage reservoirs) and potential disruptions in providing water service. The City’s “Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan Update” is provided in Appendix B.

The County of Los Angeles prepared an “All-Hazards Mitigation Plan” in 20 25 which identified methods to assess significant natural hazards (including earthquakes) affecting areas throughout Los Angeles County, and the mitigation strategies necessary to reduce risks, including seismic risk. The County’s All -Hazards Mitigation Plan is provided in Appendix C.

The California Geological Survey has published the locations of numerous faults which have been mapped in the Southern California region. Although the San Andreas fault is the most recognized and is capable of producing an earthquake with a magnitude greater City of Pomona Page 28
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than 8 on the Richter scale, some of the lesser -known faults have the potential to cause significant damage. The locations of these earthquake faults in the vicinity of the City’s water service area are provided in the figure below. The faults that are located in close proximity to and could potentially cause significant shaking in the City’s water service area include the San Andreas fault, the Whittier fault, the San Jose fault, the Chino fault, the Central Avenue fault, and the Sierra Madre fault.

Location of Earthquake Faults
Source: https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/fam/App/

The following figure provides the relative intensity of ground shaking in the vicinity of the City’s service area from anticipated future earthquakes. The locations of relatively long - period (1.0 second) earthquake shaking, including the City’s service ar ea, are provided.

Long-period shaking affects tall, relatively flexible buildings, but also correlates with earthquake damage. The shaking potential is calculated based on the level of ground motion that has a 2 percent chance of being exceeded in 50 years (or the level of ground- shaking with an approximate 2,500 -year average repeat time). As discussed in Section

4.5, the City has prepared an ERP which provides the management, procedures, and designated actions the City and its employees will implement during emergency situations resulting from natural disasters, including during earthquakes, to ensure that customers

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receive a reliable and adequate supply of potable water. The City’s ERP is incorporated by reference.

Earthquake Shaking Potential

Source: “Earthquake Shaking Potential for California”, 2016, California Geological Survey and United States Geological Survey

4.7 SHORTAGE RESPONSE ACTION EFFECTIVENESS

The effectiveness of the shortage response actions for each of the standard water shortage levels identified in Section 3 is evident in the City’s historical ability to meet its customer’s water demands in response to a water supply shortage. In addition, the City imposes water consumption regulations and restrictions and supports local agencies in efforts to enforce regulations and prohibitions on water use. The effectiveness of each of the City’s shortage response actions, in order to reduce any potential gaps between supply and demand, has been quantified in the expected demand reduction provided in Table 2 and Table 3.

During the past five years, the City experienced a consecutive two-year drought within its service area from FY 2021 to FY 2022 . Throughout this extended dry year period, the City’s Service Area
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City’s annual water production averaged 21,505 acre-feet per year (AFY). During the past five years, the average annual production was approximately 19,881 AFY, with a maximum of up to 22,029 AF during FY 2021. The City has been able to provide sufficient water supplies to its customers, including during long-term droughts and years with historically high water demands. In addition, the City has been able to provide water service to meet maximum day water demands for these years, including during the summer months.

The City’s water demands during the most recent five years averaged approximately 17,168 AFY of potable water . Due to conservation efforts and demand management measures (discussed in Chapter 8 of the UWMP), the City’s recent water demands have been less than its historical water demands, including during long -term droughts. The City’s projected water demands (during a normal year, a single dry year, and a five consecutive year drought conditions) are provided in Section 5.3 of the UWMP and are anticipated to incorporate similar reductions in water use rates as a result of the shortage response actions, ongoing conservation efforts, and demand management measures. It is anticipated the City will be able to continue providing sufficient water supplies to its customers to meet projected water demands, including during long -term droughts. In addition, as discussed in Section 4.2, based on historical and on -going managem ent practices, the City will be able to continue relying on its water supply sources from the Chino Basin, Spadra Basin, and Six Basins for adequate supply augmentation in response to each of the standard water shortage levels identified in Section 3.

The City previously adopted Resolution No. 2015-41 in May 2015 which declared a water supply shortage and established water-use restrictions and regulations equivalent to the standard water shortage level 2 identified in Section 3. During this Level 2 water shortage period, the City was able to reduce water demands by up to 20 percent and provide sufficient water supplies to its customers. Subsequently, the City adopted Resolution No. 2016-105 in July 2016 which rescinded the Level 2 water supply shortage and declared a water supply shortage equivalent to standard water shortage Level 1. During this Level 1 water shortage period, the City was able to reduce water demand by up to 10 percent and City of Pomona Page 31
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provide sufficient water supplies to its customers. Copies of the resolutions are provided in Appendix A.

Based on the City’s demonstrated ability to meet water demands during past water supply shortages, the adopted water shortage levels, the adjusted operating safe yields, and water supplies through long -term droughts, it is anticipated that the City will be able to provide sufficient water supplies to its customers during each of its st andard water shortage levels. Although adequate supplies are anticipated, the cost of those water supplies may become incrementally more expensive. The City will enact varying levels of its WSCP to encourage retail customers to reduce water consumption and at the same time reduce the need to use the more expensive water supplies. Notwithstanding, the effectiveness of each of the City’s shortage response actions, in order to reduce any potential gaps between supply and demand, has been quantified in the expected demand reduction section provided in Table 2 and Table 3. The effectiveness of the City’s shortage response actions are based on the City’s water demands prior to 2015 (unconstrained demands). The City reduced its water demands in 2015 in response to the Governor’s April 1, 2015, Executive Order B -29-15 which mandated statewide reduction in water use of 25 percent. The City’s actual water demand reduction during this period was used to estimate the extent of water use reductions for the City’s Water Shortage Stages. The City’s Water Shortage Levels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are expected to reduce water demands by up to 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and greater than 50%, respectively.

5 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

CWC 10632.

(a)(5) Communication protocols and procedures to inform customers, the public, interested parties, and local, regional, and state governments, regarding, at a minimum, all of the following:

(A) Any current or predicted shortages as determined by the annual water supply and demand assessment described pursuant to Section 10632.1.

(B) Any shortage response actions triggered or anticipated to be triggered by the annual water supply and demand assessment described pursuant to Section 10632.1.

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The City utilizes established communication protocols and procedures to inform customers, the general public, interested parties, and local agencies of current or anticipated water shortages, shortage response actions, and other relevant information.

Beginning July 1, 2022, the City has submitted an Annual Assessment in accordance with DWR’s guidance and requirements. The Annual Assessment include s a review of the City’s unconstrained water demands (i.e. water demands prior to any projected response actions the City may trigger under this WSCP) for the current year and the upcoming (potential single dry) year. The City will also include information regarding anticipated shortages, triggered shortage response actions, compliance and enforcement actions, and communication actions consistent with the City’s WSCP. See Section 2 for more information regarding the Annual Assessment.

Standard water shortage levels may be declared by resolution of the City Council, adopted at a regular or special public meeting held in accordance with state law. The mandatory conservation requirements applicable to the shortage level conditions will take effect on the 10th day after the date the shortage level is declared. Within seven days following the declaration of the shortage level, the City must publish a copy of the resolution in a newspaper used for publication of official notices. If the City establishes a water allocation, it must provide notice of the allocation by including it in the regular billing statement. A water allocation will be effective on the 5th day following the date of mailing or at such later date as specified in the notice. The City may declare an end to any water shortage level upon recommendation by the City Manager, or designee, and resolution by the City Council at any regular or special meeting of the City Council.

Under unique circumstances where a specific requirement of this WSCP would result in undue hardship to a customer that is disproportionate to the impacts on other customers, the customer may apply for a waiver pursuant to the requirements as provided in this WSCP. The waiver may be granted or conditionally granted only upon a written finding of the existence of facts demonstrating an undue hardship to the customer. The customer must provide the following documents for review:

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(1) The application for a waiver prescribed by the City and accompanied by a non - refundable processing fee in an amount set by City Council resolution. (2) Photographs, maps, drawings, and other information, including a written statement of the applicant.

An application for a waiver will be denied unless the City finds, based on the information provided in the application, supporting documents, or such additional information that may be requested, and on water use information for the property as shown by the records of the City or its agent, all of the following:

(1) That the waiver does not constitute a grant of special privilege inconsistent with the limitations upon other customers;
(2) That, because of special circumstances applicable to the property or its use, the strict application of this division would have a disproportionate impact on the property or use that exceeds the impacts to residents and businesses generally; (3) That the authorizing of such waiver will not be of substantial detriment to adjacent properties, and will not materially affect the ability of the City to effectuate the purpose of this division and will not be detrimental to the public interest; and (4) That the condition or situation of the subject property or the intended use of the property for which the waiver is sought is not common, recurrent, or general in nature.

The City Manager or designee must act upon any completed application no later than ten business days after submittal and may approve, conditionally approve, or deny the waiver.

The applicant requesting the waiver must be promptly notified in writing of any action taken. Unless specified otherwise at the time a waiver is approved, the wai ver will apply to the subject property during the period of the mandatory water supply shortage condition. The decision of the City Manager, or designee, shall be final.

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6 COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT

CWC 10632.

(a)(6) For an urban retail water supplier, customer compliance, enforcement, appeal, and exemption procedures for triggered shortage response actions as determined pursuant to Section 10632.2.

Any violation of this WSCP is considered a waste and an unreasonable use of water. The City will track violations by analyzing the City water loss audits for potential leak locations and by documenting correspondence of the City Water Watcher Reporting Line, a 24- Hour Service where customers can report witnessing the abuse of water supplies.

Any violation of this WSCP may be prosecuted as a misdemeanor or as an infraction, at the discretion of the City, pursuant to Article X of the Pomona Municipal Code (Code).

Pursuant to Section 1 -7 of this Code, a misdemeanor is punishable by imprisonment i n the county jail for no more than 30 days, or by a fine not exceeding $1,000.00, or by both.

The City Manager and respective departments shall have the authority to administer and enforce this division.

Pursuant to this WSCP, penalties for failure to comply with any provisions of the WSCP are as follows:
(1) A fine not exceeding $100.00 for a first violation.

(2) A fine not exceeding $200.00 for a second violation of the same provision within one year.
(3) A fine not exceeding $500.00 for each additional violation of the same provision within one year.
a. Water flow restrictor: In addition to any fines, the City may install a water flow restrictor device of approximately one gallon per minute capacity for services up to one and one-half inch size and comparatively sized restrictors for larger services after written notice of inte nt to install a flow restrictor for a minimum of 48 hours.

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b. Termination of service: In addition to any fines and the installation of a water flow restrictor, the City may disconnect and/or terminate a customer's water service.

A person or entity that violates this division is responsible for payment of the City's charges for installing and/or removing any flow restricting device and for disconnecting and/or reconnecting service per the City's schedule of charges then in effect. The charge for installing and/or removing any flow restricting device must be paid to the City before the device is removed. Nonpayment will be subject to the same remedies as nonpayment of basic water rates.

Pursuant to this WSCP, each day that a violation of this ordinance occurs is a separate offense.

The City will issue a notice of violation by mail or personal delivery at least ten days before taking enforcement action. Such notice must describe the violation and the date by which corrective action must be taken. A customer may appeal the violation by filing a written notice of appeal pursuant to this WSCP.

Pending receipt of a written appeal or pending a hearing pursuant to an appeal, the City may take appropriate steps to prevent the unauthorized use of water as appropriate to the nature and extent of the violations and the current declared water shortage level condition.
7 LEGAL AUTHORITIES

CWC 10632.

(a)(7)(A) A description of the legal authorities that empower the urban water supplier to implement and enforce its shortage response actions specified in paragraph (4) that may include, but are not limited to, statutory authorities, ordinances, resolutions, and contract provisions.

(B) A statement that an urban water supplier shall declare a water shortage emergency in accordance with Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 350) of Division 1.

(C) A statement that an urban water supplier shall coordinate with any city or county within which it provides water supply services for the possible proclamation of a local emergency, as defined in Section 8558 of the Government Code.

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CWC Division 1, Section 350

The governing body of a distributor of a public water supply, whether publicly or privately owned and including a mutual water company, shall declare a water shortage emergency condition to prevail within the area served by such distributor whenever it finds and determines that the ordinary demands and requirements of water consumers cannot be satisfied without depleting the water supply of the distributor to the extent that there would be insufficient water for human consumption, sanitation, and fire protection.

The City is responsible for implementing and enforcing the water shortage response actions described in Section 4. This WSCP is subject to any changes deemed necessary by the City.

The City Manager, or designee, may declare a water shortage emergency and may immediately enact the mandatory requirements of any of the levels designated herein.

The required measures of the designated water shortage level will be effective immediately and will be communicated to the public. The emergency implementation will be ratified by resolution of the City Council at its next meeting.

The City shall coordinate with any city or county within which it provides water supply services for the possible proclamation of a local emergency. This includes the Cities of Chino Hills, Claremont, La Verne, and Montclair, and the County of Los Angeles.

The City shall declare a water shortage emergency in accordance with CA Water Code CHAPTER 3 - Water Shortage Emergencies § 350 – 358. Legal authorities include California Water Code Sections 71640 -71644 Article 3. Water Shortages and CA Water Code § 366 (2025) CHAPTER 3.3 - Excessive Residential Water Use During Drought. 8 FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF WSCP

CWC 10632.

(a)(8) A description of the financial consequences of, and responses for, drought conditions, including, but not limited to, all of the following:

(A) A description of potential revenue reductions and expense increases associated with activated shortage response actions described in paragraph (4).

(B) A description of mitigation actions needed to address revenue reductions and expense increases associated with activated shortage response actions described in paragraph (4).

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To ensure compliance with CWC Chapter 3.3 (commencing with Section 365), additional costs may be incurred to monitor and enforce WSCP actions. These costs may vary depending on the applicable water shortage stage and the duration of the water shortage emergency.

The City’s primary source of revenue is user service charges, which consists of bimonthly fixed readiness-to-serve charges according to meter size and a volumetric charge per unit of water consumed. The bimonthly fixed readiness-to-serve charges are sufficient to meet about 45 percent of the City’s operations and maintenance expenses. The revenue from the consumption charge is designed to be sufficient to fund the remaining 55 percent of the operations and maintenance expenses plus all of the variable expenses associated with the cost of water. The current water rates are provided in Appendix D.

The City Council may adopt resolutions to make additional adjustments to the water rates based on the City’s increased costs to provide water for its customers.

The City has historically maintained a financial reserve in its Water Fund. The City may use financial reserves for water system expenditures to make up for shortfalls in water revenue associated with unanticipated reduced water sales. 9 MONITORING AND REPORTING

CWC 10632.

(a)(9) For an urban retail water supplier, monitoring and reporting requirements and procedures that ensure appropriate data is collected, tracked, and analyzed for purposes of monitoring customer compliance and to meet state reporting requirements.

Customer compliance with the provisions adopted by declaration of a WSCP are monitored and reported through water loss audits performed by the City’s Water Resource Department. Staff prepare annual Distribution System Water Audits to monitor water City of Pomona Page 38
2025 Water Shortage Contingency
Plan

losses. Staff review the audits to track real and apparent losses. Losses are monitored by comparing water production to sales. The City regularly monitors its system and repairs leaks in a timely manner. To help in its effort to reduce and eliminate losses, the City has purchased various sound correlators for identifying system leaks. In those areas where a leak is visible, staff are dispatched to a site to pinpoint the leak to minimize the excavation area and save resources.

The City’s Water Resources Department is also the first point of contact of the City Water Watcher Reporting Line, a 24-Hour Service where customers can report witness of abuse of water supplies. Reports are documented for record of offenses and necessary penalties.
10 WSCP REFINEMENT PROCEDURES

CWC 10632.

(a)(10) Reevaluation and improvement procedures for systematically monitoring and evaluating the functionality of the water shortage contingency plan in order to ensure shortage risk tolerance is adequate and appropriate water shortage mitigation strategie s are implemented as needed.

The City’s WSCP has been prepared as an adaptive management plan. As discussed in Section 9, the City will monitor and report on the implementation of the WSCP. The City will review the implementation results for any current or potential shortage gaps between water supplies and demands. The City will evaluate the need for revising the WSCP in order to resolve any shortage gaps, as necessary. The City will consider the following potential revisions in the event of a potential shortage gap:
• Implementation of additional public outreach, education, and communication programs (in addition to the programs discussed in Chapter 8 of the UWMP). • Implementation of more stringent water use restrictions under the standard water shortage levels (discussed in Section 4.2).
• Implementation of stricter enforcement actions and penalties (discussed in Section 6).

City of Pomona Page 39
2025 Water Shortage Contingency
Plan

• Improvements to the water supply augmentation responses (discussed in Section

4.2), as well as any associated operational changes (discussed in Section 4.3) which may be required.
• Incorporation of additional actions recommended by City staff or other interested parties.

The City will use the monitoring and reporting data to evaluate the ability for these potential revisions to resolve any shortage gaps which may occur within the standard water shortage levels.

This WSCP is adopted as part of the City’s 202 5 UWMP adoption process discussed in Section 9.2 of the UWMP . It is anticipated the City will review, revise, and adopt an updated WSCP as part of preparing its 20 31 UWMP, as necessary. However, the City will continue to review the monitoring and reporting data, and if needed, update the WSCP more frequently. Any updates to the City’s WSCP will include a public hearing and adoption process by City Council (see Section 12).

11 SPECIAL WATER FEATURE DISTINCTION
__

CWC 10632.

(b) For purposes of developing the water shortage contingency plan pursuant to subdivision (a), an urban water supplier shall analyze and define water features that are artificially supplied with water, including ponds, lakes, waterfalls, and fountains, separately from swimming pools and spas, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 115921 of the Health and Safety Code.

The City’s WSCP defines “decorative water features” as water features which are artificially supplied with water, including ponds, lakes, waterfalls, and fountains, but excluding pools and spas. In general, there are additional health and safety considerations in the water supplied to pools and spas compared to decorative water features. As a result, the City’s WSCP has reviewed the response actions, enforcement actions, and monitoring and reporting programs separately for decorative water features and for pools and spas, as applicable.

City of Pomona Page 40
2025 Water Shortage Contingency
Plan

Please see Section 4.1. for specific demand reduction actions in relation to special water features.
12 PLAN ADOPTION, SUBMITTAL, AND AVAILABILITY
__

CWC 10632.

(c) The urban water supplier shall make available the water shortage contingency plan prepared pursuant to this article to its customers and any city or county within which it provides water supplies no later than 30 days after adoption of the water shortage contingency plan.

CWC 10635.

(c) Provide supporting documentation that Water Shortage Contingency Plan has been, or will be, provided to any city or county within which it provides water, no later than 30 days after the submission of the plan to DWR.

The City’s WSCP is adopted as part of the City’s 202 5 UWMP adoption process discussed in Chapter 9 of the UWMP. The process for adopting the City’s WSCP includes the following:
• The City will conduct a public hearing and make the WSCP available for public inspection.
• The City will provide notification of the time and place of the public hearing to any city or county in which water is provided.
• The City will publish notice of public hearing in a newspaper once a week, for two successive weeks (with at least five days between publication dates). • The City Council will adopt the 2025 UWMP and the WSCP. • As part of submitting the 2025 UWMP to DWR, the City will also submit the WSCP (electronically through DWR’s online submittal tool) within 30 days of adoption and by July 1, 202 6. The City will submit a copy of the WSCP to the California State Library and to any city or county in which water is provided within 30 days of adoption. In addition, the City will make the WSCP available for public review within 30 days of adoption.

If there are any subsequent amendments required, the process for adopting an amended WSCP includes the following:

City of Pomona Page 41
2025 Water Shortage Contingency
Plan

The City will conduct a public hearing and make the amended WSCP available for public inspection.
• The City Council will adopt the amended WSCP.
• The City will submit the amended WSCP to DWR (electronically through DWR’s online submittal tool) within 30 days of adoption.
• Within 30 days after submission of the WSCP to DWR, the City will provide the WSCP to any city or county within which the City provides water.

Additional information regarding the adoption, submittal, and availability of the City’s WSCP (and 2025 UWMP) is provided in Chapter 9 of the UWMP.

APPENDIX A

CITY OF POMONA ORDINANCE AND RESOLUTIONS

RESOLUTION NO. 2015- 41

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF POMONA, CALIFORNIA, DECLARING A LEVEL 2 WATER SUPPLY SHORTAGE
AND IMPLEMENTING LEVEL 2 RESTRICTIONS FOR WATER USE

REDUCTION TO OUTDOOR URBAN WATER USE
WHEREAS, at the June 15, 2009 City Council meeting, the City Council adopted Ordinance No. 4122 a " Water Conservation and Water Supply Shortage Program" (" Water ConservationProgram") that becameeffective immediatelyupon adoptionpursuantto Water Code Section 376;
WHEREAS, the Water Conservation Program allows the City Council to declareby Resolution a water supply shortage level, and statesthat the conservation requirements shall take effect on the l0a' day after the water shortage level is declared; WHEREAS, on January 17, 2014, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. issued a Drought Emergency Proclamation (January 2014 Proclamation) due to the dire drought conditions and the need to conserve more;
WHEREAS, on February 24, 2014, the City Council adopted a Resolution to request a voluntary water use reduction by all City water customers in responseto Governor Brown' s Drought Declaration and Metropolitan Water District' s ( MWD) Statement regarding California' s Water Supply Shortage;
WHEREAS, Water Code Section 1058.5 grants the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) the authority to adopt emergencyregulations in certain drought years to:

Prevent the waste, unreasonable use, unreasonable method of use, or unreasonable method of diversion, of water, to promotewaterrecyclingor waterconservation, to requirecurtailmentof diversionswhenwateris not availableunderthe diverter'spriority of right, or in furtheranceof anyof the foregoing, to requirereportingof diversionor useor the preparationof monitoringreports".

WHEREAS, On July 15, 2014, SWRCB adoptedan emergencyregulation to support water conservation (Resolution No. 2014-0038) andthat regulation becameeffective July 28, 2014 after approval by the Office of Administrative Law( OAL).

WHEREAS, on May 5, 2015, the SWRCBhasadopteda RegulatoryFrameworkto outline the Governor's ExecutiveOrder and mandatoryactionsthat needto be takenby water suppliers.

Resolution No. 2015- 41
May 18, 2015

Page 1 of 4 ends

WHEREAS, the City of Pomona is an urban water supplier as defined by Water Code Section 10617;
WHEREAS, as an urban water supplier, the City of Pomona shall comply with California Code of Regulations, Title 23, Sections 863, 864, and 865, under the State EmergencyDrought WaterConservationmeasures, andwhich requiresthat the City implement the stageof its water shortage contingency plan that imposes mandatory restrictions on outdoor irrigation;
WHEREAS, the City of Pomona shall comply with California Code of Regulations, Title 23, Sections351 and 352, by publishingon May 11, 2015, a notice of public hearingin newspaperto allow consumersan opportunity to be heardto protest againstthe declaration.

WHEREAS, to ensurethe City meetsthe Emergency Water Conservation requirements setforth by the SWRCB in the RegulatoryFramework, the City shallreducetheir potablewater production by 20 percent per the conservationstandardbasedon relative per capita water usage.

The conservationstandardsrequire the City of Pomonato reducepotable water use of 20 percent.

WHEREAS, a Level 2 Water Supply Shortage, which imposesmandatoryrestrictions on outdoor irrigation and limits number of days per week that customers can irrigate outdoors, be declaredandimplemented by the City Council.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Pomona as follows:

SECTION 1. In addition to the Water Conservation Program' s permanent water conservationrequirementsestablishedby OrdinanceNo. 4122, the City Council herebydeclares a Level 2 Water Supply Shortagethroughout the City and directs the City Manager to implement the following Level 2 water conservation requirements:
1) Limits on Watering Days. Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscape or other vegetatedarea with potable water during the months of April through October is limited to two ( 2) days per week on the following schedule:

Odd addresseson Monday and Thursday
Even addresseson Tuesday and Friday
During the months of November through March, watering or irrigation of lawn, landscape or other vegetated area with potable water is limited to no more than one 1) dayper weekon the following schedule:

Odd addresseson Thursday
Even addresseson Tuesday
Resolution No. 2015- 41
May 18, 2015

Page 2 of 4 ends

This provision doesnot apply to landscapeirrigation zonesthat exclusivelyusevery low flow drip type irrigation systems when an emitter produces more than two ( 2) gallons of water per hour. This provision also doesnot apply to watering or irrigating by useof a hand-held bucket or similar container, a hand- held hose equipped with a positive self- closing water shut- off nozzle or device, or for very short periods of time for the express purpose of adjusting or repairing anirrigation system.
2) Obligation to Fix Leaks, Breaks or Malfunctions. All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions in the water user's plumbing or distribution system must be repaired within 48 hours of notification by the City unless other arrangementsare made with the City.
3) Limits on Filling Lakes or Ponds: Filing or refilling ornamental lakes or ponds are prohibited, except to the extent needed to sustain aquatic life, provided that such animals are of significant value and have been actively managed within the water feature prior to declaration of a supply shortage level under this division. 4) Limits on WashingVehicles: Using waterto wash or cleana vehicle, including but not limited to, any automobile, truck, van, bus, motorcycle, boat, motor home or trailer, whether motorized or not, is prohibited except by use of a hand-held bucket or similar container, a hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing water shut-off nozzle or device, by high pressure/low volume wash systems, or at a commercial car washing facility that utilizes a recirculating water system to capture or reuse water.
5) Limits on Filling Residential Swimming Pools and Spas. For existing pools and outdoorspas, re-filling with potablewateris limited to no morethan one (1) foot per week. Initial filling of residential swimming pools or outdoor spas with potable water is prohibited, except upon written authorization from the City Manager or designee.
6) Other Prohibited Uses. The City may implement other prohibitions on water uses as determined by the City, upon reasonablenotice to customers.

SECTION 2. The City of Pomona shall comply with the Governor' s Executive Order B- 29- 15 signed on April 1, 2015, and implement the State Water Resources Control Board Resolutionadoptedon May 5, 2015 to reducepotablewater usageby 20 percentby February 2016.

SECTION 3. In accordance with " Division 4 — Water Conservation and Water Supply Shortage Plan" of the Pomona City Code, the City Council hereby directs the City Clerk to publish this Resolution in a local newspaper within seven ( 7) days of adoption of this Resolution.

SECTION 4. That the City Clerk shall attest and certify to the passageand adoption of this Resolutionandit shall becomeeffective immediatelyupon its approval.

Resolution No. 2015- 41
May 18, 2015

Page 3 of 4 ends

APPROVED AND ADOPTED THIS 18TH DAY OF MAY 2015.

ATTEST: CITY OF POMONA:
5 "* &4(," qA, 4az:-Eva M. Buice, MMC, City Clerk Elliott Rothman, Mayor APPROVED AS TO FORM:
4J4-: Sw (-
Arnold varez-Glasman, City Attorney

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES

CITY OF POMONA
1, EVA M. BUICE, MMC, CITY CLERK of the City of Pomona do hereby certify that the foregoingResolutionwas adoptedat a RegularMeeting of the City Council of the City of Pomona held on the 18`h
day of May 2015, by the following vote:

AYES: Nolte, Robledo, Carrizosa, Lantz, Escobar, Mayor Rothman NOES: None
ABSENT: Martin
ABSTAIN: None
IN WITNESSWHEREOF, I havehereuntosetmy handandaffixed theofficial sealof the City ofPomona, California, this19`hdayofMay2015.
feEva M. Buice, MMC, City Clerk
Resolution No. 2015- 41
May 18, 2015

Page 4 of 4 ends

RESOLUTION NO. 2016- 106

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF POMONA,

CALIFORNIA, DECLARING A LEVEL I WATER SUPPLY SHORTAGE

AND IMPLEMENTING LEVEL I RESTRICTIONS FOR WATER USE

REDUCTION FOR OUTDOOR URBAN WATER USE AND MAKING

CONSERVATION A WAY OF LIFE FOR POMONA WATER

CUSTOMERS
WHEREAS, at the June15, 2009City Councilmeeting, the City CounciladoptedOrdinance No. 41.22 a " Water Conservation and Water Supply Shortage Program" (" Water Conservation Program") that becameeffective immediately upon adoption pursuantto Water Code Section 376;
WHEREAS, theWaterConservationandWaterSupplyShortageProgramallowsthe City Council to declare by Resolution a water supply shortage level, and states that the conservation requirements shall take effect on the 10` n day after the water shortage level is
declared;
WHEREAS, on January 17, 2014, Governor Brown issueda Drought Emergency Proclamation (January2014 Proclamation) due to the dire drought conditionsandtheneed to conserve more;
WHEREAS, on February24, 2014, the City Council adopteda Resolutionto requesta voluntary water use reduction by all City water customers in responseto Governor Brown' s Drought Declaration and Metropolitan Water District' s ( MWD) statement regarding California's Water Supply Shortage;
WHEREAS, OnApril 25, 2014, theGovernorsigneda secondaryExecutiveOrderto continuetheStateof Emergencydueto theongoingdrought;
WHEREAS, On July 15, 2014, State Water Resource Control Board ( SWRCB) adopted an emergency regulation to support water conservation ( Resolution No. 2014- 0038) and that regulation became effective July 28, 2014 after approval by the Office ofAdministrative Law ( OAL).

WHEREAS, On March 17, 2015, the SWRCB adopteda Resolutionto implement an ExpandedEmergencyWaterConservationrequirementdueto the continuingemergency droughtconditions (ExecutiveOrderB-29-15) tosafeguardtheState'sremainingwatersupply; WHEREAS, On April 1, 2015, the Governor signeda subsequentExecutive Orderto mandate a Statewide reduction in water use of 25% firom 2013 levels, elimination of irrigation of turf in medianswith potablewater, and issuanceof finesfor waterviolations; WHEREAS, onMay5, 2015, theSWRCBadoptedaRegulatoryFrameworktooutline theGovernor'sExecutiveOrderandmandatoryactionsthatneedtobetakenbywatersuppliers; Resolution No. 2016- 106
July 18, 2016

Page 1 of 4 ends

WHEREAS, onMay 18, 2015, theCity CounciladoptedaResolutionto requestLevel 2 WaterSupplyShortageandUsereductionsby all City watercustomersin responseto GovernorBrown'sEmergencyDroughtDeclarationimplementinglimitsofoutdoorwatering daysto two-daysperweekfromApril throughOctober, andonedayperweekNovemberthrough March; WHEREAS, on March 1, 2016, new urbanwatersupplierconservationstandardswereset by the SWRCB, and required the City of Pomona to reduce by 20%, but was modified on March 15.1 2016 to 18%;
WHEREAS, onMay9, 2016, theGovernorissuedanExecutiveOrderthatdirectsthe SWRCBto adjustandextendtheemergencywaterconservationregulationsthroughtheendof January2017inrecognitionofthedifferingwatersupplyconditionsformanycommunities; WHEREAS, onMay18, 201.6, theSWRCBadoptedanemergencywaterconservationregulation that replaces the February 2, 2016 emergency regulation. The May 2016 regulationwill be in effect from June 2016 through January 2017, and requires locally developedconservation standards based on each agency' s circumstances. It replaces the prior percentage reduction-basedwaterconservationstandardwith a localized "stresstest" approach; WHEREAS, the City of Pomonasubmittedthe WaterSupplyReliabilitySelf- Certificationform to the SWRCBby the June22, 2016 deadline, and the datasubmitted demonstratedtheCityhasadequatewatersuppliesandfacilities (withupgradesby2017) to deliverthenecessarywaterneedstothecommunityforthenextthree-years, assumingthreemoredry yearslike theonesthe Stateexperiencedfrom 2012to 2015; WHEREAS, dueto thechangein currentwatersupplyconditions, it is recommended thattheCityCounciladoptaResolutionrescindingtheLevel2WaterSupplyShortageandUse Restrictions (removethetwo-daysaweekoutdoorwateringrestrictions) whichwereoriginallyadopted by Resolution No. 2015-41 WHEREAS, although the water supply picture has improved, the City shall demonstrategoodwaterconservationpracticesbycontinuingtoconserveitswatersupplyandmakewater conservationa" Way of Life" and preservethis precious natural resource; and WHEREAS, aLevelI WaterSupplyShortage, whichimposesmandatoryrestrictions on outdoor irrigation and limits the number of days per week that customerscan irrigate outdoors, bedeclaredandimplementedbytheCity.

NOW, THEREFORE, BEIT RESOLVEDbytheCityCounciloftheCityofPomonaas follows:

SECTION 1. In addition to the Water Conservation Program's permanent water conservationrequirementsestablishedbyOrdinanceNo, 41.22, theCityCouncilherebydeclares a LevelI WaterSupplyShortagethroughouttheCity anddirectstheCity Managertoimplementthefollowing Level I waterconservationrequirements:

Resolution No. 2016- 106
July 18, 2016

Page 2 of 4 ends

1) Limits on Waterin r Days.-
Watering or irrigating of lawn, landscapeor other vegetatedareaswith potable water during the months of April through October is limited to no more than three (3)) days per week on the following schedule:

Odd addresseson Tuesday, Thursdayand Saturday (addressesendingwith 1, 3,
Evenaddresseson Monday, WednesdayandFriday (addressesendingwith 0, 2, 4, 6, 8)
Watering or irrigation of lawn, landscape or other vegetated areaswith potable water during the months of November through March is limited to no more than one ( 1) dayperweekon the following schedule:

Oddaddresseson Thursday (addressesendingwith 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) Even addresseson Monday (addressesending with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8) This provisiondoesnot apply to landscapeirrigation zonesthat exclusivelyusevery low flow drip type irrigation systems when an emitter produces more than two ( 2) gallons of water per hour. This provisionalsodoesnot apply to wateringor irrigating by the useof a hand-held bucketor similar container, a hand-heldhoseequippedwith a positiveself-closingwatershut- off nozzleor device, or for very short periodsof time for the expresspurposeof adjustingor repairing an irrigation system.
2) Obligation to Fix Leaks, Breaks or Malfunctions. All leaks, breaks, or other malfunctions in the water user's plumbing or distribution systemmust be repaired within 72 hoursof notification by the City unlessotherarrangementsaremadewith the City,
3) Other Prohibited Uses, The City may implement other prohibitions on water uses asdetermined by the City, upon reasonablenotice to customers.

SECTION 2. The City of Pomonashall comply with Governor Brown's Executive Order No. B-') 7-16 issued May 9, 2016, and the SWRCB emergencyaction to adopt section 864. 5 and to readopt and further amend sections 863, 864, 865, and 866 in Title 23 of the California Code of Regulations, which pertain to drought emergency water conservation. The emergencyregulatory action is effective on May 31, 2016, and will expire on February 28, 2017.

SECTION 3. In accordance with " Division 4 — Water Conservation and Water Supply Shortage Plan" of the PomonaCity Code, the City Council hereby directs the City Clerk to publish this Resolution in a local newspaper within seven ( 7) days of adoption of this Resolution.

SECTION 4. ThattheCity Clerkshallattestandcertify to thepassageandadoptionof this Resolutionandit shallbecomeeffectiveimmediatelyuponits approval.

Resolution No. 2016- 106
July 18, 2016

Page 3 of 4 ends

APPROVED AND ADOPTED THIS 18TH
IFAS' OF JULY 2016.

ATTEST: CITY OF POMONA:

Eva M. Buice, MMC, City Clerk Elliott Rothman, Mayor
APPROVED ASTO FORM:
fie
Arnold Alvarez-Gl sman, City Attorney

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES

CITY OF POMONA
1, EVAM, BUICE, MMC, CITYCLERKof theCityof Pomonadoherebycertifythatthe foregoingResolutionwasadoptedat a RegularMeetingof theCityCouncilof theCityofPomona held on the 18th dayof July2016, bythefollowing vote:

AYES: Nolte, Robledo, Lantz, Escobar, Martin, Mayor Rothman NOES: None
ABSENT: Carrizosa
ABSTAIN: None
INWITNESSWHEREOF, I havehereuntosetmyhandandaffixedtheofficialsealoftheCityof Pomona, California, this 19"' day of J 2016. a
EvaM. Buice, MMC, City Clerk
Resolution No. 2016- 106
July 18, 2016

Page 4 of 4 ends

APPENDIX B

CITY OF POMONA NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

City of Pomona
Local
Hazard Mitigation
Plan Update
(2022-2027)

505 South Garey Avenue
Pomona, CA 9176
March 30, 2022

Table of Contents
LHMP Update Document Organization ..................................................................................................... 7 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................................9

1.2 Purpose of the LHMP ........................................................................................................................ 10

1.3 Related Mitigation Planning Efforts .................................................................................................. 11

1.4 Related City Plans And Documents ................................................................................................... 12

1.5 Planning Process ............................................................................................................................... 13

1.6 Stakeholder Participation ................................................................................................................. 14

1.7 LHMP Implementation and Maintenance......................................................................................... 20 2 COMMUNITY PROFILE ....................................................................................................................... 22

2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 22

2.2 Geography and the Environment ...................................................................................................... 23

2.3 Historical Development .................................................................................................................... 23

2.4 Climate .............................................................................................................................................. 25

2.5 Geologic Conditions .......................................................................................................................... 25

2.6 Population and Demographics .......................................................................................................... 28

2.7 Land Use Patterns ............................................................................................................................. 30

2.8 Housing and Community Development .................................................................................. 34

2.9 Employment and Industry ............................................................................................................ 34

2.10 Growth and Development ................................................................................................................ 35

2.11 Transportation and Commuting Patterns ................................................................................ 37 3 RISK ASSESSMENT.............................................................................................................................. 41

3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 41

3.2 Approach ........................................................................................................................................... 41

3.3 Lo
cal Hazards Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 42

3.4 Critical Facilities ................................................................................................................................ 43

3.5 Vulnerable Populations and Facilities ............................................................................................... 48

3.6 Risk Identification and Vulnerabilities Summary .............................................................................. 57

3.7 Potential Financial Losses ................................................................................................................. 59 4 EARTHQUAKES ................................................................................................................................... 60

4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 60

4.2 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................................... 60

4.2.1 Historic Events ........................................................................................................................... 61

4.2.2 Hazard Location and Extent ...................................................................................................... 63

4.2.3 Probability of Future Occurrence .............................................................................................. 71

4.3 Vulnerability Assessment .................................................................................................................. 72

4.3.1 Identifying Vulnerabilities ......................................................................................................... 72

4.3.2 Estimating Potential Losses....................................................................................................... 79

4.3.3 Climate Change Impact ............................................................................................................. 84 5 LANDSLIDES ........................................................................................................................................ 86

5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 86

5.2 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................................... 86

5.2.1 Historic Events ........................................................................................................................... 89

5.2.2 Hazard Location and Extent ...................................................................................................... 92

5.2.3 Probability of Future Occurrence .............................................................................................. 96

5.3 Vulnerablility Assessment ................................................................................................................. 96

5.3.1 Identifying Vulnerabilities ......................................................................................................... 96

5.3.2 Estimating Potential Losses....................................................................................................... 97

5.3.3 Climate Change Impact ............................................................................................................. 98 6 WILDFIRE ............................................................................................................................................ 99

6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 99

6.2 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................................... 99

6.2.1 Historic Events ......................................................................................................................... 101

6.2.2 Hazard Location and Extent .................................................................................................... 103

6.2.3 Probability of Future Events .................................................................................................... 103

6.3 Vulnerability Assessment ................................................................................................................ 103

6.3.1 Identifying Vulnerabilities ....................................................................................................... 104

6.3.2 Estimating Potential Losses..................................................................................................... 104

6.3.3 C
limate Change Impact ........................................................................................................... 104 7 FLOODING ........................................................................................................................................ 110

7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 110

7.2 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................................. 110

7.2.1 Historic Events ......................................................................................................................... 112

7.2.2 Hazard Location and Extent .................................................................................................... 112

7.2.3 Probability of Future Events .................................................................................................... 115

7.3 Vulnerability Assessment ................................................................................................................ 116

7.3.1 Identifying Vulnerabilities ....................................................................................................... 116

7.3.2 Estimating Potential Losses..................................................................................................... 117

7.3.3 Climate Change Impact ........................................................................................................... 117 8 WINDSTORMS .................................................................................................................................. 118

8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 118

8.2 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................................. 118

8.2.1 Historic Events ......................................................................................................................... 119

8.2.2 Hazard Location and Extent .................................................................................................... 119

8.2.3 Probability of Future Events .................................................................................................... 120

8.3 Vulnerability Assessment ................................................................................................................ 120

8.3.1 Identifying Vulnerabilities ....................................................................................................... 122

8.3.2 Estimating Potential Losses..................................................................................................... 122

8.3.3 Climate Change Impact ........................................................................................................... 122 9 PANDEMIC/INFECTIOUS DISEASE ................................................................................................... 123

9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 123

9.2 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................................. 123

9.2.1 Historic Events ......................................................................................................................... 123

9.2.2 Pandemic/Infectious Disease Location and Extent ................................................................. 125

9.2.3 Probability of Future Occurrence ............................................................................................ 126

9.3 Vulnerability Assessment ................................................................................................................ 126

9.3.1 Identifying Vulnerabilities ....................................................................................................... 126

9.3.2 Estimating Potential Losses..................................................................................................... 127

9.3.3 Climate Change Impact ........................................................................................................... 127 10 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 128

10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 128

10.2 Mission Statement .......................................................................................................................... 128

10.3 Goals And Objectives Framework ............................................................................................... 128 11 MITIGATION ACTION PLAN ............................................................................................................. 132

11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 132

11.2 Existing Mitigation Activities ........................................................................................................... 134

11.2.1 Existing Earthquake Mitigation Activities ............................................................................... 134

11.2.2 Existing Landslide Mitigation Activies ..................................................................................... 138

11.2.3 Existing Wildfire Mitigation Activities ..................................................................................... 138

11.2.4 Existing Flood Mitigation Activities ......................................................................................... 140

11.2.5 Existing Windstorm Mitigation Activities ................................................................................ 142

11.2.6 Existing Pandemic/Infectious Disease Mitigation Activities ................................................... 143

11.3 Mitigation Action Items .................................................................................................................. 144

11.4 Progress In Local Mitigation Efforts ................................................................................................ 158 Appendix A: Public Participation Survey Materials & Tac Meeting Agendas .......................................... 160 Appendix B: Hazus Report ....................................................................................................................... 178 Appendix C: Resource Directory & Pomona Organizational Charts ........................................................ 201 Appendix D: Economic Analysis Guidelines For Natural Hazard Mitigation Projects ............................. 233 Appendix E: List Of Acronyms .................................................................................................................. 240 Appendix F: Glossary ................................................................................................................................ 246

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Technical Advisory Committee 14
Table 2-1: Pomona Demographics 29
Table 4-1: Southern California Earthquakes with Magnitude 5.0 or Greater 62 Table 4-2: Modified Mercalli vs. Richter Scale 69
Table 4-3: Fire Stations Built Before 1976 73
Table 4-4: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy 80
Table 4-5: Displaced Households/Persons Seeking Short Term Public Shelter 80 Table 4-6: Casualty Estimates 81
Table 4-7: Earthquake Debris (millions of tons) 82
Table 4-8: Building Related Economic Loss Estimates (millions of dollars) 83 Table 4-9: Structures within Liquefaction and Landslide Zones 84 Table 8-1: Beaufort Scale 120
Table 9-1: Level of Community Transmission 125

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Regional Location 24
Figure 2-2: Topography and City Boundaries 26
Figure 2-3: Current Distribution of Existing Land Use 31 Figure 2-4: Transportation Network 38
Figure 2-5: Pomona Street Classification System 39
Figure 3-1: Critical Facilities 45
Figure 4-2: Regional Faults 65
Figure 4-3: PVHMC Specific Plan 75
Figure 4-4: Gas Transmission Lines in Los Angeles County 77 Figure 5-1: Landslide Types 87
Figure 5-2: Pomona Landslide 2010 90
Figure 6-1: Top 20 Largest California Wildfires 106
Figure 6-2: Top 20 Deadliest California Wildfires 107
Figure 6-3: Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires 108 Figure 8-1: Santa Ana Winds 118

LIST OF MAPS
Map 2-1: General Plan Land Use Map 33
Map 2-2: Zoning, Overlays, and Specific Plans Map 34 Map 2-3: Transect Zones 37
Map 3-1: Vulnerable Facilities Map 51
Map 3-2: Designated Historic Resources 57 Map 4-1: Seismic Hazards 65 Map 5-1: Landslide Hazards 96
Map 6-1: Areas Susceptible to Wildland Fires 111 Map 7-1: Flood Hazards 116

LHMP Update Document Organization
CITY OF POMONA LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE (2022-2027) The City of Pomona is seeking FEMA approval for this Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update . The City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update (2022-2027) establishes the City’s strategy to implement improvements and programs to reduce community impacts in the event of local hazards. Prepared pursuant to the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, the LHMP comprehensively identifies potential local hazards, the extent of the risks posed by the hazards, the vulnerabilities of the City to these hazards, and actions the City will take to mitigate or reduce the potential impact of the hazards. Pomona initially adopted a Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan in 2015. This 2022 – 2027 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) is an update of the Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan approved by FEMA in 2015.

While the frequency of disaster occurrence is low, Pomona is susceptible to major local hazards with potential for catastrophic consequences. The ensuing devastation could tremendously disrupt daily activities, commerce, and economic development as well as the functions of the City and other public agencies, in addition to causing untold tragedy in life loss and widespread injuries.

Earthquakes top the list of local hazards with potential widespread impacts in Pomona, as well as wildfire, landslides, flooding, windstorm, and pandemic/infectious disease.

The LHMP builds upon preparedness and hazard reduction programs currently employed by the City. There are, however, a variety of risks with potential for considerable community impacts that require commitment of additional City resources and staff. By partnering with emergenc y response providers and community members in the implementation of the actions outlined in this document, the City can achieve a greater level of resiliency and will avoid major disruptions and upheaval associated with a natural disaster.

ORGANIZATION
The LHMP is organized into eleven Chapters, beginning with an introduction to the plan which examines the purpose, process, and implementation and maintenance, as well as public participation, and related planning efforts. Chapter 2 outlines the community profile including the demographics, geography, existing land use and development patterns that are critical to understanding how to mitigate local hazards. Chapter 3 assessing the vulnerabilities particular to Pomona, while Chapters 4 through 9 assess individual hazards. Chapter 10 outlines the City’s goals and objectives for this LHMP, and Chapter 11 outlines existing and proposed mitigation efforts.

The appendices provide supplementary information and resources.

The structure of the LHMP document is outlined below.

1. Introduction

2. Community Profile

3. Risk Assessment

4. Earthquake

5. Landslide

6. Wildfire

7. Flooding

8. Windstorm

9. Infectious Disease

10. Goals and Objectives

11. Mitigation Action Plan
Appendices
A. Public Participation Survey Materials & TAC Meeting Agendas B. HAZUS Report
C. Resource Directory and Pomona Organizational Charts D. Economic Analysis Guidelines for Local Hazard Mitigation Projects E. List of Acronyms
F. Glossary

City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

9 1 Introduction

1.1 Background

The City of Pomona is a desirable place to live with many attractive features: a favorable climate, diverse employment opportunities, historic downtown and neighborhoods, and more affordable housing than many of its neighboring communities. This quality of life attracts many new residents each year, resulting in a relatively steady growth rate o ver the last few decades. The population of Pomona grew from 149,058 in 2010 to 151,713 in 2019, a grow rate of approximately 1.8% 1. Along with this growth, however , comes numerous challenges, one of which is how to effectively manage threats to the city resulting from a local hazard event .

Southern California is home to a host of potential local hazards that could cause significant injury, loss of life, and property damage.

LOCAL HAZARDS
In Pomona, the greatest hazard threats are ground shaking and liquefaction from a major earthquake, although landslide, wildfire, flooding, windstorm events, and infectious disease also have potential to endanger people and/or property. As the City continues to grow, the exposure to these hazards increases, and the accompanying potential for negative impacts becomes even greater. Pomona’s status as a nearly built-out city with limited natural open spaces, surrounded by substantially urban uses, affects the types of hazards and potential consequences of concern.

Pomon
a has been impacted by local hazards - namely
earthquake and flooding in prior years.

One of the most memorable disasters was a train wreck known to have occurred about 1900.

The possible cause was a major earthquake registering approximately 6.5 on the Richter scale along the San Jacinto Fault on December 25, 1899. Over one hundred passengers were seriously injured. Because Pomona had no medical facility, injured passengers were taken into private homes and cared for by Pomona residents. This incident was the catalyst for Pomona to build a hospital, which today is Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center. The Whittier- Narrows Earthquake of 1987 resulted in damage to many valued historic buildings, and several damaged unreinforced masonry buildings in the downtown area required demolition. Pomona has also had a long history of significant flooding in the eastern portions. Drainage improvements in the 1950s and 1960s and the construction of the San Antonio Dam have alleviated this hazard, although some localized flooding still occasionally occurs during heavy rainstorms (Reference 2).

To date, Pom ona has not experienced disasters requiring a request for a Presidential Disaster Declaration and associated emergency assistance funds, with the exception of COVID-19 disaster

1 U.S . Census Bureau: United States Population and Housing Counts, 2010 and 2019. 2 Gallivan, Mickey. President. Pomona Historical Society. Written Communication. June 22. 2004.

City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

10 declared on March 13, 2020, for the entire United States . The fact that a catas trophic situation requiring this request has rarely occurred should not in any way be interpreted as prediction of low hazard risk for the future. An event like the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, with damage totaling nearly 50 billion dollars, could realistically occur in Pomona.

Above. The derailment of a train in 1899 in Central Pomona prompted the construction of the City’s hospital – Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center. Traveling at high speeds, the train jumped track, potentially due to track damage caused by a large earthquake that occurred in the region on the same day.

HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING
Exact prediction of disasters and the extent of impact on the city is impossible. However, with careful planning and collaboration among public agencies, private sector organizations, and citizens within the community, it is possible to minimize the losses that can result from local hazard events. Mitigation planning is an effective method of reducing risk from such local hazards. It is defined as “sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate long -term risk to people and their property from hazards and their effects 3.” This Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is the culmination of extensive research, analysis, and community outreach undertaken by the City of Pomona to identify potential local hazard risks and establish appropriate and effective mitigation to reduce the risks.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE LHMP
In response to a series of costly and damaging disasters, Congress passed the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 ( DMA 2000), which establishes a frame -work f or proactive local planning for local
hazard mitigation. This law requires that every local, county, and state government:
• Conduct an assessment of the local hazards that pose a threat to the jurisdiction; • Determine the potential financial impact of these hazards;

3 Federal Emergency Management Agency, website: www.fema.gov, accessed September 14, 2021

City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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11 • Create a plan to mitigate these hazards; and
• Implement the plan to reduce the impacts of local hazards.

The preparation and adoption of such a plan is required in order to be eligible for funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Th is Local Hazard Mitigation Plan update for Pomona will ensure that the City is in compliance with this law and will be able to receive funding for mitigation projects and other assistance under DMA 2000.

As the costs of damage from local hazards continue to increase, the community realizes the importance of identifying effective ways to reduce vulnerability to disasters. Local Hazard Mitigation Plans assist communities in reducing risk from local hazards by identifying resources, information, and strategies for risk reduction, while helping to guide and coordinate mitigation activities throughout the City. This LHMP update establishes a set of action items to reduce risk from local hazards through education and outreach programs and to foster the development of partnerships, improvements to maximize e mergency service response capabilities, and implementation of preventative activities such as land use programs that restrict and control development in areas subject to damage from local hazards.

1.3 RELATED MITIGATION PLANNING EFFORTS

The Pomona LHMP addresses local hazards, risks, and mitigation actions for the entire c ity.

However, a variety of agencies and organizations have facilities in the city and take the lead on mitigation planning efforts for their facilities. LHMPs are under preparation or have been completed by the following for facilities located within Pomona:

• State of California Hazard Mitigation Plan, for State-owned facilities such as freeways, Cal Poly Pomona; and school district facilities, completed in 2013 and updated in 2018 • County of Los Angeles All Hazards Mitigation Plan, for County-owned facilities such as the courts; completed in 2014 and updated in 2019
• Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center Emergency Operations Plan, completed in 1994 and most recently updated in December 2020.

Major utility infrastructure in Pomona is owned, operated, and managed by entities other than the City, such as Southern California Edison, Union Pacific Railroad, Southern California Gas Company, and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA).

Maintenance and emergency preparedness of these types of facilities are not under the City ’ s jurisdiction, although the City has a responsibility to coordinate with these infrastructure providers on emergency preparedness and risk reduction strategies, and advocate safety for Pomona residents, business, and property.

Partners and resources exist at the regional, State, and federal levels. Numerous State agencies have a role in local hazards and local hazard mitigation. Some of the key agencies include:

City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

12 • The Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (OES) is responsible for disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and the administration of fede ral funds after a major disaster declaration;
• The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC), gathers information about earthquakes, integrates this information on earthquake phenomena, and communicates this to end - users and the general public to increas e earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives;
• The California Division of Forestry (CDF) is responsible for all aspects of wildland fire protection on private, and state lands, and administers forest practices regulations, including landslide mitigation, on non-federal lands;
• The California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) is responsible for geologic hazard characterization, public education, the development of partnerships aimed at reducing risk of geologic and seismic hazards, including landslides and tsunamis; and • The California Division of Water Resources (DWR) plans, designs, constructs, operates, and maintains the State Water Project; regulates dams; provides flood protection and assists in emergency management. It also educates the public and serves local water needs by providing technical assistance.

1.4 RELATED CITY PLANS AND DOCUMENTS

This LHMP update works in conjunction with other City plans and documents, specifically the General Plan, Zoning Code, the Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), and the Standard Emergency Management System (SEMS) . The status of these documents is described below. The planning mechanisms in these documents will be amended to incorporate the LHMP mitigation actions.

POMONA GENERAL PLAN
The Pomona General Plan establishes a city-wide development plan and policies to help achieve the community’s vision and goals for the City. Topics addressed in the General Plan include land use, circulation, economic development, urban design, historic and natural resources, open spaces, noise, as well as public safety. A comprehensive update of the Pomona General Plan was adopted in 2014. The Safety Element of the General Plan will be updated to address evacuation routes following the adoption of this LHMP update, and a comprehensive update to the General Plan will commence in the next 4 -5 years. Through these updates, the City will seek to expand and improve on policies to reduc e the risk of local hazards and will incorporate relevant information from this LHMP update.

ZONING CODE
The Pomona Zoning Ordinance establishes regulations for development in the City, implementing the General Plan policy framework. The Zoning Ordinance is currently being updated and will be revised to reflect the directives in the General Plan. The City will incorporate relevant information City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

13 from this LHMP update to reduce the risks of local hazards, through the incorporation of improved develop ment standards and consideration of restricting growth in areas of the City subject to severe hazards.

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS PLAN (EOP) AND STANDARDIZED EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM (SEMS)
The Emergency Operation Plan (EOP) last updated in 2011 establishes the emergency organization, task assignments, policies and general procedures, and coordination of the various emergency staff and service elements utilizing the Standardized Emergency Management Systems (SEMS). The objective is to incorporate and coordinate all the facilities and personnel of the City into an efficient organization capable of responding to any emergency, as an extension of the California Emergency Plan. In the event of a large-scale local hazard, technological incident or national security emergency, the City would employ the communication protocols and systems for emergency response established in the Standardized Emergency Management System Plan.

Mitigation actions have been included in this LHMP update that incorporate policies and procedures from the EOP and SEMS , and conversely, when the EOP is next updated, relevant mitigation efforts from this LHMP update will be incorporated.

1.5 PLANNING PROCESS

In preparing the LHMP, the City utilized a step-by-step planning process incorporating thorough research, analysis, and participation by stakeholders and community members. This planning process consisted of six major steps:

• Identification of issues pertaining to local hazards, community risks and vulnerabilities, preparedness, and awareness;
• Intensive research and mapping of hazards, critical facilities, and vulnerabilities to identify potential risks in Pomona;
• Rating of risks according to potential extent of damage, injury and life loss, and severity of service disruptions impairing community functioning; • Formulation of mission, goals, and objectives;
• Evaluation of mitigation actions to reduce risks and improve preparedness; and • Plan preparation.

Community members, stakeholders, and partners in emergency preparedness were involved in each step providing input and assistance as described below.

City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

14 1.6 STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION

Emergency preparedness and response in a city like Pomona depends on the coordinated efforts of emergency service providers, infrastructure partners, community leaders, and residents themselves. To be comprehensive, feasible, and effective, mitigation planning for local hazards must proceed in coordination with these entities. For these reasons, a multi -component public participation program was integrated with the planning process for the LHMP . The public participation program included:
• Technical Advisory Committee (TAC ) comprised of members representing City departments, school district, medical facilities, airport and transit facilities, and utility and emergency service providers who provided input;
• Public survey;
• City Council presentation;
• Communications with stakeho lders and partners to acquire data and planning information.

Table 1-1: Technical Advisory Committee
NAME TITLE AGENCY/DEPT. EMAIL
CITY
Naela Cansino,
ARM
Safety &
Emergency
Mgmt. Officer
Risk Management [email protected]
Chris Millard Risk Manager Risk Management [email protected] Linda
Matthews
Human
Resources/Risk
Management
Director
Human Resources [email protected]
Rene Guerrero Public Works
Director
Public Works [email protected]
Benita
DeFrank
Neighborhood
Services Director
Neighborhood
Services
[email protected]
Anita Gutierrez Development
Services Director
Development
Services
[email protected]
Chris Diggs Water Resources
Director
Water Resources [email protected]
Lt. Steve
Congalton
Watch
Commanders
Office
Police [email protected]

HEALTH CARE/MEDICAL SERVICE PROVIDERS
Steven
Storbakken
Director of
Emergency
Pomona Valley
Medical Center
[email protected]
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

15 Preparedness
Rimmi Hundal Director Tri-City Mental
Health
[email protected]
Lisa Naranjo Program
Supervisor
Tri-City Mental
Health
[email protected]
Erica Frausto
Aguado
Executive
Director for
Greater San
Gabriel and
Pomona
American Red
Cross
[email protected]
Jose De Leon Facilities
Manager
San Gabriel
Regional Center
[email protected]

UTILITIES
Bob Cruz Regional Public
Affairs Manager
Sempra/SoCal Gas [email protected]
Marissa
Castro-Salvati
Local Public
Affairs Regional
Manager
Southern
California Edison
[email protected]

AIRPORT & TRANSIT
Sam Carter Airport Manager Brackett Airport [email protected] Dave Price Assistant Airport
Manager
Brackett Airport [email protected]
Tanya Pina Emergency
Contact
Foothill Transit [email protected]
LaShawn
Gillespie
Emergency
Contact
Foothill Transit [email protected]

COUNTY EMERGENCY SERVICES
Jim Robinson Assistant Fire
Chief
LA County Fire [email protected]
Diana
Manzano-
Garcia
Disaster Area
Management
Coordinator
Area D Community
Emergency
Response Team
(CERT)
[email protected]

BUSINESS & COMMUNITY INTERESTS
Lorena Parker Executive
Director
Downtown
Pomona Owner’s
Association
[email protected]
Rene Martin Chairman Ecumenical and
Interfaith
Relations
Committee
[email protected]
Monique President & CEO Chamber of [email protected] City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

16 Manzanares Commerce
Minerva
Hernandez
President Hispanic Chamber
of Commerce
[email protected]
Barry Gillies Director of
Property
Operations
Pomona Fairplex [email protected]
Doreen
Weatherly
Safety Services
Manager
Pomona Fairplex [email protected]

SCHOOL DISTRICT
Richard
Martinez
Superintendent
of Schools
Pomona Unified
School District
[email protected]

LHMP UPDATE SCHEDULE
• The City released a Request For Proposals from qualified firms to update the LHMP on August 3, 2020.
• LHMP update kickoff meeting occurred on March 25 , 2021. The attendees were able to review the departments that were involved in the original preparation and identified representatives from outsides agencies that could be invited to be members. The LHMP City project manager provided a list of agencies and organizations that participated in the 2012 NHMP adopted in 2015, and Interwest staff contacted each organization to update contacts and initiate the outreach process via email and phone correspondence.
• The TAC agreed upon a planning process/public outreach method. A public outreach online survey would be used for the 2022 update due to the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic. A review process of this survey was undertaken and comments and/or changes were subsequently made. • The TAC also reviewed the hazards listed in the 2015 document and added pandemic to the list of hazards. Weekly Update Committee meetings were held for the first several weeks of this LHMP update, then shifted to bi-weekly meetings in late May 2021. • A link and QR Code for the public survey were posted to the City’s LHMP Update webpage on June 28, 2021 and provided in English and Spanish. Advertisements for the survey were posted to Instagram, Facebook, the City’s website and TV station, the electronic message board outside of City Hall, and in the Pomona weekly report through the months of July and August. Survey flyers were also handed out to the public at the Public Resource Fair on November 6, 2021. • A public meeting to introduce the LHMP to the City Council was held on May 17, 2021. No members of the public attended the meeting . The presentation was given by City staff and Interwest Consulting Group staff, which resulted in a discussion about P omona’s proximity to several earthquake faults, drought, fires, and pandemic. • Email correspondence with Technical Advisory Committee agency members began in the last week of May with correspondence continuing through November of 2021. • Meetings with City Departments occurred from January through March to update Mitigation Action Items and other background information (Appendix A).

City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

17 TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETINGS
`
• March 25, 2021 – Kick-off meeting to introduce Technical Advisory Committee and project schedule.
• April 12, 2021 – Meeting to determine public outreach strategy and COVID 19 limitations, addition of pandemic/infectious disease as a new hazard, and requirement to address impacts of climate change on local hazards.
• April 19, 2021 – Review of public survey and determination of when and how to release to public. Discussed presenting the LHMP update to City Council. • May 3, 2021 – Discussed annexations and major construction projects since 2012. May 17, 2021, chosen as City Council presentation date.
• May 17, 2021 – Reviewed Power Point presentation for City Council and launch of public survey after the City Council presentation.
• June 1, 2021 – Discussed update to hazard maps and other maps relevant to the LHMP update.
• June 14, 2021 – New Emergency Services Manager introduced to TAC team and to take over management of LHMP update.
• June 28, 2021 – Update to project timeline and discussion strategy to increase participation of public survey.
• July 12, 2021 – Updates provided relating to City demographics. • July 26, 2021 - Check -in on survey participation and request for related City documents. • August 9, 2021 – Discussion regarding area schools and hospitals. • August 23, 2021 – Request for information regarding City facilities including water facilities such as reservoirs.
• September 6, 2021 – Discussed changing document name from Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan to Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. Also, updated City staff on HAZUS Report. • September 20, 2021 – Confirmation of critical facilities (Police and Fire Stations) number and status.
• October 4, 2021 – Discussed l ack of participation in public survey and City events to present informational flyers with QR Code to public survey. Decided on November 6, 2021, Resource Fair.
• October 18, 2021 - Discussed additional information from the Housing Element Update to include in the LHMP Update. Coordinated with Emergency Services Manager to begin outreach with City Departments to update Mitigation Action Plan. • November 1, 2021 – Discussed who would be present for the November 6 Resource Fair to hand out informational flyers and answer questions as Interwest staff members not available to attend.
• December 13, 2021 – Reviewed initial responses to Mitigation Action Plan update. • January 10,2021 – Discussed need for more in -depth department interviews to address updates to Mitigation Action Plan.
• January 2 7, 2021 – Interview with Director of Neighborhood Services to discuss outstanding items, and Mitigation Actions under Neighborhood Services responsibility.

City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

18 • February 3, 2021 – Interview with Directors of Public Works and Water Resources Department to discuss outstanding items, and Mitigation Action items under department responsibility.
• February 7, 2021 – Interview with Emergency Services Manager to discuss outstanding items, and Mitigation Action Items under Risk Management Division responsibility. • February 14, 2021 – Interview with Director of Development Services to discuss outstanding items, and Mitigation Action Items under department responsibility. • March 7, 2021 – Interview with Police Department to discuss Mitigation Action Items under department responsibility.

ONLINE PUBLIC SURVEY
To better understand the community’s understanding and concerns regarding natural hazards and local response, the City solicited input from the community in the form of an online survey to determine:
•
How the community prioritizes hazards facing the City.
• Actions the City and community can take to reduce future damage from natural hazards. • How local government officials can better communicate natural hazard risks to the public.

The survey included 12 questions and a comment section created to identify the respondent’s connection with City of Pomona, experience with previous natural hazard events, preparedness for future hazards, and opportunities to create a community more resilient to local hazards.

To ensure the community had ample opportunities to provide input, the City promoted the survey using the following methods:
• City website – The City placed a link to the survey in a prominent location on the City’s website homepage, ensuring all website visitors were aware of the opportunity. • A City Council presentation introducing the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and the importance of maintaining an up -to-date version of this LHMP. The presentation included information about the survey.
• Hard Copy surveys – The City provided paper (hard) copies of the survey at counters of City department offices including City Hall and handed o ut at the Resource Fair on November 6, 2021.

Outreach materials used to promote the public survey can be found in Appendix A.

PUBLIC SURVEY RESULTS
The following summary highlights the key responses and findings of the survey. These survey results help to inform staff of community concerns.

Community Participation
The City received responses to the survey from 62 individuals (62 in English, and 0 in Spanish).

City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

19 Level of Concern
Respondents were asked to review the city’s likely natural hazards and rate their level of concern on a scale from not concerned, not very concerned, neutral, somewhat concerned, to very concerned, for each local hazard. Climate change was identified as the highest level of concern among participants. While climate change is not identified as a specific hazard in this LHMP, it has the potential to impact all of the listed hazards, either directly or indirectly. Of the listed hazards in this LHMP, participants indicated the highest levels of concern for earthquakes, pandemics, and wildfire hazards/brush fire respectively pandemic which may have been temporarily inflated due to the fact that the worldwide COVID -19 pandemic was still ongoing at the ti me the survey was released. Lowest levels of concern include flood, dam failure and inundation hazards, severe windstorms, and landslides.

Actions to Prepare
The results of the survey indicate that many respondents have taken actions to reduce damage from a local hazard. The majority of respondents had purchased homeowners’ insurance (75.81%), talked with family members about what to do in case of a disaster or emergency (54.84%), and prepared a “Disaster Supply Kit” (53.23%).

Local Government Efforts to Reduce Hazards
Respondents were asked to provide input as to the most important things the local government can do to help the community be more prepared for a disaster by ranking them as very important somewhat important, neutral, not very important or not important. Th ose following measures are ranked based on highest percentage of respondents identifying as very important:

Protecting critical facilities (hospitals, fire stations, etc.): 88.33% Protecting and reducing damage to utilities: 80.33% Strengthening emergency services (police, fire, ambulance): 75.41% Protecting private property: 73.77%
Protecting the natural environment: 65.00%
Protecting K-12 schools: 61.67%
Promoting cooperation among public and private organizations and citizens: 59.02% Preventing development in hazard areas: 57.38%
Protecting Colleges/Universities: 47.46%
Protecting small businesses: 45.90%
Protecting historical/cultural landmarks, museums, etc.: 37.70% Protecting major employers: 24.59%
Community Assets
Respondents were asked to determine the importance of protecting the following community City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

20 assets for planning for local hazards. Those following community assets are ranked based on highest percentage of respondents identifying as very important:

Human: Loss of life and/or injuries: 90.32%
Governance: Ability to maintain order and/or provide public amenities/services: 77.05% Infrastructure: Damage or loss of bridges, utilities, schools, etc.: 75.81% Environmental: Damage or loss of forests, rangeland, waterways, etc.: 59.68% Economic: Business closures and/or job losses: 56.45% Cultural Historic: Damage or loss of libraries, museums, fairgrounds, etc.: 41.94% Incorporation of Public Survey Results
Based on feedback gathered from the public survey , the Mitigation Action Plan focused on mitigations that would address the areas of deepest concern to the community such as protecting human life and property, preserving government facilities and services, impro ving local utilities and infrastructure, increasing community knowledge through public awareness campaigns.

Public Review Period
The draft 2021 LHMP was released for public review from April 4, 2022 through April 26 , 2022.

The release of the public draft LHMP was promoted through a variety of means including:

City of Pomona website
City of Pomona social media pages
Inland Valley Daily Bulletin
Hard copy at City Facilities
The public review period of the draft LHMP conclude on April 26, 2022. The public, and City staff provided comments and questions on the draft LHMP. No comments were received from the public, city staff, the TAC, public stakeholders, neighboring communities, or local and regional agencies during the public review period.

1.7 LHMP IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE

Implementation of the updated LHMP will involve the coordinated efforts and commitment of City officials, City staff, emergency preparedness partners, and community leaders and residents.

The timetable for implementation of the mitigation actions is five years, although a variety of actions will be ongoing once initiated. Other actions may take several years to complete , as detailed in Chapter 11 Mitigation Action Plan.

PLAN ADOPTION
City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Chapter 1: Introduction

21 The LHMP is intended to be adopted by the City Council, following review and comment by the State Hazard Mitigation Officer in the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services, FEMA, and the public. Once adopted, the adoption resolution will be submitted to FEMA for final review and acceptance. Upon acceptance by FEMA, the City will regain eligibility for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds.

IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE
The Human Resources Department, Risk Management Division will take the lead in supervising implementation, working closely with the LHMP Committee . Each year in an Annual Report, priorities will be established for mitigation implementation, with consideration of cost - effectiveness per FEMA approved techniques. The City will update the LHMP every five years – in coordination with the LHMP Committee and with public input – by evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation implementation, addressing vulnerabilities, incorporating advancements in emergency response and p ost-disaster services, and updating hazard and risk assessments as new information becomes available. This includes incorporating new data from federal, State, or regional hazard mapping and delineation efforts.

The LHMP implementation structure is established in Mitigation Action 1.1 in Chapter 11, which should be referred to for more detail.

MAINTENANCE OF PLAN
The Human Resources Department, Risk Management Division will call an annual meeting that will consist of City departments, the general public and stakeholders to review the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and take input for any changes or updates that might be needed to the plan. This meeting will take place in November and will be announced through the normal channels the City utilizes for meetings of this type.

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2 Community Profile

This Community Profile provides background information on Pomona's geography, environment, population, and economy to better understand local hazards and vulnerabilities of the City. The 2014 General Plan is the source for much of the discussion in this chapter and should be referred to for greater detail on conditions, trends, and planning issues.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Located in the highly urbanized Los Angeles metropolitan area, the City of Pomona shares many attributes with its neighbors. This includes a vulnerability to the volatile natural systems and features that distinguish the area. The semi-arid climate that attracts many people to the region also creates the conditions for fast- spreading wildfires. The infrequent but intense winter rainstorms can create the potential for flooding, should the flood prevention infrastructure ever fail. The hillsides that frame the Pomona Va lley and that are home to well- established neighborhoods are also subject to destructive landslide conditions. And perhaps most dramatically, Pomona is located in one of the most earthquake prone urbanized areas in the United States.

Although situated in a high-risk metropolitan region, Pomona has been fortunate to avoid catastrophic local hazard events since its incorporation and development. Southern California earthquakes have impacted Pomona, although major damage has been limited. Fire has also impacted Pomona, although major wildfires such as the kind seen in recent years, have not spread into Pomona. Large scale flooding has not been a threat since the channelization of local creeks, and significant landslides have not caused widespread damage. Nevertheless, the threat of a local hazard event is always present. The potential for property loss and personal injury is particularly profound in Pomona due to its nearly built-out status. As the City continues to intensify with infill development, the risks, as well as the opportunity to build in mitigation, increases.

The inevitability of local hazards, and the growing population and activity within the City, create an urgent need to develop strategies, coordinate resources, and increase public awareness to reduce risk and prevent loss from future hazard events. Identifying the risks posed by local hazards and developing strategies to reduce the impact of a hazard event, can assist in protecting life and property of citizens and communities. Local residents and businesses have worked together with the City to create this Local Hazard Mitigation Plan that addresses the potential impacts of hazard events.

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2.2 GEOGRAPHY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The City of Pomona covers 22.84 square miles, or approximately 14,620 acres in eastern Los Angeles County, approximately 30 miles from downtown Los Angeles. To the west are the cities of the San Gabriel Valley and to the east is the fast -growing San Bernardino -Riverside region, as shown in Figure 2 -1 Regional Location. The majority of the City is situated on the low-lying floor of the Pomona Valley and is bisected by major transportation corridors - freeways, rail corridors, and arterial roads. The San Jose and Puente Hills provide distinct edges to the northwest and southern boundaries, respectively of Pomona see Figure 2-2 Topography and City Boundaries.

Pomona is located on a gently sloping alluvial fan, which originates at the mouth of the San Antonio Canyon and slopes gradually to the south and southwest. Pomona is mostly characterized by flat topography (average slope in the valley floor area is a little under one percent) and there are only minor topographic variations except for the hillside areas to the northwest and south. Elevations in the City range from 1,100 to 1,300 feet in the San Jose and Puente Hills to 800 to 900 feet on the valley floor.

In general, the City is primarily urbanized, with limited open space and parks (221 acres, or 1.5% of total), and vacant areas (597 acres, or 4.1% of total). The City has no major water features, such as rivers or lakes; development patterns were defined in Pomona’s early history by the railroad and later by the freeways. Creeks have been channelized and do not create significant physical boundaries.

2.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Pomona is one of the most well-established cities in the San Gabriel Valley. The City was initially plotted out in 1876 as a one square-mile townsite built around the Southern Pacific railroad station and the City itself was later incorporated in 1888, the fifth chartered City in Los Angeles County. Pomona started as a major center for citrus orchards, but also developed a well -defined town area. Residential neighborhoods soon developed, some of which are highly regarded for their exceptional architecture and style. These neighborhoods, along with the unique downtown core, give Pomona a historic character that is a source of community pride and an asset to be protected.

Today, Pomona is the seventh most populous city in Los Angeles County. It is a City with a diverse mix of people, neighborhoods, and business opportunities and has also developed into a very urban place. The City has a well- developed mixed-use downtown that is a center for arts and culture, and the site of substantial redevelopment and infill development.

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Figure 2-1: Regional Location

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2.4 CLIMATE

One of the Pomona 's great assets is its Mediterranean Southern California climate. Average temperatures range from 41 degrees in the winter months to 89 degrees in the summer months.

However, the temperatures can vary over a wide range, particularly when the Santa Ana wind s blow from October to March, bringing higher temperatures and very low humidity. Temperatures rarely exceed 100 degrees in the summer months (June - Sept
ember), nor drop below 30 degrees in the winter
months (November-March).

Rainfall
in the city averages 16.99 inches of rain per year. Over the recorded history of rainfall in Pomona, amounts have ranged from lows of seven inches in some years to 46 inches of rain in very wet years.

Furthermore, actual rainfall in Southern California tends to fall in large amounts during sporadic and often heavy storms rather than consistently over storms at somewhat regular intervals. Because the metropolitan basin is largely built out, water originating in higher elevation communities can have a sudden impact on adjoining communities that have a lower elevation such as Pomona.

2.5 GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS

REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING
Pomona lies within the western portion of the Transverse Ranges geomorphic province, characterized by numerous earthquake faults. The Transverse Ranges consist of a distinct group of east-west trending ranges and valley that truncate the prevailing north-northwest trend of the southern Coast Ranges and Peninsular Ranges. This region encompasses approximately 325 miles, and extends from Point Aguello, located along the western coast of California, eastward to Joshua Tree National Park, where it merges with the Mojave and Colorado Deserts.

Within the Transverse Ranges there are abundant compressional reverse and thrust normal faults, and curvilinear strik e-slip faults that generally trend in an east -west direction. The foremost structural feature that has affected the geologic evolution of the region is the San Andreas fault. This fault has a northwest strike, located both to the north and south of the Transverse Ranges, but changes to a west- northwest strike within the Transverse Ranges, thus forming a bend in the fault. Many of these normal faults break the ground surface south of the San Andreas fault along the southern flank of the San Gabriel and Santa Monica Mountains. The thrust faults that break the surface south of the San Andreas fault dip southward and merge with the broad, buried fold and thrust belts that underlie the Los Angeles basin and the southern margin of the Transverse Ranges.

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Figure 2-2: Topography and City Boundaries

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REGIONAL FAULTS
The major faults that have the potential to affect the greater Los Angeles Basin, and therefore Pomona, are the San Andreas Fault Zone, Sierra Madre Fault System, Whittier-Elsinore Fault Zone, Verdugo Fault, Norwalk Fault, Santa Monica Fault, San Fernando Fault Zone, and the Newport- Inglewood Fault Zone.

These faults are described in greater detail in Chapter 4 Earthquakes.

LOCAL FAULTS
In addition to the regional faults, there are several local faults located within the city that are considered potentially active. No recent seismic activity has been recorded along these faults in the last 10,000 years. However, a major earthquake occurring along any of these faults would be capable of generating seismic hazards and strong ground shaking effects within the c ity. These local faults include the Indian Hill, Chino, Central Avenue, and San Jose Faults. These faults are described in greater detail in Chapter 4 Earthquakes.

LOCAL GEOLOGIC SETTING
The City is underlain by alluvium within the valley area and underlain by bedrock on the San Jose Hills on the northwest and the Puente Hills on the southwest. The unconsolidated alluvial soils of the San Gabriel Valley came from the transport of soils from the San Gabriel Mountains to the north, as well as soils that washed out of nearby foothills and the San Antonio canyon area. The alluvial soils are underlain by igneous metamorphic rock, as seen in outcrops in the Puente Hills and San Jose Hills. Soils on the western valley area are made up of unconsolidated coarse sands and gravel near the San Jose Creek, and very fine grain unconsolidated silty sands along the foothills.

The Puente Hills are made up of marine sandstones and siltstones of the Puente formation, with a mixture of volcanic rock and outcrops. The Ganesha Hills are made of igneous metamorphic outcrops, as found on the San Jose Hills. The rocks are as much as 24,000 feet thick and consist of f ine to course- grained marine elastic sedimentary rocks of the Cenozoic era (12 million years to 10,000 years ago).

These rocks also include volcanic rocks and some non-marine sedimentary rocks.

MINERALS AND SOILS
The characteristics of the minerals and soils present in Pomona indicate the potential types of hazards that may occur. Rock hardness and soil characteristics can determine whether or not an area will be prone to geologic hazards such as earthquake-induced ground shaking, liquefaction, and landslides.

Within the Pomona area, various soil associations are identified by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). These soil associations consist of one or more soil types that have similar characteristics, and each is named for the predominant soil series it contains. Soil series within the City include Tununga- Sobada, Hanford, Cropley, Foster -Grangeville, Chino, Diablo -Altamont, Altamont -Diablo, San City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Andreas-San Ben ito, San Benito -Soper, and Yolo. Generally, soils located in the western valley area comprise unconsolidated coarse sands and gravel, with very fine grain unconsolidated silty sands along the foothills.

Pomona is n
ot located within a Significant Mineral Aggregate Resource Area (SMARA), as designated by the State Department of Conservation, nor is it located in an area with active mineral extraction activities.

2.6 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

The City of Pomona has a population of about 15 1,713 people in an area of 22.8 4 square miles. The population has steadily increased from the late 1800s through 20 20, and increased about 1.75 percent from 2010 to 2020, according to the 2020 Census. This rate of increase is similar the rate of increase for Los Angeles County as a whole over the same time period (1.95 percent).

Considering the historic trends, population growth is expected to continue in Pomona. This increase of people creates more community exposure, and changes how agencies prepare for and respond to natural hazards. For example, more people living in crowded neighborhoods can increase the risks associated with hazard events.

Furthermore, Pomona is experiencing a great deal of in -fill building, which is increasing the population density and creating greater service loads on the built infrastructure, including roads, water supply, sewer services, and storm drains.

According to the census 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, the demographic make-up of Pomona is as follows:

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Table 2-1: Pomona Demographics
Total Population 151,713
RACE % OF POPULATION
White 21%
Black 5.8%
American Indian/Alaska Native 2.3%
Asian 10.7 %
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0.2%
Some Other Race 41.3%
Two Races 18.7%
Three Races 0.8%
Four Races 0.09%
AGE
Median Age 34.3
Under 18 years 25%
Over 18 years 75%

LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME
English Only 34%
Spanish 56%
Other Indo European 1.1%
Asian and Pacific Islander 8.2%
Other Languages 0.6%

POVERTY BY AGE
All 13%
Under 18 years 26.1%
Between 18 and 64 years 15.6%
65 years and over 12.9%
EDUCATION ATTAINMENT (POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER)
High School or Equivalent Degree 23.6%
Some College, no Degree 21.1%
Associate’s Degree 6.5%
Bachelor Degree 13.3%
Graduate or Professional Degree 4.8%

DISABILITY
Total 11.8%
Hearing Difficulty 2.6%
Vision Difficulty 2.5%
Cognitive Difficulty 4.6%
Ambulatory Difficulty 6.2%
Self-Care Difficulty 2.6%
Independent Living Difficulty 5.4%

HEALTH COVERAGE
Population w/out Health Coverage 11.2%

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Natural hazards do not discriminate, but the impacts in terms of vulnerability and the ability to recover vary greatly among the population. According to Peggy Stahl of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Preparedness, Training, and Exercise Directorate, 80% of the disaster burden falls on the public, and within that number, a disproportionate burden is placed on special needs groups, women, children, minorities, and the poor. The ethnic and cultural diversity in Pomona suggests a need to address multi-cultural needs and services as described below.

Census data indicates that the number of Pomona residents in poverty decreased from 2010 to 2019.

About 1 3 percent of the population in Pomona was determined to have poverty status in the 2019 estimates, less than the County at 13.4 percent of the population.

Vulnerable populations, including seniors, disabled citizens, women with children, as well as those people living in poverty, may be disproportionately impacted by natural hazards. In Pomona, the percentage of the population over 65 has in creased from 7.6 percent in 2010 to approximately 10.6 percent in 2019. However, the percentage of residents under 18 years of age has decreased from 29.6 percent in 2010 to approximately 25 percent in 2019.

Examining the reach of hazard mitigation policies to special needs populations may assist in increasing access to services and programs. FEMA’s Office of Equal Rights addresses this need by suggesting that agencies and organizations planning for natural disasters identify special needs populations, make recovery centers more accessible, and review practices and procedures to remedy any discrimination in relief application or assistance.

The cost of natural hazards recovery can place an unequal financial responsibility on the general population when only a small proportion may benefit from governmental funds used to rebuild private structures. Discussions about natural hazards that include local citizen groups, insurance companies, and other public and private sector organizations can help ensure that all members of the population are a part of the decision-making processes.

2.7 LAND USE PATTERNS

Pomona is a highly urbanized city with a rich history that is reflected in its current development pattern and diverse mix of land uses, building types and styles, and neighbo rhoods. The City is almost entirely built-out with only 9 percent vacant land and a 1 percent of public lands. The distribution of existing land uses is shown in Figure 2-3 Current Distribution of Existing Land Use.

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Above. Information provided by City staff June 2022.

Overall, Pomona’s development pattern is typical of a city of its age, topography, and western U.S. location. Even in the city center, topography and lack of physical constraints has allowed for a relatively uniform street grid with residential neighborhoods and commercial corridors radiating outwards from the traditional mixed -use downtown core. Residential neighborhoods located further away from the downtown and along the hillsides to the north and south were built later in the 20 th century and are
more uniformly residential in use. At the western and eastern edges of Pomona, large industrial areas have developed with access to the railway and major transportation arteries.

Figure 2-3: Current Distribution of Existing Land Use
Distribution of Existing Land Uses
Residential - 46%
Streets and Other R.O.W. - 24%
Industrial - 10%
Vacant Land - 9%
Commercial - 7%
Professional Office - 3%
Public Lands - 1%
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Map 2-1: General Plan Land Use Map
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Map 2-2: Zoning, Overlays, and Specific Plans Map

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2.8 HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Although the cost of housing in Pomona is increasing and there is a lack of vacant land for new single - family residential homes, the mix of housing types has remained relatively consistent in recent years.

Single-family residential is the primary housing type (69.5 percent of the total), with the remainder consisting of multi-family (26.2 percent) and mobile homes or other (4.3 percent). The majority of homes in Pomona are owner -occupied (57.4 percent of non- vacant units). The remaining 42.6 percent are renter- occupied. In order to increase the availability of housing units and meet its RHNA allocation, Pomona has adopted several ordinances, specific plans, and overlays to increase densities in the remaining developable land in the city.

Pomona has an older central district established during the City’s early years of development , but what is not as readily apparent in the housing age statistics is the disparity of maintenance in many Pomona neighborhoods. While some of Pomona's older neighborhoods are remarkable for their largely excellent condition, there are also many areas that have become dilapidated. The condition of many of the City's older homes requires significant investment in renovation to bring them up to contemporary standards.

The risk of property damage and injury is heightened in areas of older homes. To address housing issues, Pomona’s Housing Division provides a number of programs including rental assistance, homebuyer mortgage assistance, housing rehabilitation, and facade improvement programs.

Overall, Pomona’s annual median household income (2019) of $67,202 was about 7.6 percent less than the countywide average. About 15 percent of Pomona households earned an average annual income of less than $25,000.

2.9 EMPLOYMENT AND INDUSTRY

Pomona's job base is unde rgoing changes initiated by the closure of aerospace and manufacturing facilities in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Although the loss of large employers such as General Dynamics has had a negative impact . The COVID 19 pandemic has also significantly increased the unemployment rate in Pomona, particularly in the service industries, though the unemployment rate was highest between the months of March through July of 2020 and have already started to rebound.

Although employment growth has been negative, there have been other impacts from the job base changes. With the loss of major employers, Pomona has seen an increase in the diversity of job types and a shift to a wider range of smaller enterprises. This presents a challenge in coordinating with major employers to ensure the safety and welfare of workers and limit damage to industrial infrastructure.

There is also a need to increase the number of high paying jobs.

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2.10 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

As discussed in Chapter 1 Introduction, Pomona is lo cated at the boundary of the highly urbanized metropolitan counties of Los Angeles and San Bernardino. It is surrounded and contained by the cities of Claremont, La Verne, San Dimas, Walnut, Diamond Bar, Chino, and Montclair. Within Pomona, all of the large land areas are developed, including most of the more remote hillsides. The remaining undeveloped land is either not suitable for development or has been set aside to remain as open space.

Although the City is considered built -out, development continues and is expected to continue to meet market demand created by population growth. Because there is a lack of available land suitable for development, new development will be primarily infill, reuse, and intensification.

Addressing the challenge of accommod ating projected growth within the urban fabric of the City is a major goal of the 2014 General Plan. As part of this effort, a comprehensive assessment of areas in the City with potential for infill development, redevelopment, land use change, and/or devel opment intensification has been conducted. The results of this assessment have resulted in the formulation of Transect Zones, which depict future density and intensity patterns that the General Plan identified the City could accommodate, as shown in Map 2-3.

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Map 2-3: Transect Zones
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Addressing the local hazard mitigation issues in an urbanized City like Pomona are different from those encountered in a community with room to expand outward. Due to its built- out status, future growth in Pomona will not stretch into undeveloped areas that could present additional natural hazard risks; rather, development will be integrated int o the existing urban fabric and affected by the same natural hazards that face the community in its present state. Challenges involved in mitigating risks associated with infill development primarily include concerns about the increase of risk from higher densities, some in already overcrowded neighborhoods.

However, redevelopment also creates the opportunity to upgrade or replace older building stock with new construction that conforms to modern building codes. These include regulations for structural resistance to earthquakes, landslide mitigation efforts, fire -resistant materials, and elevation above flood levels. From a hazard mitigation perspective, through the replacement or renovation of older structures and infrastructure, infill and redevelopment can increase the City's safety significantly.

The primary way to mitigate hazard impacts on future development is to create hazard resilient development and infrastructure. Policies formulated in this document address this need and are discussed in detail in Chapter 11 Mitigation Action Plan.

2.11 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUTING PATTERNS

TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Pomona is centrally located within the greater Los Angeles -San Bernardino-Riverside region. As such, the City is traversed by a number of key regional transportation routes, notably the five major freeways and two rail lines that provide passenger and freight access and connect Pomona with the Inland Empire, Los Angeles and Orange County (see Figure 2-4 Transportation Network).

In addition, Ontario International Airport, located just ten miles to the east, has established itself as a major gateway to the region, serving approximately six million passengers annually.

The well-developed street system in the City provides access to and from the regional facilities described above an d accommodates travel for various modes of transportation (automobiles, trucks, buses, bicycles, and walking). The local system and regional access provide many opportunities for Pomona residents to travel within their city and region, and well beyond. The road system is also complimented with service from three transit agencies (Los Angeles County MTA, Foothill Transit, and Omni Trans) and two lines of the Metrolink commuter rail system.

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Figure 2-4: Transportation Network

The five major freeways provide east-west, and north-south access as follows:

• The
San Bernardino Freeway (I -10) and the Pomona Freeway (SR -60) provide east -west access to Pomona from Santa Monica and Los Angeles to the west, and Ontario, San Bernardino, and Riverside to the east. The Foothill Freeway (I-210) provides an additional east- wes
t connection to the north of Pomona, extending west to Pasadena and the San Fernando Valley.
• Th
e Corona Expressway (SR- 71) and Orange Freeway (SR -57) provide connections with Corona and Orange County.

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Figure 2-5: Pomona Street Classification System

The City's 296 -mile road system includes 28.2 miles of major arterials, 45.8 miles of minor arterials, 36.7 miles of collector roads, and 184.4 miles of local roads. Figure 2-5 shows the local network of arterial collector, and local streets, which is generally organized as a traditional grid.

Overall, traffic volumes are quite high in the City. In places, Temple Avenue carries close to 33,000 vehicles per day, while seven other arterials carry in excess of 20,000 vehicles per day. Most other arterials carry between 10,000 and 20,000 vehicles per day, while all collectors for which data is available, carry less than 10,000 vehicles per day. As traffic volumes rise, there is an increased risk that a natural hazard event will disrupt the travel plans of residents across the region, as well as local, regional and national commercial traffic.

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In addition to the transportation access for residents, Pomona is well located for goods transportation. In addition to the freeways, two major rail lines traverse the city, including the Alameda Corridor East, which links Pomona to the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.

TRENDS AND ISSUES
Although there a re many routes traveling through or near Pomona, population growth in the region, particularly in the fast -growing Inland Empire area, has put a considerable strain on the regional freeways serving the City. Transportation patterns have become more complex, as the traditional "suburb to central city" journey to work has been replaced by multi-directional travel patterns due to job growth in dispersed locations. Vehicle and rail volumes are increasing in the area. Freeway congestion has become an acute problem in the region. In Pomona, there are significant level of service deficiencies along I-10, at the interchange of I-10, SR-57, and SR-71.

The amount of rail traffic through Pomona is also substantial, roughly 80 freight trains per day.

This number is expected to increase following improvements to the Alameda Corridor, which includes the Union Pacific Railroad, potentially up to 151 trains per day. This is a serious concern for the hazards mitigation planning effort in that only three grade separated crossings are in place for local traffic and emergency vehicles to cross the Alameda Corridor. However, the Alameda Corridor East project does provide for improvements in Pomona including median improvements, traffic signal improvements, construction of new sid ewalks and construction for two new grade separations, one at East End Avenue and one at Temple Avenue.

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3 Risk Assessment

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The critical step in hazard mitigation planning is comprehensive risk assessment. This involves first understanding the types of hazards that could occur in the City, and then determining the range of risks to the community from each of the hazards. Mitigation is then formulated to avoid or reduce the identified risks, thereby facilitating a safer and more resilient environment for residents and business when implemented. This chapter overviews the risk assessment process, including documentation of the approach employed in the LHMP planning process in Pomona, description of critical facilities and vulnerable populations, and summary of the identified risks.

3.2 APPROACH
The approach employed for risk assessment for the Pomona LHMP was designed to identify all possible risk scenarios, determine the potential impact to the community associated with each risk, and then accordingly prioritize risks having greater potential impacts to be targeted in the mitigation actions. The steps in this process , conducted in coordination with the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) and with input from community members, included:
• Determination of hazard threats in Pomona by way of researching existing databases and discussions with the TAC, a process that resulted in focusing the Pomona LHMP on 1) earthquake-induced ground shaking, liquefaction, and landslide, 2) wildfire, 3) flooding, 4) windstorm, and 5) pandemic/infectious disease (see Section 3.3 below and Chapters 4 to 9);
• Hazard identification and profiling, including documentation of the geographic extent, potential intensity, and the probability of occurrence of the local hazard with potential to affect Pomona, using the best available data (see Chapters 4 to 9). As an update from the last plan, consideration of the impacts of climate change on each of these hazards was also included in the plan update;
• Inventory of critical facilities, defined as services and infrastructure that are essential to emergency response and community function: examples include fire and police services, hospitals, circulation, and water and sewer systems (see Section 3.4); • Inventory of vuln erable populations, defined as people who are particularly susceptible to impacts of a local hazard event and may have special post -disaster needs: examples include populations in schools, childcare facilities, and overcrowded neighborhoods (see Section 3.5);
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• Consideration of risk scenarios for critical facilities and vulnerable populations utilizing the hazard information on extent, intensity, and probability; • Rating risk scenarios according to potential impact on the community, with consideration of geographic extent, potential for disruption of emergency and essential services, duration, and potential for population injuries, fatalities, and/or dislocation (see Chapters 4 to 9); and
• Risk analysis, involving quantification of vulnerabilities in terms of dollar losses, where appropriate data was available (see Chapters 4 to 9).

3.3 LOCAL HAZARDS ANALYSIS
Pomona is potentially subject to risks associated with earthquakes, landslide, wildfire, flooding, windstorm, and pandemics/infectious disease . The greatest local hazard threats with potential for widespread injury, life loss, property damage, and prolonged disruption in Pomona are ground shaking and liquefaction associated with a major earthquake. Pomona is located in a seismically active region of Southern California, with several damaging earthquakes having occurred just in the past twenty years.

Important but potentially less destructive hazard threats (due to more limited geographic extent) include landslide associated with steeper slopes and wildfire associated with the remaining open spaces. Flooding occurs in some limited areas occasionally disrupting circulation arterials, and there is a risk- albeit very low- of flooding from dam inundation. Windstorm conditions resulting from strong seasonal Santa Ana winds occur, but the impact to the community is low relative to the potential impacts of other local hazard events.

At the time this plan update is being written, Pomona and the rest of the world are in the midst of a global pandemic caused by the Covid- 19 virus. The pandemic has had far reaching health, social, educational, and economic impacts. This plan update incorporates a chapter specifically on pandemics/infectious disease.

Also new to this plan update is specific discussion of the implications of climate change on each hazard, contained within the hazard profiles.

Complete local hazard descriptions which include hazard identification and profiles, maps, and potential risks-are set out in separate chapters as follows:
• Chapter 4: Earthquake
• Chapter 5: Landslide
• Chapter 6: Wildfire
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• Chapter 7: Flooding
• Chapter 8: Windstorm
• Chapter 9: Pandemic/Infectious Disease

3.4 CRITICAL FACILITIES
Following a local hazard event, the primary goals of the City emphasize maintaining services that are key to the functioning of Pomona. By identifying critical facilities that lie within potentially hazardous areas, the City can help to prepare for and minimize debilitating impacts on these services. The following is an overview of the critical facilities in Pomona. With the exception of utilities, which have been omitted for security purposes, the critical facilities are mapped in Figure 3-1.

GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY OPERATIONS FACILITIES
Maintaining the continuity of government during a local hazard event is essential in order to respond to emergencies, protect life and property, and recover in the aftermath of an event. The City of Pomona has formulated a comprehensive strategy to ensure proper functioning of the government during a crisis. This strategy is laid out in the City's SEMS (Standardized Emergency Management System) , part of the City’s Emergency Operations Plan . The SEMS designated several sites as centers of emergency operation , communication, and governance during an emergency. Alternates for these facilities are also designated, in the event that the original facility is not operational. As shown in Figure 3-1, the majority of these facilities are centrally located in downtown Pomona, which is the " hub" of government emergency operations. Also located in close proximity, and in some instances serving as government operations facilities, are the headquarters of the Police and Fire Departments that serve the City.

EMERGENCY SERVICES
Police Services
The Pomona Police Department provides local police services for the City of Pomona. The primary facilities include the main headquarters and jail, the training bureau, the traffic bureau, and an aero bureau, which is located at Brackett Field in the City of La Verne. Pomona Police Department headquarters are located at 490 W. Mission Boulevard.

Fire Services
The Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD) serves the City of Pomona. Pomona is part of the LACoFD Division VIII, lo cated on the eastern boundary of the Department's jurisdiction. In addition to the City of Pomona, Division VIII includes the neighboring cities of Diamond Bar , City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Walnut, Industry, La Puente, and the unincorporated communities of Avocado Heights, Bassett, Hacienda Heights, Rowland Heights, and Valinda. Seven of the 19 fire stations in Division VIll are located in Pomona. If necessary, resources in the City's adjacent jurisdictions provide additional support.

Fire stations are strategically located throughout the City to provide prompt assistance to area residents. Each fire station operates with in a specific district that comprises the immediate geographical area around the station. Approximately 83% of the City is located within a one-mile radius of a fire station in Pomona. Division headquarters are located in Diamond Bar and Battalion 15 headquarters are located at 590 S. Park Avenue, at Station 181.

HOSPITALS
There is one major critical health care facility in Pomona, the Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center. This facility is located at 1798 N. Garey Avenue. In addition to Pomona, it serves Eastern Los Angeles and Western San Bernardino Counties. It contains 412 beds, 70 emergency beds, and offers a complete range of medical services including general medical and surgical care, general intensive care, cardiac intensive care, open heart surgery, neurology, pediatrics, obstetrics , and neonatal intensive care . A staff of 700 physicians, 3, 700 employees and more than 1,000 volunteers manage over 85,000 inpatient days, 5,000 newborn deliveries, and more than 75,000 ER patient visits.4

Two other hospitals serve the City of Pomona: Casa Colina Hospital for Rehabilitative Medicine and American Recovery Center. However, these facilities provide specialized care to treat specific illnesses, and would not be primary providers of emergency medical aid in the event of a disaster.

A further discussion of these hospitals is presented in the following section on vulnerabilities.

Other facilities, such as the county -operated Pomona District Health Center and the East Valley Community Health Center, provide important primary care services, but due to their limited size and services are not considered critical or vulnerable facilities for the purposes of this plan.

4 Correspondence with PVHMC staff, September 2021.

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Figure 3-1: Critical Facilities

TRANSPORTATION
There are five major freeways serving Pomona that provide primary regional access to and from the City. The I -10 and SR -60 freeways provide east west access to Pomona from Santa Monica

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and Los Angeles to the west, and Ontario, San Bernardino and Riverside to the east. The I -210 freeway provides an additional east west connection to the north of Pomona, extending west to Pasadena and the San Fernando Valley. The SR-71 and SR-57 freeways provide connections with Corona and Orange County.

In addition to the five freeways passing through the City, Pomona has an extensive street network. Classified as arterials, collectors, and local roads, Pomona's roads carry many thousands of vehicle and transit trips daily. Pomona's street network is primarily based on a grid, with several major north-south and east-west roadways interlaced with a system of intersecting minor streets.

Three railroads currently cross Pomona, which generally run east -west. Two railroad lines, located in the center of the City, are operated by Union Pacific Railroad (UPR) and are part of the Alameda Corridor. One of these lines was formerly the Southern Pacific Line (SPL) and is still marked as and commonly referred to under that name. The UPR tracks carry both freight and passenger trains. The northernmost railroad tracks were formerly operated by Atchison Topeka and Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad (BNSF). They are currently owned by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which operates passenger trains on the line (Metrolink).
2 The UPR located roughly between Holt Avenue and Mission Boulevard, bisects the center of the City and could be a significant impediment to north-south transportation if a train derailed within the City. Damage to the UPR tracks would also have far- reaching economic effects; the line is a major regional freight transportation artery. The location in Pomona is one through which all eastbound and westbound rail traffic must pass in Southern California. As part of the Alameda Corridor, the UPR will experience substantial structural improvements and increases of train traffic in the future.

A light rail passenger train extension of the Gold Line is currently under construction. The current phase will extend the Gold Line from Glendora to Montclair. Construction is currently underway through the cities of Glendora, San Dimas, La Verne, and Pomona, and the line extension is anticipated to be operational in 2025. Once completed, four and five tracks will run through the city of Pomona (depending on the location in the city). Tracks will run in two separate rail corridors – one on the north for the Gold Line and freight, and one on the south for Metrolink and freight. While Gold Line trains and freight trains share the northern co rridor, they will not share tracks. Therefore, the freight tracks that currently run in the middle of the north corridor will be relocated to the northern half of that corridor, to make room for the Gold Line tracks to be built in the southern half. The Metrolink/freight corridor on the south will remain as is today and is not part of the Gold Line project.
5 Each of the highways, freeways, and rail roads are considered critical facilities in Pomona. A

5 https://foothillgoldline.org/cities_stations/pomona/, accessed September 2021.

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hazard that rendered these routes impassible would pose a significant challenge to the City in responding to and recovering from the event.

UTILITIES
Pomona is a large city, 23 square miles in size, and it is traversed by hundreds of miles of streets, transmission lines, pipelines, and other facilit ies that enable proper functioning of the utility systems that serve Pomona. Although each of the parts contribute to the health of these systems, it is infeasible to detail every component involved in Pomona's utility networks. This section, therefore, provides a brief description of utility services in the City, then summarizes the few critical facilities that contribute most to proper system functioning.

Water
The City of Pomona adopted a Water Master Plan in 2005 and subsequently adopted an Integrated Water Resource Management Plan in 2011.

The 2005 Water Master Plan indicated that the existing potable water system consisted of approximately 421 miles of pipelines, 22 storage reservoirs, 15 booster pumping stations, 41 groundwater wells (38 potable, 3 recycled), 4 imported water connections, 2 inter agency connections, 5 water treatment plants, 28 pressure regulating stations, 6,000 fire hydrants, and 11 pressure zones.
6 Sewer
Wastewater service within Pomona is provided by the City's Utility Service Department, and the Los Angeles County Sanitation District (LACSD) treats wastewater from the City's system. A majority of the City's wastewater is treated and disposed of at the LACSD's Pomona Water Reclamation Plant (PWRP) .7 The plant occupies approximately 14 acres northeast of the intersection of the SR-57 and SR-60 Freeways. Sewage effluent from the neighboring cities of La Verne and Claremont is also treated at the PWRP.8

The City of Pomona adopted a Sewer System Master Plan in 1990 and updated the plan in 2005.

The Sewer Master Plan indicates that the City provides sewer service throughout the City, approximately 14,680 acres, and to a limited area outside the City limits, approximately 6 acres.

Approximately 2,000 acres in the City drain to other serving entities or currently produce no sewage.

The City’s sewer system consists of approximately 300 miles of gravity sewer, four pump stations,

1.4 miles of force mains, and 4,600 manholes. The one known siphon in the City’s system is

6 https://www.pomonaca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/536/637457868354570000, accessed November 20, 2021. 7 https://www.lacsd.org/services/wastewater-sewage/facilities/pomona-water-reclamation-plant, accessed November 20, 2021. 8 https://www.pomonaca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/542/637457870725430000, accessed November 20, 2021.

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located at 4200 West Valley Boulevard and was installed in the early 1960s to convey wastewater across the San Jose Wash.

Solid Waste
The City of Pomona Utility Services Department provides trash, recycling, and special pickup services for single -family residences, duplexes, triplexes, and some fourplexes. Franchise commercial waste haulers provide trash and recycling service for most fourplexes, all apartments with five or more units, as well as all commercial, governmental, and industrial facilities . Solid waste is transported to transfer stations for sorting and shipping to landfills; no transfer stations serving Pomona are located in the City.

Electricity
Southern California Edison Company is the primary distribution provider for electricity in the City.

The power received by the City's residents is produced at the various generation plants located throughout the region. Upon leaving the plant, electricity is distributed to individual users via local distributing stations, located within and around the City. The four substations and two primary transmission lines in Pomona are considered critical facilities.

Natural Gas
Currently, Southern California Gas Company maintains transmission and distribution lines throughout the City. Most lines operate at a medium pressure of approximately 30 to 60 pounds per square inch (psi), except for those located in the industrial areas that require higher pressures.

3.5 VULNERABLE POPULATIONS AND FACILITIES

Local hazards will not equally affect all areas and population s of Pomona. Identifying the vulnerable populations and facilities in the City will help to avert damage and prepare the City to provide extra assistance to those who will need it. Facilities that support vulnerable populations are described below and depicted geographically in Map 3-1 . Facilities that have particular vulnerabilities to specific hazards are discussed in further detail in the relevant hazard chapters (Chapters 4 to 9).

SCHOOLS AND DAY CARE CENTERS
Children are the primary vulnerable group in Pomona. Minimizing damage to schools and daycare facilities will help ensure their safety during a local hazard event. Preparing schools for local hazards not only helps prevent harm from coming to the children of Pomona; the sc hools can City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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also be used as critical facilities following a local hazard event . During and after times of crisis, schools can be utilized to serve as mass care facilities and important centers of information and communication.

Public Schools
The Pomona Unified School District (PUSD) operates 4 1 schools within the City, which are mapped on Map 3-1 . Two of PUSD's schools are located in Diamond Bar and, thus, serves a portion of that City's population. There are currently 2 1 elementary schools (grades K -6), 5 K-8 schools, 4 middle schools, 8 high schools (grades 9 -12), and 3 other schools within the PUSD.

Approximately 24,062 students attend PUSD schools, and the district is one of Pomona's largest employers.9
Private Schools
The City of Pomona has a number of private schools, including but not limited to St. Joseph Elementary School, Pomona Catholic Middle School and High School, American Christian Academy, and City of Knowledge. Locations of some of the larger private schools are depicted in Map 3-1.

Childcare Centers
There are 41 commercial day care providers in Pomona, which are considered greater vulnerabilities due to the larger number of children present at their facilities.10 The locations of the commercial childcare centers are mapped in Map 3-1.

9 https://proudtobe.pusd.org/apps/pages/Facts, accessed August 28, 2021. 10 https://www.ccld.dss.ca.gov/carefacilitysearch/Search/ChildCare, accessed September 21, 2021.

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Map 3-1: Vulnerable Facilities Map
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Universities
There are several institutions providing higher education in Pomona. The largest of these is the California State Polytechnic University (Cal Poly Pomona). This University is located adjacent to the City's western border, mostly in unincorporated lands, but owns some land within city limits.

Cal Poly Pomona employs more than 2,675 people and has an approximate enrollment of 27,915 graduate and undergraduate students.

Western University of Health Sciences (Western U) is located in downtown Pomona. Its main campus is at 309 E. 2nd Street. Western U opened a secondary campus in Oregon in 2017. At its Pomona campus, t he U niversity employs roughly 1,1 00 people and current enrollment is approximately 3,800 students.11

RECREATION AND COMMUNITY CENTERS
Approximately 25% of Pomona's population is younger than 18 years of age.12 There are several recreation and community centers in the City that help to provide services to its young residents.

These facilities also provide important services to seniors as well. Especially during after -school hours, these centers can become crowded with youth. The City operates community centers at six of its parks, as well as the Pomona Boys and Girls Club. There is also a YMCA in Pomona, which has served the community since 1884. The original YMCA building, completed in 1922, is also listed in the National Register of Historic Place s and Pomona's Local Landmark Register. The facility was closed in 2012 and the existing building is currently approved for redevelopment.

SENIOR CARE FACILITIES
In addition to the care available at hospital facilities, seven senior care centers are located in Pomona. The residents of these facilities may require additional medical attention, transportation assistance, emergency housing, or other assistance following a local hazard event.

Most senior fare facilities in Pomona are located north of Holt Avenue, and several are clustered along the Garey Avenue corridor.

HOSPITALS
Hospital facilities house large numbers of vulnerable patients who may need additional assistance in the event of an emergency. All of the hospitals in Pomona, including PVHMC, are considered assets with vulnerabilities. In addition, there are two other hospitals that serve as specialized treatment centers in Pomona: Casa Colina Hospital for Rehabilitative Medicine and Behavioral Health Services (BHS) - American Recovery Center. Information on PVHMC is provided in Section 3-4; Critical Facilities, and information about the remaining two hospitals is supplied

11 https://www.westernu.edu/publicaffairs/news/fact-sheet/, accessed August 28, 2021. 12 https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/dashboard/pomonacitycalifornia/AGE295219, accessed September 4, 2021.

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below.

Casa Colina Hospital for Rehabilitative Medicine
Casa Colina Hospital is an acute and sub -acute care hospital providing medical rehabilitation services. The hospital serves children and adults who have been disabled by spinal cord injury, brain injury, stroke, chronic lung disease, back injury, chronic pain, orthopedic conditions, neurological and neuromuscular disorders, developmental disorders, and other illnesses or injuries. The facility is located at 255 East Bonita Avenue and has 64 beds, a staff of 184 physicians, and 27 full-time staff nurses.

BHS - American Recovery Center
Behavioral Health Services is a not-for profit community-based healthcare organization providing medical services, substance abuse, mental health, drug -free transitional living, housing for women with HIV, and prevention services in Los Angeles County. BHS operates 21 locations, covering the South Bay, East Los Angeles, the San Gabriel Valley, and the metropolitan areas of LA County. 13 BHS – American Recovery Center located at 2180 Valley Boulevard in Pomona, provides 10 – 14 day medically assisted detox services with 24 -hour medical supervision, 3 – 9 months intensive outpatient services, and 3 – 6 months inpatient services, depending on the client’s needs.

SHELTERS
There are four shelters and transitional living facilities in Pomona identified by the City's department of C ommunity Services. Such group living quarters are considered vulnerabilities because of their concentrations of people with special needs and limited resources. The potential for loss of life is much higher in the event of structural failure/building collapse. In addition, due to the limited financial resources of the inhabitants in these shelters, the residents may require special post-disaster assistance, in particular relocation assistance.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Following a local hazard event, hazardous materials could potentially harm Pomona residents by exposing them to chemicals that may be poisonous, irritating, suffocating, or cause burns. The severity of hazardous materials impacts depends on many factors such as amount of chemical released, location , and rate and direction of dispersion. Identifying vulnerable toxic sites and preventing hazardous materials spills before they occur is fundamental to mitigating the myriad unpredictable impacts that such spills may have on the community.

Over 200 sites with exposed hazardous materials are located within the City of Pomona. These sites include leaking underground storage tanks (LUSTs), leaking underground fuel tanks (LUFT), and other hazardous materials sites that are listed by the California Department of Toxic

13 https://www.bhs-inc.org/, accessed December 8, 2021.

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Substances Control (DTSC). In order to address the primary hazardous waste vulnerabilities most efficiently, only the most acutely hazardous materials were mapped in Map 3-1. There is one location listed as a Federal Superfund site by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), Title III, and one Hazardous Waste and Substances (Cortese List) Site .14 Of the many hazardous materials sites in the City, these represent the greatest threat to human and environmental health in the City if released.

In addition to stationary hazardous materials sites, hazardous material that is enroute to other locations via truck or train may also be present in Pomona at any given time. Restrictions placed on transporters of hazardous materials include the avoidance of heavily populated areas, unless no other satisfactory route exists , limitations on access to bridges and tunnels , and a one-mile- wide zone limitation along freeways for access to fuel and services. Railroad regulations stipulate that explosive materials are controlled within the train, but there are no controls regarding train routes. The only restriction is that potential flammable or explosive materials cannot be any closer than six rail cars from the train locomotive. This exposes neighborhoods near railway tracks in Pomona to potential hazards due to rail car derailment and hazardous spills.

UTILITIES
Critical facilities of the utility systems in Pomona are discussed in the previous section, but it is important to note that there are specific vulnerabilities associated with them as well.

Undergrounded utilities may be subject to rupture during an earthquake, creating the potential for fire or releasing hazardous chemicals. Additionally, strong winds are capable of downing tree branches that can fall on power lines, and fires can damage aboveground utility lines. Depending on the event, impacts can remain localized or affect the entire City. Specific utility vulnerabilities are discussed further in the relevant hazard chapters, when appropriate (see Chapters 4 to 9).

VULNERABLE DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
Overcrowded Communities
The U.S. Census collects information about the density and level of crowding in housing units.

A unit is considered overcrowded if it has more than one occupant per room. The area of the City with 20 percent or more of housing units that are overcrowded, per census tract, is displayed in Map 3-1 . Areas with a large percent of overcrowded units may experience greater impact during local hazard events due to their higher population densities. Because overcrowding is closely correlated with lower income levels and housing values, it is reasonable to assume that overcrowded neighborhoods may contain greater numbers of deteriorated buildings prone to damage than in other parts of the City. Emergency responders should be prepared to spend relatively greater amounts of time in the overcrowded neighborhoods when responding to the effects of a major disaster. Furthermore, there may be a need for higher levels of post-disaster assistance, such as short-term housing.

14 https://www.epa.gov/superfund/search-superfund-sites-where-you-live, accessed December 2021.

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Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Buildings
Unreinforced masonry buildings (URMs) are structures that are particularly vulnerable to damage during an earthquake. These buildings generally constructed prior to 1933 predate modern earthquake-resistant design standards. URM buildings are made of brick and have not been reinforced with strengthening steel bars in the structure. The walls of these buildings are more likely to disconnect from the foundation and fall during ground shaking, creating debris hazards and sometimes total collapse of the structure. URM buildings in Pomona are depicted on Map 3-1. Many of these were damaged in the 2008 Chino Earthquake.

Historic Properties
First incorporated in 1888 as the fifth city in Los Angeles County, Pomona has an impressive inventory of historic properties. It includes eight properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, five properties designated as California Historic Landmarks, an d twenty-six properties designated locally on Pomona's Landmark Register, as well as t wo historic districts.

There are several additional districts with potential historic significance and more than 500 potential historic properties under consideration for local, state, or national historic designation.

Many of these structures are particularly vulnerable to damage from hazards due to their age, construction methods, and materials. Many historic buildings were heavily damaged in the last major hazard event to affect Pomona, the Whittier Narrows earthquake. The City of Pomona owns three of the most historic properties, which date back to the first modern settlement of the site that later became Pomona.

Pre-1976 Structures
Seismic safety standards were first incorporated into Pomona's building code in 1976. Due to the considerable age of the City, however, the majority of the structures were constructed before such standards were in place. Historic structures and areas have been mapped in Map 3-2. The distribution of structures by age clearly displays the evolution of Pomona: the oldest buildings are clustered downtown - including the URM buildings discussed above - and development radiates outward over time from this core. In the vast majority of cases, pre-1976 buildings are not required to conform to seismic safety requirements and have an elevated risk to damage due to earthquake. Older structures are also more prone to wind damage.

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Hazard-Specific Land Uses and Construction
In addition to other types of vulnerable development patterns discussed in this section, there are specific land uses and construction types that are more susceptible to particular local hazards. For example, soft-story and tilt-up construction tends to be more vulnerable to ground shaking. Development in the urban/wildland interface increases the risk of damage due to wildfire. These types of hazard-specific developments are discussed in further detail in Chapters 4 - 9.

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Map 3-2: Designated Historic Resources

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3.6 RISK IDENTIFICATION AND VULNERABILITIES SUMMARY

Identified risks and vulnerabilities associated with local hazards in Pomona are summarized below. Chapters 4 - 9 document the analyses yielding these conclusions.

EARTHQUAKE
The following risks and vulnerabilities associated with ground shaking, liquefaction, and earthquake-induced landslides have been prioritized for mitigation actions:

• Many of the buildings in Pomona were constructed before seismic safety standards were implemented in 1976; this includes a majority of the facilities that house emergency services and government operations.
• There are dozens of unreinforced masonry buildings, which are well-known for their poor ability to withstand earthquakes. They are especially prone to collapse and pose substantial risks to life and property.
• Historic properties are more prone to sustain damage and collapse during an earthquake.

Historic structures and areas in Pomona are mapped in Map 3-2. • Much of the utility infrastructure in Pomona is aging and will need maintenance or replacement. Critical components of the utility systems, such as water reservoirs, have partial seismic safety features in place but completion of retrofit programs has been deferred.
• Targeted transportation corridors have been identified as crucial and vulnerable lifelines, essential for emergency vehicle traffic. Collapse of underpasses or train derailment would impair proper provision of emergency services in the aftermath of an earthquake. • Particular neighborhoods in Pomona have an elevated vulnerability to earthquake hazards due to the age of the structures, or due to a high percentage of overcrowding.

Often these characteristics coincide; damage in these neighborhoods is expected to be relatively greater than the rest of the City and will require concomitant emergency response.

LANDSLIDE
The following risks and vulnerabilities associated with landslides have been prioritized for mitigation.

• Residential developments in the hills of Pomona are at risk to landslide. Not only are they built on areas that are historically prone to landslides due to topography and soil conditions, but road development, grading, excavation and other forms of development. (
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WILDFIRE
The following r isks and vulnerabilities associated with wildfire have been prioritized for mitigation.
• Development in the urban/wildland interface is especially vulnerable to wildfire damage.

Communities such as Phillips Ranch and Ganesha Hills were built in these areas and require more stringent wildfire mitigation measures. Aging infrastructure in the City is vulnerable to damage from earthquake, which could affect the City' s water supply in the event of a wildfire.

FLOODING
The following risks and vulnerabilities associated with flooding have been prioritized for mitigation:
• A small number of locations in areas associated with flooding have been prioritized for mitigation. Pomona is prone to flooding due to storm drain deficiencies. The flooding that occurs seasonally at the railroad underpasses is of particular concern, as it has the potential to block routes that are considered key transportation lifelines. The City could be subject to flooding in the event of dam failure. However, due to the distance of the City from the reservoirs, the minimal amount of water that is stored at the relevant impoundments, and the very low probability of occurrence, this risk is not considered to have significant potential for widespread community impacts.

WINDSTORM
The foll owing risks and vulnerabilities associated with windstorm have been prioritized for mitigation:
• Santa Ana winds which occur from October through March and can damage or dislodge roofs and topple trees and power lines. These windstorms can affect the entire city, but potential damage is not widespread and there are no high risks to critical facilities or city infrastructure.
(A windstorm in 2011 affected communities west of Pomona. Power was out for over a week due to tree damage.)

PANDEMIC/INFECTIOUS DISEASE
The following risks and vulnerabilities associated with pandemics and infectious disease have been prioritized for mitigation:

• Protecting vulnerable populations has been prioritized. The health and safety of the public is threatened by pandemics/infectious diseases. As evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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all communities, regardless of density may be severely impacted by a pandemic/infectious disease. However, an emerging infectious disease or novel virus may impact have a greater impact on overcrowded communities, particularly where there is a clustering of older residential structures that may not meet current building standards and may not have adequate ventilation. It is also likely, and also evidenced by COVID-19, that vulnerable communities are particularly susceptible to more severe impacts of emerging infectious diseases and novel viruses due to higher comorbidity rates, and pollution exposure, as well as socio-economic challenges that may prevent a person from working from home or taking time off and isolating, if necessary. ( As of December 9, 2021,
there were approximately 514 deaths attributed to COVID-19 in Pomona).

• Protecting business operations in the City has been prioritized. Business and economic impacts may be severe. The City must be able to be flexible with the business community and provide easy pathways toward allowing businesses to continue operating while protecting the health and welfare of the public.

3.7 POTENTIAL FINANCIAL LOSSES

POTENTIAL DAMAGE ESTIMATES
A comprehensive assessment of the potential risks faced by a community involves understanding financial vulnerabilities in addition to prospects for injury, life loss, and property damage.

Estimates of financial costs help to underscore the cost effectiveness of emergency preparedness and hazard mitigation actions and improvements. In addition, cost estimates calculated for separate hazard scenarios -earthquake, flooding, landslide, etc. - provide a quantitative tool for comparing hazard effects and prioritizing mitigation.

For each
hazard where data were available, cost estimates of potential damage have been calculated. The primary tool available to estimate the potential losses of local hazard events is the GIS -based
software HAZUS. A HAZUS scenario was constructed to estimate losses due to earthquake damage in the City; total potential losses exceeded 2.5 billion dollars. While these estimates are highly hypot hetical, they nevertheless provide a sense of the magnitude of potential financial impacts.

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4 Earthquakes

4.1 INTRODUCTION
California is home to the most intense and greatest number of earthquakes in the contiguous United States: of the 20 largest earthquakes in the contiguous United States, 10 have occurred in California15. The State also ranks number one in the nation in the amount of damage caused by earthquakes, in large part due to its high population and degree of urbanization16. The City of Pomona is no exception to the rest of the State, and the threat posed by an earthquake is considered the most significant hazard facing Pomona. This chapter provides information about earthquake hazards in Pomona, beginning with an overview of historic events and the probability of future earthquakes in Southern California, and then identifies specific areas of hazards and risks within the city.

4.2 HAZARD PROFILE

HAZARD DESCRIPTION
Generally defined, an earthquake is an abrupt release of accumulated energy in the form of seismic waves when movement occurs along a fault. The City of Pomona lies in a seismically active region of Southern California, with several major active faults in the area, including the San Andreas, Sierra Madre, and Whittier - Elsinore fault zones. However, in addition to these known faults, movement along buried blind thrust faults that have no obvious surface features can also occur.

Faulting and Seismicity
Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the fault to classify faults. Faults that move along the direction of the dip plane are dip-slip faults and described as either normal or reverse, depending on their motion.

Faults that move horizontally are known as strike -slip faults and are classified as either right - lateral or left-lateral. Faults that show both dip-slip and strike-slip motion are known as oblique- slip faults. The types of faults are described below and illustrated in Figure 4-1:

• Normal Fault. A dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the block below. This type of faulting occurs in response to extension and is often observed in the Western United States Basin and Range Province and along oceanic

15 National Earthquake Information Center website: http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/lOmaps_usa.html, accessed September 13, 2021. 16 USGS Earthquake Hazards Program website: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html#5, accessed September 13, 2021..

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ridge systems.

• Thrust Fault. A dip -slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block. This type of faulting is common in areas of compression, such as regions where one plate is being subducted under another. When the dip angle is shallow, a reverse fault is often described as a thrust fault.

• Strike-Slip Fault. A fault on which the two blo cks slide past one another. A left lateral strike-slip fault is one on which the displacement of the far block is to the left when viewed from either side. A right lateral strike slip fault is one on which the displacement of the far block is to the right when viewed from either side. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a right lateral strike-slip fault

17. Figure 4-1: Types of Faults

4.2.1 HISTORIC EVENTS
Although damaging earthquakes have occurred numerous times in Southern California, the City of Pomona has never declared a state of emergency due to an earthquake. During the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, several historic buildings were damaged, but th e city did not sustain any deaths or serious injuries. Relatively speaking, Pomona has been able to avoid many of the dire effects of earthquakes experienced by other Southern California communities.

However, the risk to the city from an earthquake is still great given the history of earthquakes in the Southern California and the probability of future occurrence in the region. In order to examine the earthquake threat to Pomona, it is useful to review experiences of other Southern California cities in profiling earthquake hazards.

Historical earthquake records can generally be divided into records of the pre -instrumental period and the instrumental period. In the absence of the instrumentation the detection of earthquakes is based on the observations and
witness reports and is dependent upon population
density and distribution. Since California was sparsely populated in the 1800’s the dete ction of pre-instrumental earthquakes is relatively difficult. However, two very large earthquakes, the

17 USGS Earthquake Hazards Program website: http: //earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/plates.html, accessed June 30, 2004

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Fort Tejon in 185 7 (7.9) and the Owens Valley in 1872 (7.6) are evidence of the tremendously damaging potential of earthquakes in Southern California. In more recent times, four earthquakes greater than 7.0 have occurred in Southern California: 7.5 in Kern County (1952) 7.3 in Landers (1992), 7.1 in Hector Mine (1999), and 7.1 in Ridgecrest (2019). Table 4-1 lists historic earthquakes in Southern California of a magnitude 5.0 or greater.

Table 4-1: Southern California Earthquakes with Magnitude 5.0 or Greater Southern California Region Earthquakes with a Magnitude 5.0 or Greater 1769 Los Angeles Basin – M6.0 1941 Carpinteria – M5.5
1800 San Diego Region – M6.3 1952 Kern County – M7.5
1812 Wrightwood – M7.5 1954 W. of Wheeler Ridge – M6.4
1812 Santa Barbara Channel – M7.2 1971 San Fernando – M6.6 1827 Los Angeles Region – M5.5 1973 Point Mugu – M5.3
1855 Los Angeles Region – M6.0 1986 North Palm Springs – M5.6 1857 Fort Tejon – M7.9 1987 Whittier Narrows – M5.9
1858 San Bernardino Region – M6.0 1992 Landers – M7.3
1862 San Diego Region – M5.9 1992 Big Bear – M6.5
1892 San Jacinto or Elsinore Fault – M6.3 1994 Northridge – M6.7 1893 Pico Canyon – M5.7 1999 Hector Mine – M7.1
1894 Lytle Creek Region – M6.0 2008 Chino Hills – M5.4 1894 E. of San Diego – M5.7 2014 La Habra – M5.1
1899 Lytle Creek Region – M5.7 2014 South Napa – M6.0 1899 San Jacinto and Hemet – M6.6 2016 Borrego Springs – M5.2 1907 San Bernardino Region – M5.3 2019 Ridgecrest (1 of 2) – M6.4 1910 Glen Ivy Hot Springs – M5.5 2019 Ridgecrest (2 of 2) – M7.1 1916 Tejon Pass Region – M6.1 2019- Ridgecrest aftershocks; At least six 2020 occurrences greater than M5.0, less
than M6.0
1918 San Jacinto – M6.8 2020 Lone Pine – M5.8
1923 San Bernardino Region – M6.3 2021 Calipatria/Brawley – M5.3 1925 Santa Barbara – M6.8 2021 Little Antelope Valley – M6.0 1933 Long Beach – M6.4
Sources: Southern California Earthquake Data Center (SCEDC) Website, accessed November 2021.

Southern California Seismic Network Website, accessed November 2021

The damage from these four large earthquakes was limited because they occurred in areas that were sparsely populated. The seismic risk is much more severe today in areas of widespread growth throughout Southern California, with the population at risk in the millions, rather than a few hundred or a few thousand persons. This is evidenced by the Northridge earthquake of 1994.

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Although the magnitude of the earthquake (6.7) was smaller than the aforementioned events, the Northridge earthquake became the costliest earthquake in California history. 57 people were killed, and more than 1,500 people were seriously injured.

For days afterward, thousands of homes and businesses were without electricity, tens of thousands had no gas, and nearly 50,000 had little or no water. Approximately 15,000 structures were moderately to severely damaged, which left thousands of people temporarily homeless.

The total cost of the damage caused by the Northridge earthquake approached 50 billion dollars.

4.2.2 HAZARD LOCATION AND EXTENT
There are numerous faults in the Los Angeles area that are categorized as active, potentially active, and inactive. A fault is classified as active if it has either moved during the Holocene time (during the last 11,000 years) or is included in an Alquist Priolo Earthquake Fault zone (as established by the California Division of Mines and Geology). A fault is classified as potentially active if it has experienced movement within Quaternary time (during the last 1.8 million years).

Faults that have not moved in the last 1.8 million years are generally considered inactive. Surface displacement can be recognized by the existence of cliffs in alluvium, terraces, offset stre am courses, fault troughs and saddles, the alignment of depressions, sag ponds, and the existence of steep mountain fronts.

REGIONAL FAULTS
Earthquakes from several active and potentially active faults in the Southern California region could affect future development within the City of Pomona, although no known regional faults directly traverse the city. It should be noted, however, that the Northridge Earthquake occurred on a previously undetected active fault, and more faults may exist than are discussed here. The nearest identified regional faults are summarized below and presented in Map 4-1.

Active Faults
• San Andreas Fault Zone. Located approximately 20 miles to the northeast of the City, this fault zone extends from the Gulf of California northward to the Cape Mendocino area where it continues northward along the ocean floor. The length of the fault and its active seismic history indicates that it has a very high potential for large scale movement in the near future (magnitude 8.0+ on Richter scale) and should be considered important in land use planning for most cities in California.

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Map 4-1: Seismic Hazards
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Figure 4-2: Regional Faults

• Sierra Madre Fault System. Located approximately one mile north of the City, at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains, this fault system forms a prominent 50-mile long east-west

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structural zone on the south side of the San Gabriel Mountains. It consists of a complex system of dips and slips and has a left lateral reverse component. The Sierra Madre fault system has been responsible for uplift of the San Gabriel M ountains by faulting in response to tectonic compression. In many places, the faults have placed basement bedrock over alluvium where they dip northerly below the steep topographic front of the San Gabriel Mountains.

• Whittier-Elsinore Fault Zone. This fault zone is located along the southern base of the Puente Hills, approximately 9 miles to the southwest of the City. This northwest-trending fault trends from Whittier Narrows southeast across the Santa Ana River, past Lake Elsinore into western Imperial County and then into Mexico. This fault zone has the expected maximum capability of a magnitude 6.6 earthquake.

• San Fernando Fault Zone. This fault is located approximately 30 miles northwest of the City. Generally, fault segments are east -west trending thrust faults with associated left lateral movement.

• Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone. Located approximately 35 miles southwest of the City this fault zone could generate a 7.0 magnitude earthquake within the next 50 to 100 years.

• Norwalk Fault. Located approximately 25-miles southwest of the City, this fault strikes 65 to 85 degrees to the northwest and dips steeply to the northeast. The fault is approximately 16 miles long and has an accurate trace between Buena Park and Tustin.

Micro seismic activity along the Norwalk Fault is high and it may be capable of generating a magnitude 6.3 earthquake.

Potentially Active Faults
• San Gabriel Fault. Labeled as potentially active, this fault is located approximately 20 miles northwest of the City. This fault extends from Frazier Park to Mount Baldy Village, a distance of approximately 84 miles. Because of its length and its ancestral relationship with the San Andreas Fault System, its potential future activity must be realized. Due to the length of its surface trace, the San Gabriel Fault is believed capable of generating a magnitude 7.8 earthquake.

• Ve
rdugo Fault. Located approximately 22 miles west of the City, this potentially active fault bounds the south flank of the Verdugo Mountains and appears to merge with the Eagle Rock-San Rafael Fault System in the vicinity of the Verdugo Wash. Low magnitude earthquakes (less than 3.0) which have been attributed to activity along the Verdugo Fault are occasionally recorded in the Burbank
-Glen
dale area. No direct evidence of ground
displacement has been observed as associated with these low magnitude earthquakes.

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The Verdugo Fault has a high potential for future activity and is capable of generating a magnitude 6.4 earthquake.

• Santa Monica Fault. This fault is located approximately 25 miles west of the City. No detailed information is available on the exact location of this southwest- northeast trending fault at the ground surface (fault trace), or on its geometric orientation. This fault the Malibu Coast Fault, and the Raymond Fault belong to one large fault system. Classified as a potentially active fault, this fault could g enerate a moderate seismic event (magnitude 6.6).

Local Faults
In addition to the regional faults, there are several local faults located within the city that are considered potentially active. No recent seismic activity has been recorded along these fault s in the last 10,000 years. However, a major earthquake occurring along with any of these faults would be capable of generating seismic hazards and strong ground shaking effects within the City. These local faults include the San Jose, Indian Hill, Chino, and Central Avenue Faults. Of the local faults, the probability of earthquake activity is considered the highest along the San Jose Fault, with possible ground rupture. Neither the Indian Hills Fault , Chino Fault, nor the Central Avenue Fault have high pro bability of seismic activity, and their precise locations are currently not well defined. None of the local faults have been placed in an Alquist- Priolo Special Studies Zone. Thus, no fault rupture hazard is anticipated along the fault traces that pass thr ough the City. These local faults are further described below and are illustrated in Figure 4-2. • San Jose Fault. This fault is classified as potentially active and is located in the San Jose Hills, on the western edge of the City. The fault i s approximately 13 kilometers long and runs in a northeast/southwest direction approximately parallel to the I-10 freeway. The fault has an 80-to-85-degree upward dip and has a revere movement with the north side up. The fault displaces upper Miocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks as much as 2,700 feet vertically, with a 1 00 - meter vertical offset in older subsurface alluvium. Some geologists consider this fault as seismically active and the origin of the L.A. County earthquakes in 1988 and 1990.

• Indian Hill Fault. This fault is located along the northern section of the city and runs an east/west direction for approximately 9 kilometers. It is believed to be a single strand and is considered potentially active. This fault serves as a barrier to groundwater movement and offsets soils of Late Pleistocene a ge which is the reason it is considered potentially active.

• Chino Fault. Considered to be a part of the Whittier- Elsinore fault system, this fault borders the Puente Hills to the northeast and is buried along most of its length. It is City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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approximately 28 kilometers long from the Santa Ana Mountains to the City of Pomona in a northwest-southeast direction, as it joins the San Jose Fault, near the I-10. Based on geomorphic evidence, it does not appear to have as great a potential for seismic activity.

The fault has an estimated slip rate of 0.2 mm/year. S ome geologists have questioned whether the Chino fault is in reality an earthquake fault, since recent evidence indicates that it is not a fault but the contact point between bedrock and less consolidated alluvium, although in 2008 the Chino Fault had a quake that damaged Pomona City Hal l and a number of URM buildings in the downtown area.

• Central Avenue Fault. Considered a potentially active fault and located in the City of Chino, this fault extends into the southern portion of the City of Pomona. This fault is approximately 8 kilometers long and believed to be a single strand that is subparallel to the Chino fault. The fault exhibits displacement on Quaternary and Holocene age deposits but has no surface expression.

EARTHQUAKE EXTENT
Magnitude
A seismograph can determine the size or magnitude (Richter Magnitude Scale) of an earthquake by measuring the movement of the Earth’s surface and recording the radiating earthquake waves. Each whole number magnitude increase represents a ten -fold increase in the up and down motion recorded by the seismograph. An M = 6 earthquake causes 10 times the recorded motion of an M = 5 and 100 times the motion of an M = 4 earthquake. The magnitude is then used to calculate the amount of energy released by the earthquake. Each whole number increase in magnitude corresponds to an energy increase of about 32 times the lower magnitude value.

An M = 6 earthquake releases about 30 times the energy of a M = 5 and nearly 1,000 times the energy of a M = 4 earthquake.

As earthquakes increase in size, the ground motion no longer increases in a way directly related to the increased size of the earthquake. A different method of determining magnitude based on the number of factors, such as area of slip, is used to calculate the size of earthquakes generally greater than M = 8.

Intensity
Earthquake size may also be determined using a subjective scale of observed damage. This method was used before the installation of seismographs and before the development of the Richter Magnitude Scale. An example is the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale first published in 1931. The intensity of damage observed at a specific building depends upon a number of factors, such as the earthquake’s magnitude, distance from the fault generating the earthquake, type of geologic materials underneath the building, type of building construction, age of construction, and other attributes. Over time the MMI scale has been modified to address City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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changes in building types. All these possible variations in damage result in a single earthquake being capable of producing intensities ranging from not felt at a particular location (MMI = I) to causing catastrophic damage (MMI = XII) at another place. Historical records generally list an earthquake’s maximum observed intensity and the size of the area in which the earthquake was felt.

Table 4-2: Modified Mercalli vs. Richter Scale
Modified Mercalli vs. Richter Scale
Category Modified Mercalli Description Richter Scale
I. Instrumental Not felt 2.5 – Generally not
felt but recorded
by seismograph
II. Weak Felt only a few people, especially on upper floors of tall buildings
III. Slight Felt by people lying down, seated on a land surface, or in the upper stories of tall buildings

3.5 – Felt by many
people
IV. Moderate Felt indoors by many, by few outside; dishes and windows rattle
V. Rather Strong Generally felt by everyone; sleeping people may be awakened; vibrations like train passing close to house
VI. Strong Trees and poles may sway, some damage from falling objects

4.5 – Some local
damage may occur
VII. Very Strong General alarm; walls and plaster crack; difficult to stand; noticed by people driving
VIII. Destructive Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinary buildings with partial collapse; damage great in poorly built structures; damage to chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls

6.0 – Destructive
earthquake
IX. Violent General panic; some houses collapse, pipes break; damage considerable in poorly designed structures; buildings
shifted off of foundation
X. Intense Some well-built wooden structures destroyed,; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundation; obvious ground cracks; railroad tracks bent; some
landslides on steep hillsides

7.0 – Major
earthquake
XI. Extreme Few buildings survive; bridges damaged or destroyed; all services interrupted (electrical, water, sewage, railroad, etc.); severe landslides

8.0 and up – Great
earthquakes
XII. Catastrophic Total destruction; objects thrown into the air; ground moves in waves or ripples; river courses and topography altered

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EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
Several hazards can be produced by a single earthquake event. Ground shaking, landslides, and liquefaction are the specific hazards associated with earthquakes. The severity of these hazards depends on several factors, including soil and slope conditions, proximity to the fault, earthquake magnitude, and the type of earthquake. A discussion of these hazards is presented below, and areas affected by each of these hazards are mapped in Figure 4-2.

Ground Shaking
Ground shaking is the motion felt on the earth's surface caused by seismic waves generated by the earthquake. It is the primary cause of earthquake damage. The strength of ground shaking depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, the type of fault, and distance from the epicenter.

Although the entire city is susceptible to damage from ground shaking, geological conditions can greatly influence the amount of shaking experienced throughout the City. The majority of Pomona is underlain by alluvial soils, transported from the San Gabriel Mountains th e north, which are less resistant to shaking than other soil types. However, portions of the city situated on bedrock such as San Jose (Ganesha Hills) and Puente (Elephant Hill, Phillips Ranch) would likely experience less ground shaking and associated damage.

Landslides
Landslides are secondary earthquake hazards that can occur from ground shaking. They can destroy the roads, buildings, utilities, and other critical facilities necessary to respond and recover from an earthquake.

The Northridge earthquake of 1994 provides an example of the serious and damaging effects of landslides. As a result of the magnitude 6.7 earthquake, more than 11,000 landslides occurred over an area of almost 400 square miles. The landslides destroyed dozens of homes, blocked roads, and damaged oil- field infrastructure. They indirectly caused deaths from Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever), the spore of which was released from the soil during landslide activity and blown towards populated coastal areas.
18 Many communities in Southern California have a high likelihood of encountering such risks, especially in areas with steep slopes. In Pomona, the risk of damage due to landslides is confined to parts of Phillips Ranch and Ganesha Hills. These areas are delineated by the State of California Division of Mines and Geology and depicted in Figure 4-2. Although some of the susceptible areas have residential development, most of them are located in designated open space.

18 Highland. L.M. and R.L. Schuster, Significant Landslide Events in the United States. Accessed via website at:
http://landslides.usgs.gov.html_tiles/pubs/report/Landslides_pass_508.pdf

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In the landslide -prone areas that are devel oped, the risk of a damaging flow is even greater.

Although landslides are a natural geologic process in the hills around Pomona, residential developments in these areas exacerbate the risk of landslide hazards. Grading for road construction and developmen t can increase slope steepness and contribute to the speed and severity of landslides. Grading and construction can also decrease the stability of a hill slope by adding weight to the top, removing support at the base of the slope, and increasing water content. Other human activities affecting landslides include excavation, drainage and groundwater alterations, and changes in vegetation.
19 Liquefaction
The phenomenon of liquefaction occurs when ground shaking causes wet granular soils to change from a solid state to a liquid state. This results in the loss of soil strength and the soil's ability to support weight. Buildings and their occupants are at risk when the ground can no longer support these structures. Pomona is one of many communities in Southe rn California that is built on an ancient river bottom and has sandy soil. In some cases, this ground may be subject to liquefaction, depending on the depth of the water table.

The California Geological Survey identifies and maps areas susceptible to lique faction, based on groundwater levels and geologic materials. Pomona has 4,025 acres or 27 percent of the city area that fall within these zones and are susceptible to liquefaction. These areas generally occur at the base of the hills in the southern and western portions of the City. Liquefaction areas are presented in Map 4-1.

4.2.3 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCE
The USGS estimates that within the next 30 years the probability is 99 % that an earthquake measuring a magnitude of 6.7 or greater will occur in California

20. It is impossible to predict
exactly where it will take place; however, there are fault segments that are considered more likely than others to produce such an earthquake. Along the Earth's plate boundaries, segments exist where no large earthquakes have occurred for long intervals of time. Scientists term these segments "seismic gaps" and, in general, have been successful in forecasting the time when some of the seismic gaps will produce large earthquakes.

Geologic studies show that over the past 1,400 to 1,500 years large earthquakes have occurred at about 150-year intervals on the southern San Andreas fault. As the last large earthquake on the southern San Andreas occurred in 1857, that section of the fault is considered a likely location for an earthquake within the next few decades. However, the San Andreas fault is just one of

19 Planning For Natural Hazards: The Oregon Technical Resource Guide. Department of Land Conservation and Development. 2000: Chapter 5. 20 https://www.usgs.gov/congressional-statement/statement-dr-david-applegate-senior-advisor-earthquake-and-geologic-hazards. September 15, 2021

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many faults capable of producing large earthquakes in the region.

Although the science of earthquakes is not exact, these predictions are persuasive reminders of the constant risk of earthquakes to Southern California communities. The focus of the research on estimating the timeframe and location of earthquakes is itself a reminder that when discussing earthquakes, it is not a matter of "if” one will occur, it is a matter of when and where.

4.3 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

OVERVIEW
The effects of earthquakes span a large area, and large earthquakes occurring in many parts of the Southern California region would probably be felt throughout the region. However, the degree to which earthquakes are felt, and the damage associated with them may vary. At risk from earthquake damage are large stocks of old buildings and bridges; many high tech and hazardous materials facilities; extensive sewer, water, and natural gas pipe lines; earth dams; petroleum pipelines; and other critical facilities and private property located in the City.

Identifying these vulnerabilities and estimating potential losses that could occur due to an earthquake event are crucial steps in the process of formulating effective, efficient mitigation measures.

4.3.1 IDENTIFYING VULNERABILITIES
Chapter 3: Risk Assessment details the various types of critical and vulnerable facilities within Pomona. Each of these types of facilities is vulnerable to damage b y an earthquake and its associated hazards of ground shaking, landslides, and liquefaction. Of these facilities, the Technical Advisory Committee, drawing upon available scientific research, building structural information, historical experience, and community knowledge, identified specific vulnerabilities to target in the earthquake hazard mitigation process. The following sections identify those facilities that are considered the most vulnerable portions of the city to earthquake damage and are specific targets of earthquake mitigation action items.

EMERGENCY SERVICES
As previously discussed in Chapter 3: Risk Assessment, much of Pomona was built before seismic safety standards were implemented in 1976. Many of the City's critical facilities were also built before 1976 and could be more vulnerable to the hazards associated with earthquakes. Detailed studies will have to be conducted in order to determine which, if any, of the City's buildings have the potential to suffer serious damage during an earthquake. However, identifying those that predate seismic safety standards will help to prioritize the inventory process.

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• Emergency Government Operations. All the buildings that are designated as facilities for use during an emergency were likely built before 1976. The only location identified in the City's EOP that is not inside a potentially vulnerable structure is located in the west parking lot of City Hall. However, this location lacks many of the amenities of an operational building, such as shelter, electricity, restrooms, and additional assets that would be significant in the operation of the Emergency Operation Center (EOC).

• Police and Fire Facilities. The majority of police and fire facilities in Pomona were built before 1976. These building include the main building, jail, and property/evidence storage structures of the Pomona Police Department and five of the City's eight fire stations (an additional fire station was built in 1952, however it has been retrofitted to conform to 2003 building code standards). These five stations have not been seismically retrofitted, although they were evaluated in 2003 for seismic safety and each rated “ better than average" for seismic performance relative to buildings of the same general type (see Table 4-3).

Table 4-3: Fire Stations Built Before 1976
FIRE

STATION
YEAR BUILT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS RETROFIT?
181 Unknown
Pre-1976
Reinforced Concrete Reinforced
Masonry
No
182 1963 Reinforced Masonry No
183 1952 Reinforced Masonry Yes (2003)
184 Unknown:
(1959-1974)
Tilt-Up precast concrete No
185 1962 Reinforced Masonry No
186 1963 Reinforced Masonry No
181 was closed in 2012, but the Division VIII Office, Battalion Chiefs, Fire Department Offices, and other department sections remained. In January 2020, the Division VIII Office and Fire Prevention Office were relocated from Pomona to Diamond Bar

HOSPITALS
Both of the major medical facilities in Pomona house vulnerable patient populations who would require substantial assistance in the event of damag e. Additionally, damage that incapacitated Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center, which is the only provider of emergency medical services in the City, would detrimentally affect Pomona's ability to care for people injured in a large earthquake.

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at these facilities are being retrofitted or replaced. Further details on each of the facilities is provided below:
• Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center. The hospital celebrated its 100-year anniversary in 2003. The buildings that make up the Pomona Valley Community Hospital Medical Center (PVHMC) were constructed over several decades. The hospital building has likewise been constructed in stages, beginning with the original 1913 structure (currently Wing A of the hospital building).

A Specific Plan to address seismic safety issues and an expansion of the hospital facilities for the PVHMC was adopted in 2008 and most recently amended in 2016. The plan is intended to guide the future growth and operation of PVHMC and to meet Senate Bill 1953 (SB 1953) hospital seismic safety requirements. Under the Specific Plan, PVHMC would be expanded in three phases. Phase 1 would include the construction of a new 56,000 sf outpatient pavilion and a 138,000 -sf inpatient wing a nd lobby addition to the main hospital building. Phase 2 would add a 54,000-outpatient pavilion and a 123,000-sf hospital inpatient wing. Phase 3 would add an additional 129,000 sf of inpatient facilities in a new wing and add a 400 -stall parking structure. The PVHMC core campus will have expanded to include 1,012,314-sf of combined new and existing facilities, a net increase of 267,299-sf. Demolition of 232,701-sf of existing facilities is also proposed, the majority of which would occur at the end of Phas e 3. Implementation of the Specific Plan would occur over a period of years, extending until 2030

21. In communication with hospital staff, it was conveyed that, as of May 2021, the Woman’s Center and Diagnostics and Testing buildings are structurally compliant, and that several buildings were in plan check with OSHPD for material sampling, a precursor to plan check submittals for structural upgrades.

21 https://ceqanet.opr.ca.gov/2008031111/6. Accessed September 15, 2021

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Figure 4-3: PVHMC Specific Plan

• Casa Colina Center for Rehabilitative Medicine . Casa Colina completed construction of a new hospital facility which started receiving patients in 2005. This facility was built in full compliance with the safety standards of SB 1953. All outpatient facilities were built from 2001 to the present.

Although these private facilities are privately owned and will be responsible for mitigating hazards on their property, increased preparedness and communication between them and City officials will help to coordinate emergency efforts in the event of an earthquake.

UTILITIES
Each of the components of Pomona’s utility systems contribute to its overall operation and efficiency. However, some components are more critical to system operation and have been targeted as specific vulnerabilities to be addressed during earthquake mitigation.

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Water
Maintaining water quality and distribution are crucially important during and after hazard events.

The following critical components of the City's water service system are vulnerable to earthquake damage:
• Water Reservoirs. Six of the City's 22 water reservoirs have been upgraded with seismic safety valves which would shut off the reservoir in the event of a rupture, preventing drainage of the reservoir and potential flooding. Currently, there are no plans to upgrade the remaining 16.
• Groundwater Wells. A majority of Pomona's water supply is provided by local groundwater wells. The structural stability of these facilities is unknown and would have to be evaluated through further technical studies to assess vulnerability to ground shaking and liquefaction. None of the ground water wells are located in areas subject to earthquake-induced landslides. If a well(s) were to experience earthquake -related damage, local water supplies would only be incrementally affected, and the overall community impact is considered low.
• Water Treatmen t. The City's Anion Exchange Plant removes nitrates from the water supply for a significant portion of the City.
22 Failure of this plant has the potential to
substantially limit potable water supply. The structur al stability of the plant is unknown; however, it was completed in 1992, and is assumed to have a high level of resistance to ground shaking due to its modern construction standards.

Underground Utility Lines
Underground utilities - such as natural gas and petroleum - may be subject to rupture during an earthquake, creating the potential for fire or the release of hazardous chemicals. Specifically, the two petroleum pipelines and seven primary natural gas distribution pipelines could pose significant fire and hazardous materials risks if ruptured. In addition to these main lines, the aging underground utility network in Pomona may experience any number of ruptures along its lines, resulting in localized service disruptions or release of materials.

22 https://www.envirogen.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Pomona-Case_Study-ETI-1.pdf, accessed November 6, 2021.

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Figure 4-4: Gas Transmission Lines in Los Angeles County

SCHOOLS
In increasing Pomona's resilience to earthquakes, prioritizing the safety of the community's children is a primary concern. The many schools within the City house thousands of students during school hours and are considered a substantial vulnerability. Man y of Pomona's children attend school at private facilities, but the vast majority attend school at one of Pomona Unified School District’s (PUSD) facilities.

RECREATION AND COMMUNITY CENTERS
In addition to schools, recreation and community centers also house a large number of children.

As discussed in Chapter 3: Risk Assessment, the City of Pomona operates six community centers.

Three of these facilities were constructed before seismic safety codes were established.

Currently, no other information about the potential structural vulnerability to earthquake damage is available, and further studies would need to be conducted to determine their level of vulnerability. Two of the community centers are also in areas subject to liquefaction. The Ganesha Park Community Center, one of the City’s most popular recreation facilities , is also the

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most potentially vulnerable. It was constructed in 1950 and located in an area subject to strong ground shaking, liquefaction, and earthquake induced landslides.

UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS
The City of Pomona has dozens of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings . These buildings are especially vulnerable to damage and collapse during earthquakes. Their potential for collapse poses hazards to life and property loss. Also, many of these buildings are valuable assets to the City's rich historical heritage. The URM buildings in Pomona are clustered in the oldest and most central portion of the city, largely located along 2nd Street in Downtown.

VULNERABLE DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
In general, the size of Pomona households is large. 26% of Pomona households are considered “large” which is defined as five or more individuals per household. The average household size is 2019 was 3.77, which is almost one person per household more than the Los Angeles County average. Many of these households are also considered “overcrowded”, which is defined as more than one person living per room within a house. 31.3% of households are considered overcrowded, compared to 21.8% in Los Angeles County.

Cen
tral Pomona has a number of vulnerable development characteristics that could potentially result in more damage due to an earthquake when compared to other areas of the City. In general, census tracts with the highest percentages of overcrowded units are located in central Pomona; these high densities increase the potential number of people per neighborhood who would be impacted by an earthquake. Additionally, many of these overcrowded areas are located in neighborhoods with older structures, which pre
-date s
eismic safety standards. Finally, large
numbers of multi-family units are located in Central Pomona, of which a number are likely “soft story” apartment buildings. This type of construction is characterized by multi-storied structures that have an opening on the ground floor, such as a garage, that is less sturdy than the floors above it. These buildings are particularly vulnerable to earthquake damage, as the weakened first story may sustain damage, shift, or collapse. The combination of these development characteristics creates an area of the city with elevated susceptibility to the hazardous effects of earthquakes.

RAILRO
ADS
The Union Pacific Railroad (UPR) line that is located in the center of the city is a primary east - west freight corridor. Trains on the tracks also carry passengers on a much more limited basis.

An earthquake that caused de railment, damage to the tracks by liquefaction, or obstruction on the tracks due to landslides would be a tremendous vulnerability to the city. A train present on the tracks would seriously hamper the ability of emergency vehicles to traverse the city, especially if the crucial underpasses at Garey, White, and Towne Avenues were blocked. Although the possibility of a train derailment in the city seems remote, it was just such an event that City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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prompted the construction of Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center, as mentioned in Chapter 1 Introduction. The City does not have jurisdiction over the UPR tracks; hazard planning and mitigation is the responsibility of the Union Pacific Railroad. However, the City can coordinate with UPR on mitigation planning and work to maximize local emergency facility resiliency to help reduce risks associated with the railroad.

4.3.2 ESTIMATING POTENTIAL LOSSES
Risk analysis involves estimating the damage and costs likely to be experienced in a geographic area over a period of time

23. Factors included in assessing earthquake risk include population and property distribution in the hazard area, the frequency of earthquake events, landslide susceptibility, buildings, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness of the region. This ty pe of analysis can generate estimates of the damage to the region due to an earthquake event in a specific location. FEMA's software program, HAZUS, uses mathematical formulas and information about building stock, local geology and the location and size of potential earthquakes, economic data, and other information to estimate losses from a potential earthquake

24. HAZUS EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO
To perform the risk analysis for this LHMP, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake was simulated using HAZUS. The earthquake scenario was based on ground shaking data derived from USGS shake map scenario on the San Jose Fault. It is impossible to exactly predict the circumstances of the next earthquake to affect the city, and the data provided by the HAZUS simulation will surely differ from the actual losses experienced due to such an event. However, the use of HAZUS allows the City to view reasonable potential losses from a modeled earthquake and make appropriate mitigation and emergency preparedness decisions.

It is noteworthy that this model assumes that the entire c ity is underlain by alluvial site conditions; although the majority of the city is located on an alluvial fan, portions on the western boundaries are underlain by bed rock, which is more resistant to ground shaking. Additionally, the secondary earthquake hazards of fire and debris generation were simulated in this scenario.

A discussion of the risks associated with these hazards follows the summary of HAZUS results.

Structural Damage
In this HAZUS scenario, 12.5 percent of buildings in Pomona experienced at least moderate damage. Approximately 900 structures were completely destroyed, and the vast majority of these were residential uses. Overall, buildings that sustained the most damage were manufactured housing or structures with wood construction.

23 Burby. R. (Ed.) Cooperating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazard s with Land Use Planning for Sustainable Communities (1998).

Washington D.C. Joseph Henry Press.
24 FEMA HAZUS http://www.fema.gov/hazus (May 2021).

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Table 4-4: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy

Displaced Persons
This model estimated that the earthquake displaced 1,599 households. Although some of these people would be able to seek shelter with relatives, friends, or alternative means, approximately 1,708 people would require accommodation in temporary public shelters.

Table 4-5: Displaced Households/Persons Seeking Short Term Public Shelter

Casualties
Casualty estimates are provided for three times of day, 2:00 AM, 2:00 PM, and 5:00 PM.

Casualties are highest during the 2:00 PM scenario with approximately 1,550 people were injured or killed during this earthquake scenario. The majority of these casualties, roughly 1,110, were due to minor injuries requiring medical attention but not hospitalization. The remaining number includes more serious injuries requiring hospitalization and approximately 90 deaths.

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Table 4-6: Casualty Estimates

Fire Damage
Fires often occur following an earthquake, due to downed power lines, ruptured fuel lines or other flammable materials becoming exposed and ignited. In the wake of an earthquake water may not be immediately available or may be available in limited quantities. Additionally, emergency personnel may be stretched thin and responding to other emergency situations.

These factors increase the hazard that such fires pose to Pomona. This HAZUS scenario modeled

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three fire ignitions in the City, resulting in the displacement of an additional 506 people and thirty-one million dollars of property damage.

Debris
The HAZUS -MH scenario produced an estimated 484,00 0 tons of debris. Following an earthquake, the City would need to d evote resources to cleaning up brick, glass, wood, steel or concrete building elements, office and home contents, and other materials. This challenge includes disposing of or recycling the waste in compliance with the regulations of AB 939: The Integrated Waste Management Act. For these reasons, developing a strong debris management strategy is essential in post-disaster recovery.

Table 4-7: Earthquake Debris (millions of tons)

Direct Economic Impacts
The total estimated economic loss to the City in this scenario was 2.5 billion dollars. The economic losses calculated by HAZUS- MH include both income (wage, capital related, rental, relocation) and capital (structural, non- structural, content, inventory) losses incurred by earthquake damage, as well as damage to transportation and utility lifelines. The majority of losses were caused by building -related losses, which totaled 2.3 b illion dollars. Within that category, residential losses comprise the largest portion 51% primarily due to damage of single -family homes.

The aforementioned economic impacts do not include indirect impacts, long -term changes that occur as a result of direct impacts. Such impacts include losses due to business closures, employment changes, loss of tourism revenues, changes in sales tax revenues, or other long-term consequences of earthquake damage.

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Table 4-8: Building Related Economic Loss Estimates (millions of dollars)

Additional Risk Analysis Factors
This HAZUS scenario did not model the potential effects of liquefaction or earthquake -induced landslides, which are important secondary hazards associated with earthquakes. Of the two hazards, liquefaction presents a more serious risk to the City. It covers a widespread area, unlike the localized hazard of landslides, and includes many important lifelines that could be damaged due to liquefaction. Table 4-9, below, lists the total structural assets that are located within these secondary earthquake hazards areas.

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Table 4-9: Structures within Liquefaction and Landslide Zones

LAND USE UNITS STRUCTURE

VALUE (IN

MILLIONS)

ACRES UNITS STRUCTURE

VALUE (IN

MILLIONS)
ACRES
Low Density
Residential
5437 402.3 924.3 144 24.1 328
Medium
Density
Residential
988 47.4 121.4 17 1.3 3.8
High Density
Residential
595 19.8 21.1
Automotive,
Motel, &
Service
Commercial
129 12.4 33.6
Retail
Commercial &
Shop Centers
28 46.0 109.6
Office 15 38.8 38.4
Light Industrial 65 127.7 243.7
Heavy Industrial
& Outdoor
Storage
99 30.8 143.7
Parks & Open
Space

N/A N/A

86.0 N/A 253.8
Education 3 0.1 509.7 N/A
Public, Civic &
Institutional
4 120.1 718.4
Vacant Land N/A 61.1 N/A
Total 7,364 846.6 3,011.1 161 25.4 325.3

4.3.3 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
Scientists are currently studying the impacts of climate change on seismic activity. While increased temperatures are not linked to an increased risk of earthquake occurrence, scientists are currently studying the seismic consequences of water and how climate change may factor into such phenomena as drought

25. Furthermore, climate change may amplify the secondary effects of earthquakes, including increasing temperatures which could intensify fire risks, or contribute to drought which in turn dries out vegetation and affects available water supply, which

25 Source: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2926/can-climate-affect-earthquakes-or-are-the-connections-shaky/, accessed November 4, 2021

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could further constrain firefighting efforts during fires caused by an earthquake. Droughts exacerbated by climate change can also lead to subsidence, that could intensify damage resulting from an earthquake.

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5 Landslides

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Landslides are a serious geologic hazard in almost every state in America. Nationally, landslides cause 25 to 50 deaths each year. 26 The best estimate of direct and indirect costs of landslide damage in the United States range between $1 and $2 billion annually. 27 Some landslides result in private property damage, while other landslides impact transportation corridors, fuel and energy conduits, and communication facilities. They can also pose a serious threat to human life.

California has had a significant number of locations impacted by landslides, attributable to a variety of conditions present in the state: seismic activity, heavy seasonal participation, rapid development, and varied topography. Landslides resulting from these types of conditions are discussed in this chapter, while earthquakes -induced landslides are addressed in Chapter 4 Earthquakes.

5.2 HAZARD PROFILE

HAZARD DESCRIPTION
A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.

Landslides are a type of “mass wasting" which denotes any downslope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. Failure of a slope occurs when the force that is pulling the slope downward (gravity) exceeds the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope.

They can move slowly, (Millimeters per year) or quickly and disastrously, as is the case with debris flows.

The term "landslide" encompasses events such as rock falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows.

Landslides can be initiated by rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, changes in groundwater, disturbance and change of a slope by man -made construction activities, or any combination of these factors. Landslides can also occur underwater, causing tidal waves and damage to coastal areas. These landslides are called submarine landslides. 28 26 https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-deaths-result-landslides-each-year?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products, accessed November 2021
27 Brabb, E.E., and B.L Harrod. (Eds) Landslides: Extent and Economic Significance. Proceedings of the 28th International Geological Congress Symposium on Landslides. (1989) Washington D.C., Rotterdam: Balkema. 28 Landslide Hazards, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 0071-00, Version 1.0, U.S. Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey, http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-007 I-00/

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Figure 5-1: Landslide Types

Source: https://www.nps.gov/articles/monitoring-slope-movements.htm, National Park Service webpage, accessed December 2021.

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The size of a landslide usually depends on the geology and the initial cause of the landslide.

Landslides vary greatly in their volume of rock and soil, the length, width, and depth of the area affected, frequency of occurrence, and speed of movement. Some characteristics that determine the type of landslide are slope of the hillside, moisture content, and the nature of the underlying materials. Landslides are given different names, depending on the type of failure and their composition and characteristics.

Landslides can be broken down into two categories: (I) rapidly moving-generally known as debris flows-and (2) slow moving. Rapidly moving debris flows present the greatest risk to human life, and people living in or traveling through areas prone to rapidly moving landslides are at increased risk of serious injury. Due to their sluggish rate of movement, slow moving landslides typically do not result in loss of life but can cause widespread property damage over time.

Debris Flows
A debris flow - also known as a mud flow - is a semi- fluid mass of rock, earth, vegetation, and other materials that is saturated with water. This high percentage of water gives the debris flow a very rapid rate of movement down a slope. Although debris flows can travel down a hillside of speeds up to 200 miles per hour , speeds more commonly range 30 -50 miles per hour. Travel rates depend on the slope angle, water content, and type of earth and debris in the flow.

This high rate of speed makes debris flows extremely dangerous to people and property in its path. Earthquakes often trigger debris flows, as discussed in Chapter 4 Earthquakes. These flows are also initiated by heavy, usually sustained, periods of rainfall, but sometimes can happen as a result of short bursts of concentrated rainfall in susceptible areas. Burned areas charred by wildfires are particularly susceptible to debris flows, given certain soil characteristics and slope conditions.
29 Slow Moving Landslides
Landslides move in contact with the underlying surface. These movements include rotational slides where sliding material moves along a curved surface, and translational slides where movement occurs along a flat surface. These types of slides are generally slow moving and can be deep. Slumps are small rotational slides that are generally shallow. Slow -moving landslides can occur on relatively gentle slopes and can cause significant property damage over time but are far less likely to result in serious injuries than rapidly moving landslides. 30 The best-known example of a slow -moving landslide in Southern California is the Portuguese Bend translational landslide. This event was initially triggered in the 1950s due to road construction and continues

29 https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-should-i-know-about-wildfires-and-debris-flows?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products, accessed November 2021
30 https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards /landslide-hazards/science/slow-motion-landslides?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt- science_center_objects, accessed November 2021

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to move even today.31 This landslide and other historic occurrences are discussed in more detail in the following section.

5.2.1 HISTORIC EVENTS
There are portions of the City of Pomona which are susceptible to landslides and should be mitigated accordingly. The City has a history of landslide events:

CITY OF POMONA
March 2003, Ganesha Park
In March 2003, a landslide occurred in Ganesha Park. The slide caused temporary closure of Paige Drive, which runs alongside the park's popular recreation center. The City commissioned a geotechnical study to investigate the event. It was determined that a buildup of water in the soil- due to irrigation and unexpectedly heavy rainfall - helped to trigger the landslide (in addition to landslides, Ganesha Park also harbors wildfire hazards, and regular irrigation is used to reduce fire threat in the area). Alt hough there was not any significant damage caused by the event, it underscores the vulnerability of local slopes to this type of natural hazard.

February 2005, Phillips Ranch
In February of 2005, a landslide occurred in Phillips Ranch in the area of Meadow View Drive following unprecedented heavy rains. The landslide resulted in six homes being damaged or destroyed and approximately $6 million in damages.

February 2010, 57 & 10 Freeways
In 2010, a landslide occurred near the intersection of the 57 and 10 Freeways, at the transition road from the westbound San Bernardino (10) Freeway to the northbound Orange (57) Freeway in Pomona.
32 31 https://www.rpvca.gov/719/Landslide-Management-Program, accessed November 2021 32 https://www.dailynews.com/2010/02/19/geologists-to-study-pomona-landslide/, accessed November 2021

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Figure 5-2: Pomona Landslide 2010

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In addition to local events, the following examples of historic events in the Southern California region provide baseline information to help understand the types of vulnerabilities and potential damage associated with landslides.
33 1928, St. Francis Dam Failure Los Angeles County
Built atop the site of an ancient landslide, the dam gave way on March 12, 1928. Its waters swept through the Santa Clara Valley toward the Pacific Ocean, about 54 miles away. Sixty-five miles of the valley were devastated, and over 500 people were killed. Damages were estimated at $672.1 million (year 2000 dollars).
1956, Portuguese Bend Palos Verdes Peninsula
Land use on the Palos Verdes The Portuguese Bend landslide began its modern movement in August 1956, when displacement was noticed at its northeast margin. Movement gradually

33 Highland. L.M. and Schuster. R.L. Significant Landslide Events United States. USGS. Washington D.C., http://landslides.usgs.gov. html_files/pubs/report I /Landslides _pa.

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extended downslope so that the entire eastern edge of the slide mass was moving within 6 weeks. By the summer of 1957, the entire slide mass was sliding towards the sea. This slow - moving landslide continues its movement in the area and is, even today, continuing to threaten the residential community that exists there. The estimated cos t thus far is $14.6 million (2000 dollars).
1969, Glendora Los Angeles County
175 houses damaged, mainly by debris flows. Estimated cost: $26.9 million (2000 dollars). 1969, Seventh Ave., Los Angeles County
Damage to California Highway 60. Estimated cost: $14.6 million (2000 dollars). 1970, Princess Park California Highway 14
10 miles north of Newhall, near Saugus, northern Los Angeles County. Estimated cost: $29.1 million (2000 dollars).
1977-1980, Monterey Park. Repetto Hills, Los Angeles County 100 houses damaged in 1980 due to debris flows. Estimated cost: $14.6 million (2000 dollars). 1978, Bluebird Canyon, Orange County
60 houses destroyed or damaged. Unusually heavy rains in March of 1978 may have contributed to initiation of the landslide. Although the 1978 slide area was approximately 3.5 acres, it is suspected to be a portion of a larger, ancient landslide. Estimated cost: $52.7 million (2000 dollars).
1979, Big Rock, California, Los Angeles County
California Highway 1 rockslide. Estimated cost: approximately $1.08 billion (2000 dollars). 1980, Southern California
Estimated cost: $1.1 billion in damage (2000 dollars). Heavy winter rainfall in 1979 -80 caused damage in six Southern California counties. In 1980, the rainstorm started on February 8. A sequence of 5 days of continuous rain and 7 inches of precipitation had occurred by February 14.

Slope failures were beginning to develop by February 15 and then very high intensity rainfall occurred on February 16. As much as 8 inches of rain fell in a 6 -hour period in many locations.

Records and personal observations in the field on February 16 and 17 showed that the mountains and slopes literally fell apart on those 2 days. Estimated cost: $1.1 billion in damage (2000 dollars).
1983, San Clemente, California, Orange County. California Highway 1 Litigation at that time involved approximately $43.7 million (2000 dollars). Estimated cost: $65 City of Pomona Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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million (2000 dollars).
1978-1980, San Diego County
Experienced major damage from storms in 1978, 1979, and 1979-80, as did neighboring areas of Los Angeles and Orange County, California. One hundred and twenty landslides were reported to have occurred in San Diego County during these 2 years. Rainfall for the rainy seasons of 78 -79 and 79-80 was 14.82 and 15.61 inches (37.6 and 39.6 cm) respectively, compared to a 125 -year average (1 850-1975) of 9.71 inches (24.7 cm). Significant landslides occurred in the Friars Formation; a unit that was noted as slide -prone in the Seismic Safety Study for the City of San Diego. Of the nine landslides that caused damage in excess of $ I million, sev en occurred in the Friars Formation, and two in the Santiago Formation in the northern part of San Diego County. 1995, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties
Above normal rainfall triggered damaging debris flows, deep -seated landslides, and flooding.

Several deep -seated landslides were triggered by the storms, the most notable was the La Conchita landslide, which in combination with a local debris flow, destroyed or badly damaged 11 to 12 homes in the small town of La Conchita, about 20 km west of Vent ura. There also was widespread debris flow and flood damage to homes, commercial buildings, and roads and highways in areas along the Malibu coast that had been devastated by wildfire two years before. 2005, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties
A subsequent l andslide to the March 1995 landslide in La Conchita, this disaster resulted in 10 fatalities and the destruction of 13 homes and damage of 23 additional homes. The 2005 landslide occurred at the end of a 15-day period that produced record and near-record amounts of rainfall in many areas of southern California.
34 2018, Montecito, Santa Barbara County
The most recent large devastating landslide event in California occurred in Montecito in Santa Barbara County on January 29, 2018. Twenty -three people were killed, at least 167 injured, and more than 400 homes were damaged by a series of debris flows. The debris flows were triggered by heavy rain that fell on steep hillsides that had been burned by the Thomas Wildfire, which at that time was the largest wildfire in California history.35

5.2.2 HAZARD LOCATION AND EXTENT
Most of Pomona is located on a flat alluvial plain, and therefore not subject to landslide hazards.

However, hillsides in the western portion of the City are considered susceptible to landslides and

34 https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1067/508of05-1067.html#conchita05, accessed November 2021 35 https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-deaths-result-landslides-each-year?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products, accessed November 2021

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City Council / Housing AuthorityMay 18, 2026

City Council / Housing Authority
May 18, 2026