Rancho Mirage City Council
December 5, 2024

Methodology
Literature Review
Prior to conducting the field investigation, a literature review and records search was conducted for special - status biological resources potentially occurring on or within the vicinity of the project site. Previously recorded occurrences of special -status plant and wildlife species and their proximity to the project site were determined through a query of the CDFW's CNDDB Rarefind 5, the California Native Plant Society's (CNPS) Electronic Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California, Calflora Database, compendia of special -status species published by CDFW, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) species listings.

Literature detailing biological resources previously observed in the vicinity of the project site and historical land uses were reviewed to understand the extent of disturbances to the habitats on -site. Standard field guides and texts on special -status and non -special -status biological resources were reviewed for habitat requirements, as well as the following resources:
• CDFW 2012 Staff Report on Burrowing Owl Mitigation;
• Coachella Valley Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan; • Google Earth Pro historic aerial imagery (1985-2023); • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), Soil Survey2; and
• USFWS Critical Habitat designations for Threatened and Endangered Species.

The literature review provided a baseline from which to inventory the biological resources potentially occurring on the project site. Additional recorded occurrences of these species found on or near the project site were derived from database queries. The CNDDB ArcGIS database was used, in conjunction with ArcGIS software, to locate the nearest occurrence and determine the distance from the project site.

Field Investigation
ELMT biologist Jacob H. Lloyd Davies inventoried and evaluated the extent and conditions of the plant communities found within the boundaries of the project site and a 200 -foot buffer, where possible, on February 14, 2024. Plant communities identified on aerial photographs during the literature review were verified by walking meandering transects through the plant communities and along boundaries between plant communities. The plant communities were evaluated for their potential to support special -status plant and wildlife species. In addition, field staff identified any natural corridors and linkages that may support the movement of wildlife through the area. Special attention was given to special -status habitats and/or undeveloped areas, which have higher potentials to support special -status plant and wildlife species.

All plant and wildlife species observed, as well as dominant plant species within each plant community, were recorded. Wildlife detections were made through observation of scat, trails, tracks, burrows, nests, and/or visual and aural observation. In addition, site characteristics such as soil condition, topography, 2 A soil series is defined as a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetation conditions. These profiles include major horizons with similar thickness, arrangement, and other important characteristics, which may promote favorable conditions for certain biological resources.

Crossings on Peterson Road
Habitat Assessment and CVMSHCP Consistency Analysis
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hydrology, anthropogenic disturbances, indicator species, condition of on -site plant communities, and presence of potential jurisdictional drainage and/or wetland features were noted.

Soil Series Assessment
On -site and adjoining soils were researched prior to the field visit using the USDA NRCS Soil Survey for Riverside County, California. In addition, a review of the local geological conditions and historical aerial photographs was conducted to assess the ecological changes the project site has undergone.

Plant Communities
Plant communities were mapped using 7.5 -minute USGS topographic base maps and aerial photography.

The plant communities were delineated on an aerial photograph, classified in accordance with those described in the MSHCP, and then digitized into GIS Arcview. The Arcview application was used to compute the area of each plant community in acres.

Plants
Common plant species observed during the field survey were identified by visual characteristics and morphology in the field and recorded in a field notebook. Unusual and less -familiar plants were photographed in the field and identified in the laboratory using taxonomic guides. Taxonomic nomenclature used in this study follows the 2012 Jepson Manual (Hickman 2012). In this report, scientific names are provided immediately following common names of plant species (first reference only).

Wildlife
Wildlife species detected during field surveys by sight, calls, tracks, scat, or other sign were recorded during surveys in a field notebook. Field guides were used to assist with identification of wildlife species during the survey included The Sibley Field Guide to the Birds of Western North America (Sibley 2003), A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Stebbins 2003), and A Field Guide to Mammals of North America (Reid 2006). Although common names of wildlife species are fairly well standardized, scientific names are provided immediately following common names in this report (first reference only).

Jurisdictional Drainages and Wetlands
Aerial photography was reviewed prior to conducting a field investigation in order to locate and inspect any potential natural drainage features, ponded areas, or water bodies that may fall under the jurisdiction of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Board), or CDFW. In general, surface drainage features indicated as blue -line streams on USGS maps that are observed or expected to exhibit evidence of flow are considered potential riparian/riverine habitat and are also subject to state and federal regulatory jurisdiction. In addition, ELMT reviewed jurisdictional waters information through examining historical aerial photographs to gain an understanding of the impact of land -use on natural drainage patterns in the area. The USFWS National Wetland Inventory (NWI) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Program "My Waters" data layers were also reviewed to determine whether any hydrologic features and wetland areas have been documented on or within the vicinity of the project site.

Crossings on Peterson Road
Habitat Assessment and CVMSHCP Consistency Analysis
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Topography and Soils
On -site surface elevation ranges from approximately 246 to 260 feet above mean sea level. The project site slopes gently from northwest to southeast and is relatively flat with no natural areas of significant topographic relief. Based on the USDA NRCS Soil Survey, the site is underlain by Coachella fine sand (0 to 2 percent slopes), Fluvents, and Myoma fine sand (0 to 5 percent slopes). Soils underlying the project site have been mixed and compacted by land modifications associated with historic land uses. Refer to Exhibit 4, Soils, in Attachment A.

Existing Site Conditions
The project site is located in a primarily developed portion of the City of Rancho Mirage along the western edge of the Whitewater River. The site is bound to the north and south by residential developments, to the east by the Whitewater River, and to the west by Peterson Road with commercial developments beyond.

Adjacent portions of the Whitewater River have been modified and converted into a golf course that slows and utilizes seasonal storm flows. The site itself supports developed and undeveloped land that formerly supported a mobile home park. According to historic aerials and local records, the site and adjacent areas have not supported natural plant communities since at least 1959 and the site itself has been vacant since 2009.

Vegetation
Due to historic land uses and ongoing disturbances associated with surrounding development, no natural plant communities are supported within or adjacent to the project site. The site supports two (2) land cover types that would be classified as disturbed and developed (refer to Exhibit 5, Vegetation, in Attachment A).

Refer to Attachment C, Site Photographs, for representative site photographs.

Disturbed land supported on -site is generally associated with undeveloped areas that formerly supported recreation spaces or ornamental landscaping. In addition, the eastern limits of the site that occur along the Whitewater River support ornamental landscaping and overflow areas that are infrequently flooded and scoured during extreme storm events. Vegetative density in the disturbed portions of the site varies from barren to heavily vegetated and are dominated by weedy/early successional species or ornamental landscaping species. Common plants observed in the disturbed areas of the site include saharan mustard (Brassica tournefortii), small datura (Datura discolor), whispering bells (Emmenanthe pendul flora), brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), filaree (Erodium cicutarum & E. texanum), climbing milkweed (Funastrum sp.), narrow -leaved johnstonella (Johnstonella angustifolia), prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola), lantana (Lantana sp.), cheese weed (Malva parviflora), desert needle (Palafoxia arida), fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), Mediterranean grass (Schismus sp.), tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum), cape ricegrass (Stipa capensis), and puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris). Ornamental trees observed on -site include weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), olive (Olea europaea), African sumac (Searsia lancea), salt cedar (Tamarix sp.), and Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta).

The majority of the site supports developed land associated with the former mobile home park. Developed portions of the site include concrete pads, paved roads, and miscellaneous associated infrastructure. These areas tend to be unvegetated except by monocultures of especially hardy weedy/early successional species or remnant landscaping.

Crossings on Peterson Road
Habitat Assessment and CVMSHCP Consistency Analysis
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Wildlife
Plant communities provide foraging habitat, nesting/denning sites, and shelter from adverse weather or predation. This section provides a discussion of those wildlife species that were observed or are expected to occur within the project site. The discussion is to be used a general reference and is limited by the season, time of day, and weather conditions in which the field survey was conducted. Wildlife detections were based on calls, songs, scat, tracks, burrows, and direct observation.

Fish
No fish or hydrogeomorphic features (e.g., creeks, ponds, lakes, reservoirs) that would provide suitable habitat for fish were observed on or within the vicinity of the project site. Therefore, no fish are expected to occur and are presumed to be absent from the site.

Amphibians
No amphibians or hydrogeomorphic features that would provide suitable habitat for amphibian species were observed within the project site. Adjacent portions of the Whitewater River receive regular irrigation to maintain golf course fairways and ornamental landscaping, which have the potential to provide limited habitat for local amphibian species that are adapted to such conditions such as red -spotted toad (Anaxyrus punctatus) and Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii). However, the site itself does not retain sufficient moisture to allow for the establishment of amphibian species and amphibians would only be expected to occur incidentally while foraging in adjacent areas.

Reptiles
The project site and surrounding area provide limited foraging and cover habitat for local reptilian species adapted to development and routine anthropogenic disturbance. The only reptile observed during the field investigation was desert spiny lizard (Sceloporus magister). Other common reptilian species that may occur on -site include Great Basin whiptail (Aspidoscelis tigris tigris), red racer (Coluber flagellum piceus), desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis), and San Diego gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer annectens).

Birds
The project site and surrounding area provide suitable foraging and nesting habitat for avian species adapted to development and routine anthropogenic disturbance. Avian species detected during the field investigation include verdin (Auriparusflaviceps), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Costa's hummingbird (Calypte costae), common raven (Corvus corax), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus), northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), vermilion flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus), Say's phoebe (Sayornis saya), western bluebird (Sialia mexicana), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura).

Mammals
The project site and surrounding area provide limited foraging and burrowing/denning habitat for local mammalian species adapted to development and routine anthropogenic disturbance. Mammals detected and/or sign observed during the field investigation include coyote (Canis latrans), California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi), desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae). In addition, while no bat species were observed during the field investigation, which was conducted Crossings on Peterson Road
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during the day, the abundant fan palms throughout and surrounding the site provide suitable roosting opportunities for local bat species.

Nesting Birds and Raptors
No active nests were observed during the field investigation; however, multiple birds exhibiting nesting behaviors such as territorial displays and materials gathering were observed. The ornamental vegetation supported by and adjacent to the project site provides suitable nesting habitat for a variety of year-round and seasonal avian residents, as well as migrating songbirds that could occur in the area that area adapted to urban environments. In addition, tall trees and snags are present that provide suitable nesting opportunities for local raptors.

Nesting birds are protected pursuant to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and California Fish and Game Code (Sections 3503, 3503.5, 3511, and 3513 prohibit the take, possession, or destruction of birds, their nests or eggs). If construction occurs between February 1st and August 31st, a pre -construction clearance survey for nesting birds should be conducted within three (3) days of the start of any vegetation removal or ground disturbing activities to ensure that no nesting birds will be disturbed during construction.

Migratory Corridors and Linkages
Habitat linkages provide connections between larger habitat areas that are separated by development.

Wildlife corridors are similar to linkages but provide specific opportunities for animals to disperse or migrate between areas. A corridor can be defined as a linear landscape feature of sufficient width to allow animal movement between two comparatively undisturbed habitat fragments. Adequate cover is essential for a corridor to function as a wildlife movement area. It is possible for a habitat corridor to be adequate for one species yet still inadequate for others. Wildlife corridors are features that allow for the dispersal, seasonal migration, breeding, and foraging of a variety of wildlife species. Additionally, open space can provide a buffer against both human disturbance and natural fluctuations in resources.

In accordance with the CVMSHCP, the project site is not identified as occurring within a recognized wildlife corridor or linkage. However, the Whitewater River, which occurs adjacent to the eastern boundary of the site, supports support golf course fairways and maintained landscaping that have the potential to support local wildlife movement. Since the existing plans for the proposed project include a 300 -foot setback from the Whitewater River, no impacts to the golf course fairways or landscaping supported therein are expected to occur. Therefore, impacts to wildlife corridors or linkages are not expected to occur.

Jurisdictional Areas
There are three key agencies that regulate activities within inland streams, wetlands, and riparian areas in California. The Corps Regulatory Branch regulates discharge of dredge or fill materials into "waters of the United States" pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act. Of the State agencies, the CDFW regulates alterations to streambed and bank under Fish and Wildlife Code Sections 1600 et seq., and the Regional Board regulates discharges into surface waters pursuant to Section 401 of the CWA and the California Porter -Cologne Water Quality Control Act.

The USFWS NWI and the USGS National Hydrography Dataset were reviewed to determine if any blueline streams or riverine resources have been documented on the project site. Based on this review, no blueline Crossings on Peterson Road
Habitat Assessment and CVMSHCP Consistency Analysis
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stream or riverine resources have been documented on or adjacent to the project site, including within adjacent portions of the Whitewater River. The only mapped resources in proximity to the site are the artificial ponds that are maintained in the golf course to the east.

Based on the results of the field investigation, no ephemeral drainages or wetland features are supported within the limits of disturbance for the proposed project.

As indicated by the Coachella Valley Water District, the proposed project will require a 300 -foot setback in the eastern portion of the site to prevent potential channel backup during extreme storm events that would result in debris clogging downstream culverts. Since current site plans accommodate this setback, no impacts to the Whitewater River or adjacent overflow areas will occur. Therefore, development of the project will not result in impacts to Corps, Regional Board, or CDFW jurisdiction and regulatory approvals will not be required.

Special -Status Biological Resources
The CNDDB was queried for reported locations of special -status plant and wildlife species as well as special -status natural plant communities in the Cathedral City USGS 7.5 -minute quadrangle. A search of published records of these species was conducted within this quadrangle using the CDFW's CNDDB Rarefind 5 online software and CNDDB Quickview Tool. The CNPS Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California supplied information regarding the distribution and habitats of vascular plants in the vicinity of the project site. The field investigation was used to assess the ability of the plant communities found on -site to provide suitable habitat for relevant special -status plant and wildlife species.

The literature search identified thirteen (13) special -status plant species, eighteen (18) special -status wildlife species, and one (1) special -status vegetation community as having potential to occur within the Cathedral City quadrangle. Special -status plant and wildlife species were evaluated for their potential to occur within the project boundaries based on habitat requirements, availability and quality of suitable habitat, and known distributions. Species determined to have the potential to occur within the general vicinity of the project site are presented in Attachment D, Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources, and discussed below.

Special -Status Plants
According to the CNDDB and CNPS, thirteen (13) special -status plant species have been recorded in the Cathedral City quadrangle (refer to Attachment D). No special -status plants were observed on the project site during the field investigation. The project site supports developed and highly disturbed land that has not supported natural plant communities since at least 1959. Based on habitat requirements for specific species and the availability and quality of on -site habitats, it was determined that that the project site does not have the potential to support any of the special -status plant species known to occur in the area.

Special -Status Wildlife
According to the CNDDB, eighteen (18) special -status wildlife species have been reported in the Cathedral City quadrangle (refer to Attachment D). No special -status species were observed onsite. Based on habitat requirements for specific species and the availability and quality of on -site habitats, it was determined that the project site has a low potential to support California horned lark (Eremophila alpestris actia) and Crossings on Peterson Road
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western yellow bat (Lasiurus xanthinus). It was further determined that the site does not have potential to support the remaining special -status wildlife species known to occur and all are presumed to be absent.

None of the aforementioned special -status wildlife species are federally or State listed as endangered or threatened. To ensure impacts to special -status avian species do not occur from implementation of the proposed project, a pre -construction nesting bird clearance survey shall be conducted prior to ground disturbance. With implementation of the pre -construction nesting bird clearance survey, impacts to these species will be less than significant and no mitigation will be required.

Special -Status Plant Communities
The CNDDB lists one (1) special -status plant community as being identified within the Cathedral City quadrangle: Desert Fan Palm Oasis Woodland (refer to Attachment D). Based on the results of the field investigation, no special -status plant communities were observed on -site. Therefore, no special -status plant communities will be impacted by project implementation.

Critical Habitat
Under the federal Endangered Species Act, "Critical Habitat" is designated at the time of listing of a species or within one year of listing. Critical Habitat refers to specific areas within the geographical range of a species at the time it is listed that include the physical or biological features that are essential to the survival and eventual recovery of that species. Maintenance of these physical and biological features requires special management considerations or protection, regardless of whether individuals or the species are present or not. All federal agencies are required to consult with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) regarding activities they authorize, fund, or permit which may affect a federally listed species or its designated Critical Habitat. The purpose of the consultation is to ensure that projects will not jeopardize the continued existence of the listed species or adversely modify or destroy its designated Critical Habitat.

The designation of Critical Habitat does not affect private landowners, unless a project they are proposing is on federal lands, uses federal funds, or requires federal authorization or permits (e.g., funding from the Federal Highways Administration or a CWA Permit from the Corps). If there is a federal nexus, then the federal agency that is responsible for providing the funding or permit would consult with the USFWS.

The project site is not located with federally designated Critical Habitat (refer to Exhibit 6, Critical Habitat, in Attachment A). The nearest designated Critical Habitat to the site is located approximately 0.36 miles to the southwest for Peninsular bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelson), beyond State Route 111 and existing residential tract developments. Therefore, the loss or adverse modification of Critical Habitat will not occur as a result of the proposed project and consultation with the USFWS will not be required.

Coachella Valley MSHCP
The proposed project was reviewed to determine consistency with the CVMSHCP. Geographic Information System (GIS) software was utilized to map the project site in relation to the CVMSHCP including conservation areas, corridors and linkages, and sand transport areas. The CVMSHCP requires that local permittees, such as the City of Cathedral City, comply with various protective measures for covered species, communities, essential ecological processes, and biological corridors. In addition, certain projects may be subject to local development mitigation fees, a Joint Project Review Process, or other conservation or implementation measures.

Crossings on Peterson Road
Habitat Assessment and CVMSHCP Consistency Analysis
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The project site is located within the boundaries of the CVMSHCP Area, but is not located within any Conservation Areas, Preserves, Cores, or Linkages (refer to Exhibit 7, CVMSHCP Conservation Areas in Attachment A). The proposed project is not listed as a planned "Covered Activity" under the published CVMSHCP but is still considered to be a current Covered Activity pursuant to Section 7.1 of the CVMSHCP. According to Section 7.1 of the CVMSHCP, take authorization will be provided for certain activities that take place outside of Conservation Areas including "new projects approved pursuant to county and city general plans, transportation improvement plans for roads in addition to those addressed in Section 7.2, master drainage plans, capital improvement plans, water and waste management plans, the County's adopted Trails Master Plan, and other plans adopted by the Permittees." As a Covered Activity located outside designated conservation areas, construction of the proposed project is expected to be consistent with the applicable avoidance, minimization, and mitigation measures described in Section 4.4 of the CVMSHCP. Since the proposed project is considered a Covered Activity under Section

7.1 of the CVMSHCP, no further avoidance, minimization, and mitigation measures are required, and the project is in compliance with the CVMSHCP.

The CVMSHCP identifies modeled habitat for Palm Springs pocket mouse (Perognathus longimembris bangsi) and Coachella Valley round -tailed ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus tereticaudus chlorus) as occurring within the eastern limits of the project site. Based on the results of the field investigation, the project site supports developed and disturbed land that is primarily vegetated by non-native weedy species and ornamental landscaping, with no natural plant communities present. These disturbances have reduced, if not eliminated, the ability of the project site to provide suitable habitat for Palm Springs pocket mouse and Coachella Valley round -tailed ground squirrel. Therefore, no impacts to these or any other CVMSHCP Covered Species are expected to occur from project implementation.

Conclusion
Based literature review and field survey, and existing site conditions discussed in this report, implementation of the project will have no significant impacts on federally or State listed species known to occur in the general vicinity of the project site. Additionally, the project will have no effect on designated Critical Habitat or regional wildlife corridors/linkage because none exists within the area. No jurisdictional drainage and/or wetland features were observed on the project site during the field investigation. No further surveys are recommended. With completion of the recommendations provided below, no impacts to year- round, seasonal, or special -status avian residents or special -status species will occur from implementation of the proposed project.

As a Covered Activity located outside designated conservation areas, construction of the proposed project is expected to implement the applicable regulatory complinace measures described in Section 4.4 of the CVMSHCP. With implementation of these measures, the proposed project would be fully consistent with the biological goals and objectives of the CVMSHCP.

Recommendations
Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Fish and Game Code
Nesting birds are protected pursuant to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and California Fish and Game Code (Sections 3503, 3503.5, 3511, and 3513 prohibit the take, possession, or destruction of birds, Crossings on Peterson Road
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their nests or eggs). In order to protect migratory bird species, a nesting bird clearance survey should be conducted prior to any ground disturbance or vegetation removal activities that may disrupt the birds during the nesting season.

If construction occurs between February 1St and August 31St, a pre -construction clearance survey for nesting birds should be conducted within three (3) days of the start of any vegetation removal or ground disturbing activities to ensure that no nesting birds will be disturbed during construction. The biologist conducting the clearance survey should document a negative survey with a brief letter report indicating that no impacts to active avian nests will occur. If an active avian nest is discovered during the pre -construction clearance survey, construction activities should stay outside of a no -disturbance buffer. The size of the no -disturbance buffer will be determined by the wildlife biologist and will depend on the level of noise and/or surrounding anthropogenic disturbances, line of sight between the nest and the construction activity, type and duration of construction activity, ambient noise, species habituation, and topographical barriers. These factors will be evaluated on a case -by -case basis when developing buffer distances. Limits of construction to avoid an active nest will be established in the field with flagging, fencing, or other appropriate barriers; and construction personnel will be instructed on the sensitivity of nest areas. A biological monitor should be present to delineate the boundaries of the buffer area and to monitor the active nest to ensure that nesting behavior is not adversely affected by the construction activity. Once the young have fledged and left the nest, or the nest otherwise becomes inactive under natural conditions, construction activities within the buffer area can occur.

Please do not hesitate to contact Tom McGill at (951) 285-6014 or [email protected] or Travis McGill at (909) 816-1646 or [email protected] should you have any questions regarding this proposal.

Sincerely,
Thomas J. McGill, Ph.D.

Managing Director
Travis J. McGill
Director
Attachments:

A. Project Exhibits
B. Site Plan
C. Site Photographs
D. Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources E. Regulations
Crossings on Peterson Road
Habitat Assessment and CVMSHCP Consistency Analysis
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Attachment A
Project Exhibits

PROJECT

LOCATION
vaFFey center
ELMT
LJ� cI I I .
0 2.5 5
Julian
'BERNARDINO
Cathedral
cir
m Desert I , o
• L3 aolnta

LOCATION

SAN'DIEGO
10 Miles
Source: World Street Map, Riverside County
44,-4t;"
Borrego
Springs

IMPERIAL

CROSSINGS ON PETERSON
Regional Vicinity
1 '257 Exhibit 1

U6,1 ELfCON':. I I I- . --
1, 000
2,000
Source: USA Topographic Map, Riverside County
4,000
Feet

CROSSINGS ON PETERSON
Site Vicinity
1-258 Exhibit 2

CROSSINGS ON PETERSON
©rt ELMT
is CO\`.. i. II
0 62.5 125
250
Feet
Project Site
1-259Exhibit 3
Source: ESRI Aerial Imagery, Riverside County

CROSSINGS ON PETERSON
ELMT
❑V CONSLJLTINC

62.5 125
250
Feet
Source: ESRI Aerial Imagery, Soil Survey Geographic Database, Riverside County Soils
1-260Exhibit 4

ErankiSins

Attachment B
Site Plan

FITNESS TRAIL

ACTIVE OPEN SPACE /

OPTIONAL ATHLETIC COURTS

ACCESS TO

BUTLER-ABRAMS TRAIL

RESIDENTIAL
COURTYARD, TYP.

RESIDENTIAL
COURTYARD, TYP.

RESIDENTIAL
COURTYARD, TYP.

RESIDENTIAL
COURTYARD, TYP.
1-STORY CLUSTER

HOMES, TYPICAL
2-STORY WALK-UP

BUILDING, TYPICAL
1-STORY CLUSTER

HOMES, TYPICAL

CARPORTS, AS REQ'D
SEPTEMBER 6, 2023

OPEN SPACE/

RETENTION BAS IN

OPEN SPACE

PROJECT SUMMARY
ZONING: MHP
PARCEL: == 12 acres
DENSITY: 10 du/ ac
SETBACK:

FRONT: 10'
SIDE: 5'
STREET SIDE: 15'
REAR: 10'
A SENSE 0 ACE.

PARKING REQUIREMENTS
MUNICIPAL CODE 17.26.050 TABLE 3-6
SENIOR CONGREGATE CARE HOUSING FACILITIES:
1 COVERED SPACE FOR EACH UNIT, PLUS 1 OFF-STREET SPACE FOR EACH 2 UNITS.

EV PARKING REQUIREMENTS
2022 CGBC 4.106.4.2.2
EV CAPABLE : 10% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PARKING SPACES
EV READY: 25% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PARKING SPACES
EV CHARGERS: 5% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PARKING SPACES

PETERSON RD

RANCHO MIRAGE
RECREATIQr-, SPACE
N
EB

BICYCLE PARKING
LONG-TERM: 5% OF MORTORIZED VEHICLE PARKING
SHORT-TERM: 5% OF MORTORIZED VEHICLE PARKING
A1
RETENTION BASIN wt DOG

PARK AMENITY AT TRAIL

SITE PLAN
1" = 50'-0"

PARKING
TYPE NO .

Accessible: ACCESSIBLE EV 2
STANDARD 9'-0" x 18'-0" 2
Accessible : ACCESSIBLE EV 2
VAN 9'-0" x 18 '-0 " 2
Accessible : ACCESSIBLE 1
STANDARD 9'-0" x 18'-0"
Accessible: ACCESSIBLE VAN 1
9'-0" X 18'-0"
Standard: EV STANDARD 67
18'-0"x 9'-0"
Standard : STANDARD 18'-0"x 105
9'-0 11
178

UNIT M IX
TYPE NO.

I 1BR
2BR
116
STUDIO
T SQUARE 2
1-265

A 2.1PETERSON RD 4 PLEX CONCEPT
RANCHO MIRAGE JUNE 22, 2023SEPTEMBER 6, 2023
'!~T,~:~:·,
'lt!"'
STUDIO
T SQUARE2
1-266

A 2.2PETERSON RD 8 PLEX CONCEPT
RANCHO MIRAGE JUNE 22, 2023SEPTEMBER 6, 2023
• • ~' I", STUDIO

T SQUARE
1-267

60 '

-

1 1

1 1
/
3 2
"
65' - 0 3/16"
779 SF
1BR
780 SF
1BR
780 SF
1BR
780 SF
1BR
66' - 11 13/32"
69 '

-

6 1
/
2 "
788 SF
1BR
1035 SF
2BR
780 SF
1BR
1039 SF
2BR
66' - 5 15/32"
80 '

-

1 1
/
8 "
780 SF
1BR
994 SF
2BR
788 SF
1BR
992 SF
2BR
66' - 5 15/32"
79 '

-

6 3
/
4 "
780 SF
1BR
994 SF
2BR
788 SF
1BR
992 SF
2BR
1" = 10'-0"
A 3.1PETERSON RD UNIT PLANS

RANCHO MIRAGE
1" = 10'-0"1 4 Plex TYPE 1
1" = 10'-0"2 4 Plex TYPE 2
1" = 10'-0"3 8 Plex Level 1
1" = 10'-0"4 8 Plex Level 2
JUNE 22, 2023SEPTEMBER 6, 2023
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1-268

GREEN FIELD

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Attachment C
Site Photographs

Attachment C — Site Photographs
Photograph 1: From the northwest corner of the project site looking south along the eastern boundary.

Photograph 2: From the northwest corner of the project site looking east along the northern boundary. �` L LM
` -2711

Attachment C — Site Photographs
Photograph 3: From the northeast corner of the project site looking west along the northern boundary.

Photograph 4: From the northeast corner of the project site looking south along the eastern boundary.

LLM
_272

Attachment C — Site Photographs
Photograph 5: From the southeast corner of the project site looking north along the eastern boundary.

Photograph 6: From the southeast corner of the project site looking west along the southern boundary.

LLM
'1=278

Attachment C — Site Photographs
Photograph 7: From the southwest corner of the project site looking east along the southern boundary.

Photograph 8: From the southwest corner of the project looking north along the western boundary. 11=212r
ELMT�;

Attachment C — Site Photographs
Photograph 9: From the northern limits of the setback along the Whitewater River looking south.

Photograph 10: From the southern limits of the setback along the Whitewater River looking north.

L LL,

Attachment D
Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources

Attachment D — Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources Table D-1: Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources Scientific Name
Common Name
Status
Habitat
Observed
On -site
Potential to Occur

SPECIAL -STATUS WILDLIFE SPECIES
Athene cunicularia
burrowing owl
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Covered
Primarily a grassland species, but it persists and even thrives in some landscapes highly altered by human activity. Occurs in open, annual or perennial grasslands, deserts, and scrublands characterized by low -growing vegetation. The overriding characteristics of suitable habitat appear to be burrows for roosting and nesting and relatively short vegetation with only sparse shrubs and taller vegetation.

No
Presumed Absent
The project site provides
line -of -sight opportunities
favored by burrowing owls;
however, no suitable
burrows (>4 inches) were
observed. No burrowing
owls or sign were observed.

Crotalus ruber
red -diamond rattlesnake
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Not Covered
It can be found from the desert, through dense chaparral in the foothills (it avoids the mountains above around 4,000 feet), to warm inland mesas and valleys, all the way to the cool ocean shore. It is most commonly associated with heavy brush with large rocks or boulders. Dense chaparral in the foothills, cactus or boulder associated coastal sage scrub oak and pine
woodlands, and desert slope scrub associations are known to carry populations of the northern red -diamond rattlesnake; however, chamise and red shank associations may offer better structural habitat for refuges and food resources for this species than other habitats.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Dinacoma caseyi
Casey's June beetle
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

END
None
Not Covered
All Dinacoma populations are associated with alluvial
sediments occurring in or contiguous with bases of desert alluvial fans, and the broad, gently sloping, depositional surfaces at the base of the Santa Rosa mountain ranges in the dry Coachella valley region. Most commonly associated with the Carsitas series soil.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Eremophila alpestris actia
California horned lark
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
WL
Not Covered
Generally found in shortgrass prairies, grasslands, disturbed fields, or similar habitat types. Flocks in groups.

No
Low
Limited foraging habitat is
present within and
surrounding the project site.

Suitable nesting habitat is
present on -site and un
nearby undeveloped areas.

Falco mexicanus
prairie falcon
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
WL
Not Covered
Commonly occur in arid and semiarid shrubland and grassland community types. Also occasionally found in open parklands within coniferous forests. During the breeding season, they are found commonly in foothills and mountains which provide cliffs and escarpments suitable for nest sites.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

A.
an ELM T
'-27'7

Attachment D — Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources Scientific Name
Common Name
Status
Habitat
Observed
On -site
Potential to Occur
Habropoda pallida
white-faced bee
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
Not Covered
Builds nests in clay -rich sandy slopes along water courses in the Mojave Desert. In California, it occurs from Into County south to Imperial County and east to the Nevada and Arizona borders.

Prefers areas with a high density of creosote and dune -restricted endemic plants.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Lanius ludovicianus
loggerhead shrike
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Not Covered
Often found in broken woodlands, shrublands, and other
habitats. Prefers open country with scattered perches for hunting and fairly dense brush for nesting.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Lasiurus xanthinus
western yellow bat
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Not Covered
Roosts in palm trees in foothill riparian, desert wash, and palm oasis habitats with access to water for foraging.

No
Low
Suitable foraging and
roosting habitat is present
within and surrounding the
project site.

Macrobaenetes valgum
Coachella giant sand treader cricket
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
Covered
Nocturnal and moisture sensitive insects. Emergence occurs with winter rains and appear at maximum densities in January- February. Can be detected via their characteristic delta -shaped burrow excavations.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Ovis canadensis nelsoni pop. 2
Peninsular bighorn sheep DPS
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

END
THR; FP
Covered
Preferred habitat is near mountainous terrain above the desert floor that is visually open, as well as steep and rocky. Most Mojave Desert mountain ranges satisfy these requirements well.

Surface water is another element that is considered important to population health. Found mainly in the Peninsular Ranges.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Perognathus longimembris bangsi
Palm Springs pocket mouse present
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Covered
Inhabits areas having flat to gently sloping topography, sparse to moderate vegetative cover, and loosely packed or sandy soils on slopes ranging from 0% to approximately 15%. Remaining habitat in the Coachella Valley and environs is about 142,000 acres.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
within or adjacent to
the project site.

Phrynosoma mcallii
flat -tailed horned lizard
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Covered
Typical habitat is sandy desert hardpan or gravel flats with scattered sparse vegetation of low species diversity. Most common in areas with high density of harvester ants and fine windblown sand, but rarely occurs on dunes.

NO
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Polioptila californica californica
coastal California gnatcatcher
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

THR
SSC
Not Covered
Obligate resident of sage scrub habitats that are dominated by California sagebrush. This species generally occurs below 750 feet elevation in coastal regions and below 1,500 feet inland. It prefers habitat with more low -growing vegetation.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

A.
onELMT

Attachment D — Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources Scientific Name
Common Name
Status
Habitat
Observed
On -site
Potential to Occur
Setophaga petechia
yellow warbler
USFWS:

CDFW:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Covered
Nests over all of California except the Central Valley, the Mojave Desert region, and high altitudes and the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. Winters along the Colorado River and in parts of Imperial and Riverside Counties. Nests in riparian areas dominated by willows, cottonwoods, sycamores, or alders or in mature chaparral. May also use oaks, conifers, and urban areas near stream courses.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis
Coachella Valley Jerusalem cricket
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
Covered
Restricted to desert dunes.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Toxostoma lecontei
Le Conte's thrasher
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Covered
An uncommon to rare, local resident in southern California deserts from southern Mono Co. south to the Mexican border, and in western and southern San Joaquin Valley. Occurs
primarily in open desert wash, desert scrub, alkali desert scrub, and desert succulent shrub habitats; also occurs in Joshua tree habitat with scattered shrubs.

NO
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Irma inornata
Coachella Valley fringe -toed lizard
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

THR
EN
Covered
Sparsely -vegetated arid areas with fine wind-blown sand, including dunes, washes, and flats with sandy hummocks
formed around the bases of vegetation. Needs fine, loose sand for burrowing.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Xerospermophilus tereticaudus
chlorus
Palm Springs round -tailed ground
squirrel
Fed:

CA:

CVMSHCP:

None
SSC
Covered
Inhabits sandy arid regions of Lower Sonoran Life Zone. Its scrub and wash habitats include mesquite and creosote
dominated sand dunes, creosote bush scrub, palo verde and saltbush/alkali scrub.

NO
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

SPECIAL -STATUS PLANT SPECIES
Abronia villosa var. aurita
chaparral sand -verbena
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
IBA from
Not Covered
Grows within chaparral, coastal scrub, and desert dunes habitats in areas of full sun and sandy soils. Found at elevations ranging 245 to 5,249 feet. Blooming period is from January to
September.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Astragalus hornii var. hornii
Horn's milk -vetch
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
1B.1
Not Covered
Occurs in lake margins in playas, meadows and seeps. Found at elevations ranging from 197 to 2,789 feet. Blooming period is from May to October.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Astragalus lentiginosus var.
borreganus
Borrego milk -vetch
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
4 3
Not Covered
Grows in sandy soils within Mojavean desert scrub and Sonoran desert scrub. Found at elevations ranging from 98 to 1,050 feet in elevation. Blooming period is from February to May.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Astragalus lentiginosus var.
coachellae
Coachella Valley milk -vetch
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

END
None
1B.2
Covered
Preferred habitat includes desert dunes and sandy Sonoran desert scrub. Found at elevations ranging from 130 to 2,150 feet in elevation. Blooming period is from February to May.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.
170 ELMT
-279

Attachment D — Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources Scientific Name
Common Name
Status
Habitat
Observed
On -site
Potential to Occur
Cuscuta californica var. apiculata
pointed dodder
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
3 Not Covered
Occurs in Mojavean desert scrub and Sonoran desert scrub habitats. Found at elevations ranging from 0 to 1640 feet.

Blooming period is from February to August.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Euphorbia arizonica
Arizona spurge
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
2B.3
Not Covered
Preferred habitat includes sandy, Sonoran desert scrub habitat.

Found at elevations ranging from 164 to 984 feet. Blooming period is from March to April.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Euphorbia platysperma
flat -seeded spurge
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
1B.2
Not Covered
Occurs within desert scrub and sandy Sonoran desert scrub habitats. Found at elevations ranging from 213 to 328 feet.

Blooming period is from February to September.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Johnstonella costata
ribbed cryptantha
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None

4.3 Not Covered
Preferred habitat includes desert dunes, Mojavean desert scrub, and Sonoran desert scrub habitats on sandy soil. Found at elevations ranging from 197 to 1,640 feet. Blooming period is from February to May.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Johnstonella holoptera
winged cryptantha
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None

4.3 Not Covered
Found in Mojavean desert scrub and Sonoran desert scrub habitats. Found at elevations ranging from 328 to 5,545 feet.

Blooming period is from March to April.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Lycium torreyi
Torrey's box -thorn
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None

4.2 Not Covered
Found in sandy, rocky, washes, streambanks and desert valleys in association with Mojavean and Sonoran Desert scrub
habitats. Found at elevations ranging from 130 to 3,575 feet.

Blooming period is from March to May.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Nemacaulis denudata var. gracilis
slender cottonheads
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
2B.2
Not Covered
Occurs in coastal dunes, desert dunes, and Sonoran desert scrub habitats. Found at elevations ranging from 164 to 1,312 feet.

Blooming period is from March to May.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site.

Selaginella eremophila
desert spike -moss
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
2B.2
Not Covered
Found in chaparral and Sonoran desert scrub habitats within gravelly or rocky soil. Found at elevations ranging from 656 to 2953 feet. Blooming period is from May to July.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site. The site
occurs outside of the known
elevation range for this
species.

Stemodia durantifolia
purple Stemodia
Fed:

CA:

CNPS:

CVMSHCP:

None
None
2B.1
Not Covered
Occurs in Sonoran desert scrub habitats. Found at elevations ranging from 591 to 984 feet. Blooming period is from January to December.

No
Presumed Absent
There is no suitable habitat
present within or adjacent to
the project site. The site
occurs outside of the known
elevation range for this
species.
�I
ELMT
o1_=28O

Attachment D — Potentially Occurring Special -Status Biological Resources Scientific Name
Common Name
Status
•
Habitat
Observed
On -site
Potential to Occur

CDFW SENSITIVE HABITATS
Desert Fan Palm Oasis Woodland
CDFW Sensitive Habitat
Rare plant community that is one of the most unusual biological resources located within the Coachella Valley. Found within canyons and along the San Andreas Fault Zone, where water occurs naturally. Generally characterized by open to dense groves of native desert fan palms, which are the most massive native palm in North America, growing more than 66 feet.

No
Absent
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(Fed) - Federal
END — Federal Endangered
THR — Federal Threatened
California Department of Fish and
Wildlife (CA) - California
END — California Endangered
THR — California Threatened
FP — California Fully Protected
SSC — California Species of Special Concern
WL — California Watch List
California Native Plant Society (CNPS)
California Rare Plant Rank
1B Plants Rare, Threatened, or Endangered in
California and Elsewhere
2B Plants Rare, Threatened, or Endangered in
California, but More Common Elsewhere
3 More Information Needed
4 Plants of Limited Distribution — A Watch
List
Threat Ranks

0.1- Seriously threatened in California

0.2- Moderately threatened in California

0.3- Not very threatened in California
ELMT

Attachment E
Regulations

Attachment E — Regulations
Special status species are native species that have been afforded special legal or management protection because of concern for their continued existence. There are several categories of protection at both federal and state levels, depending on the magnitude of threat to continued existence and existing knowledge of population levels.

Federal Regulations
Endangered Species Act of 1973
Federally listed threatened and endangered species and their habitats are protected under provisions of the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Section 9 of the ESA prohibits "take" of threatened or endangered species. "Take" under the ESA is defined as to "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any of the specifically enumerated conduct." The presence of any federally threatened or endangered species that are in a project area generally imposes severe constraints on development, particularly if development would result in "take" of the species or its habitat. Under the regulations of the ESA, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) may authorize "take" when it is incidental to, but not the purpose of, an otherwise lawful act.

Critical Habitat is designated for the survival and recovery of species listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA. Critical Habitat includes those areas occupied by the species, in which are found physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of an ESA listed species and which may require special management considerations or protection. Critical Habitat may also include unoccupied habitat if it is determined that the unoccupied habitat is essential for the conservation of the species.

Whenever federal agencies authorize, fund, or carry out actions that may adversely modify or destroy Critical Habitat, they must consult with USFWS under Section 7 of the ESA. The designation of Critical Habitat does not affect private landowners, unless a project they are proposing uses federal funds, or requires federal authorization or permits (e.g., funding from the Federal Highway Administration or a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps)).

If USFWS determines that Critical Habitat will be adversely modified or destroyed from a proposed action, the USFWS will develop reasonable and prudent alternatives in cooperation with the federal institution to ensure the purpose of the proposed action can be achieved without loss of Critical Habitat. If the action is not likely to adversely modify or destroy Critical Habitat, USFWS will include a statement in its biological opinion concerning any incidental take that may be authorized and specify terms and conditions to ensure the agency is in compliance with the opinion.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S. Government Code [USC] 703) makes it unlawful to pursue, capture, kill, possess, or attempt to do the same to any migratory bird or part, nest, or egg of any such bird listed in wildlife protection treaties between the United States, Great Britain, Mexico, Japan, and the countries of the former Soviet Union, and authorizes the U.S. Secretary of the Interior to protect and regulate the taking of migratory birds. It establishes seasons and bag limits for hunted species and protects migratory birds, their occupied nests, and their eggs (16 USC 703; 50 CFR 10, 21).

I*= E LMT
on
-283

Attachment E — Regulations
The MBTA covers the taking of any nests or eggs of migratory birds, except as allowed by permit pursuant to 50 CFR, Part 21. Disturbances causing nest abandonment and/or loss of reproductive effort (i.e., killing or abandonment of eggs or young) may also be considered "take." This regulation seeks to protect migratory birds and active nests.

In 1972, the MBTA was amended to include protection for migratory birds of prey (e.g., raptors). Six families of raptors occurring in North America were included in the amendment: Accipitridae (kites, hawks, and eagles); Cathartidae (New World vultures); Falconidae (falcons and caracaras); Pandionidae (ospreys); Strigidae (typical owls); and Tytonidae (barn owls). The provisions of the 1972 amendment to the MBTA protects all species and subspecies of the families listed above. The MBTA protects over 800 species including geese, ducks, shorebirds, raptors, songbirds and many relatively common species.

State Regulations
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) provides for the protection of the environment within the State of California by establishing State policy to prevent significant, avoidable damage to the environment through the use of alternatives or mitigation measures for projects. It applies to actions directly undertaken, financed, or permitted by State lead agencies. If a project is determined to be subject to CEQA, the lead agency will be required to conduct an Initial Study (IS); if the IS determines that the project may have significant impacts on the environment, the lead agency will subsequently be required to write an Environmental Impact Report (EIR). A finding of non -significant effects will require either a Negative Declaration or a Mitigated Negative Declaration instead of an EIR. Section 15380 of the CEQA Guidelines independently defines "endangered" and "rare" species separately from the definitions of the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). Under CEQA, "endangered" species of plants or animals are defined as those whose survival and reproduction in the wild are in immediate jeopardy, while "rare" species are defined as those who are in such low numbers that they could become endangered if their environment worsens.

California Endangered Species Act (CESA)
In addition to federal laws, the state of California implements the CESA which is enforced by CDFW. The CESA program maintains a separate listing of species beyond the FESA, although the provisions of each act are similar.

State -listed threatened and endangered species are protected under provisions of the CESA. Activities that may result in "take" of individuals (defined in CESA as; "hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill, or attempt to hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill") are regulated by CDFW. Habitat degradation or modification is not included in the definition of "take" under CESA. Nonetheless, CDFW has interpreted "take" to include the destruction of nesting, denning, or foraging habitat necessary to maintain a viable breeding population of protected species.

The State of California considers an endangered species as one whose prospects of survival and reproduction are in immediate jeopardy. A threatened species is considered as one present in such small numbers throughout its range that it is likely to become an endangered species in the near future in the o_rn E LIFT

Attachment E — Regulations
absence of special protection or management. A rare species is one that is considered present in such small numbers througjhout its range that it may become endangered if its present environment worsens. State threatened and endangered species are fully protected against take, as defined above.

The CDFW has also produced a species of special concern list to serve as a species watch list. Species on this list are either of limited distribution or their habitats have been reduced substantially, such that a threat to their populations may be imminent. Species of special concern may receive special attention during environmental review, but they do not have formal statutory protection. At the federal level, USFWS also uses the label species of concern, as an informal term that refers to species which might be in need of concentrated conservation actions. As the Species of Concern designated by USFWS do not receive formal legal protection, the use of the term does not necessarily ensure that the species will be proposed for listing as a threatened or endangered species.

Fish and Game Code
Fish and Game Code Sections 3503, 3503.5, 3511, and 3513 are applicable to natural resource management.

For example, Section 3503 of the Code makes it unlawful to destroy any birds' nest or any birds' eggs that are protected under the MBTA. Further, any birds in the orders Falconiformes or Strigiformes (Birds of Prey, such as hawks, eagles, and owls) are protected under Section 3503.5 of the Fish and Game Code which makes it unlawful to take, possess, or destroy their nest or eggs. A consultation with CDFW may be required prior to the removal of any bird of prey nest that may occur on a project site. Section 3511 of the Fish and Game Code lists fully protected bird species, where the CDFW is unable to authorize the issuance of permits or licenses to take these species. Pertinent species that are State fully protected by the State include golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus). Section 3513 of the Fish and Game Code makes it unlawful to take or possess any migratory nongame bird as designated in the MBTA or any part of such migratory nongame bird except as provided by rules and regulations adopted by the Secretary of the Interior under provisions of the META.

Native Plant Protection Act
Sections 1900-1913 of the Fish and Game Code were developed to preserve, protect, and enhance Rare and Endangered plants in the state of California. The act requires all state agencies to use their authority to carry out programs to conserve Endangered and Rare native plants. Provisions of the Native Plant Protection Act prohibit the taking of listed plants from the wild and require notification of the CDFW at least ten days in advance of any change in land use which would adversely impact listed plants. This allows the CDFW to salvage listed plant species that would otherwise be destroyed.

California Native Plant Society Rare and Endangered Plant Species Vascular plants listed as rare or endangered by the CNPS, but which have no designated status under FESA or CESA are defined as follows:

California Rare Plant Rank
1A- Plants Presumed Extirpated in California and either Rare or Extinct Elsewhere 1B- Plants Rare, Threatened, or Endangered in California and Elsewhere 611I
E 285 LT
-

Attachment E — Regulations
2A- Plants Presumed Extirpated in California, But More Common Elsewhere 2B- Plants Rare, Threatened, or Endangered in California, But More Common Elsewhere 3- Plants about Which More Information is Needed - A Review List 4- Plants of Limited Distribution - A Watch List
Threat Ranks
.1- Seriously threatened in California (over 80% of occurrences threatened / high degree and immediacy of threat)
.2- Moderately threatened in California (20-80% occurrences threatened / moderate degree and immediacy of threat)
.3- Not very threatened in California (<20% of occurrences threatened / low degree and immediacy of threat or no current threats known).

Local Policies
Coachella Valley MSHCP
A Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (Plan) was prepared for the entire Coachella Valley and surrounding mountains to address current and potential future state and federal Endangered Species Act issues in the Plan Area. A Memorandum of Understanding ("Planning Agreement") was developed to govern the preparation of the Plan. In late 1995 and early 1996, under the auspices of CVAG, the cities of Cathedral City, Coachella, Desert Hot Springs, Indian Wells, Indio, La Quinta, Palm Desert, Palm Springs, and Rancho Mirage; County of Riverside (County); U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG); Bureau of Land Management (BLM); U.S. Forest Service (USFS); and National Park Service (NPS) signed the Planning Agreement to initiate the planning effort.

Subsequently, Caltrans, Coachella Valley Water District (CVWD), Imperial Irrigation District (IID), Riverside County Flood Control and Water Conservation District (County Flood Control), Riverside County Regional Park and Open Space District (County Parks), Riverside County Waste Resources Management District (County Waste), California Department of Parks and Recreation (State Parks), and CVMC decided to participate in the Plan.

The Plan balances environmental protection and economic development objectives in the Plan Area and simplifies compliance with endangered species related laws. The Plan is intended to satisfy the legal requirements for the issuance of Permits that will allow the Take of species covered by the Plan in the course of otherwise lawful activities. The Plan will, to the maximum extent practicable, minimize and mitigate the impacts of the Taking and provide for Conservation of the Covered Species.

The Conservation Plan includes the establishment of an MSHCP Reserve System, setting Conservation Objectives to ensure the Conservation of the Covered Species and conserved natural communities in the MSHCP Reserve System, provisions for management of the MSHCP Reserve System, and a Monitoring Program, and Adaptive Management. The MSHCP Reserve System will be established from lands within On E LET
-286

Attachment E — Regulations
21 Conservation Areas. Because some Take Authorization is provided under the Plan for Development in Conservation Areas, the actual MSHCP Reserve System will be somewhat smaller than the total acres in the Conservation Areas. When assembled, the Reserve System will provide for the Conservation of the Covered Species in the Plan Area.
*El E L MI -T
T-287

Attachment E — Regulations
There are three key agencies that regulate activities within inland streams, wetlands, and riparian areas in California. The Corps Regulatory Branch regulates activities pursuant to Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act. Of the State agencies, the CDFG regulates activities under the Fish and Game Code Section 1600-1616 and the Regional Board regulates activities pursuant to Section 401 of the CWA and the California Porter -Cologne Water Quality Control Act.

Federal Regulations
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
In accordance with the Revised Definition of "Waters of the United States" (March 20, 2023), "waters of the United Sates" are defined as follows:

The "waters of the United States" are defined in paragraph (a) of this rule:
(1) traditional navigable waters, the territorial seas, and interstate waters; (2) impoundments of "waters of the United States";
(3) tributaries to traditional navigable waters, the territorial seas, interstate waters, or impoundments when the tributaries meet either the relatively permanent standard or the significant nexus standard ("jurisdictional tributaries");
(4) wetlands adjacent to traditional navigable waters; wetlands adjacent to and with a continuous surface connection to relatively permanent paragraph impoundments or to jurisdictional tributaries when the jurisdictional tributaries meet the relatively permanent standard; and wetlands adjacent to impoundments or jurisdictional tributaries when the wetlands meet the significant nexus standard ("jurisdictional adjacent wetlands"); and
(5) intrastate lakes and ponds, streams, or wetlands not identified in (1) through (4) above that meet either the relatively permanent standard or the significant nexus standard.

The -relatively permanent standard" means relatively permanent, standing or continuously flowing waters connected to traditional navigable waters, and waters with a continuous surface connection to such relatively permanent waters or to traditional navigable waters. The "significant nexus standard" means waters that, either alone or in combination with similarly situated waters in the region, significantly affect the chemical, physical, or biological integrity of traditional navigable waters, the territorial seas, or interstate waters.

Section 401 of the Clean Water Act
Pursuant to Section 401 of the CWA, any applicant for a federal license or permit to conduct any activity which may result in any discharge to waters of the United States must provide certification from the State or Indian tribe in which the discharge originates. This certification provides for the protection of the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of waters, addresses impacts to water quality that may result from issuance of federal permits, and helps insure that federal actions will not violate water quality standards of the State or Indian tribe. In California, there are nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (Regional Board) that issue or deny certification for discharges to waters of the United States and waters of *El ELMT
-286

Attachment E — Regulations
the State, including wetlands, within their geographical jurisdiction. The State Water Resources Control Board assumed this responsibility when a project has the potential to result in the discharge to waters within multiple Regional Boards.

State Regulations
Fish and Game Code
Fish and Game Code Sections 1600 et. seq. establishes a fee -based process to ensure that projects conducted in and around lakes, rivers, or streams do not adversely impact fish and wildlife resources, or, when adverse impacts cannot be avoided, ensures that adequate mitigation and/or compensation is provided.

Fish and Game Code Section 1602 requires any person, state, or local governmental agency or public utility to notify the CDFW before beginning any activity that will do one or more of the following:
(1) substantially obstruct or divert the natural flow of a river, stream, or lake; (2) substantially change or use any material from the bed, channel, or bank of a river, stream, or lake; or
(3) deposit or dispose of debris, waste, or other material containing crumbled, flaked, or ground pavement where it can pass into a river, stream, or lake.

Fish and Game Code Section 1602 applies to all perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral rivers, streams, and lakes in the State. CDFW's regulatory authority extends to include riparian habitat (including wetlands) supported by a river, stream, or lake regardless of the presence or absence of hydric soils and saturated soil conditions. Generally, the CDFW takes jurisdiction to the top of bank of the stream or to the outer limit of the adjacent riparian vegetation (outer drip line), whichever is greater. Notification is generally required for any project that will take place in or in the vicinity of a river, stream, lake, or their tributaries. This includes rivers or streams that flow at least periodically or permanently through a bed or channel with banks that support fish or other aquatic life and watercourses having a surface or subsurface flow that support or have supported riparian vegetation. A Section 1602 Streambed Alteration Agreement would be required if impacts to identified CDFW jurisdictional areas occur.

Porter Cologne Act
The California Porter -Cologne Water Quality Control Act gives the State very broad authority to regulate waters of the State, which are defmed as any surface water or groundwater, including saline waters. The Porter -Cologne Act has become an important tool in the post SWANCC and Rapanos regulatory environment, with respect to the state's authority over isolated and insignificant waters. Generally, any person proposing to discharge waste into a water body that could affect its water quality must file a Report of Waste Discharge in the event that there is no Section 404/401 nexus. Although "waste" is partially defmed as any waste substance associated with human habitation, the Regional Board also interprets this to include fill discharged into water bodies.
anEL1\7T

PETERSON ROAD RANCHO MIRAGE
Initial Study / Mitigated Negative Declaration
Appendix C
Cultural Report

Page Intentionally Blank

April 2024
.4"\4117/11:10

MATERIAL CULTURE

C O N S U L T I N G
Submitted to:

Blieu Companies, LLC
2000 E. 4th Street #205
Santa Ana, CA 92705
II

CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT

PETERSON ROAD PROJECT

CITY OF RANCHO MIRAGE,

RIVERSIDE COUNTY,

CALIFORNIA
Material Culture ConsultingTM
© 2021 All Rights Reserved.

Material Culture Consulting, Inc. I 2701-B North Towne Avenue/Pomona CA 91767_I.. www.materialcultureconsu ting.com

ikki\O//4,4

MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT:

PETERSON ROAD, CITY OF RANCHO MIRAGE,

RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for:

Blieu Companies, LLC
2000 E 4th St. #205
Santa Ana, CA 92705
Prepared by:

Erika McMullin, B.A.

Hannah Johnston, M.Sc.

Zachary White, B.A.

Principal Investigator:

Tria Belcourt, M.A., RPA, Riverside County Qualified Archaeologist Material Culture Consulting, Inc
2701-B North Towne Avenue
Pomona, CA 91767
626-205-8279
April 2024
Type of Study: Cultural resources assessment
Cultural Resources within Area of Potential Impact: One (1); MCC-blieu-001 USGS 7.5 -minute Quadrangle: Cathedral City, Section 02 of Township 5 S, Range 5 E APN(s): 689-180-012
Survey Area: Approx. 12 acres
Date of Fieldwork: March 13, 2024
Key Words: Archaeology, CEQA, Phase I Survey, Positive, Riverside County

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
The Peterson Road Project (hereafter referred to as Project or Project Area) proposes the redevelopment of a lot, that currently exists as a trailer park, into a 116 unit multi -family apartment housing complex. The proposed Project encompasses an approximately 12 -acre site (APN 689-180-012). The Project is bound by residential housing to the north, near Desert Cove Ave. and the south, near Juniper Ln., with a golf course to the east, near Butler Adams Trail, and public storage to the west near Peterson Road. The Project lies within the City of Rancho Mirage in Riverside County, California. Material Culture Consulting, Inc. (MCC) was retained by Blieu Companies, LLC, to conduct a Phase I cultural resources investigation of the Project Area. This assessment was conducted in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and included a cultural records search and background research, a search of the Sacred Lands File (SLF) by the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), outreach efforts with 23 Native American tribal representatives, and a pedestrian field survey.

A records search was conducted by MCC Archaeologist Bonnie Rush at the Eastern Information Center (EIC) located at the University of California, Riverside. The cultural resources records search identified 25 previously conducted cultural resources investigations within 1 -mile of the Project Area, one of which is within the Project Area. No previously recorded cultural resources were identified within the Project Area. However, one previously recorded cultural resource of historic age lies within 1 -mile of the Project Area.

A review of historical aerial photographs and topographic maps indicate the Project Area was undeveloped until 1972 when residential development occurred. Development activities included the titled Rancho Palms Mobile Home Park. Residential development south of the Project Area previously existed while the country club east of Project Area was developed in the 1980s and public storage west of the Project Area was not present until 2005.

The SLF search conducted by the NAHC did not identify the presence of Sacred Lands or Tribal Cultural Resources within the Project Area. The NAHC provided contact information for 23 Native American tribal representatives for outreach efforts, and MCC contacted each of the representatives for information about the Project Area. As a result, MCC received six responses from Native American Tribes or individuals. No specific cultural resources were identified within the Project Area. MCC did not conduct formal consultation with the Native American representatives.

On March 13, 2024, MCC Archaeologist Zachary White conducted a field survey of the Project Area. During the survey, visibility was fair (75%) due to some vegetation overgrowth and refuse in certain portions of the Project Area. The Project Area has been highly disturbed due to the previous development of a mobile home park. The mobile home park was constructed prior to 1972 and therefore, the existing foundations observed during the survey were recorded as a historic -age cultural resource (MCC-blieu-001). However, these concrete structure pads are not deemed significant as per CEQA.

Based on the above findings, the probability of encountering additional cultural resources within the Project Area is considered unknown to moderate. Due to the inability to visually inspect the ground during the survey from previous development and the existing historic -age resource, MCC recommends archaeological monitoring for the removal of the concrete foundations, vegetation clearing, trimming, and during ground disturbance occurring within the first 5 feet below surface during construction. Prior to the start of construction, a cultural resources management plan (CRMP) should be prepared and implemented during construction.

A copy of this report will be permanently filed with the EIC at University of California Riverside, Riverside. All notes, photographs, correspondence, and other materials related to this Project are located at MCC, Inc located in Pomona, California.
1-294

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 1

PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

PROJECT PERSONNEL

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

PRECONTACT CONTEXT

ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT

HISTORIC CONTEXT

RESEARCH DESIGN

LEGAL COMPLIANCE BASIS

RESEARCH THEMES WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA

CHRONOLOGY AND CULTURAL AFFILIATION

SUBSISTENCE -SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

TOOL -STONE PROCUREMENT AND USE

HISTORIC RESEARCH DOMAINS

SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATIONS

TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES

CITY OF RANCHO MIRAGE GENERAL PLAN

METHODS
1 1
5 5
6 7
10 10
10 10
11 11
11 12
13 13
15 CALIFORNIA HISTORIC RESOURCES INVENTORY SYSTEM AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND RESEARCH 15 NATIVE AMERICAN OUTREACH AND BACKGROUND RESEARCH 15
CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY METHODS 15
RESULTS 16
CALIFORNIA HISTORIC RESOURCES INVENTORY SYSTEM AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND RESEARCH 16 NATIVE AMERICAN OUTREACH AND BACKGROUND RESEARCH 24
CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY RESULTS 25
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34
REFERENCES 36
1-295

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Peterson Road Project Vicinity (1:500,000) 6
Figure 2. Peterson Road Project Location (as depicted on Cathedral City USGS 7.5 -minute Quadrangle, 1:24,000) 7 Figure 3. Peterson Road Project Area (as depicted on aerial photograph, 1:3,000) 8 Figure 4. Project Area as a vacant area with historic -age roads (as depicted on 1944 topographic map) 24 Figure 5. Project Area with surrounding residential development (as depicted on 1959 aerial photograph) 24 Figure 6. Project Area with residential development occurring directly east of Project Area (as depicted on 1972 aerial photograph) 25
Figure 7. Project Area with increased development in surrounding area (as depicted on 1984 aerial photograph) 25 Figure 8. Project Area with mowing activities observed (as depicted on 2005 historic aerial) 26 Figure 9. Overview of Project Area, including access gate along Peterson Rd., facing south 29 Figure 10. Representative photo of sediments including red brick tile, plan view 29 Figure 11. Representative photograph of imported white quartz gravel, plan view 30 Figure 12. Overview of project area, facing southwest 30 Figure 13. Representative photograph of red brick and cement mortar landscaping, plan view 31 Figure 14. Representative photograph of imported volcanic gravel, plan view 31 Figure 15. Overview of Project Area, including Travelodge Ln, facing west 32 Figure 16. Overview of modern refuse, facing northeast 32 Figure 17. Representative photo of vegetation density, facing south 33 Figure 18. Overview of parking lot on east end of Project Area, facing northeast 33 Figure 19. Representative photo of sediments, plan view 34 Figure 20. Overview of single mobile home lot, facing west 34 Figure 21. Representative photo of utility connections for mobile home lots, plan view 35 Figure 22. Overview of Project Area, facing west 35

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. PREVIOUS CONDUCTED CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDIES WITHIN 1 -MILE BUFFER OF PROJECT AREA 16 TABLE 2. PREVIOUS RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN 1 -MILE BUFFER OF PROJECT AREA 18 TABLE 3. ADDITIONAL SOURCES CONSULTED FOR THE PROJECT 20 Appendix A: Staff Qualifications
Appendix B (CONFIDENTIAL): CHRIS Record Search Results
Appendix C: NAHC Results and Tribal Outreach
Appendix D (CONFIDENTIAL): Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) Series 523 1-296

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

INTRODUCTION
The Peterson Road Project (hereafter referred to as Project or Project Area) proposes the redevelopment of a lot that currently exists as a trailer park, into a 116 unit multi -family apartment housing complex. Material Culture Consulting, Inc. (MCC) was retained by Blieu Companies LLC, to conduct a Phase I cultural resources investigation of the Project in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). This assessment was conducted pursuant to all applicable State of California regulations regarding cultural resources, as well as guidelines established by the County of Riverside. According to these regulations and guidelines, if development of a Project has the potential to result in significant impacts to cultural resources, a plan must be developed to mitigate those impacts to a level which is less than significant. This assessment documents the potential for encountering cultural resources during development of this Project and provides recommendations on how to mitigate impacts to those resources.

PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION
The Project is located in the City of Rancho Mirage, in Riverside County (Figure 1). The Project consists of a previously developed lot totaling approximately 12 acres (APN 689-180-012) (Figures 2 and 3). The Project Area is situated east of San Jacinto Mountain and adjacent of California State Route 111 (Hwy 111). The Project Area is bound by private residential property to the north, near Desert Cove Ave. and private residential property to the south, near Juniper Ln., with a golf course to the east, near Butler Adams Trail, and a privately owned public storage units to the west near Peterson Road. Specifically, the proposed Project is located within Section 02, Township 05 South, Range 05 East on the Cathedral City USGS 7.5 -minute quadrangle (San Bernardino Base Meridian) (Figure 2). The Project proposes the development of a multi -family apartment complex that would consists of 116 units on redeveloped parcels of land.

PROJECT PERSONNEL
Tria Belcourt, M.A., RPA, President of Material Culture Consulting Inc., served as the Project Manager and Principal Archaeologist for the study. Ms. Belcourt coordinated the records searches and performed editorial review of this report. Belcourt is a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) with a M.A. in Anthropology from the University of Florida, a B.A. in Anthropology from the University of California at Los Angeles with over 17 years of experience in California archaeology (See Appendix A). Ms. Belcourt is also a Riverside County Qualified Archaeologist. MCC Project Manager Erika McMullin, B.A., provided co -authorship of the report and GIS support. MCC Archaeologist Hannah Johnston, M.Sc., provided co -authorship of this report and GIS support. MCC Archaeologist and Cross - Trained Paleontologist Zachary White, B.A conducted the pedestrian survey.

Material Culture Consulting, Inc. 1 2701 B N. Towne Ave Pomona CA 91767 1 626-205-8279 1 www.materialculturec'1is t29 7

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Mountain
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Big Bear City
Bij Bear LAY,
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e
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Lit
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n Palm Desert
Silver Spur Mobile
Vanor
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Beauty
Mount auty
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'Wilderness
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Santa Rosa
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Coyote Canyon
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Los Coyotes
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Josh
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Desert Shores
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D 5 10 15 20
Miles
Kilometers
0 10 20 30 40
1:500,000
Figure 1. Peterson Road Project Vicinity (1:500,000)
A
410,

MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
1-298

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Tr,1ger
NITS -
•
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"I\171rib4110

MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
Figure 2. Peterson Road Project Location (as depicted on Cathedral City USGS 7.5 -minute Quadrangle, 1:24,000) 1-299

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Project Area
0 0 175 350 525 700
Feet
Meters
70 140 210 280
1:3,000
406(441/441.111,:ra,

MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
Figure 3. Peterson Road Project Area (as depicted on aerial photograph, 1:3,000) 1-300

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The Project Area is located within the City of Rancho Mirage, in Riverside County, approximately 0.09 miles northeast of California State Route 111 (Hwy 111). Bounded by the Santa Rosa Mountains to the west and south, and a medium density residential area to the east, the Project Area is found within a geographical region known as the Colorado Desert and sits on an alluvial fan near the hillsides of the Santa Rosa Mountains. The Project Area is on a relatively flat valley floor that is surrounded by mixed residential and developed land parcels, with elevations approximately 85 meters (m) (280 ft) above mean sea level (AMSL) throughout the Project Area. Vegetation observed within the Project Area includes a mix of imported trees, invasive grasses, and native desert species.

Palm trees and Indian Laurel Fig trees were observed as well as fountain grass, prickly pear cactus and desert dandelion. The climate in the region is characterized as hot desert, and the area acts as a transitional zone from the Mediterranean climates in the west and Desert climates to the east.

PRECONTACT CONTEXT
There is no specific model of early human occupation offered within the Riverside County region. The earliest sites known in the area are attributed to the San Dieguito culture, which consists of a hunting culture with a flaked stone tool industry (Warren 1967). The material culture related to this time include scrapers, hammer stones, large, flaked cores, drills, and choppers, which were used to process food and raw materials. These types of early sites are more likely to be found along ancient lake terraces. Most evidence of this early occupation is located further south-southwest and currently there is no evidence of human occupation within the Riverside County region prior to about 2,300 years ago.

Around 8,000 years ago, subsistence patterns changed, resulting in a material complex consisting of an abundance of milling stones (for grinding food items) with a decrease in the number of flaked stone tools. The material culture from this time period includes large, bifacially worked dart points and grinding stones, handstones and metates.

Archaeologists initially designated this period as the "Millingstone Horizon" (Wallace 1955). Later, the Millingstone Horizon was redefined as a cultural tradition named the Encinitas Tradition (Warren 1967) with various regional expressions including Topanga and La Jolla. Use of this classification system by archaeologists has varied as some adopted a generalized Encinitas Tradition without regional variations, while others continued to use Millingstone Horizon, and still others used Middle Holocene (the geologic time period) to indicate this observed pattern (Sutton and Gardner 2010:1-2). Recently, this generalized terminology was criticized by Sutton and Gardner (2010) as suppressing the identification of cultural, spatial, and temporal variation, as well as the movement of peoples throughout space and time. It is these factors that are believed to be critical to an understanding of precontact cultural adaptation and change in this portion of southern California (Sutton and Gardner 2010:1-2).

The Encinitas Tradition characteristics include abundant metates and manos, crudely -made core and flake tools, bone tools, shell ornaments, and very few projectile points, indicating a subsistence pattern focused on hunting and gathering a variety of floral resources. Faunal remains vary by location but include marine mammals, fish, and shellfish, as well as terrestrial animals, reptiles, and birds (Sutton and Gardner 2010:7). The Encinitas Tradition has been redefined to have four patterns (Sutton and Gardner 2010: 8-25). These include the Topanga Pattern in coastal Los Angeles and Orange counties, the La Jolla Pattern in coastal San Diego County, and the Sayles or Pauma cultures in inland San Diego County extending into western Riverside County, where the Project is located. At approximately 3,500 years ago, Pauma groups in the general Project vicinity adopted new cultural traits which transformed the archaeological site characteristics - including mortar and pestle technology. This indicated the development of food storage, largely acorns, which could be processed and saved for the leaner, cooler months of the year.

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

At approximately 1,500 years before present, bow and arrow technology started to emerge in the archaeological record, which also indicates new settlement patterns and subsistence systems. The local population retained the subsistence methods of the past but incorporated new materials into their day to day existence, as evidenced by the archaeological record. The Palomar Tradition is attributed to this time, and is comprised of larger two patterns:
the Peninsular Pattern in the inland areas of the northern Peninsular Ranges (e.g., San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains) and the northern Coachella Valley (Sutton 2010), and the San Luis Rey pattern of the western Riverside region. Archaeological sites from this time period are characterized by soapstone bowls, arrowhead projectile points, pottery vessels, rock paintings, and evidence of cremation sites. The shift in material culture assemblages is largely attributed to the emergence of Shoshonean (Takic-speaking) people who entered California from the east.

Investigations at the Eastside Reservoir Project refined the chronology for the past 1500 years into four stages:

Saratoga Springs (1500-750 BP), Late Precontact (750-410 BP), Protohistoric (410-180 BP), and Historic (post -180 BP). This research shows a large number of semi -residential sites during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly at the end of the Saratoga Springs period which ended by the Late Precontact period (Applied Earthworks 2001). The increased use of the area suggests that the area may have had a more favorable environment than in surrounding regions.

ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT
The Project Area has historically been the territory of the Cahuilla people. Migration of Shoshone peoples from the Great Basin into the desert and coastal Southern California regions occurred approximately 1000 to 600 years B.P (Hopkins 1965). The Cahuilla ethnographic group derives from this migration (Hopkins 1965).

Cahuilla
The Cahuilla's traditional territory was bounded by the San Bernardino Mountains to the north, the Orocopia Mountains to the east, the Santa Ana River/the San Jacinto Plain and the eastern portion of Palomar Mountains to the west, and Borrego Springs and the Chocolate Mountains to the south (Bean 1978). The Cahuilla existed within the most geographically diverse region, having exploited more than 500 native and non-native plants (Bean and Saubel 1972). The Cahuilla spoke a language that belongs to the Cupan group of the Takic subfamily of the Uto- Aztecan language family, a language family that includes the Shoshonean groups of the Great Basin (Bean and Shipek 1978).

The precontact Cahuilla occupation is characterized by structures within permanent villages that ranged from small brush shelters to dome -shaped or rectangular dwellings. Villages were situated near water sources, in the canyons near springs, or on alluvial fans at man-made walk-in wells (Bean 1972). There appears to be slight difference in subsistence tools between the Desert, Pass, or Mountain Cahuilla groups. The Desert Cahuilla used deep, wooden mortars with a long pestle whereas San Gorgonio Pass Cahuilla utilized shallower mortars with basketry rims (Kroeber 1908: 40, 43). Cahuilla granaries were usually raised on pole platforms two to four feet high, which resembled birds' nests, and were used to store mesquite (Kroeber 1908: 42).

In comparison with other Southern California tribes, the Cahuilla appear to have had a lower population density and a less rigid social structure. The Cahuilla are patrilineal, with closely related patrilineages that share an assumed common ancestor which is important socially and ceremonially (Hudlow 2007). The office of lineage leader, also known as a net, directed subsistence activities, settled conflicts, represented the clan regionally and was responsible for correct performances of ceremonies, with the official role of the chief passed from father to eldest son (Bean 1978; Hudlow 2007).

Initial contact with European explorers with the Cahuilla most likely occurred during the expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza in 1777 (Napton and Greathouse 1982). The presence of the San Gabriel Mission in the early 1-302

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

1800s led to more contact via baptisms (Napton and Greathouse 1982). It also led to the Native Americans moving away from traditional habitation sites to separate themselves from the influence of the Mission (Brumgardt 1977).

The Cahuilla traditions may have been relatively stable until mission secularization in 1834, due to the policy of the Catholic Mission fathers, or padres, to maintain imported European traditional style settlement and economic patterns (Bean and Shipek 1978). After 1877, when the United States government established Indian reservations in the region and religious missionaries began conversion of the Native American populations in the region, traditional cultural practices were prohibited. Presently, the Cahuilla reside in nine separate reservations in Southern California, located in Imperial, Riverside and San Diego counties (Bean 1978).

Luiseno
The Spanish name Luiseno was used to identify Native Americans who were associated with the Mission San Luis Rey, with the Luiseno most likely had no known native term for their own nationality (Bean and Shipek 1978).

Extensive research has been accumulated that gives detailed accounts of the Luisefio (DuBois 1908, Sparkman 1908, Kroeber 1976, White 1963, and Bean and Shipek 1978). At the time of these ethnographies, the Luisefio maintained a sophisticated political organization structure, and their lands extended from western San Jacinto to the Pacific Ocean along several major waterways, including Temecula, Santa Margarita, and San Luis Rey Rivers (Bean and Shipek 1978). Neighboring tribes included the Cahuilla to the east, the Serrano to the north, and the Gabrielino to the west. Each of these groups are part of the same Uto-Aztecan linguistic group and are Takic- speakers. The boundaries for territories fluctuate as new information evolves in ethnographic research, so there is a likelihood that there was quite a bit of overlap between groups over time as well.

The Luisefio organized themselves according to family groups or lineages, rather than forming exogamous moieties. Each lineage occupied land that they held in common, and they lived socially and politically separately from others (Bean and Shipek 1978). They typically resided in villages near reliable water sources and maintained special purpose camps close to the main villages. In the springtime, families would replenish food supplies by gathering local fruit, seeds, bulbs and roots. In the fall, families would move into the upland areas to gather acorns, prickly pear, toyon berries, and yucca. The Luisefio territory contained several species of oak that produced edible acorns. Acorns were stored and processed as needed by breaking the shell, grinding the meat into a powder, and leaching the tannic acid from the nut by using water. A porridge was made from the leached nuts and cooked with water using hot stones in baskets. The Luiseno used a wide variety of tools, including manos and metates, bone and shell fish hooks, stone and shell ornaments, bone awls, wooden throwing sticks, hammer stones, handstones, pestles, mortars, and drills, which are evident in late Precontact archaeological sites. Presently, there are six federally recognized Luiseno tribes with associated reservations within Southern California.

Serrano
The Serrano have been defined as a Northern Uto-Aztecan language sub -family which resided in the mountains and deserts of interior southern California, known as the Mountain Serrano and the Desert Serrano (Sutton and Earle 2017). The Serrano's traditional use area is believed to be located from the Cajon Pass of the San Gabriel/San Bernardino Mountains, as far east as Twentynine Palms, as far south as Yucaipa, and as far north as Barstow (Bean and Smith 1978). Gifford (1918) categorizes the Serrano as a clan and moiety -oriented, or local lineage -oriented, group tied to traditional territories or use areas. Typically, a "village" consisted of a collection of families centered about a ceremonial house, with individual families inhabiting willow -framed huts with tule thatching. Considered hunter -gatherers, the Serrano exhibited sophisticated technologies devoted to hunting small animals and gathering roots, tubers, and seeds of various kinds. Principal game animals included deer, mountain sheep, antelope, rabbits, small rodents, and various birds (Bean and Smith 1978). The Serrano spoke a language that belongs to the Takic subfamily of the Uto-Aztecan language family, with some evidence of similarity with the Gabrielino (of the Los Angeles Basin) (Miller 1984).
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European influence on the Serrano was limited until 1819, with the establishment of an asistencia near present- day Redlands (Bean and Smith 1978). By 1834, most of the western Serrano population had been displaced, with those located northeast of San Gorgonio Pass continuing to thrive. Today, Serrano descendants are found on the Morongo and San Manuel reservations, which are a modern-day culmination of Serrano, Cahuilla, and Cupeno lineages.

HISTORIC CONTEXT
In 1769, Spanish settlers began to enter and colonize Alta California. Once the first European exploration of California occurred, the region underwent immense change. As early as 1827, Anglo-Americans were migrating into Southern California. In the decades to come, California would be taken by the United States with the close of the Mexican -American War and subsequent events such as the Civil War and California Gold Rush would continue to shape the history of California.

Spanish Period (1769 to 1821) to Mexican Period (1821 to 1848) The Spanish period began in 1769 with Captain Gaspar de Portola's land expedition and ended in 1821 with Mexican Independence. During the Spanish Period, the influence of San Luis Rey Mission and San Gabriel Mission was apparent throughout the surrounding regions, with much of the area used for cattle grazing. At their peak, the San Luis Rey Mission controlled multiple ranches and claimed control over what is now Lake Elsinore, Temecula, and Murrieta in addition to areas in northern San Diego County, while the San Gabriel Mission claimed lands in present-day Jurupa, Riverside, San Jacinto, and the San Gorgonio Pass (American Local History Network 2004).

However, after control of the area shifted to Mexico, secularization began throughout the area and the missions and their associated ranches began to decline. By 1834, all of the mission lands had been removed from the control of the Franciscan Order under the Acts of Secularization (Engelhardt 1921). The Mexican government proceeded to push settlements of Mexican populations from the south by deeding large grants, or ranchos, to individuals who promised to employ settlers. Although Riverside County had several large ranchos, none of them were located near City of Rancho Mirage (Engelhardt 1921; BLM GLO 2008). Small villages were established on some ranchos, while small towns appeared in areas between ranchos. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, and Alta California was given to the United States, thus beginning the American period (Engelhardt 1921).

American Period (1848 to present)
The Gold Rush of 1849 would see tremendous influx of Americans and Europeans flooding into Southern California.

The passing of the Homestead Act of 1862 increased the influx of settlers within the region. Eventually, Riverside County was settled by homesteaders and farmers, and quickly became a diversified agricultural area with citrus, grain, grapes, poultry, and swine being the leading commodities. This influx of settlers led to population pressures and increased conflicts with the local indigenous groups. The passage of the Act for the Governance and Protection of Indians in 1850 further degraded the position of the Cahuilla. By 1877, The Cahuilla were moved to reservations in a checkerboard pattern throughout the Palm Springs and Coachella Valleys in Riverside County (Napton and Greathouse 1982) which broke up reservation land into discontinuous patchwork pieces, restricting access by the tribe to sacred lands and traditional gathering places.

The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 encouraged people to move and settle in southern California. Jurupa Valley was the first established community in present-day Riverside County (American Local History Network 2004). Citrus farming quickly became the dominate agricultural staple. Conflicts arose stemming from differing political, economy, and spiritual beliefs. Tensions peaked after the City of San Bernardino was accused of using tax money to only benefit their own city, and not the rest of the neighboring areas. The outcome was establishing a new county, Riverside County in 1893. Voters of Jurupa Valley, San Diego County residents in 1-304

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Temecula and San Jacinto Valleys, and the desert regions of San Bernardino County voted to establish the new county in hopes of creating a community that reflected their own ideals (American Local History Network 2004).

While citrus farming was the dominate economic staple, commerce, construction, manufacturing, transportation, and tourism also aided in boosting the economy (American Local History Network 2004).

Historical Context of the Project Region
The Project is located in the City of Rancho Mirage, one of the nine cities of Coachella Valley (Bohannan, 2015).

Rancho Mirage was established in 1924 and later incorporated into Riverside County in 1973. In the 1920s, Rancho Mirage consisted primarily of agricultural grape and date ranches (Mallette, 2011). In 1924, R.P. "Bert" Davie and E. E. McIntyre purchased hundreds of acres from the Southern Pacific Railroad to promote the area as a destination desert community (Rancho Mirage General Plan, 2017). When development by Davie began, it consisted of a ranch house on Clancy Lane, and with that, a road that connected his residence to the Bradshaw Highway (present-day Highway 111) (Mallette, 2011). He named this road Rio del Sol (River of the Sun), and it was later renamed to today's Bob Hope Drive (Mallette, 2011).

In 1928, Southland Land and Realty Company purchased 160 acres but the 1929 Depression put an end to any plans of development. Later, a Los Angeles realtor, Lawrence Macomber, along with Don Cameron purchased hundreds of acres in Rancho Mirage and began advertising the property as "fifteen minutes from Palm Springs, CA." They were able to attract actors such as Frank Morgan to the area, but the start of World War II stalled developmental progress again (Riche and Riche, 2018).

The name "Rancho Mirage" was thought to have caught on in 1934, when Louis Blankenhorn and Laurence Macomber used the name in a new real estate promotion for property along Highway 111, Bob Hope Drive, and Indian Trail Drive (General Plan, 2017). In 1946, White Sun Guest Ranch opened (converted from Eleven Mile Ranch) as well as the Thunderbird Ranch Guest Ranch in 1947 which was designed by Pasadena architect Gordon Kaufman. With these developments, "Visitors enjoyed vacations in rustic cabins, with chuckwagon breakfasts, swimming and horseback riding." (Preservation Mirage, 2024).

After World War II, residential golf course development thrived and Thunderbird Country Club opened in 1951, which was the first 18 -hole golf course (General Plan, 2017). However, it was an extremely selective club that required high status and financial standing and did not allow people of color (City History, 2024). The following year, 1952, the Tamarisk Country Club opened, with Frank Sinatra's endorsement since it was more inclusive and allowed him to play with fellow musicians who were not allowed entry at Thunderbird (City History, 2024). Both of these country clubs were the first planned developments in the community and promoted Rancho Mirage as a world class resort residential community (General Plan, 2017).

This led to a surplus of famous and influential people visiting and buying vacation homes in the area. The Annenberg Estate known as the 'Sunnylands' was popular with the wealthy and powerful, including Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope, Fred Astaire, Zeppo Martin and even many presidents including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and General Ford.

Following its incorporation into Riverside in 1973, an increase in development occurred with approximately 5,000 dwelling units built in 1974 alone. While many of these buildings are unlikely to attain 'historic architecture' status, the architectural style and prominent architects who have worked on homes in the city, have an important impact on the 'character' of the city (Preservation Mirage, 2024).

The economy of Rancho Mirage has expanded from its resort -based industry of rentals and golf courses, to include other smaller industries, primarily near the 1-10 and commerce consisting of retail centers like The River shopping complex. (City History, 2024). Most recently, in March 2021, it was announced that Rancho Mirage would be the site of "the first US neighborhood composed completely of 3D -printed, zero net energy homes" (Guardian 2021) as a joint effort from companies Palari and Mighty Buildings (Archinet, 2021) which are expected to be completed in 2024 (Forbes, 2023).
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RESEARCH DESIGN
The objectives of an archaeological assessment are to locate, interpret, and evaluate the indications of past human activities within the study area. The indicators of such activities are represented by cultural resources and can consist of many different types of materials — stone tools, historic neighborhoods, historic -era can scatters, village sites, food waste, tool manufacturing waste, trails, stone alignments, petroglyphs, hearths, or human skeletal remains. All of these types of resources are known to exist within the general Project region. The scope of this study is to identify and evaluate the significance of observable cultural resources, should they exist within the Project Area.

LEGAL COMPLIANCE BASIS
This Project is subject to both state and local regulations, including CEQA and Riverside County's General Plan.

CEQA declares that it is state policy to "take all action necessary to provide the people of this state with ... historic environmental qualities." It further states that public or private Projects financed or approved by the state are subject to environmental review by the state. All such Projects, unless entitled to an exemption, may proceed only after this requirement has been satisfied. CEQA requires detailed studies that analyze the environmental effects of a proposed Project. In the event that a Project is determined to have a potential significant environmental effect, the act requires that alternative plans and mitigation measures be considered. CEQA includes historic and archaeological resources as integral features of the environment. The level of consideration may vary with the importance of the resource.

RESEARCH THEMES WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA
Riverside County has a rich precontact and historic cultural heritage. However, based on previous research, minimal precontact cultural resources are known to exist within the Project Area and or within 1 -mile (see Results section). Of the known resources in the region, precontact sites appear occur along intermittent drainages, and are often associated with boulder outcrops. Food processing sites, consisting of bedrock grinding and milling features, and ground stone implement fragments are found within the region. The closest known sites of this type are located along the foothills and canyons to the north and south, indicating that some areas may have been used more frequently or for longer periods. Petroglyph sites are known to exist in the general region but have not been encountered in the vicinity of the Project Area.

Future archaeological research within the general Project Area has the potential to address research questions regarding settlement patterns, site structure, subsistence strategies, trade and distribution networks and tool technologies. Questions for the Project have been selected to contribute to the context and understanding of the precontact and history of California. Based on the literature review, research questions fall into several precontact and historic domains. The precontact research domains are Chronology and Cultural Affiliation, Subsistence and Site Function, and Toolstone Procurement and Use. Historic research domains focus primarily on the topics of Community Development. Defining research questions also helps focus the documentation of resources during survey so that artifacts, features and other remains that can contribute to an understanding of regional history and precontact are carefully noted.

CHRONOLOGY AND CULTURAL AFFILIATION
At precontact sites throughout Central Riverside County, chronometric data generally derive from time -sensitive artifacts (e.g., projectile points, beads, and ceramics), physically dateable artifacts (e.g., obsidian), and organic remains (dateable through chronometric assay). Time -sensitive and dateable artifacts can occur in surface and subsurface contexts, the former sometimes being less reliable than the latter in terms of dating archaeological components. Dateable organic remains (e.g., bone, shell, fiber, loose charcoal) can be acquired from midden 1-306

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deposits or, in the best examples, from buried features like hearths. In any case, sites that have dateable items or remains can be placed at least tentatively within an existing temporal framework, be it local or regional, and used to compare and contrast temporal adaptive patterns in human behavior. For the most part, sites that can be dated have greater overall data potential than undated sites because they can be placed in time and can help refine our understanding of long -and short-term changes in precontact human adaptation.

Given the importance of chronological data to all archaeological interpretation, it will be critical to document the presence of any time -sensitive artifacts within the Project Area. Sites that can contribute valuable chronological data may be recommended eligible for listing on CRHR under Criterion (4), research potential.

SUBSISTENCE -SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
Subsistence is one of the most basic of human needs having a direct effect on human behavior. Precontact subsistence procurement activities consist of any number of variables including: site location in relation to land form, water supply, and raw materials; site size; site function; and duration of occupation. Material culture, such as lithic and ground stone tools, ceramics, and faunal and botanical remains, provide data representative of subsistence -related activities and strategies.

The Project Area is within a larger settlement area used by the Cahuilla, the Luiseno, and the Serrano. Information on the nature and intensity of precontact use of the Project area, including the types of sites present, their density, and environmental context, will contribute to a more complete picture of settlement and subsistence patterns in this part of California. Combined with chronological information (above), this information can also assist in determining adaptive changes over time. Sites that can offer valuable data concerning precontact subsistence - settlement patterns may be recommended eligible for listing on CRHR under Criterion (4), research potential.

TOOL -STONE PROCUREMENT AND USE
Basic patterns in lithic materials use can be useful for reconstructing the approximate geographic extent of past settlement and trade systems. Sites that can offer valuable information concerning patterns of precontact toolstone procurement and use may be recommended eligible for listing on CRHR under Criterion (4), research potential, particularly if they are accompanied by chronological data that can be used to place stone -working behaviors in time.

HISTORIC RESEARCH DOMAINS
Historic archaeological sites can offer important data concerning any number of historic themes and may be recommended eligible for listing on California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) under Criterion (4), research potential. They might also be eligible under Criterion (1) if they can be linked to certain historical events that were important in California's past, Criterion (2) if they are found associated with persons important in history, or under Criterion (3) if they contain structural features that are distinctive of a particular historic period or demonstrate an exceptional aesthetic quality. For the purposes of this Project, we plan to focus historic period research on the theme of community development and built environments. The historic research domains will specifically address the historic -era built environment within the City of Rancho Mirage, as it is felt that this topic is important to our understanding of the history in Central Riverside County. 1-307

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SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATIONS
The criteria for listing resources on the CRHR were expressly developed to be in accordance with previously established criteria developed for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, and require similar protection to what National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 mandates for historic properties. According to Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 5024.1(c) (1-4), a resource is considered historically significant if it meets at least one of the following criteria:

1. Associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history or the cultural heritage of California or the United States;

2. Associated with the lives of persons important to local, California or national history;

3. Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region or method of construction or represents the work of a master or possesses high artistic values; or

4. Has yielded, or has the potential to yield, information important to the precontact or history of the local area, California or the nation.

In addition to having significance, resources must have integrity for the period of significance. The period of significance is the date or span of time within which significant events transpired, or significant individuals made their important contributions. Integrity is the authenticity of a historical resource's physical identity as evidenced by the survival of characteristics or historic fabric that existed during the resource's period of significance.

Alterations to a resource or changes in its use over time may have historical, cultural, or architectural significance impacts. Simply, resources must retain enough of their historic character or appearance to be recognizable as historical resources and to convey the reasons for their significance. A resource that has lost its historic character or appearance may still have sufficient integrity for the California Register, if, under Criterion 4, it maintains the potential to yield significant scientific or historical information or specific data. Note that California Historical Landmarks with numbers 770 or higher are automatically included in the CRHR and will still be regarded as potentially significant if, under Criterion 4, it maintains the potential to yield significant scientific or historical information or specific data.

Sites with the potential to yield artifacts and other data that can address research questions may be evaluated as eligible for CRHR listing per Criterion (4). Some precontact sites may be evaluated as CRHR-eligible under Criterion (1) if they relate to culturally significant events or (mythological) persons (Criterion 2), or represent high artistic forms (e.g., rock art), per Criterion (3).

Under CEQA, if an archaeological site is not a significant "historical resource" but meets the definition of a "unique archaeological resource" as defined in PRC Section 21083.2, then it should be treated in accordance with the provisions of that section. A unique archaeological resource is defined in PRC Section 21083.2(g) as follows: An archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that, without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets any of the following criteria:

1. Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and that there is a demonstrable public interest in that information.

2. Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type.

3. Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important precontact or historic event or person.

Resources that neither meet any of these criteria for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) nor qualify as a "unique archaeological resource" under CEQA PRC Section 21083.2 are viewed as not significant. Under CEQA, "A non -unique archaeological resource need be 1-308

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given no further consideration, other than the simple recording of its existence by the lead agency if it so elects" [PRC Section 21083.2(h)].

Impacts to historical resources that alter the characteristics that qualify the historical resource for listing on the CRHR are considered to be a significant effect (under CEQA). The impacts to a historical resource are considered significant, if the Project activities physically destroy or damage all or part of a resource, change the character of the use of the resource or physical feature within the setting of the resource which contribute to its significance, or introduce visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that diminish the integrity of significant features of the resource. If it can be demonstrated that a Project will cause damage to a unique archaeological resource, the lead agency may require reasonable efforts to be made to require any or all of these resources to be preserved in place or left in an undisturbed state. To the extent that they cannot be left undisturbed, mitigation measures are required (Section 21083.2 (a), (b), and (c)).

TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES
Assembly Bill (AB) 52 (Gatto; Stats. 2014, ch. 532), enacted in September 2014, sets forth both procedural and substantive requirements for analysis of tribal cultural resources as defined in Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 21074, and consultation with California Native American tribes. Tribal cultural resources include sites, features, places, cultural landscapes, and sacred places or objects that have cultural value or significance to a tribe. A tribal cultural resource is one that is either: (1) listed on, or eligible for listing on the CRHR or local register of historical resources (see section below); or (2) a resource that the CEQA lead agency, at its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, determines is significant pursuant to the criteria in PRC Section 5024.1, subdivision (c) (see PRC Section 21074). Further, because tribes traditionally and culturally affiliated with a geographic area may have specific expertise concerning their tribal cultural resources, AB 52 sets forth requirements for notification and invitation to government to government consultation between the CEQA lead agency and geographically affiliated tribes (PRC Section 21080.3.1[a]). Under AB 52, lead agencies must avoid damaging effects to tribal cultural resources, when feasible, regardless of whether consultation occurred or is required.

Tribal cultural resources per PRC 21074 (A) —(B) are defined as either of the following:
1) Sites, features, places, cultural landscapes, sacred places, and objects with cultural value to a California Native American tribe that are either of the following:
a) Included or determined to be eligible for inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources. b) Included in a local register of historical resources as defined in subdivision (k) of Section 5020.1. 2) A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Section 5024.1. In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Section 5024.1 for the purposes of this paragraph, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe. a) A cultural landscape that meets the criteria of subdivision (a) is a tribal cultural resource to the extent that the landscape is geographically defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape.

CITY OF RANCHO MIRAGE GENERAL PLAN
The Conservation and Open Space Element of the City of Rancho Mirage General Plan provides the following requirements for culturally sensitive areas within the County:
• POLICY COS 8.1 The City shall exercise its responsibility to preserve archaeological, historical, and cultural sites.
- PROGRAM COS 8.1A Establish and maintain an archaeological and historical resources database. 1-309

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PROGRAM COS 8.1B Maintain a preservation ordinance to provide for the designation and protection of historic resources.

PROGRAM COS 8.1C Continue to promote historic preservation incentives, such as enabling the use of Mills Act contracts to lower property taxes on designated resources.

PROGRAM COS 8.1D Develop an education program to familiarize residents and visitors alike with the city's architectural and historical heritage.
• POLICY COS 8.2 Development or land use proposals that have the potential to disturb or destroy sensitive cultural resources shall be evaluated by a qualified professional and appropriate mitigation measures shall be incorporated into project approvals, if necessary.

PROGRAM COS 8.2A Encourage in -place preservation or the recovery and preservation of materials for later study and display when reviewing development proposals and cultural surveys that identify sensitive resources.

PROGRAM COS 8.2B Perform an annual records search in the Native American Heritage Commission and California Historic Resources Information System databases to determine the presence of potential cultural resources in the boundaries of the city and the SOI.

PROGRAM COS 8.2C Continue to adhere to the requirements of SB 18 of 2004 and AB 52 of 2014, as applicable, by consulting with local Native American tribes on potential disturbance, recovery, and preservation of tribal cultural resources.
• POLICY COS 8.3 The City shall ensure the protection of sensitive archaeological and historic resources from vandalism and illegal collection.

PROGRAM COS 8.3A Maintain mapping information and similar location oriented resources in a confidential manner and assure that only those with appropriate professional and organizational ties are provided access to these sensitive records.
• POLICY COS 8.4 The City shall support the listing of eligible properties, structures, or sites as potential historic landmarks and their inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

PROGRAM COS 8.4A Periodically review the historical and archaeological resources of the area in cooperation with local historical associations for possible application for status as a historical landmark or inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

PROGRAM COS 8.4B Conduct meetings with City staff and elected officials to prioritize and propose action on the preservation and registration of important archaeological and historical resources in the community and vicinity.

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

METHODS

CALIFORNIA HISTORIC RESOURCES INVENTORY SYSTEM AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND RESEARCH MCC staff conducted a records search of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) at the Eastern Information Center (EIC) located at University of California, Riverside in January 2024. The search covered any previously recorded cultural resources and investigations within 1 -mile of the Project Area. The records search also included a review of the NRHP, the CRHR, the California Points of Historical Interest list, the California Historical Landmarks list, the Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility list, and the California State Inventory of Historic Resources. MCC also reviewed the California State Historic Resources Inventory (HRI) and Built Environment Resources Directory (BERD) for Riverside County to determine if any local historical properties which have been previously evaluated for historic significance are located in the records search buffer. In addition, archival maps were inspected for indications of historical structures in the area.

NATIVE AMERICAN OUTREACH AND BACKGROUND RESEARCH
MCC requested a Sacred Lands File search from the NAHC on January 30, 2024. The NAHC responded on February 26, 2024 stating that there are no known sacred lands within a 1 -mile radius of the Project Area. The NAHC requested that 23 Native American tribes or individuals be contacted for further information regarding the Project Area and vicinity. MCC subsequently sent letters on February 27, 2024, to the 23 Native American contacts, requesting any information related to cultural resources or heritage sites within or adjacent to the Project Area.

Additional attempts at contact by email and phone were made on March 22 and March 29, 2024, respectively.

CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY METHODS
The survey stage is important in a Project's environmental assessment phase to verify the exact location of each identified cultural resource, the condition or integrity of the resource, and the proximity of the resource to areas of cultural resources sensitivity. MCC Archaeologist Zachary White B.A., conducted the survey of the Project Area on March 13, 2024. The survey consisted of walking in parallel transects spaced at approximately 5 -meter intervals over the Project Area, while closely inspecting the ground surface. All undeveloped ground surface areas within the ground disturbance portion of the Project Area were examined for artifacts (e.g., flaked stone tools, tool- making debris, stone milling tools or fire -affected rock), soil discoloration that might indicate the presence of a cultural midden, soil depressions and features indicative of the former presence of structures or buildings (e.g., postholes, foundations), or historic -era debris (e.g., metal, glass, ceramics). Existing ground disturbances (e.g. cutbanks, ditches, animal burrows, etc.), if visible, were visually inspected for any potential presence of the above mentioned indicators of cultural resources. Representative photographs were taken of the entire Project Area.

Material Culture Consulting, Inc. 1 2701 B N. Towne Ave Pomona CA 91767 1 626-205-8279 1 www.materialculturec1i5ett'n3cl 1

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RESULTS

CALIFORNIA HISTORIC RESOURCES INVENTORY SYSTEM AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND RESEARCH The CHRIS records search identified a total of 25 previously conducted cultural resource investigations within a 1 - mile radius of the Project Area (see Table 1). One of the investigations is located within the Project Area. A brief summary of the study located within the Project Area can be found below. The 25 studies conducted within 1 -mile of the Project Area date between 1972 and 2017 and includes 18 cultural reports, four (4) historical property reports, one (1) record search, one (1) field reconnaissance for a telecommunications site, and one (1) report for a cell tower.

RI -10406
Archaeological Sensitivity Model for The Whitewater River Stormwater Channel, Riverside County, California was conducted in 2012 by Applied Earthworks, Inc. The study was performed on behalf of Coachella Valley Water District and spanned over Riverside and San Bernardino County (Applied Earthworks, Inc, 2012).

Table 1. Previously Conducted Cultural Resources Studies within 1 -mile of the Project Area CHRIS Year Authors Affiliation Title Of Study Distance from Project Report Area
Number
RI -00072 1972 Wilke, P.J. Archaeological Sunrise Country Club: Expected Within 1 mile Research Impact on Archaeological Resources
Unit, U.C. Riverside
RI -00115 1973 Wilke, P.J. Archaeological The Sprinfs Country Club: Expected Within 1 mile Research Impact on Archaeological Resources
Unit, U.C. Riverside
RI -00181 1978 Taschek-Ball, J. Department of
Anthropology, San
Diego State University
An Archaeological Survey of Some
Discontinuous Parcels of Land on the
Apo Caliente Indian Reservation,
Riverside County, California
Within 1 mile
RI -00032 1979 Archaeological Archaeological Archaeological Survey Report: The Within 1 mile Associates Associates, Rancho Mirage Property Near Palm Ltd., Costa Mesa, CA Springs, CA.

RI -01783 1984 Swenson, J. D. Author
An Archaeological Assessment of
Two Small Parcels on The Agua
Caliente Indian Reservation,
Rancho Mirage, Riverside County,
California
Identification & Evaluation of
Historic Properties: Frank Sinatra
Drive Street Widening Project,
Rancho Mirage, Riverside County,
California
Negative Archaeological Survey
Report: Frank Sinatra Drive
Improvements, Between
Morningside Dr/Thompson Rd And
Bob Hope Dr, City of Rancho
Mirage, Riverside County,
California
Within 1 mile
RI -03861 1995 Love, B. CRM Tech
RI -03862 1995 Love, B. CRM Tech
Within 1 mile
Within 1 mile
RI -05327 2002 Michael
Brandman
Associates.

Michael Brandman
Associates
Records Search Results for
Sprint Pcs Facility R35xc095j
(Trojan Properties), City of
Rancho Mirage, Riverside County,
Ca
Within 'A -mile
RI -06630 2006 Tang, B.T. and CRM Tech
M. Hogan
Letter Report: Historical and
Archaeological Resources
Investigation, The Lodge at Rancho
Mirage, Approximately 39 Acres,
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside
County, California
Within 1 mile

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CHRIS Year Authors Affiliation Title Of Study Distance from Project Report Area
Number
RI -07441 2007 Denniston, E. Applied EarthWorks, Phase I Archaeological Assessment of Within 1 mile Inc. Approximately 1.42 Acres for the
Repair of the Paxton Drop Structure in
Rancho Mirage, Riverside County,
California
RI -08198 2009 Wlodarski, R.J. Cellular Archaeological Field Reconnaissance Phase for the Within 'A -mile Resource Evaluations, Proposed Bechtel Wireless
West Hills, CA Telecommunications Site Bechtel
Wireless Telecommunications Site
RS0160
RI -08284 2009 Allred, C. Earth Touch, Layton, UT Letter Report: Proposed Cellular Tower
Project(s) in Los Angeles County,
California, Site Number(s)/Names(s):

LA -3628A/ Lord Fletcher TCNS# 56936
RI -08506 2010 Sander, J.K. Chambers Group, Inc. A Phase 1 Cultural Resources Inventory for APN 689-090-003, 689-
130-004, 689-130-005, 689-130-013,
689-130-014, 689-130-017, 689-130-
018, & 689-140-022 Compromising
Approx. 20 Acres Rancho Mirage,
Riverside County, California
RI -08653
Within %- mile
Within'''A-mile
2011 Bonner, W.H.,
Leaver, G and
S.A. Williams
Michael Brandman
Associates
Cultural Resources Records Search
and Site Visit Results for T -Mobile
USA Candidate 1E24259 -B (Northern
Trust Plaza), 69730 Highway 111,
Rancho Mirage, Riverside County
Within 1 mile
RI -08825 2012 Tang, B.T. and CRM Tech Historic Property Survey Report: Frank Within 1 mile M. Hogan Sinatra Drive/Highway 111
Intersection Improvement Project,
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside
County, California, Federal Project No.

HSPIL-5412(010)
RI -09181 2013 Puckett, H.

Tetra Tech
Cultural Resources Summary for
the Proposed Verizon Wireless,
Inc., Property at the Boothill Site,
70801 Highway 111, Cathedral
City, Riverside County, California
92270
Within 1 mile
RI -09497 2015 Tang, B.T. and CRM Tech
M. Hogan
Historical Property/Archaeological
Survey Report Highway 111 Street
Lighting Project City of Rancho
Mirage, Riverside County, California
RSMW, LLC Thunderbird Resort and Within 1 mile
Spa Development Project Cultural
Resource Study
Historic Property Survey Report for
Frank Sinatra Drive Bridge at
Whitewater River Project Location:

Frank Sinatra Drive, Rancho Mirage,
Riverside County, California
Within 34 -mile
RI -09749 2014 Way, K.R. and Rincon Consultants
R. Ramirez
RI -09833 2015 Offermann, J. URS Corporation
and L. Bridges
Within 1 mile
RI -09835 2015 Offermann, J. URS Corporation Archaeological Survey Report for Within 1 mile and L. Bridges Frank Sinatra Drive Bridge at
Whitewater River Project Location:

Frank Sinatra Drive, Rancho
Mirage, Riverside County, California
RI -09850 2017 George, J., Applied EarthWorks, Inc Cultural Resource Assessment for the Within 1 mile Mcougall, D. Coachella Valley Water District's
and V. Mirro Whitewater River Stormwater
Channel Bureau of Indian Affairs
Easement Renewal Project, City of
Cathedral City, Riverside County,
California
RI -10248 2017 Duke, C. Duke CRM
Historic Property Survey Report
Rancho Mirage Resignalization
Project Highway 111/Bob Hope
Drive/Country Club Drive
Adjacent to Project Area

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

CHRIS Year Authors Affiliation Title Of Study Distance from Project Report Area
Number
RI -10249 2017 Hearth, N.F.

Duke CRM
Archaeological Survey Report Rancho
Mirage Resignalization Project
Highway 111/Bob Hope Drive/
Country Club Drive
Adjacent to Project Area
RI -10374 2013 George, J. and
V. Mirro
Applied EarthWorks,
Inc.

Phase 1 Cultural Resources
Assessment for the Coachella Valley
Water District's Whitewater River -
Coachella Valley Stormwater Channel
Project, Riverside County, California
Within 1 mile
RI -10406 2012 Mirro, M.

Applied EarthWorks,
Inc.

Archaeological Sensitivity Model for
the Whitewater River Stormwater
Channel, Riverside County, California
Within Project Area
Although there are no previously recorded resources located within the Project Area boundaries, the records search identified one (1) previously recorded cultural resource within a 1 -mile radius of the Project Area (see Table 2). The historic -age site consisting of an historic building, P-33-005513, is located within %-mile of the Project Area.

Table 2. Previous Recorded Resources within 1 -mile of the Project Area Primary
Number
Trinomial
Type Age Attributes NRHP/CRHR Distance from
Project Area
P-33-005513
None Building Historic HP02 Evaluated, Within 1 -mile
Status code
5S
Key: 551 Individual property that is listed or designated locally.

The full results of the CHRIS record search can be found in Confidential Appendix B.

Several additional sources were consulted to supplement the CHRIS records search (Table 3). A review of the Bureau of Land Management General Land Office Records (BLM GLO) identified three land grants issued within the Project Area: Patent Number 556233 was issued to Norman S. Dayton under the authority of the Homestead Act of 1862 for 165.92 -acres was granted on November 27, 1916. Patent Number 536993 was issued to Oscar T.

Hayhurst under the authority of the Homestead Act of 1862 for 80.48 -acres was granted on July 6, 1916. The Homestead Act of 1862 was signed under President Abraham Lincoln and gave citizens up to 160 -acres of public land provided they live on it, improve it, and pay a small registration fee (Potter and Schamel 1997). By 1934, over 270 million acres of land had been granted. Additionally, Patent Number 1141616 was issued to Anthony Gilbert Salazar under the authority of the Indian Trust Patent of 1880 for 49.83 -acres was granted on November 27, 1953, however, this was later cancelled. The BERD identified one historic -era structure located approximately 0.15 -mile north-northeast of the Project. The structure, located at 39060 Peterson Rd in the city of Rancho Mirage, was evaluated and given the Status code 5S2; the individual property is eligible for local listing or designation. The structure is not eligible for the NRHP, CR, or Local listing, but is recognized as historically significant by local government. No additional information was identified relating to the residence.

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Table 3. Additional Sources Consulted for the Project
Source Results
National Register of Historic Places (1979-2002 & supplements) Negative; Structure located at 39060 Peterson
Road is outside Project Area. Structure is eligible
for Local Listing.

Historical United States Geological Survey topographic maps (USGS 2012) Negative; Project Area is undeveloped.

Historical United States Department of Agriculture aerial photos Negative; Project Area is undeveloped.

California Register of Historical Resources (1992-2010) Negative California Inventory of Historic Resources (1976-2010) Negative California Historical Landmarks (1995 & supplements to 2010) Negative California Points of Historical Interest (1992 to 2010) Negative Local Historical Register Listings Negative
Bureau of Land Management General Land Office Records (BLM GO 2008)
Positive; Three patents were found to be within
the Project Area. 556233 Serial Patent issued to
Norman S. Dayton under the Homestead Act of
1862 for 160 -acres of land on November 27,
1916. 536993 Serial Patent issued to Oscar T.

Hayhurst under the Homestead Act of 1862 for

80.48 -acres of land on July 6, 1916. 1141615
Serial Patent issued to Anthony Gilbert Salazar
under Indian Trust Patent of 1880 for 49.83 -
acres of land November 27, 1953 but was later
cancelled.

A review of historical aerial photographs and topographic maps indicated that prior to 1972, the Project Area was relatively undisturbed from modern development and has existed as a vacant lot since 1944 (Figure 4). Residential development to the south of the Project Area and what is now Peterson Road has been present since 1959 (Figure 5). The now defunct trailer park within the Project Area has been present since at least 1972 (Figure 6) and development remained relatively unchanged between then and 1984 (Figure 7). This development is considered historic with the remaining foundations observed during the survey dating prior to 1972. By 2005, residential development to the west of the Project Area and redevelopment of what is now Juniper Lane, to the south of the Project Area had occurred (Figure 8) and remains unchanged from today.

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 4. Project Area as a vacant area with historic -age roads (as depicted on 1944 topographic map)
Figure 5. Project Area with surrounding residential
development (as depicted on 1959 aerial photograph)

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 6. Project Area with residential development
occurring directly east of Project Area (as depicted on 1972 aerial photograph)
Figure 7. Project Area with increased development in
surrounding area (as depicted on 1984 aerial photograph)

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

`
w + l r,
aV1K►AMN�w AIMI I
s1Ag'r' •
Figure 8. Project Area with mowing activities observed (as depicted on 2005 historic aerial)

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

NATIVE AMERICAN OUTREACH AND BACKGROUND RESEARCH
As a result of outreach efforts, MCC received six responses from Native American Tribes and representatives. The responses came in the form of an email or phone call. A summary of the responses is included below:

On March 4, 2024 MCC received an email from Xitlaly Madrigal, cultural resources analyst from the tribal historic preservation office for Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians, responded stating that the Project Area is not located within the boundaries of the ACBCI Reservation, but it is within the Tribes Traditional Use Area. The ACBCI THPO requested a number of policies be conducted.

On March 7, 2024 MCC received an and email from Ana Rios, an administrative assistant for the Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians, with an attached letter from Jacobia Kirksey, a tribal operation specialist, stating that at this time, they are unaware of specific cultural resources that may be affected by the proposed Project, however, in the event, any cultural resources are discovered during the development of this Project to inform them immediately for further evaluation.

On March 7, 2024 MCC received an email from Lorrie Gregory, cultural resource coordinator for the Cahuilla Band of Indians, stating that they are unaware of any cultural resources at or near the Project Area, but the Project is within their traditional land use and requested to review any cultural materials associated with the Project.

On March 28, 2024, MCC spoke with Ray Chapparosa, Chairperson Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians. Mr. Chapparosa stated the tribe does not wish to comment and defers to local tribes.

On March 28, 2024, MCC spoke with Manfred Scott, Acting Chairman for the Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Reservation. Mr. Scott stated the tribe does not wish to comment and defers to local tribes.

On March 28, 2024, MCC spoke with Jessica Valdez, Cultural Resource Specialist Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians.

Ms. Valdez stated the tribe does not wish to comment and defers to local tribes.

As of April 1, 2024, MCC has not received any additional responses from the remaining NAHC-listed groups or individuals contacted for information. Should MCC receive additional responses once the final report is submitted, the information will be passed on to the Client and/or Leady Agency to be added to the report as an addendum. The outreach was conducted for informational purposes only and formal consultation will be conducted by the Lead Agency. Additionally, all requests were acknowledged and will be provided to the Lead Agency. All written NAHC and Native American correspondence materials and our communication log are provided as Appendix C.

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY RESULTS
On March 13, 2024, an intensive level pedestrian survey was conducted of the Project Area. During the course of fieldwork, survey conditions were good. During the survey, visibility was fair (75%) due to some vegetation overgrowth and refuse in certain portions of the Project Area. The Project Area has been highly disturbed due to the previous development of a mobile home park. Areas with poorer visibility were surveyed in 5 -meter transects instead of 10 -meter transects. Presently, the Project Area exists as an empty mobile home community with a gradual west -facing slope of less than 5 -degrees. Furthermore, the entire area shows heavy disturbance from the previous development.

Overall, the Project Area is highly disturbed. The remnants of the previous 126 individual mobile home lots and 3 parking lots were observed throughout the Project Area. Each mobile home lot consists of a paved structure pad, sidewalk, driveway, and underground utilities. These existing foundations of the defunct trailer park are considered historic -age and were recorded as a resource (MCC-blieu-001). The driveways are in poor condition while the sidewalks and pads remain in good condition. Heavy grading and excavation would have taken place to build the lots, utilities, and the roads (Travelodge Lane) that connect them. Vegetation includes palm trees, fountain grass, prickly pear cactus, desert dandelion, and indian laurel fig trees, from previous landscaping.

Sediments are highly disturbed from development and consisted of brown fine to medium coarse -grained silty sand with imported quartz and volcanic pebble sized inclusions. Piles of modern refuse and landscaping material were observed throughout the Project Area. Evidence of imported landscaping material was observed with the presence of white quartz gravel, red lava rock and decorative shells. Other decorative material present included red tile, red brick edging, cinder blocks and red brick with cement mortar. Modern refuse observed included rubber tires, wood furniture, brick fragments, clothing, a chandelier, green and colorless glass fragments.

Representative photographs of the Project Area are found in Figures 9-22.

One (1) cultural resource was observed during the field survey (MCC-blieu-001). The recorded concrete foundations do not meet any criteria for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) nor qualify as a "unique archaeological resource" under CEQA PRC Section 21083.2, but were recorded as a formality (Appendix D).
1-320

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 9. Overview of Project Area, including access gate along Peterson Rd., facing south Figure 10. Representative photo of sediments including red brick tile, plan view

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 11. Representative photograph of imported white quartz gravel, plan view Figure 12. Overview of Project Area, facing southwest
1-322

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 13. Representative photograph of red brick and cement mortar landscaping, plan view Figure 14. Representative photograph of imported volcanic gravel, plan view 1-323

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 15. Overview of Project Area, including Travelodge Ln, facing west Figure 16. Overview of modern refuse, facing northeast
1-324

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 17. Representative photo of vegetation density, facing south Figure 18. Overview of parking lot on east end of Project Area, facing northeast 1-325

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 19. Representative photo of sediments, plan view Figure 20. Overview of single mobile home lot, facing west 1-326

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Figure 21. Representative photo of utility connections for mobile home lots, plan view Figure 22. Overview of Project Area, facing west
1-327

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Phase I cultural resource assessment of the Project Area included a CHRIS records search and background research, NAHC SLF review and tribal outreach, and a field pedestrian survey.

The records search results identified a total of one (1) previously recorded cultural resource within 1 -mile of the Project Area, none of which are located within the Project Area. In addition, 25 cultural resource investigations have been conducted within 1 -mile of the Project Area, one of which intersects the Project Area (RI -10406). During the field survey, conditions were good and ground visibility was fair. The Project Area is also heavily disturbed by previous development. Survey results included the recording of existing concrete foundations that are deemed ineligible under the NRHP and CRHR and do not qualify as a "unique archaeological resource" under CEQA PRC Section 21083.2.

While not observed at the surface, due to heavy disturbance from previous development, vegetation overgrowth, and modern refuse, archaeological features and resources may have subsurface components that could be revealed during construction of the proposed Project. The proposed Project Area is considered to have unknown to moderate sensitivity for presence of precontact or historical archaeological deposits or features. Due to the inability to visually inspect the ground during the survey from previous development and the existing historic -age resource, MCC recommends archaeological monitoring for the removal of the concrete foundations, vegetation clearing, trimming, and removal, and during ground disturbance occurring within the first 5 feet below surface during construction. Prior to the start of construction, a cultural resources management plan (CRMP) should be prepared and implemented. It is recommended the Project's CRMP implement the following procedures:
• Archaeological monitoring during all ground -disturbance activities, such as site preparation, demolition of historic structures, and grading up to 5 feet below surface, in order to quickly identify and assess any discoveries of cultural resources during Project implementation. • Development of an inadvertent discovery plan in place to expediently address archaeological and / or tribal cultural resource discoveries should these be encountered during any phase of development associated with the Project. In the event that these resources are inadvertently discovered during ground - disturbing activities, work must be halted within 50 feet of the find until it can be evaluated by a qualified archaeologist. Construction activities could continue in other areas. If the discovery proves to be significant, additional work, such as data recovery excavation, may be warranted and would be discussed in consultation with the appropriate regulatory agency(ies). • Procedures of conduct following the discovery of human remains on non-federal lands have been mandated by California Health and Safety Code §7050.5, PRC §5097.98 and the California Code of Regulations (CCR) §15064.5(e). According to the provisions in CEQA, should human remains be encountered, all work in the immediate vicinity of the burial must cease, and any necessary steps to ensure the integrity of the immediate area must be taken. The San Bernardino County Coroner shall be immediately notified and must then determine whether the remains are Native American. If the Coroner determines the remains are Native American, the Coroner has 24 hours to notify the NAHC, who will in turn, notify the person they identify as the Most -Likely -Descendent (MLD) of any human remains. Further actions will be determined, in part, by the desires of the MLD. The MLD has 48 hours to make recommendations regarding the disposition of the remains following notification from the NAHC of the discovery. If the MLD does not make recommendations within 48 hours, the owner shall, with appropriate dignity, reinter the remains in an area of the property secure from further disturbance.

Alternatively, if the owner does not accept the MLD's recommendations, the owner or the descendent may request mediation by the NAHC.
1-328

Peterson Road Project
Phase I Cultural Reso urces Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside Co unty Califo rnia
April 2024

CERTIFICATION: I hereby certify that the statements furnished abo ve and in the attached exhibits present the data and info rmation required fo r this repo rt, and that the facts, statements, and info rmation presented are true and correct to the best of my kno wledge and belief.

Date: April 4, 2024
Signed.

Printed Name: Tria Belco urt, M. A., RPA, Qualified Riverside County Archae ologist Principal Investigato r and Owner, Material Culture Consulting

Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

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Applied Earthworks, Inc.
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Bean, L.J.
1972 Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1978 "Cahuilla." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8. California, volume edited by Robert F.

Heizer, pp. 575-587 (W. T. Sturtevant, general editor). The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Bean, L.J., and Katherine Siva Saubel
1972 Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Use of Plants. Malki Museum, Banning, California.

Bean, L.J. and F.C. Shipek
1978 "Luiseno." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8. California, volume edited by Robert F.

Heizer, pp. 538-549 (W. T. Sturtevant, general editor). The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Bean, L.J. and C.R. Smith
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Heizer, pp. 570-574 (W. T. Sturtevant, general editor). The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

BLM GLO (Bureau of Land Management Government Land Office) 2008 Land Grant Records Search Tool. Available online at http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch/Default.asp . Last accessed February 22, 2021.

Brian F. Smith and Associates
2008 Phase I Archaeological Survey for the Cabazon Carmen Meadows Project, County of Riverside, California.

Prepared for Diversified Product, Ind., Ltd. On -file at Eastern Information Center, University of California, Riverside.

Brumgardt, Dr. John R.
1977 Site Record P-33-001701, Supplemental Material (The Gilman Ranch). On file at the Eastern Information Center, Riverside, California.

California Native American Heritage Commission
2024 http://nahc.ca.gov/ accessed February 2024
City of Rancho Mirage
2017 City of Rancho Mirage General Plan (RMGP) https://ranchomirageca.gov/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/rm-general-plan-17.pdf
County of Riverside
2015 County of Riverside Environmental Impact Report No. 521, Cultural and Paleontological Resources (Sec- tion 4.9)
Applied Earthworks, Inc.
2001 Eastside Reservoir Project Final Report of Archaeological Investigations, Volumes I -V. Prepared for Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. On file at Eastern Information Center, University of California, Riverside.
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Peterson Road Project
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

Bean, L.J.
1972 Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1978 "Cahuilla." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8. California, volume edited by Robert F.

Heizer, pp. 575-587 (W. T. Sturtevant, general editor). The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Bean, L.J., and Katherine Siva Saubel
1972 Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Use of Plants. Malki Museum, Banning, California.

Bean, L.J. and F.C. Shipek
1978 "Luisefio." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8. California, volume edited by Robert F.

Heizer, pp. 538-549 (W. T. Sturtevant, general editor). The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Bohannan, L.
2015 Palm Springs Golf: A History of Coachella Valley Legends & Fairways. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1- 62619-963-7.

BLM GLO (Bureau of Land Management Government Land Office) 2008 Land Grant Records Search Tool. Available online at http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch/Default.asp . Last accessed February 05, 2024.

Brian F. Smith and Associates
2008 Phase I Archaeological Survey for the Cabazon Carmen Meadows Project, County of Riverside, California.

Prepared for Diversified Product, Ind., Ltd. On -file at Eastern Information Center, University of California, Riverside.

Brumgardt, Dr. John R.
1977 Site Record P-33-001701, Supplemental Material (The Gilman Ranch). On file at the Eastern Information Center, Riverside, California.

California Native American Heritage Commission
2024 http://nahc.ca.gov/ accessed February 2024
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2017 City of Rancho Mirage General Plan (RMGP) https://ranchomirageca.gov/wp- content/uploads/2019/01/rm-general-plan-17.pdf
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2015 County of Riverside Environmental Impact Report No. 521, Cultural and Paleontological Resources (Sec- tion 4.9)
DuBois, C.
1908 "The Religion of the Luisefio and Diegueno Indians of Southern California." In University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(3):69-186, Berkeley, California Engelhardt, Zephyrn
1921 San Diego Mission. James M. Barry Company, San Francisco.

Gifford, Edward W
1918 Clans and Moieties in Southern California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology VoI.14, No. 2. University of California Press, Berkeley Gold, Scott
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Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County California
April 2024

accessed on August 6, 2021.

Greenwood and Associates
1980 Cultural Resource Overview for The Devers Substation to Serrano Substation Transmission Route Alternative Corridor Right-of-way. Prepared for Southern California Edison. Wlodarksi, R.J., J.M. Foster, and R. Greenwood: Greenwood and Associates. On -file at Eastern Information Center, University of California, Riverside.

Hopkins, N. A.
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Kroeber, A.L.
1908 Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. In American Archaeology and Ethnology. University of California Publications, Vol 8, No 2. pp. 29-68.
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Mallette, Leo A.
2011 Rancho Mirage. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-3932-0.

Miller, W.R.
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Napton, L. Kyle and E. A. Greathouse
1982 Cultural Resources Investigations Morongo Indian Reservation, California. Prepared for United States D Department of the Interior National Park Service.

Potter, L.A. and W. Schamel.
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Rancho Mirage Historic Preservation Commission
2024 https://ranchomirageca.gov/our-city/city-boards-commissions/historic-preservation-commission/ Riche, M. and Riche, J.
2018 Mod Mirage: The Midcentury Architecture of Rancho Mirage. Gibbs Smith Sparkman, P.
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Sutton, M.
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2017 "The Desert Serrano of the Mojave River," Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 53(2 & 3): pp. 1-

61. Sutton, M. and J. Gardner
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April 2024

2010 Reconceptualizing the Encinitas Tradition of Southern California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 42(4):1-64
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Warren, C. N.
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1-333

Appendix A:

Staff
Qualifications

'NZ 111%.

MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
TRIA BELCOURT, M.A.

PRINCIPAL ARCHAEOLOGIST

PROFILE
For the past 18 years, Tria Belcourt has led and managed several complex cultural resources compliance projects throughout California and Nevada. As the owner, CEO, and Principal Archaeologist at MCC, she is responsible for quality control, client services, corporate operations, and assuring that MCC's deliverables are completed within regulatory compliance and MCC's quality standards. Tria is responsible for applying a broad range of professional knowledge and understanding of archaeological facts, principles, theories, methods, techniques, and procedures necessary for the management of a large variety of archaeological, cultural, and historic resources in diverse ecosystems. She specializes in archaeological, cultural, and historic resources for compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act, Antiquities Act, National Historic Preservation Act, Archaeological Resources Protection Act, Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, and the California Environmental Quality Act. Tria meets the Secretary of Interior's Professional Qualifications for Archaeology and holds a Cultural Resources Use Permit with the Bureau of Land Management and a Permit for Archaeological Investigations with the US Department of the Interior.

EXPERIENCE
18 years
M.A. Anthropology, University of Florida, 2009
B.A. Anthropology, University of California, Los
Angeles 2006

CERTIFICATIONS
• Environmental Management of Military
Lands, Colorado State University, 2014
• Bureau of Land Management Cultural
Resources Use Permit — Principal Investigator,
CA
• Qualified Riverside County Archaeologist

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
• Society of Historical Archaeology
• Society for California Archaeology

PROJECT EXPERIENCE
Regional Connector
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority :: Los Angeles County, CA Project Manager and Principal Investigator. Oversaw and provided final review and submittal of all technical reports for three large design/build projects. Task orders included archaeological and paleontological monitoring, preparation of Mitigation Plans, Evaluation Reports, and Mitigation Reports for infrastructure improvements. Metro is constructing a new rail line and associated stations to connect future and existing rail lines in the downtown area into an integrated system.

The Regional Connector Transit Corridor Project will directly link the 7th Street/Metro Center Station (the Metro Blue Line terminus and Metro Expo Line terminus) located at 7th and Figueroa Streets, to the Metro Gold Line near Little Tokyo/Arts District Station at 1st and Alameda Streets. The project will involve construction and operation of a 1.9 -mile Light Rail Transit (LRT) connector that would link the Metro Blue Line, Metro Gold Line, and Metro Expo Line into a single consolidated system. The Regional Connector will begin underground at the existing Metro Blue Line and Metro Expo Line Material Culture Consulting, Inc. 1 2701 N. Towne Ave., Suite B, Pomona CA 91767 1 w www.materialci

platform at 7th Street/Metro Center Station and extend in a northeastern direction to a new junction with the Metro Gold Line near Alameda Street.

Crenshaw/LAX Mass -Transit Light Rail Line
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority :: Los Angeles, CA Project Manager and Principal Investigator. Oversaw and provided final review and submittal of all technical reports for three large design/build projects. Task orders included archaeological and paleontological monitoring, preparation of Mitigation Plans, Evaluation Reports, and Mitigation Reports for infrastructure improvements. The project involves the construction of Metro's 8.5 -mile mass -transit light rail line through southwest Los Angeles. Once all construction is complete, the Crenshaw/LAX Transit Project will extend light rail transit access from the existing Metro E Line (Expo) at Crenshaw and Exposition Boulevards in Los Angeles to the Metro C Line (Green) at the Aviation/LAX Station on Aviation Boulevard and Interstate 105 in the City of El Segundo. The K Line includes a total of nine stations.

Division 13 Project
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority :: Los Angeles County Project Manager and Principal Investigator. Oversaw and provided final review and submittal of all technical reports for three large design/build projects. Task orders included archaeological and paleontological monitoring, preparation of Mitigation Plans, Evaluation Reports, and Mitigation Reports for infrastructure improvements. The Los Angeles Metro's new Division 13 Bus Maintenance and Operations Facility constructed a maintenance facility with 19 service bays for the metro's growing fleet and employee parking for 382 vehicles.

Construction Package 2-3
California High -Speed Rail Authority :: Fresno, Tulare, and Kern Counties Project Manager and Principal Investigator. Oversees archaeological construction support services to ensure compliance with the Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report (EIS/EIR) and federal and state permits. She is responsible for ensuring collaboration with Native American monitors and providing archaeological monitors during earth - moving activities, including grubbing, clearing, grading, and trenching involving native soils in areas identified as sensitive for prehistoric archaeological remains. Additionally, she has overseen the completion of several supplemental archaeological surveys. She has scheduled several mandatory trainings, including worker's environmental awareness training, Pacific Gas & Electric line safety training, and BNSF railroad safety training. The CP 2-3 Project is a 60 -mile route located within the counties of Fresno, Tulare, and Kings and includes the construction of at -grade, aerial, and possible below -grade sections of the high-speed train, relocation and possible crossing of BNSF railroad tracks, roadway constructions, and the construction of waterway and wildlife crossings. The joint lead agencies are the Federal Railroad Administration and the California High -Speed Rail Authority (CAHSR) for the National Environmental Policy Act and CASHR for the California Environmental Quality Act.

US Multimodal Corridor Enhancement and Rehabilitation Project Caltrans District 3 :: Sacramento County
Project Manager. Responsible for the review of a Paleontological Resources Monitoring Plan, contract administration, and monitoring oversight for full-time paleontological monitoring for portions of the project that have the potential to affect significant paleontological resources during ground -disturbing activities that affect native or potentially native substrate materials of Pleistocene age or older, including vegetation removal, site preparation, and construction grading and excavation. Paleontological monitoring consists of observing operations and periodically inspecting disturbed, graded, and excavated services. Coordination with the Caltrans Resources Specialist and Construction Resident Engineer is conducted to ensure that monitoring is thorough but does not result in unnecessary delays. The project consists of constructing approximately 7.5 miles of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes in both directions on US 50 from US 50/1-5 Interchange to the US 50/Watt Avenue Interchange.

Castle Fire Restoration Emergency Work
Southern California Edison :: Sequoia National Forest
Project Manager. Provided project management support for archaeological field surveys and monitoring for emergency fire restoration activities, including line clearing and tree work, along SCE's right-of-way (ROW) due to recent fires in Sequoia National Forest (SQNF). The Castle Fire, a part of the Sequoia Complex Fire, burned approximately 171,336 acres in 2020 2 1-336

and 2021, including 131,087 acres within Sequoia National Forest (SQNF) and Giant Sequoia National Monument, 12,508 acres within Inyo National Forest (INF), 18,984 acres within Sequoia National Park (SEKI), 736 acres on lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 4,017 acres on state and county managed lands, and 4,004 acres on private lands.

SCE identified extensive damage to electrical distribution circuits within the fire boundary and conducted emergency repairs that included distribution line repairs and vegetation management, including the removal of hazardous trees that posed an imminent threat to facilities, crews, and the public.

Wholesale Lumber and Building Material Facility
84 Lumber Company :: Los Angeles County
Project Manager and Principal Investigator. Conducted cultural and paleontological background research and NAHC outreach, performed cultural resources survey, and prepared a technical report and GIS geospatial data management. The cultural resources assessment was completed in compliance with CEQA and the City of Lancaster environmental guidelines. 84 Lumber Company is proposing the construction of a new wholesale lumber and building material facility constructed on a 12.74 -acre site and consists of an 11,000 square foot main building, a 6,000 square foot shed, and a retention basin and landscaped setbacks.

Transmission Line Rating and Remediation Project (TLRR) — Kern River 66kV Southern California Edison :: Kern and Los Angeles Counties Principal Investigator. Provided oversight and quality control and assurance of a cultural resources inventory report that included an intensive pedestrian survey and a report of findings. A supplemental records search was completed prior to the start of fieldwork at the request of SCE. The inventory was completed in accordance with the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended, the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), and other applicable legislation. The proposed project will mitigate multiple discrepancies through the subtransmission system. The project traverses approximately 80 miles in central Kern County and northwestern Los Angeles County. The project is located on private property, lands administered by the Sequoia National Forest, Los Padres National Forest, Fort Tejon State Park, and the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

Tehachapi Renewable Transmission Project: Segments 1-3 and Segments 6-11 Southern California Edison :: Kern, Los Angeles and Orange Counties Principal Investigator. Ms. Belcourt provided service to this project over seven years in multiple roles — archaeological field monitor, project coordinator, in-house consultant at SCE, and principal investigator. She provided regulatory oversight and project management regarding cultural and paleontological resource management for all segments of TRTP. Developed and implemented internal cultural resource management programs based on the mitigation measures in the Final Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement (FEIR/EIS) for TRTP, and for the existing Special Use Permits and Record of Decision for TRTP, issued by the Angeles National Forest (ANF). Oversaw preparation of the Historic Properties Treatment Plans, fieldwork, and technical report preparation for two large-scale Phase III Data Recovery excavations on Angeles National Forest. Coordinated with ANF archaeologists on discovery and management of previously unknown cultural resources identified during construction. Provided cultural resources analyses and clearance documentation, including technical reports, for over 100 project modifications during construction without delay to project.

Finally, Tria was responsible for maintaining the geospatial data for the project within the SCE cultural resources geodatabase TRTP and coordinated with the project GIS team. 3 1-337

MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
ERIKA MCMULLIN, B.A.

SENIOR ARCHAEOLOGIST

PROFILE
Erika McMullin is an archaeologist with over seven years of archaeological experience, and over four years of cultural resource management (CRM) experience. Ms. McMullin has worked on projects subject to Federal, State, and local government regulations within California. She has served as a field director for monitoring, survey, site recording, and excavation throughout California and internationally. Ms. McMullin specializes in bioarchaeological techniques, including identifying and exhuming human burials. She has served as a bioarchaeology supervisor at the Blackfriary Archaeology Field School in Co. Meath, Ireland. In addition to field work, she has performed laboratory analysis of human remains on a Maya population in Belize and conducted biological profiles for previously undetermined individuals with varying ancestries. Ms. McMullin earned her GIS Certificate in 2019 and serves as MCC's GIS Specialist where she is responsible for map creation, spatial data analysis and management, and other GIS support services. Recently, Ms. McMullin has been responsible for managing several on -call contracts for Southern California Edison as a subconsultant, including performing project management, authoring various archaeological reports, and managing field staff. She has also completed hundreds of California State Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 Forms for recording and evaluating sites and individual resources. She has written and provided technical peer review of monitoring and survey reports for various agencies. In addition, she serves as Project Manager for MCC's CEQA projects where she is responsible for conducting California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) record searches, Native American correspondence and outreach, background research, managing surveys, writing Phase I Reports, and recommending mitigation measures.

PROJECT EXPERIENCE
Veterans Affairs West Los Angeles Hospital Bldg. 220 Parking Lot Expansion Project Dept. of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System :: Los Angeles, CA Project Manager. Ms. McMullin provides project management support for all archaeological resource monitoring services. Her responsibilities included maintaining communication with all involved parties, fulfilling staffing requests, tracking the project's progress, writing monitoring compliance report, analyzing data and creating maps through GIS, and submitting all deliverables to the client.

Duration: September 2023 -Present
Windy Fire Restoration Emergency Work
Southern California Edison :: Sequoia National Forest
Project Manager. Ms. McMullin Provides project management support for all archaeological field surveys and monitoring assignments for this program. Post -fire restoration work includes line clearing and tree trimming/removal, maintaining and repairing roads, and replacing damaged SCE infrastructure. The work area includes areas in the southern portion of Sequioa National Forest.

Duration: August 2023 -Present
French Fire Restoration Emergency Work
Southern California Edison :: Sequoia National Forest
Project Manager. Ms. McMullin Provides project management support for all archaeological field surveys and monitoring assignments for this program. Post -fire restoration work includes line clearing and tree trimming/removal, maintaining and repairing roads, and replacing damaged SCE infrastructure. The work area includes areas in the southern portion of Sequioa National Forest.

Duration: August 2023 -Present

EXPERIENCE
7 years

EDUCATION
M.A. in Biological
Anthropology, emphasis in
Bioarchaeology, University of
California, Los Angeles, In
Progress (Jan. 2024)
B.A. Anthropology
University of California, Los
Angeles, 2014

CERTIFICATIONS
• GIS Professional
Certificate, California
State University, Los
Angeles 2019
Material Culture Consulting, Inc. 1 2701 N. Towne Ave., Suite B, Pomona CA 91767 1 w www.materialcl

San Jacinto Deteriorated Pole Program
Southern California Edison :: Santa Barbara, Riverside, and San Bernardino County, CA Project Manager. Ms. McMullin Provides project management support for all archaeological field surveys and monitoring assignments for this program. The work areas include Santa Barbara, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties. Her responsibilities included maintaining communication with all involved parties, fulfilling staffing requests, tracking the project's progress, writing DPRs and reports, analyzing data and creating maps through GIS, and submitting all deliverables to the client.

Duration: May 2023 -Present
1149 N. Las Palmas Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment Project Kimley-Horn :: Hollywood, Los Angeles County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, co-authored the cultural and tribal sensitivity report, and provided peer review of the paleontological report.

November 2022 -May 2023
Veterans Affairs West Los Angeles Hospital Lot 38 Project Dept. of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System :: Los Angeles, CA Staff Archaeologist and Co -Project Manager. Ms. McMullin provides archaeological resource monitoring services during ground disturbing phases of the project. This project is relocating utilities to replace abandoned utilities at MacArthur Field on the Veterans Affairs Hospital property. Erika's responsibilities includes maintaining communication with all involved parties, completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records, writing the monitoring report, and evaluating cultural resources.

Duration: September 2022 —April 2023
Deteriorated Pole Replace Program MSUP
Southern California Edison :: Inyo, Sierra, Sequoia, Angeles, and San Bernardino National Forest, CA Project Manager. Ms. McMullin provides project management to support all pedestrian surveys and monitoring assignments for this program. The work areas include Inyo, Sierra, Sequoia, Angeles, and San Bernardino National Forest.

Her responsibilities included maintaining communication with all involved parties, fulfilling staffing requests, tracking the project's progress, writing DPRs and reports, analyzing data and creating maps through GIS, provided peer review of deliverables, and submitting all deliverables to the client.

Duration: April 2022 — Present
Ivanpah-Control Site Testing and Laboratory Support
Southern California Edison :: Inyo and Kern Counties, CA Staff Archaeologist. Ms. McMullin participated in cultural surveying, excavation, and laboratory sorting and cataloging for the demolition and replacement of Southern California Edison's existing 115 kV transmission lines in Lone Pine, Inyo County and lnyokern, Kern County.

Duration: March 1, 2022 — April 12, 2022 (350 hrs.)
Palomino Business Park
Caprocks Partners :: Riverside County, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. McMullin provided cultural and paleontological resource monitoring services during the ground - disturbing phases of the project. The Palomino Business Park Project is redeveloping approximately 110 acres of land within the City of Norco for a new business park that will include industrial, commercial, and office uses. The project includes the construction of approximately 2,050,000 square feet of new building space and related onsite and offsite improvements.

Duration: January 2022 — April 2022
2 1-339

Heavy Tree Removal Program
Southern California Edison :: Sequoia, Sierra, Inyo, San Bernardino, and Los Padres National Forests Staff Archaeologist. Ms. McMullin performs cultural resources monitoring and survey while coordinating with tree crews, biologists, and SCE lead representatives. This program is a result of the CPUC's mandate that utilities eliminate public hazards associated with dead, dying, and diseased trees within utility corridors, of which the USDA Forest Service found that up to 30% of native and non-native trees within SCE's service territory has been adversely affected by drought conditions and beetle infestations.

Duration: 2021— Present
Fountain Valley Residential Phase 1 Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: City of Fountain Valley, Orange County Project Manager and GIS Specialist: Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological report.

Duration: January 2021 —July 2021
Line Clearing and Vegetation Management
Southern California Edison :: National Park Service (NPS) SUP along the Salt Creek 12 kV Transmission Line, Sequoia and Kings (SEKI) National Park, Tulare County.

Field Director. Ms. McMullin managed a crew and conducted archaeological field survey for SCE vegetation management activities located on lands administered by the NPS. Duties include surveying, identifying, and recording historic and prehistoric resources along multiple landscapes and contexts, and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records daily.

Duration: January 2021, January 2022
Gonzalez Solar Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: City of Reedley, Fresno County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological report.

Duration: January 2021 —July 2021
Seaton and Cajalco Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Unincorporated area near City of Perris, Riverside County Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: April 2021— October 2021
4200 W Valley Blvd Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Pomona, Los Angeles County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: April 2021 —July 2021
Redlands Mall Redevelopment I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Redlands, San Bernardino County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS 3 1-340

record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: April 2021— May 2021
Florence Avenue Townhomes Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Santa Fe Springs, Los Angeles County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: April 2021 —June 2021
Rolling Greens Way Phase !Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Unincorporated Los Angeles County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: May 2021 -August 2021
Pacifica Cottonwood Phase !Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Moreno Valley, Riverside County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: May 2021 -June 2022
Slover and Adler Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Unincorporated San Bernardino County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: June 2021 -October 2021
5770 Industrial Parkway Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Unincorporated San Bernardino County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: July 2021 -October 2021
Stover and Adler Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Unincorporated San Bernardino County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: June 2021 -October 2021
4 1-341

Santa Ana and Calabash Phase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: City of Fontana, San Bernardino County Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: July 2021 -October 2021
Kings CSG 3 Solar LLCPhase I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Unincorporated Kings County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: October 2021- January 2022
Belago Park I Cultural and Paleontological Assessment
EPD Solutions :: Moreno Valley, Riverside County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: December 2020 -December 2022
Cabazon Residential Phase! Cultural and Paleontological Assessment EPD Solutions :: Unincorporated Riverside County
Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, field survey and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the cultural and paleontological reports and DPRs.

Duration: November 2020 -October 2021
Redlands Transit Village Specific Plan
City of Redlands :: Redlands, CA, San Bernardino County.

Assistant Project Manager and GIS Specialist. Ms. McMullin provided Project Management support to facilitate the CHRIS record search, NAHC outreach, paleontological record search, and GIS support. She is responsible for conducting the above -mentioned outreach, background research, and co-authored the Specific Plan report.

Duration: November 2020 — February 2021
Creek Fire Restoration Emergency Work
Southern California Edison :: Sierra National Forest, CA Staff Archaeologist. Ms. McMullin provided archaeological support including field surveys, monitoring support for emergency fire restoration activities, including line clearing and tree work along SCE's right-of-way (ROW) due to recent fires in the Sierra National Forest (SNF). Her duties included maintaining communication with prime consultant and construction crews, performing testing alongside Forest Archaeologists, attendance of project meetings, and completing and submitting paperwork, photographic records, and Survey123 to the client in a timely matter.

Duration: October 2020 — December 2020
CWA 10030 Transmission Line Rating and Remediation (TLRR)/Ivanpah-Coolwater-Kramer-Inyokern Project Southern California Edison :: BLM and Private Lands, Inyo, LA, and San Bernardino Counties Staff Archaeologist. Ms. McMullin provided archaeological support to prime contractor's Field Directors for this project.

She was lead field archaeologist on her survey crew. Duties included surveying, identifying, and recording historic and prehistoric resources along multiple landscapes and contexts. She used tablets to create in field Series 523 forms and 5 1-342

collect spatial data using Collector and sub meter geodes. Ms. McMullin was responsible for maintaining cultural data for both new and previously recorded resources.

Duration: June 2019 — February 2020
Deteriorated Pole Replace Program
Southern California Edison :: Sequoia, Sierra, Inyo, Kern, and San Bernardino County, Private land, BLM Land Field Technician. Ms. McMullin provides field support to complete archaeological field surveys, monitoring, and testing for the program. Her responsibilities included maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records. In addition, Ms. McMullin assisted with preparation of California State Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) forms for the Project.

Duration: 2019 — Present
Blackfriary Archaeological Field School, Trim, County Meath, Ireland.

Bioarchaeology Supervisor. Ms. McMullin supervised and instructed students on methods and techniques during this excavation. Her duties included identifying human remains, identifying faunal remains, identifying grave cuts and grave fill, excavating human burials, mapping burials using Nikon total station, planning burials, and filling out all paperwork including grave fill, grave cut, and burial sheets. Ms. McMullin also assisted in post -excavation efforts of burials, including washing, bagging, and properly storing burials.

Duration: 2021 (200 hrs), 2022 (200 hrs)
Mesoamerican Archaeology Lab, California State University, Los Angeles.

Lab Manager and Graduate Student. Ms. McMullin manages the Lab under the supervision of Dr. James Brady. Her duties include cataloguing, organizing, and identifying bone and bone fragments from the skeletal collection of Midnight Terror Cave excavation. The collection includes over 10,000 bones of disarticulated and commingled remains. Ms. McMullin's thesis research centers around using various long bone measurements to determine probable sex. Ms. McMullin was also in charge of supervising and teaching students the methods and techniques for identification and cataloging of skeletal remains.

Duration: 2018 — Present (300 hrs)
Blackfriary Archaeological Field School, Trim, County Meath, Ireland.

Student Internship. Ms. McMullin was part of a team performing bioarchaeological and landscape archaeological excavations in Ireland. One of her duties involved supervising students and assisting supervisors during these excavations.

Ms. McMullin also participated in zooarchaeology and community archaeology workshops. Her duties for the workshops included site planning, artifact cataloging, identify human remains, identify faunal remains, survey, record data, record coordinates, site plans, elevation drawings, total station, post -excavation, clean artifacts, assist students, and community outreach.

Duration: 2018 (240 hrs)
Bioarchaeology Lab, California State University, Los Angeles.

Research Assistant. Ms. McMullin worked under the supervision of Dr. Christine Lee in the Bioarchaeology Lab. Her duties involved determining biological profiles of skeletal remains including age, sex, race, and paleopathologies.

Duration: 2017 (50 hrs)
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MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
HANNAH JOHNSTON, MSc
STAFF ARCHAEOLOGIST 11

PROFILE
Hannah Johnston is an archaeologist with over four years of academic research and field experience and a year of professional experience in cultural resource management. Ms. Johnston has worked on projects subject to Federal, State, and local government regulations within California. She has participated in monitoring, survey, and excavation efforts as a crew member in California. Ms. Johnston is experienced in field work and osteology. In addition, she has conducted laboratory analysis of artifacts and faunal remains from California's coastal region.

Operations and Maintenance Program
Southern California Edison :: Sequoia National Forest, CA Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston provides monitoring and survey support during excavations for the SCE Operations and Maintenance Program. Ms.

Johnston's responsibilities includes maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records.

Duration: August 2023
Operations and Maintenance Program
Southern California Edison :: Inyo National Forest, Bishop, CA Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston provides monitoring and survey support during excavations for the SCE Operations and Maintenance Program for the TROW CEMA Silverpeak-Wyman Canyon Circuit. Ms. Johnston's responsibilities includes maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records.

Duration: August 2023
Environmental Clearance Program
Southern California Edison :: Angeles National Forrest, CA Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston was part of a team that surveyed 30 poles within the Angeles National Forest for the SCE Environmental Clearance Program. Ms. Johntson's responsibilities includes maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records.

Duration: July 2023
MEP040-4 Bishop Survey
Southern California Edison :: Inyo County, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Under the direction of a permitted Field Director, Ms.

Johnston was part of a team that conducted two (2) 10 -day cultural resources survey across multiple land designations including BLM, CDFW, and Private Lands within the Bishop area. Ms. Johnston's duties included operating GIS applications to record spatial data, complete paperwork and photos, and assist with uploading daily data.

Duration: June —July 2023

EXPERIENCE
2 years CRM
2 years Academia

EDUCATION
M.Sc. Professional Human
Osteoarcheology
University of Reading United Kingdom,
2022
B.A. Anthropology
California State University Los Angeles
2020

CERTIFICATIONS
• First Aid and CPR certified
• GIS Basics Training (Esri)
• ArcGIS Online Basics (Esri)
• ArcGIS Pro Basics (Esri)

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
• Association of American Physical
Anthropologists (AAPA)
• American Anthropological
Association (AAA)
• British Association for Biological
Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology
(BABAO)
• Western Social Science Association
(WSSA)
Material Culture Consulting, Inc. 1 2701 N. Towne Ave., Suite B, Pomona CA 91767 1 w www.materialcl

Operations and Maintenance Program
Southern California Edison :: Ventura and Kern County
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston provides monitoring and survey support during excavations for the SCE Operations and Maintenance Program. Ms. Johntson's responsibilities includes maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records.

Duration: June 2023 — Present
San Jacinto CCP Program
Southern California Edison :: San Jacinto, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston provides monitoring and survey support during excavations for pole installation and trenching. Ms. Johntson's responsibilities includes maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records.

Duration: September 2022 — Present
1-15 Logistics Center
City of Fontana :: Fontana, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston is performing archaeological monitoring during ground -disturbing activities. Ms.

Johnstons' responsibilities include maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records. The Project includes the development and operation of a 1,175,720 -square foot logistics facility on approximately 76 acres (Logistics Site); the realignment of a segment of Lytle Creek Road from the western Project boundary eastward to a new intersection with Sierra Avenue; and the annexation of 152 acres (Annexation Area or Project Area), inclusive of the 76 -acre Logistics Site.

Duration: May 2023 — Present
Grid Resiliency Project and Plant Betterment Project
Southern California Edison :: Bureau of Land Management, Bishop Field Office and Private Property, CA Staff Archaeologist. Under the direction of a permitted Field Director, Ms. Johnston was part of a team that conducted cultural resources survey of 17.25 acres and performed site recording for SCE's Grid Resiliency Project and Plant Betterment Project on lands administered by BLM Bishop and Private Property. Ms. Johnston's duties included operating GIS applications to record spatial data, complete paperwork and photos, and assist with uploading daily data.

Duration: October 2022 — November 2022
Rincon Athos Solar Project
Desert City, Riverside County, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston provided cultural resource monitoring services during ground disturbing phases of the project. Her responsibilities included maintaining communication with all involved parties along with completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records for the client daily.

Duration: 2021
Deteriorated Pole Replace Program
Southern California Edison :: Sequoia, San Bernardino, Angeles, and Los Padres National Forest, CA Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston provides cultural resource monitoring services during ground disturbing phases of the project. Her responsibilities include maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records.

Duration: 2021— 2022
Poles and Wires Survey Program
Southern California Edison :: Inyo National Forest, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston provided survey, monitoring, and site testing support. Her responsibilities included maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records.

Duration: April 2021
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San Marcos Bridge Removal Project
City of San Marcos :: San Marcos, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston provided cultural resource monitoring services during ground disturbing phases of the project. Her responsibilities included maintaining communication with all involved parties and completing and submitting paperwork and photographic records.

Duration: 2021
4200 Valley Blvd.

Pomona, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston surveyed 13.84 arches for the future development of a new Class -A speculation industrial building. Her duties included survey activities, completing all associated field paperwork, recording new resources, photography, and post -processing of forms.

Duration: July 2021
Cabazon Residential
Core5 Industrial Partners :: City of Cabazon, CA
Staff Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston surveyed 22 acres for a future housing development of 121 homes on a mostly undeveloped parcel. Her duties included survey activities, completing all associated field paperwork, recording new resources, photography, and post -processing of forms.

Duration: May 2021
Santa Monica Mountain Range Excavation
California State University :: Los Angeles, CA
Field Archaeologist. Ms. Johnston's studies and tasks included coastal archaeology, Native American studies, zooarchaeology, landscape archaeology, excavation, analyzing soil composition, site planning, cataloging, survey, total station, recording data and GIS coordinates, sieving, and cleaning artifacts.

Duration: 2018
Spike Island Excavation
Institute of Field Research :: Spike Island off County Cork, Ireland Field Bioarchaeologist. Ms. Johnston's studies and tasks included bioarchaeology, excavation, site planning, cataloging, recording data, site plans, photogrammetry, point mapping, total station, cleaning bones and artifacts, identifying human remains, and paleopathology.

Duration: 2018
Coastal Archaeology Lab
California State University :: Los Angeles, CA
Lab Assistant. Ms. Johnston's duties included sieving, measuring, cataloging, and sorting faunal remains and organic material.

Duration: 2018 - 2020
Forensic Anthropology Lab
California State University :: Los Angeles, CA
Lab Assistant. Ms. Johnston's duties included organizing the bone collection, practicing compiling biological profiles, and identification of trauma and disease.

Duration: 2019 - 2020
Mesoamerican Archaeology Lab
California State University :: Los Angeles, CA
Lab Assistant. Ms. Johnston's duties included research of subadult remains from Midnight Terror Cave site to compare to other Mesoamerican sites for an honors thesis on human child sacrifice.

Duration: 2019 — 2020
3 1-346

Appendix B
(CONFIDENTIAL):

CHRIS Record Search
Results

0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Project Area Miles ��
© 1-mi. buffer
Kilometers �►
0 0.5 coNsut TING
1 1 5 2 MATERIAL CULTURE
g.1 I I ports I i h P 1.74 Off)
1-348
r,2

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

CALIENTE
34 IN1 MA1^1 RESERVATION '
,;4- r•`-=►f(LF CUURS( OlbI
lir
CO Project Area
Q 1-mi. buffer
© 0.5 1
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1 f?4.f1f1()
Miles
Kilometers

1.5 2
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MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
1-349

0, Project Area
Q 1-rm. buffer

CALIENTE
0 0.25

0.5 0.75
ERBrRO (WINTRY CLUB
i 1?`�
USGS7.5'2Quad: Cathedral City & Rancho Mirages
1 ] Miles riNPapi,
Kilometers 4100

1.5 2 MATERIAL CULTURE

CONSULTING
0 0.5
p- 3 t P..sovu , r yn WPC.
1 1.74 nnn
1-350

Report List
Report No. Other IDs
Year Author(s)
Title
Affiliation
Resources
RI -00032 NADB-R - 1085359;
Voided - MF-0039
RI -00072
NADB-R - 1083969;
Submitter - 0060;
Voided - MF-0062
RI -00115 NADB-R - 1080132;
Voided - MF-0102
RI -00181 NADB-R - 1080231;
Voided - MF-0168
RI -01783 NADB-R - 1082131;
Voided - MF-1926
RI -03861
RI -03862
NADB-R - 1084744;
Submitter - 189;
Voided - MF-4208
NADB-R - 1084830;
Voided - MF-4208
RI -05327 NADB-R - 1086690
RI -06630
NADB-R - 1087997;
Submitter - CRM

TECH CONTRACT
#1729
1979 Archaeological Survey Report: The Rancho
Mirage Property Near Palm Springs, CA.
1972 Phillip J. Wilke Sunrise Country Club: Expected Impact On Archaeological Resources
1973 Philip J. Wilke
1978 Jennifer Taschek-Ball
1984 SWENSON, JAMES D.
1995 LOVE, BRUCE
1995 LOVE, BRUCE
2002 MICHAEL BRANDMAN

ASSOCIATES
2006 HOGAN, MICHAEL and
BAI "TOM" TANG
The Sprinfs Country Club: Expected Impact
on Archaeological Resources
An Archaeological Survey of Some
Discontinuous Parcels of Land on the Agua
Caliente Indian Reservation, Riverside
County, California

AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF

TWO SMALL PARCELS ON THE AGUA

CALIENTE INDIAN RESERVATION,

RANCHO MIRAGE, RIVERSIDE COUNTY,

CALIFORNIA

IDENTIFICATION & EVALUATION OF
HISTORIC PROPERTIES: FRANK SINATRA

DRIVE STREET WIDENING PROJECT,

RANCHO MIRAGE, RIVERSIDE COUNTY,

CALIFORNIA

NEGATIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
REPORT: FRANK SINATRA DRIVE

IMPROVEMENTS, BETWEEN

MORNINGSIDE DR/THOMPSON RD AND

BOB HOPE DR, CITY OF RANCHO

MIRAGE, RIVERSIDE COUNTY,

CALIFORNIA

RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS FOR
SPRINT PCS FACILITY R35XC095J
(TROJAN PROPERTIES), CITY OF

RANCHO MIRAGE, RIVERSIDE COUNTY,
CA
LETTER REPORT: HISTORICAL AND

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

INVESTIGATION, THE LODGE AT RANCHO
MIRAGE, APPROXIMATELY 39 ACRES,

CITY OF RANCHO MIRAGE, RIVERSIDE

COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Archaeological Associates,
Ltd., Costa Mesa, CA
Archaeological Research
Unit, U.C. Riveside
33-000628
Archaeological Research
Unit, U.C. Riverside
Department of Antropology, 33-000045, 33-000516, 33-001169 San Diego State University

AUTHOR(S)

CRM TECH

CRM TECH

MICHAEL BRANDMAN

ASSOCIATES

CRM TECH

Report List
Report No. Other IDs Year Author(s)
Title
Affiliation
Resources
RI -07441
RI -08198
RI -08284
RI -08506
2007 Denniston, L. Elizabeth
2009 Robert J. Wlodarski
2009 Carla Allred
2010 Jay K. Sander, M.A.

RI -08653 Submitter -IE24259- 2011 Wayne H. Bonner, Gavin B Leaver, and Sarah A.

Williams
RI -08825 Voided - 8848
RI -09181
RI -09497
2012 Bai "Tom" Tang and
Michael Hogan
2013 Heather Puckett
2015 Bai "Tom" Tang and
Michael Hogan
Phase I Archaeological Assessment of
Approximately 1.42 Acres for the Repair of
the Paxton Drop Structure in Rancho Mirage,
Riverside County, California
Field Reconnaissance Phase for the
Proposed Bechtel Wireless
Telecommunications Site Bechtel Wireless
Telecommunications Site RS0160
Letter Report: Proposed Cellular Tower
Project(s) in Los Angeles County, California,
Site Number(s)/Names(s): LA -3628A/ Lord
Fletcher TCNS# 56936
A Phase I Cultural Resources Inventory for
APN 689-090-003, 689-130-004, 689-130-
005, 689-130-013, 689-130-014, 689-130-
017, 689-130-018, & 689-140-022
Compromising Approx. 20 Acres Rancho
Mirage, Riverside County, California
Cultural Resources Records Search and Site
Visit Results for T -Mobile USA Candidate
IE24259-B (Northern Trust Plaza), 69730
Highway 111, Rancho Mirage, Riverside
County
Historic Property Survey Report: Frank
Sinatra Drive/Highway 111 Intersection
Improvement Project, City of Rancho Mirage,
Riverside County, California, Federal Project
No. HSPIL-5412(010)
Cultural Resources Summary for the
Proposed Verizon Wireless, Inc., Property at
the Boothill Site, 70801 Highway 111,
Cathedral City, Riverside County, California
92270
Historical Property/Archaeological Survey
Report Highway 111 Street Lighting Project
City of Rancho Mirage, Riverside County,
California
RI -09749 Other - Project No. 2014 K. Ross Way and Robert RSMW, LLC Thunderbird Resort and Spa 14-00928 Ramirez Development Project Cultural Resource Study Applied EarthWorks, Inc.

Cellular Archaeological
Resource Evaluations,
West Hills, CA
Earth Touch, Layton, UT
Chambers Group, Inc.

Michael Brandman
Associates

CRM TECH
Tetra Tech

CRM TECH
Rincon Consultants

1-352

Report List
Report No. Other IDs
Year Author(s)
Title
Affiliation
Resources
RI -09833
RI -09835
RI -09850
RI -10248
Other - HSIPL-
5412(014)
RI -10249 Other- HSIPL-5412
(014)
RI -10374 Other-Stormwater
Channel Project
RI -10406
2015 Janis Offermann and
Lauren Bridges
2015 Jannis Offermann and
Lauren Bridges
2017 Joan George, Dennis
Mcougall, and Vanesa
Mirro
2017 Curt Duke
2017 Nicholas F. Hearth
2013 Joan George and
Venessa Mirro
2012 Michael Mirro
Historic Property Survey Report for Frank
Sinatra Drive Bridge at Whitewater River
Project Location: Frank Sinatra Drive, Rancho
Mirage, Riverside County, California
Archaeological Survey Report for Frank
Sinatra Drive Bridge at Whitewater River
Project Location: Frank Sinatra Drive, Rancho
Mirage, Riverside County, California
Cultural Resource Assessment for the
Coachella Valley Water District's Whitewater
River Stormwater Channel Bureau of Indian
Affairs Easement Renewal Project, City of
Cathedral City, Riverside County, California
Historic Property Survey Report Rancho
Mirage Resignalization Project Highway
111/Bob Hope Drive/Country Club Drive
Archaeological Survey Report Rancho Mirage
Resignalization Project Highway 111/Bob
Hope Drive/ Country Club Drive
Phase 1 Cultural Resources Assessment for
the Coachella Valley Water District's
Whitewater River- Coachella Valley
Stormwater Channel Project, Riverside
County, California
Archaeological Sensitivity Model for the
Whitewater River Stormwater Channel,
Riverside County, California
URS Corporation
URS Corporation
Applied EarthWorks, Inc
Duke CRM

DUKE CRM
Applied EarthWorks, Inc.

Applied EarthWorks, Inc.
33-000628
33-017259
33-000064, 33-001178, 33-001530,
33-001770, 33-002200, 33-003005,
33-003683,33-006045,33-007924,
33-008741,33-009018,33-009019,
33-009021,33-009022,33-009461,
33-009498, 33-016786, 33-017259

1-353

Resource List
Primary No. Trinomial Other IDs Type Age Attribute codes Recorded by Reports P-33-005513 Other - Peterson Ranch; Building Historic HP02 1982 (Jim Warner, Riverside County Other - Ser. No. 33-2270-3 Historical Commission)

1-354

RI -10406

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY MODEL

FOR THE WHITEWATER RIVER

STORMWATER CHANNEL, RIVERSIDE

COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
USGS Cathedral City, Desert Hot Springs, Indio, La Quinta, Mecca, Myoma, Oasis, Palm Springs, Rancho Mirage, Thermal Canyon, Valerie, West Berdoo Canyon, and Whitewater, 7.5' Quadrangles Prepared for:

Luke Stowe
Coachella V alley Water District
P. O. Bo x 1058
Coachella, CA 92236
(760) 398-2651
Prepared by:

Michael Mirro, M. A. , RPA
Applied EarthWorks, Inc.
3550 East Florida Avenue, Suite H
Hemet, CA 92544-4937
(951) 766-2000
September 2012

RECEIVED IM
MAY 21 2018
EIC
K eywords: Whitewater Riv er, Whitewater River Stormwater Channel, Co achella Valley Sto rmwater Channel, Co achella Valley, Co rp of Engineers, Califo rnia Department of Fish and Game, Sensitivity Model, Archaeolo gical, Prehistoric, Historical

CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3
3 CULTURAL SETTING 4

3.1 Environmental Setting 4

3.2 Prehistoric Setting 7

3.2.1 Paleoindian/San Dieguito Period (ca. 12,000 B.P. to 7000 B.P.) 7

3.2.2 Pinto Period (ca. 7000 B.P. to 4000 B.P.) 8

3.2.3 Gypsum Period (ca. 4000 B.P. to 1500 B.P.) 9

3.2.4 Saratoga Springs Period (ca. 1500 B.P. to 750 B.P.) 10

3.2.5 Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 750 B.P. to 200 B.P.) 11

3.3 Ethnographic Setting (by David Earle) 12

3.3.1 Cahuilla Socio-political Organization 12

3.3.2 Cahuilla Religion and Ritual 13

3.3.3 Cahuilla Subsistence Practices and Settlement 14

3.3.4 Cahuilla Horticulture 14

3.4 Historical Setting 15
4 METHODS 18
5 LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH AND
BACKGROUND RESEARCH 19

5.1 Literature and Records Search Results and Analysis 19

5.2 Historical Map and Aerial Photo Analysis 20

5.3 Analysis of the Surficial Geology of the Coachella Valley and the Potential for Buried Cultural Resources 21
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25

6.1 Zone 1 25

6.2 Zone 2 26

6.3 Zone 3 27

6.4 Zone 4 29
7 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 31

7.1 Zone 1 31

7.2 Zone 2 31

7.3 Zone 3 31

7.4 Zone 4 32

7.5 Coachella Valley and Whitewater River Stormwater Channels 32 8 REFERENCES CITED 33
ii
1-356

APPENDICES:

Appendix A:

Appendix B:

I
1 Appendix C:

Appendix D:

List of Resources in the Study Area
Office of Historic Preservation Historic Property Data File List of Properties
List of Cultural Studies in the Project Study Area
Maps Depicting the Project Study Area, USACE and CADFG
Delineated Areas, and Soil Series in the Study Area
List of Figures
Project vicinity map showing the location of the Sensitivity Zones 2 List of Tables
Soils Series and Land Forms Identified in the Study Area 24 2 List of Archaeological Resources in Zone 3 that Intersect the Area Delineated as Jurisdictional Waters or Wetlands 28
iii
1-357

1 INTRODUCTION
Coachella Valley Water District (CVWD) has requested that Applied EarthWorks, Inc., (JE) generate an archaeological sensitivity model for an area consisting of a quarter -mile radius around the Whitewater River and certain tributaries (Study Area). The sensitivity model will show areas that are highly sensitivity for archaeological resources and provide recommendations for cultural resources management during maintenance operations on the channel. The sensitivity study was requested by CVWD to support applications for permits under the Clean Water Act to perform maintenance activities.

Archaeological sensitivity models are a means of predicting, in a given area, where it is likely that archaeological cultural resources might exist and be identified during a cultural resources survey or earth -moving activities. These models are based on past cultural resource studies in the area; review of historical maps, geologic maps, soils maps, and hydrological data; an understanding of how prehistoric and historic -period populations used the land; and a study of an area's history. This model predicts the locations within the Study Area that are most sensitive for prehistoric and historical archaeological resources (Figure 1).

U
1-358

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62 O U N T A I N S
Desert l i of i
Spring;
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Zone1
Paint
Sprin g.,
Jacinto
State Park 1
lira!
Zone 2
ch o
NTO M 0 U N T A l N S
2089 m
Thomas Mountain
Anza Mauntan ;
L_I
II
r
Legend
r� Sensitivity Zones
uhrtl,.a
CA la Qin nt.a
Coral
z Mountain rr
Regional Park
S
Queen Valley
Zone 3
2656 m
1JZivetside
2018 m
I 1
Zone 4
E6
CC
fJ
Sources: Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, TomTom, Intermap, IPC, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, Get -Base, IGN, KadasterbNL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), and the GIS User Community •q

PROJECT
AREA
SCALE 1:500,000
4 10
1-1 H H i—, I Mile$
10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40000 50000 60,000 70,000 -- Feel
10 to
0 Figure 1 Project vicinity map showing the location of the Sensitivity Zones. 2 1-359

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project Study Area is in the eastern portion of the Banning Pass and upper Coachella Valley.

Physiographically, this area is within the Colorado Desert Region. The Study Area encompasses the White Water River, from where it emerges from Whitewater Canyon in the San Bernardino Mountains through the upper Coachella Valley to where it enters the Salton Sea and forms a small delta. It is approximately 52.4 miles (mi) long and encompasses 58.5 square miles.

The system is divided into two main segments —the northern portion, which is named the Whitewater River Stormwater Channel (WWRSC), extends between the mouth of Whitewater Canyon and Washington Street in Indian Wells, and the Coachella Valley Stormwater Channel (CVSC), which continues south from Washington Street to the Salton Sea. The WWRSC is divided into Reach 1 and Reach II with the split at Chino Vista Road in Palm Springs. The CVSC is divided into Reach 111 and Reach IV, with the split at Avenue 50 near Coachella.

Tributaries to the system include La Quinta Evacuation Channel, a 1-mi northeast -bearing segment between Avenues 46 and 48 that is part of Reach III; the Thousand Palms Channel, a 1- mi north -south oriented alignment near Madison Street and Avenue 42 in Indio that is part of Reach III; Deep Creek Channel, a 500 -foot (ft) segment merging with Reach 11 in Indian Wells; and Mission Creek, a roughly 1,800 -ft segment merging with Reach 1 between the railroad sidings of Salvia and Garnet Hill, north of Palm Springs.

ICF International (ICF) conducted a routine -level delineation of jurisdictional waters and wetlands of the WWRSC and the CVSC, as well as multiple tributaries, for CVWD. The purpose of this delineation was to identify the extent of jurisdictional waters within and adjacent to the Whitewater River as part of the federal and state regulatory permitting process under Sections 401 and 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Section 1602 of the California Fish and Game Code. Relevant jurisdictions include federal jurisdiction regulated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) as waters of the United States (WoUS) or USACE wetlands; state waters regulated by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) or Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and tribal agencies; and aquatic features regulated by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG).

Once the appropriate permits have been procured, CVWD will implement required maintenance activities to restore the WWRSC and CVSC to its "as -built" condition.

Because the restoration projects will require federal approvals and permits and may affect historic properties (i.e., any prehistoric or historical resource included in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places [NRHP]), they are considered undertakings (per 36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 800.16[y]) subject to compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and 36 CFR 800.4 (b) (as amended). The implications of the sensitivity model for Section 106 compliance activities are addressed in the final section of this report.
3 1-360

3 CULTURAL SETTING
This section describes the prehistoric, ethnographic, and historical setting of the Study Area to provide a context for understanding the nature and significance of cultural resources identified within the Coachella Valley region. Both prehistorically and ethnographically, the nature and distribution of human activities in the region have been affected by such factors as topography and the availability of water and biological resources. Therefore, prior to a discussion of the cultural setting, the environmental setting of the area is summarized below.

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The Study Area is situated east of the Peninsular Ranges in the northern portion of the Coachella Valley (see Figure 1). The Coachella Valley is bordered to the southwest by the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains (part of the Peninsular Ranges) and to the northeast by the low, rolling Indio Hills and Mecca Hills. From the steep slopes of the San Jacinto Mountains surmounted by San Jacinto Peak (3,274 meters [m] [10,804 ft] amsl), the desert floor descends sharply in less than 3 kilometers (km) (2 mi) eastward to sea level at the City of Indio.

To the south, elevations gradually drop to 90 m (300 ft) below mean sea level (bmsl) at the Salton Sea Basin. This basin has filled periodically throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene when the Colorado River shifted its course near its mouth at the Gulf of California, flowing north into the basin, forming a large freshwater lake commonly known as Lake Cahuilla (see below).

A major water source flowing through the central valley is the Whitewater River, which drains the southern slope of the San Bernardino Mountains for thousands of years (Laflin 2001), flowing in a generally south-southeast direction 80.5 km (50 mi) toward the Salton Sea. The Whitewater River was likely the largest perennial stream that entered the Salton Basin during prehistoric time, replenishing the underground aquifer during non-lacustrine intervals. A few small streams, such as Snow, Chino, Tahquitz, and Andreas creeks, form high on the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains, descending into the northern end of the Coachella Valley. Several minor drainages of ephemeral streams coming off the Mecca Hills are also evidenced across the landscape east of the Study Area. Additionally, numerous springs are located along the San Andreas Fault zone at the southwestern base of the Indio Hills. These are usually marked by native fan palm oases.

Prior to the mid -1900s, the climate of the Study Area region was characterized by low relative humidity, very low rainfall, high summer temperatures of up to 52° C (125° F), and mild winters.

Since the mid -1900s, the relative humidity in the area has risen gradually as more and more golf courses have been built and maintained in the Coachella Valley. During the spring and late fall, high winds are common and are accompanied by blowing sand and dust. Precipitation occurs primarily during the winter months and varies radically from one area to another. Within the desert areas, the average annual rainfall is as sparse as 6 centimeters (cm) (2.5 inch [in.]) per year; however, at the higher elevations in the San Jacinto Mountains the average annual precipitation may range from 25 cm (10 in.) to as much as 76 cm (30 in.) per year.

As the climate of the region is largely determined by topographic features, climate, in turn, largely dictates the character of the biotic environment exploited by native populations. Bean 4 1-361

and Saubel (1972) described three primary life zones that were exploited by the Cahuilla, known ethnographically to have occupied the Coachella Valley: Lower Sonoran, Upper Sonoran, and Transitional. Characteristic plants and animals found in these life zones are listed below.

The Lower Sonoran life zone, which extends from the desert floor to approximately 1,067 m (3,500 ft) amsl, is characterized by low rainfall (about 10 cm [4 in.] per year), fine -textured alluvial to sandy soils, and xerophytic plant communities. Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and bur -sage (Ambrosia dumosa) are the dominant plants, replaced by saltbush (Atriplex spp.) in areas of more saline or alkaline soils. Adjacent to washes and ephemeral streams, desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), smoke tree (Dalea spinosa), palo verde (Cercidium floridum), desert ironwood (Olneya tesota), and catclaw (Acacia greggii) are found; California fan palm (Washingtonia filifera), mesquite (Prosopis juljora), screwbean (Prosopis pubescens), and arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) occur adjacent to more permanent water sources and in areas with a very shallow groundwater table. Frost -sensitive plants such as ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), barrel cactus (Ferocactus splendens), cholla (Opuntia spp.), century plant (Agave deserti), creosote bush, and Mojave yucca (Yucca schidigera) exist on the well -drained slopes adjacent to the desert floor. Approximately 40 percent of the plant species exploited by the Cahuilla are found in this biotic region; the fruits of the fan palm and the flowers and pods of mesquite and screw bean were highly favored (Bean and Saubel 1972:13). Economically important animals found in this life zone include kangaroo rats (Dipodomys), ground squirrels (Citellus), wood rats (Neotoma), desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), and black -tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus); desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is found at the upper reaches of this life zone.

The Upper Sonoran life zone, extending from 1,067 to 1,524 m (3,500 to 5,000 ft) amsl, is characterized by warm summers and cold winters with rainfall averaging 38 cm (15 in.) annually. Pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla, P. quadrofolia) and California juniper (Juniperus californica) are the dominant plant species of this zone. Other species include red shank or ribbon wood (Adenostoma sparsifolium), chamise (A. fasciculatum), ironwood, antelope bush (Purshia glandulosa), scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.), and barrel cactus. Approximately 45 percent of the food plant species used by the Cahuilla are found in this life zone, with pinyon pine nuts, manzanita, and elderberry highly favored. Important animal resources found in this life zone include wood rat, kangaroo rat, black -tailed jackrabbit, ground squirrel, desert bighorn sheep, and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus).

The Transitional life zone, ranging from 1,524 to 2,134 m (5,000 to 7,000 ft) amsl, is characterized by relatively cool summers and cold winters with an annual precipitation of 50-76 cm (20-30 in.). This zone is composed primarily of coniferous forests containing scattered oak (Quercus spp.) groves; willows (Salix spp.) and cottonwood (Populus spp.) occur along stream courses. Common species include ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Jeffery pine (P. jeffreyi), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), bigcone spruce (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa), manzanita, mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.), and elderberry (Sambucus spp.). Probably the most important plant food species from this life zone are the black oak (Q. kelloggii), manzanita, and elderberry. Approximately 15 percent of the plants utilized by the Cahuilla are found in this life zone. Important animal resources found in this life zone include mule deer and ground squirrel.

Lake Cahuilla. Probably the most important environmental change in the Colorado Desert in the past 2,000 years was the formation of Lake Cahuilla, also known geologically as Lake Le 5 1-362

Conte and historically as Blake's Lake. Lake Cahuilla formed numerous times throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene in response to the natural western diversion of the Colorado River into the Salton Trough. During each filling of Lake Cahuilla, water was impounded north of the barrier created by the Colorado River Delta. The lake continued to fill until the water reached an altitude of 12 m (40 ft), the minimum crest of the delta at Cerro Prieto, where excess discharge would overflow into the Gulf of California (Waters 1983:374). Wilke (1976) calculated that about 12 to 20 years would be required to fill Lake Cahuilla to an altitude of 12 m (40 ft) if the lake were to receive the entire flow of the Colorado River; as well, Wilke determined that 60 years would be required to completely desiccate the lake without input from the Colorado River.

Utilizing radiocarbon assays, historical accounts, and cross dating of artifacts found along the former Lake Cahuilla shoreline, Wilke (1976:90-93) posited three lacustrine intervals in the Salton Basin representing an unknown number of stands of Lake Cahuilla during the past 2,000 years. The earliest of these was dated to approximately 2,100 to 1,400 years ago, the second occurred between 1,100 to 750 years ago, and the final lake stand occurred between 700 and 500 years ago.

More recent archaeological research by Waters (1983) in the Salton Basin has further refined Wilke's original estimates of the Lake Cahuilla lacustrine intervals. Based on additional radiocarbon assays, historical evidence, Late Holocene sedimentological history of the Gulf of California, and interpretation of sedimentation rates, Waters (1983) refined Wilke's timing of lacustrine intervals of Lake Cahuilla; this research suggested that there were four lacustrine intervals that reached the 12 m (40 ft) shoreline during the last 1,500 years (Waters 1983:382- 385). The first and earliest of these events has been dated to A.D. 700-890, apparently followed by a gradual, but complete, desiccation of the lake at about A.D. 950. The second interval began shortly after A.D. 950, and peaked at approximately A.D. 965-1150; again, this was followed by a gradual, but complete, desiccation of the lake at A.D. 1210. The third interval began shortly after A.D. 1210 and peaked between A.D. 1225 and 1360. The third interval was followed by a gradual desiccation of the lake to an altitude of 40 m (132 ft) below sea level by A.D. 1450, although the lake was still approximately 50 m (165 ft) deep at this time. This desiccation was quickly reversed shortly after A.D. 1450, resulting in the fourth interval which lasted until approximately A.D. 1520. By A.D. 1580, Lake Cahuilla had once again completely desiccated.

Additional archaeological research by Cleland (1998), Laylander (1994), and Schaefer (1986) suggests that a fifth, more recent lacustrine interval of Lake Cahuilla occurred sometime between the Spanish explorations of the region in 1540 and again in 1775; radiocarbon dating indicates that this high stand may have occurred between 1685 and 1740 (Cleland 1998:13). The Lake Cahuilla chronology in calendar years before present (1950; cal B.P.) corrected for variations in 14C is as follows: Lacustrine Interval 5: 330-270 cal B.P.; Lacustrine Interval 4: 520-370 cal B.P.; Lacustrine Interval 3: 740-580 cal B.P.; Lacustrine Interval 2: 1010-740 cal B.P.; and Lacustrine Interval 1: 1250-1010 cal B.P. It should be noted that the dates for the duration of the lake high stands represent maximum spans. The stratigraphic record reveals that the next oldest lacustrine intervals are associated with radiocarbon assays from two distinct sedimentary strata dating to approximately 2285 and 2300 cal B.P. The stratigraphic continuity evident between these older late Holocene lacustrine sediments and the overlying unit representing Lacustrine Unit 1, above, indicates that there were no Lake Cahuilla episodes between about 2300 and 1250 cal B.P. (Waters 1983).
6 1-363

Recent paleoclimatic research indicates that a Medieval Warm climatic anomaly is registered throughout the Far West between ca. 1060 and 575 cal B.P. (Graumlich 1993; Spaulding 2001; Stine 1994). York and Spaulding (1996) relate the general lack of evidence for human occupation of the central Mojave Desert during the Medieval Warm primarily to declining recharges of local aquifers, resulting in the senescence of a sufficient number of springs to make the desert region even more hostile than it is at present. Thus, the Medieval Warm is believed to have restricted prehistoric occupation in the southern California deserts to a few suitable water sources such as the Colorado River and Lake Cahuilla. Indeed, high stands of Lake Cahuilla, whose source is not affected directly by climatic conditions in the desert, are registered between 1010 and 740 cal B.P. and again between 740 and 580 cal B.P. during the Medieval Warm, suggesting that the environs surrounding the lake would have been highly favorable for prehistoric occupation.

In summary, the shoreline of the most recently documented stands of Lake Cahuilla extended from about 32 km (20 mi) south of the international border with Mexico to just northwest of the town of Indio. Inundating the entire lower portion of the Coachella Valley, Lake Cahuilla was approximately 184 km (1 15 mi) long, about 54 km (34 mi) wide, and nearly 97 m (320 ft) deep; during these periods (ca. 1,500 years ago), the elevation of the lake was 12 m (40 ft) amsl (Wilke 1976:53). When inflow from the Colorado River was sufficient to maintain a relatively stable lake level, extensive marshes would have formed around its margins and freshwater fish and shellfish populations would have flourished. Thus, Lake Cahuilla offered an especially productive environment for aboriginal populations of the western Colorado Desert. When filled, Lake Cahuilla was on the Pacific Flyway for migratory birds; hence, ducks, geese, and other migratory birds, as well as fish, would have been available. Wilke (1976:15) estimated that an annual loss by evaporation of approximately 1.7 m (5.5 ft) of surface elevation would have dried Lake Cahuilla within 60 years, assuming that no renewed inflow from the Colorado River occurred. Thus, it is likely that 30 years of progressive recession, or lowering the surface of the lake by approximately 18 m (60 ft), would have sufficiently altered the chemical and ecological balance of the lake to all but eliminate its economically important plant and animal resources.

However, as Lake Cahuilla gradually desiccated, the expansion of mesquite thickets followed the retreating shoreline, resulting in different resource exploitation patterns by the prehistoric inhabitants of the region (Smith and Brock 1998).

3.2 PREHISTORIC SETTING
Excluding the controversial "Early Man" pre -projectile point materials from Calico, Native American occupation of the Colorado Desert can be divided into five cultural periods:

Paleoindian/San Dieguito (ca. 12,000-7000 years B.P.; Pinto (ca. 7000-4000 B.P.); Gypsum (ca. 4000-1500 13.P.); Saratoga Springs (ca. 1500-750 B.P.); and, the Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 1200-200 B.P.), which ended in the ethnographic period.

3.2.1 Paleoindian/San Dieguito Period (ca. 12,000 B.P. to 7000 B.P.) The Paleoindian Period is marked by deglacial climatic changes that began by about 13,000 B.P. (e.g., Gosse et al. 1995; Mix 1987; Sowers and Bender 1995). In the desert interior, the change from glacial to postglacial ecosystems began by at least 11,700 B.P. (Spaulding 1995), but took millennia to complete. Paleoclimatic and paleoecological data suggest that until about 7500 B.P. the prevailing westerly air flow pattern weakened, while the desert interior received moist monsoonal flow from the southeast (Davis and Sellers 1987; Spaulding and Graumlich 1986).

This resulted in the interior deserts having considerably higher levels of effective moisture than 7 1-364

present (Van Devender et al. 1987). Thus, the desert interior was apparently less arid than cismontane southern California during this period, and possessed an abundance of water sources and relatively productive ecosystems.

The "San Dieguito Tradition" is relatively coeval to the "Lake Mojave Period," an expression of the so-called "Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition," presumed to begin somewhat earlier than 9500 B.P. and lasting to perhaps 7000 B.P. in the southwestern Great Basin (Basgall and Hall 1993; Warren 1980, 1984). Wallace (1978:27) noted the close correspondence between the "Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition" and the "San Dieguito Tradition" and suggested that the two traditions most likely represent regional variants of an early hunting tradition that prevailed over a wide geographical area.

Both coastal and desert region designations for the early Holocene refer to a long period of human adaptation to environmental changes brought about by the transition from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene geologic periods. As climatic conditions became warmer and more arid, Pleistocene megafauna perished abruptly between 13,000 and 10,000 B.P. Human populations responded to these changing environmental conditions by focusing their subsistence efforts on the procurement of a wider variety of faunal and floral resources. These early occupants of southern California are believed to have been nomadic large -game hunters whose tool assemblage included percussion -flaked scrapers and knives; large, well -made fluted, leaf - shaped, or stemmed projectile points (e.g., Lake Mojave, Silver Lake); crescentics; heavy core/cobble tools; hammerstones; bifacial cores; and choppers and scraper planes. Both Warren and Wallace suggest that the absence of milling tools commonly used for seed preparation indicates that an orientation toward hunting continued throughout this phase.

Nonetheless, based on ethnographic models developed for hunting -gathering groups throughout the world, populations of this phase undoubtedly exploited plant resources as well. Indeed, most Lake Mojave deposits investigated in the southwestern Great Basin have yielded some amount of milling equipment, usually large slabs with ephemeral wear and handstones, implying regular, albeit limited, use of vegetal resources (Basgall and Hall 1993:19). Although intact stratified sites dating to this period are very scarce, the limited data do suggest that the prehistoric populations of this period moved about the region in small, highly mobile groups, with a wetland -focused subsistence strategy based on hunting and foraging. Sites dating from this interval have generally been found around early Holocene marshes, lakes, and streams which dominated much of the landscape.

3.2.2 Pinto Period (ca. 7000 B.P. to 4000 B.P.)
The Pinto Period is marked by the gradual transition from pluvial to arid conditions during the terminal Pleistocene -Early Holocene. Sites attributed to the Pinto Period are few in number in southern California, with those in the Pinto Basin, Salt Springs, and Death Valley, as well as the Stahl site being best known. These sites are associated with ephemeral lakes, and now -dry streams and springs, suggesting wetter conditions than now prevail in the deserts.

The distinctive characteristics of the Pinto Basin Complex as defined by Campbell and Campbell (1935) are projectile points of the Pinto series, described by Amsden (1935) as coarse in manufacture as well as form, in association with heavy -keeled scrapers, flat milling stones, and manos. Throughout most of the California desert region, sites containing elements of the Pinto Basin Complex are small and are usually limited to surface deposits, suggestive of temporary and perhaps seasonal occupation by small groups of people. One exception is the Stahl site in 8 1-365

the northwestern portion of the Mojave Desert. The Stahl site has a midden more than 1 m deep containing Pinto series points, Olivella spire -lopped beads, steatite ornaments and bowls, bone awls, and atlatl spurs and weights, as well as a few early Silver Lake and Lake Mojave style projectile points. Small stemmed points and pottery of a much later occupation are present on the surface of the site. The Pinto points at the Stahl site also resemble the Pinto points from the Pinto Basin and western Great Basin.

Warren postulates that the "Pinto Basin Complex evolved from the earlier hunting complexes of the Lake Mojave Period and that it represents a small population dependent on hunting and gathering, but lacking a well -developed milling technology" (in Moratto 1984:414). As the Pleistocene lakes and rivers dried up, early hunting populations of the Lake Mojave Period likely withdrew to the margins of the deserts or concentrated around the few oases in the desert.

According to Warren (Moratto 1984:414), with the return of moister conditions at approximately 6500 B.P., the Pinto Basin peoples appear to have reoccupied much of the lower Mojave Desert where shallow lakes had formed and along stream courses and major springs. With the return of more arid conditions at about 4500 B.P., these people again may have withdrawn to the desert margins and oases, leaving much of the desert region uninhabited until the end of the Pinto Period (ca. 4000/3500 B.P.).

3.2.3 Gypsum Period (ca. 4000 B.P. to 1500 B.P.)
The Gypsum Period is marked by Humboldt Concave Base, Gypsum Cave, and Elko series projectile points and is dated between ca. 4000 B.P. to 1500 B.P. A few Gypsum Period sites from the deserts of California, Nevada, and Arizona have been excavated, including Gypsum Cave, Newberry Cave, Willow Beach, Rose Spring, Indian Hill Rockshelter, and Ray, Baird, and Chapman caves. In addition to diagnostic projectile points, Gypsum Period sites include leaf - shaped points, rectangular -based knives, flake scrapers, T-shaped drills, and occasionally, large scraper planes, choppers, and hammerstones (Moratto 1984:416). Manos and milling stones are common; the mortar and pestle also were introduced during this period. Other artifacts include shaft smoothers, incised slate and sandstone tablets and pendants, bone awls, Olivella shell beads, and Haliotis beads and ornaments. A wide range of perishable items dating to this period was recovered from Newberry Cave, including atlatl hooks, dartshafts and foreshafts, sandals and S -twist cordage, tortoise -shell bowls, and split -twig animal figurines. The presence of both Haliotis and Olivella shell beads and ornaments and split -twig animal figurines indicates that the California desert occupants were in contact with populations from the southern California coast and southern Great Basin (e.g., Arizona, Utah, and Nevada).

The beginning of the Gypsum period coincides with the beginning of the Little Pluvial (ca. 4000 B.P.), which apparently allowed for more intensive occupation of the California deserts. During the succeeding arid periods, it appears that these populations gradually adapted in a variety of technological and socioeconomic ways to the more arid desert environment. Technologically, the artifact assemblage of this period is similar to that of the preceding Pinto Basin Period; new tools also were added either as innovations or as "borrowed" cultural items. Included are the mortar and pestle, used for processing hard seeds (e.g., mesquite pods), and the bow and arrow, as evidenced by the presence of Rose Spring projectile points late in this period. Ritual activities became important, as evidenced by split -twig figurines (likely originating from northern Arizona) and petroglyphs depicting hunting scenes. Finally, increased contact with neighboring groups likely provided the desert occupants important storable foodstuffs during less productive seasons or years, in exchange for valuable lithic materials such as obsidian, chalcedonies, and cherts. Warren (in Moratto 1984:420) states, "As a result of these new adaptive means, the 9 1-366

return to arid conditions at the end of the Little Pluvial had relatively little influence on the distribution of the populations of the late Gypsum Period."

3.2.4 Saratoga Springs Period (ca. 1500 B.P. to 750 B.P.) The Saratoga Springs Period in the Mojave Desert saw essentially a continuation of the Gypsum Period subsistence adaptation throughout much of the California desert. Unlike the preceding period, however, the Saratoga Springs Period is marked by strong regional cultural developments, especially in the southern California desert regions, which were heavily influenced by the Hakataya culture of the lower Colorado River area. Warren has divided the Saratoga Springs Period into three, possibly four, distinct regional developments based largely on pottery types and projectile point styles: Northwestern Mojave, Eastern Mojave, Southern Desert, and possibly Antelope Valley (Moratto 1984:420-424).

In the northwestern Mojave, the Saratoga Springs Period is marked by the dominance of Rose Spring and Eastgate arrow points over the earlier Elko and Humboldt series dart points.

Excepting this technological change, there appears to be a strong continuity of the Gypsum Period cultural assemblages in the northwestern Mojave.

In the eastern Mojave Desert, Anasazi interest in turquoise likely influenced populations living in the Mojave Desert as far west as the Halloran Springs area where hundreds of small turquoise mines existed. The presence of Anasazi pottery at many of the turquoise mines suggests that these mines initially were operated by the Anasazi between A.D. 500 and 700.

In the Southern Desert region, the impetus for change appears to have derived from Hakataya influences from the lower Colorado River, evidenced by the introduction of Buff and Brown Ware pottery and Cottonwood and Desert Side -notched projectile points. The initial date for the first Hakataya influence on the southern Mojave Desert remains unknown; however, it does appear that by A.D. 800-900 the Mojave Sink was heavily influenced, if not occupied by, lower Colorado River peoples. Additionally, trade along the Mojave River extended Hakataya influence west and appears to have blocked all Anasazi influence west of the Cronise Basin and south of the New York and Providence mountains by A.D. 1000; this influence apparently continued well after the Saratoga Springs Period (Moratto 1984:423).

In the Antelope Valley and western Mojave Desert, the Saratoga Springs Period is identified by Rose Spring and Cottonwood Triangular projectile points at large village sites containing deep middens and cemeteries which have been dated from 250 B.C. to A.D. 1650 (Sutton 1981:217).

These sites also contain large quantities of shell beads and steatite items that originated from the southern California coastal regions. It appears that the occupants of Antelope Valley traded heavily with the coastal populations, developed large villages as early as the Saratoga Springs Period, and may represent another divergent regional development during this period.

In summary, the Saratoga Springs Period is characterized by cultural diversification with strong regional developments. Turquoise mining and long distance trade networks appear to have attracted both the Anasazi and Hakataya peoples into the California deserts from the east and southeast, respectively. Trade with the California coastal populations also appears to have been important in the Antelope Valley region and stimulated the development of large, complex villages. In the northwestern Mojave Desert, however, the basic pattern established during the Gypsum Period changed little during the Saratoga Springs Period. Toward the end of the Saratoga Springs Period, the Hakataya apparently moved far enough north to gain control of the 10 1-367

turquoise mines in the central Mojave Desert, thus replacing the Anasazi occupation of the eastern California desert.

3.2.5 Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 750 B.P. to 200 B.P.) The Late Prehistoric period in the Colorado Desert is marked by the introduction of new artifact types and technological innovations of the previous Amargosa Period of the Late Archaic and defined as the Patayan Pattern (Cleland 1998; CSRI 1986; Schaefer 1994, 1995). This period is characterized by the introduction of ceramics, including Tizon Brown Ware from the Peninsular Ranges, Colorado Buff Wares from the Colorado River region, and the Salton Buff Ware from the Lake Cahuilla shoreline (Schaefer 1995; Waters 1982). New projectile point types, including Desert Side -notched and Cottonwood Triangular points, signify the introduction of the bow and arrow hunting technology, marking a pre -ceramic phase of the expansion of the earlier Amargosa assemblages perhaps as early as 1500 B.P. Techniques of floodplain horticultural were also introduced to the inhabitants along the Colorado River at the same time as ceramics. As well, burial practices changed from extended inhumations to cremated remains, sometimes buried in ceramic vessels. Typical of the Hohokam culture from southern Arizona, these traits were introduced to the Colorado River inhabitants and gradually spread west to the Peninsular Ranges and Coastal Plains of southern California. Only agriculture remains a problematic trait in regard to its spread beyond the Colorado River and Imperial Valley in late prehistoric times (CSRI 1986:35).

The Patayan Pattern is typified by several differing settlement and subsistence systems (Schaefer 1995). Along the Colorado River, dispersed seasonal settlements were composed of jacal (i.e., adobe style) structures, semi -subterranean pit houses, ramadas, or brush huts, depending on the season and types of settlement. Larger rancherias would disperse to upper terraces of the Colorado River and to special collection areas during the summer months, coinciding with the flood phase of the river, returning to the lower terraces for plant harvesting. At the eastern base of the Peninsular Ranges, the settlement pattern was typified by dispersed rancherias or villages situated at the mouths of canyons supporting perennial streams, at the base of alluvial fans near springs, or down on the valley floor where a shallow water table allowed wells to be dug (e.g., at Indian Wells). In addition to these sites, specialized sites were located in all of the micro - environmental zones that were exploited seasonally. Archaeologically, these specialized sites can range in characteristics from bedrock milling features and pot -drops along trails, to chipping stations and quarries, to temporary camps containing bone, shell, ceramics, flaked and ground stone tools, and ornamental items such as beads and pendants, as well as other occupational debris.

Three phases of Patayan are generally recognized in addition to the pre -ceramic phase (Schaefer 1995). These phases are defined by changes in pottery frequencies and by the cultural and demographic effects of the infilling and subsequent desiccation of ancient Lake Cahuilla. The Patayan I phase appears to have been confined to the Colorado River region and began approximately 1,200 years ago with the introduction of pottery; the artifact assemblage of this phase bears the closest similarity to that of the Hohokam (Schaefer 1995; Waters 1982). The Patayan II phase, beginning about 950 years ago, is contemporary with Lacustrine Interval 2 of Lake Cahuilla. Attracted to highly productive microenvironments along the Lake Cahuilla shoreline, people on both its eastern and western shores were producing pottery by the time the lake was fully formed. New ceramic types indicate that sedimentary, non -marine clays from the Peninsular Ranges were being utilized. The final Patayan III phase began approximately 500 years ago, coinciding with Lake Cahuilla Lacustrine Interval 4. This phase is characterized by 11 1-368

new pottery types that reflect changes in settlement patterns, as well as with intensified communication between the Colorado River and Peninsular Ranges tribes as people living around the former Lake Cahuilla shoreline dispersed to their base territories, and the Imperial and Coachella valleys dried up, facilitating long distance travel (Schaefer 1995). Wilke (1976) has postulated that by approximately 250 years ago with the final desiccation of Lake Cahuilla prior to the twentieth century, the native inhabitants occupying its shores began moving westward into areas such as Anza-Borrego, Coyote Canyon, the Upper Coachella Valley, the Little San Bernardino Mountains, the San Jacinto Valley, and Perris Plain.

The Patayan III phase continued into the ethnographic period, ending in the late nineteenth century when Euro-American incursions disrupted the traditional culture.

3.3 ETHNOGRAPHIC SETTING (by David D. Earle)

3.3.1 Cahuilla Socio-political Organization
The Cahuilla occupied the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains, territories farther west in the Hemet and Perris regions, San Gorgonio Pass, and the Coachella Valley. Bean (1978) has estimated the total population of the three Cahuilla divisions —the Mountain, Pass, and Desert Divisions —at between 6,000 and 10,000 people at Spanish contact in the late eighteenth century.

The Cahuilla were grouped into clans or sibs that were organized on the basis of patrilineal descent. Individuals related to a common male ancestor by descent through the male line belonged to the same clan, whether they were males or females. All Cahuilla clans, whether of the Mountain Cahuilla, Pass Cahuilla, or Desert Cahuilla divisions of this native language - culture group, belonged to one of two moiety divisions —Wildcat or Coyote. This moiety system regulated marriage, such that clans that belonged to the Coyote moiety division had to seek a spouse belonging to a clan belonging to the Wildcat moiety division. This moiety system was found among the neighboring Serranos to the west and north as well.

The Cahuilla and the Serranos appear to have differed, however, in how their clans functioned.

Among the Serrano, the clan appears to have been the basic territorial unit that occupied a winter village site and surrounding territory. Constituent lineages making up a clan were not independently identified political units that had their own village sites. In the case of the Cahuilla, clans were made up of a number of subsidiary lineages that each could have a politically important independent existence. Independent lineages occupying their own village sites were discussed at length by Cahuilla consultants who were interviewed by anthropologists in the twentieth century. The occupation of independent settlements by these lineages does not appear to have been simply a product of the disruptions caused by the foreign invasion of native California. Thus, we find mentioned in Franciscan Mission records the names of independent Cahuilla lineage villages that form part of a larger clan. This we definitely do not find with the neighboring Serrano (Earle 2004a).

Individual Cahuilla clans were led by a chief or Net, who acted as both a political and ceremonial leader. The Net had charge of the sacred house (dance house) and sacred bundle, maswut. This sacred bundle consisted of matting, originally of seagrass, which was wrapped around ritual paraphernalia and items sacred to the clan. This bundle was a sacred expression of the identity of the clan. It was kept in a special enclosure at the back of the sacred house, which also served as a dance house, and originally as a residence of the Net. Among many clans, the Net was assisted by a Paha, a ritual assistant or "master of ceremonies," also found among other Takic groups. This office may have been absent among some of the most southerly Desert Cahuilla 12 1-369

clans. In addition, among the Mountain and Pass Cahuilla in particular, a ritual assistant at the Mourning Ceremony called the Takwa was in charge of the ritual division of food among guests.

In addition, the hauinik or singer helped the Net with the important responsibility of remembering and reciting sacred songs associated with the clan. This pattern of political and ritual "offices" is generally similar to that of the Serrano, Cupeno, and Luiseno. Of particular importance here is the idea that fully independent clans can be identified by their having their own sacred bundle, sacred house, and Net. Subsidiary lineages belonging to a particular clan were patrilineally related to one another, and could not marry one another. The individual lineages, however, lacked their own sacred bundle, sacred house, and Net. Sometimes the individual lineages might leave to gather at a particular location, but sometimes they lived at separate named localities. Even if they lived separately, however, they were dependent on the Net, or clan ritual and religious leader. As Strong pointed out, the Pualem, the shamans or wizards of the Cahuilla, played an important role in Cahuilla culture but were not officers or political or ritual leaders of the individual clans. Their enterprise was individual rather than corporate (Bean 1972, 1978; Hooper 1920).

3.3.2 Cahuilla Religion and Ritual
Like neighboring Takic groups, the Cahuilla held public gatherings for the naming of children, for marriage, for male and female initiation, for the installation of Nets, for the Eagle -Killing Ceremony, and for the mourning ceremony, held annually as necessary.

Like other interior Takic groups, the Cahuilla cremated their dead and also burned many belongings of the deceased, in a ceremony that was separate from the mourning ceremony. The latter was held collectively for all those deceased since the last ceremony. The mourning ceremony was the most important ritual and alliance -building undertaking held by the clan, and involved the stockpiling of both food and valued goods such as beads for distribution to visiting groups. The mourning ceremony and other public rituals involved sacred dancing as well as the singing of sacred songs. Relations of reciprocal cooperation between clans of opposite moiety affiliation, linked by marriage ties, were reaffirmed by the presentations of food and valued goods that took place during the mourning ceremony.

Cremation was associated with a version of the "dying God" creation story found in California and the Southwest. This involved the creation of the world and the first "people/animals" by a deity who is slowly poisoned supernaturally to death by an animal daughter, and then cremated.

This cremation includes the actions of various "people/animals," including Coyote, who steals the "dying God's" heart. This cremation provides a charter for the later cultural practice. Both this creation story about the "dying God" and stories about the later creation of cultural institutions by two brothers, one good and one evil, are shared with Yuman -speaking groups of the lower Colorado River.

Cahuilla religious traditions can perhaps be characterized as part of an "eastern complex" in southern California. Blackburn and Hudson have identified what they have called the "Northern Complex" of beliefs among the mainland Chumash, the southern Valley Yokuts, and the Kitanemuk, involving elements such as the annual peon game between the sun and Eagle, and the complex of seven deities, and on the recruitment of animal familiars through the ingestion of toloache (Datura) (Hudson and Blackburn 1978). A second religious tradition we might call the "southern complex" was associated with the Channel Islands Chumash, with Santa Catalina, and with the coastal Gabrielino and Juaneno. This "southern complex" involved elements of the historically late religion of Chingichnich and the exclusive 'Antap cult, with its emphasis on the 13 1-370

esoteric rituals of powerful coastal and island wizards, shielded from public view, and elaborations of the toloache ritual. Among the Juaneno and Luiseno nearer to the coast, this "southern complex" was overlain over an earlier "eastern complex" also found among the Cahuilla and Serrano.

This "eastern complex" emphasized the "dying God" and dueling creator -brother theogonies, cremation, and also complex ritual song cycles involving the narration of supernatural travel across the southern California and Southwestern desert sacred landscape. The concept of Chingichnich and his avenging familiars, and the importance of the toloache cult are missing in the "eastern complex." All of these "eastern complex" elements are associated with the Yuman cultures of the lower Colorado River. Certain song cycles were shared between the Cahuilla and Serrano, on the one hand, and the Mojave and Quechan on the other. However, among the Desert Cahuilla, for example, the use of toloache was reported to be unknown. The "eastern complex" was distinguished, however, from the religious institutions of the Yuman groups, among other things, by its greater emphasis on community hortatory ritual, by the absence of the Mostamho tradition, and particularly by its lesser degree of emphasis on the sine qua non of the Colorado River groups, individual interaction with the supernatural realm through dreaming.

3.3.3 Cahuilla Subsistence Practices and Settlement
The three Cahuilla divisions would appear, at first glance, to be focused on two distinct patterns of subsistence, with the Mountain and Pass Cahuilla following a more typically "Californian" subsistence regime emphasizing acorns, salvia, islay, yucca and agave, pinyon and other mountain and foothill resources, and the desert division focusing on mesquite, cactus, and hard seeds (Bean and Saubel 1972). In fact, the distinction was not quite so clear cut. The groups inhabiting settlements in the Coachella Valley in the nineteenth century often retained gathering areas in the Santa Rosa Mountains or in other upland environments. Foothill zones on the west side of the Valley produced cacti, agave, and hard seeds for the desert -dwellers, and pinyon was found further upslope. Agave and hard seeds were also an important resource in the mountains on the east side of the Valley. Within the Valley itself, mesqite and screwbean woodland provided important staples.

Kelly (1977) has distinguished between what he called the "agave desert" of the Coachella Valley and the west side of the Salton Sea and the Imperial Valley, and the "severe desert" lying to the south and east of these areas. He characterized both the desert division of the Cahuilla and Kamia/Kumeyyay/Diegueno of the western edge of the Imperial Valley as adapted to the "agave desert," implying seasonal movements from the desert floor up into the mountain foothills to obtain resources such as agave. This pattern is one of "desert margin" adaptation that can be observed from the western edge of the Imperial Valley northwestwards along the desert side of California's interior mountain ranges to Owens Valley and beyond. Hard seeds, pinyon, agave/yucca, and even acorns (from canyon live oak, for example) are typical resources available to inhabitants of this zone. Kelly maintained that even the Desert Cahuilla were not adapted to exploiting the "severe desert" environment found in areas like the Chocolate Mountains.

3.3.4 Cahuilla Horticulture
By the time the Romero expedition in 1824 visited the Coachella Valley, the Cahuilla's valley floor oasis settlements were producing at least small quantities of cultivated products similar to those grown on the Colorado River —maize, beans, squashes, pumpkins, melons, and wheat (Bean and Lawton 1973). These were produced by way of irrigation, a system completely different from the flood farming of the Colorado River groups. There have been arguments 14 1-371

made that this production pre -dated the Spanish presence in Alta California. In fact, prehistoric horticultural plant remains have been found in Cahuilla archaeological sites. However, Strong (1929:38) noted that he had been told by Francisco Nombre that his grandfather had told him that Cahuilla cultivation of maize and other crops was relatively recent and that the Cahuilla had formerly obtained maize from the "Yumas" via exchange. It is worthy of note that other cases of recent oasis horticulture appear in the California deserts in the early nineteenth century, as discussed by Earle (2004b:74-75,121).

The exchange system mentioned by Nombre's grandfather would appear to have operated along the lines of similar exchange circuits between foraging groups with access to mountain products and lower Colorado riverine horticulturalists. The exporting of maize from the Colorado River westward implies considerable foot traffic on the trails heading westward to the Coachella Valley.

A comparison of the accounts of Estudillo in 1823-1824 and Blake and others in 1853-1863 describing the Desert Cahuilla suggests that horticultural production had expanded at the desert oases. By the 1850s, not only were oasis gardens being cultivated as major contributors of foodstuffs, but gardens existed in some of the canyons as well (Bean et al. 1995). One of the major questions surrounding the late prehistoric archaeology and ethnohistory of the Desert Cahuilla is how ancient the oasis gardening practiced in the Coachella Valley may have been, and whether it indeed had increased in importance during the early nineteenth century.

3.4 HISTORICAL SETTING
The history of the California desert region has been reviewed in detail by von Till Warren et al. (1981:85-105). A very brief summary of historic events in the Study Area is provided below.

Very little is known about the historic developments in the Coachella Valley prior to 1820.

However, in 1821, a party of Cocomaricopa Indians arrived at the San Gabriel Mission, announcing they had traveled from the Colorado River in only six days using the Cocomaricopa Trail. This Indian trail began east of Blythe and approximated the present route of Interstate 10 across the Chuckwalla Valley, traversing the Mecca -Indio area and Coachella Valley to the San Gorgonio Pass (northwest of the Study Area). Specifically, in the Coachella Valley, the Cocomaricopa Trail ran south of the Study Area from Mecca west-northwest to the Cahuilla village of Mauulmii (Toro), where it took on a north-northwest alignment paralleling the mountain front as depicted on the Indio (1904) 30' USGS Quadrangle. The Indio (1904) 30' USGS Quadrangle also depicts at least one historical road connecting a number of large Cahuilla village sites containing human cremations to the Cocomaricopa Trail. It is possible that this (these) historical road(s) simply followed former Indian trails already present in the area prior to European settlement, as is the case with the Maricopa-Bradshaw route.

In the early 1850s, the Maricopa-Bradshaw route, paralleling the old Cocomaricopa Trail, was established to serve the mining camps developing near La Paz, Arizona (von Till Warren et al. 1981:85). Also in the 1850s the U.S. Government strongly promoted the establishment of a railroad route to connect the east and west coasts. Because of competing economic and political considerations, however, it was not until 1877 that the Southern Pacific Railroad transected the western Colorado Desert. This route connected the San Gorgonio Pass to the town of Yuma via the eastern shore of the Salton Sea.
15 1-372

The process of surveying and mapping the Colorado Desert began in 1852, when Henry Washington and a small party of surveyors ascended the San Bernardino Mountains and established the S.B.B.M. From 1854 to 1857, Washington extended this line to the Colorado River, working his way through uncharted territory all the way (von Till Warren et al. 1981:94).

Also in the 1850s, the U.S. Government sent Indian Commissioners into the deserts of southern California. Although not authorized to make any commitments to the Native Americans, the Commissioners set aside (illegally) large tracts of land for reservations (von Till Warren et al. 1981:94). Most of these areas were never fully developed as reservations, although the Torres Martinez and Agua Caliente (Palm Springs) reservations were eventually set aside from the larger reserves delineated by the Indian Commission. Once the Indian population was confined to the reservations, the remaining land was made available for mining, ranching, and other uses.

Management of the desert lands was largely the responsibility of the General Land Office, and later the Department of Agriculture Grazing Administration. Until the passage of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, however, no control was exercised over the California desert lands.

Because of the extremely arid nature of the California deserts, this act had virtually no impact on the region; not until the responsibility for managing the desert came under control of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in 1946 were the first attempts made at range management. Since that time, the BLM also has been engaged in evaluating lands for their "uses," and classifying them for different types of management (von Till Warren et al. 1981:95).

The Coachella Valley Stormwater District was initially organized in 1915 by settlers of the Coachella Valley with the objective of controlling floodwater flows and constructing flood channels and levees (Coachella Valley County Water District 1978:18-19). An objective of the District was to replace individual ad hoc levee -building by individuals, which often worked at cross-purposes, with one property owner doing damage to another in times of flood. Devastating flooding in 1916 inundated Indio, Coachella, Thermal, and Mecca, underlining the urgency of flood control for local pioneer farmers. The 1916 flood had cut a channel for the Whitewater River eastward around Indio rather than turning south into the so-called "Noffsiger Wash." The layout of the river channel would have been different in subsequent years if the flood had cut a different route (Coachella Valley County Water District 1978:37).

The Stormwater District's first major effort to control flood flows was carried out in the vicinity of Indio (Coachella Valley County Water District 1978:19). A plan had existed before the 1916 flood to channelize the river around to the east and southeast of Indio, and a mile of levees had been built before the flood struck. Work continued with urgency after the flood had demonstrated the need for a better flood control system. A former protective ditch system installed at Indio had been removed by 1919, and a new channel was improved by that date (Coachella Valley County Water District 1978:55). A $30,000 bond was approved in September of 1918 for flood control activities. A plan proposed before the 1916 flood and reworked afterwards to build a large detention dam at Point Happy was considered and then dropped.

Efforts to channelize the Whitewater River below Indio were also made, with an emphasis on levee construction and remodeling. In the vicinity of Avenues 66 and 68, for example, the post - 1916 river channel was granted as a right-of-way by private land owners to the Coachella Valley Stormwater District in circa 1923-1924 (Riverside County Assessor 1922-1950: MB 22 [1920- 19261:52). Both improvements to and cleaning of the channel were carried out by the District.

Another major flood occurred in 1927, and the Whitewater Channel, as it was called at the time, was downcut in places by several feet. The Whitewater Channel improvements had included a 16 1-373

system of levees which were affected by the storm in the vicinity of Indio, Thermal, and Mecca (Coachella Valley County Water District 1978:20, 99).

In November of 1936, preliminary discussions were held about the merging of the Coachella Valley Stormwater District and the Coachella Valley County Water District. This led to Senator John Phillips introducing a bill in the state legislature to that effect that was signed by Governor Merriam in June. On October 11, 1937, the proposal was approved by district voters, and the districts were subsequently merged (Coachella Valley County Water District 1978:11, 81). On March 2, 1938 another major storm occurred, which also caused downcutting to the channel and levee damage. In the aftermath of this storm, rebuilding and improvement of the channel took place. The Coachella Valley County Water District applied to the State of California for $80,000 in emergency funds "to repair, relocate and reconstruct the channel from Indio to the [Salton] sea" (Coachella Valley County Water District 1978:81). Some changes in stormwater channel easements were made to accommodate the improvements to the channel. The channel is shown on the 1941 Coachella 15' quadrangle. The channel was again rebuilt in the late 1960s and early 1970s, partly with funds from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Coachella Valley County Water District 1978:101).

The paucity of water in many areas of the Colorado Desert discouraged farming, and agricultural development only flourished when water could be imported in significant quantities. Because of the relatively high water table in the Coachella Valley, however, the agricultural industry began to develop prior to the importation of water by means of drilling artesian wells. Beginning in the first decade of the twentieth century, Coachella Valley farmers planted extensive date, fig, and grape acreage. Towns that developed with the agricultural growth include Thermal, Mecca, Indio, and Coachella. Because of the extensive farming efforts, the water table in the Coachella Valley was seriously depleted, stimulating the formation of the CVWD to promote conservation and replenish the ground water basin. Following passage of the Boulder Canyon Project Act of 1928, the waters of the Colorado River were harnessed for the development of agriculture in Imperial and Coachella Valleys. The CVWD cooperated with the Imperial Irrigation District to develop the AII-American Canal and the Coachella Valley extension. Branching off from the AII-American Canal, the Old Coachella Canal extends 199 km (123.5 mi) north to the northern Coachella Valley, bringing the first imported irrigation water to the valley in 1949 (Norland 1978).
17 1-374

4 METHODS
This cultural resources sensitivity assessment uses a compilation of known cultural resources data and environmental data to model and predict the sensitivity for both buried prehistoric and surficial prehistoric and historical archaeological resources. The resultant sensitivity was reported in four zones. The sensitivity was arrived at through a consideration of geologic sedimentary structures, soil series maps of the Coachella Valley, historical maps and aerial images, modern aerial imagery, and the cultural resources literature and records search of the Study Area. As well, archaeological journals and publications on the Coachella Valley were consulted.

The four zones were established after a review of the data (see Figure 1), being primarily driven by clustering of known archaeological sites, geologic data, and soil series. The boundary between Zones 1 and 2 is located at Alejo Road in Palm Springs. The boundary between Zones 2 and 3 is located in Indian Wells, 2 mi west of Point Happy. The division between Zones 3 and 4 is located along Avenue 52 in the City of Coachella.

Since the zones were established based on the similarity and homogeneity of environmental variables, the sensitivity for cultural resources is fairly consistent throughout the zone. In one instance where this in not the case, it is pointed out in the sensitivity summary for that zone.

Sensitivity for surface archaeology, including both prehistoric and historical sites and buried prehistoric resources was established separately in each zone. The resultant surface and buried site sensitivity was summed up individually for each zone. Possible sensitivity scores include low, moderate, and high sensitivity for surface prehistoric and historical archaeological resources, and low, moderate, and high sensitivity for buried prehistoric resources.

Based on the sensitivity for both surface and subsurface archaeology, cultural resources management measures are recommended for future compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA); those are presented in Chapter 6. These management recommendations serve as a minimum level of effort and provide guidance for establishing actual level of effort once specific project areas and potential impacts are defined. 18 1-375

5 LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH

AND BACKGROUND RESEARCH
In addition to completing a records search, the model was also built on data derived from geologic maps, soils data, historical maps, historical aerial images, and technical reports or theses. The follow section is a review of those data.

5.1 LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
A quarter -mile records search was conducted beyond the centerline of the Whitewater River from the mouth of the canyon where the river emerges into the Banning Pass to the river's current delta into the Salton Sea. The records search area, herein the Study Area, amounted to

58.5 square miles and 52.4 mi in length. Results of the records search indicate that 309 archaeological and built -environment resources are located within this area consisting of 152 prehistoric sites, 34 historical archaeological sites, 15 multicomponent resources (prehistoric and historical archaeological sites), and 108 built -environment sites (historical architectural sites).

Of these, 42 resources are located within 100 m of the center line of the Whitewater River. See Appendix A for a list of sites within the Study Area.

Prehistoric resources within the Study Area are difficult to classify due to inconsistent levels of documentation, including a lack of specificity of artifact and feature types, quantities, and details. Despite poor data, resource types identified in the Study Area include habitation, discrete artifact scatters, pot drops, trails, cairns, isolated ceramics, lithics, fire -altered rock (FAR), groundstone, and bedrock milling (BRM) sites. Of these 152 prehistoric resources in the Study Area, 45 are habitation sites, six of which contain evidence of cremation features, and five that have been classified by other researchers as village sites, including the site of Pal se-ta.

Resources in the records search data classified as habitation sites range from simple campsites to village sites. The reason for this broad classification is due to the variation in site record detail.

Many older records, dating to the 1950s through early 1970s, lack detail to adequately address questions of site function and purpose. Minimally, sites with moderate densities of artifacts, evidence of burning, and faunal remains were classified as habitation sites. In many cases, sites of this type with a certain level of integrity have the potential to answer pertinent questions concerning the regional and local prehistory and after evaluation may be considered significant resources under NHPA.

Historical archaeological resources identified in the records search include refuse scatters, foundations, water conveyance or management features such as levees or pipelines, and agricultural sites. The records search results indicate that 49 sites of this type are within the Study Area. Refuse scatters are the most common type of historical archaeological site identified in the records search area, amounting to 19 sites. Noteworthy sites include the ruins of the Palm Springs Railroad Station (CA-RIV-178), the Whitewater River Diversion Channel (P33-017259), and the ruins of an adobe structure and possible homestead (CA-RIV-3886H).

The results of the records search indicate that 98 built -environment resources are within the records search area. Built -environment resources identified in the records search area include 19 1-376

residences, commercial buildings and stores, agricultural sites, water conveyance features, and communications facilities. More than 80 of the resources are single-family residences, with a few multi -family residences. A large proportion of the built -environment resources are within Cathedral City. Other resources include the White Water Repeater Station, the Oasis Date Garden, the Whitewater Channel, and the Carl Bray Home and Gallery.

No sites within the Study Area have been determined eligible for the NRHP. However, seven resources are listed as ineligible for inclusion on the National Register. There are 70 resources included on the Directory of Properties in the Historic Property Datafile (HPD) for Riverside County, as maintained by the of Historic Preservation . Two resources are listed as potentially eligible (P33-005514 and P33-005629), 11 resources as not eligible but may be of local interest, and the remaining sites are listed as ineligible. See Appendix B for the list of relevant pages of the HPD list.

In all, 407 cultural resources studies have been conducted within the Study Area. This accounts for an estimated 15 percent of the Study Area. The majority of the studies involve Phase I survey, yet also include reconnaissance, records search reports, excavations and site evaluation, and monitoring. These efforts have been concentrated in the central and lower parts of the Study Area, where much of the development of the Coachella Valley has occurred. See Appendix C for a list of cultural resources studies conducted.

There is an uneven distribution of cultural resources throughout the records search area, with high densities of sites occurring in the vicinity of Indio, near the former high stand of ancient Lake Cahuilla, and lower densities near Banning Pass, Coachella, Cathedral City, and Mecca. A low density of sites occurs between these areas.

Nearly 95 percent of prehistoric sites identified in the records search occur between the City of Indian Wells and Coachella. The highest density can be found in Indio. This area is where the high stand of the ancient Lake Cahuilla was located. This pattern of high site density can be seen elsewhere in the valley near the high lake stand (Eddy et al. 2011; Horne 2008).

5.2 HISTORICAL MAP AND AERIAL PHOTO ANALYSIS
LE consulted historical maps and aerial photos to see what changes have occurred to Coachella Valley and the Study Area in the past century. This is important for assessing the integrity of the modern surficial landscape and assessing the character of the landscape prior to modern development of the valley. Specific points of interest include migration of creek channels, evidence of down -cutting, the presence of dunes, and evidence of abandoned channels, as well as agricultural use of the Study Area over time. Both aerial imagery and historical USGS and army quadrangles were consulted as part of the research. Viewed aerial images include the U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Adjustment Administration aerial index of Flight 1502 (AXM 1938b), Riverside County, California, flown on June 20, 1938 by lava) Company (held by the Map and Image Library [MIL] of the University of California, Santa Barbara). Historical maps consulted include the Indio 30' USGS quadrangle (1904), Toro Peak 15' Army Map Service quadrangle (1941), Palm Springs 15' Army Map Service quadrangle (1940, 1942), Edom 15' Army Map Service quadrangle (1941), Coachella 15' Army Map Service quadrangle (1941), Palm Desert 15' USGS quadrangle (1959), Palm Springs 15' USGS quadrangle (1957), Thousand Palms 15' USGS quadrangle (1958), and the Coachella 15' USGS quadrangle (1956). 20 1-377

The analysis is presented in chronological order and will be described relative to Project features.

All historical maps or photos were compared to current aerial photographs of the Study Area.

Analysis of the Indio (1904) quadrangle shows the Whitewater River mapped near its modern course with a few deviations. The river is shown as a wide, sandy, unmodified, unconfined wash meandering through the valley. For the most part, the main channel is roughly near the modern course in the northern Study Area, with the exception of meanders near Palm Desert and south of Cathedral City that deviate from the modern course. In the vicinity of Indio, the modern path of the river has been channelized to avoid the city, cutting around to the north. The Indio map depicts the river flowing south of the city and breaking up into multiple channels or washes. The modern course rejoins the historical mapped route south of Thermal, which then roughly overlap until the modern river enters the Salton Sea. Between Indio and Thermal, the modern course is east of the railroad, while the historical course is west, with a branch crossing the Augustine Reservation.

On the 1938 aerial, which shows an area from Point Happy east of Indian Wells to a point south of Thermal, the Whitewater River is depicted as channelized north of Indio. The Deep Creek Stormwater Channel is present, entering the river at Point Happy. The modifications to the river are evident past the town of Thermal. The second aerial from 1938, which depicts the Coachella Valley between Thermal and the Salton Sea, shows modifications to the channel down to the delta. Evidence for the original alignment can also be seen in these images where agricultural development has not obliterated channels and wash sediments.

The Edom (1941) quadrangle shows the river between Palm Springs and Palm Desert and it appears that the river still flows as an unmodified wash, yet closely aligning with the modern channel. To the south, on the Toro (1941) quadrangle, the path of the wash continues unmodified yet near its modern course until it reaches Indio, where it is shown as channelized and diverted northerly around the city. The Coachella (1941) quadrangle shows the river channelized along its modern alignment down to the river delta on the Salton Sea. The feature is officially named on the map as the Whitewater River Storm Channel. The feature is renamed on the Coachella (1956) quadrangle as the Coachella Valley Stormwater Channel. On the Palm Desert (1956) quadrangle, the stormwater channel has been extended to Point Happy, between Indio and Indian Wells, and is intersected by Deep Canyon Stormwater Channel. The northern portion of the Whitewater River, as depicted on the Thousand Palms (1958) quadrangle, shows the river more or less as a natural wash through the cities of Palm Springs, Cathedral City, and northern Palm Desert. The modern photorevised Palm Springs and Cathedral City quadrangles (1988, 1981) show some modification in the form along levees to the channel.

5.3 ANALYSIS OF THE SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF THE COACHELLA VALLEY

AND THE POTENTIAL FOR BURIED CULTURAL RESOURCES
Sediments and soils contain different but complementary information about the history of the Study Area landscapes. Although sediments and soils are created by different surficial processes, the terms are often confused and misused. Sediments are unconsolidated particles that have been eroded from a location on the landscape, physically transported, and deposited to another location. The accumulation of sediment is indicative of unstable landscapes. Soils, in contrast, form in preexisting sediments. As a surficial process, soil formation is dependent on climatic conditions favoring stable landscapes where mechanical, biological, and chemical 21 1-378

weathering can alter the sedimentary deposit or bedrock into a vertical sequence of distinctive horizons.

Knowledge of the sediment -soil distributions in the Study Area is essential for assessing the potential for buried cultural resources. Information gleaned from geologic maps provides the baseline data necessary to determine different landform ages, environmental contexts of the sedimentary deposits, and the textural properties that can yield valuable information for evaluating the potential for intact buried archaeological sites. Identifying the distribution of soil types provides a relative time marker and a greater surficial landscape resolution particularly in basins, where an array of alluvial and aeolian depositional environments exists. The development of alluvial soils is contingent on the complex history of alluvial sedimentation, time, and climate. Thus, differential distributions of alluvial soils are indicators of landscape stability and help determine the potential for intact buried archaeological sites in the alluvial settings of the Study Area.

Geologic maps consulted include the Geological Map of the Palm Springs Quadrangle (Dibblee 2004a), Geologic Map of the Desert Hot Springs Quadrangle (Dibblee 2004b), Geologic Map of the Whitewater Quadrangle (Dibblee 2004c), Geologic Map of the Palm Desert and Coachella 15 Minute Quadrangles (Dibblee 2008a), and Geologic Map of the Thousand Palms and Lost Horse 15 Minute Quadrangles (Dibblee 2008b). Soils data were downloaded from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Web Soils Survey website (2012).

Seven sedimentary units were identified in the Study Area. Nearly the entire Study Area is in a depositional setting, with the exception of small areas near the margin of the valley where various hard rock units are situated. Sedimentary units range in age from mid -Pleistocene to modern in age. Hard rock units have no potential for buried cultural resources and are not described; however, bedrock milling (BRM) features have been identified in these area and therefore, they are sensitive for cultural resources. The sedimentary units in the Study Area are described below:

Qg: A Holocene sediment body composed of alluvial gravel and sand of the Whitewater wash.

Near the mouth of the canyon, this unit consists of large cobbles and represents very high energy of deposition. Toward the center of the valley, larger clasts are less frequent, although energy of deposition is still high and frequency of flooding limits soil formation. Due to a high energy of deposition, it is likely that buried cultural features in this formation would be in a secondary redeposited context with flash flooding impacting integrity. Thus, the preservation of cultural features in these sediments would be limited and the sensitivity for buried cultural resources is low.

Qa (northern Study Area): This unit is described as alluvial sand and gravel of flat flood plains and small valleys mostly near and in the San Jacinto Mountains deposited during the early to mid -Holocene. The moderate to high energy of deposition suggests this unit has a low potential for preserving buried cultural resources. However, if aeolian surficial sub -units are identified, they may be covering cultural resources.

Qa (southern Study Area): this unit is described as alluvial sand and clays of valley areas derived from ancient Lake Cahuilla and blow sands deposited during the Holocene. This area is highly sensitive for buried cultural resources. It is located in areas once part of a lacustrine 22 1-379

environment, which was actively exploited by prehistoric inhabitants. Because of a low energy of deposition, this sediment unit has the potential to bury sites with a high degree of integrity.

Qa/Qc: This unit, found in the southern portion of the Study Area, is the same as the Qa described above; with the additional features of exposed areas of lacustrine clay, which are light gray, alkaline, and contain some micaceous silt. This area also has a high potential for buried cultural resources.

Qf: Formally named Late Pleistocene Alluvial Fan of San Gorgonio Pass, this unit consists of sand and gravel of plutonic and gneissic detritus derived from the rising San Bernardino Mountains to the north. It is slightly dissected by stream channels and includes small alluvial fans at the base of and derived from San Jacinto Mountains in the southern area (Dibblee 2004c).

The age and energy of deposition of this unit generally precludes the possibility of the presence of buried cultural deposits. However, aeolian surficial components overlying fan sediments may cover cultural resources. The unit as a whole is of low sensitivity for buried cultural resources.

Qs: This unit is described as late Holocene blow sands deposited by prevailing westerly winds in the northern portion of the Study Area and wind -laid dune sands in the southern half of the Study Area. Dunes are prevalent throughout the Study Area and were attractive features for prehistoric use. This unit has a high potential for buried cultural resources due to its low energy of deposition and recent age. However, the fact that this unit may preserve cultural resources, does not indicated that the area where it is located has a high potential for cultural resources.

Qcf: This unit is described as an alluvial fanglomerate, found only in the north near the mouth of the Whitewater Canyon, consisting of light gray, weakly indurated, and crudely bedded unsorted boulders, cobbles, and pebbles of detritus mostly of quartz diorite derived from the San Jacinto Mountains. There is no potential for buried cultural recourses in this unit due to its Pleistocene age.

Based on the analysis of the geologic data, the potential for buried sites in the northern portion of the Study Area is low. This area is characterized by high to moderate energy sediments, derived from Whitewater Canyon, and from the slopes of the San Jacinto Mountains and San Gorgonio Mountains in the form of alluvial fans and channel sediments. South of Palm Desert, the sediments are low energy aeolian and lacustrine-derived materials, which are much more likely to preserve cultural materials and features in situ. This assertion is supported by the observation in the records search data; 95 percent of the prehistoric sites are clustered in this area.

Soils data for the Coachella Valley was ultimately used to refine the geologic model and establish sensitivity units for buried cultural resources. A total of six soil series and three land form types were identified within the Study Area. The boundaries of these soil series and their properties roughly correspond to geologic data, yet offer more detail in specific physical characteristics, such as texture and mineral accumulation, which can be useful in inferring sediment age. The following soil series and landform types were identified in the Study Area (Table 1). Appendix D shows the distribution of soil series in the Study Area. 23 1-380

Table 1
Soil Series and Land Forms Identified in the Stud v Area Series
Description
Potential for Buried Resources
Carsitas
Gravelly coarse deep soils formed in alluvium from
granitoid or gneissic rocks on alluvial fans, fan
aprons, valley fills, dissected remnants of alluvial
fans, and drainage ways. Contains common gravel
and cobbles.

Higher energy; low potential for
buried resources
Coachella
Very fine sandy soil with silt lenses that form in
lacustrine basins and are derived from igneous rocks.

Moderate to high potential for
preserving sites
Gillman
Coarse, loamy soil formed on stratified stream
alluvium.

Moderate to low potential for
buried sites.

Fluvents
Channel deposits, far from canyon mouth. Typically
reworked valley sediments, with finer fraction
removed.

High energy; low potential where
active.

Indio
Very fine sandy loam, occasionally with freshwater
shell fragments. Forms in alluvium derived from
mixed rock sources on alluvial fans, lacustrine basins, and flood plains.

Moderate to high potential for
buried cultural resources.

Myoma
Fine to very fine sand, with fresh water shells, formed in sand blown from recent alluvium. Surface
topography consists of rolling, hummocky micro
relief.

Moderate potential to bury
resources. Very young sediment.

Salton
Silty clay loam, formed in lacustrine basin derived
from silt eroded from recent alluvium.

Moderate to high potential for
buried resources
Riverwash
High-energy bouldery, cobbley, gravels, deposited in
stream channels
High energy; active; no potential
for buried resources
Rock
Outcrop
Rock outcrop.

No potential for buried resources
24 1-381

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The most influential variables in establishing sensitivity zones for the Study Area involve the geomorphology of the Coachella Valley, including the high-energy alluvial deposits in the northern portion of the Study Area and lacustrine deposits and Iakeshore sediments in the southern portion. The location and setting of known cultural resources also informs on the likelihood of finding other resources in various settings in the Study Area. Ultimately, much of what is known about the history and prehistory of the valley is dependent on these geomorphic factors.

Based on the results of the review of geologic data, the Study Area was divided up into four zones. The sensitivity and factors leading to that sensitivity will be discussed for each zone below. The fours zones include: Zone 1, which is located mostly in the Banning Pass from the mouth of the Whitewater Canyon to Palm Springs; Zone 2, between Palm Springs and Point Happy in Indian Wells; Zone 3, spanning Point Happy to Coachella; and Zone 4, from Coachella to the Salton Sea.

6.1 ZONE 1
Fifteen previously recorded resources are in Zone 1, including one built -environment resource, two prehistoric isolated artifacts, and 12 historical archaeological sites. Historical sites are primarily refuse sites, likely associated with travel through the Banning Pass and with the railroad. The foundation of one possible homestead is located in the zone, but very little evidence of development, agricultural activity, or settlement. Two water -conveyance and one water -diversion structure are within the zone, associated with the Whitewater River and drainages corning down side canyons, and are intended to supply Palm Springs with water. No known resources physically intersect the delineated area of jurisdictional waters.

According to geologic and soils data, units in the Zone 1 portion of the Study Area are high- energy fluvial and alluvial units. This type of environment is highly active, preventing the development of surfaces and soils development. This can be seen in the gravelly sediments and boulders in the stream channel and nearby floodplain sediments. The primary soil series mapped in the area is the Carsitas, which is a high-energy, cobbley to gravelly, coarse sand. Where finer soil series were identified, such as the Myoma, they were formed on Pleistocene fan deposits which were deposited prior to human occupation of the region. The Whitewater River is mapped as river wash, a high-energy frequently flooded sedimentary unit with boulders, cobbles, and gravels. Much of the area has been used for raw material mining. Active environments promote the movement of artifacts into secondary contexts and the erosion of cultural features. In such environments, it is rare to find intact buried cultural resources or horizons. As well, alluvial fan deposits in the northern portion of the Study Area predate human occupation of the region, having been deposited during the Pleistocene. Therefore, prehistoric remains on the fan, if present, would likely be found on the surface. Since most of the Study Area consists of fluvial sediments of the Whitewater River, prehistoric evidence in most cases has likely been transported to secondary contexts and would no longer be in situ. 25 1-382

In a few cases, aeolian sands are present on the surface covering older fan sediments. Since dune sands are highly active, any prehistoric remains on fan sediments, or possibly historic resources, may be buried. In the review of the geologic literature, sand deposits were identified at the base of the San Jacinto Mountains south of the Whitewater River Channel. This area may have moderate potential to bury cultural resources.

Sites in Zone 1 may potentially include historical refuse scatters associated with water management, railroad, and travel through the region. Surface surveys in this zone in areas undisturbed by modern grading are likely to result in the discovery of sites of this type. As well, prehistoric isolates or small lithic scatters in addition to BRM features on rocks at the base of the mountain may be identified. However, prehistoric sites are likely to occur in low density.

Geologic data indicate that the likelihood of intact buried sites, both prehistoric and historical, is low, with the exception of areas covered by blow sands and dune complexes. Thus, Zone 1 has a moderate potential for the discovery of additional surface historical sites, a low potential for the discovery of additional prehistoric sites, and a low to no potential for buried archaeological sites of any type with the exception of aeolian areas, where there is a moderate potential for buried archaeological resources.

6.2 ZONE 2
The records search identified 62 cultural resources in Zone 2; however, 55 of these resources are built -environment resources clustered in the historical portion of Cathedral City. Archaeological resources identified in Zone 2 include six prehistoric resources and one historical resource.

Since potential construction activities involve restoring the Whitewater River facilities to an as - built state, there will be no impacts to the identified built sites and these resources will not be considered further in this section. It should be noted, however, that elements of the Whitewater conveyance system are considered built -environment resources and could qualify as historic properties.

The prehistoric resources include sparse artifact scatters involving small quantities of ceramic sherds, debitage, and ground stone. In the case of CA-RIV-141, CA-RIV-1320, and CA-RIV- 2003, which are located at foot of the Santa Rosa Mountains, near the mouth of the alluvial fan coming out of a major canyon, numerous stone features are present. While located in close proximity to the main channel of the Whitewater River, these resources are outside the delineated jurisdictional area and will not be affected directly by any maintenance undertakings, but demonstrate potential for this type of site to occur in this zone. Due to the development of the desert cities along State Route 1 1 1 (SR -111), the other prehistoric sites appear to have been destroyed and much of the Whitewater River is developed, thus surface archaeology is limited.

Only one documented historical archaeological site was located within this zone, consisting of the foundation of an adobe structure; according to modern aerial images; however, it has been destroyed or incorporated into a golf course.

The potential for subsurface archaeology has not been demonstrated in Zone 2, as there are no reports posting the results of subsurface testing available. Sediments in the area, according to geologic data, consist of fluvium in the stream channel, in addition to disturbed sediments from channelization and flood control efforts, which are down cut into Holocene alluvial sands and gravels. In the vicinity of Zone 2, these sediments were likely derived from sediments from Cathedral, Deep, and Magnesia canyons and form the distal end of several coalescing fans. The sediments may have been reworked by flooding of the Whitewater River and include bands of 26 1-383

stream wash deposits. This setting has the possibility to bury and preserve prehistoric cultural resources.

In the northern half of Zone 2, the soil series are mostly Carsitas and Riverwash, which are high- energy deposits not likely to preserve buried cultural resources, and Myoma, which are generally young aeolian fine sands. There is moderate potential for the areas in which the Myoma soil series are found to bury sites, but the lack of characteristics and resources that would attract human use of the area, and the lack of known sites does not support this. The southern portion of Zone 2, south of Palm Desert, is mapped as the Coachella, Carsitas, Gilman, and Myoma series.

The Carsitas are located in the mid- and distal portions of alluvial fans emanating from the Santa Rosa Mountains, while Gilman series are found along former washes of these canyons. The Coachella series, fine sandy soils with silt lenses, derived from lacustrine and low -energy settings such as alluvial fan skirt, have the highest potential to preserve and bury cultural resources. It is likely that recent blow sands, mapped as the Myoma series, cover many of these older or higher -energy deposits.

Because most of Zone 2 is developed, with little evidence from previous cultural resources work that this section of the Study Area was intensively used prehistorically or historically, the likelihood of finding additional sites on the surface is low. The potential for subsurface cultural deposits in this zone is also low as evidenced by previous studies. However, the Coachella series has the potential to bury cultural resources with good preservation, if they are present. Overall, Zone 2 has low sensitivity for the discovery of prehistoric and historical cultural resources on the surface, and low sensitivity for buried cultural resources, with the exception of the southern extent, which has a low to moderately low sensitivity.

6.3 ZONE 3
Zone 3 encompasses the former high stand of ancient Lake Cahuilla, approximately 42 ft above sea level. Previous cultural resources record search data for the valley indicates that prehistoric site density at this elevation is extremely high. In the case of Zone 3, 162 resources with a prehistoric component are found in this segment of the Study Area. Of these prehistoric resources, 45 show evidence of habitation, demonstrating the long term and intensive use of this area. Furthermore, five of these habitations are classified by the recorders as village sites, including the ethnohistoric villages of Pal Se-ta (CA-RIV-7882) and Kavinish (CA-RIV-64). At least seven resources with cremations have been identified, as well as coyote and other animal burials. The remaining prehistoric sites consist of artifact scatters of various densities and isolated artifacts, possibly representing satellite activity areas.

In Zone 3, 32 sites with a historical component (historical or multicomponent resources) were identified in the records search. The majority of these sites are isolated refuse scatters, ranging from isolated historical artifacts to small dumps. As well, five foundations of early twentieth- century structures were identified. Two water -storage and agricultural archaeological sites were also identified. Also, 32 built -environment resources were identified; however, since any modifications to the Whitewater Storm Water Channel will be returning the feature to an as -built state, there will be no impacts to these resources and, therefore, they will not be discussed further (with the exception of the stormwater channel itself).

Eighteen cultural resources are within the area delineated for jurisdictional waters in Zone 3 (Table 2). Of these, one is a historical archaeological resource, and 17 are prehistoric, seven of 27 1-384

which are classified as habitation sites and one that is a village (Kavinish). This village site has documented cremation remains as does a second site. Beginning in this zone and extending to the Salton Sea, the Whitewater Stormwater Channel (P33-017259) has been formally documented.

Table 2
List of Archaeological Resources in Zone 3 that Intersect the Area Delineated as Jurisdictional Waters or Wetlands
Primary
Trinomial
Description
33-017134
Foundation of historical structure.
33-009019
Isolated ceramic sherd.

CA-RIV-1530
33-001530
A habitation site consisting of fish and mammal bones, charcoal, ceramic artifacts, ground stone, lithic debitage and fire -altered rock (FAR) measuring 62 x51 m.

CA-RIV-64
33-000064
This site is the village Kavinish and early town -site of Indian wells. The site contains many loci with a diverse set of features and artifacts. Cremations were identified at this site.

CA-RIV-6376
33-009461
A habitation site consisting of ceramic artifacts, lithic materials, including two Desert Side -notched points, ground stone, and faunal remains, burnt clay, freshwater shell, charcoal, and FAR.

CA-RIV-
3683/3847
33-003683
A habitation site consisting of lithic debitage and a Desert Side -notched point, ground stone, ceramic artifacts, and FAR located on a bench above the Whitewater River.

CA-RIV-6230
33-008741
A habitation site consisting of a low density of artifacts including lithics, ceramics, and bone, as well as faunal remains, shellfish, and burned clay 50 ft west of the Whitewater River flood control channel access road.

CA-RIV-2200
33-002200
A sparse artifact scatter.
33-009018
An isolated ceramic sherd.

CA-RIV-1770
33-001770
A discrete scatter of ceramic artifacts.
33-009021
A scatter of three ceramic sherds.
33-009022
An isolated prehistoric mano.

CA-RIV-3005
33-003005
A habitation site with various lithic artifacts, including a drill, ground stone, manuported stone, possibly FAR, shell pendant fragments and beads, decorated pottery, and a ceramic disk. Additionally, a dense scatter of ceramic sherds and shellfish were found.

CA-RIV-1178
33-001178
A habitation consisting of a dense concentration of ceramic sherds, ash pits, fish bones, ground stone, a clay disc, shell beads, and a human cremation.

CA-RIV-2984
33-002984
Ceramic scatter with faunal and charcoal.

CA-RIV-2983
33-002983
A discrete artifact scatter.

CA-RIV-4132
33-004132
A sparse scatter of ceramic and lithic artifacts.

CA-RIV-5876
33-007924
A sparse scatter of lithic and ground stone artifacts associated with a dense scatter of ceramic sherds and shellfish.
28 1-385

The potential for subsurface archaeology has been demonstrated for this area in the archaeological literature. Data compiled from site records (including CA-RIV-64, -5233, -6484, and -8835) from the literature search in which subsurface excavations are reported, describe depth of cultural deposits typically ranging between 50 and 120 cm in depth. Love and Dandul (2002) report an ashy cremation at 2 m below the modern ground surface at CA-RIV-1340 dating to 1280 to 830 B.C. and a hearth feature and basalt flake 10 m beneath a modern dune dating to between 1390 and 560 B.C., depending on which dates are accepted at CA-RIV-5346.

At CA-RIV-1974, they also report a midden feature thath was encountered at 150 cm deep.

These sites and others, dating to the Late Archaic, cluster around Indio and a few are within the Zone 4 portion of the Study Area. Applied EarthWorks, Inc. (2007) reports cultural remains in dune deposits of late prehistoric age more than a meter deep at CA-RIV-6895 and CA-RIV- 6897.

Geologic data for this area shows Holocene alluvial valley fill consisting of sands and clay.

Soils data indicate that the area is dominated by the Indio, Myoma, Coachella, Gilman series.

The coarse -loamy Gilman series is related to old stream deposits and overbank sediment from the Whitewater River as it naturally moved across the valley. The Coachella and Indio series are both lacustrine-based fine sediments related to ancient Lake Cahuilla in this area. The Myoma, most likely the youngest series, consists of blow sands likely overtopping older lacustrine and fluvial sediments. The four series compose the entire zone and all are capable of containing well preserved cultural sediments. Interestingly, 96 of the prehistoric sites (61%) in Zone 3 have been identified in areas mapped as part of the Myoma soils series. Further, in the vicinity of this mapped series, nearly 90 percent of all prehistoric sites are associated with this series. This accounts for nearly all prehistoric sites in the western portion of Zone 3. In the eastern portion of Zone 3, where no Myoma soils are found, no such clustering is observed. This association may be related to the prehistoric use of dunes formed on the lake shore, or preservation factors, and requires further investigation.

While much of this area has been developed as the cities of Indio, Indian Wells, and Coachella, the potential to discover new and additional components of existing resources is high. This zone was the most exploited portion of the Study Area both historically and prehistorically. The potential to find new sites of either age is high. Archaeological and geologic data suggest that the potential for buried prehistoric sites within this zone is very high. Late Archaic to Late Prehistoric sites have been identified either with a subsurface component in migrating dunes, or completely buried. The likelihood of finding new buried prehistoric resources therefore, is very high. This area is highly sensitive for prehistoric and historical surface sites, and highly sensitive for buried prehistoric sites.

6.4 ZONE 4
The southernmost segment of the Study Area, Zone 4, has two known prehistoric and historical sites. The historical sites consist of buried pavement from an old road alignment and refuse, while the prehistoric resources are isolated artifacts. However, 2 mi west of the northern portion of the current location of the Whitewater River, is the Village Tennal W hkish (CA-RIV-148).

There are 15 built -environment resources within the Study Area of Zone 4; however, restoration of the Whitewater Stormwater Channel to an as -built condition will not impact these built features. No know archaeological sites are within the area delineated as jurisdictional. 29 1-386

The geologic maps indicate that the area is Holocene valley fill, consisting of sands and clays.

The soils series present in Zone 4 consist of Gilman and Indio, exclusively in the north and Salton and Gilman in the south. Gilman is associated with fluvial sediments and Indio and Salton are associated with Iacustrine sediments. This combination of sediments is suggestive of former pathways of the Whitewater River as a migrating wash through the valley interfingering with lake sediments. Located farther south and therefore in formerly deeper portions of the lake and at greater distances from the mountains is the finer Salton series consisting of clays and fine material. The Indio series, consisting of fine sand and silt, are farther north. This division shows simply a lower energy of deposition, or more frequent Iacustrine deposition in the south.

Outside the records search area, where ,E has conducted research previously in the vicinity, few archaeological resources are documented in this portion of the valley, especially at elevations lower than 150 ft below sea level. One hypothesis is that the former native vegetation was not of interest to Native inhabitants because of the abundance of alkali water in the area, thus making this area unattractive. Alternatively, in -filling of the lake may result in the repetitive silting over of resources in this area, burying evidence deeply with each generation of the lake. Strong (1929:50) reports that the village Palpunivikiktum, consisting of a well and at least 10 houses, was formerly located approximately 2 mi due east of Alamo. This places the location of the village near the southernmost portion of the Study Area, near the modern shoreline of the Salton Sea. Based on recent survey reports, evidence for surface archaeological resources in that area is absent (Brock 2004). However, modern muds and silts deposited during that latest in -filling of the Salton Sea may be obscuring evidence for this village. Archaeological research exploring the subsurface potential of this area is lacking.

The potential for discovering surface cultural resources in this area, including historical and prehistoric resources, is low. Previous survey work by other researchers has indicated that few to no resource are present within this portion of the Study Area. The potential for buried cultural resources is unknown. No previous studies have demonstrated either a presence or absence of buried cultural resources. However, the location of a village may be present within this area and if present, it is possibly buried by muds deposited during the latest in -filling of the Salton Sea.

Thus, the sensitivity of this area can be summed up as low for surface prehistoric and historical archaeology and unknown for buried resources.
30 1-387

7 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The following sections offer recommendations for culture resources management within each zone analyzed as part of the Study Area. These recommendations address the need and approaches for activities that may be required to satisfy Section 106 of the NHPA. For permitting, the Corps of Engineers will require that an inventory of potential historic properties be conducted, for any areas of ground disturbance. If any cultural resources (historical or prehistoric archaeological sites or built -environment resources) are found in areas of direct impact, their NRHP eligibility would need to be evaluated. Potential impacts of any project on NRHP-eligible properties would have to be assessed. If adverse effects to historic properties cannot be avoided, they must be minimized or mitigated.

7.1 ZONE 1
Because much of this portion of the Study Area contains coarse high-energy sediments and a low density of know sites, the sensitivity for cultural resources is low. However, this area may have been used as an area for acquiring raw materials, including rock and gravel. As well, local water sources were likely exploited for growing desert communities. Cultural resources recommendations for maintenance activities in Zone 1 include, minimally, a surface reconnaissance to inventory cultural resources in the area of direct impact (ADI) for any proposed ground -disturbing activities. Also, background research, including map and aerial image and historical document review to investigate the historic -period exploitation of the area is recommended.

7.2 ZONE 2
Because much of the surface in Zone 2 has been modified and developed with the modern built environment as the cities of Palm Spring, Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert and Indian Well, grow, the ability to detect cultural resources by surface investigation has diminished. Background research indicates that this area has a low sensitivity for historical and prehistoric surface resources. Cultural resources should minimally include a site visit, and intensive survey of any areas with undisturbed soil exposures. As well, map and historical document research can augment the results of the fieldwork.

7.3 ZONE 3
This area was the most intensively utilized portion of the Study Area both historically and prehistorically. Sensitivity for resources is not limited to the surface, but may extend several meters underground. Further, 18 known sites physically overlap the area delineated for jurisdictional waters, and wetlands and could be impacted by maintenance and restoration activities. Projects in Zone 3 should include a surface survey —intensive if the area has exposed sediments —map and background research, and where feasible, some form of subsurface investigation. Most projects in this zone, where sediments will be disturbed, have some potential for adversely affecting historic properties. The benefits and risks of discovering and treating these resources prior to restoration activities, versus during restoration earthmoving should be weighed carefully. Costs of buried site testing or some other means of site detection (e.g., 31 1-388

remote sensing) prior to construction/restoration could be offset by minimization of monitoring costs and construction delays if resources are discovered during restoration.

7.4 ZONE 4
Despite the low sensitivity of this portion of the Study Area, a surface inventory prior to any earthmoving activities in Zone 4 is recommended. The actual level of effort may vary from reconnaissance to intensive, depending on whether the area is developed, disturbed, or native.

Areas that have been tilled or contain spoils of deep excavations may be of interest in terms of identifying potential buried resources. These types of excavations may reveal archaeological materials that were once buried beneath the thick mantle of relatively recent sediments in this zone. Though any cultural material brought to the surface in such a manner would have lost integrity, the presence or absence of archaeological deposits at depth would be instructive. For projects in which the APE has the potential to disturb subsurface sediments, monitoring or buried site testing is recommended. As described for Zone 3, the cost -benefits of each approach should be weighed.

7.5 COACHELLA VALLEY AND WHITEWATER RIVER STORMWATER

CHANNELS
Three portions of the Coachella Valley Stormwater Channel have been recorded and evaluated for previous projects. A 669 -ft section straddled by the Jefferson Street Bridge was recorded as CA-RIV-9456H (P-33-17913) and found to be ineligible for NRHP-listing under any of the four criteria (George and Mirro 2012). Two other segments, southeast of Thermal, have similarly been recorded and recommended ineligible for the NRHP. One of these, a 4,770 -ft segment has the same designation—CA-RIV-9456H (George and Mirro 2009). The third is a 1.5 mi segment, designated P-33-17259 (Ballester 2008).

Other portions of the Coachella Valley Stormwater Channel have not been formally recorded or evaluated. Likewise, there is no official record of the Whitewater River Stormwater Channel as a built -environment resource. While it is unlikely that either of these stormwater channel systems would qualify for NRHP listing, any restoration activities that would physically alter these systems would require formal recordation and assessment of these systems. 32 1-389

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39 1-396

Appendix A
List of Resources in the Study Area
A -I

Trinomial
Primary
Comment
Site Type
CA-RIV-64
33-000064
village/ _
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-135
33-000135
Lithic and cermaic scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-141
33-000141
No Description
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-149
33-000149
Village Site
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-150/H
33-000150
Village/Habitation
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-178
33-000178
Palm Springs Railroad Station
Historic
33-000601

Built Environment Resource
CA-RIV-1171
33-001171
Artifact scatter and maize cobb
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1178
33-001178
Artifact scatter and faunal remains/cremation/Habitation Prehistoric 1
CA-RIV-1315
33-001315
Artifact scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1320
33-001320
Stone circles and trail segment
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1530
33-001530
Artifact Scatter/Faunal Remains/FAR/Habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1754
33-001754
Ceramic scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1770
33-001770
Ceramics
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1970
33-001970
Artifact Scatter/faunal remains/possible
cremations/Habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1972
33-001972
Ceramics and groundstone
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1973
33-001973 i
Artifact scatter/FAR/clay
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-1974
33-001974
Artifact scatter/faunal remains/FAR/possible
cremations/habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2003
33-002003
85 cairns
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2195
33-002195
ceramic scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2200
33-002200
artifact scatter - sparse
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2264
33-002264
artifact scatter BRM features
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2934
33-002934
artifact scatter/burnt clay
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2935
33-002935
artifact scatter/burnt clay
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2936
33-002936
artifact scatter/faunal remains/FAR/burnt clay/habitation Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2982
33-002982
artifact scatter/FAR/charcoal/habitiation
Prehistoric 1
CA-RIV-2983
33-002983
Artifact scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2984
33-002984
ceramic scatter with faunal and charcoal
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2985
33-002985
ceramic and lithic scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2986
33-002986
sparse scatter of sherds and flakes
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-2987
33-002987
Sparse scatter of sherds and flakes
Prehistoric _
CA-RIV-3005
33-003005
artifact scatter/faunal remains/daub/habitation
Prehistoric _
CA-RIV-3007
33-003007
bone awl/ceramics/cremation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-3008
33-003008
pot drop
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-3659/H
33-003659
artifact scatter/cremation/habitation/trash scatter
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-3679/H
33-003679
artifact scatter/burned clay/refuse
M ulticomponent
CA-RIV-3680
33-003680
ceramic/FAR/burnt clay
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-3681
33-003681
ceramic/burnt clay
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-3682
33-003682
cermaic/burnt clay/faunal/lithic/FAR/habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-3683/3847
33-003683
artifact scatter/faunal/FAR/Habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-3866
33-003866
artifact scatter/midden/charcoal/burnt clay/FAR/Habitation Prehistoric
CA-RIV-3886H
33-003886
adobe ruin
Historic
CA-RIV-4076
33-004076
Ceramic scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4107
33-004107
cremation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4108
33-004108
ceramic scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4126
33-004126
ceramic/lithic
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4127
33-004127
cremations/lithics/ceramics/groundstone
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4128
33-004128
lithics/ceramics/historical refuse
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-4129
33-004129
lithics/ceramics/FAR/refuse
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-4130
33-004130
lithics/ceramics/FAR/daub/sparse
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4131/H
33-004131
ceramics/lithics/daub/grounstone/refuse/habitation
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-4132
33-004132
ceranics/lithics/sparse
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4157
33-004157
ceramics/isolated lithic
Prehistoric
1-398

CA-RIV-4165H
33-004165
Homestead
Historic
CA-RIV-4174
33-004174
lithics/ceramics/faunal/fire altered sediment/habitation Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4745
33-004745
ceramics/FAR/sparse
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-4748H
33-004748
Water storage site _
Historic
CA-RIV-4749H
33-004749
depression era foundation
Historic
CA-RIV-4751/H
33-004751
refuse and ceramics
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-4756H
33-004756
Water storage site
Historic
CA-RIV-4757H
33-004757
pre -WWII foundation/home site
Historic
CA-RIV-4780H
33-004780
Single family residence
Built Environment Resource
CA-RIV-4873H
33-004873
ditch/pipeline - conveyance
Historic
CA-RIV-5162
33-005162
BRM feature
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5233
33-005233
lithic/ceramic/FAR/burnt clay/dense/ha bitia tion
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5325H
33-005325
refuse
Historic
CA-RIV-5350
33-005350
ceramics/FAR/sparse
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5252
33-005353
ceramics/lithics/sparse
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5354H
33-005354
agricultural site
Historic
CA-RIV-5398
33-005398
clay/burnt clay/groundstone/FAR/ceramics/lithics
Prehistoric
33-005513
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005629
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005631
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005632
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005634
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005637
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005638
single family home
Built Environment Resource _
33-005639
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005640
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005641
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005642
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005643
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005646
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005684
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005705
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005707
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-005711
adobe
Built Environment Resource
33-005792
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-007262 _
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-007263
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-007264
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-007512
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-007523
single family home
Built Environment Resource
33-007527
single family home
Built Environment Resource
CA-RIV-5828
33-007835
ceramic/FAR/faunal/burnt clay/sparse lithics/habiation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5832
33-007839
FAR/fua na I/spa rse lithic/sparse gorundstone
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5840
33-007853
ceramics/groundstone/lithic/burnt clay/habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5841
33-007854
ceramics/FAR/burnt clay
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5842 133-007855
ceramics \groundstone\hearth\FAR\charcoal\habiation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5843
33-007856
ceramics
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5844
33-007857
ceramics
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-5848/H
33-007886
foundation/BRM features
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-5876
33-007924
sparse lithic/groundstone/dense ceramic/shell
Prehistoric

33-008151
residence
Built Environment Resource
CA-RIV-6064H i
33-008156
refuse
Prehistoric
33-008159
corn cob - isolate
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6075
33-008231
ceramic scatter
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6190
33-008692
ceramics/faunal/burnt clay/FAR/lithics/habiation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6216
33-008727
ceramics/burnt clay/charcoal/possible habitation
Prehistoric
1-399

CA-RIV-6217
33-008728
ceramics/burnt clay/FAR/charcoal/possible habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6218
33-008729
ceramics/burnt clay/FAR/charcoal/possible habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6219
33-008730
ceramics/fa unal/FAR/burnt
clay/groundstone/tools/habitation _
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6221
33-008732
ceramics/faunal/burnt clay/charcoal/habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6222
33-008733
ceramic/burnt clay/charcoal
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6223
33-008734
ceramics/lithics/shellfish/burnt clay/charcoal/habitation Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6224
33-008735
ceramics/lithics/burnt clay/charcoal/shellfish/habitation Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6225
33-008736
ceramics/shellfish/faunal/burnt
clay/groundstone/charcoal/habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6226
33-008737
ceramics/charcoal/shellfish/sparse
Prehistoric _
CA-RIV-6227
33-008738
ceramics/shellfish/burnt clay/sparse
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6228
33-008739
ceramics/shellfish/burnt clay/charcoal
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6229
33-008740
ceramics/lithics/burnt clay/charcoal/groundstone/habitation Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6230
33-008741 I
lithics/ceramics/shellfish/faunal/burnt clay/habitation Prehistoric
33-008742
ceramics/shellfish/FAR/Burnt clay/charcoal/habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6276
33-008842
ceramics
Prehistoric
33-008844
isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-008845
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric _
33-008846
Isolated sherd _
Prehistoric
33-008852
isolated metate
Prehistoric
33-009015
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-009016
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-009017
sherd/ceramic
Prehistoric
33-009018
isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-009019
isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-009020
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric
_
33-009021
3 sherds
Prehistoric
33-009022
mano
Prehistoric
33-009023
sherds
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6376
33-009461
sherds/lithics/groundstone/tools/faunal/burned
clay/FAR/habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6397H
33-009496
water conveyance
Historic
CA-RIV-6380
33-009497
water conveyance
Historic
CA-RIV-6385
33-009501
burnt clay/ceramics
Prehistoric
33-009556
Isolate glass and sherd
Multicomponent
33-009557
hist glass
Historic
33-009558
sherd
Prehistoric
33-009643
charcoal/ceramics/clay/lithics/fa unal/shell/groundstone/FAR /refuse/posssible habirtaion
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-6442/H
33-009644
granite rock feature/burnt
sediment/sherds/clay/lithics/faunal/shell/glass/habitation M ulticomponent
CA-RIV-6443
33-009645
charcoal/ceramics/clay/lithics/faunal/shell/FAR/metal/habita tion
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6444
33-009646
charcoal/ceramics
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6483
33-009727
FAR/Ceramic/groundstone
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6484
33-009728
faunal/crematon/lithics/groundstone/beads/FAR/habitation Prehistoric
33-010612

Built Environment Resource
33-010814
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-6618
33-010905
ceramics/faunal/lithic/groundstone/burnt clay/possible
habitation
Prehistoric
33-011129
Road
Built Environment Resource
1-400

33-011223
historical road
Built Environment Resource
CA-RIV-6822
33-011437
ceramics/beads/faunal/groundstone/lithics
Prehistoric
33-011476
historical residence _
Built Environment Resource
33-011479
subdivision
Built Environment Resource
33-011485
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-011488
Trailer park
Built Environment Resource
33-011566
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-7011
33-012280
ceramics
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-7012
33-012281
ceramics/FAR/burnt clay/faunal/sparse
Prehistoric
33-012285
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-012286
Ilsolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-012346
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-012347
lithic isolate
Prehistoric
33-012348
isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-012349
isolated_sherd
Prehistoric
33-012350
FAR
Prehistoric
33-012352
isolated groundstone
Prehistoric
33-012353
Isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-012354
isolated lithic
Prehistoric
33-012355
isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-012356
isolated lithic
Prehistoric
33-012516

Built Environment Resource
33-012528
five sherds isolate
Prehistoric
33-012529
Five sherds isolate
Prehistoric
33-012562
multi family residence
Built Environment Resource
33-012563
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012563
multi family residence
Built Environment Resource
33-012564
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012565
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012566
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012567
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012568
Cathedral city historical area
_Built
Environment Resource
33-012569
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012570
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012571 _
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012572
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012573
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012574
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012575
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012577
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012578
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012579
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource _
33-012580
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012585
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012586
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource _
33-012587
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012588
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012589
Cathedral city historical area
_
Built Environment Resource
33-012590
Cathedral city historical area
_
Built Environment Resource
33-012590
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012591
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012593
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012594
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012595
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012596
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012597 i
Cathedral city historical area_
Built Environment Resource
33-012598
Cathedral city historical area
I
Built Environment Resource
33-012599
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012600
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource

33-012602
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012603
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012604
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012606
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012607
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012608
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012609
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012610
Cathedral city historical area _
Built Environment Resource
33-012611
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012613
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012614
Cathedral city historical area
Built Environment Resource
33-012664
isolated sherd
Prehistoric
33-012665
isolated sherd _
Prehistoric
33-012666
ceramic isolate
Prehistoric
33-012667
isolated sherds
Prehistoric
33-012668
isolated sherds
Prehistoric
33-012669
isolated sherds
Prehistoric
33-012670
isolated sherds
Prehistoric
33-012674
isolated sherds
Prehistoric
33-012677
isolated sherds
Prehistoric
33-012678
isolated groundstone/hammerstone
Prehistoric
33-012725
No Record
Prehistoric
33-013202
pipeline
Historic
33-013295
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-013300 __sparse
sparse lithic/ceramic/faunal/groundstone
Prehistoric
33-013402
metate
Prehistoric
33-013403
isolated sherds
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-7450/H
33-013405
sparse artifact scatter
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-7451
33-013406
sparse ceramic/FAR
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-7452
33-013407
five sherds
Prehistoric
33-013738
isolated sherds _
Prehistoric
33-013826
residence
Built Environment Resource
CA-RIV-7561
33-013834
ceramics/lithics/groundtone/faunal/burnt
clay/FAR/habitation
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-7805H
33-014270
refuse
Historic
CA-RIV-7806H
33-014271
refuse
Historic
CA-RIV-7807
33-014272
FAR
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-7808/H
33-014273
ceramics/shell/refuse
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-7810/H
33-014275
ceramic/shell/refuse _
Multicomponent
CA-RIV-7811H
33-014276
foundation
Historic
33-014278
isolate sherd
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-7854
33-014755
Village
Prehistoric
CA-RIV-7882
33-014809
Village Pal Se-ta
Prehistoric
33-014812
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015064
isolate sherd
Prehistoric _
33-015066
burnt clay
Prehistoric
33-015152
sparse ceramics/charcoal/burnt clay/shell
Prehistoric
33-015257
building
Built Environment Resource
33-015297
resfuse isolate _
Historic
33-015337
sherd and glass
Multicomponent
33-015338
sherd isolate
Prehistoric
33-015616
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015617
residence
Built Environment Resource _
33-015618
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015619
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015628
county club
Built Environment Resource
33-015632
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015633
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015635
residence
Built Environment Resource
1-402

33-015636
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015637
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015638
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-015639
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-016785
utility poles
Historic
33-016786
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-016787
residence
Built Environment Resource
33-016950
!daub/FAR/ceramics
Prehistoric
33-016968
isolate refuse
Historic
33-016969
isoalte refuse
Historic
33-016970
^
ceramic isolate
Prehistoric
33-016971
isolate refuse _ _
Historic
33-016972
isolate lithic
_
Prehistoric
33-016973
isolate refuse
Historic
33-017105
sherds/burning/pit feature
Prehistoric
33-017134
foundation
Historic
33-017153
Whitewater Repeater Station
Built Environment Resource
33-017259
Whitewater diversion
Historic
33-017259
whitewater channel
Historic
33-017259
whitewater channel
Historic
33-017520
no record
Built Environment Resource _
33-017522
Structure
Built Environment Resource
33-017573
isolate sherd
Prehistoric
33-017574
residence carl bray gallery home
Built Environment Resource
33-017587
refuse
Historic
33-017595
levee
Historic
CA-RIV-9132
33-017629
habitation
Prehistoric _
CA-RIV-9456H
33-017913
Stormwater channel
Historical Linear Feature (BE)
CA-RIV-9456H
33-017913
Stormwater Channel
Historical Linear Feature (BE)
CA-RIV-9292
33-018090 _
Trail
Historic
33-018092
isolate refuse
Historic
33-018642
isolate refuse
Historic _
CA-RIV-10106H
33-019859
buried refuse
Historic
33-019860
monitoring find - buried pavement
Historic
CA-RIV-10113
33-019867
Oasis Date Garden
Built Environment Resource
33-020750
Road
Built Environment Resource
33-020844
Road
Built Environment Resource
1-403

Appendix B
Office of Historic Preservation Historic Property Data File List of Properties
B -I
1-404

Appendix C
List of Cultural Studies in the Project Study Area
C-1

Appendix D
Maps Depicting Project Study Area, USACE and CADFG Delineated Areas, and Soil Series in the Study Area
D- I
1-406

I= Study Area - Sensitivity Zones I= Salton
US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation I 7 Coachella
CA Department of Fish and MI Indio
Game Delination Myoma

LOCATOR MAP
Figure D-1 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map.

Soil Series
Gilman
Carsitas
Fluvent
Riverwash
4//;:)] Rocks
slope
Water
Borrow

1.000
SCALE 1:24,000

0.5 1.000

0.5 2.000
6 1 Miles

3.000
Feet
Kilometers
CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map
1-407

Figure D-2 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map. = Study Area - Sensitivity Zones LZ2-2 Salton Gilman
M US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation Coachella MN Carsitas CA Department of Fish and =! Indio Fluvent
Game Delination Myoma Riverwash
1-408

Soil Series
LJ Study Area - Sensitivity Zones = Salton Gilman F71 Rocks US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation Coachella ma Carsitas slope CA Department of Fish and Indio I i Fluvent Water
M Game Delination Myoma P 1 Riverwash MN Borrow

LOCATOR MAP
Figure D-3 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map.

SCALE 1:24,000

0.5 0
?Wes
1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000
Feet

0.5 0
1i_H11=[_ ___J Kilometers
CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map
1-409

Study Area - Sensitivity Zones
US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation
CA Department of Fish and
Game Delination

LOCATOR MAP
Figure D-4 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map.

Salton
Coachella
Indio
Myoma
Soil Series
Gilman '%').Q Rocks
Carsitas slope
Fluvent Water
Riverwash 7''. Borrow
SCALE 1:24,000

0.5 0
I Mlles
1-11
I I
1,000
1,000 2,000 3,000
H H 1 -f
Feet
1 05 0
H Kilometers
CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map

M OVA
9 LOCATOR MAP
Figure D-5 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map. - ,10
Zone 2
Study Area - Sensitivity Zones
US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineati
CA Department of Fish and
I• Game Delination
Soil Series
Salton Gilman Rocks
on Coachella Carsitas slope
Indio Fluvent Water
Myoma Riverwash Borrow
SCALE 1:24,000
05 Miles
1,000 V 1,000 2,000 3,000
I 1 1 I Feet
05 0
-1 Kilometers
CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map

Soil Series
= Study Area - Sensitivity Zones Salton Gilman Rocks
I• US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation Coachella Carsitas slope CA Department of Fish and Indio Fluvent Water
M Game Delination Myoma Riverwash Borrow

LOCATOR MAP
Figure D-6 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map.

CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map
SCALE 1:24,000
05 1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000
H H f t f i Feet
1 05 0
Kilometers

LAQUINTA

LOCATOR MAP
r'
Zone 3
.

Soil Series
I= Study Area - Sensitivity Zones F Salton Gilman Rocks MI US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation L Coachella Carsitas slope CA Department of Fish and Indio Fluvent Water
® Game Delination Myoma Riverwash Borrow
:075 sele
HJ
M
• ,;.3

11.'ki
LEVEE
O
;k1coackiet LA
SCALE 1:24,000
0 5 0
.1 4 1 Miles

2.000 3,000
I Feet
1 0.5 0
H 1--I 7-1 —1 KI0n,eter
CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map
Figure D-7 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map.

1Sc
p
•
Zone 3
0 Study Area - Sensitivity Zones
MN US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation
CA Department of Fish and
® Game Delination

LOCATOR MAP
Figure D-8 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map.

Salton
Coachella
Indio
Myoma
Gilman
Carsitas
Fluvent
Riverwash
Rocks
slope
Water
Borrow

THERMAL
CANYON
`
Zone 4 �
SCALE 1:24,000
05 0
—� IMdeo
1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000
Feet
1 0.5
—— K,lom ete s
CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map

LOCATOR MAP
Figure D-9 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map.

Soil Series
I= Study Area - Sensitivity Zones -i/,i Salton Gilman ,A Rocks US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation Coachella Mill Carsitas slope CA Department of Fish and
Game Delination
Indio
Myoma
1 Fluvent Water
Riverwash Borrow
SCALE 1:24,000
05 1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000
1 1 Feet

0.5 0
Kilometers
0 ] Mlles
CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map

r
Soil Series
Study Area - Sensitivity Zones Salton Gilman
US Army Corp. of Engineers Delineation 1 Coachella ® Carsitas CA Department of Fish and an Indio Fluvent

1.11 Game Delination

LOCATOR MAP
Figure D-10 Project Study Area, US Corp of Engineers and CA Deptartment of Fish and Game delineated areas, and soil series map, Rocks
slope
Water
Myoma Riverwash OM Borrow
SCALE 1:24,000
05 0
HI 1 F - I -4 If I Miles

1.000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000
H H 1 (Feel

0.5 0
�1 1-i Kilometers
CA 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Base Map

Appendix C:

NAHC Results
and Tribal
Outreach

Sacred Lands File & Native American Contacts List Request Native American Heritage Commission
1550 Harbor Blvd, Suite 100
West Sacramento, CA 95691
916-373-3710
916-373-5471 — Fax
[email protected]
Project:

Information Below is Required for a Sacred Lands File Search Peterson Road Project
County: Riverside County
USGS Quadrangle Name:

Cathedral City
Township: Range: Range:05E 02
Section(s):

Material Culture Consulting, Inc.

Company/Firm/Agency:

Street Address:
2701-B N. Towne Ave. Pomona, CA 91766
Pomona 91766
City: Zip:

Phone: (626) 205-8279
Fax:

Email:
[email protected]
Project Description:

Please send results to the above email address and
[email protected], [email protected] The Project proposes the redevelopment of a 12 -acre lot currently existing as a trailer park into a residential housing complex.

34 ;_
N1)1 A\ F ESER TION
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.41.;er Park
' L r' s fr I� a..........r
r e 11,.,
Project Area
a

0.25 0.5
Trai111f �"J
piCir
;'AMAR*$K COUNT
L,CL1i8
WONDER PALMS+

0.75 1
Miles 14C111114011110 410
Kilometers
0 (].5 1 1.5 2 T CI�LTURE
1:24,000

C HA IRPERSO N
Reginald Pagaling
Chumash
VICE -C HA IRPOT.A N
Buffy McQuillen
Yokayo Pomo, Yuki,
Nomlaki

RETA RY
Sara Dutschke
Miwok

PARLIAMENTARIAN
Wayne Nelson
Luisefio

COMMISSIONER
Isaac Bojorquez
Ohlone-Costanoan

COMMISSIONER
Stanley Rodriguez
Kumeyaay

COMMISSIONER
Laurena Bolden
Serrano

COMMISSIONER
Reid Milanovich
Cahuilla

COMMISSIONER
Vacant

EXECUTIVE SEC RETARY
Raymond C.

Hitchcock
Miwok, Nisenan

NAHC HEADQUARIERS
1550 Ha rb o r Bo u le va rd
SLite 100
West Sacramento,
California 95691
(916) 373-3710
nahcQiahc.ca.gov
NAHC.ca.gov

NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION
February 26, 2024
Tria Belcourt
Material Culture Consulting, Inc.

Via Email to: tria cdnaterialcultureconsulting.com
Re: Peterson Road Project, Riverside County
Dear Ms. Belcourt:

A record search of the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File (SLF) wascompleted forthe information you have submitted forthe above referenced project. the resultswere negative. However, the absence of specific site information in the SLFdoes not indicate the absence of cultural resources in any project area. Other sourcesof cultural resourcesshould also be contacted forinformation regarding known and recorded sites.

Attached isa list of Native American tribeswho may also have knowledge of cultural resources in the project area. lhislist should provide a starting place in locating areasof potential adverse impact within the proposed project area. !suggest you contact all of those indicated; if they cannot supply information, they might recommend otherswith specific knowledge. By contacting all those listed, your organization will be better able to respond to claimsoffailure to consult with the appropriate tribe. If a response has not been received within two weeksof notification, the Commission requeststhat you follow-up with a telephone call oremail to ensure that the project information has been received.

If you receive notification of change of addrexosand phone numbersfrom tribes, please notify me. With your assistance, we can assure that ourlistscontain current information.

If you have any questionsorneed additional information, please contact me at my email address: And rew.Greenartahc.ca.gov.

Sincerely,
Andrew Green
Cultural ResourcesAnalyst
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