Sacramento City Council
October 14, 2025

City of Sacramento
City Council - 2PM Report
915 I Street Sacramento, CA 95814
www.cityofsacramento.org
File ID: 2025-01408 10/14/2025
2025 Drinking Water Quality, Public Health Goals Report [Published 10/03/2025] File ID: 2025-01408
Location: Citywide
Recommendation: Conduct a public hearing and upon conclusion, pass a Motion accepting the 2025 Report on the City’s Drinking Water Quality Relative to Public Health Goals.

Contact: David Herrmann, Water Division Manager, (916) 808-5652, [email protected]; Mark Severeid, Water Quality Superintendent, (916) 808-8667, [email protected]; Sherill Huun, Interim Director of Utilities, (916) 808-1455, [email protected]; Department of Utilities
Presenter: Mark Severeid, Water Quality Superintendent, (916) 808-8667, [email protected], Department of Utilities Attachments:
1-Description/Analysis
2-2025 Public Health Goals Report
3-PowerPoint Presentation
Description/Analysis
Issue Detail: The California Health and Safety Code requires that a Public Health Goals Report be prepared every three years to provide the public with additional water quality information beyond the scope of the annually distributed Consumer Confidence Report. This report compares the City of Sacramento’s drinking water quality to public health goals established by the State of California.

Comments received at today’s public hearing may be addressed at this meeting or will be responded to in an Addendum to the 2025 Public Health Goals Report, which will be made available to the public.

Policy Considerations: Consistent with the 2035 General Plan, drinking water provided by the City of Sacramento’s Department of Utilities meets or surpasses all state and federal minimum drinking water standards set to protect public health. This public hearing on the City’s 2025 Public Health Goals Report provides compliance with Section 116470(c) of the California Health and Safety Code, which requires a public hearing for the purpose of accepting and responding to public comment on

File ID: 2025-01408 10/14/2025
the report.

Economic Impacts: None.

Environmental Considerations: California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA): This public hearing is required under State law and constitutes a non-discretionary action to which the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) does not apply, under Section 21080 of the California Public Resources Code. The activity is not subject to CEQA pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15060(c) (1).

Sustainability: The City’s drinking water program is consistent with the 2035 General Plan by advancing the goal of conserving the use and protection of sources of water.

Commission/Committee Action: Not applicable.

Rationale for Recommendation: This public hearing provides compliance with Section 116470(c) of the California Health and Safety Code, which requires a public hearing for the purpose of accepting and responding to public comment on the public health goal report.

Financial Considerations: Not applicable.

Local Business Enterprise (LBE): Not applicable.

Background Effective July 1, 1998, the California Health and Safety Code mandates that a report be prepared every three years to compare drinking water quality with public health goals (PHGs) set by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) and with maximum contaminant level goals (MCLGs) adopted by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). • PHGs are developed by OEHHA solely based on evaluation of public health risk, and do not consider the practical risk management factors, such as available analytical technology, available treatment technology, costs, and benefits, incorporated by the California State Water Resources Board Division of Drinking Water (DDW) or EPA in setting state and federal drinking water standards.

MCLGs are the federal equivalent to PHGs. PHGs and MCLGs are not enforceable standards, and no action to meet them is required.
• The City’s drinking water complies with all the health-based drinking water standards, known as maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), required by DDW and EPA. • The California Health and Safety Code also requires that a public hearing be held for the purpose of accepting and responding to public comments or questions on the Public Health Goals Report.

File ID: 2025-01408 10/14/2025

2025 PUBLIC HEALTH GOALS REPORT

PREPARED FOR:

CITY OF SACRAMENTO DEPARTMENT OF UTILITIES

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

PREPARED BY:

WATER QUALITY & TREATMENT SOLUTIONS, INC.

LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

www.WQTS.com

JUNE 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 WHAT ARE PUBLIC HEALTH GOALS? ............................................................................................................................................... 1 WHAT IS BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BAT)? ...................................................................................................................... 2 WHAT ARE DETECTION LIMITS FOR PURPOSES OF REPORTING (DLRS)? ............................................................................. 2 WHAT WATER QUALITY DATA WAS REVIEWED TO PREPARE THIS REPORT? ....................................................................... 2 WHAT GUIDELINES WERE FOLLOWED IN PREPARING THIS REPORT? ..................................................................................... 2 CONSTITUENTS DETECTED ABOVE A PHG (OR MCLG) ............................................................................................................. 3 INORGANIC CHEMICALS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3 RADIONUCLIDES ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 ORGANIC CHEMICALS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 SUMMARY OF TOTAL COSTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACT ON CUSTOMER BILLS ....................................................................... 8

ATTACHMENTS

NO. 1: EXCERPT FROM CALIFORNIA HEALTH & SAFETY CODE: SECTION 116470 (B)

NO. 2: TABLE OF CALIFORNIA REGULATED CONSTITUENTS WITH MCLS AND PHGS

NO. 3: HEALTH RISK INFORMATION FOR PUBLIC HEALTH GOAL EXCEEDANCE REPORTS. PREPARED BY THE OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT. FEBRUARY 2025

NO. 4: DESCRIPTION OF COST ESTIMATING METHODOLOGY FOR THIS PHG REPORT

NO.5: CITY OF SACRAMENTO – DEPARTMENT OF UTILITIES 2022, 2023 AND 2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS.

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BACKGROUND

The California Health and Safety Code (Section 116470(b)) requires that public water systems with 10,000 or more service connections prepare a special report every three years if water quality measurements exceed a Public Health Goal (PHG). Attachment 1 includes Section 116470(b).

The report must be completed by July 1 of the year in which it is due and new reports are required every three years. The City of Sacramento Department of Utilities has prepared PHG reports since 1998, and the current report was completed by July 1, 2025, as required.

The PHG report must present information on (1) contaminants that have been detected above a PHG, (2) health risk information for the detected contaminants , (3) an estimate of the cost to install Best Available Technology to reduce the level of a given contaminant, and (4) what action, if any, the local water purveyor intends to take to reduce the concentration of the contaminant(s) and the basis for that decision.

The State Water Resources Control Board Division of Drinking Water (DDW) sets Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) as close as feasible to the PHG taking treatment costs and available analytical and treatment technology into consideration . MCLs are enforceable limits that water purveyors must meet to protect public health. Attachment 2 includes a list of current MCLs and PHGs in California.

The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) is required to determine and publish the “numerical public health risk” associated with PHGs and MCLs. This PHG report uses the most recent health risk information published by OEHHA . Attachment 3 presents the OEHHA health risk information used for this report (OEHHA, “Health Risk Information for PHG Exceedance Reports,” February 2025).

This report identifies each contaminant that exceeded its PHG during the 2022 through 2024 period, describes the public health risk at both the PHG and the MCL, identifies the Best Available Technology (BAT) for treatment, and presents the estimated costs to install B AT to reduce leve ls of the contaminant.

In accordance with the California Health and Safety Code , only constituents that are regulated in drinking water, either with an MCL or Treatment Technique requirement, and for which either a PHG or Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) has been set are to be included in the report. There are some regulated constituents that are routinely monitored and detected by water systems at levels below the drinking water standard for which no PHG or MCLG have yet been adopted. One example is disinfection byproducts, including trihalomethanes and haloacetic acid s. These constituents will be addressed in a future report if PHGs are adopted by OEHHA.

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WHAT ARE PUBLIC HEALTH GOALS?

PHGs are non -enforceable goals established by OEHHA . PHGs are developed using available toxicological data in scientific literature. A PHG is the level below which OEHHA has determined that a drinking water contaminant does not pose a significant health risk. None of the practical risk-management factors that are considere d by the US Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA) or DDW in setting enforceable drinking water standards are considered in setting the PHGs. Such factors include analytical detection capability, treatment technology availability, and benefits and costs. If a constituent does not have a PHG public water systems are to use Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs), developed by the USEPA, for the preparation of this report. Like PHGs, MCLGs are the level of contaminan t in drinking water at which the USEPA believes there are no known or expected risks to health, with a margin of safety. USEPA sets the MCL as close as feasible to the MCLG, taking costs and technology into consideration.

WHAT IS BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BAT)?

State law requires that at the same time DDW adopts a primary drinking water standard (i.e., health based) they identify BAT for the specific constituent being regulated . BATs are the best-known treatment methods to reduce contaminant levels to the MCL. To be considered BAT, the treatment must be proven effective under full-scale field applications.

WHAT ARE DETECTION LIMITS FOR PURPOSES OF REPORTING (DLR)?

In addition, w hen DDW establishes a drinking water regulation, the Agency evaluates available analytical methods and sets a DLR for the constituent . DLRs are the lowest concentration of the constituent reliably measurable for reporting to determine compliance. A constituent is considered by DDW to be “detected” when measured concentrations are above the DLR.

WHAT WATER QUALITY DATA WAS REVIEWED TO PREPARE THIS REPORT?

The 2025 PHG report was prepared based upon a review of water quality data for the years 2022 through 2024. Water quality data was collected and reviewed for both surface water treatment plants (Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant and the E .A. Fairbairn Water Treatment Plant ) and the City’s wells.

WHAT GUIDELINES WERE FOLLOWED IN PREPARING THIS REPORT?

The Association of California Water Ag encies (ACWA) prepares guidelines for water utilities to use in producing their PHG reports. The most recent ACWA guidelines (ACWA, “2025 PHG Guidance”) was used to prepare this r eport. No guidance materials are available from DDW regarding preparation of PHG reports. OEHHA publishes a document with health risk information for regulated constituents (OEHHA, Health Risk Information for Public Health Goal Exceedance Reports, February 2025).

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CONSTITUENTS DETECTED ABOVE A PHG (OR MCLG)

Table 1 presents the constituents that were detected by the City of Sacramento Department of Utilities above a PHG or an MCLG during 2022 through 2024.

Table 1: Constituents Detected Above PHG or MCLG
(2022-2024)
Constituent
PHG
(MCLG) MCL
Arsenic 0.004 μg/L 10 μg/L
Gross alpha (0) 15 pCi/L
Hexavalent chromium 0.02 µg/L 10 µg/L
Uranium 0.43 pCi/L 20 pCi/L
PFOA* 0.007 ng/L 4 ng/L
PFOS* 1 ng/L 4 ng/L
μg/L = micrograms per liter (equivalent to parts per billion, ppb), pCi/L = picocuries per liter, ng/L = nanograms per liter (equivalent to parts per trillion, ppt), *MCLs for PFOA and PFOS were published in 2024 and are not yet in effect.

INORGANIC CHEMICALS

The following section of the PHG report presents a discussion of inorganic chemicals detected above their PHG.

Arsenic. The PHG for arsenic is 0.004 μg/ L. The federal and state MCL for arsenic is 10 μg/L (the federal MCLG is 0 μg/L). The DLR for arsenic is 2 µg/L and at the present time there are no laboratory methods available that can reliably measure arsenic as low as the PHG . The health risk category associated with arsenic is carcinogenicity . At the PHG, the theoretical cancer risk is 1 × 10-6. This means the 70-year lifetime cancer risk for drinking water at the PHG is 1 excess case of cancer per million people exposed. At the MCL of 10 μg/L, the theoretical cancer risk is 2.5 × 10-3. This means the 70-year lifetime cancer risk for drinking water at the MCL is 2.5 excess cases per 1,000 people exposed.

The California DDW has identified the following treatment technologies as Best Available Technology for reducing arsenic levels in drinking water.

• Activated alumina
• Coagulation/filtration
• Ion Exchange
• Lime softening
• Reverse Osmosis
• Electrodialysis
• Oxidation/filtration

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From the above list of Best Available Technology , the cost evaluation was conducted using ion exchange (IX), given that ion exchange is also BAT for hexavalent chromium (also included in this PHG report) . The type of resin typically used for arsenic treatment (and hexavalent chromium treatment) is strong base anion (SBA) resin.

All samples that exceeded the arsenic PHG during 2022 through 2024 were in groundwater wells .

Table 2 presents the 15 wells where detections exceeded the arsenic PHG during 2022 through 2024.

The average level of arsenic where it was detected was 3.3 μg/L (the range was 2.3 μg/L to 4.6 μg/L).

All results were below the MCL of 10 μg/L.

Table 2: Wells Where Arsenic Was Detected Above the PHG (2022 to 2024)
Well
Number
Arsenic Concentration (µg/L) SBA Ion-Exchange
Treatment Cost
2022 2023 2024
Maximum
Water
Production
(gpm) Capital
Annual
O&M
93 3.2 478 $2,555,577 $321,809
94 2.9 796 $3,436,944 $349,032
107 3.6 942 $3,448,196 $356,809
120 2.4 950 $3,685,906 $367,780
122 2.6 650 $2,883,029 $342,318
129 2.4 2.6 698 $2,694,466 $335,910
131 2.4 514 $2,693,176 $333,853
133 4.6 1,200 $3,440,087 $354,043
137 3.2 677 $3,557,282 $362,024
138 2.7 891 $3,445,488 $346,711
139 3.8 675 $3,443,565 $349,424
143 2.3 730 $2,885,864 $346,664
153A 4.3 4.4 1,017 $2,690,992 $330,372
155 2.5 752 $3,597,781 $370,356
158 3.6 864 $3,689,736 $363,186
gpm = gallons per minute, O&M = operation and maintenance costs, µg/L = micrograms per liter.

The total estimated capital cost to provide SBA ion-exchange treatment for all the wells presented in Table 2, at their respective maximum water production, is $48,138,089 (the total annual O&M costs are estimated to be $5,230,290/year)1. Ion-exchange treatment produces a concentrated waste brine that the City of Sacramento would need to dispose. The estimated costs assume that the waste brine is discharged to the sewer . Capital and O&M costs were estimated with the goal of achieving the

1Attachment 4 presents a description of the models and methodology used to estimate capital and O&M costs presented in this PHG Report.

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arsenic 0.004 µg /L PHG. There is no information available , however, to indicate that ion exchange treatment could in fact reduce arsenic concentrations to such a low level. In addition, the detection limit for purposes of reporting ( DLR) as determined by DDW is 2 µg/L and there is no analytical method available that can reliably measure arsenic in drinking water down to 0.004 µg/L.

Hexavalent chromium. The PHG for hexavalent chromium is 0.0 2 μg/L. The MCL for hexavalent chromium is 10 μg/ L. The DLR for hexavalent chromium is 0.1 µg/L. The health risk category associated with hexavalent chromium is carcinogenicity. At the PHG, the theoretical cancer risk is 1 × 10-6. This means the 70-year lifetime cancer risk for drinking water at the PHG is 1 excess case of cancer per million people exposed . At the state MCL of 10 μg/L, the theoretical cancer risk is 5 × 10-4. This means the 70-year lifetime cancer risk for drinking water at the MCL is 5 excess cases per 10,000 people exposed.

The California DDW has identified the following treatment technologies as Best Available Technology for reducing hexavalent chromium levels in drinking water.

• Reduction/Coagulation/Filtration
• Ion Exchange
• Reverse Osmosis

From the above list of Best Available Technology, the cost evaluation was conducted using ion exchange (strong base anion (SBA) resin).

All samples that exceeded the hexavalent chromium PHG during 2022 through 2024 were in groundwater wells . Table 3 presents the 14 wells where detections exceeded the hexavalent chromium PHG during 2022 through 2024. The water quality data presented in Table 3 indicates the average level of hexavalent chromium detected above the PHG was 5.6 μg/L, with a range of 1 μg/L to 7.6 μg/L. All results were below the MCL of 10 μg/L.

The total estimated capital cost to provide SBA ion-exchange treatment for all the wells presented in Table 3 at their respective maximum well water production during 20 22 through 202 4, is $44,704,524 (the total annual O&M costs are estimated to be $ 4,880,867/year)2. Note that all 14 of the wells and the individual treatment costs presented in Table 3 are also listed in Table 2. The same treatment technology, SBA, would be used for both arsenic and hexavalent chromium. Therefore the total costs for arsenic and hexavalent chromium will be based on the total costs presented in Table

2. Ion-exchange treatment produces a concentrated waste brine that the City of Sacramento would need to dispose. The estimated costs assume that the waste brine is discharged to the sewer. Capital and O&M costs were estimated with the goal o f achieving the hexavalent chromium 0.02 µg/L PHG.

The DLR as determined by DDW is 0.1 µg/L.

2Attachment 4 presents a description of the models and methodology used to estimate capital and O&M costs presented in this PHG Report.

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Table 3: Wells Where Hexavalent Chromium Was Detected Above the PHG (2022 to 2024)
Well
Number
Hexavalent Chromium
Concentration (µg/L) SBA Ion-Exchange
Treatment Cost
2022 2023 2024
Maximum
Water
Production
(gpm) Capital
Annual
O&M
93 5.8 478 $2,555,577 $321,809
94 6.5 5.9 796 $3,436,944 $349,032
107 6.9 942 $3,448,196 $356,809
120 3.0 950 $3,685,906 $367,780
122 3.9 650 $2,883,029 $342,318
129 7 7 698 $2,694,466 $335,910
131 6.9 514 $2,693,176 $333,853
133 7.6 1,200 $3,440,087 $354,043
137 6.7 677 $3,557,282 $362,024
138 7.6 891 $3,445,488 $346,711
143 4.1 730 $2,885,864 $346,664
153A 6.6 1,017 $2,690,992 $330,372
155 4 752 $3,597,781 $370,356
158 1 864 $3,689,736 $363,186
gpm = gallons per minute, O&M = operation and maintenance costs

RADIONUCLIDES

During 2022 to 2024, two naturally occurring radionuclides were detected in groundwater wells:
uranium and gross alpha . The following sections present an evaluation of the health risks and treatment costs for reducing the levels of gross alpha and uranium.

Gross Alpha. OEHHA has not established a PHG for gross alpha activity because the results are used as a screening tool for naturally occurring radionuclides (i.e., gross alpha does not represent a specific constituent). The federal MCLG for gross alpha is 0 pCi/L due to the classification of gross alpha radioactivity as carcinogenic . The cancer health risk at 0 pCi/L is zero . The MCL for gross alpha activity is 15 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) and the DLR is 3 pCi/ L. Gross alpha measurements can indicate the presence of a number of alpha emitting radionuclides. OEHHA indicates that depending upon which isotopes are present, the numerical cancer health risk at the MCL of 15 pCi/L could be 1 × 10-3. That means for a 70-year lifetime exposure at the MCL, there could be a theoretical risk of one excess case of cancer per 1,000 people exposed.

During 2022 through 2024, three wells had a gross alpha detection above the MCLG. Table 4 presents the gross alpha range of 3.3 to 10 pCi/L, below the MCL of 15 pCi/L, for Wells 93, 94, and 129. DDW has identified reverse osmosis as the Best Available Technology for reducing gross alpha levels in

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drinking water . The cost evaluation was conducted using reverse osmosis given that no other technology has been identified as Best Available Technology. The total estimated capital cost for reverse osmosis treatment at Wells 93, 94 and 114 would be $18,608,946. The total annual O&M costs would be $1,934,205/year. A brief description of the estimated cost procedure for Wells 93, 94 and 129 is presented in Attachment 4 of this document . Reverse osmosis treatment produces a concentrated waste that the City of Sacramento would need to dispose. The estimated costs assume that the reverse osmosis concentrate is discharged to the sewer and do not include the costs to replace the lost water.

Table 4: Wells Where Gross Alpha Was Detected Above the PHG (2022 to 2024)
Well
Number
Gross Alpha Concentration
(pCi/L)
Maximum
Water
Production
(gpm)
Reverse Osmosis
Treatment Cost
2022 2023 2024 Capital Annual O&M
93 3.3 679 $7,234,325 $768,089
94 5.8 460 $5,286,997 $536,800
129 10 541 $6,087,624 $629,316
gpm = gallons per minute; O&M = operation and maintenance costs

Uranium. The PHG for uranium is 0.43 pCi/L. The PHG is based on the classification of uranium as a carcinogen. The cancer health risk at 0.43 pCi/L is 1X10-6. The MCL for uranium is 20 pCi/L and the DLR is 1 pCi/ L. The theoretical cancer risk at the MCL is 5x10 -5 That means for a 70 -year lifetime exposure at the MCL, there could be a theoretical risk of five extra cases of cancer per 10,000 people exposed.

During 2022 through 2024, the same three wells that detected gross alpha above the PHG also had a uranium detection above the PHG. Table 5 presents the uranium results for Wells 93, 94 and 129 .

The average uranium result was 3 pCi/L with a range of 1.4 to 4.5 pCi/L. Results were well below the MCL of 20 pCi/L.

DDW has identified the following treatments as Best Available Technology for reducing the levels of uranium in drinking water:

• Ion exchange
• Reverse osmosis
• Lime softening
• Coagulation/filtration

The cost evaluation was conducted using Reverse Osmosis . The total estimated capital cost for reverse osmosis treatment at Wells 93, 94 and 1 29 would be $18,608,946 (the total annual O&M costs would be $1, 934,205/year). A brief description of the estimated cost procedure for Wells 93, 94 and 129 is presented in Attachment 4 of this document . Reverse osmosis treatment produces a

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concentrated waste that the City of Sacramento would need to dispose. The estimated costs assume that the reverse osmosis concentrate is discharged to the sewer and do not include the costs to replace the lost water.

Table 5: Wells Where Uranium Was Detected Above the PHG (2022 to 2024)
Well
Number
Uranium Concentration
(pCi/L)
Maximum
Water
Production
(gpm)
Reverse Osmosis
Treatment Cost
2022 2023 2024 Capital Annual O&M
93 3.9 679 $7,234,325 $768,089
94 4.5 460 $5,286,997 $536,800
129 1.4 541 $6,087,624 $629,316
gpm = gallons per minute; O&M = operation and maintenance costs

ORGANIC CHEMICALS

During 2022 to 2024 two PFAS, PFOA and PFOS , were detected above their PHGs . California has established a PHG for both constituents and the federal EPA adopted MCLs for both PFOA and PFOS at 4 nanograms per liter (ng/L). The PHG for PFOA is 0.07 ng/L and the PHG for PFOS is 1 ng/L. The cancer risk at the PHG is 1 X 10 -6 for both PFOA and PFOS . The cancer risk at the PFOA MCL is 6 X 10-5, six theoretical cases of cancer per 100,000 people exposed, and the cancer risk for PFOS at the MCL is 4 X10-6, four theoretical cases of cancer per million people exposed, for a 70 year lifetime.

EPA identified the following treatments as Best Available Technology for reducing the levels of PFOA and PFOS in drinking water:

• granular activated carbon (GAC),
• reverse osmosis, and
• ion exchange (IX)

PFOA was detected in Well 133 and PFOS was detected in Wells 133, 139 and 158 . Table 6 presents the PFOA result for Well 133 . Table 7 presents the results for PFOS detections . Cost estimates for reducing both PFOA and PFOS were determined using IX. Tables 6 and 7 present the calculated cost estimates for all three wells . The total capital cost to provide PFAS treatment for the three wells in Table 7 is estimated to be $13,000,000, with an estimated annual O&M cost of $807,000.

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Table 6: Well Where PFOA Was Detected Above the PHG
(2022 to 2024)
Well
Number
PFOA Concentration (ng/L)
Maximum
Water
Production
(gpm)
IX
Treatment Cost
2022 2023 2024 Capital Annual O&M
133 4.3 1,200 $5,100,000 $321,000
gpm = gallons per minute, ng/L = nanograms per liter

Table 7: Wells Where PFOS Was Detected Above the PHG
(2022 to 2024)
Well
Number
PFOS Concentration (ng/L)
Maximum
Water
Production
(gpm)
IX
Treatment Cost
2022 2023 2024 Capital Annual O&M
133 8.9 1,200 $5,100,000 $321,000
139 8.8 7.7 675 $3,500,000 $223,000
158 4.8 5.3 864 $4,400,000 $263,000
gpm = gallons per minute, ng/L = nanograms per liter

SUMMARY OF TOTAL COSTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACT ON CUSTOMER BILLS

As required, treatment costs were estimated for regulated constituents that were detected above the PHG but below the MCL. For arsenic and hexavalent chromium, ion exchange costs were evaluated for both constituents, given that ion-exchange is one of the Best Available T echnologies for both constituents. The type of ion-exchange resin typically used for arsenic and hexavalent chromium treatment is SBA resin . For gross alpha and uranium, costs were estimated using reverse osmosis .

Table 8 presents the capital costs and annual O&M costs for each well evaluated in this PHG Report.

For PFA S capital costs and annual O&M costs were estimated using IX treatment . Table 8 also presents the annualized total cost for each well (this is the sum of the annualized capital cost plus the annual O&M costs) . Based on the 2022 through 2024 data set, the total capital costs to install ion- exchange and reverse osmosis are estimated to be $60,496,660 and the annual O&M cost is estimated to be $5,897,972. The total annualized capital cost plus the annual O&M costs would be approximately $10,511,541. The estimated increase in each City of Sacramento customer’s water bill would be approximately $72 per year or $6 per month.

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Table 8: Summary of Capital and O&M Costs
(2022 – 2024)
Well
Number
Constituents
Detected
Constituent
Driving the
Cost (&
Treatment)
Cost of Treatment (2024 Dollars)
Capital Cost Annual O&M
Annualized Total
Cost*
93 Arsenic, CrVI,
Rads Rads (RO) $7,234,325 $768,089 $1,348,589
94 Arsenic, CrVI,
Rads Rads (RO) $5,286,997 $536,680 $961,042
107 Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic, CrVI
(IX - SBA) $3,448,196 $356,809 $633,501
120 Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic, CrVI
(IX – SBA) $3,685,906 $367,780 $663,546
122 Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic, CrVI
(IX - SBA) $2,883,029 $342,318 $573,659
129 Arsenic, CrVI,
Rads Rads (RO) $6,087,624 $629,316 $1,117,802
131 Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic, CrVI
(IX - SBA) $2,693,176 $333,853 $549,960
133 Arsenic, CrVI,
PFAS PFAS (IX) $5,100,000 $321,000 $610,000
137 Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic, CrVI
(IX - SBA) $3,557,282 $362,024 $647,469
138 Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic, CrVI
(IX - SBA) $3,445,488 $346,711 $622,383
139 Arsenic, PFAS PFAS (IX) $3,500,000 $223,000 $451,000 143 Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic (IX –
SBA) $2,885,864 $346,664 $578,233
153A Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic, CrVI
(IX - SBA) $2,690,992 $330,372 $546,304
155 Arsenic, CrVI Arsenic, CrVI
(IX - SBA) $3,597,781 $370,356 $659,051
158 Arsenic, CrVI,
PFAS PFAS (IX) $4,400,000 $263,000 $549,000
Total= $60,496,660 $5,897,972 $10,511,541
*Annualized total cost is the sum of the annual O&M cost and the amortized capital annual cost . The amortized capital annual cost was calculated assuming a 20-year amortization period and an interest rate of 5%.

IX = ion-exchange, SBA = strong base anion, RO = reverse osmosis.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The drinking water quality of the City of Sacramento Department of Utilities meets all State of California and USEPA drinking water standards set to protect public health. To further reduce the levels of the constituents identified in this report that are already below the health based MCLs established to provide “safe drinking water ,” would require additional costly treatment processes and would increase the annual customer water bills. The health protection benefits of these potential reductions are unclear and may not be quantifiable. Therefore, no action is proposed.

ATTACHMENTS

No. 1 Excerpt from California Health & Safety Code: Section 116470 (b)

No. 2 Table of California Regulated Constituents with MCLs and PHGs

No. 3 Health Risk Information for Public Health Goal Exceedance Reports. Prepared by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. February 2025

No. 4 Description of Cost Estimating Methodology for this PHG Report

No.5 City of Sacramento – Department of Utilities 2022, 2023 and 2024 Consumer Confidence Reports.

A1

ATTACHMENT 1

EXCERPT FROM CALIFRONIA HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
SECTION 116470 (b)

116470. (b) On or before July 1, 1998, and every three years thereafter, public water systems serving more than 10,000 service connections that detect one or more contaminants in drinking water that exceed the applicable public health goal, shall prepare a brief written report in plain language that does all of the following:
(1) Identifies each contaminant detected in drinking water that exceeds the applicable public health goal.
(2) Discloses the numerical public health risk, determined by the office, associated with the maximum contaminant level for each contaminant identified in paragraph (1) and the numerical public health risk determined by the office associated with the public health goal for that contaminant. (3) Identifies the category of risk to public health, including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and acute toxicity, associated with exposure to the contaminant in drinking water, and includes a brief plainly worded description of these terms. (4) Describes the best available technology, if any is then available on a commercial basis, to remove the contaminant or reduce the concentration of the contaminant. The public water system may, solely at its own discretion, briefly describe actions that have been taken on its own, or by other entities, to prevent the introduction of the contaminant into drinking water supplies. (5) Estimates the aggregate cost and the cost per customer of utilizing the technology described in paragraph (4), if any, to reduce the concentration of that contaminant in drinking water to a level at or below the public health goal.
(6) Briefly describes what action, if any, the local water purveyor intends to take to reduce the concentration of the contaminant in public drinking water supplies and the basis for that decision. (c) Public water systems required to prepare a report pursuant to subdivision (b) shall hold a public hearing for the purpose of accepting and responding to public comment on the report. Public water systems may hold the public hearing as part of any regularly scheduled meeting. (d) The department shall not require a public water system to take any action to reduce or eliminate any exceedance of a public health goal.
(e) Enforcement of this section does not require the department to amend a public water system's operating permit.
(f) Pending adoption of a public health goal by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment pursuant to subdivision (c) of Section 116365, and in lieu thereof, public water systems shall use the national maximum contaminant level goal adopted by t he United States Environmental Protection Agency for the corresponding contaminant for purposes of complying with the notice and hearing requirements of this section.

A2

ATTACHMENT 2

TABLE OF CALIFORNIA REGULATED CONSTITUENTS WITH MCLs AND PHGs

MCLs, DLRs, and PHGs for
Regulated Drinking Water Contaminants
Updated November 2024
The following tables include California’s maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), detection limits for purposes of reporting (DLRs), public health goals (PHGs) from the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). For comparison, Federal MCLs and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) from the U.S. EPA are also displayed. Previous MCLs that are no longer effective are shown in italics. Regulatory citations refer to Title 22 of the California Code of Regulations (22 CCR) and Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR).

This document refers to several units of measurement commonly used in assessing water quality. Concentrations of substances in drinking water are typically expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L), micrograms per liter (µg/L), nanograms per liter (ng/L), and picocuries per liter (pCi/L). These units help quantify the presence of various chemicals, metals, or radioactive materials. For reference, 1 mg/L equals 1,000 µg/L, and 1 µg/L equals 1,000 ng/L, providing a clear scale for understanding the quantities discussed. Picocuries per liter (pCi/L) measure radioactive material, where 1 pCi/L represents a trillionth of a curie, a standard unit for radioactivity.

Inorganic Chemicals
The information in the following table can be found in 22 CCR §64431 (California MCLs), 22 CCR §64432 (California DLRs), OEHHA’s website (California PHGs), 40 CFR §141.23 (U.S. EPA MCLs), and 40 CFR §141.51 (U.S. EPA MCLGs). The values in this table are in units of micrograms per liter (µg/L) unless otherwise stated.

Inorganic Chemicals
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
Aluminum 1,000 1989-02-25 50 600 2001 -- -- --
Antimony 6 1994-09-08 6 1 2016 6 1994-01-17 6
Arsenic 10
50 2008-11-28
1977
2 0.004 2004 10
50 2006-01-23
1977-06-24
zero
Asbestos1 7 1994-09-08 0.2 7 2003 7 1992-07-30 7
1 Asbestos units are in million fibers per liter (MFL); for fibers >10 microns long.

Inorganic Chemicals
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
Barium 1,000 1977 100 2,000 2003 2,000
1,000
1992-07-30
1977-06-24
2000
Beryllium 4 1994-09-08 1 1 2003 4 1994-01-17 4
Cadmium 5
10 1994-09-08
1977
1 0.04 2006 5
10 1992-07-30
1977-06-24
5 Chromium, Hexavalent 10 2024-10-01 0.1 0.02 2011 -- -- -- Chromium, Total 50 1977 10 none2 -- 100
50 1992-07-30
1997-06-24
100
Cyanide 150
200
2003-06-12
1994-09-08
100 150 1997 200 1994-01-17 200
Fluoride 2,000 1998-04 100 1,000 1997 4,000 1987-10-02 4000 Mercury (inorganic) 2 1977 1 1.2 1999 2 1977-06-24 2
Nickel 100 1994-09-08 10 12 2001 -- Remanded --
Nitrate (as nitrogen, N) 10,000 as
N
1977 400 10,000
as N3
2018 10,000 1977-06-24 10
mg/L
Nitrite (as N) 1,000 as
N
1994-09-08 400 1,000 as
N
2018 1,000 1992-07-30 1 mg/L
Nitrate + Nitrite (as N) 10,000 as
N
1994-09-08 -- 10,000
as N
2018 10,000 1992-07-30 10,000
Perchlorate 6 2007-10-18 1 1 2015 -- -- --
Selenium 50
10 1994-09-08
1977
5 30 2010 50
10 1992-07-30
1977-06-24
50 Thallium 2 1994-09-08 1 0.1 1999 2 1994-01-17 0.5
2 In November 2001, OEHHA withdrew the 0.0025 mg/L PHG adopted in 1999. 3 The PHG for nitrate can also be expressed as 45 mg/L as NO3.

Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
The information in the following table can be found in 22 CCR §64444 (California MCLs), 22 CCR §64445.1 (California DLRs), OEHHA’s website(California PHGs), 40 CFR §141.61 (U.S. EPA MCLs), and 40 CFR §141.50 (U.S. EPA MCLGs). The values in this table are in units of micrograms per liter (µg/L).

Volatile Organic Chemicals
(VOCs)
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
Benzene 1 1989-02-25 0.5 0.15 2001 5 1989-01-09 zero
Carbon tetrachloride 0.5 1989-04-05 0.5 0.1 2000 5 1989-01-09 zero 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 600 1994-09-08 0.5 600 1997 600 1992-07-30 600 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) 5 1989-04-05 0.5 6 1997 75 1989-01-09 75 1,1-Dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) 5 1990-06-24 0.5 3 2003 -- -- -- 1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) 0.5 1989-04-05 0.5 0.4 1999 5 1989-01-09 zero 1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) 6 1989-02-25 0.5 10 1999 7 1989-01-09 7 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 6 1994-09-08 0.5 13 2018 70 1992-07-30 70 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 10 1994-09-08 0.5 50 2018 100 1992-07-30 100 Dichloromethane
(Methylene chloride)
5 1994-09-08 0.5 4 2000 5 1994-01-17 zero
1,2-Dichloropropane 5 1990-06-24 0.5 0.5 1999 5 1992-07-30 zero 1,3-Dichloropropene 0.5 1989-02-25 0.5 0.2 1999 -- -- -- Ethylbenzene
300
700
680
2003-06-12
1994-09-08
1989-02-25

0.5 300 1997 700 1992-07-30 700
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 13 2000-05-17 3 13 1999 -- -- -- Monochlorobenzene 70
30 1994-09-08
1989-02-25

0.5 70 2014 100 1992-07-30 100
Styrene 100 1994-09-08 0.5 0.5 2010 100 1992-07-30 100
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1 1989-02-25 0.5 0.1 2003 -- -- -- Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) 5 1989-05 0.5 0.06 2001 5 1992-07-30 zero Toluene 150 1994-09-08 0.5 150 1999 1,000 1992-07-30 1,000

Volatile Organic Chemicals
(VOCs)
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 5
70 2003-06-12
1994-09-08

0.5 5 1999 70 1994-01-17 70
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
(1,1,1-TCA)
200 1989-02-25 0.5 1000 2006 200 1989-01-09 200
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
(1,1,2-TCA)
5 32
1994-09-08
1989-04-05

0.5 0.3 2006 5 1994-01-17 3
Trichloroethylene (TCE) 5 1989-02-25 0.5 1.7 2009 5 1989-01-09 zero Trichlorofluoromethane
(Freon 11)
150 1990-06-24 5 1,300 2014 -- -- --
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
Trifluoroethane (Freon 113)
1,200 1990-06-24 10 4,000 1997 -- -- --
Vinyl chloride 0.5 1989-04-05 0.5 0.05 2000 2 1989-01-09 zero Xylenes 1,750 1989-02-25 0.5 1,800 1997 10,000 1992-07-30 10,000 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)
The information in the following table can be found in 22 CCR §64444 (California MCLs), 22 CCR §64445.1 (California DLRs), OEHHA’s website(California PHGs), 40 CFR §141.61 (U.S. EPA MCLs), and 40 CFR §141.50 (U.S. EPA MCLGs). The values in this table are in units of micrograms per liter (µg/L).

Synthetic Organic
Chemicals
(SOCs)
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
Alachlor 2 1994-09-08 1 4 1997 2 1992-07-30 zero
Atrazine 1
3 2003-06-12
1989-04-05

0.5 0.15 1999 3 1992-07-30 3
Bentazon 18 1989-04-05 2 200 1999 -- -- --
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.2 1994-09-08 0.1 0.007 2010 0.2 1994-01-17 zero Carbofuran 18 1990-06-24 5 0.7 2016 40 1992-07-30 40
Chlordane 0.1 1990-06-24 0.1 0.03 1997 2 1992-07-30 zero

Synthetic Organic
Chemicals
(SOCs)
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
Dalapon 200 1994-09-08 10 790 1997 200 1994-01-17 200
1,2-Dibromo-3-
chloropropane (DBCP)

0.2 0.1
1991-05-03
1989-07-26

0.01 0.003 2020 0.2 1992-07-30 zero
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D)
70 100
1994-09-08
1977
10 20 2009 70
100
1992-07-30
1977-06-24
70 Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate 400 1994-09-08 5 200 2003 400 1994-01-17 400 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(DEHP)
4 1990-06-24 3 12 1997 6 1994-01-17 zero
Dinoseb 7 1994-09-08 2 14 1997 7 1994-01-17 7
Diquat 20 1994-09-08 4 6 2016 20 1994-01-17 20
Endothal 100 1994-09-08 45 94 2014 100 1994-01-17 100
Endrin 2

0.2 1994-09-08
1977

0.1 0.3 2016 2

0.2 1994-01-17
1977-06-24
2 Ethylene dibromide (EDB) 0.05

0.02 1994-09-08
1989-02-25

0.02 0.01 2003 0.05 1992-07-30 zero
Glyphosate 700 1990-06-24 25 900 2007 700 1994-01-17 700 Heptachlor 0.01 1990-06-24 0.01 0.008 1999 0.4 1992-07-30 zero Heptachlor epoxide 0.01 1990-06-24 0.01 0.006 1999 0.2 1992-07-30 zero Hexachlorobenzene 1 1994-09-08 0.5 0.03 2003 1 1994-01-17 zero Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 50 1994-09-08 1 2 2014 50 1994-01-17 50 Lindane 0.2
4 1994-09-08
1977

0.2 0.032 1999 0.2
4 1992-07-30
1977

0.2 Methoxychlor
30 40
100
2003-06-12
1994-09-08
1977
10 0.09 2010 40
100
1992-07-30
1977-06-24
40 Molinate 20 1989-04-05 2 1 2008 -- -- --
Oxamyl 50
200
2003-06-12
1994-09-08
20 26 2009 200 1994-01-17 200

Synthetic Organic
Chemicals
(SOCs)
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
Pentachlorophenol 1 1994-09-08 0.2 0.3 2009 1 1992-07-30 zero Picloram 500 1994-09-08 1 166 2016 500 1994-01-17 500
Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)

0.5 1994-09-08 0.5 0.09 2007 0.5 1992-07-30 zero
Simazine 4
10 1994-09-08
1989-04-05
1 4 2001 4 1994-01-17 4
Thiobencarb 70 1989-04-05 1 42 2016 -- -- --
Toxaphene 3
5 1994-09-08
1977
1 0.03 2003 3
5 1992-07-30
1977-06-24
zero
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.005 2017-12-14 0.005 0.0007 2009 -- -- -- 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) 0.00003 1994-09-08 5 x10-6 5 x10-8 2010 0.00003 1994-01-17 zero 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 50
10 1994-09-08
1977
1 3 2014 50
10 1992-07-30
1977-06-24
50 Disinfectant Residuals
Standards for disinfectant residuals are called “Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels” (MRDLs) instead of MCLs. Similarly, goals are called “Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goals” (MRDLGs). The information in the following table can be found in 22 CCR §64533.5 (California MRDLs), 40 CFR §141.65 (U.S. EPA MRDLs), and 40 CFR §141.54 (U.S. EPA MRDLGs). The values in this table are in units of milligrams per liter (mg/L).

Disinfectant
Residuals
California U.S. EPA
MRDL MRDL Effective Date DLR PHG PHG Date MRDL MRDL Effective Date MRDLG Chlorine 4.0 (as Cl2) 2006-06-17 -- -- -- 4.0 1999-02-16 4 Chloramines 4.0 (as Cl2) 2006-06-17 -- -- -- 4.0 1999-02-16 4 Chlorine dioxide 0.8 (as ClO2) 2006-06-17 -- -- -- 0.8 1999-02-16 0.8

Disinfection Byproducts
The information in the following table can be found in 22 CCR §64533 (California MCLs and DLRs), OEHHA’s website (California PHGs), 40 CFR §141.64 (U.S. EPA MCLs), and 40 CFR §141.53 (U.S. EPA MCLGs). The values in this table are in units of micrograms per liter (µg/L).

Disinfection Byproducts
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
Total Trihalomethanes 80
100
2006-06-17
1983-03-14 -- -- -- 80
100
2002-01-01
1983-11-29 --
Bromodichloromethane -- -- 1 0.06 2020 -- -- zero
Bromoform -- -- 1 0.5 2020 -- -- zero
Chloroform -- -- 1 0.4 2020 -- -- 70
Dibromochloromethane -- -- 1 0.1 2020 -- -- 60
Haloacetic Acids (five) (HAA5) 60 2006-06-17 -- -- -- 60 2002-01-01 -- Monochloroacetic Acid -- -- 2 53 2022 -- -- 70
Dichloroacetic Acid -- -- 1 0.2 2022 -- -- zero
Trichloroacetic Acid -- -- 1 0.1 2022 -- -- 20
Monobromoacetic Acid -- -- 1 25 2022 -- -- --
Dibromoacetic Acid -- -- 1 0.03 2022 -- -- --
Bromate 10 2006-06-17 54 0.1 2009 10 2002-01-01 zero
Chlorite 1000 2006-06-17 20 50 2009 1000 2002-01-01 800 Radionuclides
The information in the following table can be found in 22 CCR §64442 (California MCLs and DLRs), 22 CCR §64443 (California MCLs and DLRs), OEHHA’s website(California PHGs), 40 CFR §141.66 (U.S. EPA MCLs), and 40 CFR §141.55 (U.S. EPA MCLGs). The values in this table are in units of picocuries per liter (pCi/L) unless otherwise stated. 4 The DLR for bromate is 0.0010 mg/L for analysis performed using EPA Methods 317.0 Revision 2.0, 321.8, or 326.0.

Radionuclides
California U.S. EPA
MCL MCL Effective
Date DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
Gross alpha particle
activity5
156
15 2006-06-11
1977
3 none7 -- 15 1977-06-24 zero
Beta/photon emitters8 4 mrem/yr
50 2006-06-11
1977
4 none7 -- 4 mrem/yr 1977-06-24 zero
Radium-226 -- -- 1 0.05 2006 -- -- --
Radium-228 -- -- 1 0.019 2006 -- -- --
Radium-226 +
Radium-228
56 57
2006-06-11
1977
-- -- -- 5 1977-06-24 zero
Strontium-90 89
810
2006-06-11
1977
2 0.35 2006 4 mrem/yr10
8 2003-12-08
1977-06-24
--
Tritium 20,0009
20,00010
2006-06-11
1977
1,000 400 2006 4 mrem/yr10
20,000
2003-12-08
1977-06-24
--
Uranium 206
207
2006-06-11
1989-01-01
1 0.43 2001 30 µg/L11 2003-12-08 zero
5 Excludes alpha particle activity from radon and uranium. 6 Revised MCL applies to both community (CWS) and nontransient noncommunity water systems (NTNCWS); previous MCL applied only to CWS.
7 OEHHA concluded in 2003 that it would not be practical to develop a PHG (for gross alpha particle activity, for gross beta particle/photon emitters).
8 Beta/photon emitters MCLs are in units of millirems per year (mrem/yr) annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal organ. The DLR is in units of pCi/L of gross beta particle activity. 9 Revised MCL applies to all CWS and NTNCWS; previous MCL applied only to water systems with at least 30,000 service connections that used surface water.
10 U.S. EPA does not have specific MCLs for strontium-90 or tritium; both are regulated under the beta/photon emitters MCL. 11 U.S. EPA MCL of 30 µg/L is equivalent to 20.1 pCi/L (unit conversion using natural uranium specific activity of 0.67 pCi/µg).

Copper and Lead
Standards for lead and copper are called “Action Levels” instead of MCLs. If a system exceeds an Action Level, it must take certain actions such as additional monitoring, corrosion control studies and treatment, and for lead, a public education program.

The information in the following table can be found in 22 CCR §64678 (California Action Levels and DLRs), OEHHA’s website (California PHGs), 40 CFR §141.80 (U.S. EPA Action Levels), and 40 CFR §141.51 (U.S. EPA MCLGs). The values in this table are in units of micrograms per liter (µg/L).

Contaminants
California U.S. EPA
Action
Level
Action Level
Effective Date DLR PHG PHG Date Action
Level
Action Level
Effective Date MCLG
Copper 1,300 1995-12-11 50 300 2008 1,300 1991-11-06 1,300 Lead 15
50 1995-12-11
1977
5 0.2 2009 15
50 1991-11-06
1977-06-24
zero
Treatment Techniques
A treatment technique is a required process intended to reduce contaminant levels in drinking water, safeguarding public health. Rather than setting specific limits on contaminant concentrations, the treatment techniques below focus on the processes used to ensure protection from contaminants:
· Coliform: If a water system finds coliform bacteria (which indicate the presence of harmful microorganisms), they must assess and fix any issues in actions called Level 1 and Level 2 assessments. · Viruses: Systems must treat groundwater to remove or inactivate at least 99.99% of viruses using methods like disinfection. They must monitor and correct any issues within hours if they fail to meet these standards. · Cryptosporidium: For surface water or groundwater influenced by surface water, system must treat to remove or inactivate a parasite called Cryptosporidium, which involves special filtration and disinfection processes. · Disinfection Byproducts: Systems have several options for treatment techniques to reduce the levels of disinfection byproducts (total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), haloacetic acids (HAA5), bromate, and chlorite). · Acrylamide and Epichlorohydrin: Water systems that use certain chemicals in the treatment process must certify that the chemical levels are kept below safe limits.

Secondary Standards
Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs) provide water quality standards related to aesthetic aspects of drinking water, such as taste, odor, and appearance. Though not directly linked to health risks, SMCLs play a crucial role in maintaining

consumer confidence and satisfaction. The information in the following two tables can be found in 22 CCR §64449 (California SMCLs) and 40 CFR §143.3 (U.S. EPA SMCLs). The values in this table are in units of micrograms per liter (µg/L) unless otherwise stated.

Chemical
California U.S. EPA

SMCL SMCL
Effective Date SMCL SMCL
Effective Date
Aluminum 200 1994-09-08 50 to 200 1992-07-30
Color 15 Units 1977 15 Units 1981-01-19
Copper 1,000 1977 1,00012
1,00012
1992-07-30
1981-01-19
Corrosivity -- Removed Non-corrosive 1981-01-19
Fluoride See 22 CCR §64433.2 1998-04-22 2,000 1986-05-02 Foaming Agents (MBAS) 500 1977 500 1981-01-19
Iron 300 1977 300 1981-01-19
Manganese 50 1977 50 1981-01-19
Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) 5 1999-01-07 -- --
Odor -Threshold 3 Units 1977 3 Units 1981-01-19
pH -- -- 6.5 to 8.5 1981-01-19
Silver 100 -- 100 1992-07-30
Thiobencarb 1 1989-04-05 -- --
Turbidity 5 Units 1977 -- --
Zinc 5,000 1977 5,000 1981-01-19
Recommended Upper Short Term
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) or
Specific Conductance (µS/cm9)
500 1,000 1,500 -- 500 1981-01-19
900 1,600 2,200 -- -- --
Chloride (mg/L) 250 500 600 -- 250 1981-01-19
Sulfate (mg/L) 250 500 600 -- 250 1981-01-19
12 The updated SMCL for copper increased the number of significant figures from 1 to 2.

Chemicals soon to be regulated in drinking water in California The information in the following table can be found in OEHHA’s website(California PHGs), 40 CFR §141.61 (U.S. EPA MCLs), and 40 CFR §141.50 (U.S. EPA MCLGs). The values in this table are in units of nanograms per liter (ng/L) unless otherwise stated.

Chemicals
California U.S. EPA

MCL DLR PHG PHG
Date MCL MCL Effective
Date MCLG
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) -- -- 3 2006 -- -- --
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) -- -- 0.007 2024 4.0 2029-04-26 zero Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) -- -- 1 2024 4.0 2029-04-26 zero Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) -- -- -- -- 10.0 2029-04-26 10 Perfluorononanoate (PFNA) -- -- -- -- 10.0 2029-04-26 10 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-
(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate (HFPO-DA or
GenX Chemicals)
-- -- -- -- 10.0 2029-04-26 10
PFAS Hazard Index13
(includes HFPO-DA, PFBS14, PFHxS, and PFNA) -- -- -- -- 1 (unitless) 2029-04-26 1 (unitless) 13 PFAS Hazard Index = ([HFPO-DAwater ng/L]/[10 ng/L]) + ([PFBSwater ng/L]/[2000 ng/L]) + ([PFNAwater ng/L]/[10 ng/L]) + ([PFHxSwater ng/L]/[10 ng/L])
14 Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS)

A3

ATTACHMENT 3

HEALTH RISK INFORMATION FOR PUBLIC HEALTH GOAL

EXCEEDANCE REPORTS

PREPARED BY OEHHA
FEBRUARY 2025

DRAFT – FOR REVIEW ONLY

OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
Public Health Goals

Health Risk Information
for Public Health Goal
Exceedance Reports

February 2025
Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
California Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 1
Health Risk Information for
Public Health Goal Exceedance Reports

Prepared by

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
California Environmental Protection Agency
February 2025

NEW for the 2025 Report: New in this document are newly established Public Health Goals (PHGs) for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and five haloacetic acids: monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid.

Background: Under the Calderon-Sher Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 (the Act), public water systems with more than 10,000 service connections are required to prepare a report every three years for contaminants that exceed their respective PHGs.1 This document contains health risk information on drinking water contaminants to assist public water systems in preparing these reports. A PHG is the concentration of a contaminant in drinking water that poses no significant health risk if consumed for a lifetime. PHGs are developed and published by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) using current risk assessment principles, practices and methods.2
The water system’s report is required to identify the health risk category (e.g., carcinogenicity or neurotoxicity) associated with exposure to each contaminant in drinking water that has a PHG and to include a brief, plainly worded description of these risks. The report is also required to disclose the numerical public health risk, if available, associated with the California Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) and with the PHG for each contaminant. This health risk information document is prepared by OEHHA every three years to assist the water systems in providing the required information in their reports.

1 Health and Safety Code Section 116470(b)
2 Health and Safety Code Section 116365

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 2
Numerical health risks: Table 1 presents health risk categories and cancer risk values for chemical contaminants in drinking water that have PHGs.

The Act requires that OEHHA publish PHGs based on health risk assessments using the most current scientific methods. As defined in statute, PHGs for non-carcinogenic chemicals in drinking water are set at a concentration “at which no known or anticipated adverse health effects will occur, with an adequate margin of safety.” For carcinogens, PHGs are set at a concentration that “does not pose any significant risk to health.” PHGs provide one basis for revising MCLs, along with cost and technological feasibility.

OEHHA has been publishing PHGs since 1997 and the entire list published to date is shown in Table 1.

Table 2 presents health risk information for contaminants that do not have PHGs but have state or federal regulatory standards. The Act requires that, for chemical contaminants with California MCLs that do not yet have PHGs, water utilities use the federal Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) for the purpose of complying with the requirement of public notification. MCLGs, like PHGs, are strictly health based and include a margin of safety. One difference, however, is that the MCLGs for carcinogens are set at zero because the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) assumes there is no absolutely safe level of exposure to such chemicals. PHGs, on the other hand, are set at a level considered to pose no significant risk of cancer; this is usually no more than a one-in-one-million excess cancer risk (1×10 -6) level for a lifetime of
exposure. In Table 2, the cancer risks shown are based on the US EPA’s evaluations.

For more information on health risks: The adverse health effects for each chemical with a PHG are summarized in a PHG technical support document. These documents are available on the OEHHA website (https://oehha.ca.gov/water/public-health -goals- phgs).

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 3
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Alachlor carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.004 NA5,6 0.002 NA
Aluminum neurotoxicity and
immunotoxicity
(harms the nervous and
immune systems)

0.6 NA 1 NA
Antimony hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)

0.001 NA 0.006 NA
Arsenic carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.000004
(4×10-6)
1×10-6
(one per
million)

0.01 2.5×10-3
(2.5 per
thousand)
Asbestos carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
7 MFL7
(fibers >10
microns in
length)
1×10-6 7 MFL
(fibers >10
microns in
length)
1×10-6
(one per
million)
Atrazine carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00015 1×10-6 0.001 7×10-6
(seven per
million)
Barium cardiovascular toxicity
(causes high blood
pressure)
2 NA 1 NA

1 Based on the OEHHA PHG technical support document unless otherwise specified. The categories are the hazard traits defined by OEHHA for California’s Toxics Information Clearinghouse (online at:
https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/risk-assessment//gcregtext011912.pdf). 2 mg/L = milligrams per liter of water, equivalent to parts per million (ppm) 3 Cancer Risk = Upper bound estimate of excess cancer risk from lifetime exposure. Actual cancer risk may be lower or zero. 1×10-6 means one excess cancer case per million people exposed. 4 MCL = maximum contaminant level.
5 NA = not applicable. Cancer risk cannot be calculated. 6 The PHG for alachlor is based on a threshold model of carcinogenesis and is set at a level that is believed to be without any significant cancer risk to individuals exposed to the chemical over a lifetime. 7 MFL = million fibers per liter of water.

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 4
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Bentazon hepatotoxicity and
digestive system toxicity
(harms the liver,
intestine, and causes
body weight effects8)

0.2 NA 0.018 NA
Benzene carcinogenicity
(causes leukemia)

0.00015 1×10-6 0.001 7×10-6
(seven per
million)
Benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.000007
(7×10-6)
1×10-6 0.0002 3×10-5
(three per
hundred
thousand)
Beryllium digestive system toxicity
(harms the stomach or
intestine)

0.001 NA 0.004 NA
Bromate carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0001 1×10-6 0.01 1×10-4
(one per
ten
thousand)
Cadmium nephrotoxicity
(harms the kidney)

0.00004 NA 0.005 NA
Carbofuran reproductive toxicity
(harms the testis)

0.0007 NA 0.018 NA
Carbon
tetrachloride
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0001 1×10-6 0.0005 5×10-6
(five per
million)

8 Body weight effects are an indicator of general toxicity in animal studies.

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 5
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Chlordane carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00003 1×10-6 0.0001 3×10-6
(three per
million)
Chlorite hematotoxicity
(causes anemia)
neurotoxicity
(causes neurobehavioral
effects)

0.05 NA 1 NA
Chromium,
hexavalent
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00002 1×10-6 0.010 5×10-4 (five
per ten
thousand)
Copper digestive system toxicity
(causes nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea)

0.3 NA 1.3 (AL9) NA
Cyanide neurotoxicity
(damages nerves)
endocrine toxicity
(affects the thyroid)

0.15 NA 0.15 NA
Dalapon nephrotoxicity
(harms the kidney)

0.79 NA 0.2 NA
Di(2-ethylhexyl)
adipate (DEHA)
developmental toxicity
(disrupts development)

0.2 NA 0.4 NA
Di(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
(DEHP)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.012 1×10-6 0.004 3×10-7
(three per
ten million)

9 AL = action level. The action levels for copper and lead refer to a concentration measured at the tap. Much of the copper and lead in drinking water is derived from household plumbing (The Lead and Copper Rule, Title 22, California Code of Regulations [CCR] section 64672.3).

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 6
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
1,2-Dibromo-3-
chloropropane
(DBCP)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.000003
(3x10-6)
1×10-6 0.0002 7×10-5
(seven per
hundred
thousand)
1,2-Dichloro-
benzene
(o-DCB)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)

0.6 NA 0.6 NA
1,4-Dichloro-
benzene
(p-DCB)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.006 1×10-6 0.005 8×10-7
(eight per
ten million)
1,1-Dichloro-
ethane
(1,1-DCA)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.003 1×10-6 0.005 2×10-6
(two per
million)
1,2-Dichloro-
ethane
(1,2-DCA)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0004 1×10-6 0.0005 1×10-6
(one per
million)
1,1-Dichloro-
ethylene
(1,1-DCE)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)

0.01 NA 0.006 NA
1,2-Dichloro-
ethylene, cis
nephrotoxicity
(harms the kidney)

0.013 NA 0.006 NA
1,2-Dichloro-
ethylene, trans
immunotoxicity
(harms the immune
system)

0.05 NA 0.01 NA
Dichloromethane
(methylene
chloride)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.004 1×10-6 0.005 1×10-6
(one per
million)

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 7
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
2,4-Dichloro-
phenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D)
hepatotoxicity and
nephrotoxicity
(harms the liver and
kidney)

0.02 NA 0.07 NA
1,2-Dichloro-
propane
(propylene
dichloride)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0005 1×10-6 0.005 1×10-5
(one per
hundred
thousand)
1,3-Dichloro-
propene
(Telone II)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0002 1×10-6 0.0005 2×10-6
(two per
million)
Dinoseb reproductive toxicity
(harms the uterus and
testis)

0.014 NA 0.007 NA
Diquat ocular toxicity
(harms the eye)
developmental toxicity
(causes malformation)

0.006 NA 0.02 NA
Endothall digestive system toxicity
(harms the stomach or
intestine)

0.094 NA 0.1 NA
Endrin neurotoxicity
(causes convulsions)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)

0.0003 NA 0.002 NA
Ethylbenzene
(phenylethane)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)

0.3 NA 0.3 NA
Ethylene
dibromide (1,2-
Dibromoethane)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00001 1×10-6 0.00005 5×10-6
(five per
million)

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 8
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Fluoride musculoskeletal toxicity
(causes tooth mottling)
1 NA 2 NA
Glyphosate nephrotoxicity
(harms the kidney)

0.9 NA 0.7 NA
Haloacetic acids:
dibromoacetic
acid
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00003 1×10-6 0.06* 2×10-3
(two per
thousand)10
Haloacetic acids:
dichloroacetic
acid
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0002 1×10-6 0.06* 3×10-4
(three per
ten
thousand)11
Haloacetic acids:
monobromo-
acetic acid
musculoskeletal toxicity
(causes muscular
degeneration)

0.025 NA 0.06* NA
Haloacetic acids:
monochloro-
acetic acid
general toxicity
(causes body and organ
weight changes8)

0.053 NA 0.06* NA
Haloacetic acids:
trichloroacetic
acid
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0001 1×10-6 0.06* 6×10-4
(six per ten
thousand)12
Heptachlor carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.000008
(8×10-6)
1×10-6 0.00001 1×10-6
(one per
million)

* For total haloacetic acids (the sum of dibromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid). There are no MCLs for individual haloacetic acids. 10 Based on 0.060 mg/L dibromoacetic acid; the risk will vary with different combinations and ratios of the other haloacetic acids in a particular sample.
11 Based on 0.060 mg/L dichloroacetic acid; the risk will vary with different combinations and ratios of the other haloacetic acids in a particular sample.
12 Based on 0.060 mg/L trichloroacetic acid; the risk will vary with different combinations and ratios of the other haloacetic acids in a particular sample.

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 9
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Heptachlor
epoxide
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.000006
(6×10-6)
1×10-6 0.00001 2×10-6
(two per
million)
Hexachloro-
benzene
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00003 1×10-6 0.001 3×10-5
(three per
hundred
thousand)
Hexachloro-
cyclopentadiene
(HCCPD)
digestive system toxicity
(causes stomach
lesions)

0.002 NA 0.05 NA
Lead developmental
neurotoxicity
(causes neurobehavioral
effects in children)
cardiovascular toxicity
(causes high blood
pressure)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0002 <1×10-6
(PHG is
not based
on this
effect)

0.015
(AL9)
2×10-6
(two per
million)
Lindane
(γ-BHC)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.000032 1×10-6 0.0002 6×10-6
(six per
million)
Mercury
(inorganic)
nephrotoxicity
(harms the kidney)

0.0012 NA 0.002 NA
Methoxychlor endocrine toxicity
(causes hormone
effects)

0.00009 NA 0.03 NA
Methyl tertiary-
butyl ether
(MTBE)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.013 1×10-6 0.013 1×10-6
(one per
million)

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 10
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Molinate carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.001 1×10-6 0.02 2×10-5
(two per
hundred
thousand)
Monochloro-
benzene
(chlorobenzene)
nephrotoxicity
(harms the kidney)

0.07 NA 0.07 NA
Nickel developmental toxicity
(causes increased
neonatal deaths)

0.012 NA 0.1 NA
Nitrate hematotoxicity
(causes
methemoglobinemia)
45 as
nitrate
NA 10 as
nitrogen
(=45 as
nitrate)
NA
Nitrite hematotoxicity
(causes
methemoglobinemia)
3 as
nitrite
NA 1 as
nitrogen
(=3 as
nitrite)
NA
Nitrate and
Nitrite
hematotoxicity
(causes
methemoglobinemia)
10 as
nitrogen13
NA 10 as
nitrogen
NA
N-nitroso-
dimethyl-amine
(NDMA)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.000003
(3×10-6)
1×10-6 none NA
Oxamyl general toxicity
(causes body weight
effects)

0.026 NA 0.05 NA

13 The joint nitrate/nitrite PHG of 10 mg/L (10 ppm, expressed as nitrogen) does not replace the individual values, and the maximum contribution from nitrite should not exceed 1 mg/L nitrite-nitrogen.

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 11
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Pentachloro-
phenol (PCP)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0003 1×10-6 0.001 3×10-6
(three per
million)
Perchlorate endocrine toxicity
(affects the thyroid)
developmental toxicity
(causes neurodevelop-
mental deficits)

0.001 NA 0.006 NA
Perfluorooctane
sulfonic acid
(PFOS)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
1×10-6 1×10-6 NA NA
Perfluoro-
octanoic acid
(PFOA)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
7×10-9 1×10-6 NA NA
Picloram hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)

0.166 NA 0.5 NA
Polychlorinated
biphenyls
(PCBs)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00009 1×10-6 0.0005 6×10-6
(six per
million)
Radium-226 carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.05 pCi/L 1×10-6 5 pCi/L
(combined
Ra226+228)
1×10-4
(one per
ten
thousand)
Radium-228 carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.019 pCi/L 1×10-6 5 pCi/L
(combined
Ra226+228)
3×10-4
(three per
ten
thousand)
Selenium integumentary toxicity
(causes hair loss and
nail damage)

0.03 NA 0.05 NA

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 12
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Silvex (2,4,5-TP) hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)

0.003 NA 0.05 NA
Simazine general toxicity
(causes body weight
effects)

0.004 NA 0.004 NA
Strontium-90 carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.35 pCi/L 1×10-6 8 pCi/L 2×10-5
(two per
hundred
thousand)
Styrene
(vinylbenzene)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0005 1×10-6 0.1 2×10-4
(two per
ten
thousand)
1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloro-
ethane
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0001 1×10-6 0.001 1×10-5
(one per
hundred
thousand)
2,3,7,8-Tetra-
chlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin (TCDD, or
dioxin)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

5×10-11 1×10-6 3×10-8 6×10-4
(six per ten
thousand)
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
(perchloro-
ethylene, or
PCE)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00006 1×10-6 0.005 8×10-5
(eight per
hundred
thousand)
Thallium integumentary toxicity
(causes hair loss)

0.0001 NA 0.002 NA

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 13
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Thiobencarb general toxicity
(causes body weight
effects)
hematotoxicity
(affects red blood cells)

0.042 NA 0.07 NA
Toluene
(methylbenzene)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)
endocrine toxicity
(harms the thymus)

0.15 NA 0.15 NA
Toxaphene carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00003 1×10-6 0.003 1×10-4
(one per
ten
thousand)
1,2,4-Trichloro-
benzene

endocrine toxicity
(harms adrenal glands)

0.005 NA 0.005 NA
1,1,1-Trichloro-
ethane
neurotoxicity
(harms the nervous
system),
reproductive toxicity
(causes fewer offspring)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)
hematotoxicity
(causes blood effects)
1 NA 0.2 NA
1,1,2-Trichloro-
ethane
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0003 1x10-6 0.005 2×10-5
(two per
hundred
thousand)
Trichloro-
ethylene (TCE)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0017 1×10-6 0.005 3×10-6
(three per
million)

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 14
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Trichlorofluoro-
methane
(Freon 11)
accelerated mortality
(increase in early death)

1.3 NA 0.15 NA
1,2,3-Trichloro-
propane
(1,2,3-TCP)
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0000007
(7×10-7)
1x10-6 0.000005
(5×10-6)
7×10-6
(seven per
million)
1,1,2-Trichloro-
1,2,2-trifluoro-
ethane
(Freon 113)
hepatotoxicity
(harms the liver)
4 NA 1.2 NA
Trihalomethanes:

Bromodichloro-
methane
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00006 1x10-6 0.080# 1.3×10-3
(1.3 per
thousand)14
Trihalomethanes:

Bromoform
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0005 1x10-6 0.080# 2×10-4
(two per ten
thousand)15
Trihalomethanes:

Chloroform
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0004 1x10-6 0.080# 2×10-4
(two per ten
thousand)16

# For total trihalomethanes (the sum of bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, and dibromochloromethane). There are no MCLs for individual trihalomethanes. 14 Based on 0.080 mg/L bromodichloromethane; the risk will vary with different combinations and ratios of the other trihalomethanes in a particular sample.
15 Based on 0.080 mg/L bromoform; the risk will vary with different combinations and ratios of the other trihalomethanes in a particular sample.
16 Based on 0.080 mg/L chloroform; the risk will vary with different combinations and ratios of the other trihalomethanes in a particular sample.

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 15
Table 1: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals with California Public Health Goals (PHGs)
Chemical Health Risk Category1
California
PHG
(mg/L)2
Cancer
Risk3
at the
PHG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Trihalomethanes:

Dibromochloro-
methane
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.0001 1x10-6 0.080# 8×10-4
(eight
per ten
thousand)17
Tritium carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
400 pCi/L 1x10-6 20,000
pCi/L
5×10-5
(five per
hundred
thousand)
Uranium carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.43 pCi/L 1×10-6 20 pCi/L 5×10-5
(five per
hundred
thousand)
Vinyl chloride carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)

0.00005 1×10-6 0.0005 1×10-5
(one per
hundred
thousand)
Xylene neurotoxicity
(affects the senses,
mood, and motor
control)

1.8 (single
isomer or
sum of
isomers)
NA 1.75 (single
isomer or
sum of
isomers)
NA

# For total trihalomethanes (the sum of bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, and dibromochloromethane). There are no MCLs for individual trihalomethanes. 17 Based on 0.080 mg/L dibromochloromethane; the risk will vary with different combinations and ratios of the other trihalomethanes in a particular sample.

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 16
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals without California Public Health Goals
Chemical Health Risk Category1

US EPA
MCLG2
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk3
at the
MCLG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs)
Chloramines acute toxicity
(causes irritation)
digestive system toxicity
(harms the stomach)
hematotoxicity
(causes anemia)
45,6 NA7 none NA
Chlorine acute toxicity
(causes irritation)
digestive system toxicity
(harms the stomach)
45,6 NA none NA
Chlorine dioxide hematotoxicity
(causes anemia)
neurotoxicity
(harms the nervous
system)

0.85,6 NA none NA
Radionuclides

1 Health risk category based on the US EPA MCLG document or California MCL document unless otherwise specified.
2 MCLG = maximum contaminant level goal established by US EPA. 3 Cancer Risk = Upper estimate of excess cancer risk from lifetime exposure. Actual cancer risk may be lower or zero. 1×10-6 means one excess cancer case per million people exposed. 4 California MCL = maximum contaminant level established by California. 5 Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal, or MRDLG.
6 The federal Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level (MRDL), or highest level of disinfectant allowed in drinking water, is the same value for this chemical. 7 NA = not available.

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Water Toxicology Section
February 2025 17
Table 2: Health Risk Categories and Cancer Risk Values for Chemicals without California Public Health Goals
Chemical Health Risk Category1

US EPA
MCLG2
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk3
at the
MCLG
California
MCL4
(mg/L)
Cancer
Risk at the
California
MCL
Gross alpha
particles8
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0 (210Po
included)
0 15 pCi/L9
(includes
radium but
not radon
and
uranium)
up to 1x10-3
(for 210Po,
the most
potent alpha
emitter)
Beta particles
and photon
emitters8
carcinogenicity
(causes cancer)
0 (210Pb
included)
0 50 pCi/L
(judged
equiv. to 4
mrem/yr)
up to 2x10-3
(for 210Pb,
the most
potent beta-
emitter)

8 MCLs for gross alpha and beta particles are screening standards for a group of radionuclides.

Corresponding PHGs were not developed for gross alpha and beta particles. See the OEHHA memoranda discussing the cancer risks at these MCLs at
http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/reports/grossab.html.
9 pCi/L = picocuries per liter of water.

A4

ATTACHMENT 4

DESCRIPTION OF COST ESTIMATE PROCEDURES

Estimate of Ion -Exchange Treatment Costs – Cost estimates were developed for ion -exchange treatment of arsenic and hexavalent chromium with a strong -base anion (SBA) resin . The SBA treatment costs were estimated for arsenic and for hexavalent chromium, respectively, in the finished water. The cost estimates were developed for each well using the maximum concentration measured during 2022 – 2024 as the treatment design influent concentration for arsenic and hexavalent chromium and using the maximum well production during the same period. The cost estimates were developed with WQTS’ in -house SBA ion exchange treatment design and cost model. The cost estimates were based on 20 13 costs and have an expected accuracy range of +50/ -30%. For the model to predict cost, it needed to make projections about treatment performance based on water quality, and then constructed capital and annual O&M cost based on specific unit costs of equipment, chemicals, supplies, labor, energy, disposal fees, etc. The estimated costs also assume that the untreated liquid waste brine is discharged to the sewer. Some of the same wells that were reported in the City’s 2022 PHG report again detected arsenic above the PHG (and these wells had capital and O&M costs developed previously for 20 21 dollars). In this PHG report the capital and annual O&M costs were adjusted from 2021 dollars to 2024 dollars using the 20-city national average Engineering News Record Construction Cost Index for capital cost adjustment and the Consumer Price In dex for O&M cost adjustment.

Estimate of Reverse Osmosis Treatment Cost – Cost estimates for gross alpha and uranium treatment of Well s 93, 94 and 129 with reverse osmosis (RO) were estimated from cost equations generated for the removal of CrVI with RO technology and are reported in Seidel, et al. 2013. 3 Cost equations are provided for estimating capital and O&M costs in 2012 dollars. Capital costs are based on the design flow, whereas O&M costs are based on the average flow, which was set to 70% of the design flow. The cost equations assume that the RO concentrate is discharged to the sewer. The capital and annual O&M costs were adjusted from 2021 dollars to 2024 dollars using the 20 -city national average Engineering News Record Construction Cost Index for capital cost adjustment and the Consumer Price Index for O&M cost adjustment.

Estimate of Ion-Exchange Treatment Costs for PFAS Treatment – Cost estimates were developed for ion-exchange treatment of PFAS with a single-use anion exchange (AIX) resin. The cost estimates were developed for each well using the maximum concentration measured during 2022 – 2024 as the treatment design influent co ncentration for PFOA and PFOS and using the maximum well production. The cost estimates were developed with WQTS’ in-house AIX treatment design and cost model for PFAS removal from groundwater. The cost estimates have an expected accuracy range of +50/-30%. For the model to predict cost, it needed to make projections about treatment performance

3 Seidel, C. J., Najm, I. N., Blute, N. K., Corwin, C. J., & Wu, X. (2013). National and California treatment costs to comply with potential hexavalent chromium MCLs. American Water Works Association, 105(6), E320–E336.

A4

based on water quality, and then constructed capital and annual O&M cost based on specific unit costs of equipment, resin, labor, energy, etc. The estimated costs also assume that the spent resin will be disposed of, via incineration, by the supplier of the replacement resin.

A5

ATTACHMENT 5

CITY OF SACRAMENTO – DEPARTMENT OF UTILITIES

2022, 2023 AND 2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS

IMPORTANT

DRINKING

WATER QUALITY

INFORMATION FOR

CITY OF SACRAMENTO

DRINKING WATER

CUSTOMERS

CONSUMER

CONFIDENCE
REPORT2022

WATER EFFICIENCY
Water-use efficiency is a California way of life, and the City of Sacramento continues to encourage water conservation. Find tips to save water and available rebates at SacWaterWise.com

INTRODUCTION
This Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) is presented to help City of Sacramento Water customers understand where their water comes from and what it contains. Routine water supply testing for more than 100 substances is performed to confirm that your water meets or exceeds all federal and state drinking water standards. This CCR summarizes the most recent detected water quality results through 2022 and is the most current publication for the period June 01, 2023 through May 31, 2024.

The City is committed to providing customers with up to date information on their drinking water through timely, transparent public notification. For more detailed information, visit sacramentowaterquality.com

SOURCES OF WATER
Eighty percent of the City of Sacramento’s water supply comes from the American and Sacramento Rivers, with the remainder supplied by groundwater wells and transfers from Sacramento County Water Agency and Sacramento Suburban Water District. For more information on Sources of Water see Source Water Assessment on page 3 .

Sedimentation basin at Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant Intake Structure City of Sacramento Water Division, All-Staff Event 2022 at Robla Training Facility

REQUIRED DISCLOSURES FOR

DRINKING WATER CONSUMERS
This information is presented to further educate consum- ers about drinking water contaminants.

The sources of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells. As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally-occur- ring minerals and, in some cases, radioactive material, and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of
animals or from human activity.

Contaminants that may be present in source water
include:
• Microbial contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, that may come from sewage treatment plants, septic
systems, agricultural livestock operations, and wildlife. • Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, that can be naturally occurring or result from urban stormwa- ter runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining, or farming.
• Pesticides and herbicides, that may come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, and residential uses.
• Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, that are byproducts of
industrial processes and petroleum production, and can
also come from gas stations, urban stormwater runoff,
agricultural application, and septic systems.
• Radioactive contaminants, that can be naturally-occur- ring or be the result of oil and gas production and mining activities.

In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the
State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board) prescribe regulations that limit the amount of certain
contaminants in water provided by public water systems.

State Water Board regulations also establish limits for contaminants in bottled water that provide the same
protection for public health.

Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some
contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not
necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk. More information about contaminants and potential health
effects can be obtained by calling the U.S. EPA’s Safe
Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791).

Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in
drinking water than the general population. Immu-
no-compromised persons such as persons with cancer
undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone
organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be particu- larly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care provid- ers. U.S. EPA/Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guide- lines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline
(1-800-426-4791).

Paul, Water Treatment Plant Operator visually inspects a sample in the E.A. Fairbairn Operations Lab

SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT
A watershed sanitary survey (WSS) focuses on evaluat-
ing source water quality and potential watershed
contaminant sources to provide key information to aid
in understanding how to maintain and possibly improve
source water protection, the first barrier in protecting public health. An evaluation of water treatment plant
capabilities and treated water quality provides an
assessment of the ability of a water utility to treat their source water.

Initial WSS reports for the City’s Sacramento River and American River water sources were completed in 2000
and 2001. These reports indicated that both rivers are
most vulnerable to contaminants from recreational
activities and that the Sacramento River is also most
susceptible to agricultural contaminants. The City of
Sacramento, in partnership with several other water
utilities, complete WSS updates of the river water
sources every five years. The WSS updates were most
recently completed in 2020 and 2018 for the Sacra-
mento and American Rivers, respectively.

An assessment of the City’s groundwater wells was
completed in January 2001. Due to the proximity to
potential contaminant sources, the wells north of the
American River are considered most vulnerable to
sewage collection systems, leaking underground
storage tanks, known contaminant plumes, agricultural
drainage, gas stations, dry cleaners, metal plating and chemical processing storage facilities, electrical/elec- tronic manufacturing, and automobile repair and body
shops. Wells south of the American River are consid-
ered vulnerable to leaking underground storage tanks
and sewage collection systems.

Despite these potential vulnerabilities, your water
continues to meet or exceed all state and federal
drinking water standards. Please call 916-808-5454 to
request a summary of the assessments or make an
appointment for an in-person viewing.
3 Chlorine as Cl 2 (mg/L)
Haloacetic Acids (µg/L)
Trihalomethanes (µg/L)
Control of DBP Precursors - TOC (mg/L)
Aluminum (µg/L)
Arsenic (µg/L)
Barium (mg/L)
Chromium Total (µg/L)
Copper (mg/L)
Fluoride in source water D (mg/L)
Fluoride in treated water D (mg/L)
Lead (µg/L)
Nitrate as Nitrogen (mg/L)
Selenium (µg/L)
Trichloroethylene [TCE] (µg/L)
Gross Alpha (pCi/L)
Turbidity F (NTU)
Turbidity F (NTU)
2022
2022
2022
2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020
2022
2022
2020
2022
2022
2020 – 2022
2014 – 2021
2022
2022

0.7 47 B
71 B
NA
ND

2.7 ND
ND

0.09 ND

0.7 ND

1.4 ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
Constituent (Unit) Year Monitored
System
Average
Regulated for Public Health (Primary Drinking Water Standard)1 4 NA
NA
NA

0.6 0.004
2 100

0.3 1
1 0.2
10 30

1.7 0
NA
NA
4 60
80 2.0

1.0 10
1 50

1.3 [AL]

2.0 2.0
15 [AL]
10 50
5 15
1 NTU
at least 95% of samples
≤ 0.3 NTU
State or Federal Goal

PHG, MCLG
or MRDLG
Highest Amount
Allowed
MCL, MRDL or TT

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
RESULTS FOR 2022
Your water meets or exceeds all federal and state drinking water standards. µg/L
µS/cm
mg/L
ng/L
NTU
pCi/L
TON
micrograms per liter: unit of concentration,
equivalent to 1 part per billion or 1 second in
nearly 32 years
microsiemens per centimeter: measure of
electrical conductivity
milligrams per liter: unit of concentration
equivalent to 1 part per million or second in

11.5 years
nanograms per liter; unit of concentration
equivalent to 1 part per trillion or 1 second in
nearly 32,000 years
Nephelometric Turbidity Units: measures
cloudiness of water
picocuries per liter: measures radiation
Theshold Odor Number: The greatest
dilution of a sample with odor-free water
that yields a detectable odor
Units

TREATMENT

TECHNIQUE

DISINFECTION
and DBPsINORGANIC COMPOUNDSORGANIC
COM/hyphen.case
POUNDS
(A) Range of all results observed in distribution system; samples with ND chlorine undergo further analysis to ensure water supply safety.
(B) Compliance with MCL confirmed quarterly (every three months); system average shown represents highest locational running annual average calculated during any of the four quarters of 2022 while range represents all results observed in distribution system. Individual results may exceed the MCL as long as the running annual average does not. (C) Compliance with TT confirmed quarterly (every three months); value shown represents highest running annual average calculated during any of the four quarters of 2022. (D) In accordance with State law, the City of Sacramento adjusts the natural levels of fluoride in our water supplies to the optimal level determined by the Centers for Disease Control. More information about fluoridation is available at:
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Fluoridation.shtml (E) Gross alpha monitoring results are used for two purposes: To determine compliance with the gross alpha MCL and to screen for radium and uranium. Gross alpha results in all City sources measure below levels which direct uranium and radium monitoring, except for one well was above the screening threshold for uranium. In that well Uranium was measured at 4.5 pCi/L which is less than the uranium MCL of 20 pCi/L. (F) Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of the water. We monitor it because it is a good indicator of water quality.

High turbidity can hinder the effectiveness of disinfectants. (G) Please see 2022 Consumer Confidence Reports published by these agencies for more detailed water quality information; Sacramento County Water Agency https://waterresources.saccounty.net/ccr/ and Sacramento Suburban Water District https://www.sswd.org/departments/water-quality/consumer-confidence-reports RADIO-

LOGICAL
4 1.8 C
ND
ND
ND
ND

1.7 C
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
ND
ND – 7.4
ND – 0.87
ND – 10
NA
ND – 0.05
ND – 4.3
ND – 0.14
ND
NA
ND

2.4 – 4.6
ND – 0.26
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

0.09 100%
ND
ND
ND
ND

0.14 100%
ND – 3.5
ND
ND
ND – 5.1
NA
NA
ND – 6.7
ND
ND – 0.56
ND – 5.7
NA
NA
ND – 3.6
ND – 5.9
ND
ND – 5.8 E
NA
NA
ND ND ND – 0.47 NAND – 0.2
15 – 87 B
62 samples collected; 0 individual samples exceeded AL; 90th percentile concentration: 0.09 (Less than AL, meets requirement)
62 samples collected; 2 individual samples exceeded AL; 90th percentile concentration: ND (Less than AL, meets requirement)

0.0 – 1.0 A

2.6 – 76 B
ND – 1.4 A Drinking water disinfectant added for
treatment
By-product of drinking water disinfection
By-product of drinking water disinfection
Various natural and man-made sources
Erosion of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits
Discharge from steel and pulp mills and
chrome plating; erosion of natural deposits
Internal corrosion of household water
plumbing systems
Erosion of natural deposits
Water additive that promotes strong teeth
Internal corrosion of household water
plumbing systems
Runoff and leaching from fertilizer use;
leaching from septic tanks and sewage;
erosion of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits
Discharge from metal degreasing sites and
other factories
Erosion of natural deposits
Soil runoff
Soil runoff
Typical Sources in Drinking Water
While the City of Sacramento tests for more than 100 substances, this report only lists those detected at or above the federal or state level for reporting.

The State allows us to monitor for some contaminants less than once per year because the concentrations of these contaminants do not change frequently. Some of our data, though representative, are more than one year old.

Sacramento
Suburban Water
District
Sacramento
County Water
Agency
City of
Sacramento
Groundwater
Sacramento
River Water
Treatment Plant
E.A. Fairbairn Water
Treatment Plant
(American River)
90th Percentile The value for which 90 percent of samples had a lower result AL Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements that a water system must follow Constituent A chemical or parameter measured in the water supply DBPs Disinfection By-Products: Substances that can form during a reaction of a disinfectant with naturally present organic matter in the water Cl 2 Free Chlorine: chlorine available for disinfection MCL Maximum Contaminant Level: The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. Primary MCLs are set as close to the PHG (or MCLGs) as is economically and technologically feasible. Secondary MCLs are set to protect the odor, taste, and appearance of drinking water MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal: The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MRDL Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level: The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants MRDLG Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal: The level of drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants
NA Not applicable
ND Not detected
PDWS Primary Drinking Water Standard: MCLs, MRDLs and treatment techniques (TTs) for contaminants that affect health, along with their monitoring and reporting requirements PHG Public Health Goal: The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. PHGs are set by the California Environmental Protection Agency TOC Total Organic Carbon: a measurement of the potential of water to form DBPs TT Treatment Technique: A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water Key Terms and Abbreviations

PRIMARY WATER SUPPLY WATER TRANSFERS G
5 (A) Range of all results observed in distribution system.

Chloride (mg/L)
Copper (mg/L)
Color (units)
Manganese (µg/L)
Odor (units)
Specific Conductance (µS/cm)
Sulfate (mg/L)
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)
Turbidity (units)
Constituent (Unit)
Regulated for Drinking Water Aesthetics - Secondary MCL2 500
1 15
50 3
1600
500
1000
5 Highest Amount
Allowed
MCL
ND – 7 A
ND – 1.5 A
ND – 2.7 A
Calcium (mg/L)
Chromium, Hexavalent G (µg/L)
Hardness (mg/L)
Hardness (grains per gallon)
Magnesium (mg/L)
Sodium (mg/L)
Total Alkalinity (mg/L)
Germanium (/uni03BCg/L)
Manganese (µg/L)
Total HAA5 (µg/L) H
Total HAA6Br (µg/L) H
Total HAA9 (µg/L) H
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2018 – 2020
2018 – 2020
2018 – 2020
2018 – 2020
2018 – 2020
26 4.3
141

8.2 16
25 127
ND

2.3 24.1

3.4 27
11 ND
38 2.2

2.0 2.6
25 ND

0.46 – 1.3
15 ND
57 3.3

4.7 5.9
44 ND
ND – 0.74
17 – 62
ND – 7.7
85 – 320

5.0 – 19

9.3 – 39
19 – 36
91 – 260
ND
ND – 16.5
Constituent (Unit) Year Monitored
System
Average
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2021
2022
2020 – 2022
2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2020 – 2022
2022
31 ND
ND
ND
ND
374

9.9 250
ND
Year Monitored
System
Average
Other Parameters of Interest to Customers / Constituents With No Established MCL3 City of
Sacramento
Groundwater
Sacramento
River Water
Treatment Plant
E.A. Fairbairn Water
Treatment Plant
(American River)

4.2 – 35 A

1.0 – 7.8 A

5.0 – 38 A
UCMR4

PRIMARY WATER SUPPLY

5.4 ND

5.3 ND
ND ND
98 8.8
61 150
14 90
Sacramento
River Water
Treatment Plant
E.A. Fairbairn Water
Treatment Plant
(American River)

PRIMARY WATER SUPPLY
(A) Range of all results observed in distribution system. (G) There was no MCL for hexavalent chromium in effect during 2022; The previous MCL of 10 µg/L was withdrawn on September 11, 2017. (H) The Fourth UCMR required monitoring for several unregulated Haloacetic Acid compounds in addition to the regulated HAA5 presented in Table 1.

Sacramento River, upstream of Sacramento River Intake Structures 6 Erosion or leaching of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits
Naturally occurring organic materials
Leaching of natural deposits
Naturally occurring organic materials
Substances that form ions when in water
Erosion or leaching of natural deposits
Erosion or leaching of natural deposits
Soil runoff
Typical Sources
ND – 7 A
ND – 1.5 A
ND – 2.7 A

4.4 – 73
NA
20 – 330

1.2 – 19

2.0 – 34

5.2 – 120
43 – 230
ND – 1.9
ND – 25
14 – 39
NA
56 – 210

3.3 – 12

5.2 – 28

9.2 – 27
67 – 160
ND
ND – 26
Sacramento
Suburban Water
District
Sacramento
County Water
Agency

4.2 – 35 A

1.0 – 7.8 A

5.0 – 38 A

WATER TRANSFERS

3.3 – 270
ND – 0.11

3.3 – 66
ND – 0.10
Sacramento
Suburban Water
District
Sacramento
County Water
Agency
200 – 1200
ND – 13
170 – 710
160 – 510

1.4 – 17
130 – 340
ND – 31 ND
13 – 69
ND
ND
294 – 790

5.1 – 32
210 – 480
City of
Sacramento
Groundwater

PRIMARY WATER SUPPLY

WATER TRANSFERS
Sedimentation basin at Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant is refilled after being drained for cleaning and maintenance
Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant Intake Structure Lower American River at E.A. Fairbairn Water Treatment Plant Intake Structure 7 LEAD
If present, elevated levels of lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young
children. Lead in drinking water is primarily from materials and components associated with customer service lines
and home plumbing. The City of Sacramento is responsible for providing high quality drinking water, but cannot
control the variety of materials used in customer plumbing components. When your water has been sitting for several hours, you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before using water for drinking or cooking. If you are concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to have your water
tested. Information on lead in drinking water, testing
methods, and steps you can take to minimize exposure is available from the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline
1-800-426-4791 or at http:/ /www.epa.gov/lead.

LEAD IN SCHOOLS
Between 2017 and 2019 the City of Sacramento provided
lead testing to all public pre-kindergarten through 12th grade schools receiving City of Sacramento water supply as well as private schools that opted to participate. More than 600 samples were tested representing 132 schools
and results were non-detect (less than 5 micrograms per liter) in 97 percent of the samples. All results are publicly available on the State Water Board’s website http:/ /ww- w.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinking-
water/leadsamplinginschools.html

CYANOTOXINS
Microcystins and cylindrospermopsin are algal toxins
produced by naturally occurring cyanobacteria in surface water sources (such as the American and Sacramento
Rivers). These compounds are subject to a U.S. EPA Health Advisory and due to their potential presence in our source waters, the City of Sacramento voluntarily monitors for these compounds during vulnerable seasons, typically
summer through late fall. There were no detections of
microcystins or cylindrospermopsin during routine 2022
monitoring.

EARTHY OR MUSTY TASTE AND ODOR
Some customers may notice an earthy or musty taste
in City water, most often occurring in late summer.

This is due to the presence of Geosmin and 2-Methyli-
soborneol (MIB), odor compounds which are not
removed through conventional water treatment.

Although these compounds do not impact the safety
of the City’s drinking water, some customers find the
taste and odor to be objectionable. Chilling the water
can help improve the taste.

FEDERAL AND STATE REVISED TOTAL

COLIFORM RULE
This Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) reflects
changes in drinking water regulatory requirements
during 2021. These revisions add the requirements of
the federal Revised Total Coliform Rule, effective
since April 1, 2016, to the existing state Total Coliform Rule. The revised rule maintains the purpose to
protect public health by ensuring the integrity of the
drinking water distribution system and monitoring for
the presence of microbials (i.e., total coliform and E. coli bacteria). The U.S. EPA anticipates greater public health protection as the rule requires water systems
that are vulnerable to microbial contamination to
identify and fix problems. Water systems that exceed
a specified frequency of total coliform occurrences
are required to conduct an assessment to determine if
any sanitary defects exist. If found, these must be
corrected by the water system. The state Revised
Total Coliform Rule became effective July 1, 2021.

What You Should Know About...

Filter backwash tank at E.A. Fairbairn Water Treatment Plant Water is fed by gravity through filters of sand and anthracite (hard coal) at the E.A. Fairbairn Water Treatment Plant 8 PER/hyphen.case AND POLY/hyphen.caseFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES /parenleft.casePFAS s/parenright.case According to the California State Water Resources Control Board Division of Drinking Water (DDW), exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) through drinking water has become an increasing concern due to the tendency of PFASs to accumulate in groundwater. PFASs are a large group of human-made substances that have been used extensively in consumer products designed to be waterproof, stain-resistant or non-stick. In addition, they have been used in fire-re - tarding foam and various industrial processes.

DDW can recommended interim action for water providers for compounds such as PFASs which do not yet have maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) set by regulation, by establishing Notification Levels and Response Levels:
• NL: Notification Level, level at which providing health-based advisories is recommended • RL: Response Level, level at which removing a drinking water source from service is recommended As of 2022, DDW has established an NL and RL for four individual PFASs measured in drinking water in nanograms per Liter or ng/L, a unit of concentration equivalent to 1 part per trillion:

What You Should Know About...

As part of our mission to provide City customers with drinking water of the highest quality, the City of Sacramento is committed to continued monitoring, transparent public notification, and effective management of this emerging water quality issue.

For more detailed information, visit:
https:/ /www.cityofsacramento.org/Utilities/Water/Water-Quality/PFAS NL: 500 ng/L
RL: 5000 ng/L
2022 monitoring did not indicate the presence of PFBS in City of Sacramento surface water or groundwater sources.

PERFLUOROBUTANESULFONIC ACID /parenleft.casePFBS/parenright.case NL: 5.1 ng/L
RL: 10 ng/L
2022 monitoring did not indicate the presence of PFOA in City of Sacramento surface water. The 2022 range of results for groundwater sources was non-detect to 5.0 ng/L.

PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID /parenleft.casePFOA/parenright.case NL: 3 ng/L
RL: 20 ng/L
2022 monitoring did not indicate the presence of PFHxS in City of Sacramento surface water. The 2022 range of results for groundwater and sources was non-detect to 7.4 ng/L which exceeds the NL.

DDW HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PFH x S:

Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid exposures resulted in decreased total thyroid hormone in male rats.

PERFLUOROHEXANESULFONIC ACID /parenleft.casePFH x S/parenright.case NL: 6.5 ng/L
RL: 40 ng/L
2022 monitoring did not indicate the presence of PFOS in City of Sacramento surface water. The 2022 range of results for ground water sources was non-detect to 13 ng/L which exceeds the NL.

DDW HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PF O S:

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid exposures resulted in immune suppression and cancer in laboratory animals.

PERFLUOROOCTANESULFONIC ACID /parenleft.casePFOS/parenright.case 9 TNI EARLY ADOPTER RECOGNITION FOR CITY LABORATORY
The City of Sacramento’s Water Quality Laboratory was recognized by the California Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program (ELAP) for proactively implementing the TNI Standard quality management system before the required compliance date of 2024. The City’s lab maintains ELAP Certification for microbiological, inorganic and organic testing of drinking water samples with over 11,000 analyses performed in a calendar year.

What You Should Know About...

Mira, Water Quality Chemist performs an analytical
procedure in the City's Microbiology lab
City Water Quality Laboratory Staff with their TNI Early Adopter certificate of recognition Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant
10 TO REPORT A CONCERN
City of Sacramento, Department of Utilities
311 or 916-264-5011
(24 hours a day, 7 days a week)
www.cityofsacramento.org/utilities

FOR QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS REPORT CONTACT
Rory Hartkemeyer
916-808-3738
U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline
1-800-426-4791
http:/ /epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water

NOTICE OF OPPORTUNITY

FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The Sacramento City Council generally holds public
meetings on Tuesday at 2 p.m. and/or 5 p.m. in the City Council Chambers at 915 I Street, Sacramento. You can
access Council agendas at www.cityofsacramento.org/-
clerk.

POTABILITY STATEMENT
The City of Sacramento water supply meets all potability requirements as set forth by the United States Environ- mental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the California
Safe Drinking Water Act, Title 22. This certification
relates to City of Sacramento water that is provided up to the property line or backflow preventer, whichever
comes first.

Stay Connected!
Visit: cityofsacramento.org
www .f acebook.com/SacramentoCityUtilities
www .twitter .com/saccityutility
www.instagram.com/sacdou
Daimntawv tshaj tawm no muaj lus tseemceeb txog koj cov dej haus.

Tshab txhais nws, los yog tham nrog tej tug neeg uas totaub txog nws.

Naaiv norm sou maaih jienv nyei fienx gorngv taux meih nyei wuom hopv. Faan fai gorngv bun mienh hiuv duqv.

LLLPSRUWDQWHGHVSUHDSDGHEăXW
HOHJH
ɗɬɨɬɨɬɱɟɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɜɚɠɧɭɸɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸɨɜɚɲɟɣɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵɉɟɪɟɜɟɞɢɬɟɟɝɨɢɥɢɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟɫɬɟɦɤɬɨɷɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ  Este informe contiene información muy importante sobre su agua potable. Tradúzcalo o hable con alguien que lo entienda bien. ɐɟɣɡɜɿɬɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɜɚɠɥɢɜɭɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɜɚɲɭɩɢɬɧɭɜɨɞɭ  ɉɟɪɟɤɥɚɫɬɢɣɨɝɨɚɛɨɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢɡɤɢɦɨɫɶɯɬɨɣɨɝɨɪɨɡɭɦɿɽ Mahalaga ang impormasyong ito. Mangyaring ipasalin ito.

UP-TO-DATE WATER QUALITY

INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE
www.sacramentowaterquality.com
Susan, Water Quality Chemist in the City's Organics Laboratory 11 INTRODUCTION
This Consumer Confidence Report was
created to help City of Sacramento
water customers understand where their
water comes from and what it contains.

Routine water supply testing for more
than 100 substances is performed to
confirm that your water meets or
exceeds all federal and state drinking
water standards.

This report, published on June 3, 2024,
summarizes detected water quality
results for the period of January 1 to
December 31, 2023 and may include
earlier monitoring data.

The City is committed to providing
customers with up-to-date information
on their drinking water. For more
detailed information, visit
www.sacramentowaterquality.com
2023
Consumer
Confidence
Report

WATER EFFICIENCY
Water efficiency is a way of life in California, and the
City of Sacramento continues to encourage water
conservation. Find tips to save water and available
rebates at www.sacwaterwise.com
Sources of
Water
Eighty percent of the City of Sacramento’s water supply comes from the American and Sacramento rivers, and about 20 percent comes from groundwater wells. For more information on sources of water, see the “Source Water Assessment” on page 03.

This map represents sources of water for residents and businesses in the city of Sacramento, and is meant for educational purposes only. Depending on factors, such as water supply, demand, and time of year, individual residents or businesses could receive water from a mixture of City of Sacramento water sources. 2 E.A. FAIRBAIRN

WATER TREATMENT PLANT
E.A. FAIRBAIRN

WATER TREATMENT PLANT
E.A. FAIRBAIRN

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

SACRAMENTO RIVER

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

SACRAMENTO RIVER

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

SACRAMENTO RIVER
MIXED

GROUNDWATER

AMERICAN RIVER
50 80
50 5
80 80
99 City of
Sacramento
Department
of Utilities
Service Area

PRIMARY WATER SUPPLY
99 A watershed sanitary survey evaluates source
water quality and potential watershed
contaminant sources to provide information that
helps maintain and improve source water
protection, the first barrier in protecting public
health. An evaluation of water treatment plant
capabilities and treated water quality provides an
assessment of the ability of a water utility to treat
their source water.

Initial reports for the Sacramento River and
American River water sources were completed in
2000 and 2001. These reports indicated that both
rivers are vulnerable to contaminants from
recreational activities and that the Sacramento
River is also vulnerable to agricultural
contaminants. The City of Sacramento, in
partnership with several other water utilities,
complete Watershed Sanitary Survey updates of
the river water sources every five years. These
updates were most recently completed in 2020
and 2023 for the Sacramento and American
rivers, respectively.

Source
Water
Assessment
An assessment of the City’s groundwater wells
was completed in January 2001. Due to their
proximity to potential contaminant sources, the
wells north of the American River are considered
vulnerable to sewage collection systems, leaking
underground storage tanks, known
contaminants, agricultural drainage, gas stations,
dry cleaners, metal plating and chemical
processing storage facilities, electrical/electronic
manufacturing, and automobile repair and body
shops. Wells south of the American River are
considered vulnerable to leaking underground
storage tanks and sewage collection systems.

Despite these potential vulnerabilities, your water
continues to meet or exceed all state and federal
drinking water standards. Please call
916-808-5454 to request a summary of the
assessments or make an appointment for an
in-person viewing.
3 Required Disclosures
for Drinking
Water Consumers
This information is presented to further educate consumers about drinking water contaminants.

The sources of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs and wells. As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally occurring minerals and, in some cases, radioactive material, and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity.

Contaminants that may be present in source water include:

• Microbial contaminants, such as viruses and
bacteria, that may come from sewage treatment
plants, septic systems, agricultural livestock
operations and wildlife.

• Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals,
that can be naturally occurring or result from
urban stormwater runoff, industrial or domestic
wastewater discharges, oil and gas production,
mining or farming.

• Pesticides and herbicides, that may come from a
variety of sources such as agriculture, urban
stormwater runoff and residential uses.

• Organic chemical contaminants, including
synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, that are
byproducts of industrial processes and
petroleum production, and can also come from
gas stations, urban stormwater runoff, agricultural
application and septic systems.

• Radioactive contaminants that can be naturally
occurring or be the result of oil and gas
production and mining activities.

In order to ensure that tap water is
safe to drink, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (U.S. EPA) and the State Water Resources
Control Board (State Water Board) prescribe
regulations that limit the amount of certain
contaminants in water provided by public water
systems. State Water Board regulations also establish
limits for contaminants in bottled water that provide
the same protection for public health.

Drinking water, including bottled water, may
reasonably be expected to contain at least small
amounts of some contaminants. The presence of
contaminants does not necessarily indicate that
water poses a health risk. More information about
contaminants and potential health effects can be
obtained by calling the U.S. EPA’s Safe Drinking Water
Hotline (1-800-426-4791).

Some people may be more vulnerable to
contaminants in drinking water than the general
population. Immuno-compromised persons such as
persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy,
persons who have undergone organ transplants,
people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system
disorders, some elderly, and infants can be
particularly at risk from infections. These people
should seek advice about drinking water from their
health care providers. U.S. EPA/Centers for Disease
Control (CDC) guidelines on appropriate means to
lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and
other microbial contaminants are available from the
Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791).
4 Chlorine as Cl2 (mg/L)
Haloacetic Acids (µg/L)
Trihalomethanes (µg/L)
Control of DBP Precursors - TOC (mg/L)
Arsenic (µg/L)
Barium (mg/L)
Copper (mg/L)
Fluoride in source water (mg/L) D
Fluoride in treated water (mg/L) D
Lead (µg/L)
Nitrate as Nitrogen (mg/L)
Selenium (µg/L)
Combined Radium (pCi/L)
Gross Alpha (pCi/L)
Uranium (pCi/L)
Turbidity (NTU) E
Turbidity (NTU) E
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2016 - 2023
2016 - 2023
2016 - 2023
2023
2023

1.8 C
ND
ND

1.5C
ND
ND
NA

2.3 – 4.6
ND – 0.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

0.09 100%
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

0.24 100%
ND – 3.7
ND – 5.9
ND – 4.2
ND – 10
ND – 3.9
NA
NA
ND ND ND – 0.1
10 – 74 B
56 samples collected; 0 individual samples exceeded AL; 90th percentile concentration: 0.06 (Less than AL, meets requirement) 56 samples collected; 0 individual samples exceeded AL; 90th percentile concentration: ND (Less than AL, meets requirement)

0.0 – 1.5 A

5.5 – 53 B
ND – 1.3 A Drinking water disinfectant added for treatment By-product of drinking water disinfection
By-product of drinking water disinfection
Various natural and man-made sources
Erosion of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits
Internal corrosion of household water plumbing systems
Erosion of natural deposits
Water additive that promotes strong teeth
Internal corrosion of household water plumbing systems
Runoff and leaching from fertilizer use; leaching from
septic tanks and sewage; erosion of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits
Erosion of natural deposits
Soil runoff
Soil runoff
Constituent (Unit) Typical Sources in Drinking WaterYear Monitored

0.7 45 B
68 B
NA

2.7 ND

0.06 ND

0.7 ND

1.5 ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
System
Average
Regulated for Public Health (Primary Drinking Water Standard) Regulated for Public Health (Primary Drinking Water Standard)1 • The City of Sacramento tests for more than 100 substances; however, this report only lists those detected at or above the federal or state level for reporting. • Per the State, some contaminants may be monitored less than once per year because the concentrations of these contaminants do not change frequently. Some of our data, though representative, are more than one year old. 4 NA
NA
NA

0.004
2 0.3
1 1

0.2 10
30 0
0 0
NA
NA
4 60
80 2.0
10 1

1.3 [AL]

2.0 2.0
15 [AL]
10 50
5 15
20 1
at least 95% of
samples ≤ 0.3
State or Federal Goal

PHG, MCLG
or MRDLG
Highest Amount
Allowed
MCL, MRDL or TT
City of
Sacramento
Groundwater
Sacramento
River Water
Treatment Plant
E.A. Fairbairn Water
Treatment Plant
(American River)
Water Quality Analysis Results For 2023
Your water meets or exceeds all federal and
state drinking water standards.
µg/L
µS/cm
mg/L
ng/L
NTU
pCi/L
TON
micrograms per liter: unit of
concentration, equivalent to 1 part per
billion or 1 second in nearly 32 years
microsiemens per centimeter:
measure of electrical conductivity
milligrams per liter: unit of
concentration equivalent to 1 part per
million or 1 second in 11.5 years
nanograms per liter; unit of
concentration equivalent to 1 part
per trillion or 1 second in nearly
32,000 years
Nephelometric Turbidity Units:
measures cloudiness of water
picocuries per liter: measures
radiation
Theshold Odor Number: The greatest
dilution of a sample with odor-free
water that yields a detectable odor
Units

PRIMARY WATER SUPPLY

DISINFECTION
and DBPsINORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(A) Range of all results observed in distribution system; samples with ND chlorine undergo further analysis to ensure water supply safety.
(B) Compliance with MCL confirmed quarterly (every three months); system average shown represents highest locational running annual average calculated during any of the four quarters of 2023 while range represents all results observed in distribution system. Individual results may exceed the MCL as long as the running annual average does not. (C) Compliance with TT confirmed quarterly (every three months); value shown represents highest running annual average calculated during any of the four quarters of 2023. (D) In accordance with State law, the City of Sacramento adjusts the natural levels of fluoride in our water supplies to the optimal level determined by the Centers for Disease Control.

More information about fluoridation is available at:
www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Fluoridation.shtml (E) Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of the water. We monitor it because it is a good indicator of water quality. High turbidity can hinder the effectiveness of disinfectants.

TREATMENT

TECHNIQUE
RADIO-

LOGICAL
90th Percentile The value for which 90 percent of samples had a lower result AL Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements that a water system must follow Constituent A chemical or parameter measured in the water supply DBPs Disinfection By-Products: Substances that can form during a reaction of a disinfectant with naturally present organic matter in the water Cl2 Free Chlorine: chlorine available for disinfection
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level: The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. Primary MCLs are set as close to the PHG (or MCLGs) as is economically and technologically feasible. Secondary MCLs are set to protect the odor, taste, and appearance of drinking water.

MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal: The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

MRDL Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level: The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.

MRDLG Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal: The level of drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health.

MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants.

NA Not applicable
ND Not detected
PDWS Primary Drinking Water Standard: MCLs, MRDLs and treatment techniques (TTs) for contaminants that affect health, along with their monitoring and reporting requirements
PHG Public Health Goal: The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. PHGs are set by the California Environmental Protection Agency.

TOC Total Organic Carbon: a measurement of the potential of water to form DBPs TT Treatment Technique: A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water Key Terms and Abbreviations
5 6
7 (A) Range of all results observed in distribution system.

Chloride (mg/L)
Color (units)
Odor (TON)
Specific Conduct-
ance (µS/cm)
Sulfate (mg/L)
Total Dissolved
Solids (mg/L)
Turbidity (NTU)

Erosion or leaching
of natural deposits
Naturally occurring
organic materials
Naturally occurring
organic materials
Substances that form
ions when in water
Erosion or leaching of
natural deposits
Erosion or leaching of
natural deposits
Soil runoff
Constituent (Unit)
Regulated for Drinking Water Aesthetics (Secondary MCL)2 500
15 3
1600
500
1000
5 Highest
Amount
Allowed
MCL
2023

2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
33 ND
ND
386
11 254
ND
Year
Monitored
System
Average
ND 5.8 19 – 64

66.9 4.9
40 162
17 100
310 – 731

5.6 – 35
200 – 500
City of
Sacramento
Groundwater
Typical
Sources
Sacramento
River Water
Treatment
Plant
E.A. Fairbairn
Water Treatment
Plant (American
River)

PRIMARY WATER SUPPLY
Calcium (mg/L)
Chromium, Hexavalent (µg/L) G
Hardness (mg/L)
Hardness (grains per gallon)
Magnesium (mg/L)
Sodium (mg/L)
Total Alkalinity (mg/L)
Manganese (µg/L)
Total HAA5 (µg/L) H
Total HAA6Br (µg/L) H
Total HAA9 (µg/L) H
Lithium (µg/L)
Perfluorobutanoic acid (ng/L)
Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (ng/L)
Perfluoroheptanoic acid (ng/L)
Perfluorohexanoic acid (ng/L)
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (ng/L)
Perfluorooctanoic acid (ng/L)
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (ng/L)
Perfluoropentanoic acid (ng/L)
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2018 - 2020
2018 - 2020
2018 - 2020
2018 - 2020
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
26 4.4
135

7.9 17
24 123

2.3 24.1

3.4 27
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

8.5 ND
26 1.5

1.1 1.4
17 0.8
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND – 22
ND – 7.4
ND – 6.2
ND – 4.4
ND – 5.7
ND – 19
ND – 17
ND – 36
ND – 6.4
17 ND
61 3.6

4.9 6.6
49 ND
18 – 56
ND – 7.6
84 – 284

4.9 – 17

9.7 – 37
16 – 43
94 – 230
ND – 17
Constituent (Unit) Year Monitored
System
Average
Other Parameters of Interest to Customers / Constituents With No Established MCL3 City of
Sacramento
Groundwater
Sacramento
River Water
Treatment Plant
E.A. Fairbairn Water
Treatment Plant
(American River)
UCMR4UCMR5

PRIMARY WATER SUPPLY
(A) Range of all results observed in distribution system. (G) There was no MCL for hexavalent chromium in effect during 2023; The previous MCL of 10 µg/L was withdrawn on September 11, 2017. (H) The Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) requires a new list of no more than 30 unregulated contaminants to be monitored by public water systems every five years in order to assist the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in regulatory decisions. (I) The fourth UCMR required monitoring for Haloacetic Acid groups “HAA5”, “HAABr6” and “HAA9”, in addition to regulated Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) presented in Table 1.

For more information visit www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/ucmr4-fact-sheet-general.pdf

4.2 – 35 A

1.0 – 7.8 A

5.0 – 38 A
ND – 5 A
ND – 1.5 A
ND – 4.3 A
8 LEAD
If present, elevated levels of lead can cause serious
health problems, especially for pregnant women and
young children. Lead in drinking water is primarily from materials and components associated with customer
service lines and home plumbing. The City of
Sacramento is responsible for providing high quality
drinking water but cannot control the variety of
materials used in customer plumbing components.

When your water has been sitting for several hours,
you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by
flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before
using water for drinking or cooking. If you are
concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to
have your water tested. Information on lead in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to
minimize exposure is available from the EPA Safe
Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791 or at
www.epa.gov/lead

LEAD IN SCHOOLS
The City of Sacramento from 2017 to 2019 provided
lead testing to all public schools pre-kindergarten to
12th grade that receive City of Sacramento water, as
well as private schools that opted to participate. More than 600 samples were tested from 132 schools, and
results were non-detect (less than 5 micrograms per
liter) in 97 percent of the samples. All results are
publicly available on the State Water Board’s website:
www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/dri
nkingwater/leadsamplinginschools.html

CYANOTOXINS
Microcystins and cylindrospermopsin are algal toxins
produced by naturally occurring cyanobacteria in
surface water sources (such as the American and
Sacramento rivers). These compounds are subject to a
U.S. EPA Health Advisory and due to their potential
presence in our source waters, the City of Sacramento
voluntarily monitors for these compounds during
certain seasons, typically summer through late fall.

There were no detections of microcystins or
cylindrospermopsin during routine monitoring
in 2023. For more information, visit:
www.epa.gov/habs/epa-drinking-water-health-advi
sories-cyanotoxins

EARTHY OR MUSTY TASTE

AND ODOR
Some customers may notice an “earthy” taste in City
drinking water, most often in late summer. This is
due to the presence of geosmin and
2-methylisoborneol, which are odor compounds that
are not removed through conventional water
treatment. Although these compounds do not affect
the safety of the City’s drinking water, some
customers find the taste and odor to be unpleasant.

Chilling the water can help improve the taste.

REVISED TOTAL COLIFORM

RULE COMPLIANCE
STATUS
The Revised Total Coliform Rule protects public
health by ensuring the integrity of the drinking water
distribution system and monitoring for the presence
of microbials, specifically total coliform and E. coli
bacteria. Water systems that exceed a specified
frequency of total coliform occurrences are required
to conduct an assessment to determine if any
sanitary defects exist. Additionally, water systems
that exceed the E. coli maximum contaminant level
are required to issue public notification within 24
hours. On June 21, 2023, one routine sample tested
positive for E. coli but repeat samples tested
negative for total coliforms (and E. coli),
demonstrating that the E. coli maximum
contaminant level was not exceeded. The City of
Sacramento was in compliance with the rule
throughout 2023.

What You
Should Know
About...

PER- AND

POL YFLUOROALKYL

SUBSTANCES (PFAS)
According to the California State Water Resources
Control Board Division of Drinking Water, exposure to
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (which are known as
PFAS) through drinking water has become an increasing
concern due to the tendency of PFAS to accumulate in
groundwater. PFAS are a large group of human-made
chemicals that have been used in waterproof,
stain-resistant, or non-stick consumer products. In
addition, they have been used in firefighting foam and
various industrial processes.

As part of our mission to provide City customers with
drinking water of the highest quality, the City of
Sacramento is committed to continued monitoring,
public notification, and effective management of this
emerging water quality issue. For more detailed
information, visit: www.cityofsacramento.gov/utilities/ water-quality/frequently-asked-questions/pfas
LEAD
If present, elevated levels of lead can cause serious
health problems, especially for pregnant women and
young children. Lead in drinking water is primarily from materials and components associated with customer
service lines and home plumbing. The City of
Sacramento is responsible for providing high quality
drinking water but cannot control the variety of
materials used in customer plumbing components.

When your water has been sitting for several hours,
you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by
flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before
using water for drinking or cooking. If you are
concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to
have your water tested. Information on lead in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to
minimize exposure is available from the EPA Safe
Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791 or at
www.epa.gov/lead

LEAD IN SCHOOLS
The City of Sacramento from 2017 to 2019 provided
lead testing to all public schools pre-kindergarten to
12th grade that receive City of Sacramento water, as
well as private schools that opted to participate. More than 600 samples were tested from 132 schools, and
results were non-detect (less than 5 micrograms per
liter) in 97 percent of the samples. All results are
publicly available on the State Water Board’s website:
www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/dri
nkingwater/leadsamplinginschools.html

CYANOTOXINS
Microcystins and cylindrospermopsin are algal toxins
produced by naturally occurring cyanobacteria in
surface water sources (such as the American and
Sacramento rivers). These compounds are subject to a
U.S. EPA Health Advisory and due to their potential
presence in our source waters, the City of Sacramento
voluntarily monitors for these compounds during
certain seasons, typically summer through late fall.

There were no detections of microcystins or
cylindrospermopsin during routine monitoring
in 2023. For more information, visit:
www.epa.gov/habs/epa-drinking-water-health-advi
sories-cyanotoxins

EARTHY OR MUSTY TASTE

AND ODOR
Some customers may notice an “earthy” taste in City
drinking water, most often in late summer. This is
due to the presence of geosmin and
2-methylisoborneol, which are odor compounds that
are not removed through conventional water
treatment. Although these compounds do not affect
the safety of the City’s drinking water, some
customers find the taste and odor to be unpleasant.

Chilling the water can help improve the taste.

REVISED TOTAL COLIFORM

RULE COMPLIANCE
STATUS
The Revised Total Coliform Rule protects public
health by ensuring the integrity of the drinking water
distribution system and monitoring for the presence
of microbials, specifically total coliform and E. coli
bacteria. Water systems that exceed a specified
frequency of total coliform occurrences are required
to conduct an assessment to determine if any
sanitary defects exist. Additionally, water systems
that exceed the E. coli maximum contaminant level
are required to issue public notification within 24
hours. On June 21, 2023, one routine sample tested
positive for E. coli but repeat samples tested
negative for total coliforms (and E. coli),
demonstrating that the E. coli maximum
contaminant level was not exceeded. The City of
Sacramento was in compliance with the rule
throughout 2023.

PER- AND

POL YFLUOROALKYL

SUBSTANCES (PFAS)
According to the California State Water Resources
Control Board Division of Drinking Water, exposure to
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (which are known as
PFAS) through drinking water has become an increasing
concern due to the tendency of PFAS to accumulate in
groundwater. PFAS are a large group of human-made
chemicals that have been used in waterproof,
stain-resistant, or non-stick consumer products. In
addition, they have been used in firefighting foam and
various industrial processes.

As part of our mission to provide City customers with
drinking water of the highest quality, the City of
Sacramento is committed to continued monitoring,
public notification, and effective management of this
emerging water quality issue. For more detailed
information, visit: www.cityofsacramento.gov/utilities/ water-quality/frequently-asked-questions/pfas
9 TO REPORT A CONCERN
City of Sacramento, Department of Utilities
311 or 916-264-5011
24 hours a day, 7 days a week
www.cityofsacramento.gov/utilities

FOR QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS
REPORT, CONTACT:

Rory Hartkemeyer, Program Specialist,
Water Quality Lab
City of Sacramento, Department of Utilities
916-808-3738
[email protected]
U.S. EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline
1-800-426-4791
www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water

NOTICE OF OPPORTUNITY

FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The Sacramento City Council generally holds public
meetings on Tuesdays at 2 p.m. and/or 5 p.m. in the
City Council Chambers at 915 I Street, Sacramento,
CA 95814. You can access City Council agendas at
www.cityofsacramento.gov/mayor-council

POTABILITY STATEMENT
The City of Sacramento water supply meets all
potability requirements as set forth by the
U.S. EPA and the California Safe Drinking Water Act,
Title 22. This certification applies to City of
Sacramento water that is provided up to the
property line, backflow preventer, or water meter
(whichever comes first) of water customers within
the City of Sacramento service area.

Este informe contiene información muy importante sobre
su agua para beber. Favor de comunicarse City of
Sacramento a 311 para asistirlo en español.

Լᓚ༻ਫ䬷ॏཁ㘤ଉɻ ೗धኍ౦࿩ਨᨑɼ੥
࿆བྷ City of Sacramento 1391 35th Avenue, Sacramento
CA 95822 / 311ɻ

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༗᮫ԙ䓟తҿ༻ਫతॏཁ㘤ଉɻ੥༻ҎԼ஍ᅿ࿨
ి࿩࿆᷷ City of Sacramento ಘதจత㢨ॿ1391 35th
Avenue, Sacramento CA 95822 / 311

Báo cáo này ch/uni1EE9a thông tin quan trọng v/uni1EC1 nư/uni1EDBc u/uni1ED1ng c/uni1EE7a b/uni1EA1n. Xin vui lòng liên h/uni1EC7 City of Sacramento t/uni1EA1i 311 đ/uni1EC3 đư/uni1EE3c tr/uni1EE3 giúp b/uni1EB1ng ti/uni1EBFng

Tsab ntawv no muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hais txog
koj cov dej haus. Thov hu rau City of Sacramento ntawm
311 yog koj xav tau kev pab hais lus Hmoob.

ਐੱਸ ਰਿਪੋਟ ਵਿਚ ਤੁਵਾੜੇ ਪੀਣੇ ਦੇ ਵਾਰੇ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਸੂਚਨਾ ਹੈ l ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਚ ਮਦਦ ਲਈ, City of Sacramento ਨੂੰ 1391 35th Avenue, Sacramento CA 95822 ਜਾਂ 311 ਤੇ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਕਰੋ |

Ang pag-uulat na ito ay naglalaman ng mahalagang
impormasyon tungkol sa inyong inuming tubig. Mang-
yaring makipag-ugnayan sa City of Sacramento o
tumawag sa 311 para matulungan sa wikang Tagalog.

รายงานฉบับนี้มีข้อมูลที่สำคัญเกี่ยวกับน้ำประปาของท่าน
กรุณาติดต่อ City of Sacramento ที่ 311 เพื่อการช่วยเหลือในภาษา ไทย

Этот отчет содержит важную информацию о вашей
питьевой воде. Пожалуйста, свяжитесь с City of Sacra-
mento по 311 для получения помощи на русском языке.

इस रिपोर्ट में आपके पीने के जल से सम्बंधित महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी है l हिंदी में सहायता के लिए, City of Sacramento को 1391 35th Avenue, Sacramento CA 95822 अथवा 311 पर संपर्क करें l

͞Ε͓ͯΓ
·͢ɻ
໰౳͍͟͝·ͨ͠ΒɺCity of Sacramento, 311 ·Ͱ೔
Ͱ͝࿈བྷԼ͍͞ɻ
Stay Connected!
Visit: cityofsacramento.gov/utilities
www.facebook.com/SacramentoCityUtilities
www.tiktok.com/@cityofsacutilities
www.instagram.com/sacdou

UP-TO-DATE WATER QUALITY

INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AT
www.sacramentowaterquality.com
10 LEAD
If present, elevated levels of lead can cause serious
health problems, especially for pregnant women and
young children. Lead in drinking water is primarily from materials and components associated with customer
service lines and home plumbing. The City of
Sacramento is responsible for providing high quality
drinking water but cannot control the variety of
materials used in customer plumbing components.

When your water has been sitting for several hours,
you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by
flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before
using water for drinking or cooking. If you are
concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to
have your water tested. Information on lead in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to
minimize exposure is available from the EPA Safe
Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791 or at
www.epa.gov/lead

LEAD IN SCHOOLS
The City of Sacramento from 2017 to 2019 provided
lead testing to all public schools pre-kindergarten to
12th grade that receive City of Sacramento water, as
well as private schools that opted to participate. More than 600 samples were tested from 132 schools, and
results were non-detect (less than 5 micrograms per
liter) in 97 percent of the samples. All results are
publicly available on the State Water Board’s website:
www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/dri
nkingwater/leadsamplinginschools.html

CYANOTOXINS
Microcystins and cylindrospermopsin are algal toxins
produced by naturally occurring cyanobacteria in
surface water sources (such as the American and
Sacramento rivers). These compounds are subject to a
U.S. EPA Health Advisory and due to their potential
presence in our source waters, the City of Sacramento
voluntarily monitors for these compounds during
certain seasons, typically summer through late fall.

There were no detections of microcystins or
cylindrospermopsin during routine monitoring
in 2023. For more information, visit:
www.epa.gov/habs/epa-drinking-water-health-advi
sories-cyanotoxins

EARTHY OR MUSTY TASTE

AND ODOR
Some customers may notice an “earthy” taste in City
drinking water, most often in late summer. This is
due to the presence of geosmin and
2-methylisoborneol, which are odor compounds that
are not removed through conventional water
treatment. Although these compounds do not affect
the safety of the City’s drinking water, some
customers find the taste and odor to be unpleasant.

Chilling the water can help improve the taste.

REVISED TOTAL COLIFORM

RULE COMPLIANCE
STATUS
The Revised Total Coliform Rule protects public
health by ensuring the integrity of the drinking water
distribution system and monitoring for the presence
of microbials, specifically total coliform and E. coli
bacteria. Water systems that exceed a specified
frequency of total coliform occurrences are required
to conduct an assessment to determine if any
sanitary defects exist. Additionally, water systems
that exceed the E. coli maximum contaminant level
are required to issue public notification within 24
hours. On June 21, 2023, one routine sample tested
positive for E. coli but repeat samples tested
negative for total coliforms (and E. coli),
demonstrating that the E. coli maximum
contaminant level was not exceeded. The City of
Sacramento was in compliance with the rule
throughout 2023.

PER- AND

POL YFLUOROALKYL

SUBSTANCES (PFAS)
According to the California State Water Resources
Control Board Division of Drinking Water, exposure to
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (which are known as
PFAS) through drinking water has become an increasing
concern due to the tendency of PFAS to accumulate in
groundwater. PFAS are a large group of human-made
chemicals that have been used in waterproof,
stain-resistant, or non-stick consumer products. In
addition, they have been used in firefighting foam and
various industrial processes.

As part of our mission to provide City customers with
drinking water of the highest quality, the City of
Sacramento is committed to continued monitoring,
public notification, and effective management of this
emerging water quality issue. For more detailed
information, visit: www.cityofsacramento.gov/utilities/ water-quality/frequently-asked-questions/pfas
2024

CONSUMER

CONFIDENCE
REPORT

INTRODUCTION
This Consumer C
onfidence Report was created to help City of Sacramento water customers understand where their water comes from and what it contains.

Routine water suppl
y testing for more than 100 substances is performed to confirm that your water meets or exceeds all federal and state drinking water standards.

This report, publis
hed on June 2, 2025, summarizes all detected water quality results for the period of January 1 to December 31, 2024, and may include earlier monitoring data.

The City is committed
to providing customers with up-to-date information on their drinking water.

The latest water q
uality information is available at www.sacramentowaterquality.com. 2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
1 SOURCES OF WATER
About 80 per
cent of the City of Sacramento’s water supply comes from the American and Sacramento rivers, and about 20 percent comes from groundwater wells.

For more infor
mation on sources of water see the next section, called “Source Water Assessment.”

SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT
A watershed
sanitary survey evaluates source water quality and potential watershed contaminant sources to provide information which helps maintain and improve source water protection, the first barrier in protecting public health. An evaluation of water treatment plant capabilities and treated water quality provides an assessment of the ability of a water utility to treat their source water.

Initial reports
for the Sacramento River and American River watersheds were completed in 2000 and 2001. These reports indicated that both rivers are vulnerable to contaminants from recreational activities and that the Sacramento River is vulnerable to agricultural contaminants. The City of Sacramento, in partnership with several other water utilities, completes Watershed Sanitary Survey updates of the river water sources every five years. These updates were most recently completed in 2020 and 2023 for the Sacramento and American rivers, respectively.

An assessm
ent of the City’s groundwater wells was completed in January 2001. Additional assessments for new groundwater sources were completed in 2015 and 2018. Due to their proximity to potential contaminant sources, the wells north of the American River are considered vulnerable to sewage collection systems, leaking underground storage tanks, known contaminants, agricultural drainage, gas stations, dry cleaners, metal plating and chemical processing storage facilities, electrical/electronic manufacturing, and automobile repair and body shops. Wells south of the American River are considered vulnerable to leaking underground storage tanks, gas stations and sewage collection systems.

Despite th
ese potential vulnerabilities, your water continues to meet or exceed all state and federal drinking water standards.

Call 916-808-5454 to re
quest a summary of the assessments or make an appointment for an in-person viewing.
2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
2 REQUIRED DISCLOSURES FOR DRINKING

WATER CONSUMERS
This inform
ation is presented to further educate consumers about drinking water contaminants.

The source
s of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs and wells. As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally occurring minerals and, in some cases, radioactive material, and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity.

Contaminants
that may be present in source water include:
• Microbial contam
inants, such as viruses and bacteria, that may come from sewage treatment plants, septic systems, agricultural livestock operations and wildlife. • Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, that can be naturally occurring or result from urban stormwater runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining or farming.
• Pesticides and herbicides, that may come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff and residential uses.
• Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, that are byproducts of industrial processes and petroleum production, and can also come from gas stations, urban stormwater runoff, agricultural application and septic systems. • Radioactive contaminants that can be naturally occurring or be the result of oil and gas production and mining activities.

In order to en
sure that tap water is safe to drink, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board) prescribe regulations that limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations and California law also establish limits for contaminants in bottled water that provide the same protection for public health.

Drinking wa
ter, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk.

More information
about contaminants and potential health effects can be obtained by calling the U.S.

EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791).
2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
3 Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. Immuno-compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be particularly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. U.S. EPA/Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791). 2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
4 TABLE 1 Regulated for Public Health
Primary Drinking Water Standard 90th Percentile The value for which 90 percent of samples had a lower result TABLE 2 Regulated for Drinking Water Aesthetics
Secondary MCL AL Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements that a water system must follow
TABLE 3 Other Parameters of Interest to Customers
Constituents With No Established MCL Constituent A chemical or parameter measured in the water supply DBPs Disinfection By-Products: Substances that can form during a reaction of a disinfectant with naturally present organic matter in the water
Cl
2 Chlorine added for disinfection
µg/L micrograms per liter: unit of concentration, equivalent to 1 part per billion or 1 second in nearly 32 years MCL Maximum Contaminant Level: The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water.

Primary MCLs are set as close to the PHG (or MCLGs) as is economically and technologically feasible. Secondary MCLs are set to protect the odor, taste, and appearance of drinking water µS/cm microsiemens per centimeter: measure of electrical conductivity MCLG
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal: The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
mg/L milligrams per liter: unit of concentration equivalent to 1 part per million or 1 second in 11.5 days MRDL
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level: The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water.

There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants
ng/L nanograms per liter; unit of concentration equivalent to 1 part per trillion or 1 second in nearly 32,000 years MRDLG Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal: The level of drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units: measures cloudiness of water NA Not applicable
pCi/L picocuries per liter: measures radiation ND Not detected TON
Theshold Odor Number: The greatest dilution of a
sample with odor-free water that yields a detectable
odor
PDWS Primary Drinking Water Standard: MCLs, MRDLs and treatment techniques (TTs) for contaminants that affect health, along with their monitoring and reporting requirements PHG Public Health Goal: The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. PHGs are set by the California Environmental Protection Agency TOC Total Organic Carbon: Natural and man-made material that reacts with disinfectants to form disinfection byproducts
TT Treatment Technique: A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water

GUIDE TO WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS

KEY TERMS USED IN TABLESCONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT TABLES

UNITS OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY

MEASUREMENT
5 2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR 2024
Your water meets or exceeds all federal and state drinking water standards. 1 Constituent (Unit)
Highest Amount
Allowed
MCL, MRDL or TT
State or Federal Goal
PHG, MCLG or MRDLG Year Monitored
System
Average
E.A. Fairbairn Water
Treatment
Plant (American River)
Sacramento River
Water Treatment
Plant
City of Sacramento
Groundwater Typical Sources in drinking water
Chlorine as Cl2 (mg/L) 4 4 2024 0.8 Drinking water disinfectant added for treatment Haloacetic Acids (µg/L) 60 NA 2024 38 b By-product of drinking water disinfection Trihalomethanes (µg/L) 80 NA 2024 63 b By-product of drinking water disinfection Control of DBP Precursors - TOC
(mg/L) 2.0 NA 2024 NA 1.3 c 1.9 c NA Various natural and man-made sources Arsenic (µg/L) 10 0.004 2023 - 2024 2.3 ND ND ND - 4.3 Erosion of natural deposits Barium (mg/L) 1 2 2023 - 2024 ND ND ND ND - 0.2 Erosion of natural deposits Chromium, hexavalent (µg/L) 10 0.02 2023 - 2024 4.7 ND ND ND - 7.6 Erosion of natural deposits Copper (mg/L) 1.3 [AL] 0.3 2023 0.06 Internal corrosion of household water plumbing systems
Fluoride in source water (mg/L)
d 2.0 1 2024 ND ND ND ND - 0.4 Erosion of natural deposits Fluoride in treated water (mg/L) d 2.0 1 2024 0.7 Water additive that promotes strong teeth Lead (µg/L) 15 [AL] 0.2 2023 ND Internal corrosion of household water plumbing systems
Nitrate as Nitrogen (mg/L) 10 10 2024 1.9 ND ND ND - 4.1 Runoff and leaching from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks and sewage; erosion of natural deposits
Selenium (µg/L) 50 30 2023 - 2024 ND ND ND ND - 5.9 Erosion of natural deposits Combined Radium (pCi/L) 5 0 2016 - 2024 ND ND ND ND - 4.2 Erosion of natural deposits Gross Alpha (pCi/L) 15 0 2016 - 2024 ND ND ND ND - 10.2 Erosion of natural deposits Uranium (pCi/L) 20 0 2016 - 2024 ND ND ND ND - 4.5 Erosion of natural deposits Turbidity (NTU)
e 1 NA 2024 NA 0.08 0.09 NA Soil runoff
Turbidity (NTU) e
at least 95% of samples
≤ 0.3 NA 2024 NA 100% 100% NA Soil runoff
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of the water. We monitor it because it is a good indicator of water quality. High turbidity can hinder the effectiveness of disinfectants.

In accordance with State law, the City of Sacramento adjusts the natural levels of fluoride in our water supplies to the optimal level determined by the Centers for Disease Control. More information about fluoridation is available at:
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/Fluoridation.shtml Compliance with TT confirmed quarterly (every three months); value shown represents highest running annual average calculated during any of the four quarters of 2024.

Compliance with MCL confirmed quarterly (every three months); system average shown represents highest locational running annual average calculated during any of the four quarters of 2024 while range represents all results observed in distribution system. Individual results may exceed the MCL as long as the running annual average does not.

Range of all results observed in distribution system.

DISINFECTION
and DBPs
•The City of Sacramento tests for more than 100 substances; however, this report only lists those detected at or above the federal •Per the State, some contaminants may be monitored less than once per year because the concentrations of these contaminants do not change frequently. Some of our data, though representative, are more than one year old.

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

FOOTNOTES
Regulated for Public Health
Primary Drinking Water Standard (PDWS)

RADIO-LOGICALTREATMENT

TECHNIQUE
16 - 47 b

0.2 - 1.4 a
32 - 74 b

0.2 - 1.0 a
56 samples collected; 0 individual samples exceeded AL; 90th percentile concentration: 0.06 (Less than AL, meets requirement)
56 samples collected; 0 individual samples exceeded AL; 90th percentile concentration: ND (Less than AL, meets requirement)
2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
6 2 Regulated for Drinking Water Aesthetics Secondary MCL Constituent (Unit)
Highest Amount
Allowed
MCL Year Monitored System Average
E.A. Fairbairn Water
Treatment Plant
(American River)
Sacramento River Water
Treatment Plant
City of Sacramento
Groundwater Typical Sources
Chloride (mg/L) 500 2023 - 2024 35 ND 5.8 19 - 64 Erosion or leaching of natural deposits Color (units) 15 2023 - 2024 ND Naturally occurring organic materials Odor (TON) 3 2024 ND Naturally occurring organic materials Specific Conductance (µS/cm) 1600 2023 - 2024 411 66.9 162 310 - 731 Substances that form ions when in water Sulfate (mg/L) 500 2023 - 2024 12 5.8 12 5.6 - 34 Erosion or leaching of natural deposits Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 1000 2023 - 2024 276 57 92 200 - 500 Erosion or leaching of natural deposits Turbidity (NTU) 5 2024 0.11 Soil runoff
3 Constituent (Unit) Year Monitored System Average
E.A. Fairbairn Water
Treatment Plant (American
Sacramento River Water
Treatment Plant
City of Sacramento
Groundwater
Calcium (mg/L) 2023 - 2024 27 9.7 14 4.1 - 56
Hardness (mg/L) 2023 - 2024 138 29 53 15 - 284
Hardness (grains per gallon) 2023 - 2024 8.1 1.7 3.1 0.9 - 17 Magnesium (mg/L) 2023 - 2024 18 1.7 4.4 1.1 - 44
Sodium (mg/L) 2023 - 2024 28 2.2 5.8 18 - 74
Total Alkalinity (mg/L) 2023 - 2024 132 25 47 94 - 230
Manganese (µg/L) 2018 - 2020 ND 0.5 - 1.3 ND - 0.7 ND - 0.4 Total HAA5 (µg/L) f 2018 - 2020 24.1
Total HAA6Br (µg/L) f 2018 - 2020 3.4
Total HAA9 (µg/L) f 2018 - 2020 27
Lithium (µg/L) 2023 - 2024 ND ND ND ND - 25.4
Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid
[PFHxS] (ng/L) 2023 - 2024 ND ND ND ND - 3.7
Perfluoropentanoic acid [PFPeA]
(ng/L) 2023 - 2024 ND ND ND ND - 3.1
a) Range of all results observed in Distribution system f) The Fourth UCMR required monitoring for several unregulated Haloacetic Acid compounds in addition to the regulated HAA5 presented in Table 1 ND - 0.6 a
ND - 1.5 a
ND - 1 a
Other Parameters of Interest to Customers / Constituents With No Established MCL FOOTNOTESUCMR4

4.2 - 35 a

1.0 - 7.8 a

5.0 - 38 a
UCMR5
7 2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT…
LEAD
If present, el
evated levels of lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children. Lead in drinking water is primarily from materials and components associated with customer service lines and home plumbing. The City of Sacramento is responsible for providing high quality drinking water, but cannot control the variety of materials used in customer plumbing components. When your water has been sitting for several hours, you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before using water for drinking or cooking. If you are concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to have your water tested.

Information on le
ad in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to minimize exposure is available from the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791 or at http://www.epa.gov/lead.

LEAD SERVICE LI

NE INVENTORY
The City in 2024 com
pleted a systemwide service line inventory as required by the 2021 Federal Lead and Copper Rule Revisions. With the completion of the systemwide service inventory, the City has confirmed that there are no lead service lines or galvanized service lines requiring replacement within the City’s service area.

For more inform
ation and to learn about the status of your water service line, visit https://www.cityofsacramento.gov/utilities/water-quality/frequently-asked-questions/lead.

LEAD IN SCHOO
LS
The City of Sac
ramento from 2017 to 2019 provided lead testing to all public schools pre-kindergarten to 12th grade that receive City of Sacramento water, as well as private schools that opted to participate.

More than 600 samples were tested from 132 schools and results were non-detect (less than 5 micrograms per liter) in 97 percent of the samples.

All results are
publicly available on the State Water Board’s website:
www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/leadsamplinginschools.html

CYANOTOXINS

Microcystins
and cylindrospermopsin are algal toxins produced by naturally occurring cyanobacteria in surface water sources (such as the American and Sacramento rivers). These compounds are subject to a U.S. EPA Health Advisory and due to their potential presence in our source waters, the City of Sacramento voluntarily monitors for these compounds during certain seasons, typically summer through 2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
8 late fall. There were no detections of microcystins or cylindrospermopsin during routine monitoring in 2024.

EARTHY OR MUSTY TASTE AND ODOR

Some customers may notice an “earthy” taste in City drinking water, most often in late summer. This is due to the presence of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, which are odor compounds that are not removed through conventional water treatment. Although these compounds do not impact the safety of the City’s drinking water, some customers find the taste and odor to be unpleasant. Chilling the water can help improve the taste.

REVISED TOTAL COLIFORM RULE COMPLIANCE STATUS

The Revised Total Coliform Rule protects public health by ensuring the integrity of the drinking water distribution system and monitoring for the presence of microbials, specifically, total coliform and E. coli bacteria. Water systems that exceed a specified frequency of total coliform occurrences are required to conduct an assessment to determine if any sanitary defects exist. Additionally, water systems that exceed the E. Coli maximum contaminant level are required to issue public notification within 24 hours.

The City of Sacramento was in compliance with the Revised Total Coliform Rule throughout 2024.

PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES

According to the California State Water Resources Control Board Division of Drinking Water, exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances – which are known as PFAS – through drinking water has become an increasing concern due to the tendency of PFAS to accumulate in groundwater. PFAS are a large group of human-made chemicals that have been used in waterproof, stain-resistant, or non-stick consumer products. In addition, they have been used in firefighting foam and various industrial processes.

As part of our mission to provide City customers with drinking water of the highest quality, the City of Sacramento is committed to continued monitoring, public notification, and effective management of this emerging water quality issue.

For more detailed information, visit: http://www.cityofsacramento.gov/utilities/water-quality/frequently- asked-questions/pfas

2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
9 CONTACT US

TO REPORT A CONC
ERN
City of Sacra
mento, Department of Utilities
311 or 916-264-5011
24 hours a day, 7 days a week
www.cityofsacramento.gov/utilities

FOR QUESTIONS

ABOUT THIS REPORT
Rory Hartke
meyer, Program Specialist, Water Quality Lab
City of Sacramento, Department of Utilities
916-808-3738
[email protected]
U.S. EPA S
afe Drinking Water Hotline
1-800-426-4791
www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water

NOTICE OF O

PPORTUNITY FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The Sacrament
o City Council generally holds public meetings on Tuesday at 2 p.m. and / or 5 p.m. in the City Council Chambers at 915 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95814. You can access City Council agendas at www.cityofsacramento.gov/mayor-council.

POTABILITY STATE
MENT
The City of Sa
cramento water supply meets all potability requirements as set forth by the U.S. EPA and the California Safe Drinking Water Act, Title 22. This certification relates to City of Sacramento water that is provided up to the property line or backflow preventer, whichever comes first.

UP-TO-DATE WATER

QUALITY INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AT
www.sacramentowaterquality.com
Este informe contiene i
nformación muy importante sobre su agua para beber. Favor de comunicarse City of Sacramento a 311 para asistirlo en español. 本報告包含閣下飮用水嘅重要訊息。
如需廣東話垂詢，請聯絡 City of Sacramento 1395 35th
Avenue, Sacramento CA 95822 / 311。
2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
10 这份报告含有关于您的饮用水的重要讯息。请用以下地址和电话联系 City of Sacramento 以获得 中文的帮助: 1395 35th Avenue, Sacramento CA 95822 / 311

這份報告含有關於您的飲用水的重要訊息。請用以下地址和電話聯繫 City of Sacramento 以獲得
中文的幫助1395 35th Avenue, Sacramento CA 95822 / 311

Báo cáo này chứa thông tin quan trọng về nước uống của bạn. Xin vui lòng liên hệ City of Sacramento tại 311 để được trợ giúp bằng tiếng

Tsab ntawv no muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hais txog koj cov dej haus. Thov hu rau City of Sacramento ntawm 311 yog koj xav tau kev pab hais lus Hmoob.

ਐ ੱਸ ਿਰਪੋਟ ਿਵਚ ਤੁਵਾੜੇ ਪੀਣੇ ਦੇ ਵਾਰੇ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਸੂਚਨਾ ਹੈ l ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਿਵਚ ਮਦਦ ਲਈ, City of Sacramento ਨ ੂੰ 1395 35th Avenue, Sacramento CA 95822 ਜਾਂ 311 ਤੇ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਕਰੋ |

Ang pag-uulat na ito ay naglalaman ng mahalagang impormasyon tungkol sa inyong inuming tubig. Mangyaring makipag-ugnayan sa City of Sacramento o tumawag sa 311 para matulungan sa wikang Tagalog.

รายงานฉบับนี้มีข ้ อมูลที่สําคัญเกี่ยวกับนํ้าประปาของท่าน กรุณาติดต่อ City of Sacramento ที่ 311 เพื่อการช่วยเหลือในภาษาไทย

Этот отчет содержит важную информацию о вашей питьевой воде. Пожалуйста, свяжитесь с City of Sacramento по 311 для получения помощи на русском языке.

इस �रपोट� म� आप
के पीने के जल से स�ंिधत मह�पूण� जानकारी है l
िहंदी म� सहायता के िलए, City of Sacramento को 1395 35th Avenue, Sacramento CA 95822 अथवा 311 पर स ं प क� क र� l

この報告書には上水道に関する重要な情報が記されております。
ご質問等ございましたら、City of Sacramento, 311 まで日本語でご連絡下さい。

2024 CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORT
11 PUBLIC HEALTH

GOALS REPORT
2025

DRINKING WATER

Minimal Zero
Technically &
Economically feasible Not Considered
Health Risk
Feasibility
Regulatory
Standards
Maximum Contaminant
Levels
Public Health
Goals
And Maximum Contaminant
Level Goals
The Public Health Goals Report considers the following
questions:
•What options exist to further reduce contaminant levels to meet Public Health Goals?
•What treatment technologies are available to reduce
these contaminant levels?
•What analytical technologies exist to test for these
contaminants at Public Health Goal levels?
•Does cost-benefit analysis support the adoption of these technologies?
Potential Water Quality Concerns
• Arsenic
• Hexavalent Chromium
• Radionuclides
• PFOA and PFOS
Chromium 6
Arsenic

WATER QUALITY
CONCERN:

Chromium 6
Potable wells with arsenic detections > PHG

Chromium 6
Hexavalent
Chromium

WATER QUALITY
CONCERN:

Chromium 6
Potable wells with hexavalent chromium detections >
PHG
MS16
Slide 8
MS16 Need an updated map
Mark Severeid, 6/11/2025

WATER QUALITY
CONCERN:

Radionuclides:

Gross Alpha & Uranium
MS12
Slide 9
MS12 As for arsenic, need a map showing locations overlaid with a map showing Council districts.

Mark Severeid, 9/13/2019
Chromium 6
Potable wells with radionuclide detections > PHG
MS17
Slide 10
MS17 Need updated map
Mark Severeid, 6/11/2025

WATER QUALITY
CONCERN:

PFOA & PFOS
MS14
Slide 11
MS14 As for arsenic, need a map showing locations overlaid with a map showing Council districts.

Mark Severeid, 9/13/2019
Chromium 6
Potable well with PFOA and PFOS detections > PHG

NO ACTION

RECOMMENDED
CONCLUSION:

CONCLUSION

PUBLIC HEALTH

GOALS REPORT
2025

DRINKING WATER