Salinas City Council
August 23, 2022

CITY OF SALINAS Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | J-27 ANNEX J
Status of Previous Plan Actions
All actions from the 2016 Hazard Mitigation Plan were reviewed and updated by the City during the planning process. Table J-16 includes the status of actions completed or removed from the previous plan.

In order to improve the mitigation action plan for this Plan update and align with the countywide Mitigation Action Plan, the City added more specificity and detail to previous plan actions in addition to the new actions added to the Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix.

Table J-16
City of Salinas Completed Mitigation Actions from 2016 MJHMP 2016
Action # Description Status Narrative Update
1 Identify hazard-prone critical facilities and
infrastructure and carry out acquisition,
relocation, and structural and nonstructural
retrofitting measures as necessary.

Completed

All buildings meet current
earthquake standards. The
City has adopted the new
FEMA standards. Ongoing on
an as needed basis.
4 Develop an unreinforced masonry grant
program that helps correct earthquake-risk
nonmasonry building problems, including
chimney bracing and anchoring water heaters.

Deleted
Most buildings meet current
earthquake standards, and
the City does not currently
have the resources to
implement private property
grant program.
6 The police department is looking to enlarge
their office space. The city is planning to build
a new headquarters building on city owned
property.

Completed The City has completed the
new police headquarters.
7 Work with USACE to make the wastewater
treatment plant in Salinas more flood
resistant.

Deleted
A more detailed and
effective strategy to reduce
flood risk at the industrial
wastewater treatment plant
is included updated 2021
actions.

CITY OF SALINAS Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | J-28 ANNEX J
J City of Salinas Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Table J-17
City of Salinas Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
1 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Develop a sustained public outreach program that encourages consistent hazard mitigation content and develop audience- specific hazard mitigation outreach efforts. Audiences include the elderly, children, tourists, non-English speaking residents, and home and business owners.

Priority /
High
Administration,
Community
Services,
Various
HMGP and
PDM Grants,
General
Funds
2 In Progress Flooding
Identify and carry-out minor flood and stormwater
management projects that would reduce damage to
infrastructure and damage due to local flooding/inadequate drainage. These include the modification of existing culverts and bridges, upgrading capacity of storm drains, stabilization of streambanks, and creation of debris or flood/stormwater retention basins in small watersheds.

Priority /
High Maintenance HMGP and
PDM Grants
3 In Progress/
3 years All Complete a written All Hazard Evacuation Plan especially for the risk of flood, dam failure, and earthquake. Moderate
Law
Enforcement/
Deputy Police
Chief
General Fund
4 In Progress/
5 years All Complete a written Continuity of Government Plan. Low Law/Fire General Fund 5 In Progress/
5 years Flooding Reinforce the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant against the threat of flood in the 100-year floodplain. High Public Works Federal
Grant
Assistance
6 Ongoing Earthquake
Continue to adopt and implement current earthquake building standards and upgrade, remove, or replace unreinforced
masonry buildings, as feasible.

Medium Community
Development
Grants and
General Fund
7 New All Update the Emergency Operations Plan and increase training for staff in ICS. High Law/Fire General Fund
CITY OF SALINAS Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | J-29 ANNEX J
Table J-17
City of Salinas Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
8 New Human-
Caused
Work with neighboring jurisdictions to increase the redundancy of IT infrastructure.

Law General Fund
9 New Extreme
Heat
Develop strategies to prepare the community to adapt to more extreme heat days. This could include creating community cooling centers, more outdoor water features (splash pads, etc.), consideration for cooling without electricity as brown outs may accompany extreme heat, and extra precautions/resources for elderly and other vulnerable residents.

Moderate Various Grants and
General Fund
10 New
(ongoing) Drought
Coordinate with the Salinas Valley Groundwater Sustainability Agency and other water partners on reducing seawater
intrusion and over drafting in local aquifers, as well as on projects which will increase groundwater recharge or increase sustainable water availability.

High
Public Works,
Community
Development
Grant
assistance
11 New
(ongoing) Flooding
Build green infrastructure throughout the city which can protect against stormwater flooding, increase groundwater recharge, and provide other benefits through greening hardscape
environments.

High Public Works Grants and
General Fund
12 New Climate
Change
Support local community implementation of climate resiliency efforts outlined in the Monterey County Climate Resilience Plan. Moderate Various Grants and General Fund
New Drought
Work with agriculture stakeholders on drought resiliency, water sustainability, and protecting farmworkers and crops from extreme heat.

High
Administration
(Economic
Development),
Community
Development
Grants and
General Fund

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

K
ANNEX K:

CITY OF SAND CITY

2021 Monterey County
Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-1 ANNEX K
K. CITY OF SAND CITY
K.1 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN POINT OF CONTACT
Primary Point of Contact
Chief Brian Ferrante
Chief of Police, Public Works Supervisor,
Emergency Response Coordinator
1 Pendergrass Way
Sand City, CA 93955
(831) 394-1451 ext. 218
[email protected]

K.2 COMMUNITY PROFILE
K.2.1 LOCATION

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-2 ANNEX K
K.2.2 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
The City of Sand City is a small City located on the Monterey Bay, and surrounded on most sides by the City of Seaside and a short distance northeast of the City of Monterey. The city has a total area of 2.9 square miles.

K.2.3 HISTORY
The City of Sand City is historically known for its industrial areas, notably coastal sand mining. Local business owners paved the way for the City’s incorporation on May 31, 1960, which created the public arena for local control over the City’s economic destiny and urban design. Recent history shows a steady progress toward redevelopment of the town, starting with the development of two shopping centers where there was once significant urban blight. Also, in 1996, the City reached an agreement to retain between 70 to 80% of its coastline for parks and open space, while maintaining two development areas primarily dedicated to coastal resort development which is allowed in the City’s certified local coastal plan. This blending of fiscal responsibility and coastal stewardship is also reinforced by the City’s ability to garner a larger percentage of property tax revenues within the redevelopment project plan area adopted in 1987. Redevelopment has given this small city the opportunity to redefine itself in a progressive, sustainable way.

K.2.4 POPULATION
The City of Sand City has a population of 334 people. The City of Sand City is the least populous city in Monterey County. While the residential population of the City is small, commercial, and industrial land uses draw an estimated daytime population of employees and shoppers that approaches 10,000.

K.2.5 GOVERNING BODY FORMAT
Sand City has a Council-Manager form of government. The Council is composed of five members elected at large to staggered terms. Councilmember terms last for four years, though the Mayoral term is only for two years. The Council appoints the City Administrator, City Attorney, and members of advisory committees. The Council chooses one of its members as Vice-Mayor, who presides at the Council meetings in the absence of the Mayor.

K.2.6 ECONOMY AND TAX BASE
Sand City has a number of industrial businesses and has served the Monterey Peninsula as a commercial base and has a number of larger retail stores. The City currently provides jobs for approximately 3,000 and attracting 40,000 to 50,000 shoppers daily to the city’s businesses.

The West End area of Sand City, once an industrial area, hosts a growing artists' colony. The City of Sand City is continuously working to install public art around the City to celebrate the community, with the expressed goal to allow local and visiting artists to fully express themselves and build the foundation of an accessible public gallery. Every August, the artists of Sand City and neighboring areas hold a street fair called the "West End Celebration."
CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-3 ANNEX K
K.3 PLANNING PROCESS
The City of Sand City followed the planning process explained in Volume 1 of the plan. In addition to providing representation on the Monterey County Hazard Mitigation Planning Steering Committee, the City formulated their own internal planning team to support the broader planning process.

The City of Sand City held a Hazard Mitigation Plan Stakeholder meeting to discuss vulnerabilities, mitigation activities that had occurred since the last plan update, key problem statements, and mitigation strategies on August 24, 2021. Key stakeholders present at the meeting included:
• Aaron Blair, City Manager
• Brian Ferrante, Chief of Police
• Mark Parker, Public Works Supervisor
K.4 LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT
Overtime the City of Sand City has phased-out some of the initial heavy industrial uses for regional amenities such as shopping center. The Sand City General Plan: 2002-2 017 divides the City into six
geographical districts. The Destination Commercial Planning District on the northeastern corner of the City, east of Highway 1, contains the largest destination commercial development on the Monterey Peninsula. Three planning districts that are east of Highway 1 and south of 7 the Destination Commercial Planning Area contain a mix of industrial and commercial uses with scattered single -f
amily
dwellings, duplexes, and small apartment units. The East Dunes Planning District includes City Hall and vacant parcels that provide an opportunity for family-o riented residential development.

I
n 2005, the City received unanimous coastal commission approval for a small desalination facility. This small facility allows the City to continue its redevelopment efforts without depending upon a sustainable regional water supply that has proven difficult to achieve. The City’s plant uses brackish water near the coast for purifying. Following a reverse osmosis process, the byproduct water that is not potable is injected into beach wells.

T
wo districts along the Monterey Bay, west of Highway 1, are primarily undeveloped and planned for development as State/regional parkland or visitor serving commercial development. The Sand City coastal zone extends from the southern boundary of Fort Ord Dunes State Park to the City of Seaside on the south. Sand City has about 1.5 miles of shoreline, comprised primarily of sand dunes. In 1996, the City entered a “Memorandum of Understanding” with California State Parks and the Monterey Peninsula Regional Parks District to allow visitor
-s
erving uses within a few remaining “development
envelopes” on the coast. California State Parks and the Monterey Peninsula Regional Parks District are acquiring the remaining land for sensitive habitat reconstruction, public parks, and general open space.

S
afe Growth
The purpose of the Safe Growth Survey was to evaluate the extent to which each jurisdiction is positioned to grow safely relative to its natural hazards. The survey covered 9 distinct topic areas and was also completed as part of the previous plan update process. This allowed survey results to be compared to help measure progress over time and to continue identifying possible mitigation actions as it relates to future growth and community development practices.

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This survey was a subjective exercise used to provide some quantitative measures of how adequately existing planning mechanisms were being used to address the notion of safe growth. Each topic area included a number of statements, which were answered on a scale from 1 to 5 based on the degree to which the respondent agreed or disagreed with the statement as it relates to the City’s current plans, policies, and programs for guiding future community growth and development. Scores for each topic area statement were averaged to provide a topic area result and the topic area totals were averaged to provide an overall survey score. More information on the survey is provided in Capability Assessment in Volume 1.

The Sand City Safe Growth Survey was completed by Charles Pooler, City Planner in the City of Sand City Planning Department. The results are summarized in Table K-1.

Table K-1
City of Sand City Safe Growth Survey Results
Topic Area 2021 2016
Land Use 3.75 3.00
Transportation 3.67 3.67
Environmental Management 4.67 3.67
Public Safety 3.67 4.33
Zoning Ordinance 3.75 3.25
Subdivision Regulations 2.00 2.00
Capital Improvement Program & Infrastructure Policies 3.00 2.00 Building Code 4.00 5.00
Economic Development 3.00 3.00
Average Survey Ratings 3.50 3.32
K.5 JURISDICTION SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
The intent of this section is to profile the City of Sand City’s hazards and assess the City’s vulnerability distinct from that of the countywide planning area, which has already been assessed in Volume 1 of the plan. The hazard profiles in Volume 1 discuss overall impacts to the County and describes the hazards, as well as their extent, magnitude/severity, previous occurrences, and the likelihood of future occurrences. Hazard vulnerability specific to the City of Sand City is included in this Annex.

The City of Sand City’s Planning Team used the same risk assessment process as the Monterey County Steering Committee. The City’s Planning Team used the Threat Hazard Risk Assessment (THIRA) Survey to compare the impact of various hazards that could affect the City. Each variable was scored by hazard by the Planning Team on a scale from 1 to 4, or negligible/unlikely to extensive/highly likely/ catastrophic. The score for each variable was calculated using a weighted average of all survey responses. Scores were then added together to determine an overall hazard score between 1 and 16.

Each score was associated with a qualitative degree of risk ranking from Negligible (between 1 and 4) to Very High (between 14.1 and 16). The Survey is described in more detail in Risk Assessment Methods in Volume 1.

Table K-2 displays the results of the hazard risk ranking exercise that was performed by the City of Sand City’s Planning Team.

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-5 ANNEX K
Table K-2
Threat Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA): City of Sand City Hazard Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Magnitude/
Severity Impact Total
Out of 16
Degree of
Risk
Agricultural Emergencies - - - - - -
Coastal Erosion 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate
Coastal Flooding 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 7.0 Possible
Cyber-Attack 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate
Dam Failure - - - - - -
Drought & Water Shortage 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 12.0 Substantial Earthquake 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 12.0 Substantial
Epidemic 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 10.0 Moderate
Extreme Cold & Freeze 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Extreme Heat 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Flash Flood 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Hazardous Materials Incident 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 7.0 Possible Invasive Species - - - - - -
Levee Failure - - - - - -
Localized Stormwater Flooding 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible Mass Migration - - - - - -
Pandemic 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Riverine Flooding - - - - - -
Sea Level Rise 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Severe Winter Storms 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 Slight
Slope Failure 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 Slight
Targeted Violence 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Terrorism 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Tsunami 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Utility Interruption/ PSPS 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate Water Contamination 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Wildfire - - - - - -
Windstorms 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 8.0 Possible
K.5.1 AGRICULTURAL EMERGENCIES
There is no agricultural land located within the City, so therefore an agricultural emergency does not pose a direct threat. Since agriculture is a major economic driver in the County, an agricultural emergency could have indirect economic impacts on the City.

K.5.2 COASTAL EROSION
To determine coastal erosion risk, USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMos) shoreline change, and cliff retreat projection data was used. For cliff CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-6 ANNEX K
retreat modeling an end of century (2100) forced sea level rise amount of 200 cm was used based on Ocean Protection Council (OPC) High Risk Aversion Guidance. For shoreline change, winter erosion uncertainty modeling was used to capture the degree of uncertainty associated with future shoreline erosion. Hold the Line scenario modeling was chosen for both types of erosion. Three sea level rise levels (25 cm, 75 cm, and 200 cm) to represent planning horizons based on OPC Sea Level Rise Projections for the Monterey Tide Gauge. 25 cm of sea level rise represents near term (2030) risk, 75 cm represent mid-term (2060) risk, and 200 cm represent long-term (2100) risk.

Table K-3 summarizes population and property exposure to coastal erosion risk.

Table K-3
Population and Property Exposed to Coastal Erosion Risk in Sand City Sea Level Rise Scenario/
Erosion Type Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Cliff Erosion
Sea Level Rise (25 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Sea Level Rise (75 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Sea Level Rise (200 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Shoreline Erosion
Sea Level Rise (25 cm) 0 0 $0 7 $76,930,836
Sea Level Rise (75 cm) 0 0 $0 6 $76,930,836
Sea Level Rise (200 cm) 0 0 $0 1 $70,358,090
K.5.3 DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE
Dam Failure
There is no population or property in the City located in a mapped dam inundation zone of any of the dams (Nacimiento, San Antonio, Los Padres, and Forest Lake) analyzed in this Plan.

Levee Failure
Based on Leveed Area from the US Army Corps of Engineers, National Levee Database, there is no population or property in the City exposed to levee failure risk. Many levees in the County protect important agricultural lands and a significant levee failure could have an indirect economic impact.

K.5.4 DROUGHT AND WATER SHORTAGE
The entire population of the City is vulnerable to drought events. Drought can affect people’s health and safety, including health problems related to low water flows, poor water quality, or dust. Other possible impacts include recreational risks; effects on air quality; diminished living conditions related to energy, air quality, and hygiene; compromised food and nutrition; and increased incidence of illness and disease. Water shortages can affect access to safe, affordable water, with substantial impacts on low-income families and communities burdened with environmental pollution.

A prolonged drought could also cause economic impacts. Increased demand for water and electricity may result in shortages and higher costs of these resources. While economic impacts will be most significant on industries that use water or depend on water for their business, cascading economic CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-7 ANNEX K
effects can hurt many sectors of the economy. Agriculture, which will likely be impacted by drought conditions, is a major economic driver in the County, and the City could be impacted economically.

K.5.5 EARTHQUAKE
The entire population of the City is potentially exposed to direct and indirect impacts from earthquakes. Whether directly impacted or indirectly impacted, the entire population will have to deal with the consequences of earthquakes to some degree. Business interruption could keep people from working, road closures could isolate populations, and loss of utilities could impact populations that suffered no direct damage from an event itself. Similarly, all property and critical infrastructure in the City is potentially exposed to earthquake risk.

According to Monterey County Assessor records, there are 801 residential and non-residential buildings in the City, with a total value of $352,877,451. Since all structures in the City are susceptible to earthquake impacts to varying degrees, this represents the property exposure to seismic events.

Additionally, liquefaction risk was assessed. Table K-4 summarizes population and property in the City exposed to liquefaction risk.

Table K-4
Population and Property Exposed to Liquefaction Risk in Sand City Liquefaction Risk Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
High Liquefaction Susceptibility 0 0 $0 11 $76,931,932 Moderate Liquefaction Susceptibility 187 115 $24,334,617 356 $200,626,765 K.5.6 FLOODING
FEMA flood zones were used to assess flooding risk. Table K-5 summarizes population and property in the City in the 100-year and 500-year floodplain.

Table K-5
Population and Property Exposed to Flooding Risk in Sand City FEMA Flood Zone Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
100-Year Flood Zone 0 0 $0 22 $76,933,577
500-Year Flood Zone 75 1 $173,008 3 $77,589,019
K.5.7 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT
To assess hazardous materials incident risk, buffer distances were used. The chosen buffer distance was based on guidelines in the US Department of Transportation’s Emergency Response Guidebook that suggest distances useful to protect people from vapors resulting from spills involving dangerous goods considered toxic if inhaled. The recommended buffer distance referred to in the guide as the “protective action distance” is the area surrounding the incident in which people are at risk of harmful exposure. For purposes of this plan, a buffer distance of one mile was used, but actual buffer distances CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-8 ANNEX K
will vary depending on the nature and quantity of the release, whether the release occurred during the night or daytime, and prevailing weather conditions.

To analyze the risk to a transportation-related hazardous materials release, a one-mile buffer was applied to highways in the US Dept of Transportation, National Transportation Atlas Database. The result is a two-mile buffer zone around each transportation corridor that is used for this analysis. Risk from a fixed facility hazardous materials release, was analyzed using a one-mile buffer was applied facilities identified in the Monterey County 2019 Hazardous Materials Plan. The result was a one-mile buffer zone around each facility.

Table K-6 summarizes population and property that could be exposed to both mobile and fixed hazardous materials incidents.

Table K-6
Population and Property Exposed to Hazardous Materials Incident Risk in Sand City Hazardous Materials
Incident Type Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Mobile Source 324 157 $32,386,952 644 $320,490,499
Fixed Source 0 0 $0 0 $0
K.5.8 HUMAN CAUSED HAZARDS
It is often quite difficult to quantify the potential losses from human-caused hazards. While facilities themselves have a tangible dollar value, loss from a human-caused hazard often inflicts an even greater toll on a community, both economically and emotionally. The impact to identified values will vary from event to event and depend on the type, location, and nature of a specific incident.

K.5.9 PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS
All citizens in the City could be susceptible to the human health hazards. A large outbreak or epidemic, a pandemic or a use of biological agents as a weapon of mass destruction could have devastating effects on the population. While all of the population is at risk to the human health hazards, the young and the elderly, those with compromised immune systems, and those with special needs are most vulnerable. The introduction of a disease such as influenza or the COVID-19 virus have impacted the whole population of the City, specifically vulnerable populations.

K.5.10 SEVERE WEATHER
All severe weather events profiled in this Plan have the potential to happen anywhere in the City.

Vulnerable populations are the elderly, low income or linguistically isolated populations, people with life-threatening illnesses, and residents living in areas that are isolated from major roads. Properties in poor condition or in high-risk locations may be susceptible to the most damage. All critical facilities in the City likely exposed to severe weather hazards. The most common problems associated with severe weather are loss of utilities and compromised access to roadways. Prolonged periods of extreme heat could result in power outages caused by increased demand for power for cooling.

The FEMA National Risk Index calculates annualized frequency, exposure and annual expected loss of building value and population to some severe weather hazards identified in this Plan. Based on zip CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-9 ANNEX K
code and census tract Countywide data was used to identify annualized frequency, exposure, and annual expected loss in the City from severe weather hazards. Though the entire City is considered vulnerable to these hazards, the FEMA data was used in this risk assessment to provide scale for the potential risk and impacts.

FEMA National Risk Index data from frequency and exposure to severe weather hazards is summarized in Table K-7.

Table K-7
Annualized Frequency and Exposure to Severe Weather Events in Sand City Hail Strong Wind
Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.19 Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.03 Exposed Population 2,637 Exposed Population 2,637
Exposed Building Values $449,794,000 Exposed Building Values $449,794,000 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $0 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $5,030
Heat Wave Tornado
Frequency (Event-Days) 0.07 Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.84 Exposed Population 2,637 Exposed Population 1,750
Exposed Building Values $449,794,000 Exposed Building Values $298,534,461 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $0 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $5,026,212
Lightning Winter Weather
Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.38 Frequency (Event-Days) 0.00 Exposed Population 2,637 Exposed Population 0
Exposed Building Values $449,794,000 Exposed Building Values $0 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $79 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $0
Source: FEMA National Risk Index
K.5.11 SLOPE FAILURE
Based on the FEMA National Risk Index, 201 people and $69,740,156 in building value in the City is exposed to landslide risk. Additionally, the City is not susceptible earthquake induced to landslides.

K.5.12 TSUNAMI
Population and property in the City located in a mapped tsunami inundation zone is summarized in Table K-8.

Table K-8
Population and Property in Tsunami Inundation Zone in Sand City Inundation Zone Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Tsunami Inundation Zone 0 1 $152,206 88 $76,933,577
CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-10 ANNEX K
K.5.13 UTILITY INTERRUPTION
All residents, visitors, and property in the City is exposed and vulnerable to utility interruptions. All critical facilities and infrastructure in the City that is operated by electricity is exposed and vulnerable to utility interruption.

K.5.14 WILDFIRE
For purposes of this analysis CAL FIRE Fire Threat data was used. Fire Threat combines expected fire frequency with potential fire behavior to create 4 threat classes, extreme, very high, high, and moderate.

Table K-9 summarizes population and property in the City in very high, high, and moderate fire threat areas.

Table K-9
Population and Property Exposed to Wildfire Risk in Sand City CAL FIRE Wildfire Threat Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Very High Fire Threat 0 0 $0 0 $0
High Fire Threat 0 0 $0 0 $0
Moderate Fire Threat 228 86 $5,508,183 176 $181,098,970 K.5.15 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE
The effects of climate change are varied and include warmer and more varied weather patterns and temperature changes. Climate change will affect the people, property, economy, and ecosystems in the City and will exacerbate the risk posed by many of the hazards previously profiled in this Plan.

Climate change will have a measurable impact on the occurrence and severity of natural hazards.

Increasing temperatures and rising sea-levels will have direct impacts on public health and infrastructure.

Drought, coastal and inland flooding, and wildfire will likely affect people’s livelihoods and the local economy. Changing weather patterns and more extreme conditions are likely to impact tourism and the rural economies, along with changes to agriculture and crops, which are a critical backbone of Monterey County’s economic success. There will also be negative impacts to ecosystems, both on land and in the ocean, leading to local extinctions, migrations, and management challenges.

Sea level rise risk exposure in the City was calculated based on the NOAA Office for Coastal Management sea level rise viewer
projections. Three sea level rise levels (25 cm, 75 cm, and 200 cm) were chosen to represent planning horizons based on OPC Sea Level Rise Projections for the Monterey Tide Gauge. 25 cm of sea level rise represents near term (2030) risk, 75 cm represent mid-term (2060) risk, and 200 cm represent long-term (2100) risk.

Population and property exposed to sea level rise risk is summarized in Table K-10.

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-11 ANNEX K
Table K-10
Population and Property Exposed to Sea Level Rise in Sand City Sea Level Rise Amount Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
1 ft Sea Level Rise (2030) 0 0 0 10 $76,931,932
3 ft Sea Level Rise (2060) 0 0 0 13 $76,931,932
7 ft Sea Level Rise (2100) 0 0 0 17 $76,933,577
K.6 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
The City of Sand City performed an inventory and analysis of existing capabilities, plans, programs, and policies that enhance its ability to implement mitigation strategies. This section summarizes the following findings of the assessment:
• An assessment of planning and regulatory capabilities is presented in Table K-11 • An assessment of administrative and technical capabilities is presented in Table K-12 • An assessment of fiscal capabilities is presented in Table K-13 • An assessment of education and outreach capabilities is presented in Table K-14 • Classifications under various community mitigation programs are presented in Table K-15 • A summary of participation in and compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is provided in Section K.6.1 in Table K-16
• An overall self-assessment of capability is presented in Section K.6.2 in Table K-17 Table K-11
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document Department Comments
Planning Documents
General Plan ☒ • Community Development
Capital Improvement Plan ☒ • Administration Department Under continuous modification as situations/ priorities arise
Floodplain Management Plan ☒ • FEMA
Open Space Management Plan ☐ •
Stormwater Management Plan ☒ • Community Development
Coastal or Shoreline Management
Plan ☒ • Community Development The City has a certified Local Coastal Program
Local Coastal Program ☒ • Community Development Certified 1984 Climate Action/ Adaptation Plan ☐
Emergency Operations Plan ☒ • Police Department
Continuity of Operations Plan ☐
Community Wildfire Protection
Plan ☐
Evacuation Plan ☐
Disaster Recovery Plan ☐
CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-12 ANNEX K
Table K-11
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document Department Comments
Economic Development Plan ☐
Historic Preservation Plan ☐
Transportation Plan ☐
Codes, Ordinances & Requirements
Floodplain Ordinance ☒ • Community Development Sand City Municipal Code 18.88 Zoning Ordinance ☒ • Community Development
Subdivision Ordinance ☒ • Community Development
Site Plan Review Requirements ☒ • Community Development Unified Development Ordinance ☐
Post-Disaster Redevelopment/
Reconstruction Ordinance ☐
Building Code ☒ • Community Development
Fire Prevention Code ☒ • Community Development

Table K-12
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
knowledge of land development
and land management practices
☒ • Community Development
Planner- City Employee
Engineer- Contract with Harris &
Associates
Engineer(s) or professional(s)
trained in construction practices
related to buildings and/or
infrastructure
☒ • Community Development Engineer- Contract with Harris & Associates
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with an
understanding of manmade or
natural hazards
☒ • Community Development
Planner- City Employee
Engineer- Contract with Harris &
Associates
Building Inspector ☒ • Community Development
Plan check and inspection
service via contract with City of
Monterey and 4-leaf
Emergency Manager ☒ • Administration Department
Floodplain Manager ☒ • Community Development
Community Development
Director assigned Floodplain
Administrator per municipal
code 18.88
Land Surveyors ☒ • Community Development City Surveyor- Contract with Polaris Consulting
CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-13 ANNEX K
Table K-12
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Resource development staff or
grant writers ☐
Public Information Officer ☒ • Administration Department City Mayor in conjunction with City Manager
Scientist(s) familiar with the
hazards of the community ☐
Staff with education or expertise
to assess the community’s
vulnerability to hazards
☐
Personnel skilled in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) ☐
Maintenance programs to reduce
risk ☒ • Public Works City Public Works crew consists
of 3 employees
Warning systems/services ☐
Mutual Aid Agreements ☒ • Police Department Agreement with Monterey County Sheriff

Table K-13
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
General Funds ☒ • Administration Department
If funds are available and not
committed, can be used for
hazard mitigation
Capital Improvements Project
Funding ☒ • Administration Department Funded through General Fund Special Purpose Taxes ☒ Eligible, but subject to voter approval
Stormwater Utility Fees ☐
Gas / Electric Utility Fees ☐
Water / Sewer Fees ☐ Connection fees collected by
regional agencies, not City
Development Impact Fees ☒ City has a “Building Development Fee” for street work only
General Obligation Bonds ☒
Special Tax and Revenue Bonds ☒
Community Development Block
Grants (CDBG) ☒

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-14 ANNEX K
Table K-14
Education and Outreach Capability
Educational and Outreach Resources Department Comments Local citizen or non-profit groups
focused on environmental
protection, emergency
preparedness, access and functional
needs populations, etc.
☐
Ongoing public education or
information program (e.g.,
responsible water use, fire safety,
household preparedness,
environmental education)
☐
Natural disaster or safety related
school programs ☐ No schools are located in the
City.

Public-private partnership initiatives
addressing disaster-related issues ☐

Table K-15
Community Classifications
Participating? Classification Effective Date
Community Rating System (CRS) No - -
ISO Public Protection Classification Yes 2 6/17/2015
StormReady Certification No - -
TsunamiReady Certification No - -
Firewise Communities Certification No - -
K.6.1 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP) COMPLIANCE Table K-17
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Compliance
Designated Floodplain Administrator: Aaron Blair, Community Development Director/ City Manager
NFIP Community Number: 060435
Flood Insurance Policies in Force: 3
Insurance Coverage in Force: $1,400,000
Written Premium in Force: $3,109
Total Loss Claims: 0
Total Payments for Losses: 0
Adopted Regulations that meet NFIP Requirements:
• Sand City Municipal Code (SCMC) Chapter 18.88 “Flood Protection.” Adopted by Ordinance 96-01 (June 4, 1996) and last updated by Ordinance 00-03 (December 5, 2000) Date of last NFIP Community Assistance Visit (CAV):

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-15 ANNEX K
Table K-17
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Compliance
Date of last visit unknown. Unaware of past compliance issues.

Higher standards that exceed minimum NFIP requirement:

None.

Additional floodplain management provisions:

None.

Floodplain management activities performed that go beyond FEMA minimum requirements:

None
Existing impediments to running an effective NFIP program:

None identified.

Specific actions that are ongoing or considered related to continued compliance with the NFIP:
• Maintain updates to City Municipal Code for continued compliance. • Maintain and update map of areas of potential frequent flooding during severe storm events. • Translate hard copy of flood maps to digital and post on City website (public outreach and education).
• Encourage Certified Floodplain Manager (CFM) Certification. • Continue to maintain supply of FEMA Floodplain maps at City Hall for staff and public reference.

K.6.2 SELF- ASSESSMENT OF CAPABILITY
Table K-18
Self-Assessment of Capability
Capability Degree of Capability
Planning and Regulatory Capability Moderate
Administrative and Technical Capability Limited
Fiscal Capability Limited
Education and Outreach Capability Limited
Political Capability Moderate
Overall Capability Limited
K.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPAND/ IMPROVE MITIGATION CAPABILITIES Overall capabilities can be improved through mutual aid and cooperation with neighboring cities that have a wider range of resources and staff capabilities. Planning, regulatory, fiscal, administrative, technical, education, and outreach capabilities can all be expanded or improved using a combination of the following strategies:
• Increase capacity through staffing
• Training, and enhanced coordination among all department and jurisdictions • Emergency management/hazard specific program enhancements, training, and exercising • Increased funding opportunities and capacity
• Implementation of mitigation actions and projects
• Continuous research on grant opportunities for emergency management, hazard mitigation, and infrastructure and community development.

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-16 ANNEX K
Capabilities and abilities to expand or improve existing policies and programs will be re-evaluated during the next Hazard Mitigation Plan update and annual plan review meetings.

K.6.4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANNING INITIATIVES
The information on hazards, risk, vulnerability and mitigation contained in this hazard mitigation plan is based on the best available data. Plan integration is the incorporation of this information into other relevant planning mechanisms, such as general planning and capital improvement planning. It includes the integration of natural hazard information and mitigation policies, principles and actions into local planning mechanisms and vice versa. Additionally, plan integration is achieved though the involvement of key staff and community officials in collaboratively planning for hazard mitigation. This section identifies where such integration is already in place, and where there are opportunities for further integration in the future.

Existing Integration
In the performance period since adoption of the previous hazard mitigation plan, the City made progress on integrating hazard mitigation goals, objectives, and actions into other planning initiatives.

The following plans and programs currently integrate components of the hazard mitigation strategy:
• Capital Improvement Plan: The capital improvement plan includes projects that can help mitigate potential hazards. The City will strive to ensure consistency between the hazard mitigation plan and the current and future capital improvement plan. The hazard mitigation plan may identify new possible funding sources for capital improvement projects and may result in modifications to proposed projects based on results of the risk assessment. • Building Code: The City’s adoption of the 2016 California Building Code incorporated local modifications addressing seismic and fire hazards.
• Regulatory Codes: A number of the City’s existing codes and ordinances include provisions to reduce hazard risk including the zoning code, storm water management code and flood damage prevention ordinance.

Opportunities for Future Integration
The General Plan and the hazard mitigation plan are complementary documents that work together to achieve the goal of reducing risk exposure. The General Plan is considered to be an integral part of this plan. An update to the General Plan may trigger an update to the hazard mitigation plan. The City, through adoption of a General Plan and zoning ordinance, has planned for the impact of natural hazards. The process of updating this hazard mitigation plan provided the opportunity to review and expand on policies in these planning mechanisms. The City will create a linkage between the hazard mitigation plan and the General Plan by identifying a mitigation action as such and giving that action a high priority. Other planning processes and programs that may be coordinated with the recommendations of the hazard mitigation plan include the following:
• General Plan, including the Safety Element
• Emergency Operations Plans
• Climate Action and Adaptation Plans
• Debris management plans
• Recovery plans
CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-17 ANNEX K
• Capital improvement programs
• Municipal codes
• Community design guidelines
• Water-efficient landscape design guidelines
• Stormwater management programs
• Water system vulnerability assessments
• Community wildfire protection plans
• Comprehensive flood hazard management plans
• Resiliency plans
• Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Recovery action plans • Public information/education plans
Some action items do not need to be implemented through regulation. Instead, these items can be implemented through the creation of new educational programs, continued interagency coordination, or improved public participation. As information becomes available from other planning mechanisms that can enhance this plan, that information will be integrated via the update process.

K.7 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Problem Statements are statements of particular interest regarding primary hazards of concern, geographic areas of concern, or vulnerable community assets. As part of the planning process, the City of Sand City Planning Committee identified key vulnerabilities and hazards of concern applicable to their jurisdiction. The Hazard Problem Statements were based on the risk assessment, the vulnerability analysis, and local knowledge.

Hazard Problem Statements helped the Planning Committee identify common issues and weaknesses, determine appropriate mitigation strategies, and understand the realm of resources needed for mitigation. Hazard Problem Statements for the City of Sand City are identified below:
• The City’s existing drainage system is deemed inadequate for conveying stormwater during heavy rainfall events with several known problem areas. Of primary concern is the vicinity of Redwood Avenue at John Street, one of the lowest points in the city (approximately 4 feet below sea level) which has experienced past flood events that have inundated streets and nearby commercial properties. Other areas of concern include John Street at Ortiz Avenue and near the intersection of Ortiz Avenue at Contra Costa Street.
• The City of Seaside’s 90” outfall at the end of Bay Avenue continues to get plugged by shifting sands, preventing drainage of stormwater runoff from Seaside and Sand City, and contributing regularly (multiple times per year) to stormwater flooding at John Street and Ortiz Avenue. The City of Seaside maintains the channel during storm events to prevent flooding, and as long as this maintenance program continues this area is not a major hazard risk. • Heavy drought conditions increase salinity factor of water extracted from aquifer for the City's desalination plant; resulting in a shutdown of the desalination plant due to the resulting higher salinity brine that cannot be put back into the aquifer. Drilling new wells further inland are anticipated to resolve this issue during times of severe drought as well as provide operational redundancy.

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-18 ANNEX K
• Several elevated storage tanks used for acid baths at Granite Rock (Dias Street) currently store an estimated 2,000+ gallons that may potentially be damaged or cause overflow/flood issues following an earthquake and local ground-shaking event.
• While the city’s population is low, it becomes one of the most densely populated areas in Monterey County during the daytime due to its two regional commercial shopping centers (Sand Dollar and Edgewater), creating a major warning and evacuation concern for the City. • The Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency (MRWPCA) operates a sewer pump station at West Bay Street in Sand City. This facility is located close to the shoreline and is potentially susceptible to tsunami. Furthermore, there is a 36-inch force main that extends from this pump station north along the west side of Highway 1 to the treatment plant in the City of Marina. Both the pump station and this 36-inch force main are susceptible to earthquakes. Damage to one or both of these facilities would have far reaching impacts to the sewer service of the Monterey Peninsula community, in addition to potential spills and contamination. The pump station and pipelines are the property and jurisdiction of the MRWPCA, and thus maintenance and repair are that Agency’s responsibility. However, during an emergency whereby the plant and/or infrastructure is damaged, the City of Sand City would be the immediate emergency responder for that infrastructure within Sand City’s boundaries.

K.8 MITIGATION GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTIONS
The mitigation strategy is the guidebook to future hazard mitigation administration, capturing the key outcomes of the MJHMP planning process. The mitigation strategy is intended to reduce vulnerabilities outlined in the previous section with a prescription of policies and physical projects. These mitigation actions should be compatible with existing planning mechanisms and should outline specific roles and resources for implementation success.

The City of Sand City Planning Team used the same mitigation action prioritization method as described in Mitigation Strategy in Volume 1, which included a benefit-cost analysis and consideration of mitigation alternatives. Based upon the risk assessment results and the City’s planning committee priorities, a list of mitigation actions was developed. The Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix, in Table K-20 lists each priority mitigation action, identifies time frame, the responsible party, potential funding sources, and prioritization, which meet the requirements of FEMA and DMA 2000.

Status of Previous Plan Actions
All actions from the 2016 Plan were reviewed and updated by the City during the planning process.

Table K-19 includes the status of action previous plan completed or removed from the previous plan.

In order to improve the mitigation action plan for this Plan update and align with the countywide Mitigation Action Plan, the City added more specificity and detail to previous plan actions in addition to the new actions added to the Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix.

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | K-19 ANNEX K
Table K-19
City of Sand City Completed Mitigation Actions from 2016 MJHMP 2016
Action # Description Status Narrative Update
1 Identify hazard-prone critical facilities and
infrastructure and carry out acquisition, relocation,
and structural and nonstructural retrofitting
measures as necessary
Completed Completed
5 Maintain records and data to accurately reflect
existing utilities and critical facilities. Completed Completed 7 Continue to implement the most recent versions of
the California State-adopted construction and
building codes.

Completed
/ Ongoing
Completed and
ongoing as when
building code
updates are released.
8 Improve and expand the City’s website to include
the disbursement of hazard related information to
the general public, inclusive of mitigation measures.

Completed
The City recently
completed a full
update of their
website.
9 Promote information sharing among neighboring
cities, utilities, Monterey County, and State and
Federal agencies.

Completed
/ Ongoing
Completed and
ongoing as needed.
11 Explore mitigation opportunities for repetitively
flooded properties and, if necessary, encourage
property owners to carry-out acquisition,
relocation, elevation, and flood-proofing measures
to protect these properties.

Completed
Capital project in
progress that will
address major
flooding issues.
12 Ensure that new developments are designed to
reduce or eliminate flood by requiring properties
and rights-of-way to be designed for the approved
sewer and drainage facilities, providing onsite
detention facilities whenever possible.

Completed
/Ongoing
Completed and
ongoing as needed in
development review
process.
13 Continue to conduct current fuel management
programs (weed abatement programs) and
investigate and apply new and emerging fuel
management techniques.

Complete/
Ongoing
Completed and
ongoing as needed.
16 MRWPCA sewer pump station and force main are
vulnerable to tsunami and earthquake damage. This
infrastructure, though located within Sand City, is
the jurisdiction of another government agency. The
City can contact the MRWPCA to see if they have
emergency plans in place for such disasters.

Completed
The City of Seaside
removed the pump
station and installed
a larger sewer main.

CITY OF SAND CITY Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | K-20 ANNEX K
K City of Sand City Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Table K-20
City of Sand City Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
1 In
Progress/
Ongoing
Severe Weather,
Utility
Interruption,
Earthquake
Replace above-ground utility lines with underground utility lines. Ensure that utility lines are installed underground for new construction. This includes completing the
undergrounding of utilities on California Avenue between Tioga Avenue and East Avenue and on Tioga Ava. between
California Avenue and Metz Road.

Priority /
High
Building and
Engineering
General
Funds
2 In
Progress/
1-2 years
Drought
Drill two new groundwater wells further inland in order to draw in more brackish water to the desalination plant. This will mitigate the salinity of water extracted from aquifer for the City's desalination plant that can result in a shutdown of the desalination plant due to the resulting higher salinity brine that cannot be put back into the aquifer.

Priority /
High
Engineering
and Planning
Partnership
with Cal-
Am Water
3 In Progress Flooding Complete Contra Costa and Catalina Stormwater Improvement Projects to mitigate flood risk.

Priority /
High
Building and
Engineering
Grants and
General
Funds
4 Ongoing/
Continuous All Continue to use the City's website and social media to share relevant hazard preparedness and mitigation information. Moderate Administration General Funds
5 New/ 0-5
years All Update the General Plan and include relevant hazard information. Moderate Planning General
Funds

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

L
ANNEX L:

CITY OF SEASIDE

2021 Monterey County
Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-1 ANNEX L
L. CITY OF SEASIDE
L.1 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN POINT OF CONTACT
Primary Point of Contact Alternate Point of Contact
Division Chief David Nava
Seaside Fire Department
1635 Broadway Ave.

Seaside, CA 93955
(831) 899-6790
[email protected]
Fire Chief Mary Gutierrez
Seaside Fire Department
1635 Broadway Ave.

Seaside, CA 93955
(831) 899-6790
[email protected]
L.2 COMMUNITY PROFILE
L.2.1 LOCATION

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-2 ANNEX L
L.2.2 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
The City of Seaside is the largest city on the Monterey Peninsula, and second largest in Monterey County. Seaside is a family-oriented community with a full range of housing, business, cultural, and recreational opportunities in a safe and attractive environment for residents and visitors. Seaside is home to California State University at Monterey Bay and the Monterey College of Law, both located on the former site of Fort Ord. The climate is a cool Mediterranean type, strongly influenced by the prevailing winds from the west, which blow over the Pacific Coast's cool ocean currents from Alaska.

L.2.3 HISTORY
Seaside began as the Hotel Del Monte began, as a part of the City of Monterey. Because the subdivision of Seaside was located just a mile to the northwest of the hotel, the subdivision of Seaside was initially conceived as an outgrowth of the resort community and identified as a tourist destination.

Like many other ambitious pioneers in the late nineteenth century, Seaside’s founder, Dr. John Roberts left New York in 1887 for California and settled near relatives in Pacific Grove. He and his uncle bought 160 acres from the David Jacks Corporation, which he divided into 1,000 lots for sale as vacation property. He also made his home in the new residential area that bordered Monterey and the Hotel.

In 1910, a Monterey County Supervisor successfully lobbied to locate the US Army Base Fort Ord in Seaside. This base housed over 20,000 infantry members and civilian workers. Fort Ord was considered one of the most attractive locations of any US Army post, because of its proximity to the beach and California weather. Due to Base Realignment and Allocation Closures, Fort Ord was closed in 1994.

Since that time, the land has been conveyed to different government and nonprofit organizations for development and preservation of open space. Seaside thrived as a center of diversity derived from its multicultural character as a military town throughout the decades of the twentieth century and became known as a forward-thinking model of political inclusion during the civil rights era.

L.2.4 POPULATION
The City of Seaside has a population of 32,366 people (2020 Census), a small decrease (2%) since 2010.

The population is projected to continue to grow modestly.

L.2.5 GOVERNING BODY FORMAT
T
he City of Seaside is a General Law City with a Council/Manager form of government. The five- me
mber City Council is a legislative and policy-ma
king body. The Mayor is elected every two years in a
general election. Serving with the Mayor are four members of the City Council who have overlapping terms; every two years, two members of the City Council are elected in a general election. Members of the City Council, including the Mayor, are not subject to term limits. The City Manager is appointed by the City Council to manage the daily operations of the City and is responsible for making policy recommendations to the City Council and implementing City Council policy directives.

L.2.6 ECONOMY

AND TAX BASE
While the foundation of the Seaside business community is made up of small family-owned establishments, the area hosts national retailers and restaurant groups as well as the Seaside Auto Center, one of the first auto malls in the country.

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-3 ANNEX L
L.3 PLANNING PROCES S
The City of Seaside followed the planning process explained in Volume 1 of the plan. In addition to providing representation on the Monterey County Hazard Mitigation Planning Steering Committee, the City formulated their own internal planning team to support the broader planning process.

The City of Seaside held a Hazard Mitigation Plan Stakeholder meeting to discuss vulnerabilities, mitigation activities that had occurred since the last plan update, key problem statements, and mitigation strategies on June 28, 2021. Key stakeholders present at the meeting included:
• Craig Malin, City Manager
• Chief Mary Gutierrez, Fire Chief
• Chief Dave Nava, Division Chief, EOC Planning
• Sheri Damon, City Attorney
• Chief Abdul D. Pridgen, Chief of Police
• David Little, Chief Building Official
• Nisha Patel, Public Works Director and City Engineer
• Dave Fortune, Maintenance and Utilities Superintendent • Roberta Greathouse, HR Director / Risk Manager
• Trevin Barber, Assistant City Manager, Economic Development and Community Planning Director
• Dan Meewis, Recreation Director
• Gary Bartlett, IT Manager
• Haroon Noori, Admin. Analyst
• Victor Damiani, Finance Director
L.4 LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT
Traditionally a military town linked to Fort Ord, which closed in 1994, the city has experienced significant redevelopment and gentrification in recent years with projects ranging from golf courses, five-star resorts, conference facilities, new residential and commercial development, and plans for a mixed-use, transit-oriented, urban village that would transform the downtown.

The City of Seaside is in the processes of updating its General Plan and a full draft has been completed.

Approximately one-third of the total City land area is occupied by residential uses, the majority of which is single family or duplex housing. The former Fort Ord land for conservation at just under one- quarter of the total land area in the City. The former Fort Ord lands that are planned for growth are about 16% of the total (about 830 developable acres of land). Public lands account for about one- quarter of the total and commercial and industrial uses account for just 4% of the total land area of the City. Seaside has a unique urban form that includes established single-family residential areas and commercial corridors in the historic part of the City and vacant land and buildings in the former Fort Ord that will be converted to urban uses over time. The City’s core residential neighborhoods have a high building density, with minimal setbacks, while newer subdivisions have a more suburban building layout, with larger yards and less regular building placement. Most of the City’s commercial districts are developed in a strip commercial development style
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-4 ANNEX L
The Seaside coastal zone includes about 90 acres of land and 500 feet of shoreline. A former estuarine complex comprised of Robert’s Lake and Laguna Grande makes up the vast inland portion of the coastal zone. Land uses within the coastal zone include residential, commercial, and park/open space.

The Local Coastal Program was certified in 2013.

Safe Growth
The purpose of the Safe Growth Survey was to evaluate the extent to which each jurisdiction is positioned to grow safely relative to its natural hazards. The survey covered 9 distinct topic areas and was also completed as part of the previous plan update process. This allowed survey results to be compared to help measure progress over time and to continue identifying possible mitigation actions as it relates to future growth and community development practices.

This survey was a subjective exercise used to provide some quantitative measures of how adequately existing planning mechanisms were being used to address the notion of safe growth. Each topic area included a number of statements, which were answered on a scale from 1 to 5 based on the degree to which the respondent agreed or disagreed with the statement as it relates to the City’s current plans, policies, and programs for guiding future community growth and development. Scores for each topic area statement were averaged to provide a topic area result and the topic area totals were averaged to provide an overall survey score. More information on the survey is provided in Capability Assessment in Volume 1.

The Seaside Safe Growth Survey was completed by Gloria Stearns, Community Development Director for the City of Seaside Community Development Department. The results are summarized in Table L-1.

Table L-1
City of Seaside Safe Growth Survey Results
Topic Area 2021 2016
Land Use 4.25 4.25
Transportation 4.67 4.33
Environmental Management 3.67 3.67
Public Safety 4.33 3.67
Zoning Ordinance 3.75 4.75
Subdivision Regulations 2.00 3.00
Capital Improvement Program & Infrastructure Policies 3.00 2.33 Building Code 4.00 5.00
Economic Development 4.00 4.00
Average Survey Ratings 3.74 3.89
L.5 JURISDICTION SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
The intent of this section is to profile the City of Seaside’s hazards and assess the City’s vulnerability distinct from that of the countywide planning area, which has already been assessed in Volume 1 of the plan. The hazard profiles in Volume 1 discuss overall impacts to the County and describes the hazards, as well as their extent, magnitude/severity, previous occurrences, and the likelihood of future occurrences. Hazard vulnerability specific to the City of Seaside is included in this Annex.

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-5 ANNEX L
The City of Seaside’s Planning Team used the same risk assessment process as the Monterey County Steering Committee. The City’s Planning Team used the Threat Hazard Risk Assessment (THIRA) Survey to compare the impact of various hazards that could affect the City. Each variable was scored by hazard by the Planning Team on a scale from 1 to 4, or negligible/unlikely to extensive/highly likely/ catastrophic. The score for each variable was calculated using a weighted average of all survey responses. Scores were then added together to determine an overall hazard score between 1 and 16.

Each score was associated with a qualitative degree of risk ranking from Negligible (between 1 and 4) to Very High (between 14.1 and 16). The Survey is described in more detail in Risk Assessment Methods in Volume 1. Table L-2 displays the results of the hazard risk ranking exercise that was performed by the City of Seaside’s Planning Team.

Table L-2
Threat Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA): City of Seaside Hazard Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Magnitude/
Severity Impact Total
Out of 16
Degree of
Risk
Agricultural Emergencies 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 4.9 Slight
Coastal Erosion 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 9.4 Moderate
Coastal Flooding 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.9 10.7 Substantial
Cyber-Attack 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.5 13.5 High
Dam Failure 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.4 Slight
Drought & Water Shortage 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 13.6 High
Earthquake 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.9 11.8 Substantial
Epidemic 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.1 12.4 High
Extreme Cold & Freeze 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 7.2 Possible
Extreme Heat 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 7.9 Possible
Flash Flood 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 9.2 Moderate
Hazardous Materials Incident 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 9.4 Moderate Invasive Species 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 8.8 Moderate
Levee Failure 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 5.0 Slight
Localized Stormwater Flooding 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.8 10.7 Substantial Mass Migration 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 4.9 Slight
Pandemic 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.9 11.1 Substantial
Riverine Flooding 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 5.7 Slight
Sea Level Rise 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 10.6 Substantial
Severe Winter Storms 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.2 9.1 Moderate
Slope Failure 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.1 8.0 Possible
Targeted Violence 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.8 10.7 Substantial
Terrorism 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.8 9.5 Moderate
Tsunami 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 10.0 Moderate
Utility Interruption/ PSPS 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.6 10.7 Substantial Water Contamination 2.3 2.0 2.6 2.6 9.4 Moderate
Wildfire 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.3 12.4 High
Windstorms 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 10.9 Substantial
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-6 ANNEX L
L.5.1 AGRICULTURAL EMERGENCIES
There is no agricultural land located within the City, so therefore an agricultural emergency does not pose a direct threat. Since agriculture is a major economic driver in the County, an agricultural emergency could have indirect economic impacts on the City.

L.5.2 COASTAL EROSION
To determine coastal erosion risk, USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Coastal Storm Modeling (CoSMos) shoreline change, and cliff retreat projection data was used. For cliff retreat modeling an end of century (2100) forced sea level rise amount of 200 cm was used based on the Ocean Protection Council (OPC) High Risk Aversion Guidance. For shoreline change, winter erosion uncertainty modeling was used to capture the degree of uncertainty associated with future shoreline erosion. Hold the Line scenario modeling was chosen for both types of erosion. Three sea level rise levels (25 cm, 75 cm, and 200 cm) to represent planning horizons based on OPC Sea Level Rise Projections for the Monterey Tide Gauge. 25 cm of sea level rise represents near term (2030) risk, 75 cm represent mid-term (2060) risk, and 200 cm represent long-term (2100) risk.

Table L-3 summarizes population and property exposure to coastal erosion risk.

Table L-3
Population and Property Exposed to Coastal Erosion Risk in Seaside Sea Level Rise Scenario/
Erosion Type Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Cliff Erosion
Sea Level Rise (25 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Sea Level Rise (75 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Sea Level Rise (200 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Shoreline Erosion
Sea Level Rise (25 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Sea Level Rise (75 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Sea Level Rise (200 cm) 0 0 $0 0 $0
Much of the City lies approximately 2,000 feet inland from the coastline, which provides sufficient distance and protection from coastal erosion risk. Sea level rise and erosion modeling is inherently uncertain, and therefore future modeling could identify people and property at risk to coastal erosion.

Sea level rise could worsen flooding in existing flood hazard areas and could also impact the area north of Broadway Avenue along Del Monte Boulevard. Miles of transportation infrastructure, beaches, recreation areas, and homes and businesses may be at risk to damage from sea level rise and coastal flooding. The City could also be impacted by other types of erosion not profiled in this Plan.

L.5.3 DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE
Dam Failure
The is no population or property in the City located in a mapped dam inundation zone of any of the dams (Nacimiento, San Antonio, Los Padres, and Forest Lake) analyzed in this Plan.

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-7 ANNEX L
Levee Failure
Based on Leveed Area from the US Army Corps of Engineers, National Levee Database, there is no population or property in the City exposed to levee failure risk. Many levees in the County protect important agricultural lands and a significant levee failure could have an indirect economic impact.

L.5.4 DROUGHT AND WATER SHORTAGE
The entire population of the City is vulnerable to drought events. Drought can affect people’s health and safety, including health problems related to low water flows, poor water quality, or dust. Other possible impacts include recreational risks; effects on air quality; diminished living conditions related to energy, air quality, and hygiene; compromised food and nutrition; and increased incidence of illness and disease. Water shortages can affect access to safe, affordable water, with substantial impacts on low-income families and communities burdened with environmental pollution. A prolonged drought could also cause economic impacts. Increased demand for water and electricity may result in shortages and higher costs of these resources. While economic impacts will be most significant on industries that use water or depend on water for their business, cascading economic effects can hurt many sectors of the economy. Agriculture, which will likely be impacted by drought conditions, is a major economic driver in the County, and the City could be impacted economically.

L.5.5 EARTHQUAKE
The entire population of the City is potentially exposed to direct and indirect impacts from earthquakes. Whether directly impacted or indirectly impacted, the entire population will have to deal with the consequences of earthquakes to some degree. Business interruption could keep people from working, road closures could isolate populations, and loss of utilities could impact populations that suffered no direct damage from an event itself. Similarly, all property and critical infrastructure in the City is potentially exposed to earthquake risk. Major highways and bridges would be major critical facility of concern if an earthquake were to occur. Seaside lies in one of three areas that have the highest susceptibility to ground shaking in the County. Approximately 93% of the City’s resident households and a number of critical facilities, highways, and bridges are located in a high shaking hazard area. Strong ground shaking due to earthquakes can cause soils to compact, resulting in local or regional settlement of the ground surface. This settlement can cause moderate to heavy damage to structures and underground utility lines in Seaside.

According to Monterey County Assessor records, there are 7,620 residential and non-residential buildings in the City, with a total value of $2,826,808,392. Since all structures in the City are susceptible to earthquake impacts to varying degrees, this represents the property exposure to seismic events.

Additionally, liquefaction risk was assessed. Table L-4 summarizes population and property in the City exposed to liquefaction risk.

Table L-4
Population and Property Exposed to Liquefaction Risk in Seaside Liquefaction Risk Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
High Liquefaction Susceptibility 115 0 $0 47 $56,085,622 Moderate Liquefaction Susceptibility 49 0 $0 20 $18,994,571 CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-8 ANNEX L
The majority of Seaside has low relative liquefaction susceptibility, with the beach area of the City having moderate susceptibility. The southern portion of Seaside, near Roberts Lake and Laguna Grande Lake, has moderate, high, and/or variable liquefaction risk.

L.5.6 FLOODING
FEMA flood zones were used to assess flooding risk. The City is susceptible to flooding, particularly in a small coastal area west of Highway 1, and additional areas adjacent to Roberts Lake, Laguna Grande, and associated drainage areas. These areas are subject to a one-percent-annual-chance-flood, also referred to as a 100-year flood zone. The rest of the City is in a 500-year flood zone and is subject to a zero point two-percent (0.2 percent) chance-flood event. Table L-5 summarizes population and property in the City in the 100-year and 500-year floodplain.

Table L-5
Population and Property Exposed to Flooding Risk in Seaside FEMA Flood Zone Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
100-Year Flood Zone 0 0 $0 25 $47,811,746
500-Year Flood Zone 25,549 5,461 $2,345,735,210 2,106 $460,720,029 L.5.7 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT
To assess hazardous materials incident risk, buffer distances were used. The chosen buffer distance was based on guidelines in the US Department of Transportation’s Emergency Response Guidebook that suggest distances useful to protect people from vapors resulting from spills involving dangerous goods considered toxic if inhaled. The recommended buffer distance referred to in the guide as the “protective action distance” is the area surrounding the incident in which people are at risk of harmful exposure. For purposes of this plan, a buffer distance of one mile was used, but actual buffer distances will vary depending on the nature and quantity of the release, whether the release occurred during the night or daytime, and prevailing weather conditions.

To analyze the risk to a transportation-related hazardous materials release, a one-mile buffer was applied to highways in the US Dept of Transportation, National Transportation Atlas Database. The result is a two-mile buffer zone around each transportation corridor that is used for this analysis. Risk from a fixed facility hazardous materials release, was analyzed using a one-mile buffer was applied facilities identified in the Monterey County 2019 Hazardous Materials Plan. The result was a one-mile buffer zone around each facility. Table L-6 summarizes population and property that could be exposed to both mobile and fixed hazardous materials incidents.

Table L-6
Population and Property Exposed to Hazardous Materials Incident Risk in Seaside Hazardous Materials
Incident Type Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Mobile Source 22,109 3,485 $1,543,482,883 1,745 $452,468,201 Fixed Source 0 0 $0 0 $0

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-9 ANNEX L
As cities age, land uses associated with hazardous materials are often abandoned. These uses include former industrial properties, gasoline stations, and military sites. Uses such as this may have soils and groundwater that are contaminated and are often referred to as “brownfields.” Seaside has a number of hazardous waste sites located largely in the southwestern part of the City, as well as underground storage tanks located in the northeastern part of the City. Of the hazardous waste sites in Seaside, there is one Federal Superfund site, located on former Fort Ord lands, and two state response sites that have land use restrictions. Throughout the City, there are seven open or active cleanup sites (including leaking underground storage tank (LUST) sites), in addition to 28 closed LUST cases.

The Fort Ord Superfund Site was added to the Superfund National Priorities List of Hazardous Waste Sites on February 21, 1990. While most of the former Fort Ord is now part of the Fort Ord National Monument, much of the area located in Seaside has been or will be converted from military to civilian land uses. While many old military buildings and infrastructure remain abandoned, others have been demolished. Hazardous materials and toxic waste sites at the former Fort Ord consist of a wide variety of materials including industrial chemicals, petrochemicals, domestic and industrial wastes (as seen in landfills), asbestos and lead-based paint in buildings, above- and underground storage tanks, artillery and explosives.

The identification, remediation, and disposal of hazardous waste associated with the Superfund cleanup process of Fort Ord takes place under the Federal Facilities Agreement (FFA). The US Army is responsible for conducting the Superfund cleanup process, and the US EPA is the lead agency for regulatory enforcement and oversight of Superfund activities. Remnant safety hazard issues are also present on the former Fort Ord resulting from previous U.S. Army munitions training operations. In 2007, a remediation program was created to provide coordinated access for bikers, hikers, runners, and equestrians to the new Fort Ord National Monument
L.5.8 HUMAN CAUSED HAZARDS
It is often quite difficult to quantify the potential losses from human-caused hazards. While facilities themselves have a tangible dollar value, loss from a human-caused hazard often inflicts an even greater toll on a community, both economically and emotionally. The impact to identified values will vary from event to event and depend on the type, location, and nature of a specific incident.

L.5.9 PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS
All citizens in the City could be susceptible to the human health hazards. A large outbreak or epidemic, a pandemic or a use of biological agents as a weapon of mass destruction could have devastating effects on the population. While all of the population is at risk to the human health hazards, the young and the elderly, those with compromised immune systems, and those with special needs are most vulnerable. The introduction of a disease such as influenza or the COVID-19 virus have impacted the whole population of the City, specifically vulnerable populations.

L.5.10 SEVERE WEATHER
All severe weather events profiled in this Plan have the potential to happen anywhere in the City.

Vulnerable populations are the elderly, low income or linguistically isolated populations, people with life-threatening illnesses, and residents living in areas that are isolated from major roads. Properties in CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-10 ANNEX L
poor condition or in high-risk locations may be susceptible to the most damage. All critical facilities in the City likely exposed to severe weather hazards. The most common problems associated with severe weather are loss of utilities and compromised access to roadways. Prolonged periods of extreme heat could result in power outages caused by increased demand for power for cooling.

The FEMA National Risk Index calculates annualized frequency, exposure and annual expected loss of building value and population to some severe weather hazards identified in this Plan. Based on zip code and census tract Countywide data was used to identify annualized frequency, exposure, and annual expected loss in the City from severe weather hazards. Though the entire City is considered vulnerable to these hazards, the FEMA data was used in this risk assessment to provide scale for the potential risk and impacts. FEMA National Risk Index data from frequency and exposure to severe weather hazards is summarized in Table L-7.

Table L-7
Annualized Frequency and Exposure to Severe Weather Events in Seaside Hail Strong Wind
Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.27 Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.06 Exposed Population 22,668 Exposed Population 22,668
Exposed Building Values $1,665,961,000 Exposed Building Values $1,665,961,000 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $0 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $70
Heat Wave Tornado
Frequency (Event-Days) 0.08 Frequency (Distinct Events) 1.09 Exposed Population 22,668 Exposed Population 22,668
Exposed Building Values $1,665,961,000 Exposed Building Values $1,665,961,000 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $1 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $31,131,774
Lightning Winter Weather
Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.41 Frequency (Event-Days) 0.00 Exposed Population 22,668 Exposed Population 0
Exposed Building Values $1,665,961,000 Exposed Building Values $0 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $305 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $0
Source: FEMA National Risk Index
L.5.11 SLOPE FAILURE
Based on the FEMA National Risk Index, 3,296 people and $305,007,976 in building value in the City is exposed to landslide risk. Additionally, the City is not susceptible earthquake induced to landslides.

Seaside has low susceptibility to landslides, as it lacks hills and steep bluffs. However, landslides and surficial slope failure are most likely to occur in areas with a slope greater than 25% and along steep bluffs. Extensive areas in the southeastern portion of the City have slopes in excess of 30%. Certain areas have slopes approaching vertical. Development is limited in these areas because of the severe erosion and landslide hazard that exists.

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-11 ANNEX L
L.5.12 TSUNAMI
Population and property located in a mapped tsunami inundation zone is summarized in Table L-8.

Table L-8
Population and Property in Tsunami Inundation Zone in Seaside Inundation Zone Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Tsunami Inundation Zone 49 0 $0 36 $51,541,447
Much of the City of Seaside lies approximately 2,000 feet inland from the coastline, which should provide sufficient distance and protection from tsunamis.

L.5.13 UTILITY INTERRUPTION
All residents, visitors, and property in the City is exposed and vulnerable to utility interruptions. All critical facilities and infrastructure in the City that is operated by electricity is exposed and vulnerable to utility interruption.

L.5.14 WILDFIRE
For purposes of this analysis CAL FIRE Fire Threat data was used. Fire Threat combines expected fire frequency with potential fire behavior to create 4 threat classes, extreme, very high, high, and moderate.

Table L-9 summarizes population and property in the City in very high, high, and moderate fire threat areas.

Table L-9
Population and Property Exposed to Wildfire Risk in Seaside CAL FIRE Wildfire Threat Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Very High Fire Threat 0 0 $0 0 $0
High Fire Threat 3,764 14 $14,211,519 36 $742,995
Moderate Fire Threat 10,121 183 $141,599,152 180 $56,893,553 The undeveloped areas in the northern and eastern portions of the City are highly prone to wildland fires. These areas contain grassland with many steeper areas with brushland and wooded slopes. The State of California Department of Forestry rates these areas as extreme wildfires hazard areas based on slope characteristics, climate, fuel loading, and water availability. These areas could create safety hazards for residents within the community.

L.5.15 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE
The effects of climate change are varied and include warmer and more varied weather patterns and temperature changes. Climate change will affect the people, property, economy, and ecosystems in the City and will exacerbate the risk posed by many of the hazards previously profiled in this Plan.

Climate change will have a measurable impact on the occurrence and severity of natural hazards.

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-12 ANNEX L
Increasing temperatures and rising sea-levels will have direct impacts on public health and infrastructure. Drought, coastal and inland flooding, and wildfire will likely affect people’s livelihoods and the local economy. Changing weather patterns and more extreme conditions are likely to impact tourism and the rural economies, along with changes to agriculture and crops, which are a critical backbone of Monterey County’s economic success. There will also be negative impacts to ecosystems, both on land and in the ocean, leading to local extinctions, migrations, and management challenges.

L.6 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
The City of Seaside performed an inventory and analysis of existing capabilities, plans, programs, and policies that enhance its ability to implement mitigation strategies. This section summarizes the following findings of the assessment:
• An assessment of planning and regulatory capabilities is presented in Table L-10 • An assessment of administrative and technical capabilities is presented in Table L-11 • An assessment of fiscal capabilities is presented in Table L-12 • An assessment of education and outreach capabilities is presented in Table L-13 • Classifications under various community mitigation programs are presented in Table L-14 • A summary of participation in and compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is provided in Section L.6.1 in Table L-15
• An overall self-assessment of capability is presented in Section L.6.2 in Table L-16 Table L-10
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document Department Comments
Planning Documents
General Plan ☒  Community Development Update to General Plan estimated for adoption in 2022.

Capital Improvement Plan ☒  Engineering
Floodplain Management Plan ☐  Engineering
Open Space Management Plan ☒  Public Works
Stormwater Management Plan ☐  Engineering
Coastal Management Plan ☒  Community Development
Local Coastal Program ☒  Community Development The LCP was certified in 2013 Climate Action/ Adaptation Plan ☐  Community Development The City will hire a consultant in 2022 to complete this work.

Emergency Operations Plan ☒  Fire Department
Continuity of Operations Plan ☒  Fire Department
Community Wildfire Protection
Plan ☐
Evacuation Plan ☒  Fire Department
 Police Department
Currently merging plan with
County’s plan
Disaster Recovery Plan ☒  Fire Department Part of EOP
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-13 ANNEX L
Table L-10
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document Department Comments
Economic Development Plan ☒  Community Development
 Economic Development
Economic Opportunity Plan
(General Plan also has related
strategies and policies)
Historic Preservation Plan ☐ The City has no historic
buildings or designations.

Transportation Plan ☒  TAMC
Codes, Ordinances & Requirements
Floodplain Ordinance ☒  Engineering Seaside Municipal Code - Chapter 15.28 Flood Control
Zoning Ordinance ☒  Community Development
SMC 17. As part of General Plan
update, zoning code is being
updated.

Subdivision Ordinance ☒  Community Development SMC 16
Site Plan Review Requirements ☒
 Community Development
 Public Works
 Building Department

Unified Development Ordinance ☐
Post-Disaster Redevelopment/
Reconstruction Ordinance ☐
Building Code ☒  Building Department
Fire Prevention Code ☒  Fire Department

Table L-11
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
knowledge of land development
and land management practices
☒
 Community Development
 Public Works
 Engineering

Engineer(s) or professional(s)
trained in construction practices
related to buildings and/or
infrastructure
☒
 Engineering
 Public Works
 Building Department

Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
an understanding of manmade
or natural hazards
☒
 Community Development
 Engineering
 Public Works

Building Inspector ☒  Building Department
Emergency Manager ☒  Fire Department
Floodplain Manager ☒  Engineering
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-14 ANNEX L
Table L-11
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Land Surveyors ☐
Resource development staff or
grant writers ☒
 Community Development
 Public Works
 Engineering

Public Information Officer ☒  City Manager Department
Scientist(s) familiar with the
hazards of the community ☐
Staff with education or expertise
to assess the community’s
vulnerability to hazards
☒
 Community Development
 Engineering
 Fire Department
 Building Department

Personnel skilled in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) ☒  Community Development
 Engineering
Maintenance programs to
reduce risk ☒  Public Works
Warning systems/services ☒  Monterey County
Mutual Aid Agreements ☒  Police Department
 Fire Department
PD, Fire has agreement with
County for Mutual Aid
Other
Environmental Services Cooperative Agreement (ESCA): this is a long- term implementation grant agreement from the Army. Under this grant, the City is responsible for the long term implementation and monitoring of land use controls that have been put in place, across more than 3300 acres of the former Fort Ord, to address residual safety issues that remain now that the cleanup of munitions has been completed. Land that has been cleared of munitions for their designated reuse has been transferred to the City of Seaside, the City of Del Rey Oaks, the City of Monterey, California State University, Monterey Bay (Marina), and the County of Monterey.

Table L-12
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
General Funds ☒  Engineering
 Public Works
Capital Improvements Project
Funding ☒  Engineering
 Public Works
Special Purpose Taxes ☒ If measure is introduced and
passes
Stormwater Utility Fees ☐ Under consideration
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-15 ANNEX L
Table L-12
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
Gas / Electric Utility Fees ☒  Finance Directed to general fund Water / Sewer Fees ☒  Finance Special District
Development Impact Fees ☐
General Obligation Bonds ☒  Finance For special specific projects Special Tax and Revenue Bonds ☒  Finance For special specific projects Community Development Block
Grants (CDBG) ☐  Community Development
City of Seaside gets CDBG,
CDBG-CV3 funds, but not
CDBG-MIT currently

Table L-13
Education and Outreach Capability
Educational and Outreach
Resources Department Comments
Local citizen or non-profit
groups focused on
environmental protection,
emergency preparedness,
access and functional needs
populations, etc.
☒  Community Development
 Fire Department
Community Development has
contacts for various nonprofits
that may be of assistance. Fire
Department provides
emergency preparedness
Ongoing public education or
information program (e.g.,
responsible water use, fire
safety, household preparedness,
environmental education)
☒
 Police Department
 Fire Department
 Community Development
 Engineering
Participation in community
events. Fire Department Open
House, Sustainable Seaside
non-profit Earth Day event,
National Night Out.

Natural disaster or safety
related school programs ☐
Public-private partnership
initiatives addressing disaster-
related issues
☐

Table L-14
Community Classifications
Participating? Classification Effective Date
Community Rating System (CRS) No - -
ISO Public Protection Classification Yes 2
StormReady Certification Yes
TsunamiReady Certification No - -
Firewise Communities Certification No - -
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-16 ANNEX L
L.6.1 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP) COMPLIANCE Table L-15
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Compliance
Designated Floodplain Administrator: Nisha Patel, Public Works Director/City Engineer NFIP Community Number: 060203
Flood Insurance Policies in Force: 10
Insurance Coverage in Force: $2,789,000
Written Premium in Force: $3,748
Total Loss Claims: 2
Total Payments for Losses: $125,032
Adopted Regulations that meet NFIP Requirements:
• Seaside Municipal Code - Chapter 15.28 Flood Control last revised by Ordinance 744 adopted July 21, 1988.]
Date of last NFIP Community Assistance Visit (CAV):

Unknown.

Higher standards that exceed minimum NFIP requirement:
• California Building Codes
• Regulations that require no use of fill for structural support of buildings • Within Zone E on the Flood Insurance Rate Map, a setback is required for all new development from the ocean, lake, bay, riverfront or other body of water to create a safety buffer consisting of a natural vegetative or contour strip. This buffer shall be designated according to the flood- related erosion hazard and erosion rate, in relation to the anticipated “useful life” of structures, and depending upon the geologic, hydrologic, topographic, and climatic characteristics of the land. The buffer may be used for suitable open space purposes, such as for agricultural, forestry, outdoor recreation, and wildlife habitat areas, and for other activities using temporary and portable structures only.

Additional floodplain management provisions:
• Seaside Municipal Code Chapter 8.46, Urban Storm Water Quality Management and Discharge Control
• Seaside Municipal Code Chapter 15.32, Standards to Control Excavation, Grading and Erosion Floodplain management activities performed that go beyond FEMA minimum requirements:

The City routinely maintains storm drain catch basins; with the goal of cleaning each catch basin at least once annually.

Existing impediments to running an effective NFIP program:

None identified.

Specific actions that are ongoing or considered related to continued compliance with the NFIP:

None identified.

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-17 ANNEX L
L.6.2 SELF- ASSESSMENT OF CAPABILITY
Table L-16
Self-Assessment of Capability
Capability Degree of Capability
Planning and Regulatory Capability High
Administrative and Technical Capability High
Fiscal Capability Limited
Education and Outreach Capability High
Political Capability Moderate
Overall Capability Moderate
L.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPAND/ IMPROVE MITIGATION CAPABILITIES Planning, regulatory, fiscal, administrative, technical, education, and outreach capabilities can all be expanded or improved using a combination of the following strategies:
• Increase capacity through staffing
• Training, and enhanced coordination among all department and jurisdictions • Emergency management/hazard specific program enhancements, training, and exercising • Increased funding opportunities and capacity
• Implementation of mitigation actions and projects
• Continuous research on grant opportunities for emergency management, hazard mitigation, and infrastructure and community development.

Capabilities and abilities to expand or improve existing policies and programs will be re-evaluated during the next Hazard Mitigation Plan update and annual plan review meetings.

L.6.4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANNING INITIATIVES
The information on hazards, risk, vulnerability and mitigation contained in this hazard mitigation plan is based on the best available data. Plan integration is the incorporation of this information into other relevant planning mechanisms, such as general planning and capital improvement planning. It includes the integration of natural hazard information and mitigation policies, principles and actions into local planning mechanisms and vice versa. Additionally, plan integration is achieved though the involvement of key staff and community officials in collaboratively planning for hazard mitigation. This section identifies where such integration is already in place, and where there are opportunities for further integration in the future.

Existing Integration
In the performance period since adoption of the previous hazard mitigation plan, the City made progress on integrating hazard mitigation goals, objectives, and actions into other planning initiatives.

The following plans and programs currently integrate components of the hazard mitigation strategy:
• Capital Improvement Plan: The capital improvement plan includes projects that can help mitigate potential hazards. The City will strive to ensure consistency between the hazard mitigation plan and the current and future capital improvement plan. The hazard mitigation plan may identify new CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-18 ANNEX L
possible funding sources for capital improvement projects and may result in modifications to proposed projects based on results of the risk assessment. • Building Code: The City’s adoption of the 2016 California Building Code incorporated local modifications addressing seismic and fire hazards.
• Regulatory Codes: A number of the City’s existing codes and ordinances include provisions to reduce hazard risk including the zoning code, storm water management code and flood damage prevention ordinance.
• 2022 General Plan Update: The General Plan incorporates information on natural hazard risk and polices to reduce risk in its safety element.
• Sewer System Master Plan: Considers relevant risk and hazard information from the Hazard Mitigation Plan relevant to the Sewer System.

Opportunities for Future Integration
The General Plan and the hazard mitigation plan are complementary documents that work together to achieve the goal of reducing risk exposure. The General Plan is considered to be an integral part of this plan. An update to the General Plan may trigger an update to the hazard mitigation plan. The City, through adoption of a General Plan and zoning ordinance, has planned for the impact of natural hazards. The process of updating this hazard mitigation plan provided the opportunity to review and expand on policies in these planning mechanisms. The City will create a linkage between the hazard mitigation plan and the General Plan by identifying a mitigation action as such and giving that action a high priority. Other planning processes and programs that may be coordinated with the recommendations of the hazard mitigation plan include the following:
• General Plan, including the Safety Element
• Emergency Operations Plans
• Climate Action and Adaptation Plans
• Debris management plans
• Recovery plans
• Capital improvement programs
• Municipal codes
• Community design guidelines
• Water-efficient landscape design guidelines
• Stormwater management programs
• Water system vulnerability assessments
• Community wildfire protection plans
• Comprehensive flood hazard management plans
• Resiliency plans
• Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Recovery action plans • Public information/education plans
Some action items do not need to be implemented through regulation. Instead, these items can be implemented through the creation of new educational programs, continued interagency coordination, or improved public participation. As information becomes available from other planning mechanisms that can enhance this plan, that information will be integrated via the update process.

CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-19 ANNEX L
L.7 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Problem Statements are statements of particular interest regarding primary hazards of concern, geographic areas of concern, or vulnerable community assets. As part of the planning process, the City of Seaside Planning Committee identified key vulnerabilities and hazards of concern applicable to their jurisdiction. The Hazard Problem Statements were based on the risk assessment, the vulnerability analysis, and local knowledge.

Hazard Problem Statements helped the Planning Committee identify common issues and weaknesses, determine appropriate mitigation strategies, and understand the realm of resources needed for mitigation. Hazard Problem Statements for the City of Seaside are identified below:
• A critical flooding concern for the city exists in areas along Roberts Lake and Laguna Grande Lake, particularly during heavy rains during winter storms combined with high tides. City Hall and the Police Station are considered vulnerable to flooding due to their low-lying location and proximity to Laguna Grande Lake.
• The City continues to coordinate on potential alternative solutions to problems caused by the 90” outfall in Sand City, which continues to get plugged by shifting sands, preventing drainage of stormwater runoff from Seaside (and Sand City).
• City Hall and the Police Station are susceptible to liquefaction during a major earthquake event. • The City is concerned with the long-term effects of sea level rise, particularly in terms of exacerbating the effects of saltwater intrusion already being seen in Seaside’s aquifer to the north. • Ingress/egress to the city is limited to only several main transportation corridors (Highway 1 and Route 68) which creates evacuation concerns for the city in response to a major hazard event. • Climate change is likely to increase the magnitude and impact of storm events, which will exacerbate the impact and lead to more frequent flood events • The City is concerned about the high threat of wildland fire due to existing fuels in combination with large areas of urban/wildland interface and intermix. Areas of concern include former Fort Ord lands, which include areas where the City is developing. Future climate change and drought conditions is likely to increase wildfire risk.
• The City is concerned about exposure to hazardous materials leaks. This risk is likely to increase due to changing industries within Seaside.

L.8 MITIGATION GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTIONS
The mitigation strategy is the guidebook to future hazard mitigation administration, capturing the key outcomes of the MJHMP planning process. The mitigation strategy is intended to reduce vulnerabilities outlined in the previous section with a prescription of policies and physical projects. These mitigation actions should be compatible with existing planning mechanisms and should outline specific roles and resources for implementation success.

The City of Seaside Planning Team used the same mitigation action prioritization method as described in Mitigation Strategy in Volume 1, which included a benefit-cost analysis and consideration of mitigation alternatives. Based upon the risk assessment results and the City’s planning committee priorities, a list of mitigation actions was developed. The Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix, in Table CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-20 ANNEX L
L-18 lists each priority mitigation action, identifies time frame, the responsible party, potential funding sources, and prioritization, which meet the requirements of FEMA and DMA 2000.

Status of Previous Plan Actions
All actions from the 2016 Plan were reviewed and updated by the City during the planning process.

Table L-17 includes the status of action previous plan completed or removed from the previous plan.

In order to improve the mitigation action plan for this Plan update and align with the countywide Mitigation Action Plan, the City added more specificity and detail to previous plan actions in addition to the new actions added to the Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix.

Table L-17
City of Seaside Status of Previous Plan Actions
2016
Action # Description Status

1.07 Assure that evacuation is safe and efficient. Completed/ To Be Continued

1.08 Assure that shelters have adequate capacity. Completed/ To Be Continued

1.09 Assure that the City is prepared to shelter populations that the Red Cross will not (for example, those who are sick).

Completed/ To
Be Continued

1.1 Consider fire safety, evacuation, and emergency vehicle access when reviewing proposals to add secondary units or additional residential units in areas exposed to high fire threat.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

1.12 Ensure the safety of pets in an emergency. Completed/ To Be Continued

2.01 Maintain the Seaside Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) and update it on a regular basis. This is to be accomplished by: making the LHMP a part of the City's General Plan; conducting quarterly meetings of the LHMP Working Group; reviewing the plan 2 years after final approval and conducting a major update of the plan within 4 years of approval.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

3.18 Identify areas susceptible to tsunami. Completed

3.19 Identify mitigation measures for tsunami. Completed

3.2 Identify areas susceptible to wildfire. Completed

3.21 Identify mitigation measures for wildfire. Completed

3.22 Ensure that all new construction in areas susceptible to fire is completed using fire resistant design techniques that will limit damage caused by fires. For example, require Class A roofing materials for all homes in areas susceptible to fires.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

3.24 Develop a defensible space vegetation program that includes the clearing or thinning of non-fire resistive vegetation, or all non-native species, within 30 feet of access and evacuation roads/routes to critical facilities.

Note: The roads that border the Army's Historic Impact Area were transferred with requirements related to the upkeep and maintenance Completed/ To
Be Continued
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-21 ANNEX L
Table L-17
City of Seaside Status of Previous Plan Actions
2016
Action # Description Status
of fuel breaks. This area has specific planning/design considerations.

The Army has a few areas that still require munitions cleanup. Other locations inside the area are proposed for future prescribed burns.

3.25 Require that development in high fire hazard areas provide adequate access roads (with width and vertical clearance that meet minimum standards of the Fire Code), onsite fire protection system, evacuation signage, and fuel breaks.

Note: The roads that border the Army's Historic Impact Area were transferred with requirements related to the upkeep and maintenance of fuel breaks. This area has specific planning/design considerations.

The Army has a few areas that still require munitions cleanup. Other locations inside the area are proposed for future prescribed burns.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

3.29 Maintain geographic information system and data to accurately reflect existing utilities and critical facilities.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

3.32 Improve the utilization of existing information in the forecasting of natural hazards. The City will continue to use NOAA information and to coordinate with Monterey County, along with other available data.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

4.01 Provide public information on locations for obtaining sandbags and deliver sandbags to locations throughout the City prior to and during the rainy season.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

4.04 Work with local schools (Monterey Peninsula Unified School District and private schools) on disaster preparedness for school children.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

4.07 Explore the feasibility of using "Reverse 911" technology to notify the public about impending disasters, Amber Alerts, etc. Completed

4.09 Use disaster anniversaries, such as October (Loma Prieta earthquake), to remind the public of safety and security mitigation activities.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

4.17 Provide information to the public related to family and personal planning for delays due to traffic or road closures.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

4.2 Provide information to residents on the availability of hazard maps on the City's website.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

6.02 Assure that the Emergency Operations Center is adequately equipped to handle a disaster. Completed

6.03 Maintain the Emergency Operations Center in fully functional state of readiness. Completed

6.04 Conduct an Emergency Operations Center full activation exercise at least annually.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

6.05 Ensure the protection of communications. Completed/ To Be Continued

6.07 Improve communications among all City departments. Completed CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-22 ANNEX L
Table L-17
City of Seaside Status of Previous Plan Actions
2016
Action # Description Status

6.08 Ensure that Fire and Police personnel have adequate radios, breathing apparatus, protective gear, and other equipment needed to respond to a major disaster.

Completed

6.13 Assure temporary and/or mobile office space on high ground is available to the Police Department in the event of a flood or tsunami. Completed

6.15 Develop procedures for the emergency evacuation of areas identified on tsunami evacuation maps. Completed

6.2 Promote information sharing among neighboring cities, the county, the state and federal agencies.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

7.01 Assure that backup systems exist for critical utilities to the greatest extent possible.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

7.02 Talk with local utility companies about their hazard mitigation plans. Completed/ To Be Continued

7.05 Retrofit or replace critical lifeline facilities and/or backup facilities that are shown to be vulnerable to damage in natural disasters.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

7.09 Coordinate with PG&E and others to investigate ways of minimizing the likelihood that power interruptions will adversely impact vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and disabled.

Completed

7.07 Pre-position emergency power generation capacity (or have rental/lease agreements for these generators) in critical buildings to maintain continuity of government and services.

Completed/ To
Be Continued

7.11 Assure that utility lines are installed underground for new development. Completed

7.23 Update Sewer System Master Plan. Completed
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-23 ANNEX L
L City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Table L-18
City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazards(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
1 Ongoing/
Continuous Flooding
Provide sandbags and plastic sheeting to residents in
anticipation of rainstorms and deliver these materials to disabled and elderly residents on request.

High Public Works General Fund
2 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Ascertain historical incidence and frequency of occurrence of hazards through the development and maintenance of the
City of Seaside LHMP.

High All General Fund
and Grant
3 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Develop a matrix containing each mitigation goal and actions, relevant hazards, along with project status, funding, and responsible department. This matrix is to be reviewed 2 years after completion of the LHMP and updated within 4 years.

High All General Fund
and Grant
4 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Pursue grant opportunities to obtain funding for mitigation activities that protect the City's most vulnerable populations and structures.

High Finance Grants,
General Fund
5 Ongoing/
Continuous Earthquake
Continue to actively implement existing State law that
requires the City to maintain lists of addresses of unreinforced masonry buildings and inform property owners that they own this type of hazardous structure.

High Building General Fund
6 Ongoing/
Continuous Flooding
Continue to repair and make structural improvements to
storm drains, pipelines, and channels to enable them to perform their design capacity in handling water flows.

High Public Works General Fund
7 Ongoing/
Continuous Flooding
Continue maintenance efforts to keep storm drains and
channels free of obstructions to allow for the free flow of water.

High Public Works General Fund
8 Ongoing/
Continuous Flooding
Ensure that new development pays its fair share of
improvements to the storm drainage system necessary to
accommodate increased flows from the development.

High
Planning,
Public Works,
Building
General Fund
9 Ongoing/
Continuous Flooding Encourage homeowners in flood-prone areas to participate in home elevation programs. High Building General Fund
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-24 ANNEX L
Table L-18
City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazards(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
10 Ongoing/
Continuous Flooding
Ensure that new developments are designed to reduce or
eliminate flood damage by requiring lots and rights-of-way are laid out for the provision of approved sewer and drainage facilities, providing on-site detention facilities whenever practical.

High Planning,
Building General Fund
11 Continuous Wildfire,
Drought
Develop a coordinated approach between fire jurisdictions and water supply agencies to identify improvements to the water distribution system, focusing on areas of highest wildfire hazard. Ensure a reliable source of water for fire suppression (meeting acceptable standards for minimum
volume and duration of flow) for existing and new
development. Continue the recently formed Fire Flow Task Force with Cal Am Water and other stakeholders.

High Fire, Public
Works
General Fund
and Grant
12 Ongoing/
Continuous All, Wildfire Maintain fire roads and public right-of-way roads and keep them passable at all times so that access to areas is assured. High Fire, Public Works General Fund
13 In progress/
1-4 years Earthquakes
Adopt a City ordinance that requires the following measures to reduce fire ignitions due to earthquakes: bracing of gas- fired appliances and equipment; flexible couplings on gas appliances; and the bolting of homes to their foundations and strengthening of cripple walls.

High Building General Fund
14 Ongoing/ 1-
2 years All Build and maintain geographic information system and data to improve permitting and building construction. Moderate Public Works, Building General Fund
15 In progress/
1-2 years
Earthquake,
Tsunami,
Flooding,
Wildfire
Investigate HAZUS to estimate earthquake, tsunami, flood, and wildfire damage in the City. Moderate Finance,
Public Works General Fund
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-25 ANNEX L
Table L-18
City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazards(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
16 In progress/
1-2 years All
Explore training opportunities for City personnel in the use of the HAZUS program. Provide this training for key employees and obtain assistance in date entry for the HAZUS program.

Moderate Finance,
Public Works General Fund
17 Ongoing/ as
Needed All Aid homeowners whose homes were damaged by disasters by providing a streamlined permitting process for the rebuilding. Moderate Building, City Manager
General Fund
and Grants
18 Ongoing
Continuous Earthquakes Encourage the retrofitting of unreinforced masonry structures. Moderate Building General Fund
19 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Update Geographical Information System (GIS) database to integrate hazard risk areas with existing data. Continue to coordinate with the County to integrate their database.

Low Public Works General Fund
20 Ongoing/
Continuous All Review census data to locate vulnerable populations. Low Finance, Public Works General Fund
21 1-4 years All Pass a City ordinance that will limit building in high-risk areas. Low Building General Fund 22 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Work with critical health care facilities (long-term care, primary care, or specialty clinics such as home health
agencies, or group homes) to ensure that critical facilities are structurally sound and have nonstructural system designed to remain functional following disasters.

Low Public Works,
Building General Fund
23 Ongoing/
Continuous Earthquake Research funding options for the retrofit of seismically deficient City-owned bridges and road structures. Low Public Works General Fund and Grants
24 Ongoing /
Continuous Flooding Identify buildings at risk from 100-and 500-year floods. Low Public Works General Fund 25 Ongoing /
Continuous Wildfire
Develop a list of programs and resources that provide low- interest loans for residents and businesses to retrofit with fire resistant materials.

Low Fire General Fund
and Grants
26 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Increase the level of knowledge and awareness for Seaside City residents on the hazards that routinely threaten the area through appropriate City public education outlets.

Moderate All General Fund
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-26 ANNEX L
Table L-18
City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazards(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
27 Ongoing/
Continuous All Obtain adequate funding for public outreach programs. Moderate Finance General Fund 28 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Encourage citizens to participate in the Community
Emergency Response Team (CERT) program through City
public education outlets.

Moderate Fire General Fund
29 In Progress All Develop materials related to disaster mitigation and preparedness in other languages. Moderate All General Fund 30 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Disseminate information on what to do during and after a hazard event through appropriate City public education
outlets, in cooperation with the County and State Offices of Emergency Services and the American Red Cross.

Moderate All General Fund
31 Ongoing/
Continuous All
Continue to identify Seaside's most vulnerable critical facilities and evaluate the potential mitigation techniques for
protecting each facility to the maximum extent possible.

High All General Fund
32 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
All
Conduct comprehensive programs to identify and mitigate problems with facility contents, architectural components, and equipment that will prevent critical building from being functional after major natural disasters.

High Public Works General Fund
33 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
Earthquake
Ensure that all critical facilities are seismically upgraded to the greatest extent possible, in accordance with the most recent building codes.

High Building General Fund
34 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
Flooding
Ensure that all critical facilities located in the floodplain are adequately protected from flooding to the greatest extent possible, in accordance with the most recent building codes.

High Building General Fund
35 Ongoing /
Continuous All Provide necessary repairs to maintain critical facilities in top physical condition. High Public Works General Fund
36 In Progress/
1 year All Develop a "Continuity of Government Plan" following FEMA guidelines. High Fire General Fund
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-27 ANNEX L
Table L-18
City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazards(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
37 In Progress/
1-4 years All Upgrade the City's communications plan. High Fire, Police General Fund 38 In Progress/
1-4 years All Have back-up emergency power available for critical intersection traffic signals. High Public Works,
Fire, Police) General Fund
39 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
Earthquake
Participate in the Office of Emergency Services Safety
Assessment Program which formalizes arrangements with
engineers, building officials and other qualified people to report to the City, assess damage, and determine if buildings can be reoccupied after a disaster.

High Building,
Public Works General Fund
40 In Progress/
1 year All
Prepare a recovery plan that outlines the major issues and tasks that are likely to be the key elements of community recovery, as well as integrate this planning into response planning.

High All General Fund
41 In Progress/
1 year All
Ensure that emergency services include more than the
coordination of Police and Fire responses, but also planning activities with providers of water, food, energy,
transportation, financial, information, and public health services.

High All General Fund
42 Ongoing/
Continuous/ All Provide a new, expanded Public Works Corporation Yard on City-owned former Fort Ord lands. High Public Works General Fund or Measure
43 Ongoing/
Continuous/ All Ensure the safety of data by adequately backing up essential records and financial information. Moderate City Manager General Fund 44 In Progress/
1-2 years All
Develop and maintain a system of interoperable
communications for first responders from cities, the county, the state and federal agencies.

Moderate Fire, Police Grant
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-28 ANNEX L
Table L-18
City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazards(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
45 In Progress/
1-4 years All
Improve emergency response communications, including
building redundant capacity into public safety alerting, replacing or hardening microwave and simulcast systems, adding digital encryption for programmable radios, and
ensuring a plug-and-play capability for amateur radio.

High Police, Fire General Fund
and Grants
46 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
All
Plan for speeding the repair and functional restoration of lifeline systems through stockpiling of shoring materials, temporary pumps, surface pipelines, portable hydrants, and other supplies.

High Public Works,
Fire, Police
Seaside
Sanitation
and Water
District Funds
47 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
All
Identify critical areas that would need portable facilities (such as hoses, pumps, generators, or other equipment) to allow pipelines to bypass failure zones such as fault rupture areas, areas of liquefactions, and other ground failure areas.

High Public Works
Seaside
Sanitation
District Funds
48 In the CIP/
1-10 years
All,
Earthquake
As funding becomes available, install portable facilities to allow pipelines to bypass critical failure zones such as fault rupture areas, liquefaction areas, and ground failure areas.

High Public Works
Seaside
Sanitation
District Funds
49 In the CIP/
1-4 years Earthquake Replace or retrofit water-retention structures that are determined to be structurally deficient. High Public Works Seaside
Water
District Funds
50 In the CIP Flooding,
Earthquake Repair 90" Storm Drain Outlet. High Public Works Seaside
Sanitation
District Funds
51 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-2 years
All Survey Seaside County Sanitation District facilities by remote TV. High Public Works
Seaside
Sanitation
District Funds
52 In the CIP/
1-4 years All Provide new emergency generator set for Seaside City Hall. High Public Works General Fund CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-29 ANNEX L
Table L-18
City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazards(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
53 Ongoing/ 1-
4 years All Replace mainline sanitary sewer lines. High Public Works Seaside
Sanitation
District Funds
54 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
All Rehabilitate Sanitation District pump stations as needed. High Public Works Seaside
Sanitation
District Funds
55 Ongoing/
Continuous Flooding Ensure that utility systems in new development are constructed in ways that reduce or eliminate flood damage. Moderate Building, Public Works General Fund
56 1-4 years
Severe
Weather,
Wildfire,
Utility
Interruption
Establish underground utility district for Highland Avenue. Moderate Public Works General Fund 57 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
Earthquake
Encourage owners of buildings leased by special districts or utility companies to participate in a program similar to San Francisco's Building Occupancy Resumption Program. This program permits owners of buildings to hire qualified
structural engineers to create facility-specific post-disaster inspection plans and allows these engineers to become
automatically deputized as City inspectors for these buildings in the event of a disaster. This program allows rapid re- occupancy.

Moderate Public Works,
Building General Fund
58 Ongoing/
Continuous/
1-4 years
Earthquake
Encourage business owners to participate in a program similar to San Francisco's Building Occupancy Resumption Program.

This program permits owners of buildings to hire qualified structural engineers to become automatically deputized as City inspectors for these buildings in the event of a disaster.

This program allows rapid re-occupancy of the building.

High
Economic
Development,
Building,
Public Works
General Fund
CITY OF SEASIDE Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | L-30 ANNEX L
Table L-18
City of Seaside Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazards(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
59 Ongoing All Assist businesses in obtaining grant funding following a disaster. High Finance General Fund
60 New/ 1-4
years Flooding
Continue to repair and make structural improvements to
storm drains, pipelines, and channels to enable them to perform their design capacity in handling water flows.

High Public Works General Fund
61 New/ 1 year All
Continue to identify Seaside's most vulnerable critical facilities and evaluate the potential mitigation techniques for
protecting each facility to the maximum extent possible.

High All General Fund
62 New All Upgrade the City's communications plan. High Fire, Police General Fund 63 New/ 1-2
years All Provide new emergency generator set for Seaside City Hall. High Public Works General Fund 64 New/ 1-4
years All Rehabilitate Sanitation District pump stations as needed.

Replace mainline sanitary sewer lines. High Public Works Seaside
Sanitation
District Funds

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

M
ANNEX M:

CITY OF SOLEDAD

2021 Monterey County
Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-1 ANNEX M
M. CITY OF SOLEDAD
M.1 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN POINT OF CONTACT
Primary Point of Contact Alternate Point of Contact
Brent Slama
City Manager
248 Main Street
Soledad, CA 93960
831-223-5043
[email protected]
Chief George Nunez
Soledad Fire Department
525 Monterey Street
Soledad, CA 93960
(831) 223-5100
[email protected]

M.2 COMMUNITY PROF ILE
M.2.1 LOCATION

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-2 ANNEX M
M.2.2 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
The City of Soledad is located approximately 25 miles south of Salinas on Highway 101 and along the Salinas River and in the heart of the famed Salinas Valley, known for its natural beauty and agricultural products. Soledad is located in a prime area for growing wine grapes and within a short distance to many vineyards and famous wineries. Soledad has a has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, with very warm, mostly dry summers and cool, wet winters.

M.2.3 HISTORY
The first settlements at Soledad took place when small tribes of Native Americans settled in the Salinas Valley. These people were most likely members of the Costanoan tribe. Life for the Natives around the Soledad area changed dramatically in 1791 when Father Fermin Lasuen founded the thirteenth California Mission, the Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad at the site of an Indian village recorded by Pedro Font as Chuttusgelis. In spite of many difficulties, the mission did prosper for a brief period.

Eventually, the padres performed more than 2,000 baptisms and 700 marriages. The crops were bountiful and large herds of horses, cattle and sheep grazed the plains. The friars even managed to plant and cultivate the first crops of wine grapes the Salinas Valley ever seen near the Soledad Mission.

One of the major events in Soledad history of took place in Salinas. Eugene Sherwood, a cattle rancher understood the importance of the railroad in getting the agricultural products to market. Sherwood offered Southern Pacific Railroad free acreage for a right-of-way and a depot, which opened in 1872.

Soledad’s original agricultural base prospered on cattle, wheat, and barley until the 1890’s when an influx of Swiss and Swedish immigrants established dairy operations in the area. The community’s agricultural base changed in the 1920’s to the development of row crops.

The City of Soledad was incorporated on March 9, 1921. The City’s official name, Soledad meaning “solitude”, was derived from the Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad. The City’s economic base diversified again in the 1940’s, with the establishment of the California Department of Corrections’ Soledad Training Facility located 3 miles north of the City. The facility was annexed into the City in 1992 and expanded in 1996 with the addition of the Salinas Valley State Prison.

M.2.4 POPULATION
The City of Soledad has a population of 24,925 people, a slight decrease (3.1%) since 2010.

M.2.5 GOVERNING BODY FORMAT
So
ledad has a City Council/City Manager form of government. The City Council consists of an elected Mayor holding a two-y
ear term and four Council Members elected at large for four-y ear overlapping
terms. The City Manager, who is appointed by City Council, is responsible for all City departments. The City Council legislates policies, enacts ordinances, approves the budget, and appoints advisory boards and commissions.

M.2.6 ECONOMY

AND TAX BASE
The City of Soledad is highly motivated to provide economic development for the community by delivering prompt and efficient access to resources to businesses. The city maintains some of the lowest development fees in the region and provides a competitive business license fee schedule.

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-3 ANNEX M
Soledad’s strategic location on US Highway 101 provides significant economic opportunities, offering a scenic north-south corridor for regional motor and rail travel and tourism. The City continues to invest in the Soledad Business Center at a prime downtown storefront location where existing and prospective business owners and entrepreneurs receive free or low-cost business counseling, financial planning services, and classroom learning opportunities. The Soledad Industrial Park offers light and heavy industrial manufacturers with a convenient location to build adjacent to the busiest highway and rail shipping lanes on the west coast.

M.3 PLANNING PROCESS
The City of Soledad followed the planning process explained in Volume 1 of the plan. In addition to providing representation on the Monterey County Hazard Mitigation Planning Steering Committee, the City formulated their own internal planning team to support the broader planning process.

The City of Soledad held a Hazard Mitigation Plan Stakeholder meeting to discuss vulnerabilities, mitigation activities that had occurred since the last plan update, key problem statements, and mitigation strategies on August 18, 2021. Key stakeholders present at the meeting included:
• Brent Slama, City Manager
• Damon Wasson, Police Chief
• Oscar Espinoza, City Engineer
• George Nunez, Fire Chief
• Lynnelle Sanchez, Community Engagement Manager
• Rebecca J. Hall, Recreation Manager
• Bryan T. Swanson, Community and Economic Development Director M.4 LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT
The Soledad General Plan was adopted in 2005. The City’s population experienced steady growth throughout the 1990s and the pace accelerated between 1997 and 2001. In 2003, Soledad ranked eight among the fastest growing cities in the State and residential development occurred at an accelerated pace between 1997 and 2003. The growth in population has stabilized since 2010 with no population growth between 2010 and 2019.

Excluding vacant land, 58% of Soledad is currently used for residential uses. Commercial and industrial uses consist of 6% and 11% of the available land. The City is surrounded by productive agricultural land, primarily categorized as “prime farmland” by the State Department of Conservation. A significant portion of neighboring lands is protected by Williamson Act restrictions. The existing City limits contain approximately 3,000 acres. The 2005 General Plan anticipates the development of five expansion areas on 3,254 acres that would more than double the City’s area.

Since the early 2000’s, the City of Soledad has played a major role in fostering and increasing much- needed units of affordable housing to support the diverse needs of Monterey County’s growing workforce. Since 2015, the City has been working closely with developers to add single family and multi-family housing to areas approved for development before 2008. This housing development boom is increasing economic development opportunities for small businesses, franchise businesses, CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-4 ANNEX M
service providers, medical facilities, entertainment venues, and large retailers who seek to expand to an untapped market.

Safe Growth
The purpose of the Safe Growth Survey was to evaluate the extent to which each jurisdiction is positioned to grow safely relative to its natural hazards. The survey covered 9 distinct topic areas and was also completed as part of the previous plan update process. This allowed survey results to be compared to help measure progress over time and to continue identifying possible mitigation actions as it relates to future growth and community development practices.

This survey was a subjective exercise used to provide some quantitative measures of how adequately existing planning mechanisms were being used to address the notion of safe growth. Each topic area included a number of statements, which were answered on a scale from 1 to 5 based on the degree to which the respondent agreed or disagreed with the statement as it relates to the City’s current plans, policies, and programs for guiding future community growth and development. Scores for each topic area statement were averaged to provide a topic area result and the topic area totals were averaged to provide an overall survey score. More information on the survey is provided in Capability Assessment in Volume 1.

The City of Soledad Safe Growth Survey was completed by Bryan Swanson, Community and Economic Development Director for the City of Soledad. The results are summarized in Table M-1.

Table M-1
City of Soledad Safe Growth Survey Results
Topic Area 2021 2016
Land Use 3.75 3.75
Transportation 3.67 3.33
Environmental Management 3.00 3.67
Public Safety 3.00 2.67
Zoning Ordinance 3.75 4.00
Subdivision Regulations 4.00 3.00
Capital Improvement Program & Infrastructure Policies 3.00 3.00 Building Code 5.00 4.00
Economic Development 4.00 3.00
Average Survey Ratings 3.69 3.38
M.5 JURISDICTION SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
The intent of this section is to profile the City of Soledad’s hazards and assess the City’s vulnerability distinct from that of the countywide planning area, which has already been assessed in Volume 1 of the plan. The hazard profiles in Volume 1 discuss overall impacts to the County and describes the hazards, as well as their extent, magnitude/severity, previous occurrences, and the likelihood of future occurrences. Hazard vulnerability specific to the City of Soledad is included in this Annex.

The City of Soledad’s Planning Team used the same risk assessment process as the Monterey County Steering Committee. The City’s Planning Team used the Threat Hazard Risk Assessment (THIRA) Survey CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-5 ANNEX M
to compare the impact of various hazards that could affect the City. Each variable was scored by hazard by the Planning Team on a scale from 1 to 4, or negligible/unlikely to extensive/highly likely/ catastrophic. The score for each variable was calculated using a weighted average of all survey responses. Scores were then added together to determine an overall hazard score between 1 and 16.

Each score was associated with a qualitative degree of risk ranking from Negligible (between 1 and 4) to Very High (between 14.1 and 16). The Survey is described in more detail in Risk Assessment Methods in Volume 1.

Table M-2 displays the results of the hazard risk ranking exercise that was performed by the City of Soledad’s Planning Team.

Table M-2
Threat Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA): City of Soledad Hazard Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Magnitude/
Severity Impact Total
Out of 16
Degree of
Risk
Agricultural Emergencies 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.5 13.8 High
Coastal Erosion - - - - - -
Coastal Flooding - - - - - -
Cyber-Attack 3.0 2.8 3.3 3.5 12.7 High
Dam Failure 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 7.7 Possible
Drought & Water Shortage 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.5 13.8 High
Earthquake 3.7 3.5 3.8 4.0 15.0 Very High
Epidemic 3.5 2.8 3.5 3.5 13.3 High
Extreme Cold & Freeze 2.2 1.8 2.0 2.3 8.3 Moderate
Extreme Heat 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 10.2 Substantial
Flash Flood 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.5 9.0 Moderate
Hazardous Materials Incident 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.2 12.0 Substantial Invasive Species 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.7 10.0 Moderate
Levee Failure 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 10.7 Substantial
Localized Stormwater Flooding 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 10.3 Substantial Mass Migration 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.0 7.3 Possible
Pandemic 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.5 13.0 High
Riverine Flooding 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 8.8 Moderate
Sea Level Rise - - - - - -
Severe Winter Storms 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.3 8.7 Moderate
Slope Failure 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 9.7 Moderate
Targeted Violence 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 9.0 Moderate
Terrorism 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 8.2 Moderate
Tsunami - - - - - -
Utility Interruption/ PSPS 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 13.0 High
Water Contamination 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.8 10.0 Moderate
Wildfire 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.3 12.7 High
Windstorms 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 10.3 Substantial
CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-6 ANNEX M
M.5.1 AGRICULTURAL EMERGENCIES
The agricultural industry is a major economic driver in the City. Agricultural disasters pose a serious threat to the local economy and populations directly employed by the agriculture industry.

M.5.2 COASTAL EROSION
The City is not located on the coast, and therefore coastal erosion is not a major threat. Coastal erosion does threaten agricultural land in the Salinas Valley, which if impacted could have indirect economic effects on the local economy. The City could also be impacted by other types of erosion not profiled in this Plan.

M.5.3 DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE
Dam Failure
The is no population or property in the City located in the dam inundation zones of the Los Padres and Forest Lake dams. Table M-3 summarizes population and property in the City exposed to spillway and dam failure of the Nacimiento and San Antonio dams.

Table M-3
Population and Property Exposed to Dam Failure Risk by Dam and Failure Type in Soledad Dam Failure Scenario Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Nacimiento Spillway Failure 33 0 $0 6 $3,559,237
Nacimiento Dam Failure 33 1 $372,410 6 $3,559,237
San Antonio Spillway Failure 33 0 $0 4 $3,557,985
San Antonio Dam Failure 33 1 $372,410 6 $3,559,237
Levee Failure
Based on Leveed Area from the US Army Corps of Engineers, National Levee Database, there is no population or property in the City exposed to levee failure risk. A levee protects the City’s Sewer Plant, that if it were to fail could impact City services. Many levees in the County protect important agricultural lands and a significant levee failure could have an indirect economic effect on the City.

M.5.4 DROUGHT AND WATER SHORTAGE
The entire population of the City is vulnerable to drought events. Drought can affect people’s health and safety, including health problems related to low water flows, poor water quality, or dust. Drought also is often accompanied by extreme heat, exposing people to the risk of sunstroke, heat cramps and heat exhaustion. Other possible impacts include recreational risks; effects on air quality; diminished living conditions related to energy, air quality, and hygiene; compromised food and nutrition; and increased incidence of illness and disease. Water shortages can affect access to safe, affordable water, with substantial impacts on low-income families and communities burdened with environmental pollution.

A prolonged drought could also cause economic impacts. Increased demand for water and electricity may result in shortages and higher costs of these resources. While economic impacts will be most CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-7 ANNEX M
significant on industries that use water or depend on water for their business, cascading economic effects can hurt many sectors of the economy. Agriculture, which will likely be impacted by drought conditions, is a major economic driver in the County, and the City could be impacted economically.

M.5.5 EARTHQUAKE
The entire population of the City is potentially exposed to direct and indirect impacts from earthquakes. Whether directly impacted or indirectly impacted, the entire population will have to deal with the consequences of earthquakes to some degree. Business interruption could keep people from working, road closures could isolate populations, and loss of utilities could impact populations that suffered no direct damage from an event itself. Similarly, all property and critical infrastructure in the City is potentially exposed to earthquake risk.

According to Monterey County Assessor records, there are 3,472 residential and non-residential buildings in the City, with a total value of $1,196,653,437. Since all structures in the City are susceptible to earthquake impacts to varying degrees, this represents the property exposure to seismic events.

Additionally, liquefaction risk was assessed. Table M-4 summarizes population and property in the City exposed to liquefaction risk.

Table M-4
Population and Property Exposed to Liquefaction Risk in Soledad Liquefaction Risk Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
High Liquefaction Susceptibility 3,874 627 $240,528,528 80 $9,211,229 Moderate Liquefaction Susceptibility 4,359 344 $108,021,717 429 $111,083,587 M.5.6 FLOODING
FEMA flood zones were used to assess flooding risk. Table M-5 summarizes population and property in the City in the 100-year and 500-year floodplain.

Table M-5
Population and Property Exposed to Flooding Risk in Soledad FEMA Flood Zone Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
100-Year Flood Zone 33 1 $372,410 8 $7,973,126
500-Year Flood Zone 0 0 $0 0 $0
Areas of flood concern for the City include Stonewall Canyon and Bryant Canyon, areas that experienced serious flooding in the 90s and include more residential development today.

M.5.7 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT
To assess hazardous materials incident risk, buffer distances were used. The chosen buffer distance was based on guidelines in the US Department of Transportation’s Emergency Response Guidebook that suggest distances useful to protect people from vapors resulting from spills involving dangerous goods considered toxic if inhaled. The recommended buffer distance referred to in the guide as the CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-8 ANNEX M
“protective action distance” is the area surrounding the incident in which people are at risk of harmful exposure. For purposes of this plan, a buffer distance of one mile was used, but actual buffer distances will vary depending on the nature and quantity of the release, whether the release occurred during the night or daytime, and prevailing weather conditions.

To analyze the risk to a transportation-related hazardous materials release, a one-mile buffer was applied to highways in the US Dept of Transportation, National Transportation Atlas Database. The result is a two-mile buffer zone around each transportation corridor that is used for this analysis. Risk from a fixed facility hazardous materials release, was analyzed using a one-mile buffer was applied facilities identified in the Monterey County 2019 Hazardous Materials Plan. The result was a one-mile buffer zone around each facility.

Table M-6 summarizes population and property that could be exposed to both mobile and fixed hazardous materials incidents.

Table M-6
Population and Property Exposed to Hazardous Materials Incident Risk in Soledad Hazardous Materials
Incident Type Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Mobile Source 21,361 2,124 $749,768,786 652 $147,118,221 Fixed Source 139 18 $527,629.00 33 $4,381,502
M.5.8 HUMAN CAUSED HAZARDS
It is often quite difficult to quantify the potential losses from human-caused hazards. While facilities themselves have a tangible dollar value, loss from a human-caused hazard often inflicts an even greater toll on a community, both economically and emotionally. The impact to identified values will vary from event to event and depend on the type, location, and nature of a specific incident.

M.5.9 PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS
All citizens in the City could be susceptible to the human health hazards. A large outbreak or epidemic, a pandemic or a use of biological agents as a weapon of mass destruction could have devastating effects on the population. While all of the population is at risk to the human health hazards, the young and the elderly, those with compromised immune systems, and those with special needs are most vulnerable. The introduction of a disease such as influenza or the Covid-19 virus have impacted the whole population of the City, specifically vulnerable populations.

M.5.10 SEVERE WEATHER
All severe weather events profiled in this Plan have the potential to happen anywhere in the City.

Vulnerable populations are the elderly, low income or linguistically isolated populations, people with life-threatening illnesses, and residents living in areas that are isolated from major roads. Properties in poor condition or in high-risk locations may be susceptible to the most damage. All critical facilities in the City likely exposed to severe weather hazards. The most common problems associated with severe weather are loss of utilities and compromised access to roadways. Prolonged periods of extreme heat could result in power outages caused by increased demand for power for cooling.

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-9 ANNEX M
The FEMA National Risk Index calculates annualized frequency, exposure and annual expected loss of building value and population to some severe weather hazards identified in this Plan. Based on zip code and census tract Countywide data was used to identify annualized frequency, exposure, and annual expected loss in the City from severe weather hazards. Though the entire City is considered vulnerable to these hazards, the FEMA data was used in this risk assessment to provide scale for the potential risk and impacts. FEMA National Risk Index data from frequency and exposure to severe weather hazards is summarized in Table M-7.

Table M-7
Annualized Frequency and Exposure to Severe Weather Events in Soledad Hail Strong Wind
Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.36 Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.11 Exposed Population 21,563 Exposed Population 21,563
Exposed Building Values $976,282,000 Exposed Building Values $976,282,000 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $0 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $328
Heat Wave Tornado
Frequency (Event-Days) 1.05 Frequency (Distinct Events) 1.28 Exposed Population 21,563 Exposed Population 5,715
Exposed Building Values $976,282,000 Exposed Building Values $138,975,676 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $2 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $3,553,082
Lightning Winter Weather
Frequency (Distinct Events) 0.58 Frequency (Event-Days) 0.00 Exposed Population 21,563 Exposed Population 0
Exposed Building Values $976,282,000 Exposed Building Values $0 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $177 Expected Annual Loss of
Building Value $0
Source: FEMA National Risk Index
M.5.11 SLOPE FAILURE
Based on the FEMA National Risk Index, 662 people and $50,247,148in building value in the City is exposed to landslide risk. Additionally, the City is not susceptible earthquake induced to landslides.

M.5.12 TSUNAMI
The City is not located in a mapped tsunami inundation zone.

M.5.13 UTILITY INTERRUPTION
All residents, visitors, and property in the City is exposed and vulnerable to utility interruptions. All critical facilities and infrastructure in the City that is operated by electricity is exposed and vulnerable to utility interruption.

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-10 ANNEX M
M.5.14 WILDFIRE
For purposes of this analysis CAL FIRE Fire Threat data was used. Fire Threat combines expected fire frequency with potential fire behavior to create 4 threat classes, extreme, very high, high, and moderate.

Table M-8 summarizes population and property in the City in very high, high, and moderate fire threat areas.

Table M-8
Population and Property Exposed to Wildfire Risk in Soledad CAL FIRE Wildfire Threat Population Residential Property Non-Residential Property # Value # Value
Very High Fire Threat 0 0 $0 3 $5,672
High Fire Threat 141 18 $527,629 39 $6,522,413
Moderate Fire Threat 12,485 167 $30,168,583 132 $44,060,253 M.5.15 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE
The effects of climate change are varied and include warmer and more varied weather patterns and temperature changes. Climate change will affect the people, property, economy, and ecosystems in the City and will exacerbate the risk posed by many of the hazards previously profiled in this Plan.

Climate change will have a measurable impact on the occurrence and severity of natural hazards.

Increasing temperatures will have direct impacts on public health and infrastructure. Drought, flooding, and wildfire will likely affect people’s livelihoods and the local economy. Changing weather patterns and more extreme conditions are likely to impact tourism and the local economy, along with changes to agriculture and crops, which are a critical backbone of the City’s economy.

M.6 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
The City of Soledad performed an inventory and analysis of existing capabilities, plans, programs, and policies that enhance its ability to implement mitigation strategies. This section summarizes the following findings of the assessment:
• An assessment of planning and regulatory capabilities is presented in Table M-9 • An assessment of administrative and technical capabilities is presented in Table M-10 • An assessment of fiscal capabilities is presented in Table M-11 • An assessment of education and outreach capabilities is presented in Table M-12 • Classifications under various community mitigation programs are presented in Table L-13 • A summary of participation in and compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is provided in Section M.6.1 in Table M-14
• An overall self-assessment of capability is presented in Section M.6.2 in Table M-15

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-11 ANNEX M
Table M-9
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document Department Comments
Planning Documents
General Plan ☒ • Community Development Will be updating the current General Plan in 2022.

Capital Improvement Plan ☒ • Public Works
Floodplain Management Plan ☐
Open Space Management Plan ☒ • Planning Department
Will need to updated with
the process of updating the
current General Plan in 2022.

Stormwater Management Plan ☒ • Public Works
Coastal Management Plan ☐ N/A
Local Coastal Program ☐ N/A
Climate Action/ Adaptation Plan ☒ • Community Development Will need to updated with
the process of updating the
current General Plan in 2022.

Emergency Operations Plan ☒ • Police Department
Continuity of Operations Plan ☐
Community Wildfire Protection Plan ☐
Evacuation Plan ☐
Disaster Recovery Plan ☐
Economic Development Plan ☐
Historic Preservation Plan ☒ • Community Development City registry of historic resources.

Transportation Plan ☒ • TAMC
Codes, Ordinances & Requirements
Floodplain Ordinance ☒ • Community Development
Zoning Ordinance ☒ • Community Development
Portions of the Zoning
Ordinance will be updated
via a SB 2 Grant.

Subdivision Ordinance ☒ • Community Development
Site Plan Review Requirements ☒ • Community Development Unified Development Ordinance ☐
Post-Disaster Redevelopment/
Reconstruction Ordinance ☐
Building Code ☒ • Building Department Adoption of New CA Codes every 3 years.

Fire Prevention Code ☒ • Building Department CA Fire Code adopted every 3 years.

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-12 ANNEX M
Table M-10
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
knowledge of land development
and land management practices
☒ • Community Development
• Public Works
Engineer(s) or professional(s)
trained in construction practices
related to buildings and/or
infrastructure
☒ • Community Development
• Public Works
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with an
understanding of manmade or
natural hazards
☒ • Community Development
• Public Works
Building Inspector ☒ • Community Development
• Public Works
Emergency Manager ☐
Floodplain Manager ☒ • Community Development
Land Surveyors ☐
Resource development staff or
grant writers ☒ • Community Development
Public Information Officer ☒ • Community Engagement
Scientist(s) familiar with the
hazards of the community ☐
Staff with education or expertise
to assess the community’s
vulnerability to hazards
☐
Personnel skilled in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) ☒ • Public Works
Maintenance programs to
reduce risk ☐
Warning systems/services ☐
Mutual Aid Agreements ☒ Have mutual aid agreements
with neighboring cities.

Table M-11
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
General Funds ☒ • Finance
Capital Improvements Project
Funding ☒ • Finance
Special Purpose Taxes ☒ • Finance
Stormwater Utility Fees ☐
CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-13 ANNEX M
Table M-11
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
Gas / Electric Utility Fees ☐
Water / Sewer Fees ☐
Development Impact Fees ☒
General Obligation Bonds ☒ • Finance
Special Tax and Revenue Bonds ☒ • Finance
Community Development Block
Grants (CDBG) ☐

Table M-12
Education and Outreach Capability
Educational and Outreach Resources Department Comments Local citizen or non-profit groups
focused on environmental
protection, emergency
preparedness, access and
functional needs populations, etc.
☐

Ongoing public education or
information program (e.g.,
responsible water use, fire safety,
household preparedness,
environmental education)
☒ • Community Engagement
Natural disaster or safety related
school programs ☐
Public-private partnership
initiatives addressing disaster-
related issues
☐

Table M-13
Community Classifications
Participating? Classification Effective Date
Community Rating System (CRS) No - -
ISO Public Protection Classification
StormReady Certification No - -
TsunamiReady Certification N/A - -
Firewise Communities Certification No - -

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-14 ANNEX M
M.6.1 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP) COMPLIANCE Table LM14
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Compliance
Designated Floodplain Administrator: Bryan Swanson, Community/Economic Development Department Director
NFIP Community Number: 060204
Flood Insurance Policies in Force: 1
Insurance Coverage in Force: $350,000
Written Premium in Force: $467
Total Loss Claims: 0
Total Payments for Losses: 0
Adopted Regulations that meet NFIP Requirements:
• Ordinance 596 Adopted 2002 – Floodplain Management
• Resolution Adopted 2016 - Monterey County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 2015 Date of last NFIP Community Assistance Visit (CAV):

Unknown.

Higher standards that exceed minimum NFIP requirement:

The City of Soledad follows minimum NFIP requirements, no additional requirements have been implemented.

Additional floodplain management provisions:

Some floodplain management provisions that are integrated into other plans or processes that the community uses to guide development within the City of Soledad would be our 2005 General Plan, within the Hazards Safety section. A new update on our 2005 General Plan will become available in 2025 where this topic will be updated to accommodate City’s future growth. The City of Soledad will also be updating its zoning ordinance code which the floodplain management could be a factor to consider as staff reviews new changes.

Floodplain management activities performed that go beyond FEMA minimum requirements:

The City of Soledad performs the minimum FEMA requirements for floodplain management.

Existing impediments to running an effective NFIP program:

An existing impediment to running an effective NFIP program in the community would be having adequate staffing resources and funding. With the proper staffing and funding, outreach within the community will help educate our residents but also help the City of Soledad understand other issues members of the community may have regarding other hazard activities.

Specific actions that are ongoing or considered related to continued compliance with the NFIP:

A specific action that the City of Soledad can take related to continued compliance with the NFIP would be to gather data in a digital format for easier recording and for easier data access. Other possible new actions considered include:
• Maintain digital FEMA elevation certificates for all construction in the floodplain. • Develop a checklist for review of building/development permit plans and for inspection of development in floodplains.
• Establish a goal to have each plan reviewer and building inspector attend a related training periodically.

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-15 ANNEX M
Table LM14
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Compliance
• Maintain a map of areas that flood frequently (e.g., areas where repetitive loss properties are located) and prioritize those areas for inspection immediately after the next flood. If outside FEMA special flood hazard areas, consider requiring existing NFIP regulatory standards (compliance with existing ordinance) through overlay zoning, etc. • Obtain FEMA’s Substantial Damage Estimator and attend training to be prepared to use it when damage occurs; develop mutual aid agreements with other jurisdictions to augment local inspection personnel after major disasters.
• Develop handouts for permit applications on specific issues such as installation of manufactured homes in flood hazard areas according to HUD’s installation standards, or guidance on improving/repairing existing buildings to better withstand potential hazards.

M.6.2 SELF- ASSESSMENT OF C APABILITY
Table M-15
Self-Assessment of Capability
Capability Degree of Capability
Planning and Regulatory Capability Moderate
Administrative and Technical Capability Moderate
Fiscal Capability Limited
Education and Outreach Capability Moderate
Political Capability High
Overall Capability Moderate
M.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPAND/ IMPROVE MITIGATION CAPABILITIES More financial and service support from Federal, State and County jurisdictions. With the creation of the new General Plan, critical elements such as: Climate Action Plan, Hazard Mitigation Plan, Land Use Element and Circulation can serve as tools to gain more funding to offset any hazards that may come to Soledad. Being a small community in south Monterey County, Soledad could be on an “island” if an earthquake or other disaster would occur. With the establishment of these new elements will hopefully provide mitigation measures for Soledad as to when/if a disaster strike.

Planning, regulatory, fiscal, administrative, technical, education, and outreach capabilities can all be expanded or improved using a combination of the following strategies:
• Increase capacity through staffing
• Training, and enhanced coordination among all department and jurisdictions • Emergency management/hazard specific program enhancements, training, and exercising • Increased funding opportunities and capacity
• Implementation of mitigation actions and projects
• Continuous research on grant opportunities for emergency management, hazard mitigation, and infrastructure and community development.

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-16 ANNEX M
Capabilities and abilities to expand or improve existing policies and programs will be re-evaluated during the next Hazard Mitigation Plan update and annual plan review meetings.

M.6.4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANNING INITIATIVES
The information on hazards, risk, vulnerability and mitigation contained in this hazard mitigation plan is based on the best available data. Plan integration is the incorporation of this information into other relevant planning mechanisms, such as general planning and capital improvement planning. It includes the integration of natural hazard information and mitigation policies, principles and actions into local planning mechanisms and vice versa. Additionally, plan integration is achieved though the involvement of key staff and community officials in collaboratively planning for hazard mitigation. This section identifies where such integration is already in place, and where there are opportunities for further integration in the future.

Existing Integration
In the performance period since adoption of the previous hazard mitigation plan, the City made progress on integrating hazard mitigation goals, objectives, and actions into other planning initiatives.

The following plans and programs currently integrate components of the hazard mitigation strategy:
• Capital Improvement Plan: The capital improvement plan includes projects that can help mitigate potential hazards. The City will strive to ensure consistency between the hazard mitigation plan and the current and future capital improvement plan. The hazard mitigation plan may identify new possible funding sources for capital improvement projects and may result in modifications to proposed projects based on results of the risk assessment. • Building Code: The City’s adoption of the 2016 California Building Code incorporated local modifications addressing seismic and fire hazards.
• Regulatory Codes: A number of the City’s existing codes and ordinances include provisions to reduce hazard risk including the zoning code, storm water management code and flood damage prevention ordinance.

Opportunities for Future Integration
The General Plan and the hazard mitigation plan are complementary documents that work together to achieve the goal of reducing risk exposure. The General Plan is considered to be an integral part of this plan. An update to the General Plan may trigger an update to the hazard mitigation plan. The City, through adoption of a General Plan and zoning ordinance, has planned for the impact of natural hazards. The process of updating this hazard mitigation plan provided the opportunity to review and expand on policies in these planning mechanisms. The City will create a linkage between the hazard mitigation plan and the General Plan by identifying a mitigation action as such and giving that action a high priority. Other planning processes and programs that may be coordinated with the recommendations of the hazard mitigation plan include the following:
• General Plan, including the Safety Element
• Emergency Operations Plans
• Climate Action and Adaptation Plans
• Debris management plans
• Recovery plans
CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-17 ANNEX M
• Capital improvement programs
• Municipal codes
• Community design guidelines
• Water-efficient landscape design guidelines
• Stormwater management programs
• Water system vulnerability assessments
• Community wildfire protection plans
• Comprehensive flood hazard management plans
• Resiliency plans
• Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Recovery action plans • Public information/education plans
Some action items do not need to be implemented through regulation. Instead, these items can be implemented through the creation of new educational programs, continued interagency coordination, or improved public participation. As information becomes available from other planning mechanisms that can enhance this plan, that information will be integrated via the update process.

M.7 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Problem Statements are statements of particular interest regarding primary hazards of concern, geographic areas of concern, or vulnerable community assets. As part of the planning process, the City of Soledad Planning Committee identified key vulnerabilities and hazards of concern applicable to their jurisdiction. The Hazard Problem Statements were based on the risk assessment, the vulnerability analysis, and local knowledge.

Hazard Problem Statements helped the Planning Committee identify common issues and weaknesses, determine appropriate mitigation strategies, and understand the realm of resources needed for mitigation. Hazard Problem Statements for the City of Soledad are identified below:
• The City’s wastewater treatment plant along the Salinas River is the critical facility deemed most at risk to flooding damage and service interruption. As a result of past floods, the river channel has moved closer to the plant and right up against the protective levee, which due to increased threat, should be raised and strengthened despite being designed for the 100-year flood event. Further, the plant’s electrical and mechanical equipment is not elevated so the levee is the only protective measure currently in place.
• Areas surrounding the Highway 101 overpasses, especially near shopping centers, are deemed vulnerable to flooding. The source of past flooding events wasn’t limited to the Salinas River, but also runoff from mountains as conveyed through the Bryant Canyon Channel managed by MCWRA. • The City frequently must respond to fires in the Salinas River bottom, mainly due to uncontrolled vegetation growth. The greatest threat to structures caused by wildland fire is to eastern portions of the city, although risk is managed through weed abatement and fuels reduction program, combined with local development regulations for any new construction along wildland/urban interface (sprinkler and roof type requirements, etc.). The most significant effect caused by the wildland fire hazard is deemed to be the public health threat created by smoke and reduction in air quality across the entire city during large events.

CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-18 ANNEX M
• The City still has a number of old URM buildings located in its downtown area. While each has been posted with a warning placard the city’s inventory should be used to identify and prioritize structures for seismic retrofitting.
• Highway 101 is the only lifeline/ ingress egress route in the event of a major evacuation. No backup route exists or routes in the East/West direction. A closure of the freeway would severely limit movement. A mass casualty event, hazmat event, or failure of infrastructure on Highway 101 is a major concern.
• Cumulative and constant hazards, particularly as hazards are exacerbated by climate change, can quickly overwhelm the City’s limited response capability and resources. • Civil unrest is a genuine concern for the City of Soledad. Because of the ingress/egress issues leading to the City, activists and those with violent agendas could potentially isolate the City by blocking or limiting the entrance and exits. For a City with a small law enforcement presence blocking assistance coming to the City from outside aid could seriously damage City infrastructure and be potentially life-threatening to citizens.

M.8 MITIGATION GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTIONS
The mitigation strategy is the guidebook to future hazard mitigation administration, capturing the key outcomes of the MJHMP planning process. The mitigation strategy is intended to reduce vulnerabilities outlined in the previous section with a prescription of policies and physical projects. These mitigation actions should be compatible with existing planning mechanisms and should outline specific roles and resources for implementation success. The City of Soledad Planning Team used the same mitigation action prioritization method as described in Mitigation Strategy in Volume 1, which included a benefit- cost analysis and consideration of mitigation alternatives. Based upon the risk assessment results and the City’s planning committee priorities, a list of mitigation actions was developed. The Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix, in Table M-17 lists each priority mitigation action, identifies time frame, the responsible party, potential funding sources, and prioritization, which meet the requirements of FEMA and DMA 2000.

Status of Previous Plan Actions
All actions from the 2016 Plan were reviewed and updated by the City during the planning process.

Table M-16 includes the status of action previous plan completed or removed from the previous plan.

In order to improve the mitigation action plan for this Plan update and align with the countywide Mitigation Action Plan, the City added more specificity and detail to previous plan actions in addition to the new actions added to the Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix.

Table M-16
City of Soledad Completed Mitigation Actions from 2016 MJHMP 2016
Action # Description Status Narrative Update
3 Develop audience-specific hazard mitigation
outreach efforts. Audiences include the elderly,
children, tourists, non-English speaking
residents, and home and business owners.

Completed/
Ongoing

Completed and done on
a project-by-project
basis
CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-19 ANNEX M
M City of Soledad Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Table M-17
City of Soledad Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
1 If Funding
Allows
All,
Wildfire,
Earthquake
Create incentives (e.g., rebates) to promote homeowner/ business owner disaster-resistant development (e.g., Class A roofing material).

Moderate Fire USFA, PDM, and
HGMP Grants
2 If Funding
Allows All
Identify hazard-prone critical facilities and infrastructure and carry out acquisition, relocation, and structural and
nonstructural retrofitting measures as necessary.

Priority / High Public Works PDM and HGMP
Grants
3 If Funding
Allows Earthquake
Develop an unreinforced masonry grant program that helps correct earthquake-risk nonmasonry building problems,
including chimney bracing and anchoring water heaters.

Low Community
Development
PDM and HGMP
Grants
4 If Funding
Allows Flooding
Identify and carry-out minor flood and stormwater
management projects that would reduce damage to
infrastructure and damage due to local flooding/inadequate drainage. These include the modification of existing culverts and bridges, upgrading capacity of storm drains, stabilization of streambanks, and creation of debris or flood/stormwater retention basins in small watersheds.

Priority / High Public Works PDM and HGMP
Grants
5 If Funding
Allows Wildfire
Create defensible space guidelines for both new and existing buildings that are in areas of very high and extreme fire hazard areas.

Moderate Fire USFA, PDM, and
HGMP Grants
6 New All
Work with County, State, and Federal Partners to determine ingress/egress improvements and to create back-up route options.

Priority / High Fire, Police,
Public Works Grants
7 New All Create and refine the City's Evacuation Plan. Priority / High Fire, Police General Funds 8 New All Explore possibility of creating a CERT Team. Priority / High Recreation, Admin
Grants, General
Funds
9 New All Update the City's General Plan and include refence to the Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Priority / High Community Development
Grants, General
Funds
CITY OF SOLEDAD Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | M-20 ANNEX M
Table M-17
City of Soledad Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
10 New All
Work with local schools on fire and disaster preparedness for school children and use social media to spread awareness of public engagement programs.

Priority / High Fire, Admin Grants, General
Funds
11 New Drought Provide public information on water conservation. Moderate Admin Grants, General Funds

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ANNEX N: CARMEL

AREA WASTEWATER

DISTRICT
2021 Monterey County
Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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N. CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER

DISTRICT (CAWD)
N.1 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN POINT OF CONTACT
Primary Point of Contact Alternate Point of Contact
Barbara Buikema
General Manager
3945 Rio Road
Carmel, CA 93922
(831) 624-1248
[email protected]
Patrick Treanor
Plant Engineer
3945 Rio Road
Carmel, CA 93922
(831) 624-1248
[email protected]
N.2 DISTRICT PROFILE
N.2.1 LOCATION

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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N.2.2 SERVICE AREA
The Carmel Area Wastewater District (CAWD) provides sewer collections and wastewater treatment in the greater Carmel area. Sewer collections system infrastructure is located in the City of Carmel-by- the-Sea, unincorporated areas of Carmel, and extends east to serve lower portions of Carmel Valley, and south as far as Carmel Highlands. The existing CAWD treatment plant is on the south bank of the Carmel River approximately one-third of a mile west of the State Route 1 Bridge. The administration office is located at 3945 Rio Road, Carmel.

The District maintains eighty-one miles of sewers within the existing service area. The total service area consists of approximately 9.75 square miles with a permanent population of approximately 11,000 and a vibrant tourist industry. CAWD also provides treatment service by contract agreement with Pebble Beach Community Services District for an additional 4,500 people and businesses in Del Monte Forest.

Furthermore, CAWD provides recycled water to seven world famous golf courses in Del Monte Forest including Pebble Beach, Poppy Hills, and Spanish Bay. About 90% of the wastewater received at the treatment plant is treated to California recycled water standards and sent to the golf courses.

In 2021 CAWD anticipates completion of an annexation which will increase the size of the District to

11.3 square miles and will include additional area in the unincorporated communities of Carmel Valley and Carmel Highlands. After the annexation an additional 1,800 residents would be included within the District service area.

CAWD is also a partner in a project that supplies recycled water to the world-famous golf courses in Del Monte Forest including Pebble Beach Golf Links. The recycled water infrastructure project (known as the CAWD/PBCSD Reclamation Project) is co-owned by CAWD and Pebble Beach Community Services District (PBCSD). The CAWD/PBCSD Reclamation Project is a cooperative effort of three public agencies: PBCSD, the Carmel Area Wastewater District (CAWD), and Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD); and two private entities who manage the golf courses in Pebble Beach/Del Monte Forest: The Pebble Beach Company, and the Independent Reclaimed Water Users Group (IRWUG).

N.2.3 HISTORY
The Carmel Area Wastewater District was formed as the Carmel Sanitary District in 1908. At that time, the District provided septage facilities for the village of Carmel-by-the-Sea. The Carmel Area Wastewater District is one of the oldest sanitary districts in the state.

N.2.4 GOVERNING BODY FORMAT
The Carmel Area Wastewater District (CAWD) is an independent special district organized under the Sanitary District Act of 1923. CAWD is owned, operated, and managed by the community via an elected Board of Directors.

Like the majority of public wastewater treatment facilities in California, CAWD is a Publicly Owned Treatment Works or POTW. The Elected Board sets policy, determines budget, plans for expansion or upgrade, authorizes large purchases, and in general controls the overall direction of the operation. Any resident of the District has the right to run for and be elected to serve office on the Board.

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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N.3 PLANNING PROCESS
The Carmel Area Wastewater District followed the planning process explained in Volume 1 of the plan.

In addition to providing representation on the Monterey County Hazard Mitigation Planning Steering Committee, the District formulated their own internal planning team to support the broader planning process. The Carmel Area Wastewater District held a Hazard Mitigation Plan Stakeholder meeting to discuss vulnerabilities, mitigation activities that had occurred since the last plan update, key problem statements, and mitigation strategies on August 2, 2021. Key stakeholders at the meeting included:
• Patrick Treanor, Plant Engineer
• Chris Foley, Maintenance Superintendent
• Ed Waggoner, Operations Superintendent
• Daryl Lauer, Collections Superintendent
• Rachél Lather, Principal Engineer
N.4 FACILITIES
The CAWD facilities include a network of hazard vulnerable critical infrastructure and assets included in three major infrastructure divisions within the District:
• Collection System
• Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Recycled Water Treatment Facilities
The purpose of the CAWD infrastructure is to protect public health and the environment by the control of sewage generated by the constituents. As such the CAWD facilities are regulated primarily by the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pursuant to the Clean Water Act.

N.4.1 COLLECTION SYSTEM
The collection system has been built up incrementally over the last 100+ years to support development of the community. The collection system provides the conveyance of wastewater from a business or residence to the wastewater treatment plant using underground pipes and lift stations. The CAWD collection system consists of approximately 81 miles of gravity sewers ranging in size from 6 inches to 27 inches in diameter, nearly 4 miles of force mains, 7 pump stations, and over 1,500 manholes.

The collection system is distributed over a range of geographic areas within the CAWD service area and thus can be subject to a wide range of local hazards depending on the specific location. For instance, collections pipelines can be located in inland areas on steep slopes which are subject to local erosion that undermines pipelines. Whereas some pump stations and pipelines within the collection system are located on or near the coastline and those may be subject to effects of coastal erosion, tsunami, and/or sea level rise.

The CAWD collection system infrastructure is important to protect the public health and the environment from the effects of sewage contamination. Hazard mitigation for the collection system should focus on: Coastal Erosion, Coastal Flooding, Cyber-Attack, Drought & Water Shortage, CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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Earthquake, Epidemic, Extreme Cold & Freeze, Extreme Heat, Flash Flood, Levee Failure, Localized Stormwater Flooding, Pandemic, Riverine Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Severe Winter Storms, Slope Failure, Tsunami, Utility Interruption/ PSPS, Water Contamination, Wildfire, Windstorms.

N.4.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP)
The CAWD Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) includes a wide range of facilities and specialized equipment that cleans the wastewater for either disposal to the Pacific Ocean, or preparation prior to additional advanced recycled water treatment. The treatment plant utilizes clarifiers, aeration basins, chemical disinfection systems, pumping stations, digesters, solids dewatering equipment, and other processes. The WWTP operates under a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit which stipulates water quality requirements for the treated water. The permitted capacity of the WWTP is 3 million gallons per day (MGD) of dry weather flow.

Current average dry weather flow (ADWF) is approximately 1.1 MGD. Approximately two-thirds of the flow into the WWTP is from CAWD customers and the remaining one-third is from Pebble Beach Community Service District customers. During large storm events the inflows can increase up to eight times the dry-weather rates. This requires the plant equipment and processes be designed to handle large peak hydraulic loads during the winter months.

The WWTP is located south of the Carmel River in a historic coastal floodplain and can be subject to short duration flood events during winter. The original design incorporated elevated structures to allow the WWTP to function uninterrupted during onsite flooding. The flooding onsite has been historically very rare, and structures are designed to operate at flood levels beyond the 100-year FEMA flood stage. However, onsite flooding may become more frequent as the effects of climate change unfold, and this is a major concern for the future of the WWTP in its current location.

The CAWD WWTP infrastructure is important to transform sewage into clean water to protect the public health and the environment from the effects of sewage contamination. Hazard mitigation for the WWTP should focus on: Coastal Flooding, Cyber-Attack, Dam Failure, Drought & Water Shortage, Earthquake, Epidemic, Extreme Cold & Freeze, Extreme Heat, Flash Flood, Pandemic, Riverine Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Severe Winter Storms, Terrorist Attack, Tsunami, Utility Interruption/ PSPS, Water Contamination, Wildfire, Windstorms.

N.4.3 RECLAMATION PLANT (RECYCLED WATER FACILITIES)
The Reclamation Plant provides the advanced treatment for the water used on the golf courses. It is located on the same site as the WWTP, and therefore shares in all the same hazards related to coastal flooding. The facilities at the site include tertiary treatment plant facilities, a microfiltration and reverse osmosis facility, a laboratory building, and a pump station and pipeline to convey the treated water north to Pebble Beach Community Services District.

Given the shrinking water supplies the golf courses are dependent upon the reclaimed water supplies.

Protection of CAWD’s ability to continue providing reclaimed water is of great importance to the community. Hazard mitigation for the Reclamation Plant should focus on: Coastal Flooding, Cyber- Attack, Dam Failure, Drought & Water Shortage, Earthquake, Epidemic, Extreme Cold & Freeze, CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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Extreme Heat, Flash Flood, Pandemic, Riverine Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Severe Winter Storms, Terrorist Attack, Tsunami, Utility Interruption/ PSPS, Water Contamination, Wildfire, Windstorms.

N.5 DISTRICT SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
The intent of this section is to profile the CAWD’s hazards and assess the District’s vulnerability distinct from that of the countywide planning area, which has already been assessed in Volume 1 of the plan.

The hazard profiles in Volume 1 discuss overall impacts to the County and describes the hazards, as well as their extent, magnitude/severity, previous occurrences, and the likelihood of future occurrences. Hazard vulnerability specific to the CAWD is included in this Annex.

The CAWD’s Planning Team used the same risk assessment process as the Monterey County Steering Committee. The District’s Planning Team used the Threat Hazard Risk Assessment (THIRA) Survey to compare the impact of various hazards that could affect the District. Each variable was scored by hazard by the Planning Team on a scale from 1 to 4, or negligible/unlikely to extensive/highly likely/ catastrophic. The score for each variable was calculated using a weighted average of all survey responses. Scores were then added together to determine an overall hazard score between 1 and 16.

Each score was associated with a qualitative degree of risk ranking from Negligible (between 1 and 4) to Very High (between 14.1 and 16). The Survey is described in more detail in Risk Assessment Methods in Volume 1.

Table N-1 displays the results of the hazard risk ranking exercise that was performed by the CAWD’S Planning Team.

Table N-1
Threat Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA): CAWD Hazard Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Magnitude/
Severity Impact Total
Out of 16
Degree of
Risk
Agricultural Emergencies - - - - - -
Coastal Erosion 2.5 2 2 2 8.5 Moderate
Coastal Flooding 2.5 3 2 3 10.5 Substantial
Cyber-Attack 2 2.5 2 2 8.5 Moderate
Dam Failure 2.5 2 2 3 9.5 Moderate
Drought & Water Shortage 1.5 1 2 1 5.5 Slight
Earthquake 2.5 2 2 2.5 9 Moderate
Epidemic 1.5 1 2 1 5.5 Slight
Extreme Cold & Freeze 1.5 1 2 1 5.5 Slight
Extreme Heat 1.5 1 2 2 6.5 Possible
Flash Flood 2.5 3 2 3 10.5 Substantial
Hazardous Materials Incident 1 3 1 1 6 Slight
Invasive Species - - - - - -
Levee Failure 1.5 1 2 2 6.5 Possible
Localized Stormwater Flooding 2 2 2 2 8 Possible
Mass Migration - - - - - -
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Table N-1
Threat Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA): CAWD Hazard Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Magnitude/
Severity Impact Total
Out of 16
Degree of
Risk
Pandemic 1.5 1 2 1 5.5 Slight
Riverine Flooding 2.5 3 2 3 10.5 Substantial
Sea Level Rise 3 3 3.5 3 12.5 High
Severe Winter Storms 2 3.5 2 2 9.5 Moderate
Slope Failure 2.5 3 2 2 9.5 Moderate
Targeted Violence - - - - - -
Terrorism 2 2.5 2 2 8.5 Moderate
Tsunami 2.5 2 2 2 8.5 Moderate
Utility Interruption/ PSPS 2.5 2 2 2 8.5 Moderate
Water Contamination 1.5 1 2 1 5.5 Slight
Wildfire 2 2 2 2 8 Possible
Windstorms 2 2 2 2 8 Possible
N.5.1 AGRICULTURAL EMERGENCIES
The CAWD infrastructure is unlikely to experience any impacts associated with agricultural emergencies.

N.5.2 COASTAL EROSION
As part of providing wastewater collection and treatment service to a coastal community, CAWD maintains assets that are located near the coastline that are susceptible to coastal erosion.

Notable facilities susceptible to coastal erosion are:
• 8th & Scenic Pump Station - Carmel
• Bay & Scenic Pump Station - Carmel
• Conveyance Pipelines located by the coastline
• Ocean Outfall
N.5.3 DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE
Dam Failure
The San Clemente Dam was removed in 2015 thereby greatly reducing risk of dam failure for the District. However, the Los Padres Dam is another dam located upstream of the old San Clemente Dam site. The Los Padres Dam is about 25 miles upstream from CAWD facilities in the Carmel River watershed and holds up to about 3,000 acre-ft.

During development of this Hazard Mitigation Plan, CAWD did not find any reports that identify the extent of downstream impact that could occur from a failure of Los Padres Dam. It is possible that hydraulic modeling would reveal the extent of downstream impacts of a Los Padres Dam failure on CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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CAWD facilities. For the purposes of this report, CAWD is assuming that impacts would be similar to other flooding impacts associated with the Carmel River.

Levee Failure
There are several levees (many of which are uncertified) in the vicinity of the Carmel River Lagoon which provide little if any flood control to the CAWD treatment plant facilities located south of the Carmel River. The treatment facility site relies on the design of the process structures and site topography as flood mitigations. However, the residential and commercial developments on the north side of the river are more reliant on levees for flood protection. Therefore, the corresponding sewer collection systems associated with these developments are reliant on levee protection. The levee system along the north side of the Carmel River has been known to be vulnerable to flood impacts, and flooding in these areas north of the river could lead to inundation of flood waters into sewers, overwhelming the system and causing sanitary sewer overflows.

N.5.4 DROUGHT AND WATER SHORTAGE
Drought and water shortage can affect CAWD facilities in different ways. One way is that collections sewers can get solids build up due to lack of water flow to carry solids down the line. Another way that CAWD and the community would be affected is that CAWD provides irrigation water to all the golf courses in Pebble Beach. If inflow into the CAWD treatment plant declines due to potable water conservation, then CAWD will not have as much water to treat and send to the golf courses for irrigation. Currently the golf courses barely get by with the current water supply that CAWD provides and sometimes must purchase potable water. There could be other water resources that CAWD could take on developing to mitigate impacts of water supply shortages on the economy (such as aquifer storage and recovery, and desalination) if the regulatory environment allows it and funding is available.

N.5.5 EARTHQUAKE
CAWD facilities are designed to latest building codes to handle seismic events that are in effect at the time of construction. However, damage to multiple CAWD facilities could still occur in a large earthquake. Many facilities were originally built in the 1950s through 1970s when seismic standards were less intensive than they are today. To mitigate hazard risk more detailed review of existing facilities structures would determine how well they will withstand an earthquake so targeted improvements could be implemented. Some seismic review work has already been done on a select few structures recently, but the entire system has not been reviewed to confirm current seismic vulnerabilities.

N.5.6 FLOODING
A significant number of CAWD facilities are located in and around the Carmel River Lagoon Floodplain (a coastal floodplain). Flooding of the Carmel River Lagoon Floodplain during extreme river flow events can cause elevated water levels adjacent to the treatment plant and eventually floodwaters can enter onto the treatment plant site. This has occurred at the treatment facility in the past and has been a known hazard since before the current treatment facilities were built, thus the critical facilities were elevated and designed to operate continually during floods. Multiple less critical facilities are not as CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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protected from flooding including the Reclamation Plant Microfiltration and Reverse Osmosis Facility which does not have a significant freeboard over the 100-year flood elevation.

Low lying sewers in the collections system that serve the communities adjacent to the Carmel River Lagoon Floodplain are susceptible to flood impacts including damage to pump stations and infiltration of flood waters into the sewer that can cause sanitary sewer overflows (SSO).

The impacts associated with flash flooding and with riverine flooding are similar to that of coastal flooding. Sewer collection systems located throughout the CAWD service area can be impacted by localized stormwater flooding. If stormwater is not managed by the City or County, then stormwater can collect in streets and eventually find its way into the sewer system which can exceed the pipes capacity and lead to sewer overflows.

N.5.7 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT
CAWD utilizes numerous hazardous chemicals at the treatment plant site for wastewater and recycled water treatment processes. The hazardous materials are managed by means of regulatory and safety standards to avoid any release. The hazardous materials are protected from hazards onsite such as flooding. However, just having these materials onsite at the treatment plant comes with some level of risk and further hazard mitigation could be implemented.

Additionally, water contamination can be an issue for the wastewater treatment plant as the collection system is prone to people or businesses dumping hazardous materials or contaminants into the sewer system. CAWD is required to conduct source control of the system to identify misuse of the sewer system. However, it requires significant investment to eliminate the possibility of illicit discharges into the sewer system.

N.5.8 HUMAN CAUSED HAZARDS
CAWD is heavily reliant on information technology (IT) and computerized process automation for the operation of the collection system pump stations and the wastewater treatment plant facilities. A cyber-attack could hamper the functioning of the critical service that CAWD provides, leading to sewer backups and discharge of untreated sewage. Given the prevalence of cyber-attacks in the US, CAWD takes cyber security very seriously and hires an outside network security company to provide system security updates, surveillance, geofencing, phishing training, off site backups, and setting up software password protocols. Furthermore, in house staff is working on eliminating legacy windows computers from use on the network and has created a task force of internal staff to build a cyber security culture.

However, given the dynamic nature of IT and cyber security, and the extensive use of IT and automation by CAWD, ongoing efforts are needed to keep up with the latest security measures, and this is anticipated to become even more difficult into the future as cyber security threats become more sophisticated. Implementing ongoing technology improvements and hiring experienced cyber security experts is needed.

As critical infrastructure with a high replacement cost, CAWD facilities could be a target for terrorism.

A terrorist attack could seriously jeopardize the continuous operations of sewer collections, treatment, and recycled water production. The CAWD infrastructure is unlikely to experience any impacts associated with mass migration and targeted violence.

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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N.5.9 PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS
Based on the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are improvements that CAWD could make to protect employees and maintain continuous wastewater collection and treatment through a pandemic or epidemic. CAWD facilities cannot be abandoned by staff for more than a few days before the system will begin to experience failures and ultimately catastrophic failure would occur if there were no staff to operate and maintain the systems.

Social distancing, creating segregated work environments, ventilation improvements, and stockpiling Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are all potential mitigations in the event of another pandemic/epidemic.

N.5.10 SEVERE WEATHER
Severe winter storms have the potential to create flooding issues as described in the flooding section.

Furthermore, severe storms in the area often involve high winds. Being located along the coast in California, the CAWD facilities are not designed for any extended duration freeze events. If weather patterns change as a result of climate change, CAWD facilities could be stressed and fail as a result of freezing pipes and failure of electrical systems without adequate heating and insulation.

A major hazard associated with windstorms is subsequent to the hazards of trees falling over. Falling trees can result in roots pulling out of the ground, pulling sewer pipes up along with the roots. Trees surrounding the wastewater treatment facility could fall on critical infrastructure in the facility because they are located in close proximity to buildings onsite. Furthermore, windstorms can cause prolonged and serious power outages, such as could happen if a tree damages the main PG&E aerial power feed to the treatment plant which traverses through a highly wooded area.

Being located along the coast in California where the weather is typically mild, the CAWD facilities are not designed for extreme heat. Because of the typical mild weather, most temperature sensitive facilities owned and operated by CAWD do not have air conditioning systems installed. If weather patterns change as a result of climate change, CAWD facilities could be stressed and fail as a result of overheating of electrical systems without adequate cooling systems.

N.5.11 SLOPE FAILURE
Slope failure is an issue in many different locations in the CAWD collection system because the Carmel area contains hilly and steep topography. Many residential developments are located on hillsides which provide great views but locating buildings in these locations comes with infrastructure challenges. Many CAWD sewer lines were built on slopes to serve developments located in hilly areas.

Pipelines on a slope can easily fail as a result of a slope failure, and as time goes on the risk of erosion and slope stability issues slowly increases.

N.5.12 TSUNAMI
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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According to the Tsunami Inundation Map for Emergency Planning – Monterey Quadrangle prepared July 1, 2009 by California Emergency Management Agency the following infrastructure is within, or at the edge of, the mapped tsunami hazard zone:
• West side of the CAWD Treatment Plant – mouth of Carmel River • 8th & Scenic Pump Station - Carmel
• Monte Verde & 16th Pump Station - Carmel
• Bay & Scenic Pump Station - Carmel
• Calle la Cruz Pump Station - Carmel
One concern is preventing infrastructure from becoming inundated by a tsunami event. Furthermore, structural damage from intense wave loading could be a concern for structures within the tsunami zone.

N.5.13 UTILITY INTERRUPTION
Much of the CAWD treatment and conveyance systems are reliant on electricity to function. Critical facilities must be maintained and operational 24/7 and therefore the most critical facilities have onsite backup power. However, there are improvements that could be implemented to further fortify and maintain function of critical systems with backup power sources, and to mitigate utility interruption.

For instance, the reclamation plant does not have any standby power and will not function in a power outage. Another potential hazard issue identified is that the main PG&E power line coming into the treatment facility goes through a forested area via aerial power lines. It would provide more resiliency to have the plant PG&E power come into the plant via an underground feeder.

N.5.14 WILDFIRE
The CAWD service area includes many rural areas that are susceptible to wildfire hazards. California continues to experience an increase in wildfire hazards due to climate change and an increase in excess fuel. The California Public Utilities Commission has developed a Fire Threat Map. The map identifies two tiers for fire hazards. Tier 2 is elevated fire hazard and tier 3 is extreme fire hazard.

The CAWD facilities that are the closest in proximity to tier 2 areas are listed below. Highlands pump station is in the tier 2 zone (elevated fire hazard).
• CAWD Treatment Plant – mouth of Carmel River
• Calle la Cruz Pump Station – Carmel
• Ribera Pump Station – Carmel
• Hacienda Pump Station- Carmel
• Highlands Pump Station – Carmel Highlands
N.5.15 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE
The CAWD wastewater treatment plant was originally designed to continue to operate during and after flood events which were known to occur at the time of the design of the existing facilities. The CAWD plant has operated through multiple flood events in the past and has been continually treating sewage on site for over 100-years.

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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According to a study performed by Environmental Science Associates (ESA) in December 2018 increased storm intensity as well as sea level rise will not detrimentally affect the CAWD facility before the year 2062 under the “Extreme Risk Aversion” scenario. This allows for over 40-years of continued operation in the existing location. The next 40 years will provide time for CAWD to evaluate future improvements of increasing flood resiliency at higher levels vs. potentially relocating the facility. In the near term, the sea level rise projections do not identify new hazards to the facility of greater concern than the 100-year flood risks that CAWD has planned for. However, in the long-term increased storm intensities as well as higher sea levels may increase the base flood elevations.

N.6 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
The District performed an inventory and analysis of existing capabilities, plans, programs, and policies that enhance its ability to implement mitigation strategies. This section summarizes the following findings of the assessment:
• An assessment of planning and regulatory capabilities is presented in Table N-2 • An assessment of administrative and technical capabilities is presented in Table N-3 • An assessment of fiscal capabilities is presented in Table N-4 • An assessment of education and outreach capabilities is presented in Table N-5 • An overall self-assessment of capability is presented in Section N.6.1 in Table N-6 Table N-2
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document, Program, Requirement Department Comments
General Management Plan ☒ • Engineering Sanitary Sewer System Management Plan Capital Improvement Plan ☒ • All
Included in annual budget – 15-year Long Term
Capital Plan. Reviewed and modified annually
to anticipate necessary capital projects in
advance to allow time to secure funding
Stormwater Management Plan ☒ • Engineering Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan Coastal Management Plan ☒ • Engineering
Coastal Hazards Monitoring Plan- establishes
data collection tools to evaluate progression of
local hazards related to sea level rise
Climate Action/ Adaptation Plan ☒ • Engineering
Completed Sea Level rise study in 2018.

Currently reporting to Coastal Commission on
changes in sea level rise at WWTP location
Emergency Operations Plan ☒ • All
Business Response Plan/Emergency Action
Plan. CAWD staff are Disaster Service Workers
and are trained to safely operate and maintain
the critical sewer infrastructure 24/7 and
during emergencies
Specific Emergency Response
Plans ☒ • Safety Business Response Plans, FAST Plan
Continuity of Operations Plan ☒ • All Maintain 24/7 service of sewer system CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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Table N-2
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document, Program, Requirement Department Comments
Evacuation Plan ☒ • All
Illness and Injury Prevention
Plan ☒ • Safety Employee Safety Programs (PPE/Trainings) Confined Space Program
Business Response Plan ☒ • Safety
Hazardous Materials Plan ☒ • Safety
Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure
Plan
Hazardous Material Plans and Training
Site Plan Review Requirements ☒ • Engineering Performed by Plant Engineer when applicable Other:
• Hazard Communication Program (HAZCOM)
• Sanitary District Act of 1923
• CAWD Uniform Plumbing Ordinance
• Lateral Permits/Building Permit Review

Table N-3
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
knowledge of land
development and land
management practices
☒ • Engineering Plant Engineer, Principal Engineer
Engineer(s) or professional(s)
trained in construction
practices related to buildings
and/or infrastructure
☒ • Engineering Plant Engineer, Principal Engineer
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
an understanding of manmade
or natural hazards
☒ • Engineering Plant Engineer, Principal Engineer
Building Inspector ☒ • Engineering
• Source Control Plant Engineer, Principal Engineer
Emergency Manager ☒ • Safety General Manager, Safety & Compliance Officer
Resource development staff or
grant writers ☐
Public Information Officer ☒ • Admin Duty performed by General Manager Scientist(s) familiar with the
hazards of the community ☐
Staff with education or
expertise to assess the ☒ • Engineering
• Safety
Plant Engineer, Principal Engineer, Safety
& Compliance Officer
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Table N-3
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
community’s vulnerability to
hazards
Personnel skilled in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) ☒ • Engineering
Plant Engineer, Principal Engineer, also
maintains a contract with Turf Image for
GIS services
Maintenance programs to
reduce risk ☒
• Engineering
• Maintenance
• Collections
Plant Engineer, Principal Engineer,
Collection Superintendent
Warning systems/services ☒
• Engineering
• Maintenance
• Collections
CAWD SCADA System/CAWD Website
Mutual Aid Agreements ☐
No written agreements currently in place;
however, several Informal connections
with other nearby water and wastewater
utility providers
Other: • Safety Committee- Safety Regulatory Compliance Administrator / Operations / Maintenance / Engineering

Table N-4
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
General Funds ☒ • Finance Principal Accountant, General Manager Capital Improvements Project
Funding ☒ • Finance
Principal Accountant, General Manager,
Funding associated with a CIP would also have a
Project Manager. $3.3 million per year in capital
improvement projects to ensure the continued
safe, hazard-resilient wastewater and water
recycling services to CAWD’s service area.

Special Purpose Taxes ☐
Stormwater Utility Fees ☐
Gas / Electric Utility Fees ☐
Water / Sewer Fees ☒ • Finance
All sewer utility fees collected are used in the
operation and maintenance of CAWD’s
infrastructure. This includes CIP projects and
maintenance functions which extend useful life.

Development Impact Fees ☐
General Obligation Bonds ☐
Special Tax and Revenue Bonds ☐

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

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Table N-5
Education and Outreach Capability
Educational and Outreach Resources Department Comments Local citizen or non-profit
groups focused on
environmental protection, etc.
☒ • Manager
• Safety
CAWD participates in peninsula wide Fats,
Oils, and Grease Program
Ongoing public education or
information program ☒
• Manager
• Safety
• Collections
Educating the public about the valuable
services provided by CAWD and how these
relate to public health, environmental
protection, and drought resiliency in the
District’s service area. Multiple platforms for
customer and constituent interaction with
CAWD, which increases the ease of reporting
concerns resulting in quicker incident
response times and in some cases, incident
prevention.

Natural disaster or safety
related school programs ☒  Safety
Provides annual tours to local schools. Via
cawd.org, educators can access educational
resources for their students and interested
citizens can learn more about topics like best
management practices for household
hazardous waste and sewer maintenance,
both of which reduce the occurrences of
accidental exposure and/or sanitary sewer
overflows.

Public-private partnership
initiatives addressing disaster-
related issues
☐

Other:

Ongoing training for employees and contractors performing work for CAWD on prevention and mitigation of occupational hazard incidents and control of hazardous materials and other environmental pollutants

Political Capability
The CAWD Board is very willing to engage on issues related to sanitary sewer systems and treatment facilities. They have begun working on Sea Level Rise and the impact on their facilities.

N.6.1 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP)
The Carmel Area Wastewater District is a Special District and is therefore not eligible for flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-15 ANNEX N
N.6.2 SELF- ASSESSMENT OF CAPABILITY
Table N-6
Self-Assessment of Capability
Capability Degree of Capability
Planning and Regulatory Capability Moderate
Administrative and Technical Capability High
Fiscal Capability High
Education and Outreach Capability High
Political Capability High
Overall Capability High
N.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPAND/ IMPROVE MITIGATION CAPABILITIES CAWD does an excellent job as a Special District, but their jurisdiction is limited to sanitary sewer issues. Planning, regulatory, fiscal, administrative, technical, education, and outreach capabilities can all be expanded or improved using a combination of the following strategies:
• Increase capacity through staffing
• Training, and enhanced coordination among all department and jurisdictions • Emergency management/hazard specific program enhancements, training, and exercising • Increased funding opportunities and capacity
• Implementation of mitigation actions and projects
• Continuous research on grant opportunities for emergency management, hazard mitigation, and infrastructure and community development.

Capabilities and abilities to expand or improve existing policies and programs will be re-evaluated during the next Hazard Mitigation Plan update and annual plan review meetings.

N.6.4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANNING INITIATIVES
The information on hazards, risk, vulnerability and mitigation contained in this hazard mitigation plan is based on the best available data. Plan integration is the incorporation of this information into other relevant planning mechanisms, such as general planning and capital improvement planning. It includes the integration of natural hazard information and mitigation policies, principles and actions into local planning mechanisms and vice versa. Additionally, plan integration is achieved though the involvement of key staff and community officials in collaboratively planning for hazard mitigation. This section identifies where such integration is already in place, and where there are opportunities for further integration in the future.

Existing Integration
In the performance period since adoption of the previous hazard mitigation plan, the District made progress on integrating hazard mitigation goals, objectives, and actions into other planning initiatives.

The following plans and programs currently integrate components of the hazard mitigation strategy:
• Capital Improvement Plan: The capital improvement plan includes projects that can help mitigate potential hazards. The District will strive to ensure consistency between the hazard CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-16 ANNEX N
mitigation plan and the current and future capital improvement plan. The hazard mitigation plan may identify new possible funding sources for capital improvement projects and may result in modifications to proposed projects based on results of the risk assessment. • Sanitary Sewer System Management Plan: State regulatory requirement to ensure efforts are made to reduce risks to public health, property and the environment • Coastal Hazards Monitoring Plan: This plan establishes data collection tools to evaluate progression of local hazards related to sea level rise
• Sea Level Rise Study: Analysis of the possible effects of sea level rise changes at WWTP location.
• Business Response Plan/Emergency Action Plan: CAWD staff are Disaster Service Workers and are trained to safely operate and maintain the critical sewer infrastructure 24/7 and during emergencies.

Opportunities for Future Integration
As this hazard mitigation plan is implemented, the Carmel Area Wastewater District will use information from the plan as the best available science and data on natural hazards. The capability assessment presented in this annex identifies codes, plans and programs that provide opportunities for integration. The area-wide and local action plans developed for this hazard mitigation plan include actions related to plan integration, and progress on these actions will be reported through the progress reporting process described in Volume 1. New opportunities for integration also will be identified as part of the annual progress report. The plans and programs listed in the Capability Assessment cover the majority of District operations where the hazard mitigation goals are addressed. However, the capability assessment identified the opportunity for future integration of recommendations of the hazard mitigation plan for all the plans and programs listed as they are updated periodically N.7 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Problem Statements are statements of particular interest regarding primary hazards of concern, geographic areas of concern, or vulnerable community assets. As part of the planning process, the Districts’ Planning Committee identified key vulnerabilities and hazards of concern. The Hazard Problem Statements were primarily derived from CAWD’s Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and informed by review of existing literature about CAWD’s assets and analysis using best available data relating to the vulnerability analysis for each piece of CAWD’s critical infrastructure. They were developed to assist in the identification and analysis of potential hazard mitigation actions for CAWD.

Hazard Problem Statements helped the Planning Committee identify common issues and weaknesses, determine appropriate mitigation strategies, and understand the realm of resources needed for mitigation. Hazard Problem Statements for the District are identified below:

N.7.1 COLLECTIONS SYSTEM
• Infrastructure requires capital investment to ensure safe, reliable sewer collections services. • Collection’s systems must operate continuously (24/7) as wastewater doesn’t stop flowing. • Infrastructure is coastally located and thus vulnerable to sea-level rise, tsunami, coastal erosion, coastal flooding, and intense storm events.

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-17 ANNEX N
• The CAWD collection system is located in areas with a high level of environmental scrutiny and regulation. This makes completing projects more difficult due to the many regulatory requirements for doing projects even though they are necessary to maintain the sewers in good condition and improve resiliency of the system from hazards.
• Conservation in CAWD’s service area is reducing the amount of flow in sewers to move solids down gravity pipelines.
• Extending sewer collection service to remote areas of District which were originally developed by means of septic tanks.

N.7.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
• Infrastructure requires capital investment to ensure safe, reliable wastewater and water recycling services.
• Treatment systems must operate continuously (24/7) as wastewater doesn’t stop flowing. • Infrastructure is coastally located and thus vulnerable to sea-level rise, tsunami, coastal erosion, coastal flooding, and intense storm events.
• Conservation in CAWD’s service area is changing the characteristics of wastewater. • New regulations in the future could require changes in treatment process.

N.7.3 RECLAMATION PLANT (RECYCLED WATER FACILITIES)
• Infrastructure requires capital investment to ensure safe, reliable water recycling services. • Recycled water supply is largely dependent on resources that fluctuate with rainfall and are heavily influenced by conservation trends.
• Infrastructure is coastally located and thus vulnerable to sea-level rise, tsunami, coastal erosion, coastal flooding, and intense storm events.

N.8 MITIGATION GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTIONS
The mitigation strategy is the guidebook to future hazard mitigation administration, capturing the key outcomes of the MJHMP planning process. The mitigation strategy is intended to reduce vulnerabilities outlined in the previous section with a prescription of policies and physical projects. These mitigation actions should be compatible with existing planning mechanisms and should outline specific roles and resources for implementation success.

The Carmel area is vulnerable to a wide range of hazards, both natural and manmade, which threaten the life and safety of residents and visitors. While complete elimination of the hazards facing CAWD’s infrastructure is not likely, adequate, proactive planning and preparation for such occurrences can greatly reduce the impact on the communities, environments, and economies it serves.

The District’s Planning Team used the same mitigation action prioritization method as described in Mitigation Strategy in Volume 1, which included a benefit-cost analysis and consideration of mitigation alternatives. Based upon the risk assessment results and the District’s planning committee priorities, a list of mitigation actions was developed. The Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan Matrices lists each priority mitigation action, identifies time frame, the responsible party, potential funding sources, and prioritization, which meet the requirements of FEMA and DMA 2000.

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-18 ANNEX N
Table N-8 contains the Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan for the CAWD Collection System and Table N-9 contains the Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan for the CAWD WWTP and Reclamation Plant.

Status of Previous Plan Actions
CAWD has experienced infrastructure damage from natural disasters in the recent past. The “Hatton Canyon Pipeline Replacement Project” was completed recently, and the work was funded through Cal OES hazard mitigation grant funding. CAWD is proven capable of successfully implementing hazard mitigation grant funds.

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-19 ANNEX N
N Carmel Area Wastewater District Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Table N-8
CAWD Collection System Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
1 3 – 5 years
Gravity Sewer
- Carmel
Meadows
Slope Failure,
Earthquake,
Water
Contamination
• Relocate the pipeline off the slope.
• Improve stability of slope via shoring or
retaining walls.
• Install seamless pipe so joints don’t fail.
• Install anchorage to keep pipe from
sliding.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
2 3 – 5 years
Gravity Sewer
- Pescadero
Creek
Slope Failure,
Earthquake,
Water
Contamination
• Relocate the pipeline off the slope.
• Improve stability of slope via shoring or
retaining walls.
• Install seamless pipe so joints don’t fail.
• Install anchorage to keep pipe from
sliding.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
3 3- 5 years Scenic Rd
Sewer Lines
Coastal Erosion,
Sea Level Rise,
Earthquake
• Relocate pipes farther inland.
• Replace pipe with seamless pipe so it is
less susceptible to failure at pipe joints.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
4 As Needed
Pump Station
– Calle La
Cruz
Flooding,
Riverine
Flooding, Sea
Level Rise, Flash
Flood, Slope
Failure
• Relocate the Pump Station to higher
ground or retrofit the pump station to
handle higher flood levels and slope
erosion.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-20 ANNEX N
Table N-8
CAWD Collection System Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
5 As Needed
Pump Station
- Monte
Verde and
16 th
Coastal
Flooding, Sea
Level Rise, Flash
Flood, Levee
Failure, Storm
Water Flooding,
Dam Failure
• Waterproof the station structure and wet
well.
• Install flood walls.
• Increase Pump Station size to handle
flood inflows.
• Relocate electrical panels away from flood
impacts.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
6 3 – 5 years
Pump Station
- Bay and
Scenic
Coastal Erosion,
Sea Level Rise,
Tsunami
• Pump Station Retrofit to handle new
conditions caused by Sea Level Rise.
• Relocate Pump Station Inland or eliminate
Pump Station by requiring homes to
install residential sewer pumps stations.
• Move electrical panels to higher ground.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
7 As Needed
Pump Station
– 8th and
Scenic
Coastal Erosion,
Sea Level Rise,
Tsunami
• Pump Station Retrofit to handle new
conditions caused by Sea Level Rise.
• Relocate Pump Station Inland or eliminate
Pump Station by requiring homes to
install residential sewer pump stations.
• Move electrical panels to higher ground.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
8 As Needed All Pump
Stations
Utility
Interruption/
Public Safety
Power Shutoff,
Windstorms
• Pre-position emergency power generation
capacity (or have rental/lease agreements
for generators) in critical locations for
continuity services.
• Install 480V battery backup systems.
• Purchase a new engine driven bypass
pump for Highlands Pump Station.

Medium Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-21 ANNEX N
Table N-8
CAWD Collection System Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
9 As Needed All Pump
Stations Cyber-Attack
• Upgrade network hardware and software.
• Build a standby / backup server.
• Encrypting internal control system
network.
• Hire network security firm to implement
security improvements.
• Hire network security firm to monitor
network and manage security.

Medium Collections

General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
10 As Needed All Pump
Stations Earthquake
• Commission a structural analysis of the
most critical pump stations.
• Complete structural modifications for
earthquake safety as necessary.

Medium Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
11 In Progress
Low lying
sewers in
Carmel Point
and Mission
Fields
Flooding, Flash
Flood, Levee
Failure, Sea
Level Rise,
Localized
Stormwater
Flooding,
Tsunami
• Install watertight manhole lids to mitigate
inflow.
• Install seamless piping to mitigate
infiltration.
• Repairing manholes structures and/or
lining them to mitigate infiltration.

Medium Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-22 ANNEX N
Table N-8
CAWD Collection System Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
12 3 – 5 years
Low lying
sewers
around Rio
Rd East of
Hwy 1)
Riverine
Flooding,
Coastal
Flooding, Flash
Flood, Levee
Failure, Sea
Level Rise,
Localized
Stormwater
Flooding, Dam
Failure
• Install watertight manhole lids to mitigate
inflow.
• Install seamless piping to mitigate
infiltration.
• Repairing manholes structures and/or
lining them to mitigate infiltration.

Medium Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
13 As Needed
Sewer Lines
on Slopes
Greater than
2:1
Slope Failure
• Conduct detailed geological investigations
of facilities to determine the risk of
damage from slope instability.
• Improve stability of existing slope via
shoring or retaining walls.
• Install seamless pipe so joints don’t fail.
• Install anchorage to keep pipe from
sliding.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-23 ANNEX N
Table N-8
CAWD Collection System Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
14 Ongoing All Sewer
Lines
Severe Winter
Storms,
Localized
Stormwater
Flooding
• Continue to repair/replace and make
structural improvements to pipelines to
enable them to perform to their design
capacity.
• Televise gravity in terceptors to identify
structural and joint problems and verify
the condition
• Continue maintenance efforts to keep
pipelines free of obstructions.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
15 As Needed All Sewer
Lines
Drought &
Water Shortage
• Expand in-situ sewer cleaning capabilities
to increase frequency of cleaning to avoid
backups due to poor solids conveyance.
• Purchase a cleaning truck that recycles
cleaning water in the truck to use less
water during cleaning.
• Expand sewer system to collect septic
tank water.

Low Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
16 Ongoing Sewer
Manholes
Severe Winter
Storms,
Localized
Stormwater
Flooding
• Replace or repair deficient manholes to
reduce infiltration.
• Ongoing inspections.
• Install watertight lids
Medium Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
17 As Needed All Pump
Stations
Extreme Cold &
Freeze
• Review electrical control systems for
major stations to determine if enough
independent operations exist between
each control system to ensure single
system failure cannot disable the station.

Medium Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-24 ANNEX N
Table N-8
CAWD Collection System Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
18 As Needed All Pump
Stations Extreme Heat
• Review electrical control systems for
major stations to determine if enough
independent operations exist between
each control system to ensure single
system failure cannot disable the station.
• Install odor control / hazardous sulfide gas
control.
• Add Air Conditioning to cool electrical
panels.
• Purchase an engine driven bypass pump
for Highlands Pump Station.

Medium Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
19 3 – 5 years Highlands
Pump Station Wildfire • Purchase an engine driven bypass pump for Highlands Pump Station. High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
20 Ongoing Personnel Pandemic,
Epidemic
• Establish formal mutual aid agreements.
• Install provisions for social distancing
employees.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
21 Ongoing Critical
Supplies
Pandemic,
Epidemic
• Construct or otherwise obtain additional
storage facilities to stockpile necessary
supplies that may be disrupted during a
global pandemic.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-25 ANNEX N
Table N-8
CAWD Collection System Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
22 As Needed
All Sewer
Lines not
under streets
Windstorms
• Remove trees with roots that may intrude
under sewer lines. Trees fall over in the
wind and can pull sewers out of the
ground with the roots ball.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
23 Ongoing
Sewer lines
near
waterbodies
or storm
drains
Water
Contamination
(i.e., protection
of natural
waters)
• Seal manholes and sewer lines to limit
exfiltration.
• Replace pipes and manholes
• Map all storm drains in the District to plan
containment strategies near storm inlets
in event of sewer overflow.

High Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
24 As Needed
Collections
Office and
Vehicle
Storage
Building
Coastal
Flooding,
Riverine
Flooding, Sea
Level Rise, Flash
Flood
• Relocate collections offices and vehicle
storage to a new location away from the
flood plain.

Medium Collections
General
Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees

CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-26 ANNEX N

Table N-9
CAWD Wastewater Treatment Plant and Reclamation Plant Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
1 As Needed
Ocean
Outfall
Pipeline
Coastal
Erosion
• Install a new Outfall deeper
underground High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
2 Ongoing /
As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Riverine
Flooding,
Coastal
Flooding,
Flash Flood,
Dam Failure
• All new construction within the 100-
year flood zone to be completed with
design that will limit damage from
floods.
• Adapt existing structures to handle
higher/more frequent floods onsite.
• Relocate treatment plant.
• Install area groundwater dewatering
pumps.
• Pump floodwaters to a new aquifer
storage well system offsite.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
3 Ongoing /
As Needed
Treatment
Plant Access
Road
Riverine
Flooding,
Coastal
Flooding,
Flash Flood,
Dam Failure
• Provide secondary access into the
treatment plant by replacing or
renovating existing CAWD pedestrian
bridge over Carmel River.
• Relocate treatment plant.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-27 ANNEX N
Table N-9
CAWD Wastewater Treatment Plant and Reclamation Plant Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
4 Ongoing
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Cyber-Attack
• Upgrade network hardware.
• Build a standby / backup server.
• Upgrade network software.
• Encrypting internal control system
network.
• Hire network security firm to
implement security improvements.
• Hire network security firm to monitor
network and manage security.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
5 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Drought &
Water
Shortage
• Install a smaller blower/aerator. Low Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
6 As Needed Reclamation
Plant
Drought &
Water
Shortage
• Implement an Aquifer Storage and
Recovery project to maximize water
recycling during wet weather flows.
• Add ocean desalination capabilities for
water resources.
• Expand dry weather stormwater
diversions into sewer system.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
7 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Earthquake
• Commission a structural analysis of
critical structures ability to withstand
earthquakes.
• Retrofit existing structures as
necessary.

Medium Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-28 ANNEX N
Table N-9
CAWD Wastewater Treatment Plant and Reclamation Plant Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
8 Ongoing /
As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Pandemic,
Epidemic
• Install new separate workspaces to
replace communal workspaces to allow
social distancing.
• Upgrade Process Automation.
• Add onsite housing for staff to
maintain facility without contact to
outside.
• Add ventilation improvements to treat
airborne vectors (HEPA, UV light,
Ozone, etc.).

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
9 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Extreme Cold
& Freeze
• Insulate exposed piping.
• Enclose the MF/RO Reclamation
Facility.

Medium Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
10 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Extreme Heat • Add Air Conditioning to cool electrical
panels and PLC panels. Medium Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
11 Ongoing
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Hazardous
Materials
Incident
• Provide training to employees in the
handling, storage, and control of
hazardous materials.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-29 ANNEX N
Table N-9
CAWD Wastewater Treatment Plant and Reclamation Plant Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
12 Ongoing /
As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Sea Level Rise
• Adapt existing structures to handle
higher and more frequent floods
onsite.
• Relocate treatment plant.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
13 Ongoing
Wastewater
Treatment
Plant
Severe Winter
Storms
• Maintain treatment plant conveyance
capacity to handle large wet weather
flows.
• Invest in collections system
improvements to reduce infiltration
and inflow during wet weather.
• Invest in additional flow equalization
facilities (i.e., storage) onsite and/or
offsite.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
14 Ongoing /
As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Terrorist
Attack
• Install more security cameras.
• Install a secure fence around the site.
• Hire a specialist to do a threat
vulnerability risk assessment for
infrastructure.
• Hire a security firm to monitor site
outside normal business hours.
• Underground the main PG&E overhead
power line from Rio Rd to the
Treatment Plant site.

Medium Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-30 ANNEX N
Table N-9
CAWD Wastewater Treatment Plant and Reclamation Plant Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
15 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Tsunami
• Commission a structural analysis of
critical structures ability to withstand
tsunami and retrofit existing structures
as necessary.

Low Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
16 As Needed
Ocean
Outfall
Pipeline
Tsunami • Install a new Outfall deeper
underground. Low Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
17 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Utility
Interruption/
Public Safety
Power Shutoff
• Underground the main PG&E overhead
power line from Rio Rd to the
Treatment Plant site.
• Install standby power system (backup
generators) for Reclamation Plant.
• Install battery backup system.
• Increase diesel fuel storage capabilities.
• Provide for standby power generation
capacity using natural gas.
• Add a redundant Internet Service
Provider (ISP).

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
18 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Water
Contamination
• Hire a dedicated Source Control
employee to investigate pollutants
entering sewer system.
• Implement more upstream sampling
equipment and analysis to enable
better Source Control.
• Create a Source Control GIS database.

Medium Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
CARMEL AREA WASTEWATER DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | N-31 ANNEX N
Table N-9
CAWD Wastewater Treatment Plant and Reclamation Plant Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
# Timeframe Asset /
Location
Hazard
Mitigated Potential Mitigation Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
19 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Wildfire
• Underground the main PG&E overhead
power line from Rio Rd to the
Treatment Plant site.
• Provide greater setback between
treatment plant structures and tall
eucalyptus trees used to hide
treatment plant from public view.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees
20 As Needed
Wastewater
Treatment
and
Reclamation
Plant
Windstorms
• Underground the main PG&E overhead
power line from Rio Rd to the
Treatment Plant site.
• Provide greater setback between
treatment plant structures and tall
eucalyptus trees used to hide
treatment plant from public view.

High Treatment
General Fund,
Grants,

HMGP, CIP,
Utility Fees

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

O
ANNEX O:

MONTEREY ONE WATER

2021 Monterey County
Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan

MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-1 ANNEX O
O. MONTEREY ONE WATER
O.1 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN POINT OF CONTACT
Primary Point of Contact Alternate Point of Contact
Sarah Stevens
Compliance Analyst
5 Harris Ct., Building D
Monterey, CA 93940
(831) 883-6109
[email protected]
Mike McCullough
Director of External Affairs
5 Harris Ct., Building D
Monterey, CA 93940
(831) 645-4618
[email protected]
O.2 AGENCY PROFILE
O.2.1 LOCATION AND SERVICE AREA
Monterey One Water (M1W), formerly Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency is a Joint Powers Authority (JPA) that provides wastewater and water recycling services to 11 member entities situated in the Monterey Bay Area. The Agency receives wastewater from the following areas:
• Boronda County Sanitation District • Marina Coast Water District • Castroville Community Services District • Unincorporated Areas of Monterey County • Del Rey Oaks • Monterey
• Salinas • Pacific Grove
• Seaside • Sand City
M1W’s service area encompasses 90.5 square miles and includes the operation and maintenance of a vast network of infrastructure and assets, most principally: the Regional Treatment Plant (RTP); pump stations; gravity and force mains; land/ocean outfall; the Salinas Valley Reclamation Project (SVRP); Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project (CSIP); Salinas River Diversion Facility (SRDF); and Pure Water Monterey (PWM) Advanced Water Purification Facility (AWPF) and Injection Well Facilities (IWF).

O.2.2 HISTORY
Before M1W’s establishment, every community in the Monterey Bay area had its own wastewater treatment plant. Most of the communities were discharging their sewage into the Monterey Bay with limited treatment and, in some cases, as little as 300 feet offshore. In 1972, the United States enacted the Federal Clean Water Act which protects against water pollution and regulates discharging of pollutants into waters of the US. This set of policies required communities to collaborate to increase treatment standards and bring regional efficiency to sewer system management.

A JPA formed the “Monterey Peninsula Water Pollution Control Agency” in 1972 by the Cities of Monterey, Pacific Grove, and the Seaside County Sanitation District. Its purpose was to seek joint solutions to water pollution. The membership has grown to include the cities of Seaside, Del Rey Oaks, Sand City, Salinas, Castroville County Sanitation District, Boronda County Sanitation District, County of MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-2 ANNEX O
Monterey, Marina Coast Water District, and Fort Ord (ex-officio member). To reflect the larger service area, the name was changed to Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control Agency 1979. Construction of the RTP, owned and operated by the Agency, was completed in 1990 with an average dry weather design capacity of 29.6 million gallons per day (MGD).

In addition to Federal Clean Water Act requirements, it became evident during the early 1970s that the quality of northern Monterey County’s groundwater supply was deteriorating due to extensive withdrawal for agricultural purposes. This overdraft increased seawater intrusion, which threatened the multibillion-dollar agricultural industry and the drinking water supply for the City of Salinas. It also presented an opportunity for water recycling to introduce new water supplies for the community.

Under a 1996 agreement with the Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWRA), the Agency constructed the 29.6 MGD SVRP to provide recycled water to growers in the Salinas Valley and to slow seawater intrusion. The distribution portion of the system, known as the CISP, delivers water through 45 miles of pipeline to 12,000 acres of farmland in the northern Salinas Valley nearly year-round.

Recently, to address state-ordered cutbacks in utilization of existing surface water supplies on the Monterey Peninsula, M1W, in partnership with the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD), developed the Pure Water Monterey Groundwater Replenishment Project (PWM/GWR) to inject 3,500 acre-feet per year (AFY) of purified recycled water to replenish the Seaside Groundwater Basin. The PWM/GWR Project will also provide recycled water for landscape irrigation in partnership with Marina Coast Water District (MCWD). The project includes an Advanced Water Purification Facility with a design capacity of 5 MGD, located adjacent to the RTP. The AWPF consists of ozone pre- treatment, low pressure membrane filtration, Reverse Osmosis (RO), advanced oxidation, and product water stabilization. Purified recycled water from the AWPF is conveyed by pipeline to the Seaside Groundwater Basin for recharge using both deep injection and vadose zone wells. The injected purified recycled water subsequently mixes with native groundwater and is stored for future urban use, including use as a potable water source.

O.2.3 GOVERNING BODY FORMAT
M1W is a public utility serving jurisdictions in northern Monterey County. The Agency is governed through a JPA. Each of the 11 member entities appoint a representative to the M1W Board of Directors to represent their jurisdictions. Current membership on the M1W Board includes elected officials from eight jurisdictions, a representative from the Monterey County Board of Supervisors, one member who is appointed by the Monterey County Board of Supervisors to represent the Boronda County Sanitation District, and an ex-officio representative from the US Army.

O.3 PLANNING PROCESS
M1W followed the planning process explained in Volume 1 of the plan. In addition to providing representation on the Monterey County Hazard Mitigation Planning Steering Committee, the Agency formulated their own internal planning team to support the broader planning process.

M1W held a Hazard Mitigation Plan Stakeholder meeting on July 28, 2021 to discuss vulnerabilities, mitigation activities that had occurred since the last plan update, key problem statements, and mitigation strategies.

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Key stakeholders present at the meeting included:
• Tamsen McNarie, Assistant General Manager
• Jennifer Gonzalez, P.E., Engineering Manager
• Jose O. Guzman, Chief Plant Operator
• Jonathan Mungcal, Utilities and Maintenance Services Manager • Joanne Le, Laboratory and Environmental Services Manager • Darrele Harris, Utilities Supervisor
• David Bradley, Operations Supervisor
• Nathan Clark, Operations Supervisor
• Sarah Stevens, Compliance Analyst
O.4 FACILITIES
As mentioned previously, M1W’s facilities and infrastructure include: The RTP; pump stations; gravity and force mains; land/ocean outfall; the SVRP; CSIP; Salinas River Diversion Facility (SRDF); and PWM AWPF and IWF. Monterey One Water’s facilities are mapped in Figure O-1.

Figure O-1
Monterey One Water Facilities Map

M1W owns, operates, and maintains the RTP, located two miles north of the City of Marina and provides ‘trunk line’ wastewater conveyance services via a system of 14 M1W-owned pump stations

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PAGE | O-4 ANNEX O
and 34.2 miles of force main and gravity pipeline (referred to collectively as the wastewater collection system, WCS). Additionally, M1W operates, under contract, 18 pump stations owned by its member entities. Wastewater within M1W’s service area is collected through City owned, operated, and maintained sewer systems and conveyed to regional pump stations for subsequent conveyance to the RTP. This network allows M1W to treat and recycle on average 18.5 MGD from 268,000 constituents (2010 census). Secondary treated effluent not utilized for recycling is discharged to the Bay through M1W’s outfall (land/ocean outfall), which consists of 2.5 miles of land and 2.1 miles of ocean pipeline.

The M1W-owned WCS includes three ‘trunk line’ interceptor systems and two river crossings. Each trunk line consists of a single pipeline, ranging in size from 6 to 60 inches in diameter that were constructed in several stages about 35 years ago. Line composition includes ductile iron; polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC); high density polyethylene pipe (HDPE); vitrified clay pipe (VCP); reinforced concrete pipe (RCP); both lined and unlined concrete pipe. There are also 39 intermittent air/vacuum relief valves. Operating pressures vary from several hundred feet of head on the discharge side of large pump stations to un-pressurized gravity flows depending on system hydraulics. M1W’s WCS joins member entity sewer systems at influent manholes of the corresponding pump stations.

In 2018 M1W completed a comprehensive study (Conveyance System Condition Optimization Analysis) to assess the condition of its pump stations and WCS infrastructure, identify near-term risks and mitigation strategies, and support a long-term asset management program that identifies sustainable funding needs for a 22-year planning horizon (2019-2040). Results of the study have been incorporated into M1W’s Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) Master Plan as necessary. A similar study is planned to assess the condition of the RTP.

As part of the Agency’s strategic goal to develop the use of recycled water within its service area, M1W has embraced the ‘one water’ approach which views all waters, drinking water, wastewater, stormwater, greywater, and others, as a resource that must be sustainably managed. Subsequently, in 2018 the Agency changed its name to Monterey One Water to reflect this principal. To that end, M1W jointly owns and operates two water recycling projects: one producing recycled water to supplement agricultural reliance on groundwater in the Salinas Valley, and one purifying water to drinking water standards for indirect potable reuse via groundwater replenishment on the Monterey Peninsula.

Agricultural Reuse
In 1992, M1W and the MCWRA formed a partnership to build the Monterey County Reclamation Projects (MCWRP): the SVRP recycled water plant and the CISP distribution system. Some years later in 2010, M1W and MCWRA again partnered to expand the MCWRP to include the SRDF to provide treated (filtered and chlorinated) river water for blending with SVRP recycled water when adequate releases from upstream reservoirs are available. These three facilities, paid for by Salinas Valley agricultural growers and property owners, provide irrigation water to 12,000 acres of Castroville farmland to assist in slowing seawater intrusion into local groundwater aquifers. Seawater intrusion threatens both agricultural water supply as well as urban/municipal drinking water supplies.

Indirect Potable Reuse and Groundwater Replenishment
Monterey County is isolated from state and federal water projects requiring the region to rely solely on its limited, local water resources. For Monterey Peninsula residents and businesses, water historically came from two sources: 1) the Carmel River and 2) the Seaside Groundwater Basin. Overuse MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-5 ANNEX O
threatened water quality and habitats, leading to state and court-ordered reductions in reliance upon these resources. To help address this challenge, M1W and its partners collaborated to develop a drought-resistant and independent water supply: Pure Water Monterey. Using a proven, multi-stage treatment process, the PWM AWPF treats wastewater into a safe, reliable, and sustainable water supply that complies with or exceeds strict state and federal drinking water standards. After production, the purified water is conveyed to the Seaside Groundwater Basin for injection, groundwater replenishment, and eventual potable reuse.

Figure O-2
Monterey One Water Process
O.5 AGENCY SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
The intent of this section is to profile M1W’s hazards and assess the Agency’s vulnerability distinct from that of the countywide planning area, which has already been assessed in Volume 1 of the plan.

The hazard profiles in Volume 1 discuss overall impacts to the County and describes the hazards, as well as their extent, magnitude/severity, previous occurrences, and the likelihood of future occurrences. Hazard vulnerability specific to the M1W is included in this Annex.

The M1W Planning Team used the same risk assessment process as the Monterey County Steering Committee. The Agency’s Planning Team used the Threat Hazard Risk Assessment (THIRA) Survey to compare the impact of various hazards that could affect the Agency. Each variable was scored by

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PAGE | O-6 ANNEX O
hazard by the Planning Team on a scale from 1 to 4, or negligible/unlikely to extensive/highly likely/ catastrophic. The score for each variable was calculated using a weighted average of all survey responses. Scores were then added together to determine an overall hazard score between 1 and 16.

Each score was associated with a qualitative degree of risk ranking from Negligible (between 1 and 4) to Very High (between 14.1 and 16). The Survey is described in more detail in Risk Assessment Methods in Volume 1. Table O-1 displays the results of the hazard risk ranking exercise that was performed by the M1W Planning Team.

Table O-1
Threat Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA): Monterey One Water Hazard Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Magnitude/
Severity Impact Total
Out of 16
Degree of Risk
Agricultural Emergencies 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 11.0 High
Coastal Erosion 4.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 13.0 High
Coastal Flooding 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate
Cyber-Attack 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 14.0 High
Dam Failure 2.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate
Drought & Water Shortage 4.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 13.0 High
Earthquake 4.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 14.0 High
Epidemic 4.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate
Extreme Cold & Freeze 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 Low
Extreme Heat 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate
Flash Flood 2.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate
Hazardous Materials Incident 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Low
Invasive Species 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 Negligible
Levee Failure - - - - - -
Localized Stormwater Flooding 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate Mass Migration - - - - - -
Pandemic 4.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate
Riverine Flooding 2.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate
Sea Level Rise 4.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 13.0 High
Severe Winter Storms 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 14.0 High
Slope Failure 1.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate
Targeted Violence 1.0 1.0 4.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate
Terrorism 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 14.0 High
Tsunami 4.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 13.0 High
Utility Interruption/ PSPS 4.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 11.0 Moderate Water Contamination 4.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 14.0 High
Wildfire 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 Low
Windstorms 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 14.0 High
Note: Asterisks (*) indicate infrastructure jointly owned or operated by M1W with partner entities.

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O.5.1 AGRICULTURAL EMERGENCIES
The following M1W infrastructure has the potential to impact agricultural emergencies or be impacted by an instance of agricultural emergency, including drought and bio-contamination. • SVRP- Del Monte Boulevard, Marina
• CSIP- Castroville*
• SRDF- Salinas River, Marina*
• Castroville Pump Station- Highway 1 North, Castroville • Salinas Pump Station- Hitchcock Road, Salinas
• Farmworker Housing Pump Station #1 – Hitchcock Road, Salinas • Pond 3 Pump Station – South Davis Road, Salinas *
• Pipeline- 13.08 miles
Conjunctively the SVRP, the CSIP, and the SRDF provide recycled water to irrigate 12,000 acres of agricultural land in the Castroville area to supplement groundwater pumping with the intent to slow rates of seawater intrusion. As M1W and partner agency, MCWRA, recently observed, prolonged drought conditions adversely the impact the ability of these projects to perform their intended function. Principally, the SRDF remained non-operational during the drought from 2013 to 2016 due to limited in-stream flows for biological species downstream of the dam. This resulted in increases in groundwater pumping from supplemental wells in the area of seawater intrusion impact. However, since 1998 the projects have recycled more than 90 billion gallons of water for beneficial reuse. Should these services be interrupted again for an extended period, the 12,000 acres of crops would require an alternative water source, likely groundwater. This could result in worsened seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers which would potentially render agricultural land unfarmable.

M1W customers achieved remarkably high-water conservation benchmarks during this most recent drought period, resulting in less influent to the RTP for reclamation. In addition to reducing the volume of influent to the RTP, conservation has also changed the characteristics of the wastewater, possibly due to longer in-pipe retention times and higher concentrations. M1W is performing analyses and pursuing system-wide optimization to better understand and, where possible, adapt to the changing nature of wastewater.

The Castroville Pump Station, the Salinas Pump Station, and the Farmworker Housing Pump Station #1 are located directly adjacent to agricultural operations. If a sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) were to occur at one of these stations, wastewater could contaminate land, requiring bioremediation. M1W’s preventative maintenance program (PMP) and CIP jointly work to reduce this risk by performing routine maintenance and system upgrades/replacements. Concurrently, M1W’s Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system monitors pump stations and sends critical feedback to the Control Room at the RTP, which is manned 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. SCADA alarms alert M1W employees of conditions which might lead to an SSO prompting dispatch of any number of on-call employees to the site.

O.5.2 COASTAL EROSION
Several of M1W’s assets are located near the coastline, thus making them susceptible to coastal storms and erosion. Specifically, assets vulnerable to coastal erosion include:

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PAGE | O-8 ANNEX O
• Station 15- Coral Street, Pacific Grove
• Station 7- Reeside, Monterey
• Station 13- Fountain Avenue, Pacific Grove
• Monterey Pump Station- Del Monte Boulevard, Monterey
• Seaside Pump Station- Bay Street, Seaside
• Conveyance Pipelines- 13.28 miles (includes 2.1 miles of Ocean Outfall) During March 2016 extreme wave action was observed. This coupled with the high rate of coastal erosion documented in Southern Monterey Bay, the highest in the State of California, resulted in M1W’s Land/Ocean Outfall junction structure being exposed. The exposure required emergency protection work which included installation of sheet piling on both sides of the outfall pipe to prevent the sand from further eroding and undermining the pipeline. Emergency work was successful, and the site is closely monitored for changes. M1W is in the process of assessing the feasibility and appropriateness of various courses of action to ensure the long-term operability of the outfall. The technical memorandum recommendations have been included as mitigation measures in Table O-10.

Stations 15, 7, 13 and the Monterey and Seaside Pump Stations are all located directly adjacent to the Monterey Bay coastline near sea level. Mitigating potential SSO events, especially those in Pacific Grove adjacent to the Federally designated Area of Special Biological Significance (ASBS), is among the highest of M1W’s priorities. M1W’s preventative maintenance program, CIP, and SCADA system work together to identify vulnerabilities and mitigate them based on risk.

Conceptual projects addressing climate-related challenges at these locations, including but not limited to coastal erosion, are further described in Section O.5.15, Climate Change & Sea Level Rise.

O.5.3 DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE
Dam Failure
The following M1W infrastructure is vulnerable in the event of an upstream dam failure:
• Regional Treatment Plant- Del Monte Boulevard, Marina • SRDF- Salinas River, Marina*
• SVRP- Del Monte Boulevard, Marina*
• Moss Landing Pump Station- Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing • Marina Pump Station- Reservation Road, Marina
• Fort Ord Pump Station- Marina Drive, Marina
• Salinas Pump Station- Hitchcock Road, Salinas
• Farmworker Housing Pump Station #1 – Hitchcock Road, Salinas • Pond 3 Pump Station – South Davis Road, Salinas *
• Castroville Pump Station- Highway 1 North, Castroville • Conveyance Pipelines - 18.37 miles
Releases from both the Nacimiento and San Antonio reservoirs flow northward towards the Monterey Bay through the channel of the Salinas River, adjacent to the location of the structures listed above.

Combined, both reservoirs have a storage capacity of approximately 712,900 acre-feet. Should one or both reservoirs fail, water released could place the aforementioned structures at risk of inundation or MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-9 ANNEX O
other structural damage. New structures located in areas susceptible to flooding are built using the most current techniques guided by California Building Code to ensure operability through inundation events, while existing structures are retrofitted to withstand events to the highest extent possible.

Levee Failure
Levee failure does not currently pose a major risk to the Agency’s infrastructure or facilities.

O.5.4 DROUGHT AND WATER SHORTAGE
Monterey County is isolated from state and federal water supplies and must rely solely on its local water resources, groundwater, and surface water from watersheds with negligible influence from snowpack. As extreme heat and extended drought become more frequent, the region must ensure access to sustainable water supplies. To that end, in addition to providing wastewater treatment services to the community, M1W recycles its wastewater to diversify local water supplies for the agricultural and urban sectors.

Both water recycling projects, the SVRP, and PWM/GWR Project, provide sustainable supplemental water sources to traditional supplies. However, both projects rely upon availability of source water and therefore could be affected adversely in the event of drought.

Drought and water shortage could affect the Agency’s operations in the following ways:

Conservation resulting in:
• Reductions in influent, resulting in less source water availability to meet recycled water obligations.
• Changing wastewater characteristics, possibly due to longer in-pipe retention times and higher concentrations (see Section O.5.1, Agricultural Emergency). • Collection’s system backups and possible SSOs due to lack of water flow to carry solids.

Reduced precipitation:
• Impacting reservoir storage and therefore limiting or precluding operation of the SRDF for agricultural use.
• Limiting seasonal surface water flows resulting in the inability to utilize the Blanco Drain and Reclamation Ditch surface water rights.
• Limiting the amount of stormwater diverted and stored in the Salinas Industrial Wastewater Treatment Facility (IWTF) ponds for later conveyance to the RTP for recycling.

O.5.5 EARTHQUAKE
A 1998 report by Dames and Moore detailed local geology, seismic setting, and historic seismicity of M1W facilities including pump station buildings, equipment, piping, and tanks. The study determined that there was a very low life-safety risk due to earthquake; however, that there could be economic and environmental impacts if an earthquake were to occur.

Per that report, the following infrastructure would be vulnerable to earthquake-induced liquefaction of the following calibers:

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Moderate:
• Monterey Pump Station- Del Monte Boulevard, Monterey
• Seaside Pump Station- Bay Avenue, Seaside
• Fort Ord Pump Station- Marina Drive, Marina
• Marina Pump Station- Reservation Road, Marina
• Conveyance Pipelines- 15.47 miles
Moderate-to-High:
• Salinas Pump Station- Hitchcock Road, Salinas
• Moss Landing Pump Station- Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing • Castroville Pump Station- Highway 1 North, Castroville • Conveyance Pipelines- 9.62 miles
Another study prepared for M1W in 1991 concluded that seismic events are more likely to impact large stations than small stations because of the potential for a high-volume spill. High flows also preclude pump-arounds because flow rates exceed the capacity of portable pumps. Conversely, small pump stations like the Moss Landing Pump Station are likely to have a lower flow rates and a smaller mass of equipment.

More recently, seismic studies of the RTP have identified specific project needs for existing facilities within the plant and an effort has been made to complete those projects through the CIP. Seismic assessments are also conducted every 5 years for the chlorine system as required by the system’s Risk Management Plan.

O.5.6 FLOODING
In any one year, the probability of the occurrence of a 100- or 500-year flood affecting M1W facilities is low. However, there is a high probability that localized flooding will occur in areas that could affect pump stations. A 1991 C2MHill report explored the risk of damage to M1W facilities due to flooding.

According to that document and the most current floodplain maps, the following facilities are located in areas at risk of flooding:
• Salinas Pump Station- Hitchcock Road, Salinas
• SRDF- Salinas River, Marina*
• Pond 3 Pump Station- Hitchcock Road, Salinas
• Farmworker Housing Pump Station #1- Hitchcock Road, Salinas • Pond 3 Pump Station – South Davis Road, Salinas
• Castroville Pump Station- Highway 1 North, Castroville • Moss Landing Pump Station- Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing • Station 15- Coral Street, Pacific Grove
• Conveyance Pipelines - 19.9 miles
Both the Salinas and Castroville Pump Stations are designed to prevent inundation in the event of a 100-year flood event. They have both been equipped with flood protection enhancements to manage flood levels three feet above the surrounding terrain in order to increase resiliency during a major MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-11 ANNEX O
storm event. This project has resulted in a 500-year flood safety factor. Additionally, emergency generators, portable pumps, and on-call staff are prepared for deployment to flood-prone areas during large storm events, while SCADA systems continuously report real-time data and information on station status allowing quick detection and response dispatch.

Localized flooding not correlated to floodplain, such as coastal flooding, storm surge, and wave run-up is also a concern for M1W. Particularly Station 15 (located on Coral Street in the City of Pacific Grove) has previously been inundated by wave run-up during storms from the adjacent Monterey Bay. Due to its low-lying position on the coast, it is possible the station with could be flooded with seawater; however, on average, the set of circumstances that must precipitate to enable such inundation occurs only about every 3-5 years.

As part of M1W’s wintertime readiness planning, sandbags and other protective equipment are stockpiled and made readily available to sites like Station 15, if necessary. Additionally, during storm events on-call staffing is increased to provide maximum resources for efficient incident response.

O.5.7 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT
Hazardous materials utilized for the wastewater treatment and water recycling processes are managed in compliance with regulatory requirements and safety standards in order to avoid any accidental release. M1W maintains an up-to-date Hazardous Materials Business Plan (HMBP), including hazardous materials inventory and site plans in the Certified Environmental Reporting System (CERS). This information is readily available to first responders as well as the Monterey County Hazardous Materials Management Service (HMMS), which serves as the Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA) for Monterey County. In addition, staff is routinely trained on the safe hazardous materials handling procedures and has ready access to Safety Data Sheets with important chemical safety information for all chemicals stored onsite.

Each M1W-owned pump station has a site-specific Emergency Response and Contingency Plan, and for those M1W facilities meeting the federal Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Rule and the state Aboveground Petroleum Storage Act thresholds, M1W maintains Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Plans which are designed to eliminate or minimize the potential environmental risk of oil spills.

Additionally, per Clean Air Act Section 112(r) and California’s Accidental Release Program (CalARP) requirements, M1W maintains a Risk Management Plan for the chlorine system located at the RTP. The Risk Management Plan is designed to prevent accidental releases of regulated substances, minimize the damage if releases do occur, and satisfy community right-to-know laws by performing a detailed engineering analysis of potential accident factors and the mitigation measures to reduce accident potential. The Risk Management Plan contains safety information, hazard review, operating procedures, training and maintenance requirements, compliance audits, and incident investigation procedures.

The following M1W infrastructure is located within the 3-mile buffer zone around hazardous materials facilities and major transportation routes throughout Monterey County, including:
• Regional Treatment Plant- Del Monte Boulevard, Marina (Fixed Site Facility) • Salinas Pump Station- Hitchcock Road, Salinas (Fixed Site Facility) MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-12 ANNEX O
• Pond 3 Pump Station- South Davis Road, Salinas
• Farmworker Housing Pump Station #1- Hitchcock Road, Salinas • Fort Ord Pump Station- Marina Drive, Marina (Fixed Site Facility) • Moss Landing Pump Station- Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing (Fixed Site Facility) • Castroville Pump Station- Highway 1 North, Castroville (Fixed Site Facility) • Monterey Pump Station- Del Monte Boulevard, Monterey (Fixed Site Facility) • Seaside Pump Station- Bay Avenue, Seaside (Fixed Site Facility) • Station 7- Reeside, Monterey (Fixed Site Facility)
• Station 13- Fountain Avenue, Pacific Grove (Fixed Site Facility) • Station 15- Coral Street, Pacific Grove (Fixed Site Facility) • Marina Pump Station- Reservation Road, Marina (Fixed Site Facility) • Conveyance Pipelines - 29.55 miles
The following M1W infrastructure is located within the 1-mile buffer zone:
• Regional Treatment Plant- Del Monte Boulevard, Marina (Fixed Site Facility) • Salinas Pump Station- Hitchcock Road, Salinas (Fixed Site Facility) • Pond 3 Pump Station- Hitchcock Road, Salinas (Fixed Site Facility) • Farmworker Housing Pump Station #1- Davis Road, Salinas (Fixed site Facility) • Moss Landing Pump Station- Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing (Fixed Site Facility) • Conveyance Pipelines- 9.81 miles
O.5.8 HUMAN CAUSED HAZARDS
M1W is heavily reliant on information technology (IT) and computerized process automation for the operation of the collection system, pump stations, and the wastewater treatment and water recycling facilities. A cyber-attack could hamper the function of the critical services that M1W provides, leading to sewer backups and discharge of untreated sewage.

As critical infrastructure with a high replacement cost, M1W’s facilities could be a target for terrorism.

A terrorist attack could seriously jeopardize the continuous operations of sewer collections, treatment, and recycled water production. M1W’s infrastructure is unlikely to experience any impacts associated with mass migration and targeted violence.

O.5.9 PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS
Wastewater collection, conveyance, treatment, and recycling services provided by M1W are critical through all public health crises. To maintain safe and compliant operations, the RTP is manned 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Without adequate staff available, the system may begin to experience failures that could result in SSOs and other adverse impacts to public health. However, as demonstrated during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, M1W is capable of adapting to and maintaining consistent levels of service throughout modified operations resulting from public health crises.

M1W developed the COVID-19 Exposure Control and Disease Preparedness Response Plan Meeting State and Federal regulatory requirements. The plan reduces the impact of COVID-19 on M1W, its workers, and the public, by addressing exposure risks, sources of exposure, routes of transmission, and other unique COVID-19 characteristics to allow workers to safely perform jobs required to maintain MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-13 ANNEX O
continuity of operations. The plan implements engineering, administrative, work practice controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE) to meet the provisions in Title 8, CCR §3205.

O.5.10 SEVERE WEATHER
All severe weather hazards profiled in this Plan have the potential to impact M1W’s facilities and infrastructure.

O.5.11 SLOPE FAILURE
Slope failure could affect some locations in the M1W collection system due to hilly and steep topography. Each M1W facility has undergone geotechnical survey to document site characteristics and identify risks of slope failure, erosion, and stability.

O.5.12 TSUNAMI
According to the most recent Tsunami Hazard Maps, the following coastally located M1W facilities and infrastructure are located within the tsunami hazard zone:
• Station 15- Coral Street, Pacific Grove
• Station 7- Reeside, Monterey
• Station 13- Fountain Avenue, Pacific Grove
• Monterey Pump Station- Del Monte Boulevard, Monterey
• Seaside Pump Station- Bay Street, Seaside
• Moss Landing Pump Station- Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing • Castroville Pump Station- Highway 1 North, Castroville • Pipeline- 21.33 miles (includes 2.1 miles of Ocean Outfall) Aside from the life-safety risk to residents and visitors to Monterey County, M1W’s greatest concern is preventing pump stations and coastally located infrastructure from becoming inundated by a heavy storm or tsunami event. To mitigate these risks to the highest degree feasible, M1W has implemented site-specific Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) and continues to make upgrades to coastal infrastructure to enhance resilience to inundation events.

O.5.13 UTILITY INTERRUPTION
M1W’s treatment and conveyance system is reliant on electricity to function. M1W’s facilities are all equipped with backup generator power that automatically transfers in the event of utility power outage. Each site is also equipped with above ground or underground stores of diesel fuel to provide a minimum of 21.9 hours of generator power during power outages. In addition, M1W maintains a fleet of portable, diesel-fueled emergency response equipment including generators and pumps.

Table O-2 summarizes the M1W Stationary Generators and Portable Fleet.

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PAGE | O-14 ANNEX O
Table O-2
M1W Stationary Generators and Portable Fleet
Stationary Generators
Location Rating
(KW)
Fuel Tank
Capacity
(gal)
Fuel Consumption
Rate @ 100% Load
(gal/hr)
Runtime at
100% Load
(Hours)
Runtime on Typical
Station Load (50%)
(Hours)
Moss Landing 102 550 8.2 60.4 105.3
Castroville 350 1,000 28.6 31.5 51.4
Salinas1 2000 6,000 137 39.42 76.02
Marina 350 2,000 24.4 73.7 134.0
Fort Ord1 1200 6,000 102 52.92 83.02
Seaside1 1160 6,000 102 52.92 83.02
Monterey 1000 6,000 69.3 77.9 153.0
Station 7 135 250 10 22.5 45.9
Station 13 350 520 21.4 21.9 41.0
Station 15 217 428 15.2 25.3 50.7
Farmworker Housing 28 180 2.2 73.6 125.6
RTP – Main 1,500 1,100 103.6 9.5 12.43
RTP – Chlorine System 300 100 23 3.9 7.1
RTP – Headworks 40 110 3.4 29.1 55
Portable Fleet
Description Rating
(KW)
Fuel Consumption Rate @ 100%
Load (gal/hr)
750 kW Portable Emergency Generator Set (1440) 750 54.5 150 kW Portable Emergency Generator Set (1471) 150 11
70 kW Portable Emergency Generator Set (1485) 70 4.4
56 kW Portable Emergency Generator (1521) 56 4.4
10-inch Portable Emergency Pump Set (1410) -- 19.7
6-inch High Pressure Portable Pump Set (1429) -- 11.7
6-inch Low Pressure Portable Pump- FM (1509) -- 3.7
6-inch Low Pressure Portable Sewage Pump (1503 -- 4.52
10-inch Portable Emergency Pump Set (1410) -- 19.7
6-inch High Pressure Portable Pump Set (1429) -- 11.7
6-inch Low Pressure Portable Pump (1509) -- 3.7
6-inch Low Pressure Portable Sewage Pump (1533) -- 4.2
1 Two identical generators at station
2 Runtime with one generator online
3 70-80% load (80 gal/hr)
M1W operates an onsite cogeneration facility at the RTP consisting of three, 580 KW, dual-fueled engines (natural gas/onsite-generated biogas) which are capable of generating enough power for the primary and secondary treatment processes to meet ocean discharge standards. Coupled with stationary backup generator power, M1W is equipped to maintain continuous wastewater treatment MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-15 ANNEX O
in the event of an extended utility power outage. Due to severe winter storms interrupting utility power in February 2017, M1W did just that for 5 days with the only challenge being diesel fuel supply for the auxiliary stationary backup generators.

M1W and the Monterey Regional Waste Management District (MRWMD) have begun exploring co- energy management opportunities (e.g., developing a microgrid) to serve the dual purposes of assisting MRWMD in meeting state-mandated organics diversion targets (SB 1383, Short Lived Climate Pollutants), as well as further insulating M1W operations from utility power outage. M1W will continue to identify improvements that could be implemented to further fortify its operations for increased resiliency in the event of utility power outages.

O.5.14 WILDFIRE
Wildfire does not pose a major threat to M1W’s facilities but remains a possible risk. California continues to experience an increase in wildfire hazards due to climate change and this could lead wildfire risk to become higher in the near term.

O.5.15 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE
In 2021, M1W initiated the process of developing a Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP). Part of the effort will include a climate vulnerability assessment and greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory that will provide a baseline for the plan. The plan will serve as a comprehensive policy and strategy document for addressing the impacts of climate change on M1W’s infrastructure by identifying targeted policies, programs, and projects that will both mitigate M1W’s contribution to GHG emissions and increase its adaptive capacity.

The Climate Action and Adaptation Plan will:
• Build upon existing M1W climate adaptation and mitigation efforts • Identify long-term management and adaptation projects to increase the reliability of the WCS and reduce economic and environmental risks
• Prioritize GHG reduction activities using a thorough analysis of existing energy use, opportunities and constraints, and thorough exploration of conservation and renewable energy technologies for the water industry
M1W is already a regional leader in the conservation of electricity and the reduction of GHG emissions exemplified by its use of solar energy to produce recycled water and utilization of biogas from decomposition of organic matter to power wastewater treatment processes. As climate change adaptation and mitigation requirements increase in California to meet state goals, M1W is poised to further reduce its carbon footprint, and is seeking additional sources of renewable energy to further reduce its reliance on fossil fuels to power facilities and reduce GHG emissions.

Spurred on by recent legislation requiring significant diversions of organics from landfills (SB 1383, Short Lived Climate Pollutants), M1W and neighboring MRWMD have renewed planning efforts for co- management of organics for cogeneration and potential microgrid development. Benefits include increased local resiliency to PG&E power supply reliability challenges and power utility cost savings.

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In addition, Monterey County is isolated from State and Federal water supplies and must rely solely on its local water resources – historically, groundwater and surface water from watersheds with negligible influence from snowpack. As extreme heat and extended drought become more frequent due to climate change, the region must also ensure access to sustainable water supplies. M1W supports climate resiliency of its service area by recycling wastewater to diversify local water supply for the agricultural, urban, and hospitality/tourism sectors.

As discussed in Section O.5.2 (Coastal Erosion), O.5.6 (Flooding), and O.5.12 (Tsunami), a significant portion of M1W’s infrastructure is located in the coastal zone in the region of the Monterey Bay coastline with the highest rates of coastal erosion in the State of California. M1W is required to comply with the California Coastal Act for its facilities in the designated Coastal Zone. Coastal Act compliance, along with the intense scrutiny of regional marine protection and research entities, will require M1W to fully explore and, if feasible, implement projects using a full suite of possible climate change adaptation measures, including managed retreat of infrastructure rather than simply armoring facilities.

Based on sea level rise projections, the following coastally located M1W infrastructure is within the sea level rise hazard zone for Monterey County:
• Station 15- Coral Street, Pacific Grove
• Station 7- Reeside, Monterey
• Station 13- Fountain Avenue, Pacific Grove
• Monterey Pump Station- Del Monte Boulevard, Monterey
• Seaside Pump Station- Bay Street, Seaside
• Moss Landing Pump Station- Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing • Castroville Pump Station- Highway 1 North, Castroville • Pipeline- 21.33 miles (includes 2.1 miles of Ocean Outfall) Projects have been identified and conceptually described in the context of M1W’s active participation in short and long-range planning processes (e.g., Integrated Regional Water Management Plans, City of Pacific Grove Shoreline Management Plan, etc.) and the pursuit of grant funding opportunities.

Examples of these conceptual projects which aim to enhance M1W’s climate resiliency include:

Coral Street Pump Station Climate Resiliency Project
Coral Street Pump Station is a subsurface wastewater pump station located on the ocean side of Ocean View Boulevard. As a result of its location, the station is subject to the effects of climate change including sea level rise, coastal erosion, and storm surges that can result in inundation of the wet well, and thus, electrical reliability challenges. The Coral Street Pump Station Climate Resiliency Project would involve engineering design, environmental review, permitting, and construction to waterproof the facilities by relocating key electrical components to a new location at nearby Esplanade Park.

Seaside Pump Station Climate Change and Erosion Adaptation Study Seaside Pump Station is situated within coastal dune habitat approximately 26 feet above mean sea level (MSL), 200 feet inland from the ocean on a property with a shallow grade sloping northwest towards the Monterey Bay. As is the case with Coral Street Pump Station, its location makes Seaside Pump Station increasingly vulnerable to climate-change impacts including coastal erosion and sea level MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-17 ANNEX O
rise. Separately, the station suffers operational challenges and excess energy use related to available pump capacity versus actual flow resulting in costly and labor-intensive maintenance, repair, and replacement caused by vibration and cavitation.

These operational challenges have been exacerbated by California’s prolonged droughts, the most recent of which caused Monterey Peninsula water users to achieve significant indoor water conservation and thus lower wastewater flows. The Seaside Pump Station Climate Change and Erosion Adaptation Study would include conducting a feasibility and alternatives analysis for solutions for protecting the M1W collection system in this area.

Options that could be evaluated include:
• Sand Replenishment/Beach Nourishment: Southern Monterey Bay has the highest rate of coastal erosion in the State. Various coastal communities, including nearby City of Monterey considered sand nourishment as a tactic for protecting coastally located assets from the effects of beach erosion. Although the site may be an ideal location for this application, the potential positive beach accretion resulting from the agreement reached between the Coastal Commission and CEMEX to sunset sand mining activities at their Marina location should be considered. This mine has been implicated as one of the major factors in the high rate of coastal erosion in southern Monterey Bay. Should it be determined that the station should remain in its current location, M1W would initiate design and engineering to upgrade and/or reconfigure the station to optimize the reception and conveyance of current and future potential wastewater and stormwater flows.
• Inland Station Retreat/Land Swap Agreement: During construction of Seaside Pump Station, California State Parks and M1W entered into an agreement for future land swap. Dated March 1991, that agreement states that in the event that M1W and State Parks agree that coastal erosion necessitates the relocation of the existing station, pipelines, and appurtenant facilities, State Parks will exchange the existing station site for one approximately equal in size within the confines of the parcel. State Parks would restore the site to native coastal dune habitat and enhance public beach access.
• Station Removal and Flow Reroute: In addition to long-term climate change vulnerability, Seaside Pump Station has historically had challenges with station design and pump capacities relative to actual flows. For this reason, maintenance of existing pumps and reliability of operations have led staff to consider the feasibility of rerouting the wastewater flow to an alternate existing pump station to allow for the removal of Seaside Pump Station altogether.

This project alternative would include in-depth hydraulic modelling and analysis.

The project will be designed to accommodate additional flows, including storm water from the City of Seaside’s nearby 90-inch stormwater outfall and other urban dry weather and storm flows that may be diverted to M1W’s infrastructure from the cities of Pacific Grove and Monterey. Any additional flows would then become influent to the RTP for beneficial reuse.

Ocean Outfall Beach Junction Structure Managed Retreat Project M1W’s land/ocean outfall pipeline was constructed and put into service in 1984 t o convey secondary treated effluent from its Treatment Plant 2.1 miles out into the Monterey Bay. The land outfall consists of a 60- inch reinforced concrete pipe and transitions to the ocean outfall at the junction structure (a MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-18 ANNEX O
drop manhole structure) loc ated on the beach adjacent to the CEMEX sand mining operation. Due in part to the El Nino-driven wave action during the 2015/2016 winter season, a portion of the land outfall pipeline at the junction structure was exposed on the beach adjacent to the CEME X sand mining operation in Marina. The aforementioned high rate of coastal erosion in the Southern Monterey Bay region is believed to have contributed to the pipeline exposure. M1W staff acted quickly to install emergency protection measures (sheet piling and filter fabric on both sides of the land outfall pipeline upstream of the junction structure) to minimize risk of a potential pipeline failure. These temporary protection measures are planned to remain in place until M1W implements a permanent solution, most likely involving a managed retreat strategy to relocate this critical junction structure further inland.

M1W has performed a feasibility and alternatives analysis of options for protecting the junction structure and outfall pipeline through the year 2100. However, considering current and potential future conditions and changes to site activities per the June 2017 CEMEX/Coastal Commission sunset agreement, not the least of which is how cessation of sand mining activities will affect beach accretion l ocal to the outfall junction structure, M1W is still in process of determining optimal design, retreat method, and location for replacement facilities for this project.

O.6 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
M1W performed an inventory and analysis of existing capabilities, plans, programs, and policies that enhance its ability to implement mitigation strategies. This section summarizes the following findings of the assessment:
• An assessment of planning and regulatory capabilities is presented in Table O-2 • An assessment of administrative and technical capabilities is presented in Table O-3 • An assessment of fiscal capabilities is presented in Table O-4 • An assessment of education and outreach capabilities is presented in Table O-5 • An overall self-assessment of capability is presented in Section O.6.1 in Table O-6 Table O-2
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document, Program, Requirement Department Comments
General Management Plan ☒ • Maintenance Sanitary Sewer System Management Plan Capital Improvement Plan ☒ • Engineering The Agency’s CIP is the Master Plan for future Projects.

Stormwater Management Plan ☒ • Monterey SEA
• Source Control
M1W is the administrative agent for
Monterey Stormwater Education Alliance
(SEA), a regional program to assist the County
of Monterey and Cities of Carmel-by-the-Sea,
Del Rey Oaks, Monterey, Pacific Grove, Sand
City, and Seaside in meeting Clean Water Act
requirements for urban runoff to protect and
enhance environmental quality of
watersheds and beaches. The Stormwater
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Table O-2
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document, Program, Requirement Department Comments
Management Plan identifies the regulations
each entity must implement and enforce
locally to protect the water quality of
waterways like the Monterey Bay National
Marine Sanctuary. M1W Source Control staff
also provides contract stormwater inspection
services to several of its member entities.

Coastal Management Plan ☐
Climate Action/ Adaptation
Plan ☒  Community
Relations
Development of a M1W Climate Action Plan
has been initiated and is anticipated to be
completed by the end of 2021.

Emergency Operations Plan ☒  Multiple
M1W is in the process of developing a
Business Plan including continuity of
operations in the event of emergency.

Specific Emergency Response
Plans ☒  Maintenance
M1W is in process of developing site-specific
Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) that may
be called upon in the event of an emergency
resulting in a Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO).

The ERPs include station-specific bypass
pump around operations, traffic control
plans, and other important information for
first responders to manage and reduce
impacts to public health and the
environment caused by an SSO.

Continuity of Operations Plan ☒  Administration
M1W is in the process of developing a
Business Plan including continuity of
operations in the event of emergency.

Evacuation Plan ☒  Safety
See M1W Business Response Plan (RTP and
Administration Offices), Chlorine Risk
Management Plan, and Hazardous Materials
Business Response Plans for the RTP and
Pump Stations.

Illness and Injury Prevention
Plan ☒  Safety M1W’s safety program maintains an up-to- date Illness and Injury Prevention Plan (IIPP).

Business Response Plan ☒ • Multiple
M1W is in the process of developing a
Business Plan including continuity of
operations in the event of emergency.

Hazardous Materials Plan ☒  Safety
M1W’s Chlorine Risk Management Plan and
Hazardous Materials Business Response Plans
for the RTP and Pump Stations.

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Table O-2
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document, Program, Requirement Department Comments
Site Plan Review Requirements ☒  Source Control
M1W Source Control reviews new
development in each Member Jurisdiction for
conformance to Member-Entity Programs
and sewer system requirements

Table O-3
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
knowledge of land development
and land management practices
☒ • Engineering
M1W’s Engineering Department includes an
P.E. who also holds an American Institute of
Certified Planners (AICP) certification.

Engineer(s) or professional(s)
trained in construction practices
related to buildings and/or
infrastructure
☒ • Engineering
All of M1W’s Engineers are licensed Civil
Engineers in the State of California. The
Engineering Department also employs a
Construction Inspector on staff and
supplements staff with consultant expertise
when needed.

Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
an understanding of manmade
or natural hazards
☒ • Engineering
M1W’s Engineering Department includes one
P.E. with a B.S. in Environmental Engineering
and one employee with an M.S. in
Environmental Engineering.

Building Inspector ☒ • Engineering
M1W’s Engineering Department includes an
Engineering Tech who provides construction
inspection services.

Emergency Manager ☒ • Safety
M1W’s Safety Officer is the Designated
Emergency Manager; additionally, M1W has
a trained Emergency Response Team (ERT)
that can be deployed during any number of
emergency-situations.

Resource development staff or
grant writers ☒
• Engineering
• Government
Affairs
M1W has the in-house resources to regularly
pursue grant funding, including a diverse
team dedicated to researching and applying
for local, state, and federal opportunities.

Public Information Officer ☒ • Community
Relations
M1W’s Director of External Affairs and
Communication Services Manager jointly
provide this function for the Agency
Scientist(s) familiar with the
hazards of the community ☒ • Laboratory M1W’s Laboratory Department includes several professionals who understand the
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Table O-3
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
hazards of the community, specializing in
water quality and water resource issues.

Staff with education or expertise
to assess the community’s
vulnerability to hazards
☒ • Engineering M1W has 4 registered Profession Engineers who are skilled in this area.

Personnel skilled in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) ☐ • Engineering
Maintenance programs to
reduce risk
☒ • Maintenance
M1W employs a Computerized Maintenance
Management System to track asset lifecycle,
in addition to Preventative and Reliability-
Centered Maintenance Programs to ensure
that assets are properly maintained in good
working order to reduce likelihood of failure
in the event of a natural disaster.

Warning systems/services ☒ • Safety
• Maintenance
Examples include audible/visible alarms of
various types, SCADA and radio telemetry
communications for reporting conditions at
remote M1W infrastructure locations, and
radio communications systems.

Mutual Aid Agreements ☒ • Maintenance
M1W is a member of the CalWARN network,
a mutual assistance organization for water
and wastewater agencies.

Table O-4
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
General Funds ☒ • Finance
Capital Improvements Project
Funding ☒ • Engineering
Special Purpose Taxes ☐
Stormwater Utility Fees ☐
Gas / Electric Utility Fees ☐
Water / Sewer Fees ☒ • Finance
Development Impact Fees ☒ • Finance
General Obligation Bonds ☒ • Finance
Special Tax and Revenue Bonds ☒ • Finance

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Table O-5
Education and Outreach Capability
Educational and Outreach Resources Department Comments Local citizen or non-profit
groups focused on
environmental protection,
emergency preparedness, etc.
☐
Ongoing public education or
information program ☒ • Community Relations
Natural disaster or safety
related school programs ☐
Public-private partnership
initiatives addressing disaster-
related issues
☐

Other:

M1W is a public utility. Customers are billed bi-monthly for wastewater services. Customer notifications, billings, and communications are available to disseminate important
information.

Political Capability
M1W’s governing Board of Directors sets policies and guides staff in program development, but political capability is complicated due to the regional governance of M1W and the varied priorities and needs of each city or district. Fortunately, as a public and environmental health agency, the Board regularly identifies and supports regional efforts to protect and prepare the community for a sustainable future.

Examples include:
• Pure Water Monterey Groundwater Replenishment Project (Hazard Addressed: drought/
climate change)
• IRWM Implementation Grant Award Salinas Storm Water Management: Increasing Capture, Improving Treatment, Reducing Energy Use (Hazard Addressed: drought/climate change/flood vulnerability)
• M1W Compliance with State Directives to increase the use of recycled water. M1W operations include two water recycling and reclamation projects, the Salinas Valley Reclamation Project and Pure Water Monterey, which uphold this mission and strongly support local agricultural and tourist economies by providing sustainable water supplies. (Hazard Addressed:
drought/climate change, agricultural emergency)
O.6.1 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP)
Monterey One Water is a Joint Powers Authority and is therefore not eligible for flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

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O.6.2 SELF- ASSESSMENT OF CAPABILITY
Table O-6
Self-Assessment of Capability
Capability Degree of Capability
Planning and Regulatory Capability High
Administrative and Technical Capability High
Fiscal Capability Limited
Education and Outreach Capability Moderate
Political Capability Limited
Overall Capability Moderate
O.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPAND/ IMPROVE MITIGATION CAPABILITIES Planning, regulatory, fiscal, administrative, technical, education, and outreach capabilities can all be expanded or improved using a combination of the following strategies:
• Increase capacity through staffing
• Training, and enhanced coordination among all department and jurisdictions • Emergency management/hazard specific program enhancements, training, and exercising • Increased funding opportunities and capacity
• Implementation of mitigation actions and projects
• Continuous research on grant opportunities for emergency management, hazard mitigation, and infrastructure and community development.

Capabilities and abilities to expand or improve existing policies and programs will be re-evaluated during the next Hazard Mitigation Plan update and annual plan review meetings.

O.6.4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANNING INITIATIVES
The information on hazards, risk, vulnerability and mitigation contained in this hazard mitigation plan is based on the best available data. Plan integration is the incorporation of this information into other relevant planning mechanisms, such as general planning and capital improvement planning. It includes the integration of natural hazard information and mitigation policies, principles and actions into local planning mechanisms and vice versa. Additionally, plan integration is achieved though the involvement of key staff and community officials in collaboratively planning for hazard mitigation. This section identifies where such integration is already in place, and where there are opportunities for further integration in the future.

Existing Integration
In the performance period since adoption of the previous hazard mitigation plan, the Agency made progress on integrating hazard mitigation goals, objectives, and actions into other planning initiatives.

The following plans and programs currently integrate components of the hazard mitigation strategy:
• Capital Improvement Plan: The capital improvement plan includes projects that can help mitigate potential hazards. The Agency will strive to ensure consistency between the hazard mitigation plan and the current and future capital improvement plan. The hazard mitigation MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-24 ANNEX O
plan may identify new possible funding sources for capital improvement projects and may result in modifications to proposed projects based on results of the risk assessment. • Sanitary Sewer System Management Plan: State regulatory requirement to ensure efforts are made to reduce risks to public health, property and the environment. • Monterey Stormwater Education Alliance (SEA): M1W is the administrative agent for Monterey Stormwater Education Alliance (SEA), a regional program to assist the County of Monterey and Cities of Carmel-by-the-Sea, Del Rey Oaks, Monterey, Pacific Grove, Sand City, and Seaside in meeting Clean Water Act requirements for urban runoff to protect and enhance environmental quality of watersheds and beaches. The Stormwater Management Plan identifies the regulations each entity must implement and enforce locally to protect the water quality of waterways like the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. M1W Source Control staff also provides contract stormwater inspection services to several of its member entities. • Climate Action Plan: Highlights potential programs that could be implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and discusses possible impacts of climate change. The development of a M1W Climate Action Plan has been initiated and is anticipated to be completed shortly. • Business Response Plan/Emergency Action Plan: M1W staff are Disaster Service Workers and are trained to safely operate and maintain the critical sewer infrastructure 24/7 and during emergencies.
• Illness and Injury Prevention Plan (IIPP): M1W’s safety program maintains an up-to-date Illness and Injury Prevention Plan (IIPP). The General Manager has authority and responsibility for plan implementation. The program includes facility and safety plans for sanitary facilities. • Chlorine Risk Management Plan and Hazardous Materials Business Response Plans: Reduce the risk of hazardous materials incidents.
• M1W Source Control reviews new development in each Member Jurisdiction for conformance to Member-Entity Programs and sewer system requirements Opportunities for Future Integration
As this hazard mitigation plan is implemented, Monterey One Water will use information from the plan as the best available science and data on natural hazards. The capability assessment presented in this annex identifies codes, plans and programs that provide opportunities for integration. The area-wide and local action plans developed for this hazard mitigation plan include actions related to plan integration, and progress on these actions will be reported through the progress reporting process described in Volume 1. New opportunities for integration also will be identified as part of the annual progress report. The plans and programs listed in the Capability Assessment cover the majority of Agency operations where the hazard mitigation goals are addressed. However, the capability assessment identified the opportunity for future integration of recommendations of the hazard mitigation plan for all the plans and programs listed as they are updated periodically O.7 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Problem Statements are statements of particular interest regarding primary hazards of concern, geographic areas of concern, or vulnerable community assets. As part of the planning process, the Agency’s Planning Committee identified key vulnerabilities and hazards of concern. The Hazard MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-25 ANNEX O
Problem Statements were primarily derived from M1W’s Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and informed by review of existing literature and best available data relating to the vulnerability of M1W’s assets. These Problem Statements were developed to assist in the identification and analysis of potential hazard mitigation actions for M1W and helped the Planning Committee identify common issues and weaknesses, determine appropriate mitigation strategies, and understand the realm of resources needed for mitigation. Hazard Problem Statements for the Agency are identified below:
• Infrastructure is aging and requires capital investment to ensure safe, reliable wastewater and water recycling services.
• Water supply is largely dependent on resources that fluctuate with rainfall and are heavily influenced by drought conditions (i.e., surface water and groundwater). • Infrastructure is coastally located and thus vulnerable to sea-level rise, tsunami, coastal erosion, and intense storm events.
• Conservation in M1W’s service area is reducing the amount of influent for recycling services and changing the characteristics of wastewater.
• The Ocean Outfall Beach Junction Structure is susceptible to coastal erosion and storm events.

O.8 MITIGATION GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTIONS
The mitigation strategy is the guidebook to future hazard mitigation administration, capturing the key outcomes of the MJHMP planning process. The mitigation strategy is intended to reduce vulnerabilities outlined in the previous section with a prescription of policies and physical projects. These mitigation actions should be compatible with existing planning mechanisms and should outline specific roles and resources for implementation success.

M1W’s Planning Team used the same mitigation action prioritization method as described in Mitigation Strategy in Volume 1, which included a benefit-cost analysis and consideration of mitigation alternatives. Based upon the risk assessment results and the Agency’s planning committee priorities, a list of mitigation actions was developed. The Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix, in Table O-8 lists each priority mitigation action, identifies time frame, the responsible party, potential funding sources, and prioritization, which meet the requirements of FEMA and DMA 2000.

Status of Previous Plan Actions
All actions from the 2016 Plan were reviewed and updated by the Agency during the planning process.

Table O-7 includes the status of action previous plan completed or removed from the previous plan.

In order to improve the mitigation action plan for this Plan update and align with the countywide Mitigation Action Plan, the Agency added more specificity and detail to previous plan actions in addition to the new actions added to the Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix.

Table O-7
Monterey One Water Completed Mitigation Actions from 2016 MJHMP 2016
Action # Description Status Narrative Update
33 Commission a structural analysis of the
most critical pump stations. Completed Pump Station & Conveyance System Condition
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Table O-7
Monterey One Water Completed Mitigation Actions from 2016 MJHMP 2016
Action # Description Status Narrative Update
Optimization Study
completed.
38 Televise gravity interceptors to identify
structural and joint problems and verify
the condition of the protective linings.

Completed Project completed.
42 Update long-range plans for
replacement/ upgrade of key equipment
and systems including future demand,
expected life, and equipment
performance, possibility of technical
obsolescence, and availability of parts.

Completed
Pump Station & Conveyance
System Condition
Optimization Study
completed.
43 Identify mitigation measures for impacts
to the Land/Ocean Outfall junction
structure due to coastal erosion and
coastal storms.

Completed
Study completed; additional
analysis may be conducted
commensurate with CIP
scheduled in 2024/25 -
2027/28 FY.
45 Implement new Computerized
Maintenance Management Software
Completed/
Ongoing
Implementation complete.

Continue to utilize CMMS for
tracking asset O&M.

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O Monterey One Water Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Table O-8
Monterey One Water Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan Matrix Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
1 Ongoing All All M1W Personnel to be familiar with the written Illness and Injury Prevention Plan. High Safety Internal
2 Ongoing All All M1W personnel to be familiar with the Business Response Plan (BRP). High Safety Internal
3 Ongoing All Emergency Response Team members to have adequate training to respond to emergency. High Safety Internal
4 Ongoing All Ensure that evacuations are safe and efficient. High Safety/
Emergency
Response Team
Internal
5 Ongoing All Ensure communications (two-way radios, interior and exterior paging system) are maintained and in good working order. High Utilities Internal 6 Ongoing All Ensure that warning devices (alarm bells, horns) are in working order. High Utilities Internal
7 Ongoing All
Locations of primary/ alternate evacuation routes, emergency exits, primary/alternate staging areas are prominently posted throughout facilities in locations that are visible to employees and visitors.

High Safety Internal
8 Ongoing
Hazardous
Materials
Incidents
Provide training to employees in the handling, storage, and control of hazardous materials. High Safety Internal
9 Ongoing
Hazardous
Materials
Incidents
Provide training to employees in the handling of chlorine (Cl2), use of breathing apparatus, and what to do in case of emergency. High Safety/ Operations Internal
10 Ongoing
Hazardous
Materials
Incidents
All personnel who could be exposed to hazardous materials must be trained in proper use of PPE. High Safety Internal
MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-28 ANNEX O
Table O-8
Monterey One Water Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan Matrix Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
11 Ongoing All Identify hazards and assess risk for service area through maintenance of and participation in the MJHMP. High All Internal 12 Ongoing All Determine increased risk from specific hazards due to location for those hazards profiled in Table O-1. High All Internal
13 Ongoing Earthquake All new construction is completed using latest earthquake-resistant design techniques to limit damage caused by earthquakes. High Engineering Internal/ CIP
14 Ongoing Flooding All new construction within the 100-y ear flood zone to be completed with design that will limit damage from floods. High Engineering Internal/
CIP/
HMGP
15 Ongoing Earthquake Continue to repair and make structural improvements to pipelines to enable them to perform to their design capacity. High Field Maintenance
Internal/
CIP
16 Ongoing All Continue maintenance efforts to keep pipelines free of obstructions. High Field
Maintenance Internal
17 Ongoing All Develop and implement risk-based hazard mitigation strategy through participation in MJHMP updates. High All Internal/ Grants
18 Ongoing All Enhance M1W’s capability to conduct hazard risk assessments through the continued participation in the MJHMP. High All Internal 19 Ongoing All Pursue available grant opportunities to obtain funding for mitigation activities. High Community
Relations Grants
20 Ongoing
Severe
Weather,
Coastal
Erosion,
Flooding
Identify mitigation measures for facilities susceptible to coastal storms and erosion. High Engineering Internal
21 Ongoing Earthquake Identify mitigation measures for earthquake events. High Engineering Internal 22 Ongoing Earthquake Conduct more detailed geological investigations of facilities to determine the risk of damage from expansive soils. Moderate Engineering Internal MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-29 ANNEX O
Table O-8
Monterey One Water Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan Matrix Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
23 Ongoing Earthquake If evidence of expansive soils is found, identify mitigation measures for them. Moderate Engineering Internal
24 Ongoing Flooding Identify mitigation measures for facilities susceptible to flood. High Engineering Internal/ Grants
25 Ongoing Tsunami Identify mitigation measures for facilities susceptible to tsunami. High Engineering Internal/ Grants
26 Ongoing Tsunami Work with Tsunami Incident Response Plan Group and OES, to identify mitigation for facilities susceptible to tsunami. High Safety Internal 27 Ongoing Drought Continue to pursue drought protection projects for M1W’s service area. High Administration/
Engineering
Internal/
Grants
28 Ongoing All
Coordinate with member entities to increase level of public knowledge and awareness of hazards that routinely threaten the area and how they affect M1W facilities.

High Community
Relations Internal
29 Ongoing All, Utility
Interruption
Coordinate with member entities to provide info to the public on coping with disrupted sewage lines and wastewater service. High Emergency
Response Team/
Engineering/
Public Outreach
Internal
30 Ongoing All Ensure backup systems exist for critical facilities to the greatest extent possible. High Maintenance Internal/
CIP
31 Ongoing All Plan for emergency response by stockpiling relevant materials. High Safety/
Emergency
Response Team/
Operations/
Maintenance
Internal
32 Ongoing All
Pre-position emergency power generation capacity (or have rental/lease agreements for generators) in critical locations for continuity services.

High Maintenance/
Utilities Internal
MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-30 ANNEX O
Table O-8
Monterey One Water Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan Matrix Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
33 Ongoing/
As Needed All Commission new Geotech investigations for new facilities as applicable. Moderate Engineering Internal/
CIP
34 Not yet
scheduled Earthquake Conduct seismic vulnerability assessment of all pump stations to identify areas of possible liquefaction. Moderate Engineering Internal/ CIP
35 FY
2022/23 -
2025/26
All
Assess condition of external corrosion on transport system and develop long-t erm program for maintenance of corrosion protection system.

High Engineering Internal/
CIP
36 FY
2022/23 -
2025/26
All
Explore measures to extend useful life of wastewater transport system force mains beyond 100 years by implementing corrosion protection measures.

High Engineering Internal/
CIP
37 FY
2022/23-
2027/28
All Provide flexibility for the discharge force main at all pump stations. Moderate Engineering Internal/ CIP
38 Ongoing All
Review electrical control systems for major stations to determine if enough independent operations exist between each control system to ensure single system failure cannot disable the station.

High Utilities Internal/
CIP
39 FY
2022/23-
2027/28
All
Perform feasibility study to determine secondary containment is warranted, especially at stations where there are short detention times, environmental resources nearby, and where land is available.

Moderate Engineering Internal
40 FY
2024/25 -
2027/28
Severe
Weather,
Coastal
Erosion,
Flooding
Relocate the existing Land/Ocean Outfall Beach Junction Structure at least 650 ft. inland and install 650 ft. of new outfall pipeline at lower elevation to protect the Outfall from future erosion.

High Engineering CIP/Grant
Funding
41 Ongoing All Continue to utilize Computerized Maintenance Management Software (CMMS) for tracking asset O&M. High Engineering/ Maintenance CIP
MONTEREY ONE WATER Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan

PAGE | O-31 ANNEX O
Table O-8
Monterey One Water Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan Matrix Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
42 New/ FY
2021/22
Climate
Change
Develop Climate Action Plan (CAP) in order to outline strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. High Community
Relations Internal
43 Ongoing All
All M1W Personnel to be familiar with the Sewer System
Management Plan (SSMP) and Sanitary Sewer Overflow Response Plan (SSORP) to ensure staff have adequate familiarity with emergency response and reporting measures for Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs) within M1W's collection system to minimize the potential for SSOs and mitigate severity of impacts to the environment.

High Maintenance Internal
44 Ongoing All
All Field O&M Staff to be trained on the SSMP and SSORP to ensure staff have adequate familiarity with emergency response and reporting measures for SSOs within M1W's collection system to minimize the potential for SSOs and mitigate severity of impacts to the environment.

High Maintenance Internal
45 Ongoing All
Conduct bypass pump-around testing at M1W and member-entity pump stations to ensure staff are adequately trained in bypass pump-around mobilization, set up, and takedown in preparation for potential emergency response or maintenance activities requiring bypass pumping to minimize the potential for SSOs.

High Maintenance Internal

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

P
ANNEX P: MONTEREY

REGIONAL WASTE

MANAGEMENT

DISTRICT

2021 Monterey County
Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan

MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-1 ANNEX P
P. MONTEREY REGIONAL WASTE

MANAGEMENT DISTRICT
P.1 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN POINT OF CONTACT
Primary Point of Contact Alternate Point of Contact
David Ramirez
Senior Engineer
14201 Del Monte Blvd.

Monterey County, CA 93933
(831) 384-5313
[email protected]
Guy Petraborg
Principal Engineer
14201 Del Monte Blvd.

Monterey County, CA 93933
(831) 264-6385
[email protected]
P.2 DISTRICT PROFILE
P.2.1 LOCATION

MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-2 ANNEX P
P.2.2 SERVICE AREA
The Monterey Regional Waste Management District (MRWMD) covers a total of 853 square miles, including the cities of Carmel-by-the-Sea, Del Rey Oaks, Marina, Monterey, Pacific Grove, Sand City, Seaside, and the unincorporated areas of Big Sur, Carmel Highlands, Carmel Valley, Castroville, Corral De Tierra, Laguna Seca, Moss Landing, Pebble Beach, San Benancio, and Toro Park. The population currently served is approximately 170,000.

The District provides comprehensive, state-of-the-art waste management services. Their facility is located two miles northeast of Marina, in the Monterey Regional Environmental Park. In addition to a large landfill, their facilities include several important waste-reduction and waste diversion facilities that implement the District’s stated vision of “Turning Waste into Resources.” These include an indoor materials recovery facility to divert recyclable and reusable materials from the waste stream; systems that use landfill gas to generate electricity, and an innovative, anaerobic digestion food scrap composting project. The District also provides green waste processing and composting, household hazardous waste collection, reusable materials resale, and public outreach programs in support of its mission.

P.2.3 HISTORY
The Monterey Regional Waste Management District formed as the Monterey Peninsula Garbage and Refuse Disposal District in 1951. It formed after City leaders from Pacific Grove, Monterey, and Carmel united to petition the Monterey County Board of Supervisors to find a solution to the routine dumping and burning of waste on nearby coastal sand dunes. The District initially served a 75-square-mile area.

In 1966, the First Board pf the Monterey Peninsula Garbage and Refuse Disposal District purchased the property the District still occupies today. The large piece of land consists of 570 acres north of Marina and was the site for the new Monterey Peninsula Landfill.

The Monterey Peninsula Landfill opened in 1965 and over the years the District has added programs to reduce, reuse and recycle. From their early cardboard recycling in 1953, the first production of electricity from landfill gas in 1983, the establishment of the Last Chance Mercantile in 1991, to the Materials Recovery Facility that came on-line in 1996.” The District changed its name to the Monterey Regional Waste Management District in 1987. Over the years, the District has won numerous awards including being recognized in 1998 as the Best Solid Waste System in North America and in 2016 the California Resource Recovery Association recognized the District with a Zero Waste Achievement Award.

P.2.4 GOVERNING BODY FORMAT
The District is an independent special district and governed by a nine-member Board of Directors. The Board consists of a representative from each of the seven cities within the District boundaries, plus one to represent unincorporated areas of the District, and a director-at-large. Board members are appointed to four-year terms. The Board maintains standing Finance and Personnel Committees, plus a Technical Advisory Committee that meets on an as-needed basis. The MRWMD Board meets monthly, and meetings are open to the public
MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-3 ANNEX P
P.3 PLANNING PROCESS
The Monterey Regional Waste Management District followed the planning process explained in Volume 1 of the plan. In addition to providing representation on the Monterey County Hazard Mitigation Planning Steering Committee, the District formulated their own internal planning team to support the broader planning process. The Monterey Regional Waste Management District held a Hazard Mitigation Plan Stakeholder meeting to discuss vulnerabilities, key problem statements, and mitigation strategies on September 23, 2021. Key stakeholders present at the meeting included:
• Guy Petraborg, Principal Engineer
• Tim Brownell, Director of Operations
• David Ramirez, Senior Engineer
P.4 FACILITIES
The District’s facilities are located on its 475-acre property, 2 miles north of Marina, at the Monterey Regional Environmental Park, 14201 Del Monte Blvd. The property consists of a 315-acre permitted sanitary landfill site, a 126-acre buffer area (mostly Salinas River floodplain), 20 acres for the resource recovery facilities, a 12-acre Community Franchise Collection Facility, administrative offices, and maintenance buildings.

Monterey Peninsula Landfill
The 461-acre site began operating as a sanitary landfill two miles to the north of Marina in 1965. The District estimates the landfill to have a projected remaining lifespan of approximately 100-150 years of waste at current disposal rates. Currently, portions of the Landfill have been filled to an elevation of 130 feet, however the site is permitted to reach a final elevation of 264 feet. The entire Monterey Peninsula Landfill has been engineered with controls in place to separate waste safely from the environment. The landfill is composed of modules or cells that are filled in one at a time. The 23-acre module currently in use was completed in June 2013. The construction of a new module begins with an engineered composite liner made from a 2-foot-thick layer of clay, covered with a heavy plastic liner. Leachate collection pipes and sand are placed above the liner to catch any liquids draining from the waste – these are recirculated through the landfill. Finally, a 2-foot-thick layer of compost is placed over the sand drainage layer to protect the plastic liner from being damaged by heavy machinery.

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
The Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) is the centerpiece of the District’s publicly owned infrastructure for recycling and reuse. Over the last 20 years, the District’s first MRF diverted more than 1.6 million tons of recyclable and re-usable materials from landfill disposal. The new MRF 2.0 opened February 2018. The new facility dramatically expanded the District’s capacity to divert materials from disposal.

The MRF processes recyclables collected from the residential and commercial sectors of the Monterey Peninsula region, construction and demolition debris, and commercial mixed waste. The MRF also receives clean loads of source separated green and wood waste, mattresses, tires, and appliances. The MRF 2.0 supports local communities in compliance with State recycling requirements and helps achieve the 75% recycling goal by 2020. The construction and demolition material processing helps MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-4 ANNEX P
ensure compliance with the CalGreen 65% diversion requirement for new construction and demolition projects.
“Landfill Gas to Energy” Facility
In 1983, the District developed and began operating one of the nation’s first landfill gas-to-electric energy plants at its facility. The process of capturing methane gas begins after organic waste deposited into the landfill is digested by anaerobic bacteria. The bacteria produce methane gas, which is recovered via a series of wells placed into the landfill. The wells are connected by a pipe system that creates a vacuum and induces the gas into a compression facility. After further refining, the gas is pumped into internal combustion engines, powering four engine/ generators to make electricity.

Presently, the District’s four generators provide approximately 5 megawatts of clean alternative power, meeting all of the District’s own power needs and electrical power equivalent to the needs of 3,000 residences. The carbon savings realized from using this amount of landfill gas for power, rather than fossil fuel-generated power, is equivalent to removing emissions from an estimated 33,760 vehicles. The District sells excess power generated from this project to Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) and other power purchasers. Revenues from this project have generally exceeded expenses.

Anaerobic Digestion (Energy & Composting) Facility
The MRWMD dry anaerobic digestion (AD) pilot project, commissioned in 2013, was the first of its kind in the US This pilot project was a public-private partnership between MRWMD and Zero Waste Energy that ended in fall 2019. The four shop fabricated steel digesters accepted 5,500 tons per year of a blend of 70% of food scraps and 30% of yard trimmings, mixed and loaded into an air-tight chamber where naturally occurring microorganisms are introduced via a liquid “percolate.” Over a 21-day process, these organisms broke down the biodegradable materials to produce methane gas with a minor amount of carbon dioxide. These biogases were then filtered and cleaned to power a combined heat and power engine that produces electricity. Waste heat was captured and reused to maintain a constant 130-degree percolate temperature. Energy from the project supplied 10% of the electricity need for the neighboring Monterey One Water facilities. The “digestate” that came out of the digesters then underwent a complete windrow composting process by Keith Day Company to complete the decomposition process. The success of the Organics to Energy compost program was attributable to the program participants: the commercial businesses that diligently separated food scraps, the haulers that collected it, and the public-private partnership with Zero Waste Energy, Keith Day Company, and the Districts’ neighboring public agency Monterey One Water, who received the electricity produced through anaerobic digestion.

P.5 DISTRICT SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
The intent of this section is to profile the MRWMD’S hazards and assess the District’s vulnerability distinct from that of the countywide planning area, which has already been assessed in Volume 1 of the plan. The hazard profiles in Volume 1 discuss overall impacts to the County and describes the hazards, as well as their extent, magnitude/severity, previous occurrences, and the likelihood of future occurrences. Hazard vulnerability specific to the MRWMD is included in this Annex.

The MRWMD’s Planning Team used the same risk assessment process as the Monterey County Steering Committee. The District’s Planning Team used the Threat Hazard Risk Assessment (THIRA) MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-5 ANNEX P
Survey to compare the impact of various hazards that could affect the District. Each variable was scored by hazard by the Planning Team on a scale from 1 to 4, or negligible/unlikely to extensive/highly likely/ catastrophic. The score for each variable was calculated using a weighted average of all survey responses. Scores were then added together to determine an overall hazard score between 1 and 16.

Each score was associated with a qualitative degree of risk ranking from Negligible (between 1 and 4) to Very High (between 14.1 and 16). The Survey is described in more detail in Risk Assessment Methods in Volume 1.

Table P-1 displays the results of the hazard risk ranking exercise that was performed by the MRWMD’s Planning Team.

Table P-1
Threat Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA): MRWMD Hazard Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Magnitude/
Severity Impact Total
Out of 16
Degree of
Risk
Agricultural Emergencies - - - - - -
Coastal Erosion - - - - - -
Coastal Flooding - - - - - -
Cyber-Attack 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 7.0 Possible
Dam Failure 3.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate
Drought & Water Shortage 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 10.0 Moderate
Earthquake 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 10.0 Moderate
Epidemic 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate
Extreme Cold & Freeze - - - - - -
Extreme Heat - - - - - -
Flash Flood 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 11.0 Substantial
Hazardous Materials Incident 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 13.0 High
Invasive Species - - - - - -
Levee Failure 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 11.0 Substantial
Localized Stormwater Flooding 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 9.0 Moderate Mass Migration - - - - - -
Pandemic 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 8.0 Possible
Riverine Flooding 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 11.0 Substantial
Sea Level Rise - - - - - -
Severe Winter Storms - - - - - -
Slope Failure - - - - - -
Targeted Violence 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Terrorism 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate
Tsunami - - - - - -
Utility Interruption/ PSPS 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 10.0 Moderate Water Contamination 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 Moderate
Wildfire 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 Slight
Windstorms 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 8.0 Possible
MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-6 ANNEX P
P.5.1 AGRICULTURAL EMERGENCIES
The MRWMD facilities are unlikely to experience any impacts associated with agricultural emergencies.

P.5.2 COASTAL EROSION
The District’s facilities are not located on the coast, and therefore are not likely to be impacted by coastal erosion. The District could be impacted by other types of erosion not profiled in this Plan. The main impact of erosion impact to the District is flooding, so erosion impacts are disused further in Section P.5.6, Flooding.

P.5.3 DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE
Dam Failure
Releases from both the Nacimiento and San Antonio reservoirs flow northward towards the Monterey Bay through the channel of the Salinas River, adjacent to the MRWMD facilities. A dam or spillway failure of the Nacimiento or San Antonio dam could expose the MRWMD’s facilities to dam failure inundation risk.

Levee Failure
A levee along the Salinas River protects the Landfill from flood risk. A failure of this levee could have catastrophic impacts on the functioning of the landfill.

P.5.4 DROUGHT AND WATER SHORTAGE
Drought and water shortage is unlikely to have a major impact on the District’s facilities or operations.

P.5.5 EARTHQUAKE
MRWMD facilities are designed to latest building codes to handle seismic events that are in effect at the time of construction. However, damage to multiple MRWMD facilities could still occur if a large enough earthquake were to occur. If an earthquake compromised the landfill, the impacts could be catastrophic. The District’s facilities are also located in an area that is suspectable to liquefaction risk and this could be a major risk if an earthquake were to occur.

P.5.6 FLOODING
Portions of the District’s landfill is located in the 100-year floodplain. This area is currently protected by a levee, but erosion on the north slope of the levee could cause levee failure, which could lead to flooding of the landfill. This risk is a serious concern to the District.

P.5.7 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT
Hazardous materials incidents could be can concern for the District. Since the District collects waste, hazardous materials could be incorrectly disposed of in the landfill. Hazardous materials can also spark fires caused by hot ashes or other items received in solid waste delivery loads, and other occasional eventualities.

MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-7 ANNEX P
P.5.8 HUMAN CAUSED HAZARDS
It is often quite difficult to quantify the potential losses from human-caused hazards. While facilities themselves have a tangible dollar value, the impact to identified values will vary from event to event and depend on the type, location, and nature of a specific incident.

MRWMD is heavily reliant on information technology (IT). A cyber-attack could hamper the functioning of the critical service particularly if it caused a power outage, which impacted the District’s ability to provide services.

P.5.9 PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS
Based on the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is noted that it is important to maintain continuous solid waste collection services through a pandemic or epidemic.

P.5.10 SEVERE WEATHER
All severe weather events profiled in this Plan have the potential to affect the district’s facilities, though are unlikely to have a major impact. Severe winter storms have the potential to create flooding issues as described in Section P.5.6, Flooding. Furthermore, severe storms in the area often involve high winds, which could make the District’s operations more difficult. Furthermore, windstorms can cause prolonged and serious power outages, which could cause a catastrophic impact to the District’s service.

P.5.11 SLOPE FAILURE
Based on the topography of the surrounding area, slope failure does not pose a serious threat to the District’s facilities.

P.5.12 TSUNAMI
The District’s facilities are not located in a mapped tsunami inundation zone.

P.5.13 UTILITY INTERRUPTION
Much of MRWMD’S facilities are reliant on electricity to function. Critical facilities must be maintained and operational. Environmental control systems, which need power to function, are required to remain operational. Fueling of garbage trucks could also be limited be a utility interruption. Utility interruption is a major concern for the District, however, there are improvements that could be implemented to further fortify and maintain function of critical systems with backup power sources, and to mitigate utility interruption.

P.5.14 WILDFIRE
Wildfire does not pose a major threat to the District’s facilities but is a possible risk. hazards. California continues to experience an increase in wildfire hazards due to climate change and this could lead wildfire risk to become higher in the near term.

MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-8 ANNEX P
P.5.15 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE
The effects of climate change are varied and include warmer and more varied weather patterns and temperature changes. Climate change will exacerbate the risk posed by many of the hazards previously profiled in this Plan and have a measurable impact on the occurrence and severity of natural hazards.

Increasing temperatures and rising sea-levels will have direct impacts on public health and infrastructure. Drought, coastal and inland flooding, and wildfire will likely affect people’s livelihoods and the local economy.

P.6 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
The MRWMD performed an inventory and analysis of existing capabilities, plans, programs, and policies that enhance its ability to implement mitigation strategies. This section summarizes the following findings of the assessment:
• An assessment of planning and regulatory capabilities is presented in Table P-2 • An assessment of administrative and technical capabilities is presented in Table P-3 • An assessment of fiscal capabilities is presented in Table P-4 • An assessment of education and outreach capabilities is presented in Table P-5 • An overall self-assessment of capability is presented in Section P.6.1 in Table P-6 Table P-2
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document, Program, Requirement Department Comments
General Management Plan ☒ Joint Technical Document, Operational Plan Capital Improvement Plan ☒ Investment Policy, Capital projects list in Joint Technical Document
Stormwater Management Plan ☐
Coastal Management Plan ☐ N/A
Climate Action/ Adaptation Plan ☐
Emergency Operations Plan ☒ Emergency Response Plan
Specific Emergency Response Plans ☒ Emergency Response Plan Continuity of Operations Plan ☐
Evacuation Plan ☒ Site Evacuation Plan, Muster Locations Illness and Injury Prevention Plan ☒
Business Response Plan ☐
Hazardous Materials Plan ☒
Other:  Solid Waste Facility Permit

MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-9 ANNEX P
Table P-3
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
knowledge of land development and
land management practices
☒ • Engineering
Engineer(s) or professional(s) trained in
construction practices related to
buildings and/or infrastructure
☒ • Engineering
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with an
understanding of manmade or natural
hazards
☒ • Engineering
Emergency Manager ☒
Incident Commander
designation hierarchy identified
in Emergency Response Plan
Resource development staff or grant
writers ☒ • All Departments All departments can write
grants as needed.

Public Information Officer ☒ • Communications
• Public Education
Scientist(s) familiar with the hazards of
the community ☒ • Engineering
Staff with education or expertise to
assess the community’s vulnerability to
hazards
☒ • Engineering
Personnel skilled in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) ☐ The District does not use GIS Maintenance programs to reduce risk ☒ Equipment Maintenance Program
Warning systems/services ☒ Radio communication
Mutual Aid Agreements ☐

Table P-4
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
General Funds ☒ • Finance
Capital Improvements Project Funding ☒ • Finance
Special Purpose Taxes ☐
Stormwater Utility Fees ☐
Gas / Electric Utility Fees ☐
Water / Sewer Fees ☐
Development Impact Fees ☐
General Obligation Bonds ☐
MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-10 ANNEX P
Table P-4
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
Special Tax and Revenue Bonds ☐
Other:
• Disposal Fees at Landfill
• Recycling Sales
• Power Sales
• Tenant rents/ lease agreements

Table P-5
Education and Outreach Capability
Educational and Outreach Resources Department Comments Local citizen or non-profit groups
focused on environmental
protection, emergency
preparedness, etc.
☒ Veterans Transition Services operate the
Last Chance Mercantile
Ongoing public education or
information program ☒
MRWMD offers an array of free
workshops and events and communicates
through the newspaper and social media.

They also provide information on proper
waste disposal and have an app called
“What Goes Where.”
Natural disaster or safety related
school programs ☒
Tours are offered of MRMWD’s Resource
Facilities and Landfill to students. The
District also has Waste Free School
Support and donations program. The
District can assist with student volunteer
education and training for waste
reduction, recycling, and compost
projects.

Public-private partnership initiatives
addressing disaster-related issues ☐

Political Capability
The nine-member board of the MRWMD is supportive of hazard mitigation.

P.6.1 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP)
The Monterey Regional Waste Management District is a Special District and is therefore not eligible for flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-11 ANNEX P
P.6.2 SELF- ASSESSMENT OF CAPABILITY
Table P-6
Self-Assessment of Capability
Capability Degree of Capability
Planning and Regulatory Capability Moderate
Administrative and Technical Capability Moderate
Fiscal Capability Moderate
Education and Outreach Capability Moderate
Political Capability Moderate
Overall Capability Moderate
P.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPAND/ IMPROVE MITIGATION CAPABILITIES Planning, regulatory, fiscal, administrative, technical, education, and outreach capabilities can all be expanded or improved using a combination of the following strategies:
• Increase capacity through staffing
• Training, and enhanced coordination among all department and jurisdictions • Emergency management/hazard specific program enhancements, training, and exercising • Increased funding opportunities and capacity
• Implementation of mitigation actions and projects
• Continuous research on grant opportunities for emergency management, hazard mitigation, and infrastructure and community development.

Capabilities and abilities to expand or improve existing policies and programs will be re-evaluated during the next Hazard Mitigation Plan update and annual plan review meetings.

P.6.4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANNING INITIATIVES
The information on hazards, risk, vulnerability and mitigation contained in this hazard mitigation plan is based on the best available data. Plan integration is the incorporation of this information into other relevant planning mechanisms, such as general planning and capital improvement planning. It includes the integration of natural hazard information and mitigation policies, principles and actions into local planning mechanisms and vice versa. Additionally, plan integration is achieved though the involvement of key staff and community officials in collaboratively planning for hazard mitigation. This section identifies where such integration is already in place, and where there are opportunities for further integration in the future.

Existing Integration
MRWMD was not previously a part of the Monterey County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Opportunities for Future Integration
As this hazard mitigation plan is implemented, Monterey County Regional Waste Management District will use information from the plan as the best available science and data on natural hazards. The capability assessment presented in this annex identifies codes, plans and programs that provide MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-12 ANNEX P
opportunities for integration. The area-wide and local action plans developed for this hazard mitigation plan include actions related to plan integration, and progress on these actions will be reported through the progress reporting process described in Volume 1. New opportunities for integration also will be identified as part of the annual progress report. The plans and programs listed in the Capability Assessment cover the majority of District operations where the hazard mitigation goals are addressed.

However, the capability assessment identified the opportunity for future integration of recommendations of the hazard mitigation plan for all the plans and programs listed as they are updated periodically.

P.7 PROBLEM STAT EMENTS
Problem Statements are statements of particular interest regarding primary hazards of concern, geographic areas of concern, or vulnerable community assets. As part of the planning process, the Districts’ Planning Committee identified key vulnerabilities and hazards of concern. The Hazard Problem Statements were primarily derived from MRWMD’s Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and informed by review of existing literature about MRWMD’s assets and analysis using best available data relating to the vulnerability analysis for each piece of critical infrastructure. They were developed to assist in the identification and analysis of potential hazard mitigation actions for MRWMD.

Hazard Problem Statements helped the Planning Committee identify common issues and weaknesses, determine appropriate mitigation strategies, and understand the realm of resources needed for mitigation. Hazard Problem Statements for the District are identified below:
• Erosion of the north slope of the levee which protects the landfill, could cause the levee to failing causing a major flood hazard.
• Environmental Control Systems and critical services offered by the District require power to remain operational. A utility interruption could have large regulatory ramifications and cause catastrophic impact to services. Additionally, the District’s facilities are located at the end of the transmission lines, which in the event of a major outage, could cause the power to be out for an extended period of time.
• Improperly disposed of hazardous waste is a major concern of the District and could have serious impacts on both operations and staff.
• A large earthquake, which affected the whole region could severely limit the District’s ability to provide services. Additionally, if an earthquake compromised the landfill, the impacts could be catastrophic.

P.8 MITIGATION GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTIONS
The mitigation strategy is the guidebook to future hazard mitigation administration, capturing the key outcomes of the MJHMP planning process. The mitigation strategy is intended to reduce vulnerabilities outlined in the previous section with a prescription of policies and physical projects. These mitigation actions should be compatible with existing planning mechanisms and should outline specific roles and resources for implementation success.

The District’s Planning Team used the same mitigation action prioritization method as described in Mitigation Strategy in Volume 1, which included a benefit-cost analysis and consideration of mitigation MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-13 ANNEX P
alternatives. Based upon the risk assessment results and the District’s planning committee priorities, a list of mitigation actions was developed. The Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix, in Table P-7 lists each priority mitigation action, identifies time frame, the responsible party, potential funding sources, and prioritization, which meet the requirements of FEMA and DMA 2000.

Status of Previous Plan Actions
MRWMD was not previously a part of the Monterey County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan.

MONTEREY WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | P-14 ANNEX P
P Monterey Regional Waste Management District Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Table P-7
MRWMD Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Plan Matrix
Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department
Potential
Funding
1 In Progress Flooding,
Levee Failure
Complete needed levee upgrade to the levee which protects the landfill. High Engineering HMGP Grants
2 New All Install backup generators to ensure the continued function of critical services. High Engineering HMGP Grants,
General Funds
3 Ongoing/
Continuous
All, Human-
Caused
Consider opportunities for integrating more redundancy
and/or isolation into IT infrastructure. Moderate Engineering Grants, General Funds
4 New
Hazardous
Materials
Incident
Investigate the feasibility of a radiation detection system and response plan. Low Safety,
Engineering
Grants,
General Funds
5 Ongoing/
Continuous All Continue to maintain appropriate deign of base liner/ cover liner system for the landfill. High Engineering,
Maintenance
Grants,
General Funds
6 New Earthquake Contingent on capital funding for seismic upgrades, complete a structural assessment of buildings. Moderate Engineering Grants, General Funds
7 New All, Utility
Interruption
Investigate the use a microgrid in order to mitigate the impacts to power supply. Consider a joint microgrid project with Monterey One Water who operates the Wastewater
Treatment Plant adjacent to the District’s facilities.

Moderate Engineering Grants,
General Funds
8 Ongoing/
Continuous All Continue to make investments in resilient infrastructure in order to ensure the sustainability of public services. High Engineering Grants, General Funds
9 Ongoing/
Continuous Wildfire Collaborate with jurisdictions with fire protection and suppression responsibility on response and recovery efforts. Low Operations Grants, General Funds

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

Q
ANNEX Q: MOSS

LANDING HARBOR

DISTRICT

2021 Monterey County
Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-1 ANNEX Q
Q. MOSS LANDING HARBOR

DISTRICT
Q.1 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN POINT OF CONTACT
Primary Point of Contact
Tommy Razzeca
General Manager/Harbor Master
7881 Sandholdt Road
Moss Landing, CA 95039
(831) 633-5417
[email protected]

Q.2 DISTRICT PROFILE
Q.2.1 LOCATION

MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-2 ANNEX Q
Q.2.2 SERVICE AREA
The Moss Landing Harbor is the number one commercial fishing harbor in the Monterey Bay with 600+ slips for recreational boaters and commercial vessels. Partnering with marine research and education institutions, the Moss Landing Harbor District provides full public access to the marine environment.

Designated as a year-round port of safe refuge, Moss Landing Harbor provides safe, reliable marine refuge and services to members of the boating public. The District covers 364 square miles and extends from the bay east to the San Benito County line, and from the Santa Cruz County line as far south as the Corral de Tierra area.

Moss Landing Harbor supports the research and educational endeavors of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. More than 100 active fishing vessels can be berthed in Moss Landing at any time along with 7 research and government vessels. Two eco-tour pontoon boats are docked as well as charter fishing boats, whale watching vessels, kayak rentals and ecotourism businesses.

The Harbor supports commercial fishing and recreational boating as well as restaurants. The Jetty Road sand spit is located along the northeast side of the harbor. The Harbor provides parking and other harbor and beach access facilities which are located within both the north and south harbor areas (north and south of the main harbor entrance). Moss Landing Harbor properties are surrounded by the ocean, Elkhorn Slough, Moro Cojo Slough, and the nearby Salinas River. The proximity to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and the ocean makes the Harbor a valuable maritime resource.

The Harbor District was designated a California Certified Clean Marina in 2007 and recertified in 2012.

Marinas meeting the criteria for this certification are verified as providing environmentally clean facilities and protecting the state’s coastal and inland waters from pollution through compliance with established best management practices.

Q.2.3 HISTORY
The land, submerged lands and tidelands comprising the Moss Landing Harbor were originally acquired by the State of California upon its admission to the US in 1850. In 1866, a wealthy Texan and retired ship captain named Charles Moss brought his family from Texas to the California shore where they built their new homestead. Realizing the potential of this location, Captain Moss, along with Portuguese whaler Cato Vierra, constructed a 200-foot wharf to establish shipping facilities and a pier for commercial water traffic. The locals thought enough of the captain to eventually call the place Moss Landing. Captain Moss later sold his holdings to the Pacific Coast Steamship Company.

The Moss Landing Harbor District was formed on June 22, 1943 for the purpose of developing a harbor at Moss Landing pursuant to the Federal Harbors and Navigation Code. The Harbor District Board executed an Easement and Franchise Agreement with landowner Wilbur C. Sandholdt granting the District easements and rights-of-way over approximately 13 acres of land through which the harbor channel would be cut.

In 1945, the United States Congress authorized construction of a harbor at Moss Landing by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. In 1947, dredging was completed, piers and wharves were built, and the harbor officially opened. The harbor’s early activity level varied over the years with local agricultural production, railroad connections, and commercial fishing and whaling.

MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-3 ANNEX Q
The State of California granted the Moss Landing Harbor District the Submerged and Tide lands of the Old Salinas River channel below the Potrero and Moss Landing tide gates and includes the main channel of Elkhorn and Bennet sloughs and the coastal tide lands to the north and south of the Moss Landing Harbor entrance.

Q.2.4 GOVERNING BODY FORMAT
The Moss Landing Harbor District (MLHD) is governed by the Board of Harbor Commissioners and they exercise the powers set forth in Sections 6070-6086 of the California Harbors and Navigation Code. The Board of Harbor Commissioners consists of five members, each of whom is a registered voter residing within the District. Members are elected by the registered voters of the District in a general election pursuant to California Elections Codes Section 32100 and are elected to four-year terms.

In addition to more typical special district legal rights and obligations, harbor districts—because they administer harbors, wharves, and channels—are authorized to pass ordinances and enforce regulations within their boundaries. The District’s personnel are authorized to enforce the California Harbors and Navigation Code. Violations of harbor-related ordinances are typically infractions.

Q.3 PLANNING PROCESS
The Moss Landing Harbor District followed the planning process explained in Volume 1 of the plan. In addition to providing representation on the Monterey County Hazard Mitigation Planning Steering Committee, the District formulated their own internal planning team to support the broader planning process. The Moss Landing Harbor District held a Hazard Mitigation Plan Stakeholder meeting to discuss vulnerabilities, key problem statements, and mitigation strategies on September 28, 2021. Key stakeholders present at the meeting included:
• Tommy Razzeca, General Manager/Harbor Master
• Jeff Pritchard, Executive Assistant
Q.4 FACILITIES
A large amount of harbor related infrastructure was built within the footprint of the historical Old Salinas River. The Harbor entrance is maintained by two large rock jetties that reach more than 1,500 feet out from the main harbor channel into the open Monterey Bay. The jetties and channel are under the jurisdiction of the Army Corp of Engineers. The harbor mouth and main harbor channel are dredged periodically to maintain operational depth. Most of the 2.5 km of the south harbor waterfront is man-made and or hardened with riprap or concrete. Only one quarter (0.5km) of the north harbor waterfront is protected or hardened.

Moss Landing Harbor District jurisdiction extends to the Elkhorn Slough at the “mean high water mark.” The District-owned harbor property is approximately 85 acres, not including submerged lands.

It berths over 600 boats, including 350 fishing boats, 200 pleasure craft, 12 research vessels, many transient vessels, and about six tour and charter boats. The District estimates that roughly half of these boats are owned by District residents. The District limits live-aboard boats to approximately 60. The harbor's commercial boats land Dungeness crab, halibut, king salmon, albacore, rockfish, squid, and a variety of other fish.

MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-4 ANNEX Q
Facilities include the Main Harbor, located south of the main channel to the Monterey Bay, where larger vessels are berthed. The Main Harbor houses the Harbor Master’s office, the Santa Cruz Cannery Building, parking, shower and laundry facilities for slip holders, and a small community park. Adjacent to this area, on District-owned land, is a recreational vehicle park that is open to the public, dry dock storage facilities, a maintenance dock, a maintenance shop building, and a bilge and oil pump-out facility that is available free of charge on a 24-hour basis. There are also new storage unit buildings, which are currently under ground lease. The Harbor has four boat launch ramps, five if the one in Kirby Park is included. The South Harbor includes the following docks: A Dock, B Dock, C Dock, G Dock, H Dock, I Dock, J Dock, E Dock, F Dock, K Dock
The North Harbor lies on the other side of the main channel and primarily serves recreational craft. The north side of the harbor includes a 900-foot public wharf, a 110-foot dock, paved parking, and a four- lane boat launch ramp. There is also a new 9,500 square foot waterfront building in the north harbor.

The District also owns and operates Kirby Park at the east end of Elkhorn Slough, about nine miles inland (via roads) from Moss Landing. This park provides parking and launch ramp for kayaks and other small vessels that can navigate the slough. A wheelchair-accessible nature viewing trail extends from the paved parking area. Other District-owned buildings at the harbor property include a 2,800-square- foot commercial building that is leased to a pottery shop and Monterey Bay Kayaks, a 33,600-square- foot cannery building leased to several marine-related and commercial fishing businesses, and a newly constructed seafood restaurant.

Q.5 DISTRICT SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
The intent of this section is to profile the Moss Landing Harbor District’s hazards and assess the District’s vulnerability distinct from that of the countywide planning area, which has already been assessed in Volume 1 of the plan. The hazard profiles in Volume 1 discuss overall impacts to the County and describes the hazards, as well as their extent, magnitude/severity, previous occurrences, and the likelihood of future occurrences. Hazard vulnerability specific to the Moss Landing Harbor District is included in this Annex.

The Moss Landing Harbor District’s Planning Team used the same risk assessment process as the Monterey County Steering Committee. The District’s Planning Team used the Threat Hazard Risk Assessment (THIRA) Survey to compare the impact of various hazards that could affect the District.

Each variable was scored by hazard by the Planning Team on a scale from 1 to 4, or negligible/unlikely to extensive/highly likely/ catastrophic. The score for each variable was calculated using a weighted average of all survey responses. Scores were then added together to determine an overall hazard score between 1 and 16. Each score was associated with a qualitative degree of risk ranking from Negligible (between 1 and 4) to Very High (between 14.1 and 16). The Survey is described in more detail in Risk Assessment Methods in Volume 1.

Table Q-1 displays the results of the hazard risk ranking exercise that was performed by the Moss Landing Harbor District’s Planning Team.

MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-5 ANNEX Q
Table Q-1
Threat Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA): Moss Landing Harbor District Hazard Geographic
Extent
Likelihood of
Occurrence
Magnitude/
Severity Impact Total
Out of 16
Degree of
Risk
Agricultural Emergencies 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 11.5 Substantial Coastal Erosion 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 14.0 High
Coastal Flooding 4.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 12.0 Substantial
Cyber-Attack 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Dam Failure - - - - - -
Drought & Water Shortage - - - - - -
Earthquake 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 12.0 Substantial
Epidemic 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Extreme Cold & Freeze - - - - - -
Extreme Heat - - - - - -
Flash Flood - - - - - -
Hazardous Materials Incident 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 12.0 Substantial Invasive Species - - - - - -
Levee Failure - - - - - -
Localized Stormwater Flooding 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible Mass Migration - - - - - -
Pandemic 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Riverine Flooding 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.0 Possible
Sea Level Rise 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 15.0 Very High
Severe Winter Storms 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 16.0 Very High
Slope Failure 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 11.0 Substantial
Targeted Violence - - - - - -
Terrorism - - - - - -
Tsunami 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 12.5 High
Utility Interruption/ PSPS 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 10.0 Moderate Water Contamination - - - - - -
Wildfire - - - - - -
Windstorms 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 10.0 Moderate
Q.5.1 AGRICULTURAL EMERGENCIES
Though the Harbor District’s facilities are unlikely to experience any impacts associated with agricultural emergencies, an agricultural emergency caused by a chemical spill along the Salinas River could have serious impacts on the waterways. Contaminated sediment is very difficult to dispose so an agricultural emergency could have critical impacts on dredging operations.

MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-6 ANNEX Q
Q.5.2 COASTAL EROSION
All Harbor facilities are at risk due to coastal erosion. Determination of assets at risk was based on analysis completed for the AB 691 Sea-Level Rise Assessment for Moss Landing Harbor (CCWG, June 2019). By 2030, coastal erosion of the sand spit that protects Moss Landing Harbor from ocean waves is predicted to be significant unless protective/adaptive actions are taken. Wave impacts along the beach are predicted to compromise dunes and coastal structures and reduce the long-term protection to the harbor.

By 2060, coastal erosion of the sand spit that protects Moss Landing Harbor from ocean waves is predicted to be significant and possibly jeopardize the harbor unless protective/adaptive actions are taken. Erosion of the dune barrier will likely lead to wave overtopping of the remaining dunes, allowing waves to enter the harbor, leading to vessel and dock damage and significant sedimentation. Failure of dunes are predicted along the entire stretch that parallels the harbor. Dunes adjacent to north harbor and dunes south of Sandholdt road have no structures or coastal armoring to reduce erosion, but also retain some natural dune building and migration capacity lost to development along Sandholdt Road. If dunes are allowed to migrate inland, these areas may retain their protective service. The impacts of sea level rise may also lead to significant erosion to Kirby Park launch ramp and parking area. By 2100, Winter storm waves and coastal erosion will likely bisect the sand spit above and below the Sandholdt Bridge, leading to limited use of the granted lands as a safe harbor marina.

Q.5.3 DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE
Dam Failure
Releases from both the Nacimiento and San Antonio reservoirs flow northward towards the Monterey Bay through the channel of the Salinas River, which outlets to the ocean near the Harbor. A dam or spillway failure of the Nacimiento or San Antonio dam could expose the Harbor’s facilities to dam failure inundation risk, but this risk is likely to be minor.

Levee Failure
Multiple levees protect agricultural land along Elkhorn, Moro Cojo, and Bennett Sloughs. A failure of any of these levees is unlikely to have a significant impact on the Harbor, but it could change the flood management regime in the area, which could cause long-term residual impacts that could not be predicted at this time. Additionally, a levee failure could lead to increases in sedimentation in the Harbor that could affect dredging operations.

Q.5.4 DROUGHT AND WATER SHORTAGE
Drought is unlikely to have a major impact on the Harbor District’s facilities or operations.

Q.5.5 EARTHQUAKE
Most of the Harbor’s facilities are designed to the latest building codes to handle seismic events.

However, damage to Harbor facilities could still occur if a large enough earthquake were to occur.

Additionally, the Harbor District Office Building was built before a number of seismic codes were in place and is likely vulnerable to seismic risks. An earthquake would also likely impact bridges surrounding the Harbor which could make it impossible to access the Harbor.

MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-7 ANNEX Q
The Harbor is also located in an area that is suspectable to liquefaction risk and this could be a major risk if an earthquake were to occur. In Moss Landing, following the Loma Prieta Earthquake, liquefaction destroyed the causeway that carried the Moss Beach access road across a tidewater basin, damaged the bridge linking Moss Landing spit to the mainland and cracked the paved road on Paul's Island. Another large earthquake occurrence is likely to cause liquefaction in this area.

Q.5.6 FLOODING
All Harbor facilities are at risk due to flooding as the Harbor is surrounded by water- the ocean, Elkhorn Slough, Moro Cojo Slough, and the nearby Salinas River. This risk is likely to increase with sea level rise.

Q.5.7 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT
Highway 1 and a number of industrial and commercial facilities are in close proximity to the Harbor. Oil spills in the Harbor is another large concern. The largest impact of a hazardous materials incident would be the effect on water quality, as well as people and residents in the Harbor. A hazardous materials incident could contaminate sediment, which would complicate dredging operations since contaminated sediment is very difficult to dispose of.

Q.5.8 HUMAN CAUSED HAZARDS
It is often quite difficult to quantify the potential losses from human-caused hazards. While facilities themselves have a tangible dollar value, the impact to identified values will vary from event to event and depend on the type, location, and nature of a specific incident. The Harbor is unlikely to be a major target for terrorism or targeted violence, but it is a possibility.

Q.5.9 PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS
Based on the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is noted that pandemic or epidemic could impact parking and tourism revenue, as well as effect businesses which operate out of the Harbor.

Q.5.10 SEVERE WEATHER
All severe weather events profiled in this Plan have the potential to affect the District’s facilities and infrastructure, but severe winter storms are the weather hazard of highest concern. Severe winter storms have the potential to create numerous flooding issues. Winter storms can cause riverbanks to fail and erode coastal dunes, which leads to more sedimentation in the Harbor. This then requires more frequent dredging of the Harbor and the need for bank stabilization projects. Flooding risks during winter storm events is predicted to increase significantly due to climate change and sea level rise. Data from the Sea-Level Rise Assessment for Moss Landing Harbor (CCWG, June 2019) indicates that by 2030, winter storms could lead to flooding of the parking areas of South and North Harbor and limit access to the Moss Landing island during storms.

Q.5.11 SLOPE FAILURE
The main impact to Harbor facilities and infrastructure from slope failure would be flood risk. The failure of coastal dunes and nearby riverbanks is likely to exacerbate flood risk in the Harbor.

MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-8 ANNEX Q
Q.5.12 TSUNAMI
All Harbor facilities are located in a mapped tsunami inundation zone. The largest impact of a tsunami would be the destruction of dock structures, but a large enough tsunami could have catastrophic impacts on the Harbor.

Q.5.13 UTILITY INTERRUPTION
All critical facilities and infrastructure that is operated by electricity is exposed and vulnerable to utility interruption. Much of Harbor’s facilities are reliant on electricity to function. The main concern of an extended utility interruption would be the impact to the Harbor’s pumps. If boats were to loose battery power, the pumps would be inoperable, and this could cause boats to sink.

Q.5.14 WILDFIRE
Wildfire does not pose a major threat to the Harbor District.

Q.5.15 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE
The effects of climate change are varied and include warmer and more varied weather patterns and temperature changes. Climate change will exacerbate the risk posed by many of the hazards previously profiled in this Plan and have a measurable impact on the occurrence and severity of natural hazards.

Sea level rise is likely to impact all Harbor facilities and infrastructure. Determination of assets at risk was based on analysis completed for the AB 691 Sea-Level Rise Assessment for Moss Landing Harbor. 3 By 2030, flooding is projected to effect portions of the main parking lot, Docks A and B, the small boat launch ramp, and the parking area of North Harbor. If the Moss Landing tide gates fail to restrict high tides, access to some of the harbor infrastructure will be compromised. The greatest tidal flooding impacts will occur during high tides (king tides) during storms that increase wave energy, local ocean levels, and increased river discharge. River discharge during winter storms is predicted to increase.

These increases in river flows are predicted to cause localized flooding as stormwater from the watershed meets higher winter ocean elevations in the harbor. Greater velocity discharge from the Old Salinas River into the Harbor is likely and may impact infrastructure in its path. Greater sedimentation of the Harbor due to greater erosion in the watershed is likely.

By 2060, flooding will occur monthly or daily in low-lying areas throughout the Harbor and storm and tidal flooding are predicted to compromise large portions of Harbor infrastructure. Flooding is projected to be extensive within parking areas, dock access ways, launch ramps, and access roads.

Flooding of portions of Moss Landing and Sandholdt roads are predicted and will limit access to the Harbor. This would significantly reduce the use of the Harbor and could pose a serious public safety challenge by restricting emergency service vehicles and staff. The Harbor mouth jetty is likely to be overtopped by winter waves, compromising the navigability of the Harbor. Over half of the land in the North Harbor is predicted to be flooded and access to much of the Harbor District’s State granted lands will be restricted during high tides. Wave overtopping of the dunes is possible, which would lead to ocean waves and sand draining into Moss Landing Harbor. Combined with loss of the tidal marshes of

3 AB 691 Sea-Level Rise Assessment for Moss Landing Harbor, Central Coast Wetlands Group (June 2019) MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-9 ANNEX Q
Elkhorn Slough, sedimentation within the Harbor will greatly increase. River discharge during winter storms is also predicted to increase. Increases in river flows are predicted to cause localized stormwater flooding as from the watershed meets higher winter ocean elevations. Sedimentation of the harbor is also likely to increase due to increased erosion within the watershed during high flow events. Increased discharge velocity under Sandholdt Bridge may impact vessels and Harbor infrastructure in south harbor.

By 2100, access to all Harbor infrastructure will be restricted/flooded during daily high tides. Winter storm waves and coastal erosion will likely bisect the sand spit above and below the Sandholdt Bridge, leading to limited use of the granted lands as a safe harbor marina. Table Q-2 summarizes the Harbor facilities and infrastructure identified by the Sea-Level Rise Assessment for Moss Landing Harbor 4 as
vulnerable to various sea level hazards during future time horizons.

Table Q-2
Moss Landing Harbor District Facilities and Infrastructure Vulnerable to Sea Level Rise Hazards Structure Coastal Erosion Storm Flooding Tidal Flooding Fluvial Flooding 2030 2060 2100 2030 2060 2100 2030 2060 2100 2030 2060 2100 Harbor Office 1 1 1
Restroom & Laundry
Facilities
3 3 2
Maintenance Shop 1 1 1
Cannery Building 1 1 1 1 1
ML Storage Buildings 2 2 2
Sea Harvest Building 1 1 1
North Harbor Building 1 1
Old Pot Stop Building 1 1
MB Kayak Building 1 1 1
Used Oil Containment
Facility
1 1 1 1 1
Trash Enclosures 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
Launch Ramps 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sewer Lift Stations 2 1 1
Dry Storage 1 1 1 1 1 1
Maintenance Yard 1 1 1
Unimproved Lots 1 1 2 1 2 1 1
Moss Landing
Community Park
1 1 1
Pier 1 1 1 1 1 1
Storm Drains 0 0 0 7 12 16 2 7 15 2 8 8
Docks 0 0 1 12 13 13 12 13 13 10 10 11
Electric Meters 0 0 2 3 6 7 1 5 7 2 5 6

4 AB 691 Sea-Level Rise Assessment for Moss Landing Harbor, Central Coast Wetlands Group (June 2019) MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-10 ANNEX Q
Q.6 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
The Moss Landing Harbor District performed an inventory and analysis of existing capabilities, plans, programs, and policies that enhance its ability to implement mitigation strategies. This section summarizes the following findings of the assessment:
• An assessment of planning and regulatory capabilities is presented in Table Q-3 • An assessment of administrative and technical capabilities is presented in Table Q-4 • An assessment of fiscal capabilities is presented in Table Q-5 • An assessment of education and outreach capabilities is presented in Table Q-6 • An overall self-assessment of capability is presented in Section Q.6.1 in Table Q-7 Table Q-3
Planning and Regulatory Capability
Document, Program, Requirement Department Comments
General Management Plan ☒ • Admin Ordinance Code is basis of operations Capital Improvement Plan ☒ • Admin Capital projects included in the budget and new long range planning efforts are underway
Stormwater Management Plan ☒ • Admin
Coastal Management Plan ☒ • Admin
Climate Action/ Adaptation Plan ☒ AB 691 Sea-Level Rise Assessment for Moss Landing Harbor (CCWG, 2019)
Emergency Operations Plan ☒ • Admin Business Response Plan Specific Emergency Response
Plans ☒ • Admin Tsunami Harbor Maritime Playbook, Coastal Incident Response Plan, Business Response Plan
Continuity of Operations Plan ☒ • Admin In Business Response Plan Evacuation Plan ☒ • Admin In Business Response Plan
Illness and Injury Prevention Plan ☒ • Admin In Business Response Plan Business Response Plan ☒ • Admin
Hazardous Materials Plan ☒ • Admin Spill Prevention Plan Other: • Dredge Materials Management Plan

Table Q-4
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with
knowledge of land development
and land management practices
☒ • Admin Use consultants as needed
Engineer(s) or professional(s)
trained in construction practices
related to buildings and/or
infrastructure
☒ • Admin Use consultants as needed
MOSS LANDING HARBOR DISTRICT Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan PAGE | Q-11 ANNEX Q
Table Q-4
Administrative and Technical Capability
Staff/Personnel Resources Department Comments
Planner(s) or engineer(s) with an
understanding of manmade or
natural hazards
☒ • Admin Use consultants as needed
Building Inspector ☒ • Admin Use consultants as needed
Emergency Manager ☒ • Admin General Manager/ Harbormaster Resource development staff or
grant writers ☒ • Admin
• Operations
Public Information Officer ☒ • Admin General Manager/ Harbormaster Scientist(s) familiar with the
hazards of the community ☒ • Admin Use consultants as needed Staff with education or expertise
to assess the community’s
vulnerability to hazards
☒ • Admin Use consultants as needed
Personnel skilled in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) ☒ • Admin Use consultants as needed Maintenance programs to reduce
risk ☒ • Admin
• Operations
Dredge Materials Management Plan, In-house
maintenance Program
Warning systems/services ☒ • Admin
• MoCo OES PA System, OES Reverse 911

Table Q-5
Fiscal Capability
Fiscal Resources Department Comments
General Funds ☒ • Admin
Capital Improvements Project
Funding ☒ • Admin General and trust lands accounts
Special Purpose Taxes ☐
Stormwater Utility Fees ☐
Gas / Electric Utility Fees ☐
Water / Sewer Fees ☐
Development Impact Fees ☐
General Obligation Bonds ☐
Special Tax and Revenue Bonds ☐
Other:
• Berth Rental and Parking Fees
• Permit Fees
• Services and Equipment Fees
• Lease Agreements

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Table Q-6
Education and Outreach Capability
Educational and Outreach Resources Department Comments Local citizen or non-profit groups
focused on environmental
protection, emergency
preparedness, etc.
☐
Ongoing public education or
information program ☒ • Admin The District shares public information on their website
Natural disaster or safety related
school programs ☐
Public-private partnership initiatives
addressing disaster-related issues ☐
Political Capability
The Moss Landing Harbor District Board is non-partisan and supports reducing risk to Harbor facilities and infrastructure.

Q.6.1 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP)
The Moss Landing Harbor District is a Special District and is therefore not eligible for flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

Q.6.2 SELF- ASSESSMENT OF CAPABILITY
Table Q-7
Self-Assessment of Capability
Capability Degree of Capability
Planning and Regulatory Capability Moderate
Administrative and Technical Capability Moderate
Fiscal Capability Limited
Education and Outreach Capability Limited
Political Capability Moderate
Overall Capability Moderate
Q.6.3 OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPAND/ IMPROVE MITIGATION CAPABILITIES Planning, regulatory, fiscal, administrative, technical, education, and outreach capabilities can all be expanded or improved using a combination of the following strategies:
• Increase capacity through staffing
• Training, and enhanced coordination among all department and jurisdictions • Emergency management/hazard specific program enhancements, training, and exercising • Increased funding opportunities and capacity
• Implementation of mitigation actions and projects
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• Continuous research on grant opportunities for emergency management, hazard mitigation, and infrastructure and community development.

Capabilities and abilities to expand or improve existing policies and programs will be re-evaluated during the next Hazard Mitigation Plan update and annual plan review meetings.

Q.6.4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANNING INITIATIVES
The information on hazards, risk, vulnerability and mitigation contained in this hazard mitigation plan is based on the best available data. Plan integration is the incorporation of this information into other relevant planning mechanisms, such as general planning and capital improvement planning. It includes the integration of natural hazard information and mitigation policies, principles and actions into local planning mechanisms and vice versa. Additionally, plan integration is achieved though the involvement of key staff and community officials in collaboratively planning for hazard mitigation. This section identifies where such integration is already in place, and where there are opportunities for further integration in the future.

Existing Integration
Moss Landing Harbor District was not previously a part of the Monterey County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Opportunities for Future Integration
As this hazard mitigation plan is implemented, Moss Landing Harbor District will use information from the plan as the best available science and data on natural hazards. The capability assessment presented in this annex identifies codes, plans and programs that provide opportunities for integration.

The area-wide and local action plans developed for this hazard mitigation plan include actions related to plan integration, and progress on these actions will be reported through the progress reporting process described in Volume 1. New opportunities for integration also will be identified as part of the annual progress report. The plans and programs listed in the Capability Assessment cover the majority of District operations where the hazard mitigation goals are addressed. However, the capability assessment identified the opportunity for future integration of recommendations of the hazard mitigation plan for all the plans and programs listed as they are updated periodically.

Q.7 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Problem Statements are statements of particular interest regarding primary hazards of concern, geographic areas of concern, or vulnerable community assets. As part of the planning process, the Districts’ Planning Committee identified key vulnerabilities and hazards of concern. The Hazard Problem Statements were primarily derived from Moss Landing Harbor District’s Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and informed by review of existing literature about Moss Landing Harbor District’s assets and analysis using best available data relating to the vulnerability analysis for each piece of Moss Landing Harbor District’s critical infrastructure. They were developed to assist in the identification and analysis of potential hazard mitigation actions for Moss Landing Harbor District.

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Hazard Problem Statements helped the Planning Committee identify common issues and weaknesses, determine appropriate mitigation strategies, and understand the realm of resources needed for mitigation. Hazard Problem Statements for the District are identified below:
• Sea level rise has the potential to have catastrophic effects on the Moss Landing Harbor District and is likely to reduce access to many Harbor facilities during large storm events. • Coastal erosion combined with winter storm events and sea level rise is likely to have major impacts on the Harbor. By 2060, coastal erosion of the sandspit that protects Moss Landing Harbor from ocean waves is predicted to be significant and this could jeopardize the Harbor unless protective actions are taken. By 2100, Winter storm waves and coastal erosion will likely bisect the sand spit above and below the Sandholdt Bridge, leading to limited use of the granted lands as a safe harbor marina.
• A number of hazards in this Plan have the potential to significantly complicate dredging operation.

Winter storms can cause riverbanks to fail and erode coastal dunes, which leads to more sedimentation in the Harbor. This then requires more frequent dredging of the Harbor. Hazardous materials incidents can contaminate sediment, which can complicate dredging operations since contaminated sediment is very difficult to dispose of.
• Tsunami, flooding, and severe storms can create strong and unpredictable currents, sudden water- level fluctuations, amplified waves, along with a range of other secondary hazards all of which can severely impact docks, dock structures (piles, pile guides, moorings, cleats), and vessels. • Various County, State, and Federal agencies have jurisdiction over lands surrounding the Harbor District. This complicates mitigation activities to address many of the hazards discussed in this Plan since the effectiveness of the Harbor’s actions depends on the actions of other agencies.

Q.8 MITIGATION GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTIONS
The mitigation strategy is the guidebook to future hazard mitigation administration, capturing the key outcomes of the MJHMP planning process. The mitigation strategy is intended to reduce vulnerabilities outlined in the previous section with a prescription of policies and physical projects. These mitigation actions should be compatible with existing planning mechanisms and should outline specific roles and resources for implementation success.

The District’s Planning Team used the same mitigation action prioritization method as described in Mitigation Strategy in Volume 1, which included a benefit-cost analysis and consideration of mitigation alternatives. Based upon the risk assessment results and the District’s planning committee priorities, a list of mitigation actions was developed. The Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix, in Table Q-8 lists each priority mitigation action, identifies time frame, the responsible party, potential funding sources, and prioritization, which meet the requirements of FEMA and DMA 2000.

Status of Previous Plan Actions
Moss Landing Harbor District was not previously a part of the Monterey County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan.

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PAGE | Q-15 ANNEX Q
Q Moss Landing Harbor District Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Table Q-8
Moss Landing Harbor District Hazard Mitigation Action Plan Matrix Action
#
Status/
Timeframe
Applicable
Hazard(s) Description Ranking /
Prioritization
Administering
Department Potential Funding
1 Ongoing
Flooding,
Tsunami, Severe
Winter Storms,
Coastal Erosion,
Earthquake
Update dock structures and old dock infrastructure
in order to reduce flood risks. Continue to improve
dock infrastructure by moving away from wooden
piles and docks and use more concrete.

High Admin
General and Trust
Lands Funds, Grants,
Emergency Funding
2 Ongoing
Flooding, Coastal
Erosion, Severe
Winter Storms,
Sea Level Rise
Armor parking lots, riverbanks, other vulnerable
infrastructure in order to reduce flood and sea level
rise risk and continue to implement erosion control
measures.

High Admin
General and Trust
Lands Funds, Grants,
Emergency Funding
3 Long-term Sea Level Rise Consider opportunities to raise infrastructure to address long-term sea level rise risks. Moderate Admin
General and Trust
Lands Funds, Grants,
Emergency Funding
4 Ongoing/
As Needed
Flooding, Severe
Winter Storms
Continue dredging operations as needed and as
storms continue to get worse due to climate change
continue to monitor the frequency of dredging.

High Admin
General and Trust
Lands Funds, Grants,
Emergency Funding

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