CONTRA COSTA
CO.
Contra Costa
County CA 9/18/1989 17:00 Tornado (F0) 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CONTRA COSTA
CO.
Contra Costa
County CA 9/18/1989 17:10 Tornado (F0) 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
TOTAL 0 0 275.00K 0.00K
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 214 Table 4-160. Heavy Rainfall Past Events
Location
County /
Zone State Date Time Type Death Injury
Property
Damage
Crop
Damage
AMBROSE Contra Costa
County CA 1/10/2017 18:57 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
DIABLO Contra Costa
County CA 2/9/2015 04:11 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
ORINDA VLG Contra Costa
County CA 3/13/2012 00:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 50.00K 0.00K
GIANT Contra Costa
County CA 6/4/2011 03:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 50.00K
WALNUT CREEK Contra Costa
County CA 4/11/2010 17:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 10.00K 0.00K
SW SJ VALLEY
(ZONE)
SW San
Joaquin Valley
(Zone)
CA 9/3/2001 07:42 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
E CENTRAL SJ
VALLEY
E Central San
Joaquin Valley
(Zone)
CA 9/3/2001 07:42 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
KERN CTY MTNS
(ZONE)
Kern County
Mountains
(Zone)
CA 9/3/2001 12:35 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
INDIAN WELLS
VLY (ZONE)
Indian Wells
Valley (Zone) CA 9/3/2001 12:35 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SE KERN CTY
DESERT (ZONE)
SE Kern
County Desert
(Zone)
CA 9/3/2001 12:35 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MONO (ZONE) Mono (Zone) CA 7/5/2001 14:30 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K MONO (ZONE) Mono (Zone) CA 7/2/2001 19:30 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
E CENTRAL SJ
VALLEY
E Central San
Joaquin Valley
(Zone)
CA 9/1/2000 03:40 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 250.00K
E CENTRAL SJ
VALLEY (ZONE)
E Central San
Joaquin Valley
(Zone)
CA 2/13/2000 00:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
E CENTRAL SJ
VALLEY (ZONE)
E Central San
Joaquin Valley
(Zone)
CA 2/1/2000 01:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SOUTHERN SAN
JOAQUIN VALLEY
(ZONE)
Southern San
Joaquin Valley CA 9/22/1999 07:30 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 5.00M
CENTRAL SJV
(ZONE)
Central San
Joaquin Valley
(Zone)
CA 9/9/1998 01:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SOUTH SJV
(ZONE)
South San
Joaquin Valley
(Zone)
CA 9/4/1998 00:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 5.00M
N VENTURA
(ZONE)
N Ventura
(Zone) CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
X N LOS
ANGELES (ZONE)
X N Los
Angeles
(Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
W SANTA
BARBARA (ZONE)
W Santa
Barbara
(Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
N LOS ANGELES
T X N (ZONE)
N Los Angeles
T X N (Zone) CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
C VENTURA
(ZONE)
C Ventura
(Zone) CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
C LOS ANGELES
(ZONE)
C Los Angeles
(Zone) CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
X SW LOS
ANGELES (ZONE)
X SW Los
Angeles
(Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 215 Location
County /
Zone State Date Time Type Death Injury
Property
Damage
Crop
Damage
X W SAN LUIS
OBISPO (ZONE)
X W San Luis
Obispo (Zone) CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
X SE LOS
ANGELES (ZONE)
X SE Los
Angeles
(Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
X S VENTURA
(ZONE)
X S Ventura
(Zone) CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
X S SANTA
BARBARA (ZONE)
X S Santa
Barbara
(Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
X N SANTA
BARBARA (ZONE)
X N Santa
Barbara
(Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SC SAN LUIS
OBISPO (ZONE)
Sc San Luis
Obispo (Zone) CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN LUIS
OBISPO T SC & X
W (ZONE)
San Luis
Obispo T Sc &
X W (Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
S VENTURA T X S
(ZONE)
S Ventura T X
S (Zone) CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
P C SANTA
BARBARA (ZONE)
P C Santa
Barbara
(Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
P C SANTA
BARBARA (ZONE)
P C Santa
Barbara
(Zone)
CA 11/10/1997 02:00 Heavy Rain 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
TOTAL 0 0 60.00K 10.30M
Table 4-161. Heat Events (1950 – 2023)
Location
County /
Zone State Date Time Type Death Injury
Property
Damage
Crop
Damage
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 7/21/2006 12:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY HILLS
AND THE DIABLO
RANGE (ZONE)
East Bay Hills
And The
Diablo Range
CA 7/21/2006 12:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 7/22/2006 14:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 7/25/2007 07:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 5/17/2009 10:00 Heat 0 0 10.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 5/17/2009 10:00 Heat 0 10 20.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY HILLS
AND THE DIABLO
RANGE (ZONE)
East Bay Hills
And The
Diablo Range
CA 5/17/2009 12:00 Heat 0 1 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 6/27/2009 11:00 Heat 1 1 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 6/18/2017 14:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 6/20/2017 20:30 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 216 Location
County /
Zone State Date Time Type Death Injury
Property
Damage
Crop
Damage
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 4/24/2019 15:00 Heat 0 1 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 8/14/2019 07:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 8/14/2019 16:30 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys
(Zone)
CA 6/17/2021 15:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 6/10/2022 15:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 6/21/2022 15:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 6/21/2022 15:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 6/21/2022 15:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 8/16/2022 15:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 9/4/2022 09:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 9/4/2022 09:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 9/5/2022 14:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 9/5/2022 14:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 9/6/2022 14:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 9/6/2022 14:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 9/8/2022 14:00 Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K TOTAL 1 13 30.00K 0.00K
4.6.8.7. Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety and Health: All residents within Contra Costa County would be vulnerable and impacted by severe weather events. A study by the California Energy Commission states that heat wave/extreme heat events have claimed more lives in California than all other disaster events combined. 251 However, the underserved and at risk population face unique vulnerabilities and impacts as a result of severe weather.
These groups include, but are not limited to, households in poverty , outdoor workers, individuals with
251 Association of Bay Area Governments. (n.d.). Extreme Heat. Retrieved from https://abag.ca.gov/our- work/resilience/data-research/extreme-heat.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 217 chronic illnesses, those with limited English proficiency, the elderly population and seniors living alone, and undocumented individuals.252
• Households in Poverty: Households in poverty include those with an income at or below $24,300 for a household of four (4). In Contra Costa County, households in poverty may live in structures that are less resilient to sever e weather which increases the likelihood that severe thunderstorms, strong winds, and heavy rainfall can damage the structures, and cause mold and mildew. Due to fewer financial resources , this population may not be able to complete preparedness and recovery activities (i.e., fix flood damage). Furthermore, this population can be physically harmed or experience a decrease in quality of life due to severe weather . High concentration of this population is located in central Richmond, North Richmond and San Pablo, tracts of Concord and Martinez, and in Bay Point, Pittsburg, and Antioch. Poverty is associated with greater vulnerability to heat wave/extreme heat events in a number of ways. The long- standing association between low income and poor health outcomes, as well as pre-existing health conditions among people in poverty, play a key role in vulnerability. Impoverished and low- income individuals who are uninsured may be less likely to seek medical help if they become ill, may live in poorly insulated housing, and may also be less likely to use fans or air conditioning out of concern for high utility bills. During extreme heat days, temperatures in uninsulated homes may reach unhealthy temperatures. Households in poverty are located throughout the County, however those in central and eastern Contra Costa may face the greatest exposure from extreme heat.
• Individuals Experiencing Homelessness are those who do not have a permanent home, including those who live in their vehicles or temporary shelters. This population is highly exposed to severe weather because they experience a lack of permanent shelter which is often temporary.
Additionally, this population faces greater exposure to extreme heat because they lack access to permanent shelter. Dehydration is common among homeless individuals , which makes health related complications from extreme heat more likely. Homeless individuals are more likely to suffer respiratory infections, which are exacerbated by extreme heat, and those on medication are also at greater risk as some medications interfere with the body's ability to maintain a safe internal temperature during times of extreme temperatures. The homeless population in the central and eastern portion of the County are more vulnerable to heat wave/extreme heat events.
In 2024, there are 2,843 people experiencing homelessness in Contra Costa County, an 18.5% increase from 2023.
253
• Outdoor Workers: Includes, but are not limited to, workers in agriculture, construction, building maintenance, landscaping, and refinery operations fields. This population is significantly vulnerable to heat wave/extreme heat events because these jobs, often physically intense, require them to be outside and risk heat related illnesses (e.g., heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke). Furthermore, outdoor work may also be halted during high temperatures, which can cause significant economic hardships.
• Individuals with Chronic Illnesses: Includes those that have long term or permanent health conditions that can be exacerbated by heat wave/extreme heat conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, respiratory conditions, diabetes, cerebrovascular diseases ). These individuals may be taking medication that can reduce their body’s ability to maintain safe internal temperatures.
252 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
253 Contra Costa Health. (2024). Health, Housing, and Homelessness Data Reports (Point-in-Time Count).
Retrieved from https://www.cchealth.org/services-and-programs/homeless-services/data. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 218 Furthermore, severe weather may cause power outages which can affect those that are electrically dependent.
• People with Limited English Proficiency: This group includes those that speak English “less than very well”, per the United States Census Bureau definition. In Conta Costa County, 158,965 people (38.2%) have limited English proficiency (i.e., speak English “less than very well”). This population are more likely to live in low income areas which are also most likely to be located within low lying areas. Flooding due to heavy rainfall can cause significant damage to homes resulting in uninhabitable and unhealthy conditions to live in. Additionally, individuals with limited English proficiency may have limited access to information and resources designed to prevent or mitigate flooding risk due to language or cultural differences. Other languages spoken in the County are primarily Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Tagalog, and Persian. Other than English, the most commonly spoken language in Contra Costa County is Spanish (18.7%). The higher proportion with limited English proficiency occurs in the cities of Richmond, Concord, and San Pablo.
• Senior (65 years old and over) and Seniors Living Alone: The elderly population (i.e., seniors), especially those with access and functional needs, may have physical limitations that make it harder to evacuate in the event of an emergency due to severe weather (e.g., flooding due to heavy rainfall). Furthermore, the elderly population may lack access to social connections and community support that can assist in preparing for and responding to emergency events, evacuating, improving home resiliency, managing medical needs, and locating support servi ces.
These individuals are especially vulnerable to the health effects associated with heat wave/extreme heat events. A high concentration of the elderly population lives in central Contra Costa County, Bethel Island, eastern part of Richmond, and several parts of Walnut Creek.
Seniors living alone may have caretakers, but for the most part are living alone. This population is generally more vulnerable compared to other seniors because this group may have mobility issues that prohibits them from taking action during a severe weather event. In 2022, there were approximately 33,102 (8.0%) seniors living alone.
254
• Undocumented Individuals: Includes people who do not have formal permission to live in the United States (i.e., do not have citizenship, permanent residency, visas, or other similar status).
This population is most likely to fall in the households in poverty and low income categories, which are considered to be at risk populations during a flooding event and are more likely to live in low lying areas in structures that are not waterproofed or build above the 100-year flood elevations.
Additionally, most of this population has outdoor occupations or work in highly unregulated environment which leaves them susceptible to harm from heat wave/extreme heat conditions .
Outdoor work may also be halted during high temperatures, which can cause significant economic hardships. Undocumented agricultural workers may face economic hardship if crops, vineyards, or rangeland are damaged by heat wave/extreme heat conditions. Furthermore, agricultural workers who are undocumented are more likely to be let go when farms experience economic hardship. There are no official counts of how many undocumented individuals live in Contra Costa County, but in 2019 there was an estimate of 63,000.
255
254 United States Census Bureau. (2022). DP02: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles). Retrieved from
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP02?g=050XX00US06013. 255 Migration Policy Institute. (2019). Profile of the Unauthorized Population: Contra Costa County, CA. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/unauthorized-immigrant-population/county/6013. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 219 Severe weather will impact County residents differently. For example, extreme heat thresholds for West County are lower than those in Central or East County, even so, West County residents may be particularly vulnerable since they are unaccustomed to continuous high temperatures.
Table 4-162 summarizes the vulnerable and at-risk population for severe weather in Contra Costa County.
Table 4-162. Vulnerability and At Risk Population
Category Estimate Percent
Households in Poverty256 7,600 12.0%
Low Income Households257 25,340 41.0%
Homeless Population258 2,372 0.2%
Population with Disability259 131,448 11.4%
Language Other than English260 416,505 38.0%
Speak English “Less than very
well”261 158,965 14.5%
Spanish Spoken at Home262 204,442 18.7%
Foreign Born263 312,050 27.0%
65 Years and Over264 201,136 17.4%
Seniors (65 years and over) Living
Alone265 45,672 22.7%
Undocumented Individuals266 There are no official counts of how many undocumented individuals live in Contra Costa County, but in 2019 there was an estimate of 63,000.
256 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
257 Ibid.
258 Contra Costa Health. (2023). Health, Housing, and Homelessness Data Reports (Point-in-Time Count).
Retrieved from https://www.cchealth.org/services-and-programs/homeless-services/data. 259 United States Census Bureau. (2022). S1810: Disability Characteristics (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables). Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1810?g=050XX00US06013. 260 United States Census Bureau. (2022). S1601: Language Spoken at Home (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables). Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1601?g=050XX00US06013. 261 Ibid.
262 Ibid.
263 United States Census Bureau. (2022). DP02: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles). Retrieved from
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP02?g=050XX00US06013. 264 United States Census Bureau. (2022). DP05: Demographics and Housing Estimates (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles). Retrieved from
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP05?g=050XX00US06013. 265 United States Census Bureau. (2022). DP02: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles). Retrieved from
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP02?g=050XX00US06013. 266 Migration Policy Institute. (2019). Profile of the Unauthorized Population: Contra Costa County, CA. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/unauthorized-immigrant-population/county/6013. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 220 Table 4-166 outlines the vulnerability of the total population exposed to severe weather, and Table 4- 167 outlines the severe weather impacts to population and life safety, underserved/equity population, and essential operations, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: All property and critical infrastructure in Contra Costa County is vulnerable during the severe weather events profiled in this section, but properties that are structurally compromised or in particular vulnerable locations are more susceptible to the impacts of severe weather. Those in higher elevations and on ridges may be more prone to wind damage. Extreme heat events are not known for causing direct damage to buildings, but may damage building systems such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Mobile homes and properties in poor condition or closer to overhead power lines and large trees may be more vulnerable to damage. In Contra Costa County, approximately 1.3% of the occupied housing units are mobile homes. 267 Due to the
unpredictability of thunderstorm strength and path, most critical infrastructure located above ground is equally exposed to the storm’s impacts.
Electrical transmission and distribution lines are power lines that carry high voltage electricity between power plants and customers. There are a number of transmission lines throughout the County primarily owned by Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) and other lines in the eastern portion of the County are owned by Western Area Power Administration and the Transmission Agency of Northern California. The entire electric infrastructure is vulnerable to strong winds which can cause power outages and impact residents and businesses. Heat wave/extreme heat conditions will most likely affect electricity transmission and distribution lines within the eastern and central portion of Contra Costa County because temperatures in this area are projected to substantially increase on extreme heat days. Furthermore, extreme heat can cause an increase in air conditioning use during these events which can stress and overload the grid subsequently causing power outages and damage to the lines. 268
Heavy rain and thunderstorms, particularly those that result in hail, could significantly impact motorists travelling along major roadways. Depending on the severity of the storm, these events could slow traffic, reduce visibility, and increase the likelihood of vehicle accidents, which may result in greater traffic delays.
Incapacity and loss of roads are the primary transportation failures resulting from severe weather, mostly associated with secondary hazards. Landslides caused by heavy prolonged rainfall events can block roads. High winds can cause significant damage to trees and power lines, blocking roads with debris, incapacitating transportation, isolating population, and disrupting ingress and egress. Of particular concern are roads providing access to isolated areas and to the elderly. Prolonged obstruction of major routes can disrupt the shipment of goods and other commerce. Large, prolonged storms can have negative economic impacts for an entire region. Severe windstorms and downed trees can create serious impacts on overhead power lines and infrastructure and above ground communication lines. Loss of electricity and phone connection would leave a certain p ortion of the population isolated because residents would be unable to call for assistance.
Extreme heat is not known for causing direct impacts on critical facilities and infrastructure, but some impacts may occur in extreme cases, such as Public Safety Power Shutoff.
267 United States Census Bureau. (2022). S2504: Physical Housing Characteristics for Occupied Housing Units (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables). Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S2504?g=050XX00US06013. 268 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 221 There are a total of 554 critical assets (i.e., schools, nursing homes, fire stations, police stations, and hospitals) throughout the County and 100% of these assets are susceptible to severe weather impacts to varying degrees. Table 4-163 provides a breakdown of critical assets that are located within Contra Costa County. Refer to the flood profile for a breakdown of critical assets within the 100-year and 500- year floodplain (Table 4-101) and the landslide profile for a breakdown of critical assets within medium, high, and very high landslide susceptibility areas (Table 4-122).
Table 4-163. Critical Assets Vulnerable to Severe Weather Asset Estimate Percent
(of total assets)
Schools (public schools, private schools) 360 100.0%
Nursing Homes 78 100.0%
Fire Stations 81 100.0%
Police Stations 24 100.0%
Hospitals 11 100.0%
Table 4-166 outlines the total property value exposed to severe weather and how the changes in development in the past five (5) years, have affected the vulnerability of the community to severe weather.
Table 4-167 outlines the severe weather impacts on total property damage, potential future development, and the economy, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Environment: The environment is highly exposed to all the severe weather events profiled in this Plan .
In Contra Costa County, the following ecosystems and natural resources are vulnerable to severe weather, including extreme heat:
269
• Agriculture: Agricultural operations can be significantly damaged by strong winds, hail, and severe thunderstorms. Strong winds can flatten crops and food crops can be damaged by hail.
Additionally, heat wave/extreme heat conditions can damage crops or reduce yield , make crops more difficult to manage , and can lead to the death of crops. For example, wine grapes are expected to experience a decline in fruit quality due to heat wave/extreme heat events. Damage to agriculture due to severe weather can result in economic hardship for the farm owners in the area.
• Aquatic: Aquatic habitat (i.e., streams, reservoirs, ponds, and sloughs or channels) are impacted by heat wave/extreme heat. This ecosystem includes the Delta and shoreline areas that are submerged by water. In Contra Costa County, the three (3) large reservoirs include San Pablo Reservoir, Briones Reservoir, and Los Vaqueros Reservoir. Aquatic wildlife species include various duck species, California red-legged frog, western pond turtle, and juvenile and spawning adult Chinook salmon. Extreme heat events can cause water temperatures in aquatic habitats to increase, which can alter water quality and other water characteristics. Native fish species may have a more difficult time surviving in warmer waters and non-native species may out compete with native species.
• The Delta: The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta spans from the City of Pittsburg in the west, Locke in the east, Sacramento to the North, and Tracy to the south. The Delta primarily
269 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 222 encompasses the northern and easternmost borders of Contra Costa County and provides opportunities for boating, fishing, transportation, and a water source for the County. Severe weather events have the potential to damage harbors, marinas, and outdoor recreation centers within the Delta impacting fishery and recreation based economies. Additionally, extreme heat can alter the Delta’s water quality, and cause water temperatures to rise, fish to die, and algae to grow.
• Rangeland: Includes land where many livestock species (e.g., cattle) are raised and most are located in the eastern portion of Contra Costa County. Temperatures above 100°F can create heat stress, increase the risk of infection, reduce milk production and fertility, and may lead to the death of animals.
• Riparian Woodland and Shrub: Riparian woodland and shrub ecosystems consist of Valley foothill riparian, undetermined shrub, and riverine habitat. These areas are scattered throughout Contra Costa County and have numerous wildlife species (e.g., gray fox, striped skunk, broad- handed mole, mule deer, dusky-footed woodrat, yellow warbler, northern flicker, white tailed kite, and Cooper’s hawk). Severe storms can cause trees to fall in riparian ecosystems, which can disrupt the flow of water through the systems and impact aquatic wildlife in the streams. • Wetland: Wetland ecosystems, located adjacent to the San Francisco Bay and Delta, include permanent wetland, seasonal wetland, fresh emergent wetland, alkali wetland, and marshes.
Warmer waters may change wetland habitats to the point that native species can no longer survive. Warmer temperatures may also cause harmful algal growth that can harm both plant and wildlife species.
Table 4-167 outlines severe weather impacts on the environment and economy, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: There have been no significant changes in development that have affected the risks associated with severe weather. Future increases in population within the SHFA may expose more of the population to floods. Growth over the past decade has considerably increased. Between 2010 and 2022, as outlined in Table 3-3, the population in Contra Costa County grew 10.6%, from 1,046,025 to 1,156,966 residents. The Bay Area Association of Governments (ABAG) growth forecasts predict a steady increase in households through 2050. From 2015 to 2050, ABAG projects that the County’s number of households will grow by 44%. 270
The ability to withstand impacts lies in rigorous land use practices and consistent enforcement of codes and regulations for new construction. Contra Costa County is StormReady certified by the NWS, which means that the County has achieved the industry standard for severe weather preparedness and communication. Additionally, the County has adopted the International Building Code in response to California mandates. This Code is equipped to deal with the impacts of severe weather events. Land use policies identified in general plans within the planning area also address many of the secondary impacts (e.g., flood and landslide) of the severe weather hazard. With these tools, the planning partners are well equipped to deal with future growth and the associated impacts of severe weather.
Table 4-1 66 outlines how the changes in development in the past five (5) years have affected the vulnerability of the community to severe weather. Table 4-167 outlines the severe weather impacts on potential future development, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
270 Bay Area Association of Government. (2020). Plan Bay Area 2050 Final Blueprint Growth Pattern. Retrieved from https://planbayarea.org/digital-library/plan-bay-area-2050-final-blueprint-growth-pattern. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 223 Effects of Climate Change in Severity of Impacts: Atmospheric rivers are part of the water cycle in the western United States often occurring in the fall and winter, and when beneficial they result in much needed rain to the region. For example, persistent drought events can end when atmospheric rivers make landfall in the area. However, when these systems produce too much water at once it can result in a significant amount of damage. As global temperatures continue to increase, the amount and severity of atmospheric rivers are projected to increase. Warmer air and oceans serve as fuel for these systems to become larger and stronger, and the atmosphere is capable of holding more moisture. Some research shows that atmospheric rivers are expected to be 25% longer and wider resulting in heavy rainfall and strong winds over an area for a longer period of time. As rainfall increases, soil will become extremely saturated and unable to absorb additional water increasing runoff which can overwhelm rivers and result in flooding and landslides. Studies have determined that by 2090 atmospheric river events could cause up to $3.2 Billion of damage annually.
271
As global average temperatures continue to increase, scientists expect that heat wave/extreme heat events will become more common, more severe, and last longer. Subsequently leading to an increase in heat-related illnesses and deaths.
272 By the middle of the 21 st century (2040 to 2070), Contra Costa County is likely to have an average of 15 to 20 extreme heat days per year. By the end of the century, the County is projected to experience an average of 21 to 37 extreme heat days per year.273
Climate change is expected to increase ambient average air temperature, particularly in the summer.
The outer Bay Area will likely experience greater temperature increases than coastal or bayside jurisdictions, though likely not as great as in eastern portion of the County. The frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme heat events and heat waves are also expected as regional climate impacts.
Table 4-167 outlines the climate change impacts to severe weather in Contra Costa County, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
271 United States Department of Agriculture Climate Hubs. (n.d.). Atmospheric Rivers in the Northwest. Retrieved from https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/hubs/northwest/topic/atmospheric-rivers-northwest-0. 272 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Climate Change and Extreme Heat: What You Can Do to Prepared. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-10/documents/extreme-heat-guidebook.pdf. 273 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 224 Table 4-164. Probability of Occurrence
Hazard Event Probability of Occurrence Probability
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Severe Thunderstorm High Significant hazard event is likely to occur annually. 3 N/A Strong Winds / Damaging
Winds High Significant hazard event is likely to occur annually. 3 N/A Tornado Low Significant hazard event is likely to occur within 100 years. 1 N/A Heavy Rainfall High Significant hazard event is likely to occur annually. 3 N/A Heat Wave / Extreme
Heat High Significant hazard event is likely to occur annually. 3 N/A Table 4-165. Extent Factors
Hazard Event Extent Factor Extent Extent
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Severe Thunderstorm
Extent/Intensity Low Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a low-intensity incident. 1 3 Catastrophic Low Catastrophic hazard event is likely to occur at least once in 51 or more years. 1 3
Strong Winds / Damaging
Winds
Extent/Intensity Medium Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a medium-intensity incident. 2 6 Catastrophic Low Catastrophic hazard event is likely to occur at least once in 51 or more years. 1 3
Tornado
Extent/Intensity Low Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a low-intensity incident. 1 3 Catastrophic Low Catastrophic hazard event is likely to occur at least once in 51 or more years. 1 3
Heavy Rainfall
Extent/Intensity Medium Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a medium-intensity incident. 2 6 Catastrophic Low Catastrophic hazard event is likely to occur at least once in 51 or more years. 1 3
Heat Wave / Extreme
Heat
Extent/Intensity Medium Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a medium-intensity incident. 2 6 Catastrophic Low Catastrophic hazard event is likely to occur at least once in 51 or more years. 1 3
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 225 Table 4-166. Vulnerability Factors
Hazard Event Vulnerability Factor Vulnerability Vulnerability Factor
Weighted
Factor
Severe Thunderstorm
Population Exposure High 30% or more of the population is exposed to the hazard. 3 9 Property Exposure High 25% or more of the total assessed property value is exposed to the hazard. 3 6
Changes in
Development Low
Changes in development have increased the
vulnerability/exposure of the community to the hazard by 4% or less.
1 1
Strong Winds / Damaging
Winds
Population Exposure Medium 15% to 29% of the population is exposed to the hazard. 2 6 Property Exposure Medium 10% to 24% of the total assessed property value is exposed to a hazard. 2 4
Changes in
Development Low
Changes in development have increased the
vulnerability/exposure of the community to the hazard by 4% or less.
1 1
Tornado
Population Exposure Low 14% or less of the population is exposed to the hazard. 1 3 Property Exposure Low 9% or less of the total assessed property value is exposed to a hazard. 1 2
Changes in
Development Low
Changes in development have increased the
vulnerability/exposure of the community to the hazard by 4% or less.
1 1
Heavy Rainfall
Population Exposure High 30% or more of the population is exposed to the hazard. 3 9 Property Exposure Medium 10% to 24% of the total assessed property value is exposed to a hazard. 2 4
Changes in
Development Low
Changes in development have increased the
vulnerability/exposure of the community to the hazard by 4% or less.
1 1
Heat Wave / Extreme
Heat
Population Exposure High 30% or more of the population is exposed to the hazard. 3 9 Property Exposure No Vulnerability None of the total assessed property value is exposed to a hazard. 0 0
Changes in
Development Low
Changes in development have increased the
vulnerability/exposure of the community to the hazard by 4% or less.
1 1
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 226 Table 4-167. Impact Factors
Hazard Event Impact Factor Impact Impact
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Severe Thunderstorm
Population and Life
Safety Low Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse impacts, such as ambulatory injuries. 1 3 Underserved/Equity Low
Underserved populations exposed to the hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse/disproportionate impacts, such as ambulatory injuries.
1 3
Property Damage Low
Less than $500,000 in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event or less than 5% of the property value within the jurisdiction.
1 2
Economic Low Total economic impact is not likely to be greater than $100,000. 1 1
Environmental Low
Environmental impact from a single major hazard event is likely to be minimal, requiring little to no outside resources and support, and/or minimal repair, clean-up, restoration, or preservation work.
1 1
Essential Operations Low
Impact less than 24 hours on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day-to-day operational demands and
needs of the community from a single major hazard event. 1 1
Future Development Low Future development trends will minimally increase impact/consequence of this hazard. 1 1
Climate Change Medium Climate Change trends will increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts, but not significantly. 2 2
Strong Winds / Damaging
Winds
Population and Life
Safety Low Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse impacts, such as ambulatory injuries. 1 3 Underserved/Equity Low
Underserved populations exposed to the hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse/disproportionate impacts, such as ambulatory injuries.
1 3
Property Damage Medium
More than $500,000 but less than $5 Million in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event, or damages are expected to occur to more than 5% but less
than 15% of the property value within the jurisdiction. 2 4
Economic Low Total economic impact is not likely to be greater than $100,000. 1 1
Environmental Low
Environmental impact from a single major hazard event is likely to be minimal, requiring little to no outside resources and support, and/or minimal repair, clean-up, restoration, or preservation work.
1 1
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 227 Hazard Event Impact Factor Impact Impact
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Essential Operations Low
Impact less than 24 hours on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day-to-day operational demands and
needs of the community from a single major hazard event. 1 1
Future Development Low Future development trends will minimally increase impact/consequence of this hazard. 1 1
Climate Change Medium Climate Change trends will increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts, but not significantly. 2 2
Tornado
Population and Life
Safety Low Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse impacts, such as ambulatory injuries. 1 3 Underserved/Equity Low
Underserved populations exposed to the hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse/disproportionate impacts, such as ambulatory injuries.
1 3
Property Damage Low
Less than $500,000 in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event or less than 5% of the property value within the jurisdiction.
1 2
Economic Low Total economic impact is not likely to be greater than $100,000. 1 1
Environmental Low
Environmental impact from a single major hazard event is likely to be minimal, requiring little to no outside resources and support, and/or minimal repair, clean-up, restoration, or preservation work.
1 1
Essential Operations Low
Impact less than 24 hours on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day-to-day operational demands and
needs of the community from a single major hazard event. 1 1
Future Development Low Future development trends will minimally increase impact/consequence of this hazard. 1 1
Climate Change Medium Climate Change trends will increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts, but not significantly. 2 2
Heavy Rainfall
Population and Life
Safety Low Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse impacts, such as ambulatory injuries. 1 3 Underserved/Equity Low
Underserved populations exposed to the hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse/disproportionate impacts, such as ambulatory injuries.
1 3
Property Damage Low
Less than $500,000 in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event or less than 5% of the property value within the jurisdiction.
1 2
Economic Low Total economic impact is not likely to be greater than $100,000. 1 1
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 228 Hazard Event Impact Factor Impact Impact
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Environmental Low
Environmental impact from a single major hazard event is likely to be minimal, requiring little to no outside resources and support, and/or minimal repair, clean-up, restoration, or preservation work.
1 1
Essential Operations Low
Impact less than 24 hours on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day-to-day operational demands and
needs of the community from a single major hazard event. 1 1
Future Development Low Future development trends will minimally increase impact/consequence of this hazard. 1 1
Climate Change High Climate Change trends will significantly increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts. 3 3
Heat Wave / Extreme
Heat
Population and Life
Safety Low Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse impacts, such as ambulatory injuries. 1 3 Underserved/Equity Medium
Underserved populations exposed to the hazard are likely to experience some adverse/disproportionate impacts, such as injuries requiring acute medical care.
2 6
Property Damage No Impact Little to no property damage is expected from a single major hazard event. 0 0
Economic Low Total economic impact is not likely to be greater than $100,000. 1 1
Environmental No Impact No environmental impacts from a single major hazard event are likely. 0 0
Essential Operations Low
Impact less than 24 hours on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day-to-day operational demands and
needs of the community from a single major hazard event. 1 1
Future Development Low Future development trends will minimally increase impact/consequence of this hazard. 1 1
Climate Change High Climate Change trends will significantly increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts. 3 3
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 229
4.6.8.8. FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
A hail NRI EAL score, and rating represent a community's relative level of expected building, population, and agriculture loss each year due to hail when compared to the rest of the United States. The EAL score is positively associated to a community’s risk; therefore, a higher EAL score results in a higher Risk Index score. Table 4-168 outlines the hail EAL for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-168. Hail Expected Annual Loss (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Expected
Annual
Loss
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Rating
Contra Costa
County $10,280 $42,961 $1,290 $54,531 40.1 Relatively
Low
Expected annual loss scores are calculated utilizing an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure x Annualized Frequency x Historic Loss Ratio).
A strong wind NRI EAL score, and rating represent a community's relative level of expected building, population, and agriculture loss each year due to strong winds when compared to the rest of the United States. The EAL score is positively associated to a community’s risk; therefore, a higher EAL score results in a higher Risk Index score. Table 4-169 outlines the strong wind EAL for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-169. Strong Wind Expected Annual Loss (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Expected
Annual
Loss
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Rating
Contra Costa
County $14,927 $5,591 $76 $20,594 9.4 Very Low
Expected annual loss scores are calculated utilizing an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure x Annualized Frequency x Historic Loss Ratio).
A tornado NRI EAL score, and rating represent a community's relative level of expected building, population, and agriculture loss each year due to tornadoes when compared to the rest of the United States. The EAL score is positively associated to a community’s risk; therefore, a higher EAL score results in a higher Risk Index score. Table 4-170 outlines the tornado EAL for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-170. Tornado Expected Annual Loss (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Expected
Annual
Loss
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Rating
Contra Costa
County $361,249 $930,045 $213 $1.3 Million 58.8 Relatively Moderate
Expected annual loss scores are calculated utilizing an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure x Annualized Frequency x Historic Loss Ratio).
A riverine flooding NRI EAL score, and rating represent a community's relative level of expected building, population, and agriculture loss each year due to riverine flooding when compared to the rest of the United States. The EAL score is positively associated to a community’s risk; therefore, a higher EAL 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 230 score results in a higher Risk Index score. Table 4-171 outlines the riverine flooding EAL for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-171. Riverine Flooding Expected Annual Loss (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Expected
Annual
Loss
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Rating
Contra Costa
County $4.0 Million $4.1 Million $291,636 $8.4 Million 96.3 Very High Expected annual loss scores are calculated utilizing an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure x Annualized Frequency x Historic Loss Ratio).
A heat wave NRI EAL score, and rating represent a community's relative level of expected building, population, and agriculture loss each year due to heat waves when compared to the rest of the United States. The EAL score is positively associated to a community’s risk; therefore, a higher EAL score results in a higher Risk Index score. Table 4-172 outlines the heat wave EAL for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-172. Heat Wave Expected Annual Loss (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Expected
Annual
Loss
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Rating
Contra Costa
County $2.6 Million $485 $18,780 $2.6 Million 96.1 Very High Expected annual loss scores are calculated utilizing an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure x Annualized Frequency x Historic Loss Ratio).
4.6.8.9. FEMA Severe Weather Risk Index Scores
The hail Risk Index score and rating represent a community's relative risk for hail when compared to the rest of the United States. Table 4-173 illustrates the hail Risk Index rating and score for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-173. Hail Risk Index (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Rating Score
Contra Costa County Relatively Low 36.0
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience (Expected Annual Loss x Social Vulnerability / Community Resilience = Risk Index).
The strong wind Risk Index score and rating represent a community's relative risk for strong winds when compared to the rest of the United States. Table 4-174 illustrates the strong wind Risk Index rating and score for Contra Costa County.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 231 Table 4-174. Strong Wind Risk Index (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Rating Score
Contra Costa County Very Low 6.6
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience (Expected Annual Loss x Social Vulnerability / Community Resilience = Risk Index).
The tornado Risk Index score and rating represent a community's relative risk for tornadoes when compared to the rest of the United States. Table 4-175 illustrates the tornado Risk Index rating and score for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-175. Tornado Wind Risk Index (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Rating Score
Contra Costa County Relatively Moderate 55.0
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience (Expected Annual Loss x Social Vulnerability / Community Resilience = Risk Index).
The riverine flooding Risk Index score and rating represent a community's relative risk for riverine flooding when compared to the rest of the United States. Table 4-176 illustrates the riverine flooding Risk Index rating and score for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-176. Riverine Flooding Risk Index (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Rating Score
Contra Costa County Very High 96.2
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience (Expected Annual Loss x Social Vulnerability / Community Resilience = Risk Index).
The heat wave Risk Index score and rating represent a community's relative risk for heat waves when compared to the rest of the United States. Table 4-177 illustrates the heat wave Risk Index rating and score for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-177. Heat Wave Risk Index (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Rating Score
Contra Costa County Very High 95.7
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience (Expected Annual Loss x Social Vulnerability / Community Resilience = Risk Index).
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 232 Table 4-178 represents the Severe Weather Total Risk Score for Contra Costa County, based on the Risk Assessment Methodology, as defined in this Plan. For further details on how the probability, extent, vulnerability, and impact factors were calculated, please refer to Table 4-164 through Table 4-167.
Additional details on how the Total Risk Score was calculated can be found in the Risk Assessment Methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Table 4-178. Severe Weather Total Risk Score
Hazard
Event
Probability Consequence Total Risk
Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score*
Severe Thunderstorm 3 6 16 14 36 54
Strong Winds/Damaging
Winds 3 9 11 16 36 54
Tornado 1 6 6 14 26 16
Heavy Rainfall 3 9 14 15 38 56
Heat Wave/Extreme Heat 3 9 10 15 34 51
Consequence: Sum of all weighted factors.
Extent: Sum of the weighted Extent factors.
Vulnerability: Sum of the weighted Vulnerability factors.
Impact: Sum of the weighted Impact factors.
Total Risk Score = Probability x Consequence
* Normalized to 100
Total Risk Score Legend
Classification Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score
Low (L) 1 0 – 6 0 – 6 0 – 12 0 – 24 0 – 24
Medium (M) 2 7 – 12 7 – 12 13 – 26 25 – 50 25 – 54
High (H) 3 13 – 18 13 – 18 27 – 39 51 – 75 55 and above The legend— specifically the assignment of low, medium, and high— provides an additional means to qualitatively assess the probability factor, sum of weighted factors, and the total risk scores for each hazard. The Consequence Score represents the sum of the Extent, Vulnerability, and Impact Factors.
The Total Risk Score is a measure of Probability and Consequence.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 233
4.6.9. Tsunami
4.6.9.1. Description
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese word “harbor wave” because of the devastating effects these waves had on low-lying coastal communities. 274
A tsunami is a series of extremely long waves caused by seismic activity, volcano activity, or landslides.
However, based on records dating back to 1900, over 80% of tsunamis are generated by earthquakes.
Generally, subduction zone earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or greater at plate boundaries are the most frequent cause of tsunamis.
275 When an earthquake occurs below or near the ocean, waves radiate outward in all directions away from the epicenter, sometimes crossing an entire ocean basin. Additionally, tsunamis also may be generated by submarine and subaerial landslides (which may also be caused by earthquakes), submarine volcanic eruptions, and the collapse of volcanic edifices. 276
Tsunamis, unlike regular waves, move through the entire water column from the ocean floor to the ocean surface. 277 The speed of tsunami depends on the depth of the ocean, but in the deep ocean they can move at over 500 mph. The height or amplitude of a tsunami wave in deep water is generally three (3) feet or less, and thus may not be noticeable to people on ships. As tsunami waves approach land, however, and as the ocean shallows, the waves slow to around 30 to 3 0 miles per hour but grow significantly in height.
278
Tsunamis are often confused with tidal waves; the three (3) main differences between the two (2) are the following:
279
• A tsunami’s water level changes occur much faster, 10 to 15 minutes, than a tidal wave which gradually changes over six (6) to 12 hour periods.
• Tsunami waves travel much faster than tidal waves. A tsunami in the deep ocean can move faster than 500 mph while a tidal wave moves at approximately 23 mph. • The incoming waves of a tsunami can be significantly larger than a tidal wave. The world’s largest tidal ranges at 52 feet higher than low tide, while tsunamis can reach 131 feet, striking coastlines with much lower tidal ranges.
Scientists are beginning to better understand another type of tsunami called meteotsunamis. These are large waves (six (6) feet of higher) driven by air pressure disturbances associated with fast-moving weather events (e.g., severe thunderstorms, squalls, other storm fronts). Meteotsunamis are amplified by a shallow continental shelf and inlet or other coastal features. The characteristics of meteotsunamis are very similar to a seismic tsunami and as a result can be confused with storm surge. Although
274 Exploring our Fluid Earth. (n.d.). Tsunamis. Retrieved from https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/coastal-interactions/tsunamis. 275 Pacific Northwest Seismic Network. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from https://pnsn.org/outreach/faq.
276 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Tsunamis: Introduction to the Tsunamis. Retrieved from https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/tsunamis.
277 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.). U.S. Department of Commerce. Tsunamis. Retrieved from https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/tsunamis. 278 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023). Tsunamis: Introduction to the Tsunamis. Retrieved from https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/tsunamis.
279 Exploring our Fluid Earth. (n.d.). Tsunamis. Retrieved from https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/coastal-interactions/tsunamis. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 234 scientists have been able to identify atmospheric conditions that produce meteotsunamis, the ability to forecast and issue advisories remains uncertain.
280 Water level analyses and meteorological data in the United States have determined that meteotsunamis occur more often than expected; therefore, these should be included in coastal hazard mitigation planning. 281
4.6.9.2. Hazard Location
Coastal areas of Contra Costa County are vulnerable to tsunamis. Figure 4-24 illustrates Tsunami Hazard Areas within Contra Costa County which represent areas that could be exposed to tsunami hazards during a tsunami event. Areas in yellow are advised to evacuate immediately after an earthquake that lasts a long time or if an official evacuation notification is received. Residents and visitors are advised to evacuate on foot to a green area. The California Tsunami Hazard Area maps and data were developed with the best current scientific information available. They are based on the State of California 2009 Tsunami Inundation Maps for Emergency Planning and enhanced high-resolution, 975-year return period probabilistic tsunami inundation model results.
282
Figure 4-24. Contra Costa County Tsunami Hazard Areas
280 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is a Meteotsunami? Retrieved from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/meteotsunami.html. 281 Horillo, J., Cheng, W., Joe, A., and Shang, Y. (2022). Tsunami Inundation Maps Development and Continuation of the Meteotsunami Characterization for the GOM. Retrieved from https://www.tamug.edu/tsunami/Files/report_NTHMP_2022_FY21-web.pdf. 282 California Department of Conservation, California Geological Survey. (2022). California Tsunami Maps.
Retrieved from https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/tsunami/maps.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 235
4.6.9.3. Hazard Extent/Intensity
Tsunami intensity is measured by the Papadopoulos and Imamura Scale. In 2001, the 12-point tsunami scale was proposed by Gerassimos Papadopoulos and Fumihiko Imamura. The scale has 12 divisions, and it is consistent with the 12-grade seismic intensity scale. Additionally, the scale is arranged according to the effects on humans, nature, and objects (i.e., vessels), and buildings. 283 Table 4-179 outlines the
Papadopoulos and Imamura Tsunami Scale.
Table 4-179. Papadopoulos and Imamura Tsunami Scale
Level Damage Wave Height
(feet) Description
I Not Felt < 3.3
(< 1 meter) --
II Scarcely Felt < 3.3
(< 1 meter)
Felt by a few people on board small vessels. Not
observed on the coast. No effect, no damage.
III Weak < 3.3
(< 1 meter)
Felt by most people on board small vessels. Observed by a few people on the coast. No effect. No damage.
IV Largely Observed < 3.3
(< 1 meter)
Felt by all people on board small vessels and by a few
people on board larger vessels. Observed by most
people on the coast. Few small vessels move slightly
onshore. No damage.
V Strong < 3.3
(< 1 meter)
Felt by all people on board large vessels and observed
by all on the coast. Few people are scared and run to
higher ground. Many small vessels move strongly
onshore, few of the vessels crash into each other or
overturn. Traces of sand layer are left behind in grounds of favorable conditions. Limited flooding of cultivated land. Limited flooding of outdoors facilities (e.g., gardens) of near-shore structures.
VI Slightly Damaging 6.6
(2 meters)
Many people are frightened and run to higher ground.
Most small vessels move violently onshore, or strongly
crash into each other, or overturn. Damage and flooding in a few wooden structures. Most masonry buildings are
able to withstand.
VII Damaging 13.1
(4 meters)
Most people are frightened and try to run to higher
ground. Many small vessels are damaged. Few large
vessels violently oscillate. Objects of various sizes and stability overturn and drift. Sand later and accumulation of pebbles are left behind. Few aquaculture rafts are
washed away. Many wooden structures are damaged,
few are completely destroyed or washed away. Damage
and flooding in few masonry buildings.
283 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. (n.d.). Tsunami Intensity Scale. Retrieved from https://neamtic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=209&Itemid=442. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 236 Level Damage Wave Height
(feet) Description
VIII Heavily Damaging 13.1
(4 meters)
Everyone escapes to higher ground, but some are
washed away. Most small vessels are damaged, and
many are washed away. Few large vessels have moved
ashore or crashed into each other. Big objects are drifted away. There is erosion and littering on the beach.
Extensive flooding. Slight damage in tsunami-control
forests and stop drifts. Many aquaculture rafts are
washed away, a few partially damaged. Most wooden
structures are washed away or demolished. Significant
damage to a few masonry buildings. Most reinforced
concrete buildings sustain damage and flooding is
observed.
IX Destructive 26.2
(8 meters)
Many people are washed away. Most small vessels are
destroyed or washed away. Many large vessels are
violently moved onshore, few are destroyed. There is
erosion and littering on the beach. Local ground
subsidence. Partial destruction in tsunami control forest and stop drifts. Most aquaculture rafts are washed away and many are partially damaged. Significant damage in
many masonry buildings and few reinforced concrete
buildings suffer from major damage.
X Very Destructive 26.2
(8 meters)
General panic. Most people are washed away. Most large
vessels are moved violently onshore, many are destroyed or collided with buildings. Small boulders from the bottom of the sea are moved inland. Cars overturned and drifted.
Oil spills, fires are ignited. Extensive ground subsidence.
Extreme damage in many masonry buildings, and a few
reinforced concrete buildings suffer major damage.
Artificial embankments collapse, port water breaks are
damaged.
XI Devastating 52.5
(16 meters)
Lifelines are interrupted. Extensive fires. Water backwash drifts cars and other objects into the sea. Big boulders from the bottom of the sea are moved inland.
Catastrophic damage in many masonry buildings. Few
reinforced concrete buildings suffer from significant
damage.
X Completely Devastating 105
(32 meters)
Practically all masonry buildings are demolished. Most
reinforced concrete buildings suffer from significant
damage.
4.6.9.4. Warning Time
In the event of a tsunami, NOAA’s Tsunami Warning Centers are responsible for issuing tsunami advisories, watches, and warnings. There are two (2) tsunami warning centers – the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) and the National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC) which is responsible for the continental United States, Alaska, and Canada. Table 4-180 outlines the four (4) levels of tsunami alerts issued by the NTWC.284
284 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2017). User’s Guide for the Tsunami Warning System in the U.S. National Tsunami Warning Center Area-of-Responsibility. Retrieved from https://www.tsunami.gov/operations/opsmanual.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 237 Table 4-180. National Tsunami Warning Center Alerts
Type Definition
Tsunami Information
Statement
Issues to inform that an earthquake has occurred, or that a tsunami warning, watch or advisory has been issued for another section of the ocean. In most cases, information statements are issued to indicate there is no threat of a destructive basin wide tsunami and to prevent unnecessary evacuations as the earthquake may have been felt in coastal areas. Information statements may indicate for distant regions that a large event is being evaluated and could be upgraded to a warning, advisory, or watch.
Tsunami Watch
Issued to alert emergency management officials and the public of an event which may later impact the watch area. The watch area may be upgraded to a warning or advisory (or canceled) based on updated information and analysis. Therefore, emergency management officials and the public should prepare to take action.
Watches are normally issued based on seismic information without confirmation that a destructive tsunami is underway.
Tsunami Advisory
Issued when a tsunami with the potential to generate strong currents or waves dangerous to those in or very near the water is imminent, expected, or occurring.
The threat may continue for several hours after initial arrival, but significant inundation is not expected for areas under an advisory. Appropriate actions to be taken by local officials may include closing beaches, evacuating harbors and marinas, and the repositioning of ships to deep waters when there is time to safely do so. Advisories are normally updated to continue the advisory, expand/contract affected areas, upgrade to a warning, or cancel the advisory.
Tsunami Warning
Issued when a tsunami with the potential to generate widespread inundation is imminent, expected, or occurring. Warnings alert the public that dangerous coastal flooding accompanied by powerful currents is possible and may continue for several hours after initial arrival. Warnings alert emergency management officials to take action for the entire tsunami hazard zone. Appropriate actions to be taken by local officials may include the evacuation of low-lying coastal areas, and the repositioning of ships to deep waters when there is time to safely do so. Warnings may be updated, adjusted geographically, downgraded, or canceled. To provide the earliest possible alert, initial warnings are normally based only on seismic information.
4.6.9.5. Probability and Frequency
The probability of occurrence for a tsunami in Contra Costa County is low because a significant hazard event is likely to occur within 100 years.
Probability of Future Hazard Events
The tsunami annualized frequency value represents the average number of recorded tsunami hazard occurrences, in event days, per year over the period of record ( 222 years). Table 4-181 outlines the annualized frequency for tsunami, based on FEMA NRI data, for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-181. Tsunami Annualized Frequency (FEMA National Risk Index) Location Events on Record
(1800 – 2021) Annualized Frequency
Contra Costa County 5 0.0 events per year
Annualized frequency is defined as the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 238
4.6.9.6. Past Events
Contra Costa County has not been impacted by a tsunami. However, NCEI has reported one (1) tsunami event between 1950 and 2023 within the San Francisco Bay area, listed in Table 4-182 The evening of March 10, 2011, a magnitude 8.9 earthquake struck near the coast of Honshu, Japan. The earthquake generated a significant tsunami affecting California on March 11, 2011, damaging coastal areas in Santa Cruz and Monterey counties.
285
Table 4-182. Tsunami Events (1950 – 2023)
Location
County /
Zone State Date Time Type Death Injury
Property
Damage
Crop
Damage
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 3/11/2011 09:12 Tsunami 0 0 50.00K 0.00K TOTAL 0 0 50.00K 0.00K
4.6.9.7. Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety and Health: A tsunami poses significant threats to the life safety and health of the population within shoreline areas in the northwest portion of the County which includes the unincorporated areas of Bay Point, North Richmond, and other western areas, and the cities of Richmond, Pinole, Hercules, and Martinez, as illustrated in Figure 4-24. These areas are subject to tsunami inundation as illustrated in the California Tsunami Hazard Areas Maps. Immediate dangers from a tsunami involve primarily that of drowning and traumatic injury due to debris during the wave. A tsunami contaminates water and food supplies, and the lack of clean essentials can cause significant injury or death. Furthermore, contamination from tsunami increases the risk of infection. 286
In the event of a tsunami, the underserved and at-risk populations within tsunami inundation areas face unique vulnerabilities and impacts. These groups include, but are not limited to, households in poverty, individuals experiencing homelessness, the elderly population including those with access and functional needs, population without access to lifelines, and individuals with limited English proficiency. 287
• Households in Poverty: Includes those with an income at or below $24,300 for a household of four (4). This population is more likely to live in low lying areas within tsunami inundation areas and the 100-year floodplain, and dwellings may not be waterproofed. In Contra Costa County, the households in poverty along the coastline of North Richmond to Port Costa are vulnerable to tsunamis.
• Individuals Experiencing Homelessness: Includes those who do not have a permanent home, including those who live in their vehicles or temporary shelters. This population is uniquely vulnerable to tsunamis because most of the homeless encampments are located along the coastal cities near and within coastal flood areas in the County. Therefore, a tsunami can damage or destroy these encampments and other homeless facilities located within the coastline resulting
285 National Centers for Environmental Information. (2011). Storm Events Database. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=288765. 286 Centers for Disease Control. (n.d.). Health Effects of Tsunamis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/tsunamis/healtheff.html.
287 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 239 in additional hardship for this population. In 2024, there are 2,843 people experiencing homelessness in Contra Costa County, an 18.5% increase from 2023. 288
• Senior (65 years old and over): The elderly population (i.e., seniors), especially those with access and functional needs, may have physical limitations that make it harder to evacuate in the event of an emergency, such as a tsunami. Furthermore, this population may lack access to social connections and community support that can assist in preparing for and responding to emergency events, evacuating, improving home resiliency, managing medical needs, and locating support services.
• Individuals Without Access to Lifelines: Includes individuals who do not have access to basic technology or services (e.g., transportation, modern communication). This population is vulnerable because not having access to these can create barriers to prepare and respond to emergency events (e.g., tsunami evacuation order), may be unable to evacuate in a timely manner, and may become isolated if transit services are not operating. For example, this population may be unaware of a tsunami evacuation order and may be unable to evacuate in a timely manner.
• People with Limited English Proficiency: This group includes those that speak English “less than very well”, per the United States Census Bureau definition. In Conta Costa County, 158,965 people (38.2%) have limited English proficiency (i.e., speak English “less than very well”). This population may have limited access to tsunami emergency information and resources designed to prevent or mitigate tsunami risk due to language or cultural differences.
Table 4-183 summarizes the vulnerable and at-risk population for tsunamis in Contra Costa County.
Table 4-183. Vulnerability and At Risk Population
Category Estimate Percent
Households in Poverty289 7,600 12.0%
Low Income Households290 25,340 41.0%
Homeless Population291 2,843 0.2%
65 Years and Over292 201,136 17.4%
Seniors (65 years and over) Living
Alone293 45,672 22.7%
288 Contra Costa Health. (2024). Health, Housing, and Homelessness Data Reports (Point-in-Time Count).
Retrieved from https://www.cchealth.org/services-and-programs/homeless-services/data. 289 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
290 Ibid.
291 Contra Costa Health. (2024). Health, Housing, and Homelessness Data Reports (Point-in-Time Count).
Retrieved from https://www.cchealth.org/services-and-programs/homeless-services/data. 292 United States Census Bureau. (2022). DP05: Demographics and Housing Estimates (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles). Retrieved from
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP05?g=050XX00US06013. 293 United States Census Bureau. (2022). DP02: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles). Retrieved from
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP02?g=050XX00US06013. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 240 Category Estimate Percent
Households Without Vehicle294 8,872 1.6%
Spanish Spoken at Home295 204,442 18.7%
Speak English “Less than very
well”296 158,965 38.2%
Language Other than English297 416,505 38.0%
Table 4-18 7 outlines the vulnerability of the total population exposed to tsunamis, and Table 4-188 outlines the tsunami impacts to population and life safety, underserved/equity population, and essential operations, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: Roads are the primary resource for evacuation to higher ground before and during a tsunami event. Roads also can serve as flood control facilities for low depth, low velocity floods by acting as levees or berms and diverting or containing flood flows. The major roads in the planning area that intersect tsunami inundation areas are Eastshore Freeway, John T. Knox Freeway, and Richmond Parkway. These are major roads that may be impacted by a tsunami, based on exposure (they are evacuation routes for tsunami events). Evacuation routes are identified in emergency response plans in effect within the planning area.
In Contra Costa County, there is a range from the large, state-owned bridges that carry interstate freeways, to locally owned bridges that carry rural roads and pedestrians over small creeks. Countywide, there are over 400 bridges where approximately 80 are owned by the County and 160 are owned by Caltrans. There are 26 bridges that are within the 100-year flood zone and could potentially be affected by a tsunami. Some of these bridges are located in low lying areas that could become flooded during a tsunami event if located by the coastline. Additionally, flood control infrastructure (i.e., levees, dikes, and drainage channels), meant to prevent the creeks, Delta, and other bodies of water from overflowing and causing floods could fail during a tsunamis and cause flooding in these areas. Although the Contra Costa County Flood Control District is responsible for local flood control projects, many of these levees and drainage facilities in the Delta region of the County are privately owned and operated. Portio ns of Interstate 80 and 680, and State Route 4, and the Benecia -Martinez Bridge and the Carquinez Bridge, which are major transportation routes to the area, may be exposed to tsunami flooding.
Amtrak, freight lines, and the BART within coastal areas may also be exposed to tsunami flooding. There are three (3) standard rail lines that run through Contra Costa County which are operated by Union Pacific, Burlington Northern Santa Fe, and Richmond Pacific Railroad Corporation. These run along the western, northern, and eastern boundaries of the County, along Interstate 80, State Route 4, and Byron Highway. The aforementioned rail lines are used for freight trains; however, the Capitol Corridor commuter train runs along the Union Pacific railway. Additionally, the BART operates its own separate rail lines used exclusively for public transit. Two (2) BART rail lines are located in the County – one beginning in Richmond and heading south toward Berkeley and another one in the central part of the County extending from the City of Orinda to the City of Antioch. Flooding from a tsunami can cause damage to the tracks and result in the system to completely shutting down.
294 United States Census Bureau. (2022). S0801: Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S0801?g=050XX00US06013. 295 United States Census Bureau. (2022). S1601: Language Spoken at Home (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables). Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S1601?g=050XX00US06013. 296 Ibid.
297 Ibid.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 241
Three (3) wastewater treatment plants – Rodeo sewage treatment plans, West Contra Costa Wastewater, and Mt. View Sanitary District – are within low lying or coastal flooding areas. During a tsunami event, flooding to these facilities can exacerbate wet weather flows into the treatment plants and if the pumps and control panels are not waterproofed or salt resistant, the system can fail . Additionally, if the Delta levee fails the Mokelumne Aqueduct could be exposed to coastal flooding and the Contra Costa Canal and the Clifton Court Forebay are also within the coastal flooding area. In the event that these levees fail during a tsunami event, these water and wastewater infrastructure would also fail resulting in the contamination of freshwater, reducing the availability of drinking and agricultural water.
In Contra Costa County, there are approximately 61 industrial buildings within the coastal flooding areas.
Tsunamis can cause serious damage to i ndustrial structures and increase the potential of a hazardous materials release that can contaminate soil, water, and air in the surrounding areas. 298
There are a total of 554 critical assets (i.e., schools, nursing homes, fire stations, police stations, and hospitals) throughout the County and none are located within the tsunami hazard areas. Table 4-184 provides a breakdown of critical assets that are located within tsunami hazard areas in Contra Costa County.
Table 4-184. Critical Assets Vulnerable to Tsunami
Asset Estimate Percent
(of total assets)
Schools (public schools, private schools) 0 0.0%
Nursing Homes 0 0.0%
Fire Stations 0 0.0%
Police Stations 0 0.0%
Hospitals 0 0.0%
Table 4-187 outlines the total property value exposed to tsunamis and how the changes in development in the past five (5) years, have affected the vulnerability of the community to tsunamis. Table 4-188 outlines the tsunami impacts on total property damage, potential future development, and the economy, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Environment: Inundation of water by tsunami and introduction of foreign debris could be hazardous to the environment. All wildlife inhabiting the inundated area is exposed. The vulnerability of aquatic habitat and associated ecosystems would be highest in low lying areas close to the southern portion of San Francisco Bay coastline. Tsunami waves can carry destructive debris and pollutants that can devastate the environment. Millions of dollars spent on habitat restoration and conservation in Contra Costa County could be destroyed as a result of one significant tsunami. There are currently no tools available to measure these impacts. However, the potential financial impact of a tsunami event on the environment could equal or exceed the impact on property. Community planners and emergency managers should take this into account when preparing for the tsunami hazard and considering future development.
Additionally, industrial buildings located within the coast are vulnerable to tsunamis and damage to these
298 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 242 structures can lead to severe environmental concerns due to the potential of hazardous materials released to the soil, water, and air.
299
Table 4-188 outlines tsunami impacts on the environment and economy, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: Construction and development on coastal areas of San Francisco Bay is strictly regulated. There has been minimal development in these areas of Contra Costa County since the Hazard Mitigation Plan was completed. Expected future development will be closely managed with the County through land use ordinances. Due to the increasing risk of tsunamis due to sea level rise, development in the coastal zone will be minimized.
Table 4-187 outlines how the changes in development in the past five (5) years have affected the vulnerability of the community to tsunamis. Table 4-188 outlines the tsunami impacts on potential future development, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Effects of Climate Change in Severity of Impacts: Sea level rise due to climate change is making coastal communities more vulnerable to tsunamis because a rise in sea level can exacerbate tsunamis, even small ones, which can travel further inland. A warming climate can increase the risk of underwater and above ground landslides which can generate tsunamis on impact when the landslide enters the water or when water is rapidly moving due to an underwater landslide. Although the correlation between climate change, volcano activity, and earthquakes is not fully understood, experts believe that melting ice can also increase volcanic and earthquake activity, both of which can produce tsunamis. This could be due to an isostatic rebound, also known as post-glacial rebound, which is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the weight of ice sheets during the last ice age. 300 As ice continues to melt, stress to the
Earth’s crust changes potentially increasing the risk of volcano activity. Furthermore, the weight of ice suppresses fault movement and earthquake, but when the weight is removed faults can become unstable. 301
Table 4-188 outlines the climate change impacts to tsunamis in Contra Costa County, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
299 Ibid.
300 National Snow and Ice Data Center. (n.d.). Cryosphere Glossary: Isostatic Rebound. Retrieved from https://nsidc.org/learn/cryosphere-glossary/isostatic-rebound. 301 Cunneen, J. (2022). 5 Ways Climate Change Increases the Threat of Tsunamis, From Collapsing Ice Shelves to Sea Level Rise. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/5-ways-climate-change-increases-the-threat-of- tsunamis-from-collapsing-ice-shelves-to-sea-level-rise-175247. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 243 Table 4-185. Probability of Occurrence
Hazard Event Probability of Occurrence Probability
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Tsunami Low Significant hazard event is likely to occur within 100 years. 1 N/A Table 4-186. Extent Factors
Hazard Event Extent Factor Extent Extent
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Tsunami
Extent/Intensity Low Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a low-intensity incident. 1 3 Catastrophic Low Catastrophic hazard event is likely to occur at least once in 51 or more years. 1 3
Table 4-187. Vulnerability Factors
Hazard Event Vulnerability Factor Vulnerability Vulnerability Factor
Weighted
Factor
Sea Level Rise
Population Exposure Low 14% or less of the population is exposed to the hazard. 1 3 Property Exposure Low 9% or less of the total assessed property value is exposed to a hazard. 1 2
Changes in
Development Low
Changes in development have increased the
vulnerability/exposure of the community to the hazard by 4% or less.
1 1
Table 4-188. Impact Factors
Hazard Event Impact Factor Impact Impact
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Sea Level Rise
Population and Life
Safety Low Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse impacts, such as ambulatory injuries. 1 3 Underserved/Equity Medium
Underserved populations exposed to the hazard are likely to experience some adverse/disproportionate impacts, such as injuries requiring acute medical care.
2 6
Property Damage Medium
More than $500,000 but less than $5 Million in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event, or damages are expected to occur to more than 5% but less
than 15% of the property value within the jurisdiction. 2 4
Economic High Where the total economic impact is likely to be greater than $10 Million. 3 3
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 244 Hazard Event Impact Factor Impact Impact
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Environmental High
Environmental impact from a single major hazard event is likely to be significant, requiring extensive outside resources and support; and/or repair, clean-up, restoration, and/or preservation work.
3 3
Essential Operations Medium
Impact between 24 and 72 hours on the ability of the
jurisdiction to meet the essential day-to-day operational demands and needs of the community from a single major
hazard event.
2 2
Future Development Low Future development trends will minimally increase impact/consequence of this hazard. 1 1
Climate Change Low Climate Change trends will minimally increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts. 1 1
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 245
4.6.9.8. FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
A tsunami NRI EAL score, and rating represent a community's relative level of expected building and population loss each year due to tsunamis when compared to the rest of the United States. The EAL score is positively associated to a community’s risk; therefore, a higher EAL score results in a higher Risk Index score. Table 4-189 outlines the tsunami EAL for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-189. Tsunami Expected Annual Loss (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Expected
Annual
Loss
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Rating
Contra Costa
County $2,012 $38,659 N/A $40,671 82.0 Very High
Expected annual loss scores are calculated utilizing an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure x Annualized Frequency x Historic Loss Ratio).
4.6.9.9. FEMA Tsunami Risk Index Scores
The tsunami Risk Index score and rating represent a community's relative risk for tsunamis when compared to the rest of the United States. Table 4-190 illustrates the tsunami Risk Index rating and score for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-190. Tsunami Risk Index (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Rating Score
Contra Costa County Relatively High 66.2
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience (Expected Annual Loss x Social Vulnerability / Community Resilience = Risk Index).
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 246 Table 4-191 represents the Tsunami Total Risk Score for Contra Costa County, based on the Risk Assessment Methodology, as defined in this Plan. For further details on how the probability, extent, vulnerability, and impact factors were calculated, please refer to Table 4-185 through Table 4-188.
Additional details on how the Total Risk Score was calculated can be found in the Risk Assessment Methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Table 4-191. Tsunami Total Risk Score
Hazard
Event
Probability Consequence Total Risk
Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score*
Tsunami 1 6 6 22 34 20
Consequence: Sum of all weighted factors.
Extent: Sum of the weighted Extent factors.
Vulnerability: Sum of the weighted Vulnerability factors.
Impact: Sum of the weighted Impact factors.
Total Risk Score = Probability x Consequence
* Normalized to 100
Total Risk Score Legend
Classification Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score
Low (L) 1 0 – 6 0 – 6 0 – 12 0 – 24 0 – 24
Medium (M) 2 7 – 12 7 – 12 13 – 26 25 – 50 25 – 54
High (H) 3 13 – 18 13 – 18 27 – 39 51 – 75 55 and above The legend— specifically the assignment of low, medium, and high— provides an additional means to qualitatively assess the probability factor, sum of weighted factors, and the total risk scores for each hazard. The Consequence Score represents the sum of the Extent, Vulnerability, and Impact Factors.
The Total Risk Score is a measure of Probability and Consequence.
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4.6.10. Wildfire
4.6.10.1. Description
Wildfires are unplanned fires that occur in wildlands (e.g., forest, rangelands, or grasslands) and they are nearly impossible to prevent and difficult to control. These extreme events are common in the western United States, usually occurring during the summer and fall. 302 Free-burning fires can occur whenever
combustible fuel (e.g., grasses, shrubs, trees, dead leaves) in the presence of oxygen at an extremely high temperature becomes gas (flames are the visual indicator of heated gas). Smoldering fires can occur with lower temperature heat sources and, over time, can reach ignition temperature when rapid fire growth occurs. Wildfires can be ignited by natural occurrences (e.g., lightning strike) or by human causes (e.g., unattended campfire, debris burning, or arson). In 2022, 87% of wildfires in the United States were ignited by humans; meaning that they could have been prevented. 303 However, weather conditions and
topography determine the behavior of wildfire. Wind, high temperatures, and low humidity create a perfect environment for a wildfire to grow; furthermore, flames burn faster when they are moving uphill versus downhill.
Wildfires can be classified in three (3) different classes, listed in Table 4-192, and it is not uncommon to have all three (3) types of fire.
304
Table 4-192. Types of Wildfires
Type Description
Ground Fires
Mostly burn in decayed roots below ground and in the duff later which is comprised by dead plant materials (e.g., leaves, bark, needles, and twigs). Ground fires are sustained by glowing combustion (without flames) and go undetected for a long period of time because the produce little to no smoke and spread slowly.
Surface Fires
Burn loose needles, moss, lichen, herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, small trees, and saplings that are located at or near the surface of the ground, mostly by flaming combustion. Surface fires can grow in intensity to scorch or consume the forest canopy, a characteristic that is seen in crown fires depending on the following – amount of surface fuel (high), fuel moisture content (low), slope and/or wind speed (high), resultant surface flame length (high), height of the base of tree crowns (small), and density and compactness of tree crowns (tight).
Crown Fires
Usually ignited by a surface fire, crown fires burn forest canopy fuels, which include live and dead foliage/ branches, lichens in trees, and tall shrubs that lie well above the surface fuels. Crown fires can be passive (involve the burning of individual trees or small groups of trees, often called torching) or active (also referred to as running crown fires, present a solid wall of flame from the surface through the canopy fuel layers as seen in the photo below.
Wildfires are a necessary part of the natural ecosystem in California, but they become a hazard when they extend out of control into developed areas, resulting in loss of property, injuries, or loss of life. The wildfire risk in the United States has increased in the last few decades with the increasing encroachment of residences and other structures into the wildland environment and the increasingly large number of people living in wildland areas.
302 United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Wildfire. Retrieved from https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/taxonomy/term/398.
303 United States Forest Service. (n.d.). About Wildfires. Retrieved from https://smokeybear.com/en/about- wildland-fire.
304 Northwest Fire Science Consortium. (n.d.). What are Types of Fire? Retrieved from https://www.nwfirescience.org/sites/default/files/publications/Types%20of%20Fire.pdf. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 248 The Contra Costa County Fire Protection District (CCC FPD) provides fire prevention, suppression, and emergency medical response for advanced and basic life support to nine (9) cities and much of the unincorporated areas the central and western Contra Costa County. The CCCFPD operates 30 stations throughout its jurisdictional area and has a staff of over 250 uniformed personnel. 305
4.6.10.2. Hazard Location
In Contra Costa County, 192,192 acres are classified as very high, high, or moderate fire hazard zones (i.e., Fire Hazard Severity Zones). 306 The geography, weather patterns, and vegetation in the East Bay area provide ideal conditions for recurring wildfires. Especially vulnerable are the East Bay Hills in Lamorinda (which includes Lafayette, Moraga, and Orinda). Parts of Walnut Creek, including the area surrounding Rossmoor, Clayton, the Danville/San Ramon area, and the San Pablo - El Cerrito, El Sobrante area are vulnerable to wildfires.
Additionally, peat fires, which occur in the Sacramento/San Juaquin Delta on reclaimed land east of the City, can result in heavy smoke. This can affect air quality and result in hazardous atmospheric particulate matter. Figure 4-25 illustrates the Fire Hazard Severity Zones (FHSZ) in the State Responsibility Area (SRA) and Figure 4-26 illustrates the Wildland Urban Interface areas in Contra Costa County.
Figure 4-25. Contra Costa County Fire Hazard Severity Zones
305 Contra Costa County Fire Protection District. (n.d.). Station Addresses. Retrieved from https://cccfpd.org/station-address/.
306 State of California and the Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. (2023). State Responsibility Area Fire Hazard Severity Zones: Contra Costa County. Retrieved from https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/community- wildfire-preparedness-and-mitigation/fire-hazard-severity-zones/fire-hazard-severity-zones-maps-2022.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 249 Figure 4-26. Contra Costa County Wildland-Urban Interface
4.6.10.3. Hazard Extent/Intensity
Wildfires are considered a natural and necessary component of wildland ecology. As a result, wildfires are not considered a major hazard unless their movement threatens lives, homes, communities, critical infrastructure, and natural and cultural resources.
CAL FIRE modeled and mapped wildfire hazard zones using a science based and field tested computer model that designates a hazard score based on the factors that influence fire likelihood and fire behavior.
Ultimately, three (3) levels of FHSZ were identified – moderate, high, and very high.
The model also is based on frequency of fire weather, ignition patterns, and expected rate-of spread. It accounts for flying ember production, which is the principal driver of the wildfire hazard in densely developed areas. A related concern in built-out areas is the relative density of vegetative fuels that can serve as sites for new spot fires within the urban core and spread to adjacent structures. The model refines the zones to characterize fire exposure mechanisms that cause ignitions to structures. Significant land-use changes need to be accounted for through periodic model updates. Figure 13-1 shows the FHSZ mapping for Contra Costa County. Table 13-2 lists the total area mapped in each zone. Most of the mapped zones are in the unincorporated county.
Even if a wildfire is not occurring within Contra Costa County, wildfire smoke can affect the visibility and air quality of the region. Wildfire smoke is a mix of gases and fine particles from burning vegetation, building materials, and other materials. The Air Quality Index (AQI) is used by the United States
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 250 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to report air quality. The AQI is divided into six (6) categories, listed in Table 4-193, each of which corresponds to a different level of health concern.
Table 4-193. Air Quality Index for Ozone and Particle Pollution Daily AQI
Color
Levels of
Concern
Values of
Index Description of Air Quality
Green Good 0 to 50 Air quality is satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.
Yellow Moderate 51 to 100
Air quality is acceptable. However, there may be a risk for some people, particularly those who are unusually
sensitive to air pollution.
Orange Unhealthy for
Sensitive Groups 101 to 150 Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is less likely to be affected.
Red Unhealthy 151 to 200
Some members of the general public may experience
health effects; members of sensitive groups may
experience more serious health effects.
Purple Very Unhealthy 201 to 300 Health alert. The risk of health effects is increased for everyone.
Maroon Hazardous 301 or higher Health warning of emergency conditions. Everyone is more likely to be affected.
EPA establishes an AQI for five (5) major air pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act. Each of these pollutants has a national air quality standard set by EPA to protect public health - ground-level ozone, particle pollution (also known as particulate matter, including PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
4.6.10.4. Warning Time
When weather conditions are conducive to wildfire ignition, the NWS local Forecast Office issues a series of advisories. Table 4-194 outlines the fire advisories issued by NWS as conditions warrant. 307
Table 4-194. National Weather Service Fire Advisories
Type Definition
Fire Weather Watch
Issued to alert land managers and the public that upcoming weather conditions (e.g., combination of strong winds and low humidity, dry and unstable air mass, and/or lightning) could result in extensive wildland fire occurrence or extreme fire behavior. It is issued when critical fire weather conditions are possible but not imminent or occurring.
Red Flag Warning
Issued by NWS, in conjunction with land management agencies, to alert land managers to an ongoing or imminent critical fire weather pattern (e.g., combination of strong winds and low humidity, dry and unstable air mass, and/or lightning). It is issued when fire conditions are ongoing or expected to occur shortly.
Extreme Fire
Behavior
Issued when wildfire is likely to run out of control. It is often hard to predict because fires tend to behave erratically and sometimes dangerously. To issue this alert, one (1) or more of the following criteria must be met – moving fast (i.e., high rate of spread), prolific crowning and/or spotting, presence of fire whirls, and/or strong convection column.
4.6.10.5. Probability and Frequency
The probability of occurrence for a wildfire in Contra Costa County is medium because a significant hazard event is likely to occur every 25 years. However, isolated and lower-impact events occur annually.
307 National Weather Service. (n.d.). Understanding Wildfire Warnings, Watches and Behavior. Retrieved from https://www.weather.gov/safety/wildfire-ww.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 251 From 2010 to 2022, there were 24 wildfires in Contra Costa County 308, most burning over 100 acres each. Some burned considerably more acreage, most notably the 2020 Santa Clara Unit Complex Fire, which burned 396,824 acres in total (3,305 acres in Contra Costa County). As noted below, NCEI has reported 18 wildfire events between 1950 and 2023 in Contra Costa County. While this is fewer than the number reported by the County, wildfire remains a significant threat.
Probability of Future Hazard Events
Because of climate change, fire activity is projected to increase where development expands in the WUI, in addition to the dry hills around Mount Diablo.
The wildfire annualized frequency value represents the modeled frequency of wildfire hazard occurrences, in event days, per year . Table 4-195 outlines the annualized frequency for wildfire , based on FEMA NRI data, for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-195. Wildfire Annualized Frequency (FEMA National Risk Index) Location Events on Record
(2021 Dataset) Annualized Frequency
Contra Costa County N/A 0.306% chance per year
Annualized frequency is defined as the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year.
4.6.10.6. Past Events
NCEI has reported 18 wildfire events, listed Table 4-196, between 1950 and 2023 in Contra Costa County. None of its wildfires have caused sufficient damage to trigger a state or federal disaster declaration.
Table 4-196. Wildfire Events (1950 – 2023)
Location
County /
Zone State Date Time Type Death Injury
Property
Damage
Crop
Damage
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 5/20/2022 11:00 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 7/11/2021 08:22 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY HILLS
AND THE DIABLO
RANGE (ZONE)
East Bay Hills
And The
Diablo Range
CA 9/1/2020 00:00 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY HILLS
AND THE DIABLO
RANGE (ZONE)
East Bay Hills
And The
Diablo Range
CA 8/16/2020 04:00 Wildfire 0 6 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 7/20/2020 13:15 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 7/6/2020 13:00 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY HILLS
AND THE DIABLO
RANGE (ZONE)
East Bay Hills
And The
Diablo Range
CA 7/4/2020 12:28 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
308 Contra Costa County. (2023). Public Review Draft Contra Costa County 2045 General Plan – Health and Safety Element. Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp- content/uploads/2024/02/Chapter_9_Health-and-Safety-Element.pdf. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 252 Location
County /
Zone State Date Time Type Death Injury
Property
Damage
Crop
Damage
EAST BAY HILLS
AND THE DIABLO
RANGE (ZONE)
East Bay Hills
And The
Diablo Range
CA 7/4/2020 22:00 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 6/6/2020 16:00 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 10/27/2019 07:50 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 10/27/2019 10:30 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 10/27/2019 13:00 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN FRANCISCO
BAY SHORELINE
(ZONE)
San Francisco
Bay Shoreline CA 10/27/2019 13:45 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 10/27/2019 15:00 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY HILLS
AND THE DIABLO
RANGE (ZONE)
East Bay Hills
And The
Diablo Range
CA 10/24/2019 20:40 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 10/10/2019 00:00 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY
INTERIOR
VALLEYS (ZONE)
East Bay
Interior Valleys CA 8/7/2019 12:00 Wildfire 0 0 5.00K 0.00K
EAST BAY HILLS
AND THE DIABLO
RANGE (ZONE)
East Bay Hills
And The
Diablo Range
CA 6/11/2019 11:34 Wildfire 0 0 5.00K 0.00K
TOTAL 0 6 10.00K 0.00K
Figure 4-27 illustrates the perimeters of wildfires from 1950 to 2022. These are areas that have previously burned, regardless of their location within or outside of a Fire Hazard Severity Zone, are likely to burn again.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 253 Figure 4-27. Contra Costa County Historic Wildfire Perimeters
4.6.10.7. Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety and Health: There have been no recorded incidents of loss of life from wildfires within the planning area in the last several decades. Given the immediate response times to reported fires, the likelihood of injuries and casualties is minimal; therefore, injuries and casualties were not estimated for the wildfire hazard. Even so, wildfire risk and activity in the planning area are expected to significantly increase due to climate change. The 2024 Climate Action Plan (draft version) identified the increased risk for landslides and floods because of wildfires.
The entire population within a wildfire hazard area is vulnerable to wildfires and the entire County population is vulnerable to wildfire smoke. However, the underserved and at risk population face unique vulnerabilities and impacts as a result of wildfires and wildfire smoke. These groups include, but are not limited to, children, households in poverty, individuals experiencing homelessness, population living on single access roads, people with chronic illnesses, individuals with limited English proficiency, individuals without access to lifelines, and elderly.
• Children (under 10 years old): The younger population will be susceptible to pollution from poor air quality and wildfire because they spend more time outside, have a weaker immune system, and a child’s respiratory system is still developing which makes them more vulnerable. In Contra Costa County, there are approximately 130,099 (11.2%) children under 10 years old as of 2022. 309
The highest concentration of children lives in parts of the cities of Concord, Richmond, Pittsburg, Brentwood, and San Ramon.
309 United States Census Bureau. (2022). S0101: Age and Sex (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables).
Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST1Y2022.S0101?g=050XX00US06013.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 254 • Households in Poverty: Includes those with an income at or below $24,300 for a household of four (4) people. This population may have financial limitations or neighborhood characteristics that make it difficult to maintain defensible space in fire prone areas; therefore, making them more susceptible to wildfire damage. Some of these homes are located within WUI. • Individuals Experiencing Homelessness: Includes those who do not have a permanent home, including those who live in their vehicles or temporary shelters. This population may face significant health issues that can reduce lung function, pneumonia, asthma, and cardiovascular issues. Furthermore, these individuals may not have adequate access to healthcare. In Contra Costa County, homeless encampments located near Bay Point, Lafayette, Alamo, El Sobrante and other WUI areas may be in danger of being burned during a wildfire. • Individuals Living on Single Access Roads: Includes the population living in areas with a single route in and out (i.e., accessible via one (1) roadway) of the neighborhood or area. This population can become isolated from the community and emergency services in the event that the only route is destroyed or blocked due to a wildfire. In Contra Costa County, several neighborhoods and communities in the Delta, and in the hillside areas in the central and western side of the County , are only accessible via one (1) roadway.
• Individuals with Chronic Illnesses: Includes those that have long term or permanent health conditions that can be exacerbated by wildfire smoke (e.g., cardiovascular disease, respiratory conditions, diabetes, cerebrovascular diseases). A wildfire that is not within Contra Costa County can impact the area with wildfire smoke, even when the wildfire is taking place thousands of miles away.
• People with Limited English Proficiency: This group includes those that speak English “less than very well”, per the United States Census Bureau definition. In Conta Costa County, 158,965 people (38.2%) have limited English proficiency (i.e., speak English “less than very well”). This population is more likely to live in neighborhoods that make it difficult to maintain defensible space that can protect their homes from wildfire. Additionally, individuals with limited English proficiency may have limited access to evacuation information and resources designed to prevent or mitigate wildfire risk due to language or cultural differences. Other languages spoken in the County are primarily Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Tagalog, and Persian. Other than English, the most commonly spoken language in Contra Costa County is Spanish (18.7%). The higher proportion with limited English proficiency occurs in the cities of Richmond, Concord, and San Pablo. • Individuals Without Access to Lifelines: Includes individuals who do not have access to basic technology or services (e.g., transportation, modern communication). This population is vulnerable because not having access to these can create barriers to prepare and respond to emergency events (e.g. , wildfire), may be unable to evacuate in a timely manner, and may become isolated if transit services are not operating. For example, this population may be unaware of a wildfire event or evacuation order which may prohibit them from evacuating in a timely manner.
• Senior (65 years old and over) and Seniors Living Alone: The elderly population (i.e., seniors), especially those with access and functional needs, may have physical limitations that make it harder to evacuate in the event of an emergency due to a wildfire. Furthermore, the elderly population may lack access to social connections and community support that can assist in preparing for and responding to emergency events, evacuating, improving home resiliency, managing medical needs, and locating support servi ces. These individuals are especially vulnerable to the health effects associated with wildfire smoke. A high concentration of the elderly population lives in central Contra Costa County, Bethel Island, eastern part of Richmond, and several parts of Walnut Creek. Seniors living alone may have caretakers, but for the most part 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 255 are living alone. This population is generally more vulnerable compared to other seniors because this group may have mobility issues that prohibit them from evacuating. In 2022, there were approximately 33,102 (8.0%) seniors living alone.
310
Children, elderly, individuals with chronic illnesses, outdoor workers, and those experiencing homelessness are at a higher risk of the health effects attributed to wildfire smoke exposure. Short term exposure (i.e., over a few days) can cause irritation to the eyes and respiratory tract, respiratory symptoms (e.g., coughing, phlegm, wheezing, difficulty breathing), respiratory effects (e.g., bronchitis, reduced lung function, increased risk of asthma exacerbation and aggravation of other lung diseases, increased risk of emergency room visits and hospital admissions), cardiovascular effects (e.g., heart failure, heart attack, stroke, increased risk of emergency room visits and hospital admissions), and increased risk of premature death. Cumulative short-term exposure (i.e., over multiple days to a few weeks) can reduce lung function; and studies have not evaluated the health effects attributed to wildfire smoke exposure over multiple wildfire season (i.e., long-term exposure). 311
Table 4-202 outlines the vulnerability of the total population exposed to wildfires, and Table 4-203 outlines the wildfire impacts to population and life safety, underserved/equity population, and essential operations, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: Within the SRA and Very High FHSZ, there are existing homes, businesses, and public land uses, as well as associated infrastructure like major roadways (e.g., State Road 24 and State Road 4), electrical transmission lines, water and wastewater distribution systems, and communication facilities. Most of this development occurred prior to recent wildfire hazard mapping.
In Contra Costa County, there are electrical transmissions and distribution lines that are located in the mountainous areas which are located within the high fire hazards severity zones. Electrical transmission and distribution lines are power lines that carry high-voltage electricity long distances between power plants and electricity customers. This infrastructure can be damaged or destroyed by wildfires and cause residents and businesses within the County to lose power if electricity lines fail.
State Road 4 and 24, and Interstate 80 go through areas in the County that are within the moderate and very high fire hazard zones. In the event of a wildfire within these areas, it can cause damage to roadways and road closures which can result in disruptions to commute and traffic patterns in the region.
Furthermore, closures on Highways 4 and 24 may prevent those in eastern and central Contra Costa County from traveling to the west. Single access roads, primarily located in hillside communities that are also within high or very high fire hazard severity zones, can be damaged or blocked due to wildfires.
There are 24 industrial buildings in the County that are within the fire hazard zone. Holding tanks and manufacturing centers that contain hazardous materials can be damaged by wildfires and release toxic materials into the air, water, and soil of the surrounding communities. 312
310 United States Census Bureau. (2022). DP02: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (2022: ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles). Retrieved from
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP1Y2022.DP02?g=050XX00US06013. 311 United States Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Wildfire Smoke and Your Patients' Health. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/wildfire-smoke-course/health-effects-attributed-wildfire-smoke. 312 Ibid.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 256 There are a total of 554 critical assets (i.e., schools, nursing homes, fire stations, police stations, and hospitals) throughout the County; seven (7) (1.3%) are located within the medium FHSZ, 12 (2.2%) are located within the high FHSZ, and 16 (2.9%) are located within the very high FHSZ. Table 4-197 provides a breakdown of critical assets that are located within the FHSZ in Contra Costa County.
Table 4-197. Critical Assets in Vulnerable to Wildfire
Asset Estimate Percent
(of total asset)
Medium Fire Hazard Severity Zone
Schools (public schools, private schools) 7 1.9%
Nursing Homes 0 0.0%
Fire Stations 0 0.0%
Police Stations 0 0.0%
Hospitals 0 0.0%
High Fire Hazard Severity Zone
Schools (public schools, private schools) 4 1.1%
Nursing Homes 0 0.0%
Fire Stations 8 9.9%
Police Stations 0 0.0%
Hospitals 0 0.0%
Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone
Schools (public schools, private schools) 12 3.3%
Nursing Homes 0 0.0%
Fire Stations 4 4.9%
Police Stations 0 0.0%
Hospitals 0 0.0%
Table 4-202 outlines the total property value exposed to wildfires and how the changes in development in the past five (5) years have affected the vulnerability of the community to wildfires. Table 4-203 outlines the wildfire impacts on total property damage, potential future development, and the economy, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Environment: Fire is a natural and critical ecosystem process in most terrestrial ecosystems, dictating in part the types, structure, and spatial extent of native vegetation. However, wildfires can cause severe environmental impacts . In Contra Costa County, the following ecosystems and natural resources are vulnerable to wildfires:
313
313 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 257 • Agriculture: Crops, farms, and agriculture fields can be damaged by the smoke and ash from wildfires within and outside of Contra Costa County. Therefore, even though many agricultural lands are not within fire hazard zones, they can still be impacted by wildfires. Smoke and ash can change crops (e.g., wine grapes) and change nutrients in the soil which can cause plants to die or not produce as many usable fruits. This can cause significant economic hardship for farmers. • Regional Parks: Many regional parks within the County are located within high or very high fire hazard severity zones. Wildfire can destroy park facilities, damage trails and walking paths, and damage scenic views and vistas within the parks. This can impact the County’s economy because it may reduce the number of visitors to the parks.
• Riparian Woodland and Shrub: Riparian woodland and shrub ecosystems consist of Valley foothill riparian, undetermined shrub, and riverine habitat. These areas are scattered throughout Contra Costa County and have numerous wildlife species (e.g., gray fox, striped skunk, broad- handed mole, mule deer, dusky-footed woodrat, yellow warbler, northern flicker, white tailed kite, and Cooper’s hawk). Wildfire can damage these ecosystems due to loss of canopy and changes in soil structure, erosion, and shifts in the specific composition due to change in the structure of the habitat.
• Woodland: Woodland ecosystems include oak savannah, oak woodland, and mixed evergreen forest. These ecosystems are primarily located on the hillsides and mountainous regions of western and central Contra Costa County and have numerous wildlife species (e.g., deer mouse, western gray squirrel, coyote, red-tailed hawk, barn owl, great horned owl, and acorn woodpecker). Fire sensitivity varies by species; however, most species have an elevated vulnerability to wildfires. Widespread devastation can be caused by wildfires through the woodland areas particularly if trees have been weakened or killed by drought, extreme heat, and/or pests or infestation.
Table 4-203 outlines the wildfire impacts on the environment and economy, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: Changes in development, since completion of the previous Plan, have not had a significant impact on the County wildfire hazards.
However, fire activity is projected to increase where development expands in the WUI areas, in addition to the dry hills around Mount Diablo. Nonetheless, Contra Costa County intends to protect against and adapt to the increases in frequency and intensity of wildfire events through a series of implementation actions outlined in in the Couty’s Climate Action Plan. This strategy aims to increase community resilience to the direct and indirect effects of wildfires. Public and private property shall be designed and maintained to minimize the risk of damage from wildfires; infrastructure systems will be hardened and designed to include redundancy; and emergency management plans and practices for wildfires will be responsive to the needs of underserved communities. Strategies such as this should help reduce the impacts of future development within wildfire hazards areas.
Table 4-202 outlines how the changes in development in the past five (5) years have affected the vulnerability of the community to wildfires. Table 4-203 outlines the impacts of wildfires on potential future development, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Effects of Climate Change in Severity of Impacts: Changes in climate are creating warmer and drier conditions which are leading to longer and more active wildfire seasons. Studies have shown that the number of large wildfires has more than doubled in the western United States. Furthermore, projections show that a one (1) degree Fahrenheit increase in the average annual temperature could increase the 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 258 average burned area per year by as much as 600% (in some types of forests) in the western United States.
314
In California, wildfires are expected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change. As temperatures continue to rise, an increase in drought conditions, and forestry pests and diseases are likely to create more fuel in State and federal wildlands and a greater chance that a small fire can develop into a more dangerous wildfire. Excessive heat and dry conditions have already contributed to the rapid spread of wildfire during past events in Contra Costa County . Additionally, climate change is also expected to extend the fire season throughout much (or even all) of the year. 315
Table 4-198 indicates the 25-year heat and precipitation projections for Contra Costa County. 316 Table
4-199 outlines the wildfire associated climate indicators for Contra Costa County projected through the end of the century.317
Table 4-198. 25-Year Climate Projections for Contra Costa County Higher Emissions (RCP8.5)
Contra Costa County is expected to experience a 47% increase in extremely hot days and a 5% increase in days with heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, Contra Costa County is expected to experience 11 more days that reach above 95°F (from six (6) days to 11 days per year).
By 2049, Contra Costa County is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 61°F to 63°F) in average annual temperatures.
By 2049, Contra Costa County is expected to experience 0.1 more days of heavy precipitation per year (from
2.8 days to 2.9 days per year).
By 2049, Contra Costa County is expected to have a 0.3 inch increase (from 19.6″ to 19.9″) in average annual precipitation.
Lower Emissions (RCP4.5)
Contra Costa County is expected to experience a 32% increase in extremely hot days and a 13% increase in days with heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, Contra Costa County is expected to experience seven (7) more days that reach above 95°F (from 22 days to 29 days per year).
By 2049, Contra Costa County is expected to have a 1°F increase (from 61°F to 62°F) in average annual temperatures.
By 2049, Contra Costa County is expected to experience 0.3 more days of heavy precipitation per year (from
2.5 days to 2.8 days per year).
By 2049, Contra Costa County is expected to have a 0.4 inch increase (from 19″ to 19.5″) in average annual precipitation.
314 NOAA. (2023). Wildfire Climate Connection. Retrieved from https://www.noaa.gov/noaa-wildfire/wildfire- climate-connection.
315 Contra Costa County. (2023). Climate Action Plan (Public Review Draft). Retrieved from https://envisioncontracosta2040.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CoCoCounty-2024CAP-PublicDRAFT-10-10- 23_Final.pdf.
316 Northeast Regional Climate Center. (n.d.). Neighborhoods at Risk: Climate Projections. Retrieved from https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/.
317 Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation. (n.d.). Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation Assessment Tool. Retrieved from https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/assessment-tool/explore/details. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 259 Table 4-199. Future Climate Indicators for Contra Costa County Indicators
Modeled
History
(1976 – 2005)
Early Century
(2015 – 2044)
Mid Century
(2035 – 2064)
Late Century
(2070 – 2099)
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Min – Max Min – Max Min – Max Min – Max Min – Max Min – Max Min – Max Precipitation
Days per year with no
precipitation
(Dry Days)
281 days 286 days 283 days 285 days 285 days 285 days 288 days 277 – 285 275 – 291 274 – 291 275 – 298 267 – 296 275 – 296 271 – 307 Maximum number of
consecutive dry days
95 days 97 days 98 days 97 days 99 days 98 days 102 days 85 – 113 84 – 113 88 – 110 83 – 118 82 – 117 80 – 121 76 – 139 Days per year with
precipitation
(Wet Days)
84 days 82 days 82 days 80 days 80 days 80 days 77 days 80 – 88 74 – 91 74 – 91 68 – 91 69 – 98 70 – 90 58 – 94 Temperature Thresholds
Annual days with
maximum temperature
greater than 90°F
36 days 55 days 57 days 62 days 68 days 70 days 90 days 36 – 43 47 – 63 51 – 65 51 – 74 55 – 84 57 – 91 72 – 124 Annual days with
maximum temperature
greater than 100°F
5 days 10 day 11 days 13 days 16 days 17 days 29 days
4 – 6 7 – 14 8 – 16 9 – 22 9 – 28 10 – 22 19 – 57
Table 4-203 outlines the climate change impacts to wildfires in Contra Costa County, as outlined in the risk assessment methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 260 Table 4-200. Probability of Occurrence
Hazard Event Probability of Occurrence Probability
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Wildfire Medium Significant hazard event is likely to occur within 25 years. 2 N/A Table 4-201. Extent Factors
Hazard Event Extent Factor Extent Extent
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Wildfire
Extent/Intensity High Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a high-intensity incident. 3 9 Catastrophic High Catastrophic hazard event is likely to occur at least once in 10 years. 3 9
Table 4-202. Vulnerability Factors
Hazard Event Vulnerability Factor Vulnerability Vulnerability Factor
Weighted
Factor
Wildfire
Population Exposure Medium 15% to 29% of the population is exposed to the hazard. 2 6 Property Exposure Medium 10% to 24% of the total assessed property value is exposed to a hazard. 2 4
Changes in
Development Medium
Changes in development have increased the
vulnerability/exposure of the community to the hazard
between 5% and 9%.
2 2
Table 4-203. Impact Factors
Hazard Event Impact Factor Impact Impact
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Sea Level Rise
Population and Life
Safety Medium
Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience some adverse impacts, such as injuries requiring acute
medical care.
2 6
Underserved/Equity Medium
Underserved populations exposed to the hazard are likely to experience some adverse/disproportionate impacts, such as injuries requiring acute medical care.
2 6
Property Damage High
More than $5 Million in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event, or damages are expected to occur to 15% or more of the property value within the jurisdiction. 3 6
Economic Medium Total economic impact is likely to be greater than $500,000, but less than or equal to $10 Million. 2 2
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 261 Hazard Event Impact Factor Impact Impact
Factor
Weighted
Factor
Environmental High
Environmental impact from a single major hazard event is likely to be significant, requiring extensive outside resources and support; and/or repair, clean-up, restoration, and/or preservation work.
3 3
Essential Operations Medium
Impact between 24 and 72 hours on the ability of the
jurisdiction to meet the essential day-to-day operational demands and needs of the community from a single major
hazard event.
2 2
Future Development High Future development trends will significantly increase the impact/consequence of this hazard. 3 3
Climate Change High Climate Change trends will significantly increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts. 3 3
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4.6.10.8. FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
A wildfire NRI EAL score, and rating represent a community's relative level of expected building, population, and agriculture loss each year due to wildfires when compared to the rest of the United States.
The EAL score is positively associated to a community’s risk; therefore, a higher EAL score results in a higher Risk Index score. Table 4-204 outlines the wildfire EAL for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-204. Wildfire Expected Annual Loss (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Expected
Annual
Loss
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Rating
Contra Costa
County $161,110 $5.7 Million $0 $5.8 Million 96.7 Very High Expected annual loss scores are calculated utilizing an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure x Annualized Frequency x Historic Loss Ratio).
4.6.10.9. FEMA Wildfire Risk Index Scores
The wildfire Risk Index score and rating represent a community's relative risk for wildfires when compared to the rest of the United States. Table 4-205 illustrates the wildfire Risk Index rating and score for Contra Costa County.
Table 4-205. Wildfire Risk Index (FEMA National Risk Index) Jurisdiction Rating Score
Contra Costa County Very High 95.9
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience (Expected Annual Loss x Social Vulnerability / Community Resilience = Risk Index).
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 263 Table 4-206 represents the Wildfire Total Risk Score for Contra Costa County, based on the Risk Assessment Methodology, as defined in this Plan. For further details on how the probability, extent, vulnerability, and impact factors were calculated, please refer to Table 4-200 through Table 4-203.
Additional details on how the Total Risk Score was calculated can be found in the Risk Assessment Methodology in Section 4.3 of this Plan.
Table 4-206. Wildfire Total Risk Score
Hazard
Event
Probability Consequence Total Risk
Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score*
Wildfire 2 18 12 31 61 59
Consequence: Sum of all weighted factors.
Extent: Sum of the weighted Extent factors.
Vulnerability: Sum of the weighted Vulnerability factors.
Impact: Sum of the weighted Impact factors.
Total Risk Score = Probability x Consequence
* Normalized to 100
Total Risk Score Legend
Classification Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score
Low (L) 1 0 – 6 0 – 6 0 – 12 0 – 24 0 – 24
Medium (M) 2 7 – 12 7 – 12 13 – 26 25 – 50 25 – 54
High (H) 3 13 – 18 13 – 18 27 – 39 51 – 75 55 and above The legend— specifically the assignment of low, medium, and high— provides an additional means to qualitatively assess the probability factor, sum of weighted factors, and the total risk scores for each hazard. The Consequence Score represents the sum of the Extent, Vulnerability, and Impact Factors.
The Total Risk Score is a measure of Probability and Consequence.
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4.6.11. Other Hazard of Concern
FEMA only requires and reviews natural hazards in hazard mitigation plans . However, Contra Costa County decided to include human-caused and technological hazards in this Hazard Mitigation Plan for the following reasons:
• Contra Costa County takes a proactive approach to disaster preparedness in order to protect the public safety of all citizens.
• Preparation for and response to a human-caused disaster involves much of the same staff training, critical decision making, and commitment of resources as a natural hazard. • The multi-hazard mitigation planning effort is an opportunity to inform the public about all hazards, including human-caused and technological hazards.
• The likelihood of a human-caused and technological hazard event in the planning area is greater than that of several of the natural hazards identified in this Plan.
Due to the nature of non-natural hazards and the discretionary status regarding their inclusion, the following hazards of interest have been briefly and qualitatively assessed for the sake of public education and informing their inclusion within the hazard ranking and mitigation process.
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4.6.11.1. Cybersecurity Threats
Description
A cybersecurity threat is an act or threat that poses potentially devastating disruptions to the digital infrastructure of a person or organization, often for financial or terror-related reasons. Generally, attacks last minutes to days, but large-scale events and their impacts can last much longer. As information technology continues to grow in capability and interconnectivity, cyber threats become increasingly frequent and destructive.
Cyber threats differ by motive, attack type and perpetrator profile. Motives range from the pursuit of financial gain to political or social aims. Cyber threats are difficult to identify and comprehend. Types of threats include using viruses to erase entire systems, breaking into systems, and altering files, using someone’s personal computer to attack others, or stealing confidential information. The spectrum of cyber risks is limitless, with threats having a wide range of effects on the individual, communi ty, organizational, and national threat.
Cyberattacks and cyberterrorism are terms for cyber security threats that often are used interchangeably, though they are not the same. All cyberterrorism is a form of cyberattack, but not all cyberattacks are cyberterrorism.
Cyber Attacks
A cyber attack is an attempt by cybercriminals, hackers, or other digital adversaries to access a computer network or system, usually for the purpose of altering, stealing, destroying, or exposing information.
Public and private computer systems can experience a variety of cyberattacks, from blanket malware infection to targeted attacks on system capabilities. Cyberattacks specifically seek to breach information technology security measures designed to protect an individual or organization. The initial attack is followed by more severe attacks for the purpose of causing harm, stealing data, or financial gain.
Organizations are prone to different types of attacks that can be automated or targeted. Table 4-207 describes the 10 most common types of cyberattack.
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Table 4-207. Common Types of Cyberattacks
Type Description
Malware
Also known as a malicious software, is any program or code that is created with the intent to do harm to a computer, network, or server. Malware is the most common type of cyberattack, mostly because this term encompasses many subsets such as ransomware, trojans, spyware, viruses, worms, keyloggers, bots, cryptojacking, and any other type of malware attack that leverages software in a malicious way.
Denial of Service
Attacks
A malicious, targeted attack that floods a network with false requests in order to disrupt business operations. Users are unable to perform routine and necessary tasks (e.g., accessing e-mail, websites, online accounts or other resources that are operated by a compromised computer or network). While most of these attacks do not result in lost data and are typically resolved without paying a ransom, they cost the organization time, money, and other resources in order to restore critical business operations.
Phishing
Uses e-mail, SMS, phone, social media, and social engineering techniques to entice a victim to share sensitive information (e.g., passwords, account numbers) or to download a malicious file that will install viruses on their computer or phone.
318 Baker, K. (2023). 10 Most Common Types of Cyber Attacks. Retrieved from https://www.crowdstrike.com/cybersecurity-101/cyberattacks/most-common-types-of-cyberattacks/. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Spoofing
A technique where a cybercriminal disguises themselves as a known or trusted source.
The adversary is able to engage with the target and access their systems or devices with the ultimate goal of stealing information, extorting money, or installing malware or other harmful software on the device.
Identity Based
Attacks
These are hard to detect. When a valid user’s credentials have been compromised and an adversary is masquerading as that user, it is often very difficult to differentiate between the user’s typical behavior and that of the hacker using traditional security measures and tools.
Code Injection
Attacks
The attacks consist of an attacker injecting malicious code into a vulnerable computer or network to change its course of action.
Supply Chain Attacks Targets a trusted third-party vendor who offers services or software vital to the supply chain.
Insider Threats
Internal actors such as current or former employees that pose danger to an organization because they have direct access to the company network, sensitive data, and intellectual property (IP), as well as knowledge of business processes, company policies or other information that would help carry out such an attack.
Domain Name
System Tunneling
Leverages domain name system (DNS) queries and responses to bypass traditional security measures and transmit data and code within the network; and once infected, the hacker can freely engage in command-and-control activities.
Internet of Things
Based Attacks
Targets an Internet of Things (IoT) device or network; and once compromised, the hacker can assume control of the device, steal data, or join a group of infected devices to create a botnet to launch DoS or DDoS attacks.
Cyberterrorism
Cyberterrorism is the use of computers and information, particularly over the Internet, to recruit others to an organization’s cause, cause physical or financial harm, or cause a severe disruption of infrastructure service. Such disruptions can be driven by religious, political, or other motives. Like traditional terrorism tactics, cyberterrorism seeks to evoke very strong emotional reactions, but it does so through information technology rather than a physically violent or disruptive action. Cyberterrorism has three (3) main types of objectives, listed in Table 4-208.
Table 4-208. Counterterrorism Objectives
Type Description
Organizational
Includes specific functions outside of or in addition to a typical cyberattack. Terrorist groups today use the internet on a daily basis. This daily use may include recruitment, training, fundraising, communication, or planning. Organizational cyberterrorism can use platforms such as social media as a tool to spread a message beyond country borders and instigate physical forms of terrorism. Additionally, systematic attacks may be used as tools for training new members in cyberterrorism.
Undermining
Seeks to hinder the normal functioning of computer systems, services, or websites.
Such methods include defacing, denying, and exposing information. While undermining tactics are typically used due to high dependence on online structures to support vital operational functions, they typically do not result in grave consequences unless undertaken as part of a larger attack. Undermining attacks on computers include the following:
• Directing conventional kinetic weapons against computer equipment, a computer facility, or transmission lines to create a physical attack that disrupts the reliability of equipment.
• Using electromagnetic energy, most commonly in the form of an electromagnetic pulse, against computer equipment or data transmissions. By 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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overheating circuitry or jamming communications, an electronic attack disrupts the reliability of equipment and the integrity of data. • Directing malicious code against computer processing code, instruction logic, or data. The malicious code can generate a stream of network packets that disrupt data or logic by exploiting vulnerability in computer software, or a weakness in computer security practices. This type of cyberattack can disrupt the reliability of equipment, the integrity of data, and the confidentiality of communications
Destructive
The destructive objective for cyberterrorism is what organizations fear most. Through the use of computer technology and the Internet, the terrorists seek to inflict destruction or damage on tangible property or assets, and even death or injury to individuals. There are no cases of pure destructive cyberterrorism as of the date of this Plan.
Hazard Location
This hazard is not geography -based. Attacks can originate from any computer to affect any other computer in the world. If a system is connected to the Internet or operating on a wireless frequency, it is susceptible to exploitation. Targets of cyber attacks can be individual computers, networks, organizations, business sectors, or governments. Financial institutions and retailers are often targeted to extract personal and financial data that can be used to steal money from individuals and banks. The most affected sectors are finance, energy and utilities, and defense and aerospace, as well as communication, retail, and health care. Both public and private operations in Contra Costa County are threatened on a near-daily basis by millions of current cyberattacks developed to automatically seek technological vulnerabilities.
Hazard Extent/Intensity
An international study released by Malwarebytes in 2016 found that cyber ransom threats caused 34% of business victims to lose revenue and 20% had to stop business immediately. The study also reported that nearly 60% of all cyber ransom attacks demanded over $1,000, over 20% asked for more than $10,000, and 1% asked for over $150,000.
Warning Time
There is no warning time for cyber security threats. The top vector for spreading cyber ransom threats is e-mail.
Probability and Frequency
Cybersecurity threats are experienced on a daily basis, often without being noticed. Up-to-date virus protection software used in public and private sectors prevents most cyber -attacks from becoming successful. Programs that promote public education on vir us protection are an effective way to mitigate cyber-threats. Cyberterrorism is much less common than cyber -attacks, though the frequency is unknown.
Past Events
Cybersecurity threats have not been publicly reported against local government agencies, schools, hospitals, or businesses in Contra Costa County.
California law requires a business to notify any California resident whose unencrypted personal information was acquired or is reasonably believed to have been acquired by an unauthorized person (California Civil Code Sections 1798.29(a) and1798.82(a)). The law also requires that a copy of any 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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The California Attorney General sent out notices notifying individuals of nearly 2,900 data breaches between 2012 and July 2022.
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Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety: All populations who directly use a computer or receive services from automated systems are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. Certain types of attacks would impact specific segments of the population. If the cybersecurity threat targeted the Pacific Gas and Electric Company ( PG&E) power or utility grid, individuals with medical needs would be impacted the most . These populations are most vulnerable because many of the life-saving systems they rely on require power. If an attack occurred during extreme hot weather, individuals 65 years old and above would be vulnerable to the effects of the lack of air conditioning. These individuals might require an air conditioned shelter operating on a back - up generator. If a cyber attack targeted a facility storing or manufacturing hazardous materials, individuals living adjacent to these facilities would be vulnerable.
Property: Cyber threats can cause physical damage if real assets or end consumers are affected by service disruption. This might occur if cyber threats target industries related to utilities, life support, transportation, human services, or telecommunications. In many cases, attacks on these systems initially will not be detected, and any malfunction will be thought to be system failure. Cybersecurity incidents can result in the theft or modification of important data – including personal, agency, or corporate information – and the sabotage of critical processes, including the provision of basic services by government or private-sector entities.
Critical Facilities and Infrastructure: A catastrophic cybersecurity threat can have far -ranging effects on public and private infrastructure systems. All critical facilities and infrastructure that are operated by electricity and/or a computer system are vulnerable to the cybersecurity threat. Cyber threats may affect structures if any critical electronic systems suffer service disruption. For instance, a cyber attack may cripple the electronic system that controls a cooling system or pressure system, resulting in physical damage to the structure from components overheating, or an explosion if pressure relief systems are rendered inoperable.
Economic: Cyber threats can have extensive fiscal impacts. Companies and government services can lose large sums of unrecoverable revenue from site downtime and compromise of sensitive confidential data. The economic impact of data and telecommunications losses can be high as computer security breaches, crime conducted via the internet such as identify theft, and many other forms of cyber attack occur daily. Millions of dollars are lost each year as criminals and cyberterrorists steal sensitive information and funds from individuals and organizations.
319 California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. (2023). California State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Retrieved from https://www.caloes.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Hazard-Mitigation/Documents/2023-California- SHMP_Volume-1_11.10.2023.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 269 Cybersecurity Threat Total Risk Score
Table 4-209 represents the cybersecurity threat Total Risk Score for the Contra Costa County, based on the Risk Assessment Methodology, as defined in this Plan.
Table 4-209. Cybersecurity Total Risk Score
Hazard
Event
Probability Consequence Total Risk
Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score*
Cybersecurity Threat 2 12 7 13 32 34
Consequence: Sum of all weighted factors.
Extent: Sum of the weighted Extent factors.
Vulnerability: Sum of the weighted Vulnerability factors.
Impact: Sum of the weighted Impact factors.
Total Risk Score = Probability x Consequence
* Normalized to 100
Total Risk Score Legend
Classification Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score
Low (L) 1 0 – 6 0 – 6 0 – 12 0 – 24 0 – 24
Medium (M) 2 7 – 12 7 – 12 13 – 26 25 – 50 25 – 54
High (H) 3 13 – 18 13 – 18 27 – 39 51 – 75 55 and above The legend— specifically the assignment of low, medium, and high— provides an additional means to qualitatively assess the probability factor, sum of weighted factors, and the total risk scores for each hazard. The Consequence Score represents the sum of the Extent, Vulnerability, and Impact Factors.
The Total Risk Score is a measure of Probability and Consequence.
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4.6.11.2. Hazardous Materials Incidents
Description
Hazardous materials are present in nearly every city and county in the United States in facilities that produce, store, or use them. For example, water treatment plants use chlorine on-site to eliminate bacterial contaminants. Hazardous materials are transported along interstate highways and railways daily. Even the natural gas used in every home and business is a dangerous substance when a leak occurs. Many businesses, through intentional action, lack of awareness or accidental occurrences, have contamination in and around their property.
Title 49 of the CFR lists thousands of hazardous materials, including gasoline, insecticides, household cleaning products, and radioactive materials. State-regulated substances that have the greatest probability of adversely impacting the community are listed in the CCR, Title 19.
The most common types of hazardous material incidents are listed in Table 4-210.
Table 4-210. Hazardous Materials Incident Types
Incident Type Description
Fixed-Facility
This is the uncontrolled release of materials from a fixed site capable of posing a risk to health, safety, and property. It is possible to identify and prepare for a fixed-site incident because laws require facilities to notify state and local authorities about what is being used or produced at the site.
Transportation
A hazardous materials transportation incident is any event resulting in uncontrolled release of materials during transport that can pose a risk to health, safety, and property. Transportation incidents are difficult to prepare for because there is little if any notice about what materials could be involved should an accident happen.
Hazardous materials transportation incidents can occur anywhere, although most occur on interstate highways or major federal or state highways, or on the major rail lines. In addition to materials such as chlorine that are shipped throughout the country by rail, thousands of shipments of radiological materials, mostly medical materials, and low-level radioactive waste, take place via ground transportation across the United States. Many incidents occur in sparsely populated areas and affect very few people.
Interstate Pipeline
A significant number of interstate natural gas, heating oil, and petroleum pipelines run through California. These are used to provide natural gas to utilities in California and to transport these materials from production facilities to end-users.
Business practices and the laws that regulate them have changed dramatically over the years. Hazardous materials management is regulated by federal and state codes. The state fire marshal and the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration enforce oil and gas pipeline safety regulations. The federal government enforces hazardous material transport pursuant to its interstate commerce regulation authority.
The Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), a Division of the California Environmental Protection Agency, acts to protect California from exposure to hazardous waste by cleaning up existing contamination and looking for ways to reduce the hazardous waste produced in the state. The DTSC regulates hazardous waste in California primarily under the authority of the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the California Health and Safety Code. Other laws that affect hazardous waste are specific to handling, storage, transportation, disposal, treatment, reduction, cleanup, and emergency planning.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 271 DTSC reviews and monitors legislation to ensure that proposed regulations reflect DTSC goals. DTSC’s major program areas develop regulations and consistent policies and procedures. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, DTSC has the authority to implement permitting, inspection, compliance and corrective action programs to ensure that people who manage hazardous waste follow state and federal requirements. As such, the management of hazardous sites in the planning area is under regulation by the DTSC, to ensure that state and federal regulations pertaining to hazardous waste are followed.
Businesses are required to disclose all hazardous materials and waste above certain designated quantities that they use, store, or handle at their facility. They must prepare chemical inventory and business emergency plans, review the plans regularly, and perform annual training. Any release or possible release of hazardous material must be reported to the Cal OES Warning Center. Businesses using certain regulated substances (a list of about 260 specific flammable or toxic chemicals) must develop a risk management plan. The risk management plan includes analysis of operations on-site, and projection of off-site consequences with accompanying mitigation plans.
Hazard Location
The following locations have the potential of hazardous materials releases:
• Business and Industrial Areas: Retail, manufacturing and light industrial firms are areas of concern. These facilities have the highest concentration of hazardous materials at fixed facilities in the planning area due to their manufacturing operations. Each business is required to file a detailed plan with the Contra Costa Health Services Hazardous Materials Program regarding materials on-site and safety measures taken to protect the public. • Agricultural Areas: Accidental releases of pesticides, fertilizers, and other agricultural chemicals may be harmful to both humans and the environment. Agricultural pesticides are transported daily in and around the planning area en route to destinations in rural areas. • Illegal Drug Operations: Illegal operations such as laboratories for methamphetamine can pose a threat. Laboratory residues are often dumped along roadways or left in rented hotel rooms, creating a serious health threat to unsuspecting individuals and to the environment. • Illegal Dumping Sites: Hazardous waste such as used motor oil, solvents, or paint are occasionally dumped in remote areas or along roadways, creating a potential health threat to unsuspecting individuals and to the environment.
• Transportation Routes: The County’s transportation system consists of a network of federal, state, and county roads, airports, and rail service that all have the potential for hazardous material incidents:
o Interstates 80, 580, and 680, State Routes 4, 24, 123, and 242 o Amtrak long distance and intercity trains through the County o Railroad lines: Union Pacific owns 60 miles of lines, BNSF Railway has 55 miles of line, and two smaller lines (Sacramento Northern and Bay Point) operate in the County o General Aviation Airports: Buchanan Field, in the unincorporated county near Concord and Pleasant Hill; and Byron Airport near the Town of Byron. • Pipelines: Gas and hazardous liquid pipelines in Contra Costa County are vulnerable and possible sites for hazardous materials incidents.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 272 Hazard Extent/Intensity
Hazardous materials come in the form of explosives, flammable and combustible substances, poisons and radioactive materials. Hazards can occur during production, storage, transportation, use or disposal.
The release or spill of hazardous materials requires a different response depending on factors such as the amount, type, and location of the spill. Each location should have its own specific cleanup procedure, and all personnel handling such material should have received instructions on that procedure. There has been no fatality in the County from hazardous material release since the Walnut Creek pipeline explosion in 2004. The last hazardous material release that had a fatality at a fixed facility was the MBA Polymers dust explosion in 2000.
Warning Time
Hazardous material incidents occur without predictability under circumstances that give responders little time to prepare. Contra Costa County uses the Community Warning System to disseminate information to the public in the event of a release or threatened release of hazardous material. The system includes the integration of warning sirens, the local media, NOAA weather radios, computer terminals, emergency response personnel pages, and emergency phone notification through the telephone emergency notification system. The system also sends out text messages and provides information over Facebook and X (formerly Twitter). Contra Costa Health Services’ Hazardous Materials Incident Response Team provides general data to first responders to advise evacuations or sheltering in place.
Probability and Frequency
Hazardous material incidents may occur at any time in the planning area, given the presence of transportation routes dividing the planning area, the location of businesses and industry that use hazardous materials, the presence of scattered illegitimate businesses such as clandestine drug laboratories, and the improper disposal of hazardous waste.
Past Events
Table 4-211 lists the number of hazardous material incidents in Contra Costa County reported to the Cal OES Warning Center from 2018 through 2023. 320 Additional historical hazardous material spill report data is available on the Cal OES website. The records show 164 hazardous materials spills in Contra Costa County over the five (5) year timeframe.
Table 4-211. Hazardous Materials Incidents (Reported to CalOES) Spill Site 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Airport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industrial Plant 0 1 0 1 0 0 2
Merchant/Business 4 2 6 2 4 1 19
Military Base 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oil Field 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 3 0 1 1 1 2 8
Pipeline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Railroad 1 1 1 1 1 3 8
320 California Office of Emergency Services. (2023). Spill Release Reporting: Spill Report View. Retrieved from https://w3.calema.ca.gov/operational/malhaz.nsf/$defaultview. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 273 Spill Site 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Refinery 8 15 1 2 4 3 33
Residence 7 4 2 4 3 1 21
Road 8 3 3 2 5 4 25
School 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Service Station 2 1 0 0 1 2 6
Ship/Harbor/Port 1 0 2 1 1 0 5
Treatment/Sewage Facility 0 0 1 0 1 0 2
Utilities/Substation 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Waterways 4 5 5 9 6 4 33
Total 39 32 22 24 27 20 164
Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety: People near facilities producing, storing, or transporting hazardous substances are at higher risk. Populations downstream, downwind, and downhill of a released substance are particularly vulnerable. A spill of a toxic airborne chemical in a populated area could have greater potential for loss of life. Depending on the characteristics of the substance released, more people in a larger area may be in danger from explosion, absorption, injection, ingestion, or inhalation. Often, people in the radius area (outside the immediate affected area) are evacuated as a precaution or told to shelter -in-place, depending on the release type and wind conditions.
Property: The impact of a fixed-facility hazardous materials incident will likely be localized to the property where it occurs. The impact of a spill of a small amount of a liquid chemical may be limited to remediation of soil.
Critical Facilities and Infrastructure: The impact of a hazardous material spill or transportation incident will likely be localized to the particular facility, hospital, port, airport, railroad, road, highway, or interstate.
The potential losses vary because of the variable nature of the hazardous material spill, but costs from product loss, property damage and decontamination and other costs can add up to millions of dollars.
Environment: Depending on the characteristic of the hazardous material or the volume of product involved, the affected area can be as small as a room in a building or as large as many square miles that require soil remediation. More widespread effects occur when a product contaminates the municipal water supply or water system such as a port, river, lake, or aquifer. Such environmental damage can linger for decades.
Economic: Large hazardous material spills can drive away tourists. Transportation incidents can temporarily shut down transportation routes. Studies that look at economic effects from bridge and highway losses consistently report job loss and economic losses in the billions of dollars. For example, 43% of businesses reporting losses after the 1994 Northridge Earthquake said they were due to transportation issues.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 274 Hazardous Materials Incident Total Risk Score
Table 4-212 represents the hazardous materials incident Total Risk Score for the Contra Costa County, based on the Risk Assessment Methodology, as defined in this Plan.
Table 4-212. Hazardous Materials Incidents Total Risk Score Hazard
Event
Probability Consequence Total Risk
Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score*
Hazardous Materials Incident 2 15 9 16 40 41
Consequence: Sum of all weighted factors.
Extent: Sum of the weighted Extent factors.
Vulnerability: Sum of the weighted Vulnerability factors.
Impact: Sum of the weighted Impact factors.
Total Risk Score = Probability x Consequence
* Normalized to 100
Total Risk Score Legend
Classification Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score
Low (L) 1 0 – 6 0 – 6 0 – 12 0 – 24 0 – 24
Medium (M) 2 7 – 12 7 – 12 13 – 26 25 – 50 25 – 54
High (H) 3 13 – 18 13 – 18 27 – 39 51 – 75 55 and above The legend— specifically the assignment of low, medium, and high— provides an additional means to qualitatively assess the probability factor, sum of weighted factors, and the total risk scores for each hazard. The Consequence Score represents the sum of the Extent, Vulnerability, and Impact Factors.
The Total Risk Score is a measure of Probability and Consequence.
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4.6.11.3. Utility Interruptions
Description
Power Failure
A power failure is any interruption or loss of electrical service due to disruption of power generation or transmission caused by an accident, sabotage, natural hazards, equipment failure, or fuel shortage.
These interruptions can last anywhere from a few seconds to several days. Power failures are considered significant only if the local emergency management organization is required to coordinate basic services such as the provision of food, water, and heating as a result. Power failures are common with severe weather and winter storm activity.
PG&E is responsible for operating and maintaining the electrical transmission and distribution system in the planning area. Calpine Corporation energy centers in the Cities of Antioch and Pittsburg generate electricity from natural gas and geothermal resources and sell it to PG&E. Crockett Cogeneration operates a natural gas fired plant in Crockett, California and sells to PG&E. Refineries in the planning area have power generation plants that supply their operations. A co-generation facility next to the Tesoro refinery produces electricity for Tesoro and can sell it to PG&E.
Public Safety Power Shutoffs
A public safety power shutoff (PSPS) is an event in which a major electric power provider (e.g., PG&E) temporarily shuts off electrical power to a selected area to prevent power lines from sparking wildfires and threatening human lives. Utilities usually implement these during days with sustained winds or strong gusts, or other factors. The duration of a shutoff event is tied directly to the weather that triggers it; the shutoff typically ends within 24 hours after the weather conditions have subsided. However, PSPS events may extend beyond the 24-hour timeframe, depending on conditions.
PSPS events often target wildland areas with high wildfire risk, but they can impact a much wider region.
The targeted area is the area at risk due to weather conditions. Given the long, connected nature of power supply systems, a shutoff event targeted to a small at-risk zone can affect power to larger areas beyond.
321
Water or Wastewater Disruption
Water or wastewater disruption is a secondary impact from a natural disaster or intentional act. In the planning area, water service is provided by the City of Antioch, Contra Costa Water District, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Diablo Water District, Golden State Water Company and the Martinez Water District. Sewer services are provided by Central Contra Costa Sanitary District, Ironhouse Sanitary District, Delta Diablo Sanitation District, Mountain View Sanitary District, West County Wastewater District, Dublin San Ramon Services District, Rodeo Sanitary District, Pinole Sanitary District, Hercules Sanitary District, and Crockett Community Services District.
A breach in the pipelines that carry water through the planning area would have significant temporary impacts until alternative water sources are pumped and treated. Long-term disruption would have significant impacts on residences and businesses in the planning area if demand exceeds secondary supplies and water conservation measures do not provide enough relief to reduce demand to equal the secondary supplies.
321 California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. (2023). California State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Retrieved from https://www.caloes.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Hazard-Mitigation/Documents/2023-California- SHMP_Volume-1_11.10.2023.pdf.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 276 Disruption of the planning area’s wastewater collection and wastewater treatment plants would have significant regional impacts. Such disruption could result if the system were to be overwhelmed by a significant storm or discharge of materials in such quantities that the treatment plant could not adequately treat the waste. Natural hazards such as earthquakes or floods , major power outages, or terrorism directed at the facilities and systems could disrupt the process of collecting and treating millions of gallons of sewage. Wastewater treatment plants may also have emergencies internal to the plant such as oxygen deficiencies that render them incapable of treating waste. The disruption of service may also have significant environmental impacts on the waterways adjacent to the treatment plants.
Data and Telecommunications Interruptions
The loss of data or telecommunications is often a secondary hazard to natural and other human-caused hazards. Data and telecommunications provide a primary method for service to the community by the government and the private sector. A loss of data and telecommunications could result in loss of emergency dispatch capabilities, emergency planning services, infrastructure monitoring capabilities, access to statistical data, and access to financial and personnel records.
Pipeline Interruptions
Pipelines are often considered the safest and most reliable way to transport natural gas, crude oil, liquid petroleum products, and chemical products, but there is still an inherent risk due to the nature of the hazardous materials.
Failures of pipelines can occur when pipes corrode, are damaged during excavation, are incorrectly operated, or are damaged by other forces. One of the worst hazardous material incidents in the County involved a pipeline carrying gasoline in November 2004 in Walnut Creek. The released gasoline ignited, and five people were killed.
Intra-state liquid petroleum pipelines are regulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal Pipeline Safety Division. Natural gas pipelines are regulated by the California Public Utilities Commission. Pipelines are also monitored by supervisory control and data acquisition systems that measure flow rate, temperature and pressure. These systems transfer real -time data via satellite from the pipelines to a control center where valves, pumps, and motors are remotely operated. If tampering with the pipeline occurs, an alarm sounds. The ensuing valve reaction is instantaneous, with the system isolating any rupture and setting off a chain reaction that shuts down pipeline pumps and alerts pipeline operators within seconds.
Transmission pipelines and distribution pipelines provide different services. Transmission pipelines transport raw material for further refinement. These pipes are large and far reaching, operating under high pressure. Distribution pipelines provide processed materials for end users. These are smaller in diameter, some as small as half an inch, and operate under lower pressure. More serious accidents occur on distribution pipelines than on any other type due to their number, intricate networking, and location in highly populated areas.
Hazard Location
Electrical generation, transmission, and distribution systems are located throughout the planning area.
Hazard Extent/Intensity
The severity of utility failure and power interruptions varies too widely to be able to be measured.
Electricity, for example, may be out for a few hours to several weeks, depending on the cause of the event.
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Utility failure and power interruptions occur at any time without warning. However, they usually are a secondary effect from a storm event, landslide, earthquake, and human-caused issues.
Probability and Frequency
The probability and frequency of utility failure and power interruption incidents is likely to remain constant, but the length of time a utility is shut down should lessen in the future as more redundancies are built into infrastructure and utilities. In addition, leak detection sensors alert utilities to faults and failures more quickly.
Past Events
Table 4-213 lists utility interruption incidents that have occurred in Contra Costa County between 2018 and 2023.
Table 4-213. Utility Interruption Past Events
Date Event Summary
08/17/2021 A PSPS was implemented by PG&E, and it was concentrated along central Contra Costa County.
11/20/2019 A 24-hour PSPS was implemented by PG&E which resulted in 23,000 residents without power.
10/26/2019
Due to extreme heat, low humidity, and wind Countywide PSPSs were implemented by PG&E. At its height over 50,000 residents experienced long term utility interruptions.
There were significant wildfire impacts. Multiple PSPSs impacted the County. The County EOC was activated and proclaimed an emergency.
10/10/2019
Due to extreme heat, low humidity, and wind Countywide PSPS were implemented by PG&E. At its height over 50,000 residents experienced long term utility interruptions.
The County EOC was partially activated.
Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety: The entire planning area is vulnerable to utility interruptions.
Property: All property is exposed to and vulnerable to some type of utility infrastructure failure throughout the planning area.
Critical Facilities and Infrastructure: Critical facilities are vulnerable to utility interruption. But the adverse effect of damaged critical facilities can extend beyond direct physical damage. It can disrupt health care, fire, and police services, impair search and rescue, and emergency medical care.
Environment: The environment is vulnerable to utility interruption if the utility has a spill that contaminates water and/or open land, or creates a wildfire that burns acres.
Economic: Utility losses could cause a reduction in employment and wholesale and retail sales, a need for utility repairs, and increased medical risks. Local governments might lose tax revenues, and the finances of private utility companies and the businesses that rely on them would be disrupted.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 278 Utility Interruptions Total Risk Score
Table 4-214 represents the utility interruptions Total Risk Score for the Contra Costa County, based on the Risk Assessment Methodology, as defined in this Plan.
Table 4-214. Utility Interruptions Total Risk Score
Hazard
Event
Probability Consequence Total Risk
Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score*
Utility Interruptions 3 9 7 18 34 51
Consequence: Sum of all weighted factors.
Extent: Sum of the weighted Extent factors.
Vulnerability: Sum of the weighted Vulnerability factors.
Impact: Sum of the weighted Impact factors.
Total Risk Score = Probability x Consequence
* Normalized to 100
Total Risk Score Legend
Classification Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score
Low (L) 1 0 – 6 0 – 6 0 – 12 0 – 24 0 – 24
Medium (M) 2 7 – 12 7 – 12 13 – 26 25 – 50 25 – 54
High (H) 3 13 – 18 13 – 18 27 – 39 51 – 75 55 and above The legend— specifically the assignment of low, medium, and high— provides an additional means to qualitatively assess the probability factor, sum of weighted factors, and the total risk scores for each hazard. The Consequence Score represents the sum of the Extent, Vulnerability, and Impact Factors.
The Total Risk Score is a measure of Probability and Consequence.
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4.6.11.4. Active Shooter Incidents
Description
Active shooter incidents are typically motivated by the desire to m aximize human casualties. They are differentiated from other attack types by the indiscriminate nature of the victim’s targets of opportunity rather than actions directed toward a specific target. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines an active shooter as one (1) or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people , with a firearm, in a populated area.
322 They may use small arms (e.g., revolvers, automatic pistols, rifles, shotguns, assault rifles, light machine guns ), light weapons ( e.g., medium caliber and explosive ordinance, grenade launchers, rocket propelled grenades), or both, depending on the type of attack. The following are characteristics that police and sheriff departments have often seen associated with active shooters.
• Active shooters may focus on specific individuals, or they may be intent on killing as many randomly chosen people as possible.
• Their purpose is usually an expression of hatred or rage, rather than financial gain or motives associated with other types of crimes. Thus, police tactics of containment and negotiation may be an inadequate response to an active shooter.
• They chose a site that they are familiar with and have made detailed plans for the attack. In many cases, they are very well armed.
• Active shooters often, but not always, are suicidal. Escaping the police is not usually a priority and in general, they have not attempted to hide their identity. • The location chosen for the incident usually has a tactical advantage.
Active shooter incidents are unpredictable and evolve quickly. Because active shooter incidents are often over within five (5) to 10 minutes, before law enforcement arrives on the scene, individuals at the scene must be prepared both mentally and physically to deal with the shooting in progress situation. In most cases, active shooters use firearms and there is no pattern or method to their selection of victims. 323
Hazard Location
According to recent studies, 77% of active shooter incidents occur in commercial, education, or government environments. Usually, the shooter is familiar with the chosen area and the area offers a tactical advantage.
Hazard Extent/Intensity
The severity of an active shooter incident may vary from a few injured people to multiple injuries and fatalities.
Warning Time
The only warning of an active shooter incident is if a citizen notices unusual happenings and reports them before the shooting starts. The incident itself may be over in 5 to 10 minutes.
322 Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2023). Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2022. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-incidents-in-the-us-2022-042623.pdf/view. 323 Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency. (n.d). Active Shooter Preparedness. Retrieved from https://www.cisa.gov/topics/physical-security/active-shooter-preparedness. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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While the probability and frequency of active shooter incidents has been low in the planning area, these incidents can happen anywhere and at any time.
Past Events
On October 31, 2019, five (5) people were killed and four (4) were wounded when a shooter opened fire during a Halloween block party in the City of Orinda.
324 Based on the FBI annual active shooter reports,
between 2018 and 2022, a total of 23 active shooter incidents have occurred in in the State of California. 325, 326, 327, 328, 329 Between 2018 and 2023, the deadliest active shooter incident in California occurred in 2018 when the shooter opened fire at the Borderline Bar and Grill in Thousand Oaks killing
11. 330 While not located in Contra Costa County, this event highlights that active shooters can target any location where there is a gathering of individuals.
Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety: All individuals in the planning area are considered to be at risk of active shooter incidents.
Property: The intent of an active shooter is to harm people; property may be incidentally damaged, but the shooter’s intent does not generally focus on property.
Critical Facilities and Infrastructure: Critical facilities are unlikely to experience significant damage from an active shooter incident.
Environment: The environment is unlikely to experience significant damage from an active shooter incident.
Economic: Economic impacts can occur from loss of patrons coming to a local business where an incident occurred, down time from a closed business, and loss of wages for an individual who was injured or killed.
324 Navarro, H. (2023). List: California Mass Shootings of the Past Decade. Retrieved from https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/list-california-mass-shootings/3081419/. 325 Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2019). Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2018. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-incidents-in-the-us-2018-041019.pdf/view. 326 Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2020). Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2019. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-incidents-in-the-us-2019-042820.pdf/view. 327 Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2021). Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2020. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-incidents-in-the-us-2020-070121.pdf/view. 328 Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2022). Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-incidents-in-the-us-2021-052422.pdf/view. 329 Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2023). Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2022. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-incidents-in-the-us-2022-042623.pdf/view. 330 Kesslen, B. (2021). Gunman in 2018 Thousand Oaks Shooting Motivated by Hatred of College Students, Report Says. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/gunman-2018-thousand-oaks-shooting- motivated-hatred-college-students-report-n1272936.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 281 Active Shooter Incident Total Risk Score
Table 4-215 represents the active shooter incident Total Risk Score for the Contra Costa County, based on the Risk Assessment Methodology, as defined in this Plan.
Table 4-215. Active Shooter Total Risk Score
Hazard
Event
Probability Consequence Total Risk
Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score*
Active Shooter Incident 2 9 5 15 29 32
Consequence: Sum of all weighted factors.
Extent: Sum of the weighted Extent factors.
Vulnerability: Sum of the weighted Vulnerability factors.
Impact: Sum of the weighted Impact factors.
Total Risk Score = Probability x Consequence
* Normalized to 100
Total Risk Score Legend
Classification Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score
Low (L) 1 0 – 6 0 – 6 0 – 12 0 – 24 0 – 24
Medium (M) 2 7 – 12 7 – 12 13 – 26 25 – 50 25 – 54
High (H) 3 13 – 18 13 – 18 27 – 39 51 – 75 55 and above The legend— specifically the assignment of low, medium, and high— provides an additional means to qualitatively assess the probability factor, sum of weighted factors, and the total risk scores for each hazard. The Consequence Score represents the sum of the Extent, Vulnerability, and Impact Factors.
The Total Risk Score is a measure of Probability and Consequence.
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4.6.11.5. Terrorism
Description
Terrorism can take many forms, but its overall goal is to cause as much disruption and fear as possible within the targeted population. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force or violence against people or property to intimidate or coerce a government or civilian population in protest of political or social objectives. 331 Additionally, the FBI further defines international and domestic terrorism. International terrorism is a violent and criminal act committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (18 USC §2331 (1)). Domestic terrorism is a violent and criminal act committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from domestic influences (e.g., political, religious, social, racial, or environmental) (18 USC §2331 (5)).
332
Typically, terrorism events involve mass casualty incidents and take place without warning. The most common methods of these incidents include mass shootings, explosive devices, and bladed instruments.
333 Cars, buses, trains, aircraft, and marine vessels have been used as conveyances and as weapons in terrorist acts. In recent years terrorists have utilized additional methods including kidnappings, biological weapons, and cyberattacks to inflict terror on the targeted population.
Cybersecurity and active shooter will be addressed separately in this Plan.
The goal of a terrorist attack is to cause maximum disruption and fear; therefore, an economically significant area is a logical and potential target. A terrorism event within the Contra Costa County area would cause significant economic disruption, along with potentially cascading effects.
California’s population, industrial infrastructure, economic importance, international reputation, media industry, and numerous iconic features combine to make the state a potential target for both domestic and international terrorist attacks. Terrorists typically exploit vulnerabilities caused by technological hazards and may include hazardous materials release; biological agents that result in epidemics; or attempts to damage the state’s critical infrastructure including cyberattacks, which pose potential ly devastating disruptions to essential communications (e.g., voice, e-mail, and internet connectivity).
According to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the greatest number of domestic terrorism incidents between 2010 and 2022 occurred in states with major metropolitan areas such as California (Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco). 334
Hazard Location
Contra Costa County has identified numerous high-profile targets for potential terrorist incidents. Large population centers, high visibility tourist attractions, and critical infrastructure accessible to the public present security challenges of an ongoing nature in the planning area.
Hazard Extent/Intensity
The severity of a terrorist attack may vary from a few injured people to multiple injuries and fatalities.
331 U.S Department of Justice Office of Justice and Programs. (1987). FBI and Terrorism. Retrieved from:
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/fbi-and-terrorism. 332 Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). Terrorism. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism. 333 Counter Terrorism Ethics. (n.d.). Terrorist Group: Al Qaeda Weapons Use. Retrieved from https://counterterrorismethics.tudelft.nl/the-past-present-and-future-weapon-use-of-al-qaeda/. 334 U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2023). The Rising Threat of Domestic Terrorism in the U.S. and Federal Efforts to Combat It. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/blog/rising-threat-domestic-terrorism-u.s.-and- federal-efforts-combat-it.
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 283 Warning Time
According to experts, fewer than 5% of all terrorism incidents are preceded by a warning or threat.
Probability and Frequency
The probability of a terrorist event varies with the method of attack, as follows:
• Chemical: The risk of a chemical event is present in the planning area. The petroleum and agricultural community uses and stores significant amounts of chemicals that could be used in destructive ways.
• Explosives: The elements necessary to construct Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) explosives are readily available. Agricultural communities maintain sufficient products for use in explosive devices. Pipe bomb and suspicious package events have occurred in Contra Costa County, though none have been specifically identified as a WMD. • Radiological/Nuclear: The major transportation arteries for vehicles or rail that cross through or near the planning area contribute to the risk of a radiological event. Such products can pass through any of the regional transportation corridors.
• Biological: Anthrax incidents that occurred in the U.S. in October 2001 demonstrate the potential for spreading terror through biological weapons. An agent also could be introduced to livestock, causing harm to public health and the economy.
• Combined Hazards: WMD agents can be combined to have a greater total effect. Given the risks associated with chemical agents in Contra Costa County, the possibility of a combined event exists.
Past Events
Terrorism incidents in Contra Costa County have been limited. The most recent was a pipe bomb found in December 2015 at a person’s home that threatened a Richmond mosque.
Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety: Although terrorism has not resulted in a large number of deaths in Contra Costa County , it can be deadly and widespread. Any individuals exposed to human-caused hazards are considered to be at risk, particularly those working as first responders.
Property: All structures in the planning area are physically vulnerable to a terrorism event. Factors that affect vulnerability include an emphasis on accessibility, opportunities for roof access, driveways underneath structures, unmonitored areas, and the proximity of structures to transportation corridors and underground pipelines.
Critical Facilities and Infrastructure: The U.S. Office of Homeland Security created the 2003 National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructure of Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets, which lays a foundation to work together to prepare and protect critical infrastructure and key assets nationwide from terrorist events. Owners of critical facilities and infrastructure know that they are vulnerable to terrorism and have executed preparedness planning and exercises for years and forti fied these facilities to minimize their vulnerability.
Environment: A terrorism event using a WMD could cause harm to the environment, but no platforms currently existing for estimating the level of harm. The best gauge of vulnerability of the environment 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chapter 4: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 284 would be a review of damage from past terrorism events. Capturing such data from future events could be beneficial in measuring the vulnerability of the environment.
Economic: Economic impacts from a terrorist event could be significant. The cost of a terrorist act would be felt in terms of loss of life and property and disruption of business activity. Recovery would take significant resources and expense at the local level.
Terrorism Total Risk Score
Table 4-216 represents the terrorism Total Risk Score for the Contra Costa County, based on the Risk Assessment Methodology, as defined in this Plan.
Table 4-216. Terrorism Total Risk Score
Hazard
Event
Probability Consequence Total Risk
Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score*
Terrorism
(Weapons of Mass Destruction) 1 18 11 27 56 31
Consequence: Sum of all weighted factors.
Extent: Sum of the weighted Extent factors.
Vulnerability: Sum of the weighted Vulnerability factors.
Impact: Sum of the weighted Impact factors.
Total Risk Score = Probability x Consequence
* Normalized to 100
Total Risk Score Legend
Classification Probability
Factor Extent Vulnerability Impact Consequence
Score
Total Risk
Score
Low (L) 1 0 – 6 0 – 6 0 – 12 0 – 24 0 – 24
Medium (M) 2 7 – 12 7 – 12 13 – 26 25 – 50 25 – 54
High (H) 3 13 – 18 13 – 18 27 – 39 51 – 75 55 and above The legend— specifically the assignment of low, medium, and high— provides an additional means to qualitatively assess the probability factor, sum of weighted factors, and the total risk scores for each hazard. The Consequence Score represents the sum of the Extent, Vulnerability, and Impact Factors.
The Total Risk Score is a measure of Probability and Consequence.
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CHAPTER 5. MITIGATION STRATEGY
The heart of a Hazard Mitigation Plan is the Mitigation Strategy, which serves as the long-term blueprint for reducing the potential losses identified in the Hazard Risk Assessment. The Mitigation Strategy describes how the community will accomplish the overall purpose of the planning process. In this section, mitigation goals and objectives were reevaluated and updated; and mitigation actions were updated, identified, evaluated, and prioritized.
5.1 MITIGATION GOALS
In this section of the Plan, the Hazard Risk Assessment identified Conta Costa County is prone to 15 hazards (Table 4-1) – 10 natural and five (5) human-caused/technological. The Steering Committee and community stakeholders understand that although hazards cannot be eliminated altogether, the many communities within Contra Costa County can work together toward building disaster -resilient communities. Table 5-1 outlines a list of five ( 5) goals and 19 objectives. The goals represent the County’s long term and strategic vision to accomplish and achieve successful mitigation efforts. The associated objectives are specific strategies and steps identifi ed to assist the communi ties in attaining the listed goals.
Table 5-1. Contra Costa County Mitigation Goals and Objectives Goals
1 Save (or protect) lives and reduce injury.
2 Increase resilience of infrastructure and critical facilities. 3 Avoid (minimize or reduce) damage to property.
4 Encourage the development and implementation of long-term, cost-effective, and environmentally sound mitigation projects.
5 Build and support capacity to enable local government and the public to prepare for, respond to and recover from the impact of natural hazards.
Objectives
Can be
Applied to
These Goals
1 Increase resilience of infrastructure and critical facilities. 1, 3, 5 2 Sustain reliable local emergency operations and facilities during and after a disaster. 1, 5 3 Inform the public on the risk from hazards of concern and increase awareness, preparation, mitigation, response, and recovery activities to promote public safety. 1, 3, 5 4 Minimize the impacts of known hazards on current and future land uses by providing incentives for hazard mitigation. 1, 3, 5
5 Prevent or discourage new development in hazardous areas or ensure that, if building occurs in high-risk areas, it is done in a way to minimize risk. 1, 3, 5 6 At the local government level, continually improve understanding of the location and potential impacts of hazards, using the best available data and science. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 7 Encourage all development to meet applicable standards for life safety. 1, 2, 3, 5 8 Monitor plan progress annually to integrate the local hazard mitigation plan with the results of disaster and hazard specific planning efforts. 1, 2, 3, 5 9 Promote development and use of floodplain management best practices through programs (e.g., Community Rating System). 3, 4, 5
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Objectives
Can be
Applied to
These Goals
10 Provide or improve flood protection with flood control structures and drainage maintenance plans. 2, 3, 4
11 Enhance codes and their enforcement where feasible, so that new construction can withstand the impacts of known hazards and to lessen the impact of development on the environment’s ability to absorb the impact of natural hazards. 1, 3
12 Consider the impacts of known hazards in all planning mechanisms that address current and future land uses within the planning area. 1, 3 13 Eliminate or minimize disruption of local government operations caused by known hazards. 1, 3, 4
14 Consider open space land uses within identified high-hazard risk zones. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 15 Retrofit, acquire, or relocate identified high-risk structures, including those known to experience repetitive losses. 1, 3, 4
16 Establish a partnership among all levels of government and the business community to improve and implement methods to protect property. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 17 Encourage hazard mitigation measures that promote and enhance natural processes and minimize adverse impacts on the ecosystem. 2, 3, 4
18 Promote and implement hazard mitigation plans and projects that are consistent with state, regional, and local climate action and adaptation goals, policies, and programs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 19 Identify and implement inclusive actions that reduce vulnerability for Contra Consta County residents and visitors. 1
5.2 MITIGATION STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS
Plan participants assessed hazard mitigation actions, including actions from FEMA guidance documents, the 2018 Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan, and suggestions from participating communities and their respective stakeholders during a series of workshops and public meetings that took place throughout the County in December 2023. Supporting documentation for stakeholders and public engagement can be found in Appendix B and C, respectively. A summary of Unincorporated Contra Costa County’s mitigation actions status is listed in Table 5-2 and all mitigation actions can be found in Appendix A.
Mitigation actions and status for each plan participant can be found in their respective annexes.
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Table 5-2. Contra Costa County Mitigation Actions Summary Status Mitigation Action Total
Ongoing 13
In Progress/In Work 6
Not Started 2
Delayed/Deferred 1
New 25
TOTAL 47
Completed 8
Deleted/No Longer Needed 1
Mitigation Actions per Natural Hazard
Climate Change 21 Landslide 18
Dam and Levee Failure 17 Sea Level Rise 22
Drought 17
Severe Weather
(Severe Thunderstorms (hail, strong winds, and tornadoes), Heavy Rainfall, Heat Wave)
20 Earthquake 25 Tsunami 19
Flood 33 Wildfire 26
The mitigation actions in Volume 1 and each jurisdiction’s annex are organized as follows:
• New Mitigation Actions: New actions identified during this plan development process. • Ongoing Mitigation Actions: These ongoing actions were included in the previous update and have no definitive end. During this Plan update, the ongoing mitigation actions were modified and/or amended, as needed, to better define the action. • In Progress/In Work: These actions were included in the previous update and are underway during this Plan update. These actions have not been completed but are in progress. • Completed Mitigation Actions: Completed actions since the previous plan iteration. • Not Started Mitigation Actions: These actions were included in the previous update but have not been started. During this Plan update, these mitigation actions were modified and/or amended, as needed, to better define the action.
• Deferred/Delayed Mitigation Actions: Actions are deferred when risk cannot be validated, or additional time is needed to validate the potential impacts and benefits of the action. • Deleted/No Longer Needed Mitigation Actions: These actions are no longer relevant or applicable because other mitigation actions addressed the mitigating need, or the hazard vulnerability changed resulting in reduced risk.
5.2.1. Mitigation Action Plan
The Mitigation Action Plan helps prioritize mitigation initiatives according to a benefit cost analysis of the proposed actions and their associated cost. Additionally, the Action Plan provides the framework for how 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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the proposed actions and initiatives will be implemented and administered by Contra Costa County and each plan participant over the next five (5) years. The parameters (i.e., estimated cost, benefits, duration, and prioritization) that will be used for the prioritization and benefit cost analysis of each mitigation action are outlined in this section
5.2.1.1. Mitigation Action Benefit Cost Review
While the preference is to provide definitive costs (i.e., dollar figures) for each mitigation action, this is not realistic for every mitigation action without project scoping or engineering studies. Therefore, a review of the apparent benefits versus the apparent cost of each project was performed. Parameters were established for assigning subjective ratings (i.e., high, medium, and low) to the costs and benefits of these projects. The estimated cost and benefits parameters are defined in Table 5-3 and Table 5-4, respectively.
Table 5-3. Mitigation Action Estimated Cost Parameters
Rating Parameter
High Existing funding will not cover the cost of the project; implementation would require new revenue through an alternative source (e.g., bonds, grants, and fee increases).
Medium
The project could be implemented with existing funding but would require a re-apportionment of the budget or a budget amendment, or the cost of the project would have to be spread over multiple years.
Low The project could be funded under the existing budget. The project is part of or can be part of an ongoing existing program.
Table 5-4. Mitigation Action Benefits Parameters
Rating Parameter
High Project will provide an immediate reduction of risk exposure for life and property.
Medium Project will have a long-term impact on the reduction of risk exposure for life and property, or project will provide an immediate reduction in the risk exposure for property.
Low Long-term benefits of the project are difficult to quantify in the short term.
5.2.1.2. Mitigation Action Project Duration
While the preference is to provide definitive project completion dates, this is not realistic for all mitigation actions. Therefore, the parameters for the project duration (i.e., estimated completion date) are listed in Table 5-5.
Table 5-5. Mitigation Action Project Duration Parameters Rating Parameter
Short Term To be completed in one (1) to five (5) years.
Long Term To be completed in more than five (5) years.
Ongoing Currently being funded and implemented under existing programs, and/or is seeking funding and necessary approvals.
5.2.1.3. Mitigation Action Prioritization
Existing Mitigation Actions
The mitigation actions must be prioritized according to the benefit cost analysis of the proposed projects and their associated costs (44 CFR, Section 201.6(c)(3)(iii)). The benefits of proposed actions were weighed against multiple factors as part of the project prioritization process. The benefit cost analysis 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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was not of the detailed variety required by FEMA for project grant eligibility under the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) Program. A less formal approach was used because some actions may not be implemented for up to 10 years, and associated costs and benefits could change dramatically in that time.
Existing mitigation actions were prioritized based on the parameters outlined in Table 5-6.
Table 5-6. Existing Mitigation Action Priority Parameters Priority Parameter
High
An action that meets multiple goals (i.e., multiple hazards), has benefits that exceed cost, has funding secured or is an ongoing project and meets eligibility requirements for the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) or Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) grant program. High priority projects can be completed in the short term (one (1) to five (5) years).
Medium
An action that meets goals and objectives, that has benefits that exceed costs, and for which funding has not been secured but that is grant eligible under HMGP, PDM or other grant programs. Project can be completed in the short term once funding is secured. Medium priority projects will become high priority projects once funding is secured.
Low
An action that will mitigate the risk of a hazard, that has benefits that do not exceed the costs or are difficult to quantify, for which funding has not been secured, that is not eligible for HMGP or PDM grant funding, and for which the timeline for completion is long term (one (1) to 10 years). Low priority projects may be eligible for other sources of grant funding from other programs.
New Mitigation Actions
New mitigation actions were evaluated by each plan participant with the following STAPLEE+E method.
This method utilizes eight (8) criteria for evaluating a mitigation action – Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, Environmental, and Equity and within each of those criteria are additional considerations. Table 5-7 outlines an explanation of how each of the STAPLEE+E criteria may be applied to the evaluation of each mitigation action.
Table 5-7. STAPLEE+E Method
Criteria Description
S Social
Mitigation actions are acceptable to the community if they do not adversely affect a particular segment of the population, do not cause relocation of lower income people, and if they are compatible with the community’s social and cultural values.
• Will the proposed action adversely affect one (1) segment of the population?
• Will the action disrupt established neighborhoods, break up voting districts, or cause the relocation of lower income people? T Technical
Mitigation actions are technically most effective if they provide a long-term reduction of losses and have minimal secondary adverse impacts. • How effective is the action in avoiding or reducing future losses? • Will it create more problems than it solves?
• Does it solve the problem or only a symptom?
• Does the Mitigation strategy address continued compliance with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)?
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Criteria Description
A Administrative
Mitigation actions are easier to implement if the jurisdiction has the necessary staffing and funding.
• Does the jurisdiction have the capability (e.g., staff, technical experts, and/or funding) to implement the action, or can it be readily obtained? • Can the community provide the necessary maintenance?
• Can it be accomplished in a timely manner?
P Political
Mitigation actions can truly be successful if all stakeholders have been offered an opportunity to participate in the planning process and if there is public support for the action.
• Is there political support to implement and maintain this action? • Is there a local champion willing to help see the action to completion? • Is there enough public support to ensure the success of the action? • How can the mitigation objectives be accomplished at the lowest cost to the public? L Legal
It is critical that the jurisdiction or implementing agency have the legal authority to implement and enforce a mitigation action.
• Does the community have the authority to implement the proposed action?
• Are the proposed laws, ordinances, and resolutions in place to implement the action?
• Are there any potential legal consequences?
• Is there any potential community liability?
• Is the action likely to be challenged by those who may be negatively affected?
• Does the mitigation strategy address continued compliance with the NFIP?
E Economic
Budget constraints can significantly deter the implementation of mitigation actions. It is important to evaluate whether an action is cost-effective, as determined by a cost benefit review, and possible to fund. • Are there currently sources of funds that can be used to implement the action?
• What benefits will the action provide?
• Does the cost seem reasonable for the size of the problem and the likely benefits?
• What burden will be placed on the tax base or local economy to implement this action?
• Does the action contribute to other community economic goals such as capital improvements or economic development?
• What proposed actions should be considered but be “tabled” for implementation until outside sources of funding are available? 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Criteria Description
E Environmental
Sustainable mitigation actions that do not have adverse effect on the environment, comply with federal, state, and local environmental regulations, and are consistent with the community’s environmental goals, have mitigation benefits while being environmentally sound.
• How will this action affect the environment (i.e., land, water, endangered species)?
• Will this action comply with local, state, and federal environmental laws and regulations?
• Is this action consistent with community environmental goals? E Equity
Does not create an opportunity for unequal distribution of resources; racism; affect a particular segment of the population, including communities of color, communities that face discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation or gender identity, individuals with disabilities, individuals who identify with certain religion, individuals with Limited English Proficiency, or rural communities, etc. • Is the action consistent and systematically fair?
New Mitigation Actions Priority
Priorities were assessed by requesting that every new mitigation action submitted by the plan participants be ranked by each of the eight (8) criteria factors (i.e., STAPLEE+E). Each criterion is evaluated on a scale from one (1) to five (5), with one (1) defined as strongly disagree and five (5) as strong agree.
Therefore, the highest favorable score would be 40, meaning the action scored five (5) in all eight (8) categories. Table 5-8 delineates how the STAPLEE+E prioritization score was used to prioritize each mitigation action.
Table 5-8. New Mitigation Action Priority Parameters
Priority STAPLEE+E Prioritization Score
High 30 – 40 points
Medium 19 – 29 points
Low 8 – 18 points
Mitigation actions with the highest scores represent those mitigation initiatives that represent the highest priority. In addition to the STAPLEE+E Method, the Steering Committee identified those actions that represented the greatest importance and priority to Contra Costa County’s plan participants. It should be noted that, although the STAPLEE+E Method provides a standardized process for assigning priority/importance across all participating jurisdictions, there may be addi tional factors and considerations that elevate the status of a particular mitigation action. This is why input from the Steering Committee is also an important consideration in this process.
5.3 CHANGES IN PRIORITY
A community’s mitigation priorities may change over time for a number of reasons. Addressing these changes allows a community to redirect actions that reflect current conditions, including financial and political realities, or changes in conditions or priorities following disaster events. Changes in the priority of a Hazard Mitigation Plan are often dynamic and reflect the evolving understanding of risk, the availability of resources, and the needs of the community. This helps ensure that the Plan remains relevant and effective in reducing vulnerability to the hazards identified in the Plan by the community. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Contra Costa County has identified the following changes in priorities for the 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan:
• There were no changes to the previous mitigation goals and objectives. However, an additional objective which focuses on identifying and implementing inclusive actions that reduce vulnerability for residents and visitors within Contra Costa County, including the underserved population. • Projects identified in the 2024 General Plan, as appropriate, were also included in this update of the Hazard Mitigation Plan to promote alignment across County plans and create the possibility for grant eligibility for those projects . The General Plan serves as the basis for planning and infrastructure related decisions made by County staff and decision makers; and it is built around the themes of environmental justice, community health, economic development, and sustainability. The General Plan was undergoing its update simultaneously with this Hazard Mitigation Plan.
• Climate change was added as a new hazard and the effects of climate change in the severity of impacts were discussed for each natural hazard. Contra Costa County and its cities must reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted into t he atmosphere from sources under the jurisdiction, while also adapting to the hazards associated to climate change – wildfires, floods, drought, and sea level rise. These four (4) hazards are profiled in this Plan. The County’s Climate Action Plan (CAP) 2024 update is the County’s strategic plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to improve resilience to changing climate conditions in the County. The 2024 CAP implements the 2045 General Plan’s policy guidance and addresses behaviors, regulations, and investment decisions that directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions or promote climate resilience. This approach supports a holistic view of climate action planning and sustainability which works to reduce Contra Costa County’s contribution to climate change by mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously preparing for the changes that cannot be avoided through adaptation strategies.
• Envision Contra Costa 2040 is the County’s plan to address land use, transportation, housing, climate change, environmental justice, and other important issues over the next 20 years. At the time of this Hazard Mitigation Plan update, the 2045 General Plan and the 2024 Climate Action Plan were undergoing public comment. In an effort to integrate both of these plans into hazard mitigation, the outcomes of the extensive public outreach for the ongoing Envision Contra Costa 2040 process were incorporated into this Plan.
o The General Plan includes a Safety Element which i ncludes all the hazards that impact the County; Community Profiles (for each unincorporated neighborhood) that identify the community’s local hazards; Impacted Communities where the population is exposed to hazards at higher levels than others; and policies and actions. • There are 13 new plan participants – three (3) municipalities and 10 special districts. The new plan participants include – City of Clayton, City of Oakley, City of Pinole, Mt. View Sanitary District, Reclamation District No. 799, Reclamation District No. 2025, Reclamation District No. 2026, Reclamation District No. 2065, Reclamation District No. 2122, Reclamation District No. 2137, Rodeo-Hercules Fire Protection District, Town of Discovery Bay Community Services District, and West County Wastewater District.
• All mitigation actions from the previous Plan were updated, and a more concerted effort on achieving equitable outcomes for all communities, including underserved communities and socially vulnerable populations, has been implemented.
• There were some notable changes to the hazard risk ranking. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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o The new methodology includes 14 factors (versus four (4) in the 2018 update) which align with FEMA’s risk assessment criteria. Refer to Section 4.3 for further details on the 2024 risk assessment methodology.
o Severe weather hazards were ranked individually and not as a whole category. Heavy rainfall, strong winds/damaging winds, severe thunderstorms, heat wave/extreme heat, and tornado were ranked individually even though these are grouped under severe weather in the hazard profile.
o Riverine/creek flooding and urban/flash flooding were ranked individually even though these are grouped under the flood hazard profile.
o Technological hazards and human-caused hazards were included in the hazard ranking. o In the 2024 ranking, wildfire is ranked as high risk (ranked medium in the previous ranking) and drought is ranked medium (ranked low in the previous ranking). Although all the hazards under s evere weather were ranked as medium risk (except tornado which was ranked as low), heavy rainfall was ranked high. Severe weather was ranked medium in the previous Plan.
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CHAPTER 6. PLAN MAINTENANCE
The Disaster Mi tigation Act of 2000 requires the monitoring, evaluati on and updati ng of the hazard mitigation plan every five (5) years. This H azard Mitigation Plan is designed to be a “living” document and therefore will be reviewed and updated within five (5) years from its approval date. The Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee will provide leadership and guidance throughout the Plan’s life cycle (i.e., monitoring, evaluating, and updating). Updates will allow municipal leaders and the public to provide input into the process. The public will be noti fied of this opportunity via legal public noti ces.
The Plan maintenance process includes a schedule for annual monitoring and evaluati on of the programmatic outcomes established in the Plan and for producing a formal Plan revision every five (5) years.
6.1 PLAN UPDATE
The Plan may be reviewed on an annual basis by Contra Costa County OES and reviewed and revised every five (5) years by the Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee to determine the effectiveness of programs and to reflect changes that may affect mitigation priorities. Contra Costa County OES will be responsible for contacting the Steering Committee members and organizing the review. Members of the Steering Committee will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan. Additionally, the goals and actions will be reviewed by the Steering Committee to determine their relevance to changing situations in the County as well as changes in Federal policy, and to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions.
Furthermore, the Steering Committee will also review the hazard risk assessment portion of the Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified, given any new available data. The organizations responsible for the various action items will report on the status of the projects, the success of various implementation processes, difficulties encountered, success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised or removed.
Contra Costa County OES will be responsible for ensuring Plan updates. Also, Contra Costa County OES and the Steering Committee will notify all stakeholders and plan participants when changes have been made. Every five (5) years, the Plan will be updated and submitted to the State of California Office of Emergency Services and to FEMA Region 9 for review and approval.
6.1.1. Monitoring, Evaluating
To ensure the Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan continues to provide an appropriate path for risk reduction throughout the County , it is necessary to regularly evaluate and update it. Contra Costa County OES will be responsible for monitoring the status of the Plan and gathering mitigation action status reports from the appropriate parties. The Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee will convene on an annual basis to determine the progress of the identified mitigation actions.
The Steering Committee will also be an active participant in the next Plan update. As this Plan matures , new stakeholders and/or plan participants will be identified and encouraged to join the existing Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee.
Contra Costa County OES is responsible for contacting Steering Committee members and organizing the annual meeting. During each annual meeting, the Steering Committee will be responsible for a brief evaluation of the 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan and to review the progress on mi tigation actions. Each annual meeting must be documented, including the plan evaluati on and review of mitigation actions.
Mitigation actions have been formatt ed to facilitate the annual review process. Additional Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee responsibilities include, but are not limited to:
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• Annually reviewing each goal and objective to determine its relevance and appropriateness. • Monitor and evaluate the mitigation strategies in this Plan to ensure the document reflects current hazard analyses, development trends, code changes, and risk analyses and perceptions. • Ensure the appropriate implementation of annual status reports and regular maintenance of the Plan. The Steering Committee will hear progress reports from the parties responsible for the various implementation actions to monitor progress.
• Create future action plans and mitigation actions. These should be carefully assessed and prioritized utilizing the STAPLEE+E Method outlined in the Mitigation Strategy section of this Plan. • Ensure the public is invited to comment and involved in mitigation plan updates. • Ensure that Contra Costa County complies with all applicable Federal statutes and regulations during the periods for which it receives grant funding, in compliance with 44 CFR, Section 201. • Reassess the Plan in light of any major hazard event. The Steering Committee will convene within 45 days of any major event to review all applicable data and to consider the risk assessment, plan goals, objectives, and action items given the impact of the hazard event. • Review the Plan in connection with other plans, projects, developments, and other significant initiatives.
• Coordinate with appropriate counties within Contra Costa County and authorities to incorporate regional initiatives that transcend the County boundaries. • Update the Plan every five (5) years and submit it to the State of California OES and FEMA Region 9 for approval.
• Amend the Plan whenever necessary to reflect changes in s tate or f ederal laws and statutes required in 44 CFR, Section 201.
6.1.1.1. Continued Public Engagement
Contra Costa County OES is dedicated to involving the public directly in the review and updates of the Plan. The Steering Committee is responsible for the review and update of the Plan. The public will also have the opportunity to provide input into Plan revisions and updates. Copies of the Plan will be kept by the appropriate County departments, cities, towns, and special districts.
Public meetings will be held when deemed necessary by the Steering Committee. The meetings will provide a forum where the public can express concerns, opinions, or new alternatives that can then be included in the Plan. Contra Costa County OES will be responsible for using the appropriate resources to publicize the public meetings and maintain public involvement. To further facilitate continued public involvement in the planning process, Contra Costa County OES will ensure a copy of the Plan readily available for review and comment by the public. The Plan will also be available on the Contra Costa County website.
6.1.1.2. Implementation and Integration through Existing Plans and Programs Hazard mitigation practices must be incorporated within existing plans, projects, and programs.
Therefore, the involvement of all departments, private non-profits, private industry, and appropriate jurisdictions is necessary in order to find mitigation opportunities within existing or planned projects and programs. To execute this, the Steering Committee will assist and coordinate resources for the mitigation actions and provide strategic outreach to implement mitigation actions that meet the goals and objectives identified in this Plan.
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The Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan is integrated into external plans developed by other local agencies primarily as it relates to the Threat and Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (THIRA) .
The THIRA is conducted every five (5) years as part of the mi tigation planning process. The results of the THIRA detail the risks posed by hazards within Contra Costa County. This information is shared with community partners and local jurisdic tions, allowing other planning efforts to be based on the latest hazard information. As a result, local jurisdic tions developing comprehensive land use plans integrate hazard risk information into their efforts.
The Hazard Mitigation Plan is essential to understanding the hazards facing Contra Costa County, the resulting prioritized list of hazards is used across the suite of Contra Costa County and local jurisdictions plans, and community partner organizations, thus creating a shared understanding of the hazards facing the County.
The results of this Plan will be incorporated into ongoing planning efforts throughout the County. Contra Costa County, its municipalities and special districts will update zoning plans and related ordinances, as necessary, and as part of regularly scheduled updates. Each plan participant will be responsible for updating and integrating elements of the Plan into the community’s own respective community plans and ordinances.
6.1.1.3. The Five-Year Action Plan
This section outlines the implementation agenda that the Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee, led by Contra Costa County OES, should follow five (5) years after adoption of this Plan, and then every five (5) years thereafter.
The Steering Committee will consider the following action plan for the five (5) year planning cycle. It should be noted that the schedule on Table 6-1 can be modified as necessary and does not include any meetings and/or activities that would be necessary following a disaster event (e.g., reconvening the Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee within 45 days of a disaster or emergency to determine what mitigation projects should be prioritized during the community recovery). If an emergency meeting of the Hazard Mitigation Steering Committee occurs, this proposed schedule may be altered to fit any new needs.
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Table 6-1. Five-Year Action Plan
Year 0
2024 Update the 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan and submit it to the State of California OES and FEMA Region 9 for approval.
Year 1
2025
• Work on mitigation actions.
• Contra Costa County OES will stay in contact with its key stakeholders and plan participants to keep track of project status.
• Encourage Plan integration efforts.
• Reconvene the Steering Committee for an annual meeting. • Discuss opportunities for Plan integration with other planning documents. • Discuss recent hazard events.
• Update the status of projects.
• Host public meetings to re-introduce the Plan to the community, identify additional hazards of concern that should be considered for the next update, if any, and provide update and obtain input on mitigation projects occurring within the community.
Year 2
2026
• Work on mitigation actions.
• Contra Costa County OES will stay in contact with its key stakeholders and plan participants to keep track of project status.
• Encourage Plan integration efforts.
• Reconvene the Steering Committee for an annual meeting. • Discuss opportunities for Plan integration with other planning documents. • Discuss recent hazard events.
• Update the status of projects.
• Host public meetings to re-introduce the Plan to the community, identify additional hazards of concern that should be considered for the next update, if any, and provide update and obtain input on mitigation projects occurring within the community. 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Year 3
2027
• Work on mitigation actions.
• Contra Costa County OES will stay in contact with its key stakeholders and plan participants to keep track of project status.
• Encourage Plan integration efforts.
Apply for hazard mitigation grant funds (e.g., HMGP, BRIC) to update the next iteration of the Hazard Mitigation Plan.
• Reconvene the Steering Committee for an annual meeting. • Discuss opportunities for Plan integration with other planning documents. • Discuss recent hazard events.
• Update the status of projects.
• Host public meetings to re-introduce the Plan to the community, identify additional hazards of concern that should be considered for the next update, if any, and provide update and obtain input on mitigation projects occurring within the community.
Year 4
2028
• Work on mitigation actions.
• Contra Costa County OES will stay in contact with its key stakeholders and plan participants to keep track of project status.
• Encourage Plan integration efforts.
Update the 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan and conduct a series of meetings with stakeholders, plan participants, and the public.
Year 5
2029
• Update the 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan and submit it to the State of California OES and FEMA Region 9 for approval.
• Repeat.
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APPENDIX A. MITIGATION ACTIONS
This Appendix includes the mitigation actions that were developed to address identified risks and vulnerabilities to hazards identified in this Plan. This Plan serves only to recommend mitigation measures based on the potential for risk reduction and available funding. Implementation of mitigation actions is dependent on risk reduction priorities, feasibility, and available funding. It is also dependent on the cooperation and support of the jurisdiction and/or department responsible for each action item.
Contra Costa County agreed upon 47 mitigation actions that apply to the jurisdiction’s properties where they have jurisdictional responsibility and authority. One (1) mitigation action was deleted/no longer needed, and eight (8) mitigation action were completed. A summary of the County’s mitigation actions status is listed on Table 6-2.
Table 6-2. Contra Costa County Mitigation Actions Summary Status Mitigation Action Total
Ongoing 13
In Progress/In Work 6
Not Started 2
Delayed/Deferred 1
New 25
TOTAL 47
Completed 8
Deleted/No Longer Needed 1
Mitigation Actions per Natural Hazard
Climate Change 21 Landslide 18
Dam and Levee Failure 17 Sea Level Rise 22
Drought 17
Severe Weather
(Severe Thunderstorms (hail, strong winds, and tornadoes), Heavy Rainfall, Heat Wave)
20 Earthquake 25 Tsunami 19
Flood 33 Wildfire 26
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Mitigation
Action
Where appropriate, support retrofitting or relocation of structures in high hazard areas, prioritizing structures that have experienced repetitive losses.
Action Number CCC-1
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed
Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 4, 7, 9,
12, 14, 15, 17
Hazard(s) Mitigated
Dam and Levee Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source HMGP, BRIC, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
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Mitigation
Action
Integrate the Hazard Mitigation Plan into other County plans, ordinances, and programs that dictate land use decisions in the community, including the County General Plan, County Zoning Ordinance, and County Capital Road Improvement and Preservation Plan.
Action Number CCC-2
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed
Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 3, 4, 5,
7, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18
Hazard(s) Mitigated
Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
Contra Costa County
Public Works Department
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable)
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, Local
Budgeted Funds, Other
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. Potentially grant funding
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
Staff Time/Department Time
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
Included in the General Plan, Appendix B Health & Safety Element Technical Appendix.
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Mitigation
Action
Actively support and participate in the implementation, monitoring, maintenance, and updating of this Hazard Mitigation Plan, as outlined, and defined in Volume 1.
Action Number CCC-3
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 3, 8, 16 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration) Short Term Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, HMGP
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
Staff Time
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
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Mitigation
Action
Continue to maintain good standing and compliance under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) through implementation of floodplain management programs that, at a minimum, meet the NFIP requirements. These include:
• Enforce the flood damage prevention ordinance.
• Participate in floodplain identification and mapping updates. • Provide public assistance/information on floodplain requirements and impacts.
Action Number CCC-4
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed
Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 3, 5, 6, 9,
10, 11, 15
Hazard(s) Mitigated Flood
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, Other
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. Developer Permit Fees
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
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Mitigation
Action Continue to maintain/enhance the County’s Community Rating System classification.
Action Number CCC-5
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed
Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 3, 4, 5, 7,
9 Hazard(s) Mitigated Flood
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, Other
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. Developer Permit Fees
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
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Mitigation
Action Annually provide California State Training Institute (CSTI) “Earthquake” Class to essential County personnel.
Action Number CCC-6
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 2, 6, 13 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Other
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. EMPG, SHSGP
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
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Mitigation
Action
Support Mass Care and Shelter drills conducted by the American Red Cross, which involve county employees, non- government agencies, Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) volunteers, and the public.
Action Number CCC-7
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 3, 5
Objectives: 2, 3 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Dam and Levee Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Employment & Human Services
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
American Red Cross, Contra Costa County Office
of Emergency Services
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 307
Mitigation
Action Continue to participate in annual statewide emergency planning exercises.
Action Number CCC-8
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 2, 6, 13 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Dam and Levee Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, Other
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. UASI, CDPH
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time), Grants
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 308
Mitigation
Action
FCC P-25 Phase 2 compliance East Bay Regional Communications System (Alameda and Contra Costa County). The system will be a 36-site, two (2) county, P-25 compliant communication system designed to provide fully interoperable communications to all public agencies within Alameda and Contra Costa counties. Refer to website http://www.ebrcsa.org for complete project description.
Action Number CCC-9
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2012 Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 5
Objectives: 1, 2 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Dam and Levee Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Completed If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Joint Powers Authority
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
Sheriff's Office Information Technology
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 309
Mitigation
Action
Continue to maintain and enhance the existing Countywide Community Warning System (CWS) by identifying and implementing new technology as it becomes available.
Action Number CCC-10
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 3, 5
Objectives: 2, 3 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Dam and Levee Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Other
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA) Fees Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
CC Health Supplementation uncovered costs due
to CUPA fee structure.
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 310
Mitigation
Action
Community Warning System (CWS) will continue to educate and conduct outreach on all registration tools (i.e., cell phones, social media, sirens, etc.).
Action Number CCC-11
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 3, 5
Objectives: 2, 3 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Dam and Levee Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Other
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA) Fees Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
CC Health Supplementation uncovered costs due
to CUPA fee structure.
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 311
Mitigation
Action Update and enhance existing flood hazard mapping to better reflect current conditions.
Action Number CCC-12
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed
Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 3, 6, 12,
16 Hazard(s) Mitigated Flood
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County Public Works
Department, Contra Costa County
Flood Control and Water
Conservation District
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Other
If Other, you must
identify a funding source.
FEMA/Public Works Floodplain Determination
Fees, FEMA Risk MAP Program
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
Developer Permit Fees
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 312
Mitigation
Action Canal Road Bridge Replacement (Bridge No. 28C0376): The existing bridge is approaching the end of its useful life.
Action Number CCC-13
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2017 Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status Completed If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 313
Mitigation
Action Marsh Creek Road Bridge over Marsh Creek (Bridge No. 28C141): The existing bridge is approaching the end of its useful life.
Action Number CCC-14
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2019 Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status Completed If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 314
Mitigation
Action
Byron Highway Bridge Replacement over California Aqueduct (Bridge No. 28C0121): The existing bridge is approaching the end of its useful life.
Action Number CCC-15
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2018 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status In Progress/In Work If Deleted/No Longer Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
DWR, HBP, Gas Tax
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 315
Mitigation
Action
Center Avenue and Pacheco Boulevard Intersection Improvements: Relocate fire station, widen bridge, and construct intersection improvements.
Action Number CCC-16
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status Not Started If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Long Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source.
FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant funding for fire
station relocation, Pacheco Area of Benefit
Funds, Proposition 111 Gas Tax for road work.
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 316
Mitigation
Action
Boulevard Way at Las Trampas Creek scour repair: Repair Bridge on Boulevard Way crossing Las Trampas Creek. The scouring is needed to maintain the bridge’s structural integrity.
Action Number CCC-17
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2018 Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status Completed If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 317
Mitigation
Action
Retrofit Marsh Drive Bridge over Walnut Creek (Bridge No. 28C0442): The existing bridge is approaching the end of its useful life.
Action Number CCC-18
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2022 Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status Completed If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 318
Mitigation
Action Marsh Creek Road Bridge over Marsh Creek (Bridge No. 28C143): The existing bridge is approaching the end of its useful life.
Action Number CCC-19
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2018 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status In Progress/In Work If Deleted/No Longer Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local or State Special Taxes
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
HBP, Gas Tax
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
This project is under construction along with the bridge identified in mitigation action CCC-20. Other bridges to be constructed in 2024.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 319
Mitigation
Action Marsh Creek Road Bridge over Marsh Creek (Bridge No. 28C145): The existing bridge is approaching the end of its useful life.
Action Number CCC-20
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2018 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status In Progress/In Work If Deleted/No Longer Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local or State Special Taxes
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
HBP, Gas Tax
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
This project is under construction along with the bridge identified in mitigation action CCC-19. Other bridges to be constructed in 2024.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 320
Mitigation
Action
Del Monte Drive Bridge Preventative Maintenance (Bridge No. 28C0207): The existing bridge is approaching the end of its useful life.
Action Number CCC-21
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2021 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Long Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local or State Special Taxes
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
HBP, Gas Tax
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 321
Mitigation
Action Pacific Avenue Bridge Replacement (Bridge No. 28C0379): The existing bridge is approaching the end of its useful life Action Number CCC-22
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake, Flood Project Status Not Started If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Long Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local or State Special Taxes
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
HBP, Gas Tax
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 322
Mitigation
Action
Enhance County Ordinance Code language and enforcement including, but not limited to:
• County Zoning Codes to Increase Compliance with SB 1369 Defensible Space. • Other Fire Safe Requirements in the Unincorporated County.
Action Number CCC-23
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2011 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed
Goals: 1, 2, 3, 5
Objectives: 5, 7, 11,
12 Hazard(s) Mitigated Wildfire
Project Status In Progress/In Work If Deleted/No Longer Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
Department Funds (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 323
Mitigation
Action
Address deferred maintenance of County owned facilities as identified in the 2007 Contra Costa County Facility Condition Analysis (FCA). The FCA Project included the inspection of 93 buildings totaling over 2,900,000 square feet. Facilities inspected fall into critical infrastructure/key resources categories.
Action Number CCC-24
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
N/A Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 15
Objectives: 3, 7, 15 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Dam and Levee Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Deleted/No Longer
Needed
If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason.
The 2022 Contra Costa County Facility Condition
Analysis supersedes this 2007 document. A new
mitigation action will be completed.
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 324
Mitigation
Action
Through publications and social media, better inform residents of comprehensive mitigation strategies for all hazards of concern, including but not limited to:
• E levating appliances above expected flood levels.
• U sing fire-resistant roofing and defensible space in high wildfire threat and Wildfire Urban Interface (WUI) areas. • Encourage structural retrofitting techniques for older homes. • Using intelligent grading techniques.
Action Number CCC-25
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2018 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 5
Objectives: 3, 5, 7 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Ongoing If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
Contra Costa County Public Works Department,
Contra Costa County Fire Protection District
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration\ Ongoing Estimated Cost\ Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
Department Funds (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 325
Mitigation
Action
Construct new Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and obtain Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification.
Action Number CCC-26
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 2, 18 Hazard(s) Mitigated
Dam and Levee Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status Completed If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 326
Mitigation
Action
Hazardous Materials Emergency Program (HMEP) Adapting to Rising Tides shoreline data overlay hazardous materials rail transportation data to look at the impact that disruption from flooding/sea level rise could or would cause to Contra Costa County.
Action Number CCC-27
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2027 Prioritization Score Medium
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 6, 18 Hazard(s) Mitigated Flood
Project Status Delayed/Deferred If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa Health (HazMat
Division)
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source HMGP
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 327
Mitigation
Action
Review and revise, as necessary, General Plan Safety Element policies and maps related to landslide hazards based on information contained in Seismic Hazard Zone (SHZ) Reports prepared by the California Department of Conservation.
Action Number CCC-28
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score High
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed
Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 5, 6, 7,
12, 14
Hazard(s) Mitigated Landslide
Project Status In Progress/In Work If Deleted/No Longer Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
Department Funds (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 328
Mitigation
Action
Implement the North Richmond Watershed Connections Project that includes a suite of multiple benefit urban greening projects to improve water quality and enhance the health of San Pablo and Wildcat Creeks, and their watersheds, while expanding the urban forest to reduce heat islands, and provide green infrastructure.
Action Number CCC-29
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2018 Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed
Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 3, 10,
14, 17
Hazard(s) Mitigated Flood
Project Status Completed If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 329
Mitigation
Action North Richmond stormwater pump Station retrofit.
Action Number CCC-30
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2018 Prioritization Score N/A
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 2, 3, 4, 5
Objectives: 1, 10 Hazard(s) Mitigated Flood
Project Status Completed If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) N/A
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County Public Works
Department, Contra Costa County
Flood Control and Water
Conservation District
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
City of Richmond Public Works Department
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration N/A Estimated Cost N/A
Potential Funding Source N/A
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
N/A
Implementation Priority N/A Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 330
Mitigation
Action
Develop a plan to provide convenient and accessible clean air refuges during times when outdoor air quality is deemed unhealthy. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A1.6) Action Number CCC-31
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2024 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1 Hazard(s) Mitigated Wildfire Project Status In Progress/In Work If Deleted/No Longer Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa Health
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
Contra Costa Office of Emergency Services
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, HMGP,
BRIC
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 331
Mitigation
Action
Take measures such as applying soil stabilization or installing retaining walls to prevent roadway damage and traffic disruptions from landslides along collector roadways in rural areas in west Contra Costa County.
Action Number CCC-32
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 33/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee, Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire,
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Long Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, HMGP,
BRIC, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 332
Mitigation
Action
Address deferred maintenance of County-owned facilities as identified in the 2022 Contra Costa County Facility Condition Analysis (FCA). The FCA project includes inspection of all County-owned and leased building assets. Facilities inspected fall into critical infrastructure/key resources categories.
Action Number CCC-33
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2024 Prioritization Score 38/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Earthquake, Severe Weather Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Long Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 333
Mitigation
Action Develop a map of primary pet facilities that can be used in the event of weather and air quality emergencies.
Action Number CCC-34
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2024 Prioritization Score 36/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Flood, Severe Weather, Wildfire Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
Contra Costa County Employment & Human
Services
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) Contra Costa Health, GIS
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 334
Mitigation
Action
Develop public education programs to Increase Hazard Education and Risk Awareness. Attend public outreach events and share resources with the cities focusing on equitable distribution of programs especially in non-English speaking communities.
Promote usage of State Risk Map.
Action Number CCC-35
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 34/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 3, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) High
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, HMGP
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 335
Mitigation
Action
Consult with Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and community stakeholders to amend County Ordinance Code Title 8 (Zoning) to include an Industrial Sensitive Receptor Interface Overlay Zone applied to areas where residential land uses and other sensitive receptors interface or directly about heavy industrial land uses. In the overlay zone, require industrial uses to reduce pollution and employ strategies to mitigate air quality, noise, vibration, odor, light, visual, and safety impacts on nearby sensitive receptors. In addition, require new sensitive receptors to install enhanced ventilation systems and implement other strategies, paid for by neighboring sources of pollution to the extent possible, to protect residents from health and quality of life impacts. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A1.3) Action Number CCC-36
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 35/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Wildfire Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 336
Mitigation
Action
Partner with community members and regulatory agencies to prepare a community-scale plan for reducing and mitigating air pollutant emissions and industrial hazards, such as pipeline risks, accidents, potential water, or soil contamination), and impacts to sensitive ecological resources for each impacted community, or group of impacted communities, as appropriate.
Require future projects to demonstrate consistency with those plans. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A2.1)
Action Number CCC-37
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 29/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Wildfire Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, HMGP,
BRIC
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 337
Mitigation
Action
Conduct a housing condition survey in Impacted Communities to identify units likely requiring upgrades to provide adequate protection from toxic releases. Based on the survey’s findings, target outreach to provide information about weatherization and similar improvement programs. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A2.3) Action Number CCC-38
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2030 Prioritization Score 35/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3 Hazard(s) Mitigated Wildfire Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, HMGP,
FMA, BRIC
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 338
Mitigation
Action
Require that any mitigation of air quality impacts occur onsite to the extent feasible to provide the greatest benefit to local residents. For mitigation that relies on offsets, require that the offsets be obtained from sources as near to the project site as possible. If the project site is within or adjacent to an Impacted Community, require offsets/mitigation within that community unless determined as not feasible by the County. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-P1.6) Action Number CCC-39
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 30/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Wildfire Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 339
Mitigation
Action
Continue to monitor air quality through air quality sensors installed throughout the North Richmond community as part of the Community Air Protection Program (Assembly Bill 617). (2045 General Plan: North Richmond C.P. Policy 5) Action Number CCC-40
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Wildfire Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 340
Mitigation
Action
Review flooding policies and maps in the Contra Costa County General Plan on an annual basis and incorporate best available information regarding 100-, 200-, and 500-year floodplains and projected sea level rise due to climate change. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A5.1)
Action Number CCC-41
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2024 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure, Flood, Sea Level Rise
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County Public Works
Department, Contra Costa County
Flood Control and Water
Conservation District
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 341
Mitigation
Action
Establish countywide protection priorities for vulnerable communities and their populations identified to be at high risk of displacement from future flooding and sea level rise in the Contra Costa County Vulnerability Assessment or the best available climate science data and use regional funding mechanisms to plan and implement protection measures in these locations or for these populations. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A5.2) Action Number CCC-42
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Drought, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC,
HMGP, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 342
Mitigation
Action
Amend the Floodplain Management Ordinance to address hazardous material storage. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A5.3)
Action Number CCC-43
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2024 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Flood Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County Public Works
Department, Contra Costa County
Flood Control and Water
Conservation District
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/a
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 343
Mitigation
Action
Improve and maintain stormwater infrastructure to prevent flooding in the Pacheco community. (2045 General Plan: Action Pacheco C.P. Policy 8)
Action Number CCC-44
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Flood, Sea Level Rise Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County Public Works
Department, Contra Costa County
Flood Control and Water
Conservation District
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC,
HMGP, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 344
Mitigation
Action
Undertake drainage improvements to reduce local flooding problems in the Vine Hill/Mountain View community. Additionally, to the extent feasible, incorporate “green streets” principles in the design of such projects. (2045 General Plan: Vine Hill and Mountain View C.P. Action 2)
Action Number CCC-45
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score 38/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Flood, Sea Level Rise Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County Public Works
Department, Contra Costa County
Flood Control and Water
Conservation District
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC,
HMGP, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 345
Mitigation
Action
Coordinate with the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC), cities, and other agencies, organizations, and stakeholders to prepare and adopt a community-driven countywide sea level rise adaptation plan addressing increased flooding and sea level rise that provides unique adaptation options for the entire county shoreline and identifies funding mechanisms for implementation. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A6.3) Action Number CCC-46
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2027 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Flood, Sea Level Rise Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 346
Mitigation
Action
Partner with cities and Contra Costa Transportation Authority (CCTA) to develop and fund a countywide plan to increase the resiliency of roads that will be impacted by sea level rise and tsunamis to ensure emergency responders can get to those in need and that community members, including those that rely on public transit, can continue to reach services. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A6.5)
Action Number CCC-47
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Flood, Sea Level Rise, Tsunami Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC,
HMGP, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 347
Mitigation
Action
Conduct a study of existing development within designated California Tsunami Hazard Areas to determine evacuation and emergency response needs prior to and during a tsunami event. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS- A5.4)
Action Number CCC-48
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score 38/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Tsunami Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County Public Works
Department, Contra Costa County
Flood Control and Water
Conservation District
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
Contra Costa Office of Emergency Services
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC,
HMGP, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 348
Mitigation
Action
Develop a feasibility analysis and implementation plan for sitting community resilience hubs across the county, with attention to Impacted Communities. Identify opportunities for battery storage projects at County facilities. Establish and maintain community resilience hubs with microgrids, education, training opportunities, and other community-focused resources. County emergency planners help enact this strategy by ensuring emergency response plans include climate change disasters such as wildfires, sea level rise, flooding, extreme heat, and drought. (Climate Action and Adaptation Plan NI-3) Action Number CCC-49
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2024 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Severe Weather, Wildfire Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Low
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 349
Mitigation
Action
Partner with cities and public protection agencies to delineate evacuation routes, identifying their capacity, safety, and viability under different hazard scenarios, as well as emergency vehicle routes for disaster response, and where possible, alternate routes where congestion or road failure might reasonably be expected to occur. Update as new information and technologies become available. (2045 General Plan: Health and Safety Element Action HS-A13.1) Action Number CCC-50
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa Transportation
Authority
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
Contra Costa County Office of Emergency
Services
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) All Incorporated Areas
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Medium
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC,
HMGP, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 350
Mitigation
Action
Prioritize roadway infrastructure maintenance and improvement, especially repair of collapsed roadways, in the Alhambra Valley, Reliez Valley, and Briones communities. (2045 General Plan: Alhambra Valley, Reliez Valley & Briones, C.P. Policy 3) Action Number CCC-51
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC,
HMGP, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 351
Mitigation
Action
Improve public roadway infrastructure in a way that balances public safety and the needs of users with the desire to maintain Canyon’s rural character and privacy. (2045 General Plan: Canyon C.P. Policy 5) Action Number CCC-52
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds, BRIC,
HMGP, FMA
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 352
Mitigation
Action
Develop turnarounds needed by emergency vehicles along Pinehurst Road and Canyon Road. (2045 General Plan: Canyon C.P. Action 9)
Action Number CCC-53
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score 30/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost High
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 353
Mitigation
Action
Study the feasibility of adding another access road into the Discovery Bay community to improve safety and disaster response. (2045 General Plan: Discovery Bay C.P. Action 1)
Action Number CCC-54
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix A: Mitigation Actions 354
Mitigation
Action
Proactively address hazards on County-owned land, including removing dead trees, trimming healthy trees, preserving creeks and natural resources, and encourage planting of native trees in the Alamo community. (2045 General Plan: Alamo and Castle Hill C.P. Action 3)
Action Number CCC-55
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2025 Prioritization Score 40/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Climate Change, Dam and Levee Failure,
Drought, Earthquake, Flood, Landslide, Sea Level
Rise, Severe Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization Contra Costa County Public Works Department
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Ongoing Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority High Integration Ideas
(Optional)
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Mitigation
Action
Explore financial assistance programs to help residents maintain and upgrade their homes and implement seismic safety improvements in the Kensington community. (2045 General Plan: Kensington Community Profile Action 3) Action Number CCC-56
Year Initiated /
Anticipated Year
of Initiation
2026 Prioritization Score 29/40
Goal(s) / Objective(s) Addressed Goals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Hazard(s) Mitigated Earthquake Project Status New If Deleted/No Longer
Needed, provide reason. N/A
Benefits
(Loss Avoided) Medium
Lead Agency / Organization
Contra Costa County
Department of Conservation and
Development
Supporting Agency
/ Organization
(If applicable)
N/A
Additional Participating
Jurisdictions (If applicable) N/A
Project Duration Short Term Estimated Cost Low
Potential Funding Source Local Budgeted Funds
If Other, you must
identify a funding source. N/A
Please provide further
details on Potential
Funding Source.
General Fund (Staff Time)
Implementation Priority Medium Integration Ideas
(Optional)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 356
APPENDIX B. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
Contra Costa County engaged with various stakeholders on multiple occasions, to include the Steering Committee during meetings, workshops, and one on one meetings. These stakeholders assisted in identifying hazards, assessing risks and vulnerability, record critical facilities, and develop and prioritize mitigation actions. In addition to sharing technical data, reports, and studies. Contra Costa County understands the importance of stakeholder engagement and that their contribution strengthens the content and outcomes of this Hazard Mitigation Plan.
B.1. STAKEHOLDER AND JURISDICTION INTRODUCTORY WEBINARS A series of four (4) Stakeholder and Jurisdiction Introductory webinar were conducted virtually at the beginning stages of the 2024 Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan update. All potential plan participants and stakeholders (i.e., county and city representatives) were invited to participate in one (1) webinar. The purpose of this webinar was to provide valuable information regarding the FEMA Hazard Mitigation Program directive, and more importantly, demonstrate how participating in this Plan will enable each jurisdiction’s eligibility for FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant programs. The meeting agenda and sign in sheets for each webinar are below.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 357
Webinar Agenda
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 358
September 25, 2024 – Webinar (Session 1) Sign In Sheets
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 359
September 27, 2023 – Webinar (Session 2) Sign In Sheets
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 360
October 3, 2023 – Webinar (Session 3) Sign In Sheets
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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October 4, 2023 – Webinar (Session 4) Sign In Sheets
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 362
B.2. STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING
A total of approximately 16 steering committee members were part of the Hazard Mitigation Plan update process. Table 1-3 in Section 1.5.2 (Steering Committee) outlines the Steering Committee members by jurisdiction/organization, name, and title of position. The first Steering Committee Meeting for the 2024 Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan update was conducted on November 1, 2023, and used an agenda to guide the meeting’s discussion. The meeting agenda and sign in sheets of the Steering Committee Meeting are below.
Steering Committee Meeting Agenda
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 363
Steering Committee Meeting Sign In Sheet
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 364
B.3. STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP
Two (2) Stakeholder Workshops were held in the Contra Costa County Emergency Operation Center on December 4, 2023, and December 6, 2023. The workshops gave each local planning team an opportunity to work with Contra Costa County OES to identify local hazards and areas of concern, review previously identified mitigation actions, develop future mitigation projects, prioritize mitigation projects moving forward and update thei r jurisdiction’s annex of the 2024 Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP). The workshop agenda and sign in sheets are below. All participating jurisdictions were able to attend at least one (1) of the workshops.
Stakeholder Workshops Agenda
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 365
December 4, 2023 – Stakeholder Workshop (Session 1) Sign In Sheets Location: Contra Costa County EOC – 1850 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 367
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 368
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 369
December 6, 2023 – Stakeholder Workshop (Session 2) Sign-In Sheets Location: Contra Costa County EOC – 1850 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 370
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 374
Photos Stakeholder Workshops
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 375
B.4. MULTI-AGENCY COORDINATION MEETING
The Hazard Mitigation Plan update was presented and discussed during the Contral Costa County Operational Area Multi -Agency Coordination (MAC) meeting, which occurs monthly, on November 1, 2023. Table B-1 lists the MAC members by jurisdiction/organization, name, and title.
Table B-1. Multi-Agency Coordination (MAC) Members List Name Department Title
Aaron Osorio City of Richmond Fire Department Battalion Chief Adam Springer Contra Costa County Health Services - Hazardous Material Acting Assistant Director
Adeline Ford PBF Energy LLC Refinery Water Environmental Engineer A.J. "Tony" Semenza Community Awareness and Emergency Response Executive Director Alana Weissman Contra Costa County Animal Services Department Lieutenant Aaron McAlister Contra Costa County Fire Protection District Deputy Fire Chief Anthony Morales Contra Costa County Water District
Anthony Morefield City of Antioch Police Department Interim Chief Angelina Camacho Lone Tree Post Acute Skilled Nursing Facility Ann Elliot Contra Costa County Human Resources Department Director of Human Resources Allan Shields Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff- Danville Police Department Chief of Police- Lieutenant
Aimee Vitug-Hom VistAbility Program Director
Jessica Azevedo City of Walnut Creek Permit Center Supervisor Ben Alldritt Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff- Lafayette Police Department Chief
Baraka Carter CAL Fire Deputy Chief of Operations -
Santa Clara Unit
Steven Beall Rodeo Sanitary District District Manager
Bear Heartly Contra Costa County Department of Information Technology GIS Manager
Brian Helmick Contra Costa County Fire Protection District Fire Chief Brian Hill Pleasant Hill Police Department Police Chief Bill Reid County Veterans Service Office Department Head Agency Contact Bethel Island Municipal Improvement District General Manager Ben Keizer Contra Costa County Health Services EMS
Blake Johnson Bradford Reclamation District 2059 District Engineer Blanca Gutierrez Contra Costa Crisis Center- 211 211 Resource Manager Brian Leonard City of Pleasant Hill Police Department Lieutenant - Support Services Brian Musser Byron School District Maintenance and Operations Lead
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Name Department Title
Bob Ferronato California Department of Transportation Maintenance Manager 1 Beatriz Portillo Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff OES Emergency Planning Coordinator
Brad Mustard Caltrans District 4 Hazmat Manager
EMS Branch
Brandon Lum California Office of Emergency Services Maritime Intelligence Brian Balbas Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Director Brian Garcia National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Warning Coordination Meteorologist
Briana Taylor American Red Cross Board Member
Brooke Converse Contra Costa County Library Public Information Officer Brian Sliger Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff Lieutenant - Courts Claudia Ramirez The Society of St. Vincent de Paul of Contra Costa County Executive Director
Carolyn Halstenson Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Purchasing Caryn Thornburg Tenet Health Director Plant Operations
Cliff Buxton City of San Ramon Emergency Management
Analyst
Alexandra McMullen Contra Costa County Hazardous Materials Programs Clerical Supervisor Chau Vo Contra Costa County Health Services
Christy Saxton Contra Costa County Health Services Director of Health, Housing and Homeless Services
Christine Koehne San Ramon Valley Unified School District Special Needs Liason/ Educational Services
Carol McCrary VistAbility Director of Operations
United Way Bay Area General Contact
Brian Craig Rodeo-Hercules Fire Department Fire Chief
Connie Sanders Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff Lieutenant - Watch Commander
Colby LaPlace Solano County Environmental Health Sr. Hazardous Materials Specialist
Constance
Slessinger
Contra Costa County Employment & Human
Services Department Manager, Procurement & Fleet
Caitlin Sly Meals on Wheels Executive Director
Chris Wynkoop City of Pinole Fire Department Fire Chief Cora Young Contra Costa County Employment & Human
Services Department
Emergency and Safety
Coordinator
Dally Aleman Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Purchasing Dan Peddycord Contra Costa County Health Services Chief Climate & Health Policy Officer
Dante Nomellini Jr. Central Delta Water Agency
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Name Department Title
David Brockbandk Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development Principal Planner
David Cook East Bay Municipal Utility District Manager of Security and Emergency Preparedness
David Despain Caltrans (Department of Transportation) Maintenance Manager II David Woodard East Bay Municipal Utility District Manager, Regulatory Compliance
Danielle Bell San Ramon Valley Fire Protection District Community Risk Reduction Educator / CERT Coordinator
David Biggs City of Orinda City Manager
Dave Christensen Milestone California-Based Investment Company Co-Founder and Managing Principle
Denton Carlson City of San Ramon Captain - Virtual SRPD Dean Colombo Crockett-Carquinez Fire Department Fire Chief Debi Cooper Contra Costa County Clerk-Recorder Clerk-Recorder and Registrar of Voters
Debra Strawther Delta View Post Acute Care Skilled Nursing Facility Desbele Gebre Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Senior Buyer David Hall Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff Captain - Training Mike Alvarez Reclamation District District Manager
Michael Butier California Department of Social Services - Disaster Services Branch State FAST Coordinator
Diane Maltester Contra Costa Interfaith Coalition & Council Chair Daniel Mcnamara San Ramon Valley Fire Protection District SRM Battalion Chief David Nielson Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff Communications Contra Costa County Health Services
Doug Pittman City of Martinez Emergency Management
Analyst
Doug Pittman City of San Pablo Police Department Emergency Services Manager Deanne Pearn Contra Costa Crisis Center - Hope Solutions Executive Director David Peters Dublin San Ramon Services District Safety Officer Dennis Rein Moraga-Orinda Fire District Public Information Officer David Shroer City of Brentwood Police Department Police Lieutenant Dave Winnacker Moraga Orinda Fire Fire Chief
Dylan Radke Contra Costa County Council
Emelia Gabriele Contra Costa County Employment & Human
Services Department
Director of Administration
Services
Mark Jelonek Chevron Refinery Division Chief of Emergency Response/Planning/Training
Eric McQuoid Contra Costa County Office of the Sherriff OES Captain 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 378
Name Department Title
Enid Mendoz Contra Costa County CAO Senior Deputy CAO
Eric Presser MOTCO Military Ocean Terminal Concord Emergency Manager Erika Jenssen Contra Costa County Health Services Deputy Director Erinn Riley Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff
911 County
Coordinator/Dispatch
Supervisor
Rev. Will McGarvey Interfaith Council of Contra Costa County Executive director Kevin Finn Central Contra Costa Transit Authority Procurement Garrett Thomsen California Office of Emergency Services Coastal Region Response Geoffrey Martin Contra Costa Health Services - Emergency Medical Services Pre-Hospital Care Coordinator
Gred Kogler City of Pleasant Hill Police Department Captain Glen Kimball Contra Costa County TV Community and Media Relations Specialist
Greg Baer Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Director of Airports Glorian Sasser Moraga-Orinda Fire District Administrative Services Director
Food Bank of Contra Costa and Solano
Major Gwyn Jones Concord Corps. - The Salvation Army Commanding Officer Huma Abbasi Chevron Chief Medical Officer
Heather Hackett Futures-Explored
Heidi Benenson East Bay Municipal Utility District
Emergency Preparedness and
Business Continuity
Administrator
Nate Hershey MBK Engineers - Reclamation Districts 830, 2025, 2026, 2137 District Engineer
Hannah Michaelson The Care Parent Network Program Director Ilana Israel-Samuels San Ramon Valley Unified School District Public Information Officer Jonas Aguiar San Ramon Valley Fire Protection District Battalion Chief James Lambert The Permanente Medical Group Service Line Director Jane Andriotti Contra Costa County Animal Services Department Captain / Field Services Unit Brian Janowiak BMK Engineers Supervising Engineer
Jason Crapo Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development
Deputy Director (Building
Division)
James Barnhill Crockett Community Services District Sanitary Department Manager Joe Bingaman City of Pinole Public Works Manager
Jennifer Cannon Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff- Community Warning System
Emergency Planning
Coordinator-CWS
Jose Castrejon City of El Cerrito Fire Department Battalion/Training Chief, Fire Operations
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Name Department Title
Julie Cavallero Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff- Community Warning System
Community Warning System
Manager
John Cornell City of Lafayette Police Department Police Services Assistant Jeff Krieger City of Concord Police Department Lieutenant Jennifer Hopkins Contra Costa County Department of Information Technology
Assistant Chief Information
Officer
Jeremy Hough John Muir Health Director
Jeremy Rogers City of Pinole Community Services Director John Fortner City of Antioch Police Department Lieutenant Jeff Gove Bay Area Air Quality Management District Director of Compliance and Enforcement
James Ferris P66 Rodeo Refinery Fire Chief
James Matzorkis Port of Richmond Executive Director
Jeff Isaacs Moraga-Orinda Fire District Fire Marshal
James Larot Contra Costa Water District Operations Control Administrator
John Kan Lee Regional Center of the East Bay Emergency Coordinator Specialist
Jimmy Lee Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff Public Information Officer J.B Morris Food Bank of Contra Costa and Solano Logistics Manager Joanne.Chiu Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development
Senior Planner, East Contra
Costa County Habitat
Conservancy
Jocelyn LaRocque Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Division Manager Jocelyn Stortz Contra Costa County Environmental Health Director of Environmental Health
Jody London Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development Sustainability Coordinator
Joe Yee Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Deputy Director John Cunningham Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development Transportation Planner
John F. Jones CocoKids Executive Director
John Wiggins Contra Costa County Environmental Health Supervising Environmental Health Specialist
Joseph Bateman Valero Energy Corporation Operations Supervisor Joe Piro Contra Costa Water District Response Project Manager Independent Living Resources
Josph Vasquez Hercules Police Department Chief
Karl Fischer Contra Costa County Health Services Community and Media Relations Specialist
Kelly Batson United Way Bay Area Senior Administrator
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Name Department Title
Kelly Kalfsbeek Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Community and Media Relations Coordinator
Katie Haun Athoc/Blackberry Account Relations Manager
Kim McCarl Contra Costa County Health Services Communications Officer Kevin Janes City of El Cerrito Fire Department Battalion Chief Kristi Jourdan Contra Costa County Office of Communications and Media
Director, Office of
Communications and Media
Kristian Lucas Contra Costa County Health Services Assistant Director of Environmental Health
Lara DeLaney Contra Costa County CAO Senior Deputy County Administrator
Lavonna Martin Contra Costa County Health Services Deputy Director of Health Services
Lesley Garcia Contra Costa Crisis Center - 211 Contra Costa Director of Programs Lewis Broshard Contra Costa County Fire Protection District Fire Chief Lon Goestch Contra Costa County Fire Protection District Assistant Fire Chief - C Shift Lorena Herrera Contra Costa County Office of the Sherriff OES Senior Emergency Planning Coordinator
Lissette Davis Contra Costa County Office of Communications and Media
Community and Relations
Specialist
Liz Dietz Red Cross
Disaster Health Services
Manager / Disability Integration
Regional Lead
Lucas Lambert Moraga-Orinda Fire District Battalion - Chief Lynn Mackey Contra Costa Office of Education County Superintendent of Schools
Leslie Monroy Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff- Community Warning System
Emergency Planning
Coordinator-CWS
Les Putnam Pacific Gas & Electric Public Safety Specialist Lucy Zhou City of Richmond Port Marketing/ Operations
Manager
Lulis Lopez Contra Costa County Treasurer-Tax Collector Contra Costa County Auditor Controllers Office
Mark Whitlock BI Safety Committee
Manly Moulton City of Richmond Fire Department Battalion Chief Marc Shorr Contra Costa County Department of Information Technology Chief Information Officer
Marianne Iversen Down Syndrome Connection of the Bay Area Director of Teen and Adult Services
Marshall Bennett Contra Costa County Health Services - Emergency Services
Director of Emergency Medical
Services
Mathais Wakefield California Department of Social Services Matt Kaufmann Contra Costa County Health Services Deputy Director Matthew Slattengren Contra Costa County Agriculture / Weights and Measures
Ag Commissioner/Weights and
Measures Director
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 381
Name Department Title
Maureen Toms Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development
Deputy Director, Policy
Planning
Matt Avery City of Pinole Police Department Public Information Officer Lieutenant
Megan Benveniste Contra Costa County Office of the Sherriff OES Clerk Michael Casten Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff Undersheriff Joshua McMurray City of Oakley City Manager
Micki Cronin City of Orinda Sr. Management Analyst
Rebecca Melvin City of Walnut Creek
Office Specialist - Risk
Management, Emergency
Management, City Attorney's
Office
Maria Lupita
Mendoza Sutter Delta Medical Center Safety Officer
Michael Brill BART Police Department Manager of Emergency Preparedness
Michael Callanan Contra Costa County Health Services CORE Outreach Coordinator Michael Dossey Contra Costa County Health Services - Hazardous Material
Accidental Release Prevention
Engineer
Michael Miller Martinez Refining Company Fire Department Fire Chief/Safety Supervisor Michael Tognolini East Bay Municipal Utility District Director of Water and Natural Resources
Michelle Heckle University of San Francisco
Division Commander -
Homeland Security Emergency
Management
Michael Hendley Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority Transportation Services Manager
Scott Mitchell County Connection Chief Operating Officer Mark Johnson Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff Lieutenant Melissa Klawuhn Contra Costa County Office of the Sherrif Assistant Sheriff Monica Nino Contra Costa County Clerk Administrators Office Chief Officer Morgan March DOIT County GIS GIS Technician
Mike Quesada Contra Costa County Fire Protection District A Shift Duty Officer Mark Bennett Martinez Refinery Safety Supervisor
Meera Sreenivasan Contra Costa Health Services
Deputy Health Officer /
Communicable Disease
Controller
Monica Stoeffl California Resiliency Alliance Executive Director Marla Stuart Contra Costa County Department Employment & Human Services Department Director
NWS - SF Bay Area National Weather Service Meteorologist Miki Tsubota Contra Costa Water District Director of Public Works Nancy Navarro PBF Energy Security Manager
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Name Department Title
Natalie Manier American Red Cross Disaster Program Manager Danielle Navarro City of Oakley Assistant City Manager
Neil Baranik Solvay Process Engineer
Nicole Benty CAL Fire Diablo Battalion Battalion Chief Nicole Heath Contra Costa County Health Services Acting Director of Hazardous Materials Programs
Nate McCormack Town of Danville Emergency Services Manager Noah Brownlow City of Richmond Fire Department Battalion Chief Nanette Wellman Contra Costa County District Attorney DA Manager of Law Offices Ori Tzvieli Contra Costa County Health Services Health Officer/Public Health Director
Patti Tran California Department of Social Services Mass Care and Shelter Coordinator
Paul Keith El Cerrito Police Department Chief
Patrick Salmaid City of Martinez Police Department Lieutenant Pace Stokes Alameda County Sheriff's Office of Emergency Services Captain
Jeanet Lara Moraga Public Works Senior Administrative Assistant Rebecca Ramirez Rodeo-Hercules Fire Protection District Fire Chief Ryndie Azevedo City of Walnut Creek Risk Management Administrative Analyst 1 Regina Espinoza Bethel Island Municipal Improvement District District Manager Rich McEachin City of Clayton Police Chief
Rick Kovar Contra Costa County Office of the Sherriff OES Emergency Services Manager Ron Marley San Ramon Valley Fire Protection District Emergency Preparedness Coordinator
Ramsay Mashy California Autism Foundation Director of Quality Assurance and Community Services
Rob Thompson Westcat Public Transportation Services General Manager Robbie Morris Corteva Agriscience ER&S Specialist/Fire Chief Independent Living Resources
Ronald Maria California State Lands Commission Assistant Chief Marine Environmental Protection
Bret Prebula City of Clayton Interim City Manager
Ronda Boler Contra Costa County Treasurer-Tax Collector Executive Secretary to the Treasurer - Tax Collector
Ron Halog ILRSCC (Independent Living Resources Solano and Contra Costa County
Emergency Preparedness
Coordinator
Ryan Sullivan City of Orinda Police Chief
Russ Norris City of Concord Police Department Sergeant
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Name Department Title
Russell Milburn Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Airport Division
Assistant Director of Airports -
Operations
Russell Watts Contra Costa County Treasurer Treasurer-Tax Collector Ruth Adams Contra Costa County Health Services Branch Coordinator Ruth Raisner Contra Costa County Health Services Medical Countermeasures Coordinator
Steve Albanese City of Pittsburg Police Department Captain Salma Sadiq Contra Costa County Human Resources Department Employee Benefits Analyst Scott Joseph Chevron Refinery Fire Fighter
Steve Devine City of Martinez Senior Management Analyst Shanon Winston Contra Costa County Risk Management Safety Services Specialist Shasa Curl City of Richmond City Manager
Shirell Naidu California Department of Social Services
Emergency Services
Coordinator / Regional Mass
Care Coordinator for Region II
Shawn Knapp Moraga Public Works Director of Public Works, Town Engineer
Sefanit Mekuria Contra Costa County Health Services Deputy Health Director Sonnet Rodriguez Reclamation District 800 (Byron Tract) District Manager Stan Massie American Red Cross Leadership Council Chair Stephen W. Griswold
III Office of Supervisor Diane Burgis District Representative Stephen Terrin Metropolitan Transportation Commission Emergency Coordinator Steve Burdo Contra Costa County Animal Services Department Public Information Office Public Information
Officer Contra Costa County Fire Protection District Public Information Officer Susan Vasquez City of Antioch Principal Executive Assistant City Manager’s Office
Terrence Cotcher East Bay Regional Park District Lieutenant of Police Ted Asregadoo Contra Costa District Attorney's Office Public Information Officer Tish Gallegos Employment & Human Services Department Community Relations/Media Division Manager / PIO
Tim Jenson Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Assistant Public Works Director Timothy Ellsworth Contra Costa County Health Services Environmental Health Specialist
Tim Ewell Contra Costa County CAO Chief Assistant County Administrator
Tim Herbert City of Brentwood Police Department Captain Todd Fitsimmons Contra Costa County Department of Conservation and Development Senior Planner
Trish Beirne City of Concord Emergency & Volunteer
Services Manager
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 384
Name Department Title
Uriel Diaz Tri Delta Transit
Special Projects Analyst/
Emergency Operations Center
Manager
Warren Lai Contra Costa County Department of Public Works Deputy Director Zuna Baker Portillo City of Pittsburg Environmental Health and Safety Officer
Lilia Corona Mountain View Sanitary District General Manager Lance Littlejohn Contra Costa County VOAD VOAD Lead
Cole Robyn California Office of Emergency Services Emergency Services Coordinator
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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B.5. WHOLE COMMUNITY
Contra Costa County provided key stakeholders with an opportunity to be involved in the planning process. This included, but was not limited to, sharing information and input to inform the Plan’s content; assist with targeted outreach and engagement, especially for the underserved communities ; and review and feedback on the Plan during the plan comment period. Stakeholders are individuals or groups that a mitigation action or policy affects and involving them in the planning process helps obtain support for the Plan and identify barriers to carry out hazard mitigation.
The following stakeholder types were provided with an opportunity to be part of the planning process.
• Local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities (e.g., public works, emergency management, local floodplain administration and GIS departments). • Agencies that have the authority to regulate development (e.g., zoning, planning, community and economic development departments, building officials, planning, commissions and other elected officials).
• Neighboring communities (e.g., adjacent local governments, including special districts and tribes, that are affected by similar hazard events. They also may share a mitigation action or project that crosses jurisdictional boundaries).
• Businesses, academia, and other private interests (e.g., private utilities, chambers of commerce, dam owners, local or regional educational centers within the jurisdiction, or major employers that sustain community lifelines).
• Nonprofit organizations, including community -based organizations that work directly with and/or provide support to underserved communities and socially vulnerable populations (e.g., faith- based organizations, disability agencies or non-governmental organizations, rural support agencies, health and social services departments, housing agencies and housing advocacy groups.
The stakeholders that were provided an opportunity to participate in the planning process, including review and feedback of the draft Plan, for the Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan are listed below in no particular order.
Local and Regional Agencies
Alameda County Sheriff’s OES Contra Costa County Mosquito and Vector Control District
Bay Area Air Quality Management District Contra Costa County Office of Communication and Media
Cal OES Contra Costa County Office of Education
CalFire Contra Costa County Office of Restorative Equity and Social Justice
California Department of Parks and Recreation Contra Costa County Office of the Sheriff California Department of Social Services Contra Costa County Probation California Department of Transportation
(Caltrans) Contra Costa County Risk Management
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 386
Local and Regional Agencies
California Department of Water Resources Contra Costa County Transportation Authority California Highway Patrol Contra Costa County Treasurer-Tax Collector California State Lands Commission Contra Costa County Veteran Services Office Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority Contra Costa County Volunteer Organizations Aiding in Disaster
Central Delta Water Agency Contra Costa County Water District Contra Costa County Administrator’s Office Contra Costa Regional Medical Center Contra Costa County Airport Dublin San Ramon Services District Contra Costa County Animal Services
Department East Bay Municipal Utility District
Contra Costa County Auditor – Controller East Bay Regional Park District Contra Costa County Clerk-Recorder Golden Gate, Bridge, Highway and Transportation District
Contra Costa County Counsel Metropolitan Transportation Commission Contra Costa County Department of Agriculture Military Ocean Terminal Concord Contra Costa County Department of
Conservation and Development National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Contra Costa County Department of Information
Technology National Weather Service
Contra Costa County Department of Public
Works Rodeo Sanitary District
Contra Costa County District Attorney’s Office State Water Resources Control Board Contra Costa County Employment & Human
Services Department Tri Delta Transit
Contra Costa County Health Services West Contra Costa Transit Authority Contra Costa County Human Resources
Department WestCAT
Contra Costa County Library
Agencies that have the Authority to Regulate Development Contra Costa County Department of Conservation
Development Contra Costa Local Agency Formation Commission
Neighboring Communities
Alameda County Bouldin Island Reclamation District
City of Antioch Reclamation District No. 2059 (Bradford Island) City of Concord Byron-Bethany Irrigation District
City of Pittsburg Crockett Community Services District
Marin County Crockett-Carquinez Fire Department
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Appendix B: Stakeholder Engagement 387
Neighboring Communities
Sacramento County Moraga-Orinda Fire District
San Joaquin County Reclamation District No. 800 (Byron Tract) Solano County
Yolo County
Nonprofit Organizations
American Red Cross Futures Explored
California Autism Foundation Independent Living Resources – Solano and Contra Costa Counties
California Resiliency Alliance Inter-Tribal Council of California Care Parent Network La Familia Counseling
CARESTAR Foundation Loaves and Fishes – Contra Costa County Carlton Senior Living Meals on Wheels
CocoKids Monument Crisis Center
Community Awareness and Emergency Response Regional Center of the East Bay Concord Corps. – The Salvation Army Richmond Community Foundation Contra Costa County Crisis Center - 211 Society of St. Vincent de Paul of Contra Costa County Contra Costa County Crisis Center – Hope Solutions United Way Bay Area Interfaith Council of Contra Costa County VistAbility
Down Syndrome Connection of the Bay Area
Businesses, Academia, and Other Private Organizations
AC Transit Global Medical Response
Amtrak John Muir Behavioral Health
AtHoc/Blackberry Kaiser Permanente Hospital
Bloomfield Cherries Lone Tree Post Acute Skilled Nursing Facility BMK Engineers Marathon Petroleum
BNSF Railway Martinez Refinery Company/PBF Energy
Brenden Theater Milestone California-Based Investment Company Byron School District MV Transportation
California State University Pacific Gas & Electric
Canyon Elementary School ** Philips 66 Rodeo Refinery
Chevron Refinery Shell Oil Company
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Businesses, Academia, and Other Private Organizations
Contra Costa County Community College District Sutter Delta Medical Center Contra Costa Event Park – Contra Costa County Fair Tenet Health Corteva University of San Francisco
County Connection Transportation and Link
Paratransit Services Valero Energy Corporation
Delta View Post Acute Care Skilled Nursing Facility Vituity EcoServices
Food Bank of Contra Costa and Solano
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
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APPENDIX C. PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
The mitigation planning process promotes awareness of hazard risks and continues the conversation about the community’s safety and resilience. A hazard mitigation plan generates additional community support when it accurately reflects the values and priorities of the community which will lead to successfully implementing the mitigation actions and projects identified in this Plan.
Federal regulations for mitigation plan approval require that stakeholders and the general public are given opportunities to be involved in the p lan’s development and update process. Input from community members can strengthen the content and outcomes of the hazard mitigation plan. Furthermore, the plan must state continued public engagement as the Plan is carried out during its lifetime.
A public outreach strategy outlines what the community intends to achieve throughout the outreach efforts. Additionally, it identifies who to involve in the process, and how and when to effectively engage the community. Every plan participant can employ a slightly tailored engagement strategy that suits their community’s demographics, including the underserved population, and needs in addition to the lead jurisdiction’s engagement strategy.
Contra Costa County stakeholders and the public were given a number of opportunities to be involved throughout the planning process. Opportunities were provided via a public survey, in-person and virtual public meetings, and public engagement activities to review the Plan draft (i.e., public comment period).
Contra Costa County and its plan participants ensured that the stakeholder and public engagement was meaningful and productive. Additionally, the County coordinated social media, website, and news media efforts that participating jurisdictions were able to leverage within their respective outreach activities throughout the planning process. Examples of how Contra Costa County successfully used different types of outreach methods, as outlined in FEMA’s Local Mitigation Planning Handbook, are listed in Table C-1.
Table C-1. Contra Costa County Outreach Methods
Method Purpose Description
Community Events Inform
Host a booth at a fair or other event where the community will gather. Use the booth to teach residents about preparing for natural hazards. Share materials on related topics with visitors. Consider games, giveaways or other incentives as ways to engage at the event.
Interviews Consult
Host a series of structured discussions. They could be
telephone or face-to-face interviews with leaders and
representatives from each of the county’s communities, school districts, and the public. This could help to identify hazards of concern and potential mitigation measures.
News Media Inform
Work with local media outlets, including television, radio and print media partners. They can prepare stories that promote broad public involvement.
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Method Purpose Description
Public Meetings Inform, Involve
Through a participating jurisdiction’s Corporate
Communications and Marketing Office, email newsletters
soliciting input on draft plan documents and public meeting attendance. Distribution lists could include government agencies, businesses, and civic organizations.
Send public meeting details to all city and county employees.
Also, post them to the community’s online public events calendar. Add them to live tickers that scroll across the bottom of the local government access television channel as well.
Share live coverage of public input meetings and let residents share their questions or comments by email.
Presentation to
Governing Bodies Inform
Share the status of the plan with the board of county
commissioners or similar governing body. These meetings should be public, and an announcement of the plan agenda item should be included in the announcement of the public meeting.
Questionnaires/
Surveys Consult
Use a survey to get information from people who could not attend the public meetings. Post the survey to your
community’s social media account(s). Ask local officials to give out copies of the survey. Have copies available for residents at municipal offices. Those offices can also post an electronic version on their websites.
Where applicable, create questionnaires/surveys in multiple languages.
Roundtables/Forums Collaborate
Sponsor a public forum to get ideas from residents on how to reduce the risk of natural hazards. This could be the main event for teaching the public. It is also a chance to let the public add to the plan’s action items. The resulting ideas may inform the jurisdiction’s planning team about risks, strengths, weaknesses and opportunities.
Social Media Inform, Involve
Make a mitigation plan Facebook page, Twitter account, or Instagram account. The page or account can include small video clips of community leaders talking about the need for mitigation planning. The page or account can also link to your questionnaire/survey.
Use the page or account to hold raffles or giveaways. This will help to support participation. For example, you may post that “All those who participate and share feedback through this page or account will be entered into a drawing.”
Area-Specific
Meetings Involve
Host small, area-specific meetings twice each year. You can hold them at public libraries and other public venues. These meetings give you a chance to share reading materials. They can educate residents on actions they can take to mitigate natural hazards, save lives and prevent property damage.
These meetings can also gather input on making the
mitigation process more effective.
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Method Purpose Description
Website Involve, Consult
You can use a website to promote the mitigation plan by sharing:
• What hazard mitigation planning is.
• A list of who is involved in the local planning process. • How the plan update process works.
• Information about future stakeholder meetings and
chances for public involvement.
You can share contact information for questions or comments.
Downloads available from the site could include copies of the existing
Outreach Purpose Definitions:
Inform: To provide the public with balanced and objective information to assist them in understanding the problem, alternatives, opportunities and/or solutions.
Consult: To obtain public feedback on analysis, alternatives and/or decisions.
Involve: To work directly with the public throughout the process to ensure that public concerns and aspirations are consistently understood and considered.
Collaborate: To partner with the public in each aspect of the decision, including the development of alternatives and the identification of the preferred solution.
Empower: To place final decision making in the hands of the public.
Public engagement participation and supporting documentation for each plan participant can be found in their respective annexes.
How Public Input was Incorporated into the Plan
Information and feedback gained through the public survey, public meetings, and public comment period provided valuable data to validate and confirm the risk assessment findings and potential mitigation strategies. Specifically, feedback from the public offered during the public meetings offered greater insights into the public’s concerns regarding specific hazards and their impacts. The public also offered specific initiatives they felt would create greater resiliency for the County and its residents.
Survey results helped validate the hazards included in the Plan, the hazard ranking process, and areas where the County and jurisdictions could further improve outreach and education efforts. Open-ended responses, specifically regarding their experience with damages from past hazards, helped to validate hazard-specific impact data in Chapter 4 (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) . These, and related findings, helped the Core P lanning Team and local planning teams determine meaningful mitigation projects.
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C.1. PUBLIC MEETINGS
Contra Costa County OES hosted three (3) public meetings throughout the County on December 4, 2023, December 5, 2023, and December 6, 2023. Two (2) public meetings were conducted in hybrid format with the public having the option to attend in person or virtually (i.e., Zoom, live stream). These meetings allowed the County to introduce the Plan update, identify additional hazards of concern that should be included, if any, and to provide input for the various mitigation measures intended to eliminate or reduce the negative impact to those hazards. Language translation assistance in Spanish was available in all public meetings.
During the Public Meetings, forms were provided to each participant to identify and describe how the identified hazards for Contra Costa County have impacted (or could impact) their place of residence and/or work, municipality, or organization. Additionally, participants were asked to provide mitigation actions/ideas and to identify additional hazards of concern. Although highly encouraged, these form s were voluntary and confidential.
Public Meeting Calendar
December 2023
Date Monday, December 4th Tuesday, December 5th
Event Name Public Meeting #1 Public Meeting #2
Location Contra Costa County Auditorium
1850 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553
San Pablo Community Center
2450 Road 20, San Pablo, CA 94806
Outreach Method Public Meetings, Roundtable/Forums Public Meetings, Roundtable/Forums Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve, Collaborate Inform, Involve, Collaborate Targeted Population
Countywide (Access and Functional
Needs, Age, Ethnicity, High Poverty,
Limited Access to a Vehicle, Limited
English Proficiency)
Countywide (Access and Functional
Needs, Age, Ethnicity, High Poverty,
Limited Access to a Vehicle, Limited
English Proficiency)
Accommodations Provided After Hours, Spanish Speaking Available, Virtual Options
After Hours, Spanish Speaking Available,
Virtual Options
Date Wednesday, December 6th
Event Name Public Meeting #3
Location Oakley City Council Chambers
3231 Main Street Oakley, CA 94561
Outreach Method Public Meetings, Roundtable/Forums
Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve, Collaborate
Targeted Population Countywide (Access and Functional Needs, Age, Ethnicity, High Poverty, Limited Access to a Vehicle, Limited English Proficiency)
Accommodations Provided After Hours, Spanish Speaking Available
The public meeting forms samples, agendas, sign in sheets are below.
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Hazard Assessment Form
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New Mitigation Action Forms
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December 4, 2023 – Public Meeting #1
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December 5, 2023 – Public Meeting #2
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December 6, 2023 – Public Meeting
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Figure C-1 Social Media Posts Samples
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Figure C-2 Contra Costa County Website
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C.2. PUBLIC SURVEY
The 2024 Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Questionnaire (i.e., Public Survey) was available in English, Spanish, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, and Tagalog. The English and Spanish survey opened on October 19, 2023. While the Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, and Tagalog open on November 15, 2023. The Survey was distributed and promoted through a variety of methods such as social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), press releases to the County and 19 city Public Information Officers (PIOs), County Board of Supervisors, and the Bay Area media outlets (e.g., Kron4 and NBC Bay Area). Community organizations and plan participants were critical in connecting county and city residents with the Survey, and Contra Costa County OES used their broad-based distribution lists of community stakeholders to disseminate the Survey to residents and employees. Ultimately, respondents for this Survey were selected from among those who volunteered to participate. No special weighting was done to reflect the demographic composition of the County.
As part of this Survey, Steering Committee members, community representatives, and members of the public were asked to rate each of the hazards in terms of perceived risk. Furthermore, they were asked to rate “mitigation importance” for each of the identified hazards in the Plan. The information gathered from this survey was used to inform the hazard risk prioritization process, and to ensure the Plan adequately addressed the public’s’ concerns and priorities.
The Survey had a total of 32 questions of multiple choice and open-ended questions. In total 1,895 respondents participated in the five (5) surveys. To ensure all data could be accurately correlated, only the completed (in its entirety) survey was used in this report . In some situations, the respondent chose not to answer one (1) or more questions which is why some discrepancies exist in the total number of responses per question. Table C-1 provides a breakdown of the Survey responses for each language.
Table C-2. Survey Response Summary
Survey Status
Total
English Spanish Tagalog Traditional
Chinese
Simplified
Chinese
Completed 1,365 18 2 1 1
Partial 476 21 0 1 0
Disqualified* 9 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 1,850 39 2 2 1
*A survey response is Disqualified when the respondent selects “No, I do not live or work in Contra Costa County.” for question 1.
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Figure C-3 Social Media and Website Posts Samples
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Survey Results
NOTE: This is the redacted version of the Survey. Open-ended responses from the public were NOT included in this version to ensure confidentiality and privacy.
Question 1: Do you live and/or work in Contra Costa County? Please select the best answer that applies to your current situation.
Value Percent Total Responses
Yes, I live in Contra Costa County. 61.8% 1,091
Yes, I live and work in Contra Costa County. 31.3% 553
Yes, I live in Contra Costa County, but work in another county. 3.6% 64
Yes, I work in Contra Costa County, but live in another county. 2.5% 45
No, I do not live or work in Contra Costa County. 0.4% 7 I do not know 0.3% 6
TOTAL 1,766
Yes, I live in Contra
Costa County.
62%
Yes, I live and work
in Contra Costa
County.
31%
Yes, I live in Contra
Costa County, but
work in another
county.
4%
Yes, I work in
Contra Costa
County, but live in
another county.
3%
No, I do not live or
work in Contra Costa
County.
0%
I do not know.
0%
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Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Yes, I live in Contra Costa County. 54.5% 18
Yes, I live and work in Contra Costa County. 36.4% 12
Yes, I live in Contra Costa County, but work in another county. 6.1% 2
Yes, I work in Contra Costa County, but live in another county. 3.0% 1
No, I do not live or work in Contra Costa County. 54.5% 18 I do not know 36.4% 12
TOTAL 33
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Question 2: Approximately how many years have you lived in Contra Costa County?
Value Percent Total Responses
0-2 years 4.1% 68
3-5 years 7.4% 124
6-10 years 9.6% 161
11-20 years 14.2% 239
21 or more years 64.2% 1,078
Not Applicable 0.4% 6
I do not know 0.2% 3
TOTAL 166
0 -
2 years
4%
3 -
5 years
7%
6 -
10 years
10%
11 -
20 years
14%
21 or more years
64%
Not Applicable
1%
I
Do Not Know
0%
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Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
0-2 years 10.7% 3
3-5 years 7.1% 2
6-10 years 17.9% 5
11-20 years 17.9% 5
21 or more years 46.4% 13
TOTAL 28
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Question 3: Approximately how many years have you worked in Contra Costa County?
Value Percent Total Responses
0-2 years 7.5% 44
3-5 years 14.1% 83
6-10 years 16.6% 98
11-20 years 20.9% 123
21 or more years 40.6% 239
Not Applicable 0.3% 2
I do not know 7.5% 44
TOTAL 589
0 -
2 years
7%
3 -
5 years
14%
6 -
10 years
17%
11 -
20 years
21%
21 or more years
41%
Not Applicable
0%
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Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
0-2 years 18.2% 2
3-5 years 27.3% 3
6-10 years 9.1% 1
11-20 years 27.3% 3
21 or more years 18.2% 2
TOTAL 11
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Question 4: Please indicate which community in Contra Costa County you live in.
Community Percent Total Responses
Acalanes Ridge 0.1% 1
Alamo 1.5% 23
Alhambra Valley 0.1% 2
Antioch 5.2% 80
Bay Point 0.9% 14
Bayview 0.1% 1
Bethel Island/Sandmound Slough 5.0% 76
Blackhawk 0.4% 6
Brentwood 3.7% 57
Briones 0.1% 1
Byron 0.4% 6
Camino Tassajara 0.1% 2
Castle Hill 0.2% 3
Clayton 1.0% 16
Clyde 0.1% 1
Concord 8.0% 123
Contra Costa Centre 0.5% 7
Crockett 0.4% 6
Town of Danville 3.7% 57
Diablo 0.1% 1
Discovery Bay 1.3% 20
East Richmond Heights 0.6% 9
El Cerrito 2.5% 38
El Sobrante 3.5% 54
Hercules 1.6% 24
Kensington 0.9% 14
Knightsen 0.1% 1
Lafayette 2.7% 41
Martinez 14.4% 220
Town of Moraga 2.9% 45
Mountain View 0.2% 3
North Richmond 0.1% 1
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Community Percent Total Responses
Oakley 4.4% 67
Orinda 3.5% 54
Pacheco 0.3% 5
Pinole 2.0% 31
Pittsburg 2.7% 41
Pleasant Hill 2.7% 42
Richmond 5.9% 90
Rodeo 0.8% 12
Rollingwood 0.1% 2
San Pablo 0.9% 14
San Ramon 3.1% 47
Saranap/Parkmead 0.1% 2
Tara Hills 0.1% 2
Vine Hill 0.1% 1
Walnut Creek 10.8% 165
TOTAL 1,528
Spanish Survey Results
Community Percent Total Responses
Antioch 13.8% 4
Brentwood 10.3% 3
Concord 6.9% 2
Hercules 6.9% 2
Martinez 10.3% 3
Oakley 3.4% 1
Richmond 34.5% 10
San Pablo 6.9% 2
San Ramon 6.9% 2
TOTAL 29
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Question 5: Please indicate which community in Contra Costa County you work in.
Community Percent Total Responses
Alamo 0.7% 4
Antioch 8.9% 51
Bay Point 0.3% 2
Bethel Island/Sandmound Slough 1.2% 7
Blackhawk 0.3% 2
Brentwood 3.5% 20
Castle Hill 0.2% 1
Clayton 0.5% 3
Concord 11.3% 65
Contra Costa Centre 0.5% 3
Crockett 0.3% 2
Town of Danville 1.7% 10
Discovery Bay 0.3% 2
El Cerrito 1.4% 8
El Sobrante 0.9% 5
Hercules 1.4% 8
Kensington 0.3% 2
Lafayette 1.6% 9
Martinez 23.7% 136
Town of Moraga 3.0% 17
Mountain View 0.3% 2
North Richmond 0.2% 1
Oakley 3.7% 21
Orinda 1.6% 9
Pacheco 0.5% 3
Pinole 1.7% 10
Pittsburg 1.2% 7
Pleasant Hill 8.0% 46
Richmond 7.1% 41
Rodeo 0.3% 2
Rollingwood 0.2% 1
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Community Percent Total Responses
San Pablo 0.5% 3
San Ramon 1.9% 11
Walnut Creek 10.5% 60
TOTAL 574
Spanish Survey Results
Community Percent Total Responses
Brentwood 18.2% 2
Hercules 9.1% 1
Martinez 18.2% 2
Pittsburg 9.1% 1
Pleasant Hill 9.1% 1
Richmond 27.3% 3
San Ramon 9.1% 1
TOTAL 11
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Question 6: Please indicate what type of device(s) you use to access the internet. Select ALL that apply.
Value Percent Total Responses
Computer/laptop at home 89.7% 1,357
Computer/laptop at work/office 41.3% 625
iPad/tablet 51.6% 781
Cellphone 93.8% 1,419
Public computer (e.g., library) 3.5% 53
I do not have access to the Internet 0.2% 3
I do not know 0.2% 3
Other 1.1% 17
89.7 %
41.3 %
51.6 %
93.8 %
3.5 %
0.2 %
0.2 %
1.1 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 70
80 90
100
Percent
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Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Computer/laptop at home 75.0% 18
Computer/laptop at work/office 50.0% 12
iPad/tablet 45.8% 11
Cellphone 95.8% 23
Public computer (e.g., library) 0.0% 0
I do not have access to the Internet 0.0% 0
I do not know 0.0% 0
Other 4.2% 1
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Question 7: Please indicate those activities you have done to prepare for emergencies and disasters. Please select ALL that apply. I have…
Value Percent Total Responses
an emergency preparedness plan. 39.7% 600
flood Insurance. 9.6% 145
a 72 hour kit/disaster supply kit. 53.4% 807
visited local government website(s) for emergency
preparedness information. 39.6% 598
an evacuation plan. 31.1% 469
a weather radio. 33.4% 505
signed up for emergency alerts for your local
emergency management office (e.g., Harris County). 72.4% 1,093 not taken any preparedness actions. 12.5% 189
Other 8.9% 135
39.7 %
9.6 %
53.4 %
39.6 %
31.1 %
33.4 %
72.4 %
12.5 %
8.9 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 70
80 Percent
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Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
an emergency preparedness plan. 29.2% 7
flood Insurance. 4.2% 1
a 72 hour kit/disaster supply kit. 45.8% 11
visited local government website(s) for emergency
preparedness information. 25.0% 6
an evacuation plan. 37.5% 9
a weather radio. 0.0% 0
signed up for emergency alerts for your local
emergency management office (e.g., Harris County). 50.0% 12 not taken any preparedness actions. 25.0% 6
Other 12.5% 3
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Question 8: Have any of the reasons below prevented you from pursuing additional preparedness activities? Please select ALL that apply.
Value Percent Total Responses
I do not think it will make a difference. 6.9% 100
I do not know what to do. 21.7% 316
I do not have the time. 15.7% 229
It costs too much. 17.3% 252
I do not need to prepare because emergency
responders (e.g., fire, police, etc.) will help me during an emergency.
2.3% 33
None of the above apply to me. 43.6% 634
Other 13.5% 196
6.9 %
21.7 %
15.7 %
17.3 %
2.3 %
43.6 %
13.5 %
0 5
10 15
20 25
30 35
40 45
50 I do not think
it will make a
difference.
I do not
know what to
do.
I do not have
the time.
It costs too
much.
I do not need
to prepare
because
emergency
responders
(e.g., fire,
police, etc.)
None of the
above apply
to me.
Other
(please
describe)
Percent
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Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
I do not think it will make a difference. 0.0% 0
I do not know what to do. 34.8% 8
I do not have the time. 34.8% 8
It costs too much. 21.7% 5
I do not need to prepare because emergency
responders (e.g., fire, police, etc.) will help me during an emergency.
4.3% 1
None of the above apply to me. 13.0% 3
Other 8.7% 2
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Question 9: Please indicate where you go to obtain emergency and disaster preparedness related information? Please select ALL that apply.
Value Percent Total Responses
Municipal (i.e., city, town) government websites 43.6% 657 County government websites 50.5% 761
State government websites 39.0% 587
Federal government websites (e.g., fema.gov,
Ready.gov) 39.6% 596
Web search (e.g., bing.com, google.com) 54.8% 826
Social media (e.g., Facebook, X (formerly known as
Twitter), etc.) 25.6% 385
Voluntary organizations (e.g., American Red Cross,
Salvation Army, etc.) 23.5% 354
Religious organization 4.0% 60
43.6 %
50.5 %
39 %
39.6 %
54.8 %
25.6 %
23.5 %
4 %
25.9 %
14.1 %
0.5 %
0.6 %
24.1 %
17.1 %
0.3 %
18.4 %
30.7 %
9.1 %
4.4 %
1.6 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 Percent
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Value Percent Total Responses
Local English-speaking television 25.9% 390
Local English-speaking radio 14.1% 212
Local Spanish-speaking television 0.5% 8
Local Spanish-speaking radio 0.6% 9
National News (Radio and Television) 24.1% 363
Print Media in English (e.g., newspapers) 17.1% 257
Print Media in Spanish (e.g., newspapers) 0.3% 5
Brochures and Newsletters 18.4% 277
Word of Mouth (e.g., friends, family, co-workers) 30.7% 462 Other (please specify) 9.1% 137
I do not know 4.4% 67
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Municipal (i.e., city, town) government websites 37.5% 9 County government websites 41.7% 10
State government websites 25.0% 6
Federal government websites (e.g., fema.gov,
Ready.gov) 25.0% 6
Web search (e.g., bing.com, google.com) 45.8% 11
Social media (e.g., Facebook, X (formerly known as
Twitter), etc.) 29.2% 7
Contra Costa County Community Warning System 37.5% 9
Voluntary organizations (e.g., American Red Cross,
Salvation Army, etc.) 25.0% 6
Religious organization 4.2% 1
Local English-speaking television 33.3% 8
Local English-speaking radio 16.7% 4
Local Spanish-speaking television 29.2% 7
Local Spanish-speaking radio 20.8% 5
National News (Radio and Television) 33.3% 8
Print Media (e.g., newspapers) 16.7% 4
Word of Mouth (e.g., friends, family, co-workers) 33.3% 8 Other (please specify) 8.3% 2
I do not know 4.2% 1
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Question 10: Please indicate how you expect to receive alerts and information during an emergency. Please select ALL that apply.
Value Percent Total Responses
A weather radio 28.7% 432
Private weather applications (e.g., Weather Channel,
Wunderground, Weather Bug, AccuWeather, etc.) 34.7% 521 Preparedness applications (e.g., FEMA, Red Cross,
etc.) 27.8% 418
Local media news applications 54.0% 812
Contra Costa County Community Warning System 80.4% 1,208 Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office of Emergency
Services website 32.4% 487
Local media (e.g., television broadcast and/or
smartphone application) 59.3% 891
Radio 48.0% 721
28.7 %
34.7 %
27.8 %
54 %
80.4 %
32.4 %
59.3 %
48 %
38.5 %
39.3 %
35 %
3.7 %
7 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 70
80 90
A weather radio
Private weather
applications (e.g.,
Weather Channel,
Wunderground,
Weather Bug,
Preparedness
applications (e.g.,
FEMA, Red
Cross, etc.)
Local media news
applications
Contra Costa
County
Community
Warning System
Contra Costa
County Sheriff's
Office of
Emergency
Services website
Local media (e.g.,
television
broadcast and/or
smartphone
application)
Radio
Social media
Outdoor warning
sirens
Word of mouth
(e.g., friends,
family, co-
workers)
I do not know
Other (please
describe)
Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 433
Value Percent Total Responses
Social media 38.5% 579
Outdoor warning sirens 39.3% 590
Word of mouth (e.g., friends, family, co-workers) 35.0% 526 I do not know 3.7% 56
Other 7.0% 105
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
A weather radio 12.5% 3
Private weather applications (e.g., Weather Channel,
Wunderground, Weather Bug, AccuWeather, etc.) 54.2% 13
Preparedness applications (e.g., FEMA, Red Cross,
etc.) 29.2% 7
Local media news applications 45.8% 11
Contra Costa County Community Warning System 62.5% 15
Contra Costa County Sheriff's Office of Emergency
Services website 45.8% 11
Local media (e.g., television broadcast and/or
smartphone application) 41.7% 10
Radio 37.5% 9
Social media 45.8% 11
Outdoor warning sirens 37.5% 9
Word of mouth (e.g., friends, family, co-workers) 41.7% 10 Other 4.2% 1
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 434
Question 11: Would you agree or disagree with the following statements?
Value
Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree or
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
I Do Not
Know Total
Responses
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %
Contra Costa County is providing the services
necessary to prepare me for a disaster. 111 7.4% 182 12.1% 501 33.4% 379 25.3% 97 6.5% 228 15.2% 1,498 I am familiar with Contra Costa County’s
website and can easily obtain information about
emergencies and disasters.
112 7.5% 328 22.0% 398 26.6% 416 27.8% 118 7.9% 122 8.2% 1,494 During times of emergency, information is
provided in a language or format I can
understand.
52 3.5% 26 1.7% 160 10.7% 570 38.2% 569 38.1% 117 7.8% 1,494 I can easily obtain emergency information in
times of crisis. 70 4.7% 154 10.3% 405 27.2% 491 32.9% 128 8.6% 243 16.3% 1,491 Spanish Survey Results
Value
Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree or
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
I Do Not
Know Total
Responses
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %
Contra Costa County is providing the services
necessary to prepare me for a disaster. 1 4.2% 6 25.0% 10 41.7% 3 12.5% 2 8.3% 2 8.3% 24 I am familiar with Contra Costa County’s
website and can easily obtain information about
emergencies and disasters.
1 4.2% 8 33.3% 4 16.7% 6 25.0% 1 4.2% 4 16.7% 24
During times of emergency, information is
provided in a language or format I can
understand.
3 12.5% 2 8.3% 4 16.7% 8 33.3% 5 20.8% 2 8.3% 24
I can easily obtain emergency information in
times of crisis. 2 8.3% 6 25.0% 6 25.0% 6 25.0% 1 4.2% 3 12.5% 24
Question 12: Please indicate how Contra Costa County can better assist you in preparing for emergencies and disasters (e.g., provide preparedness materials in my language). REDACTED
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 435
Question 13: If a disaster (i.e., earthquake, wildfire) impacted Contra Costa County, knocking out electricity and running water, would your household be able to manage on its own for at least three (3) days?
Value Percent Total Responses
Yes 56.3% 848
Maybe 31.1% 469
No 9.7% 146
I do not know 2.9% 43
Total 1,506
2.9 %
9.7 %
31.1 %
56.3 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 I do not know
No
Maybe
Yes
Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 436
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Yes 33.3% 8
Maybe 16.7% 4
No 41.7% 10
I do not know 8.3% 2
Total 24
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 437
Question 14: Do you believe that Contra Costa County might ever be threatened by the following hazards? Please rate what hazards present the greatest risk.
Low Risk: Low impact on threat to life and property damage.
Medium Risk: Medium impact on threat to life and property damage.
High Risk: High impact on threat to life and property damage.
Value
Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk Not Applicable Total
Responses Count % Count % Count % Count %
Climate Change 369 27.2% 490 36.1% 466 34.3% 34 2.5% 1,359 Dam and Levee Failure 834 61.9% 190 14.1% 154 11.4% 169 12.5% 1,347 Drought 246 18.0% 470 34.4% 637 46.6% 14 1.0% 1,367
Earthquake 43 3.1% 373 26.9% 965 69.7% 4 0.3% 1,385
Flood 710 52.1% 401 29.4% 205 15.0% 48 3.5% 1,364
Landslide 747 55.4% 376 27.9% 157 11.6% 68 5.0% 1,348
Severe Thunderstorm 521 38.2% 573 42.0% 256 18.8% 13 1.0% 1,363 Strong Winds (greater
than 58 mph) 244 17.8% 639 46.7% 478 34.9% 7 0.5% 1,368 Hail 800 58.9% 441 32.5% 101 7.4% 16 1.2% 1,358
Tsunami 977 72.6% 132 9.8% 63 4.7% 173 12.9% 1,345
Wildfire 236 17.2% 410 29.9% 712 51.9% 14 1.0% 1,372
Sea Level Rise 785 58.1% 300 22.2% 138 10.2% 128 9.5% 1,351
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 438
Spanish Survey Results
Value
Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk Not Applicable Total
Responses Count % Count % Count % Count %
Climate Change 4 21.1% 7 36.8% 7 36.8% 1 5.3% 19
Dam and Levee Failure 8 44.4% 6 33.3% 3 16.7% 1 5.6% 18 Drought 6 31.6% 5 26.3% 6 31.6% 2 10.5% 19
Earthquake 2 10.5% 7 36.8% 9 47.4% 1 5.3% 19
Flood 5 26.3% 9 47.4% 4 21.1% 1 5.3% 19
Landslide 7 38.9% 3 16.7% 5 27.8% 3 16.7% 18
Severe Thunderstorm 5 27.8% 9 50.0% 1 5.6% 3 16.7% 18
Strong Winds (greater
than 58 mph) 4 21.1% 8 42.1% 6 31.6% 1 5.3% 19
Hail 7 36.8% 7 36.8% 3 15.8% 2 10.5% 19
Tsunami 11 57.9% 6 31.6% 0 % 2 10.5% 19
Wildfire 2 10.5% 5 26.3% 9 47.4% 3 15.8% 19
Sea Level Rise 6 31.6% 6 31.6% 6 31.6% 1 5.3% 19
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 439
Question 15: Please select the answer that best describes your experience.
Value Percent Total Responses
I have never experienced loss from a disaster(s). 47.5% 659 I have experienced minor loss from a disaster(s). 45.6% 633 I have experienced major loss from a disaster(s). 6.0% 83 I have experienced catastrophic loss from a
disaster(s). 0.9% 13
Total 1,388
47.5 %
45.6 %
6 %
0.9 %
0 5
10 15
20 25
30 35
40 45
50 I have never
experienced property
damage or loss from a
disaster(s).
I have experienced
minor property
damage and loss from
a disaster(s).
I have experienced
major property damage
and loss from a
disaster(s).
I have experienced
catastrophic property
damage and loss from
a disaster(s).
Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 440
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
I have never experienced loss from a disaster(s). 52.6% 10 I have experienced minor loss from a disaster(s). 36.8% 7 I have experienced major loss from a disaster(s). 10.5% 2 I have experienced catastrophic loss from a
disaster(s). 0.0% 0
Total 19
Question 16: If you have experienced any damage(s) or injury(ies) from a disaster, please list the hazard(s) that caused the damages/losses and/or injuries (e.g., flooding, wind, wildfire).
REDACTED
Question 17: If you have experienced any damage(s) or injury(ies) from a disaster, please indicate where this occurred (e.g., my home, on a roadway or intersection, at work, on vacation, etc.). REDACTED
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 441
Question 18: If you have experienced any damage(s) or injury(ies) from a disaster, please describe the damages and/or injuries. (e.g., house flooded, roof was damaged, vehicle was damaged, broken bones, lacerations, etc.). REDACTED
Question 19: Based on YOUR PERCEPTION of your jurisdiction's hazards, to what degree of emphasis would you expect your jurisdiction to mitigate the following hazards?
Definition: Hazard mitigation is any sustainable action that reduces or eliminates long-term risk to people and property from future disasters. Hazard mitigation includes long-term solutions that reduce the impact of disasters in the future.
No Mitigation Needed: No mitigation on this hazard is expected or needed.
Low Priority: This hazard should be mitigated, but is not a high priority compared to other hazards.
Medium Priority: It is important to mitigate this hazard.
High Priority: It is a high priority to emphasize mitigation for this hazard.
Value
No Mitigation
Needed Low Priority Medium
Priority High Priority Total
Responses
Count % Count % Count % Count %
Climate Change 194 14.4% 274 20.3% 373 27.6% 509 37.7% 1,350 Dam and Levee Failure 369 27.2% 415 30.6% 290 21.4% 282 20.8% 1,356 Drought 80 5.9% 250 18.4% 470 34.6% 558 41.1% 1,358
Earthquake 28 2.0% 96 7.0% 385 28.0% 865 63.0% 1,374
Flood 157 11.6% 389 28.7% 478 35.3% 331 24.4% 1,355
Landslide 223 16.5% 464 34.4% 431 31.9% 232 17.2% 1,350 Severe Thunderstorm 247 18.2% 577 42.6% 361 26.6% 170 12.5% 1,355 Strong Winds (greater
than 58 mph) 108 8.0% 379 27.9% 547 40.3% 322 23.7% 1,356 Hail 449 33.4% 679 50.6% 160 11.9% 55 4.1% 1,343
Tsunami 630 46.8% 486 36.1% 142 10.5% 88 6.5% 1,346
Wildfire 47 3.5% 137 10.1% 281 20.6% 896 65.8% 1,361
Sea Level Rise 410 30.5% 427 31.7% 315 23.4% 193 14.3% 1,345
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 442
Spanish Survey Results
Value
No Mitigation
Needed Low Priority Medium
Priority High Priority Total
Responses
Count % Count % Count % Count %
Climate Change 0 % 4 21.1% 7 36.8% 8 42.1% 19
Dam and Levee Failure 2 11.1% 5 27.8% 6 33.3% 5 27.8% 18 Drought 2 10.5% 2 10.5% 9 47.4% 6 31.6% 19
Earthquake 1 5.3% 0 % 9 47.4% 9 47.4% 19
Flood 0 % 4 21.1% 9 47.4% 6 31.6% 19
Landslide 2 11.1% 4 22.2% 7 38.9% 5 27.8% 18
Severe Thunderstorm 2 10.5% 6 31.6% 8 42.1% 3 15.8% 19
Strong Winds (greater
than 58 mph) 0 % 8 42.1% 7 36.8% 4 21.1% 19
Hail 5 26.3% 6 31.6% 7 36.8% 1 5.3% 19
Tsunami 3 15.8% 6 31.6% 7 36.8% 3 15.8% 19
Wildfire 0 % 2 10.5% 8 42.1% 9 47.4% 19
Sea Level Rise 1 5.3% 3 15.8% 10 52.6% 5 26.3% 19
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 443
Question 20: OPTIONAL: Please provide specific recommendations for mitigation in your area. For example, please indicate the hazard(s) in which your community/location is uniquely vulnerable and provide a brief explanation of the possible solutions (i.e., mitigation) that would address the issue(s). REDACTED
Question 21: If an evacuation were ordered for your area, please indicate how likely you would be to do the following.
Value
Very Unlikely Unlikely Unsure or Do
Not Know Likely Very Likely Not Applicable Total
Responses
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %
Immediately evacuate as
instructed. 57 4.2% 51 3.8% 121 8.9% 335 24.7% 791 58.2% 3 0.2% 1,358 I would first consult with family
and friends outside my
household before making a
decision to evacuate.
247 19.0% 323 24.9% 150 11.5% 358 27.6% 202 15.6% 19 1.5% 1,299 Wait and see how bad the
situation is going to be before
deciding to evacuate.
311 24.0% 456 35.2% 216 16.7% 219 16.9% 84 6.5% 11 0.8% 1,297 I refuse to evacuate, no matter
what. 952 73.2% 188 14.5% 67 5.2% 18 1.4% 17 1.3% 58 4.5% 1,300
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 444
Spanish Survey Results
Value
Very Unlikely Unlikely Unsure or Do
Not Know Likely Very Likely Not Applicable Total
Responses
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %
Immediately evacuate as
instructed. 1 5.6% 0 % 2 11.1% 8 44.4% 7 38.9% 0 % 18
I would first consult with family
and friends outside my
household before making a
decision to evacuate.
3 16.7% 2 11.1% 2 11.1% 6 33.3% 5 27.8% 0 % 18
Wait and see how bad the
situation is going to be before
deciding to evacuate.
4 22.2% 4 22.2% 1 5.6% 7 38.9% 2 11.1% 0 % 18
I refuse to evacuate, no matter
what. 11 61.1% 3 16.7% 1 5.6% 1 5.6% 1 5.6% 1 5.6% 18
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 445
Question 22: What might prevent you from leaving your place of residence if there was an evacuation order? Please select ALL that apply.
Value Percent Total Responses
Pet(s) 28.8% 387
Job 5.4% 72
Need to care for another person 13.8% 185
Spouse/Significant Other will not leave 9.1% 122
Need to stay and protect property 21.2% 285
Lack of money 9.3% 125
No place to go 21.5% 289
No transportation 4.5% 61
Traffic 34.3% 462
28.8 %
5.4 %
13.8 %
9.1 %
21.2 %
9.3 %
21.5 %
4.5 %
34.3 %
10.8 %
10.7 %
24.9 %
7.7 %
33.7 %
0.5 %
0 5
10 15
20 25
30 35
40 Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 446
Value Percent Total Responses
Lack of gas/fuel for vehicle 10.8% 145
Disability/Health Issues 10.7% 144
Concerned for safety if I leave 24.9% 335
Other (please specify) 7.7% 103
No obstacles would prevent me from evacuating 33.7% 453 I would refuse to evacuate, no matter what 0.5% 7
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Pet(s) 52.9% 9
Job 29.4% 5
Need to care for another person 23.5% 4
Spouse/Significant Other will not leave 17.6% 3
Need to stay and protect property 35.3% 6
Lack of money 11.8% 2
No place to go 23.5% 4
No transportation 0.0% 0
Traffic 41.2% 7
Lack of gas/fuel for vehicle 5.9% 1
Disability/Health Issues 5.9% 1
Concerned for safety if I leave 5.9% 1
Other (please specify) 5.9% 1
No obstacles would prevent me from evacuating 23.5% 4
I would refuse to evacuate, no matter what 0.0% 0
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 447
Question 23: If you were to evacuate, where would you most likely stay? Please select the best answer.
Value Percent Total Responses
Shelter/evacuation center 8.8% 120
Church or place of worship 1.8% 24
Workplace 1.3% 18
Home of a friend or relative 48.4% 662
Hotel/motel 19.2% 262
I have no place to go 4.3% 59
I do not know 10.5% 143
Other (please specify) 5.8% 80
Total 1,368
8.8 %
1.8 %
1.3 %
48.4 %
19.2 %
4.3 %
10.5 %
5.8 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 448
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Shelter/evacuation center 11.1% 2
Church or place of worship 0.0% 0
Workplace 0.0% 0
Home of a friend or relative 61.1% 11
Hotel/motel 5.6% 1
I have no place to go 5.6% 1
I do not know 16.7% 3
Other (please specify) 0.0% 0
Total 18
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 449
Question 24: In an evacuation, would you or anyone in your household require special assistance?
Value Percent Total Responses
Yes 9.6% 132
Maybe 69.4% 950
No 16.1% 221
I do not know 2.9% 40
Other 1.9% 26
Total 1,369
9.6 %
69.4 %
16.1 %
2.9 %
1.9 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 70
80 Yes
No
Maybe
I do not know
Other (please
specify)
Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 450
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Yes 5.6% 1
Maybe 11.1% 2
No 66.7% 12
I do not know 16.7% 3
Other 0.0% 0
Total 18
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 451
Question 25: If yes, who would provide assistance?
Value Percent Total Responses
Within household 44.3% 153
Friend/relative (outside household) 15.7% 54
Outside Agency 1.7% 6
I do not know 34.2% 118
Not applicable 0.9% 3
Other 3.2% 11
Total 345
44.3 %
15.7 %
1.7 %
34.2 %
0.9 %
3.2 %
0 5
10 15
20 25
30 35
40 45
50 Within
household
Friend/relative
(outside
household)
Outside
Agency
I do not know
Not applicable
Other (please
specify)
Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 452
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Within household 0.0% 0
Friend/relative (outside household) 0.0% 0
Outside Agency 33.3% 1
I do not know 66.7% 2
Not applicable 0.0% 0
Other 0.0% 0
Total 3
Question 26: If applicable, please indicate what kind of outside assistance your household may need during an evacuation (e.g., transportation, medical, etc.). REDACTED
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 453
Question 27: Which best describes your living arrangement?
82.2 %
4.5 %
8.6 %
1.4 %
1 %
0.7 %
0.2 %
0.2 %
0.1 %
1.1 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 70
80 90
Percent
Value Percent Total Responses
Attached/Detached single family home 82.2% 1,119
Duplex, triplex, fourplex, six-plex home 4.5% 61
Multi-family building – 2 stories or more
(apartment/condominium) 8.6% 117
Mobile home 1.4% 19
Manufactured home 1.0% 13
Recreational vehicle (RV) 0.7% 10
Some other type of structure 0.2% 3
I do not know 0.2% 3
Place not meant for habitation (e.g., a vehicle, an
abandoned building, bus/train/subway station/airport
or anywhere outside)
0.1% 1
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 454
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Attached/Detached single family home 66.7% 12
Duplex, triplex, fourplex, six-plex home 0.0% 0
Multi-family building – 2 stories or more
(apartment/condominium) 16.7% 3
Mobile home 0.0% 0
Manufactured home 0.0% 0
Recreational vehicle (RV) 0.0% 0
Some other type of structure 0.0% 0
I do not know 16.7% 3
Place not meant for habitation (e.g., a vehicle, an
abandoned building, bus/train/subway station/airport
or anywhere outside)
0.0% 0
Other 0.0% 0
Total 18
Value Percent Total Responses
Other 1.1% 15
Total 1,361
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 455
Question 28: Which of the following best describes your race/ethnicity? Please select ALL that apply.
Value Percent Total Responses
American Indian or Alaska Native 2.5% 33
Asian or Asian American 8.3% 111
Black or African American 4.2% 56
Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 1.4% 18
Hispanic or Latino 8.6% 114
Non-Hispanic White 69.6% 928
Two or more races 8.9% 119
Other 7.6% 101
2.5 %
8.3 %
4.2 %
1.4 %
8.6 %
69.6 %
8.9 %
7.6 %
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 70
80 Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 456
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
American Indian or Alaska Native 5.9% 1
Asian or Asian American 0.0% 0
Black or African American 0.0% 0
Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0.0% 0
Hispanic or Latino 76.5% 13
Non-Hispanic White 17.6% 3
Two or more races 0.0% 0
Other 5.9% 1
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 457
Question 29: Please indicate the language(s) spoken in your household. Please select ALL that apply.
Value Percent Total Responses
English 99.5% 1,347
Spanish 5.6% 76
Mandarin 1.0% 13
Tagalog 1.3% 18
Other 4.7% 63
Other languages spoken: Cantonese, German, Hindi, Italian, Portuguese, Farsi, French, German, Korean, American Sign Language (ALS), Arabic, Armenian, Braille, Burmese, Gujarati
99.5 5.6
%
1 %
1.3 %
4.7 %
0 20
40 60
80 100
120
English
Spanish
Mandarin
Tagalog
Other (please
specify)
Percent
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 458
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
English 88.2% 15
Spanish 76.5% 13
Mandarin 0.0% 0
Tagalog 0.0% 0
Other 5.9% 1
Other languages spoken: Farsi
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 459
Question 30: Please indicate your gender identity.
Value Percent Total Responses
Female 63.6% 861
Male 30.4% 411
Non-binary 0.7% 9
Different Identity (please specify) 0.4% 5
Prefer not to say 5.0% 68
Total 1,354
Female
64%
Male
30%
Non
-
binary
1%
Different Identity
(please specify)
0%
Prefer not to say
5%
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 460
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Female 88.2% 15
Male 11.8% 2
Non-binary 0.0% 0
Different Identity (please specify) 0.0% 0
Prefer not to say 0.0% 0
Total 17
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 461
Question 31: What is your employment status?
Value Percent Total Responses
Full-time employed 43.4% 586
Part-time employed 9.5% 128
Unemployed 2.6% 35
Retired 40.6% 549
Homemaker 3.3% 44
Intern 0.3% 4
Full-time student 0.4% 5
Total 1,351
Full
-
time employed
43%
Part
-
time
employed
10%
Unemployed
3%
Retired
41%
Homemaker
3%
Intern
0%
Full
-
time
student
0%
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 462
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
Full-time employed 64.7% 11
Part-time employed 17.6% 3
Unemployed 5.9% 1
Retired 5.9% 1
Homemaker 0.0% 0
Intern 0.0% 0
Full-time student 5.9% 1
Total 17
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 463
Question 32: What is your annual household income?
Value Percent Total Responses
$0 2.9% 35
$1-$9,999 0.8% 10
$10,000-$24,999 2.7% 33
$25,000-$49,999 7.0% 85
$50,000-$74,999 11.9% 145
$75,000-$99,999 13.6% 166
$100,000-$149,999 24.5% 299
$150,000-$174,999 10.6% 129
$175,000 and greater 26.0% 317
Total 1,219
$0
3%
$1
-
$9,999
1%
$10,000
-
$24,999
3%
$25,000
-
$49,999
7%
$50,000
-
$74,999
12%
$75,000
-
$99,999
13%
$100,000
-
$149,999
24%
$150,000
-
$174,999
11%
$175,000 and
greater
26%
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 464
Spanish Survey Results
Value Percent Total Responses
$0 0.0% 0
$1-$9,999 0.0% 0
$10,000-$24,999 6.3% 1
$25,000-$49,999 18.8% 3
$50,000-$74,999 12.5% 2
$75,000-$99,999 25.0% 4
$100,000-$149,999 31.3% 5
$150,000-$174,999 0.0% 0
$175,000 and greater 6.3% 1
Total 16
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 465
C.3. PUBLIC COMMENT PERIOD
Once the draft Plan was completed, the public was given an opportunity to review and provide comments on Volume 1 (Planning Area-wide Elements) and each of the jurisdiction annexes prior to submitting the Plan to the State and FEMA. The countywide public comment period began on April 22, 2024, and went on through May 31, 2024. Prior to the public comment period, the Core Planning Team conducted a strategy meeting with all plan participants that served as brainstorming session and helped determine the public outreach goals and proper outreach methods for the p ublic comment period. Subsequently, the Core Planning Team developed a public outreach strategy tool meant to guide each participating jurisdictions in their own public outreach strategies. The Core Planning Team held a second strategy meeting with all plan participants midway through the public comment period to provide additional support and guidance, if needed.
Each plan participant developed their own public outreach strategy that meets the unique needs of their community to engage stakeholders and the public during the public comment period.
Public engagement participation and supporting documentation for each plan participant can be found in their respective annexes.
Contra Costa County OES coordinated with its county departments and participating jurisdictions to ensure that the public had an opportunity to learn about the Plan, mitigation actions planned for their communities, and ways to get involved in the planning process. Since many residents are covered by multiple annexes (e.g., municipalities and special districts), the C ounty made outreach events available for all plan participants. This allowed the community to learn about the difference between Volume 1 (Planning Area-wide Elements), the annexes, and the multiple ways they might be covered by a Hazard Mitigation Plan. To ensure equitable outreach a calendar was created to strategize and map all events.
Contra Costa County has many vulnerable communities, including younger (under 18 years old) and elderly (over 65 years old) population, individuals with limited English proficiency, and those with access and functional needs. Throughout these outreach events, Contra Costa County OES presented not only Volume I, but additional plans included in the planning process. This was especially important in the unincorporated areas as many special districts, including reclamation districts, participated in the planning process.
Working with the Board of Supervisor staff, the County presented to unincorporated communities across the county through 10 different Municipal Advisory Council (MAC) meetings and a Tactical Advisory Council Meeting. This allowed the County to bring the Hazard Mitigation Plan to specific communities while also working with trusted community agents to support and spread the message. All MAC agendas in the County are posted online and in public spaces 72 hours in advance, thus allowing high visibility on the agenda and enough time for individuals to review the presentations. Additionally, all MAC meetings were held after hours, which allowed OES to present to different members of these communities. The County collaborated with Contra Costa County Fire Protection District, Rodeo-Hercules Fire Protection District, Department of Public Works, Flood Control and Water Conservation District, and Ironhouse Sanitary District to present at six (6) different meetings throughout the County.
Additional Outreach through Board of Supervisor Councils such as the Advisory Council on Equal Employment Opportunity, Advisory Council on Aging, and Head Start Policy Council, further allowed us to reach the County’s underserved populations. Furthermore, each council was asked to distribute hazard mitigation information to their respective demographics. The councils are comprised of county staff from various departments and community representatives countywide.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 466
Additional outreach was through community events such as the John Muir Houses’ Earth Day Celebration, where the County was able to target members regionally. The historic John Muir House attracts many people throughout the region, not just Contra Costa County. The Bay Point Bike Rodeo and Safety Fair attracted many community members on the county's East side, an area with a hi gh population of limited English language speakers and high poverty rates.
The County partnered with the Employment and Human Services Department (EHSD) to conduct onsite hazard mitigation education and outreach in schools and community events in Richmond, San Pablo, Hercules, Antioch, Oakley, and Pleasant Hill. EHSD Navigators also placed hazard mitigation plan outreach materials in all their active school sites. This was a new partnership for Contra Costa County OES, and the collaboration ensured the information was presented from trusted community partners.
Contra Costa County OES provided a training session to EHSD Navigator staff on the County’s Hazard Mitigation Plan, the planning process, hazards, and how to present the information. Additionally, OES provided EHSD with printed materials, both flyers and trifolds, in all five (5) threshold languages. Due to their collaboration and support, we were able to reach local youth at school, senior citizens, and people who may have a difficult time participating in other events. The EHSD Navigator events included:
Date Event Name Municipality
May 17, 2024 Clean Slate Day Richmond
May 17, 2024 Peres School Event Richmond
May 18, 2024 Immigration Forum San Pablo
May 22, 2024 Senior Information & Health Fair Richmond
May 24, 2024 Youth & Young Adult Career Fair Richmond
May 29, 2024 West Contra Costa Career Fair Hercules
May 30, 2024 Community Resources Fair Antioch
June 1, 2024 O’Hara Park Middle School Resource Fair Oakley June 1, 2024 Medical Coverage Registration Fair Oakley
June 3, 2024 West County Community Partnership Meeting Pleasant Hill
Other community agencies were also vital in the County’s public outreach efforts. The American Red Cross presented information on the County’s Hazard Mitigation Plan at events that took place during the outreach period and during Leadership Council meetings. Materials were presented to leaders from nonprofits, cities, and counties, providing the opportunity for them to comment and continue sharing the message.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 467
Public Comment Outreach Calendar
April 2024
Date Thursday, April 11th Wednesday, April 17th
Event Name EHSD Navigator Training East Richmond Heights MAC Location 3105 Willow Pass Road
Bay Point, CA 94565
Open Door United Methodist Church
6226 Arlington Boulevard
Richmond, CA 94805
Outreach Method Community Event Presentation to Governing Body Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population
Countywide (Access and Functional
Needs, Age, High Poverty, Limited Access
to Transportation)
Countywide (Access and Functional
Needs, Age, Limited English Proficiency)
Accommodations Provided Mobile After Hours, Spanish Speaker Available Date Saturday, April 20th Tuesday, April 23rd
Event Name John Muir Birthday/Earth Day Byron MAC
Location 4202 Alhambra Avenue
Martinez, CA 94553
St. Anne’s Church
2800 Camino Diablo (Room 1-A)
Byron, CA 94514
Outreach Method Community Event Presentation to Governing Body Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Access and Functional
Needs, Age) Countywide (Age)
Accommodations Provided After Hours, Spanish Speaker Available After Hours, Spanish Speaker Available Date Wednesday, April 24th Wednesday, April 24th
Event Name Kensington MAC Contra Costa Sustainability Exchange Location
Kensington Library
61 Arlington Avenue
Kensington, CA 94707
Virtual
Outreach Method Presentation to Governing Body Roundtables/Forums Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Access and Functional Needs) Countywide Effort, County Staff
Accommodations Provided After Hours Online, Posted Meeting Video 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 468
April 2024
Date Wednesday, April 24th Thursday, April 25th
Event Name
Coffee with a Cop
(Local Mental Health Evaluation Team
coordination with law enforcement and the
public)
Rodeo MAC
Location Concord-Gratitude
Rodeo Senior Center
189 Parker Avenue
Rodeo, CA 94572
Outreach Method Community Event Presentation to Governing Body Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Access and Functional Needs)
Countywide (Age, Access and Functional
Needs)
Accommodations Provided In Person Outreach After Hours
Date Thursday, April 25th Friday, April 26th
Event Name Contra Costa County Public Health
Volunteer Appreciation Event
Advisory Council on Equal Employment
Opportunity
Location 2732 Systron Drive, #250
Concord, CA 94518 Virtual
Outreach Method Community Event Presentation to Governing Body Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Access and Functional Needs) Countywide (Age)
Accommodations Provided Spanish Speaker Available Digital Access, Spanish Speaker Available Date Saturday, April 27th
Event Name Bay Point Bike Rodeo
Location
Ambrose Rec Center
3105 Willow Pass Road
Bay Point, CA 94565
Outreach Method Community Event
Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Socially Vulnerable) Accommodations Provided Weekend Event
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 469
May 2024
Date Saturday, May 4th Tuesday, May 7th
Event Name El Sobrante Neighborhood Meeting North Richmond MAC Location El Sobrante
North Richmond Senior Center
515 Silver Avenue
North Richmond, CA 94801
Outreach Method Community Event Presentation to Governing Bodies Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve, Engage Inform, Involve Targeted Population Countywide (Elderly) Countywide (High Poverty, Age, Limited English Proficiency)
Accommodations Provided Weekend Event After Hours, Spanish Speaker Available Date Tuesday, May 7th Wednesday, May 8th
Event Name Alamo MAC El Sobrante MAC
Location
Alamo Women’s Club
1401 Danville Boulevard
Alamo, CA 94507
El Sobrante Library
4191 Appian Way
El Sobrante, CA 94803
Outreach Method Presentation to Governing Bodies Presentation to Governing Bodies Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Access and Functional Needs)
Countywide (High Poverty, Age, Limited
English Proficiency)
Accommodations Provided After Hours After Hours, Recording, Virtual Option, Spanish Speaker Available
Date Wednesday, May 8th Tuesday, May 14th
Event Name Pacheco MAC Diablo MAC
Location
Pacheco Community Center
5800 Pacheco Boulevard
Pacheco, CA 94553
Diablo County Club
1700 Club House Road
Diablo, CA 94526
Outreach Method Presentation to Governing Bodies Presentation to Governing Bodies Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Access and Functional Needs)
Countywide (Age, Access and Functional
Needs)
Accommodations Provided After Hours, Recording, Virtual Option, Spanish Speaker Available After Hours, Spanish Speaker Available Date Tuesday, May 14th Tuesday, May 14th
Event Name Bethel Island MAC WCC Fire Safe Council Advisory Board Location
Scout Hall
3090 Ranch Lane
Bethel Island, CA 94511
Virtual
Outreach Method Presentation to Governing Bodies Presentation to Governing Bodies Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Access and Functional Needs, High Poverty)
Countywide (Age, Access and Functional
Needs, High Poverty)
Accommodations Provided After Hours Virtual Option, Spanish Speaker Available 2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 470
May 2024
Date Wednesday, May 15th Wednesday, May 15th
Event Name Advisory Council on Aging Head Start Policy Council Location Virtual 500 Ellingwood Way
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Outreach Method Presentation to Governing Bodies Presentation to Governing Bodies Outreach Purpose Inform, Involve Inform, Involve
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Access and Functional Needs)
Countywide (Age, Access and Functional
Needs, High Poverty)
Accommodations Provided Virtual Option, Spanish Speaker Available After Hours, Spanish Speaker Available Date Tuesday, May 21st
Event Name Knightsen MAC
Location
Knightsen Farm Bureau
3020 Second Street
Knightsen, CA 94548
Outreach Method Presentation to Governing Body
Outreach Purpose Inform
Targeted Population Countywide (Age, Access and Functional Needs, High Poverty) Accommodations Provided After Hours, Spanish Speaker Available
The public comment period printed materials, website posts, social media samples , and agendas are below.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 471
April 17, 2024 – East Richmond Heights MAC
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 472
April 24, 2024 – Byron MAC (Partnership with the City of Brentwood and Contra Costa County Fire Protection District)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 473
April 24, 2024 – Kensington MAC and Coffee with a Cop (Concord)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 474
April 24, 2024 – Rodeo MAC and Contra Costa Public Health Volunteer Appreciation Event
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 475
April 25, 2024 – Advisory Council on Equal Employment Opportunity
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 476
April 27, 2024 – Bay Point Bike Rodeo
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 477
May 6, 2024 – El Sobrante Neighborhood Meeting
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 478
May 7, 2024 – North Richmond and Alamo MACs (Partnership with Contra Costa County Public Works Department and Contra Costa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 479
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 480
May 8, 2024 – Pacheco MAC (Partnership with Contra Costa County Public Works Department, Contra Costa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District, and El Sobrante MAC)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 481
May 14, 2024 – West Contra Costa Fire Safe Council Advisory Board Presentation (Partnership Contra Costa County Fire Protection District)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 482
May 14, 2024 – Diablo MAC and Bethel Island MAC (Partnership with Contra Costa County Public Works Department, Ironhouse Sanitary District, Contra Costa County Fire Protection District)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 483
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 484
May 15, 2024 – Advisory Council on Aging and Head Start Policy Council
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 485
May 21, 2024 – Knightsen Tactical Advisory Council (Partnership with Contra Costa County Public Works Department and Contra Costa County Fire Protection District)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 486
May 29, 2024 – Contra Costa County Fire Protection District Town Hall in Brentwood (Partnership with the City of Brentwood and Contra Costa County Fire Protection District)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 487
Figure C-4 Presentation Template
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 488
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 489
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 490
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 491
Printed Materials
Printed materials were distributed in the County's five (5) top languages – English, Spanish, Tagalog, and Traditional and Simplified Chinese. Materials were distributed at all public meetings and outreach events. Additionally, plan participants were given access to edit the designs for their own use. Having the materials available in multiple languages allowed more of the community to receive information about the Hazard Mitigation Plan, ways to comment, and how to prepare for disasters. Printed materials are especially helpful to communities with Limited English Proficiency as the materials include a visual component.
Two (2) different types of materials were created specifically for the public comment period. The trifold contains information on the planning process, the top three (3) hazards in the county, ways to prepare, and ways to get involved in the planning process. A full -page flyer was created with information on the planning process, ways to get involved, and ways to prepare. As central hubs for community resources, printed materials were delivered to 15 of the county's libraries. These libraries cover cities and unincorporated areas, as well as special- and reclamation districts. Printed materials were also provided to VistAbility, an agency that serves people with developmental disabilities. VistAbility distributed the materials at their office and through their networks to ensure that their constituents had the opportunity to educate themselves and provide feedback.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 492
Figure C-5 Trifold (English)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 493
Figure C-6 Trifold (Spanish)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 494
Figure C-7 Trifold (Tagalog)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 495
Figure C-8 Trifold (Traditional Chinese)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 496
Figure C-9 Trifold (Simplified Chinese)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 497
Figure C-10 Local Hazards Flyer (English)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 498
Figure C-11 Local Hazards Flyer (Spanish)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 499
Figure C-12 Local Hazards Flyer (Tagalog)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 500
Figure C-13 Local Hazards Flyer (Simplified Chinese)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 501
Figure C-14 Local Hazards Flyer (Traditional Chinese)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 502
Social Media
Two (2) different social media posts were created, translated, and distributed in the C ounty’s top languages – English, Spanish, Tagalog, and Traditional and Simplified Chinese. The C ounty’s most active social media platforms are Facebook, X (formerly Twitter) , and Nextdoor. The different social media platforms allowed us to reach the younger and older generations and bring a call to action in a different way. All participating jurisdictions were given access to duplicate and edit County’s templates to serve their communities. This collaboration allowed for consistent messaging across all plan participants to avoid confusion.
Figure C-15 Social Media Infographics (English)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 503
Figure C-16 Social Media Infographics (Spanish)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 504
Figure C-17 Social Media Infographics (Tagalog)
Figure C-18 Social Media Infographics (Simplified Chinese)
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 505
Figure C-19 Social Media Infographics (Traditional Chinese)
Figure C-20 Social Media Posts Samples
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 506
County Website
Contra Costa County OES worked with the Office of Communications and Media to update the County’s website to include information on the planning process, upcoming events, and other hazard mitigation information. The information was presented online in English and Spanish, with transcription and screen reading abilities to increase community member accessibility. As a central place for all plan participants, this allowed all residents, stakeholders, and partners in the County to view Volume 1 (Planning Area- wide Elements) and the 40 annexes, and thus promoted more public comment.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 507
Figure C-21 Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan Website
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 508
Stakeholder E-mails
Contra Costa County provided key stakeholders an opportunity to review and provide feedback on the draft Plan. Due to the size of the Plan (the Base Plan and 40 annexes), some stakeholders would receive the same invitation a significant amount of times. For a more productive outreach and to avoid overwhelming stakeholders, Contra Costa County sent a single invitation to all the countywide stakeholders via e -mail. Images of the e-mails sent are below. However, each plan participant was required to cross -reference the countywide list and invite additional stakeholders that applied to their jurisdiction. The full list of stakeholders can be found in Appendix B.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 509
Invitation to Countywide Stakeholders
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 510
Invitation to Neighboring Communities
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix C: Public Engagement 511
C.4. CONTINUED PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
In order to keep the Plan current after it is approved, it is important to ensure that the public continues to be involved in the Plan and how it is carried out. To ensure continued public engagement, Contra Costa County will ensure the Plan is available in the County’s Hazard Mitigation webpage after it has been approved to allow the public an opportunity to provide continual feedback and input. As future needs and concerns arise, or if the public would like to provide feedback regarding the latest version of the Contra Costa County Plan, the public is invited to use the comment form , which is provided on the website, to provide comments.
County Hazard Mitigation Webpage: www.contracosta.ca.gov/6415/Local-Hazard-Mitigation-Plan
Comment Form: survey.alchemer.com/s3/7792090/CommentFormContraCostaCountyHMP .
Incorporating hazard mitigation into other planning efforts can help the public learn about mitigation and its importance to their communities. Contra Costa County will continue to work with its stakeholders to ensure that the public has an opportunity to learn about the Plan, mitigation actions planned for their communities, and ways to get involved. H azard mitigation will be a part of the County’s community outreach strategy to include, but not limited to, public meetings, community events, social media, and public surveys throughout the year. Furthermore, the County will continue to ensure equitable outreach by working with other departments, non-profits, and agencies that work with underserved communities throughout the County.
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix D: Plan Adoption 512
APPENDIX D. PLAN ADOPTION
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix D: Plan Adoption 513
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix D: Plan Adoption 514
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix D: Plan Adoption 515
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix D: Plan Adoption 516
2024 Hazard Mitigation Plan
Contra Costa County, California
Appendix D: Plan Adoption 517
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
FEMA Region 9
1111 Broadway, Suite 1200
Oakland, CA 94607-4052
www.fema.gov
January 22, 2025
Beatriz Portillo
Senior Emergency Planning Coordinator
Contra Costa County Office of Emergency Services
1850 Muir Road
Martinez, CA 94553
Dear Beatriz Portillo:
The 2024 Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan has been amended to include the jurisdictions listed below as official planning participants:
1. City of Brentwood
2. City of Clayton
3. Town of Danville
4. City of El Cerrito
5. City of Hercules
6. City of Lafayette
7. City of Martinez
8. Town of Moraga
9. City of Oakley
10. City of Orinda
11. City of Pinole
12. City of Pleasant Hill
13. City of Richmond
14. City of San Pablo
15. City of San Ramon
16. City of Walnut Creek
17. Central Contra Costa Sanitary District
18. Contra Costa County Fire Protection District
19. Contra Costa County Flood Control and Water Conservation District
20. Contra Costa Water District
21. Ironhouse Sanitary District
22. Kensington Fire Protection District
23. Kensington Police Protection and Community Services District
24. Mt. View Sanitary District
25. Pleasant Hill Parks and Recreation District
26. Reclamation District No. 799 (Hotchkiss Tract)
27. Reclamation District No. 830 (Jersey Island)
28. Reclamation District No. 2025 (Holland Tract)
29. Reclamation District No. 2026 (Webb Tract)
30. Reclamation District No. 2065 (Veale Tract)
31. Reclamation District No. 2122 (Winter Island)
Contra Costa County Hazard Mitigation Plan Amendment Notice January 22, 2025