AGREEMENT WITH MANATT GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES LLC TO PROVIDE
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS AND FEDERAL ADVOCACY SERVICES
THIS AGREEMENT is made and entered into on this 3rd day of February, 2026 by and between Manatt Government Strategies LLC ("Consultant") a Delaware Limited Liability Company and the City of Santa Ana, a charter city and municipal corporation organized and existing under the Constitution and laws of the State of California ("City").
RECITALS
A. On December 1, 2025 the City issued Request for Proposal No. 25-143 seeking to retain a Consultant having special skill and knowledge to provide strategic government affairs and federal advocacy services on behalf of the City.
B. Consultant submitted a responsive proposal that was selected by the City. Consultant represents that it is able and willing to provide the services described in the scope of work that was included in RFP No. 25-143, which is attached hereto as Exhibit A. Consultant's responsive proposal to RFP No. 25-143 shall be incorporated herein by reference as though fully attached to this Agreement.
C. In undertaking the performance of this Agreement, Consultant represents that it is knowledgeable in its field and that any services performed by Consultant under this Agreement will be performed in compliance with such standards as may reasonably be expected from a professional consulting firm in the field.
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual and respective promises, and subject to the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, the parties agree as follows:
1. SCOPE OF SERVICES
A. Consultant shall perform during the term of this Agreement, the tasks and obligations including all labor, materials, tools, equipment, and incidental customary work required to fully and adequately complete the services described and set forth in Exhibit A, attached hereto and incorporated by reference.
B. The City acknowledges that Consultant is a wholly owned subsidiary of the law firm Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP (the "Firm"). However, the City is engaging Consultant only, Consultant is not a law firm, and Consultant will only provide non-legal consulting services. As such, no attorncy-client relationship with Consultant or the Firm shall exist by virtuc of this Contract or Consultant's services. Consultant may engage professionals to render services to the City, which may include attorneys who are partners or associates of the Firm. Even where an attorney may be involved in connection with Consultant's services to the City, neither any attorney engaged by Consultant nor Consultant will be providing legal services to the City and none of the protections of the attorney-client relationship or the attorney-client privilege for communications will exist with respect to the services rendered by Consultant. Further, the Firm's lawyers would not be prohibited from providing legal services to clients in unrelated legal matters that are adverse to the City. While conflicts of interest rules applicable to lawyers would not apply to Consultant,
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Consultant confirms that it would not prospectively undertake lobbying services for another client adverse to or against the City.
2. COMPENSATION
A. City agrees to pay, and Consultant agrees to accept as total payment for its services for City, the rates and charges identified in Exhibit B. The total amount to he expended during the term of this Agreement shall not exceed $588,000.
B. Payment by City shall be made within forty-five (45) days following receipt of proper invoice evidencing work pertormed, subject to City accounting procedures. City and Consultant agree that all payments due and owing under this Agreement shall be made through Automated Claring House (ACH) transfers. Consultant agrees to execute the City's standard ACH Vendor Payment Authorization and provide required documentation. Upon verification of the data provided, the City will be authorized to deposit payments directly into Consultant's accounts) with financial institutions.
Payment nced not be made for work which fails to mect the standards of performance set forth in the Recitals which may reasonably be expected by City.
3. TERM
This Agreement shall commence on March 1, 2026 for a three (3) year term with the option for the City to grant up to two (2) one (1) year extension(s), exercisable by a writing by the City Manager and the City Attorney, unless terminated earlier in accordance with Section 15, below.
4. INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR
Consultant shall, during the entire term of this Agreement, be construed to be an independent Consultant and not an employee of the City. This Agreement is not intended nor shall it be construed to create an employer-employee relationship, a joint venture relationship, or to allow the City to exercise discretion or control over the professional manner in which Consultant performs the services which are the subject matter of this Agreement; however, the services to be provided by Consultant shall be provided in a manner consistent with all applicable standards and regulations governing such services. Consultant shall pay all salaries and wages, employer's social security taxes, unemployment insurance and similar taxes relating to employees and shall be responsible for all applicable withholding taxes.
5. OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS
This Agreement creates a non-exclusive and perpetual license for City to copy, use, modify, reuse, or sublicense any and all copyrights, designs, and other intellectual property embodied in plans, specifications, studies, drawings, estimates, and other documents or works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, including but not limited to, physical drawings or data magnctically or otherwise recorded on computer diskettes, which are prepared or caused to be prepared by Consultant under this Agreement ("Documents & Data"). Consultant shall require all subcontractors to agree in writing that City is granted a non-exclusive and
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perpetual license for any Documents & Data the subcontractor prepares under this Agreement.
Consultant represents and warrants that Consultant has the legal right to license any and all Documents & Data. Consultant makes no such representation and warranty in regard to Documents & Data which were provided to Consultant by the City. City shall not be limited in any way in its use of the Documents and Data at any time, provided that any such use not within the purposes intended by this Agreement shall be at City's sole risk.
INSURANCE
Insurance requirements are attached hereto as Exhibit C.
INDEMNIFICATION
Consultant agrees to defend, and shall indemnify and hold harmless the City, its officers, agents, employees, contractors, special counsel, and representatives from liability: (1) for personal injury, damages, just compensation, restitution, judicial or equitable relief arising out of claims for personal injury, including death, and claims for proporty damagc, which may arise from the negligent operations of the Consultant, its subcontractors, agents, employees, or other persons acting on its behalf which relates to the services described in section 1 of this Agreement; and (2) from any claim that personal injury, damages, just compensation, restitution, judicial or equitable relief is due by reason of the terms of or effects arising from this Agreement. This indemnity and hold harmless agreement applies to all claims for damages, just compensation, restitution, judicial or equitable relief suffered, or alleged to have been suffered, by reason of the events referred to in this Section or by reason of the terms of, or effects, arising from this Agreement. The Consultant further agrees to indemnify, hold harmless, and pay all costs for the defense of the City, including fees and costs for special counsel to be selected by the City, regarding any action by a third party challenging the validity of this Agreement, or asserting that personal injury, damages, just compensation, restitution, judicial or equitable relief due to personal or property rights arises by reason of the terms of, or effects arising from this Agreement. City may make all reasonable decisions with respect to its representation in any legal proceeding. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent Consultant's services are subject to Civil Code Section 2782.8, the above indemnity shall be limited, to the extent required by Civil Code Section 2782.8, to claims that arise out of, pertain to, or relate to the negligence, recklessness, or willful misconduct of the Consultant.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INDEMNIFICATION
Consultant shall defend and indemnify the City, its officers, agents, representatives, and employees against any and all liability, including costs, for infringement of any United States' letters patent, trademark, or copyright infringement, including costs, contained in the work product or documents provided by Consultant to the City pursuant to this Agreement.
RECORDS
Consultant shall keep records and invoices in connection with the work to be performed under this Agreement. Consultant shall maintain complete and accurate records with respect to the costs incurred under this Agreement and any services, expenditures, and disbursements
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charged to the City for a minimum period of three (3) years, or for any longer period required by law, from the date of final payment to Consultant under this Agreement. All such records and invoices shall be clearly identifiable. Consultant shall allow a representative of the City to examine, audit, and make transcripts or copies of such records and any other documents created pursuant to this Agreement during regular business hours. Consultant shall allow inspection of all work, data, documents, proceedings, and activities related to this Agreement for a period of three (3) years from the date of final payment to Consultant under this Agreement.
10. CONFIDENTIALITY
If Consultant receives from the City information which due to the nature of such information is reasonably understood to be confidential and/or proprietary, Consultant agrees that it shall not use or disclose such information except in the performance of this Agreement, and further agrees to exercise the same degree of care it uses to protect its own information of like importance, but in no event less than reasonable care. This includes any sharing of Confidential Information between Consultant and any of its parent companies or subsidiaries. "Confidential Information" shall include all nonpublic information. Confidential information includes not only written information, but also information transferred orally, visually, electronically, or by other means. Confidential information disclosed to either party by any subsidiary and/or agent of the other party is covered by this Agreement. The foregoing obligations of non-use and nondisclosure shall not apply to any information that (a) has been disclosed in publicly available sources; (b) is, through no fault of the Consultant disclosed in a publicly available source; (c) is in rightful possession of the Consultant without an obligation of confidentiality; (d) is required to be disclosed by operation of law; or (e) is independently developed by the Consultant without reference to information disclosed by the City.
11. CONFLICT OF INTEREST CLAUSE
a. Consultant covenants that it presently has no interests and shall not have interests, direct or indirect, which would conflict in any manner with performance of services specified under this Agreement.
b. No immediate family members of either the Mayor, City Council Member, or any appointed City Official, including appointed board and commission members, as defined under the City's Municipal Code, whose position with the City shall award or influence the award of this Agreement, or any competing contract or amendment thereof, shall be employed in any capacity by the Consultant or have any other direct or indirect financial benefit or interest in this Agreement. c. The section also prohibits the awarding of any agreement, contract, grant, or any amendment to those awards, to any former full-time employee for one-year from date of employee separation except for any CalPERS retiree as authorized by City Council resolution
d. The Consultant must comply with all conflict of interest laws, ordinances, and regulations now in effect or hereafter to be enacted during the term of this Agreement.
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The Consultant warrants that it is not now aware of any facts which conflict with the prohibitions defined above. If the Consultant hereafter becomes aware of any facts that might reasonably be expected to create a conflict of interest, it must immediately make full written disclosure of such facts to the City. Full written disclosure must include, but is not limited to, identification of all persons implicated and a complete description of all relevant circumstances. Failure to comply with the provisions of this paragraph will be a material breach of this Agreement.
e. Consultant covenants that none of its directors, officers, employees, or agents shall participate in selecting or administrating any subcontract supported (in whole or in part) by City funds stemming from the Agreement where the awarding of the subcontract has any direct or indirect financial benefit or interest to any individual, as defined in subsections (b) and (c) above.
12. NON-DISCRIMINATION
Consultant shall not discriminate because of race, color, creed, religion, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, gender, medical conditions, genetic information, or military and veteran status, age, national origin, ancestry, or disability, as defined and prohibited by applicable law, in the recruitment, selection, teaching, training, utilization, promotion, termination or other employment related activities or any services provided under this Agreement. Consultant affirms that it is an equal opportunity employer and shall comply with all applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations.
13. EXCLUSIVITY AND AMENDMENT
This Agreement represents the complete and exclusive statement between the City and Consultant, and supersedes any and all other agreements, oral or written, between the parties. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and any attachments hereto, the terms of this Agreement shall prevail. This Agreement may not be modified except by written instrument signed by the City and by an authorized representative of Consultant. The parties agree that any terms or conditions of any purchase order or other instrument that are inconsistent with, or in addition to, the terms and conditions hereof, shall not bind or obligate Consultant or the City. Each party to this Agreement acknowledges that no representations, inducements, promises or agreements, orally or otherwise, have been made by any party, or anyone acting on behalf of any party, which is not embodied herein.
14. ASSIGNMENT
Inasmuch as this Agreement is intended to secure the specialized services of Consultant, Consultant may not assign, transfer, delegate, or subcontract any interest herein without the prior written consent of the City and any such assignment, transfer, delegation or subcontract without the City's prior written consent shall be considered null and void. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to limit the City's ability to have any of the services which are the subject to this Agreement performed by City personnel or by other Consultants retained by City.
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15. TERMINATION
This Agreement may be terminated by the City upon thirty (30) days written notice of termination. In such event, Consultant shall be entitled to receive and the City shall pay Consultant compensation for all services performed by Consultant prior to receipt of such notice of termination, subject to the following conditions:
a. As a condition of such payment, the Executive Director may require Consultant to deliver to the City all work products) completed as of such date, and in such case such work product shall be the property of the City unless prohibited by law, and Consultant consents to the City's use thereof for such purposes as the City deems appropriate.
Payment need not be made for work which fails to meet the standard of performance specified in the Recitals of this Agreement.
16. WAIVER
No waiver of breach, failure of any condition, or any right or remedy contained in or granted by the provisions of this Agrement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the party waiving the breach, failure, right or remedy. No waiver of any breach, failure or right, or remedy shall be deemed a waiver of any other breach, failure, right or remedy, whether or not similar, nor shall any waiver constitute a continuing waiver unless the writing so specifies.
17. JURISDICTION - VENUE
This Agreement has been executed and delivered in the State of California and the validity, interpretation, performance, and enforcement of any of the clauses of this Agreement shall be determined and governed by the laws of the State of California. Both parties further agree that Orange County, California, shall be the venue for any action or proceeding that may be brought or arise out of, in connection with or by reason of this Agreement.
18. PROFESSIONAL LICENSES
Consultant shall, throughout the term of this Agreement, maintain all necessary licenses, permits, approvals, waivors, and excmptions necessary for the provision of the services hereunder and required by the laws and regulations of the United States, the State of California, the City of Santa Ana and all other governmental agencies. Consultant shall notify the City immediately and in writing of its inability to obtain or maintain such permits, licenses, approvals, waivers, and exemptions. Said inability shall be cause for termination of this Agreement.
19. NOTICE
Any notice, tender, demand, delivery, or other communication pursuant to this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to be properly given if delivered in person or mailed by first class or certified mail, postage prepaid, or sent by fax or other telegraphic communication in the manner provided in this Section, to the following persons:
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To City:
City Clerk
City of Santa Ana
20 Civic Center Plaza (M-30)
P.O. Box 1988
Santa Ana, CA 92702-1988
With courtesy copies to:
City Manager
City of Santa Ana
20 Civic Center Plaza (M-31)
P.O. Box 1988
Santa Ana, California 92702
To Consultant:
Manatt Government Strategies, LLC.
Attn: Leslie Pollner, Managing Director
1050 Connecticut Ave. NW
Suite 600
Washington, District of Columbia 20036
A party may change its address by giving notice in writing to the other party. Thereafter, any communication shall be addressed and transmitted to the new address. If sent by mail, communication shall be effective or deemed to have been given three (3) days after it has been deposited in the United States mail, duly registered or certified, with postage prepaid, and addressed as set forth above. If sent by fax, communication shall be effective or deemed to have been given twenty-four (24) hours after the time set forth on the transmission report issued by the transmitting facsimile machine, addressed as set forth above. For purposes of calculating these time frames, weekends, federal, state, County or City holidays shall be excluded.
20. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
a. Each undersigned represents and warrants that its signature herein below has the power, authority and right to bind their respective parties to each of the terms of this Agreement, and shall indemnify City fully, including reasonable costs and attorney's fees, for any injuries or damages to City in the event that such authority or power is not, in fact, hold by the signatory or is withdrawn.
All Exhibits referenced herein and attached hereto shall be incorporated as if fully set forth in the body of this Agreement.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement the date and year first above written.
ATTEST: CITY OF SANTA ANA
Jennifer L. Hall Alvaro Nuñez
City Clerk City Manager
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
SONIA R. CARVALHO CONSULTANT:
City Attorney
-
By Certif Listie Pollner
Jonathan T. Martinez Leslie Pollner
Assistant City Attorney Managing Director
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EXHIBIT A
SCOPE OF SERVICES
CITY OF SANTA ANA
EXHIBIT A
SCOPE OF SERVICES
Consultant shall perform the services as set forth below.
I. SCOPE OF SERVICES
A. HELP SET LEGISLATIVE PRIORITIES
1. Work with the City Council, the City Manager, and other designated City staff to discuss goals, objectives, opportunities, and priorities.
2. Provide strategic advice regarding the development of legislative positions and priorities.
3. Raise, discuss and assess any affirmative legislative action that may benefit the City, as needed. In consultation with City staff, determine appropriate positions on relevant legislation and recommend proactive legislative action, as appropriate.
B. ADVOCATE ON THE CITY'S BEHALF
1. Advocate the City's position to the President of the United States, members of the U.S.
House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, federal agencies, regulatory committees, and other interested parties.
2. Identify opportunities for City officials to participate in the legislative process and make recommendations. Those opportunities include, but are not limited to, communication to members of the U.S. Congress, providing testimony at legislative hearings, and communication with federal agencies.
C. LEGISLATIVE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
1. At the request of the City, research, provide information, and prepare written reports on a variety of topics, including, but not limited to, the following:
i. Federal laws/regulations and proposed legislation
ii. Legislative hearings, reports, and testimony
ili. Federal funding opportunities
iv. Reporting and data that may impact City operations
2. Monitor federal agency rulemaking and notify City of potential impacts.
3. Coordinate with City staff and departments to develop a proactive and comprehensive strategy to seek federal funding that serves the City's priorities. The plan shall identify City projects, outline and prioritize multiple funding options and opportunities for each project, and evaluate the cost/benefit ratio for each opportunity.
4. Monitor and report on the federal budget, and work to secure funding when appropriate on projects beneficial to City's interests.
RFP 23-052 Federal Legislative Advocacy Services Page 18 of 33
CITY OF SANTA ANA
D. MEETINGS WITH CITY STAFF REGARDING GRANT OPPORTUNITIES At the request of the City, provide meeting opportunities for City staff to discuss potential grant/funding opportunities and guide them through the application process.
1. Work with the City to identify and evaluate potential funding categories with annual budget or appropriation bills, and specific funding on grant opportunities.
E. KEEP THE CITY UPDATED ON PERTINENT LEGISLATION
1. Provide updates on proposed, introduced, and amended federal legislation, and proposed and adopted federal administrative rules and regulations, to identify and report on matters that potentially affect the City's legislative priorities.
2. Identify potential future legislative issues or opportunities that may interest the City, and help position the City to benefit from new laws, regulations, policies, programs, and/or funding opportunities.
F. RELATIONSHIP-BUILDING WITH FEDERAL LAW MAKERS
Support a positive relationship with the President of the United States, members of the U.S. Congress, and federal agencies.
1. Assist in establishing relations between councilmembers and City staff and legislative persons, including chairs and consultants of key committees and other important policymakers.
2. Coordinate meetings with members of the U.S. Congress and federal agencies to provide the City the opportunity to meet with key policymakers on pertinent City issues.
G. PREPARE POSITION LETTERS AND DRAFT LEGISLATVE LANGUAGE At the request of the City, assist with drafting position letters, legislative language, and talking points on legislation or language for City policy resolutions.
H. MONTHLY REPORTS
Provide regular updates on the political landscape in Washington, D.C. to help provide context, and identify opportunities and potential issues. At a minimum, provide monthly reports of activities pursued or accomplished on behalf of the City.
1. FPPC FILINGS
Prepare and file all applicable Fair Political Practices Commission lobbying documents and reports within all applicable deadlines, per the provisions of the Political Reform Ac of 1974 as amended. Provide the City notification of any changes or modifications that may be pertinent.
RFP 23-052 Federal Legislative Advocacy Services Page 19 of 33
EXHIBIT B
COST PROPOSAL
Exhibit B
Cost Proposal manatt
Manatt Government Strategies proposes a monthly fixed fee of $9,800 for this engagement, inclusive of all expenses.
In our experience, billable-hour engagements for strategic government affairs and advocacy services— particularly with local government clients like the City—do not align with the interests of both parties. With Manatt's monthly fixed fee arrangement, we foster a more collaborative and goal-oriented partnership, enabling us to focus on achieving your objectives without the constraints of hourly tracking. We leverage our full suite of public policy professionals, giving you access to the collective experience and talent across our Firm as needed. This is why we propose a fixed fee engagement for this relationship, ensuring our attention remains dedicated to your goals, rather than the mechanics of billing.
Additional Notes: This proposal is valid for a period of not less than 180 days from the due date for submittal. Pricing shall remain firm for the entire initial Agreement term.
Payment Schedule:
Description of Services Name Title Monthly Rate Annual Rate Poliner, Leslie Managing Director
Barkovic, Lisa Senior Advisor
Federal Legislative O'Brien, Joe Advisor $9,800 Fixed $117,600 Fixed Advocacy Services O'Toole, Eve Managing Director Rate Rate Bajnrauh, Heide Managing Director
Stoker, Mike Special Advisor
Presented to City of Santa Ana | manatt.com 21
EXHIBIT C
INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS
Insurance Requirements - Exhibit C
Prior to undertaking performance of work under this Agreement, Consultant shall maintain and shall require any subcontractors to obtain and maintain insurance as described below for the entire Term of this Agreement against claims for injuries to persons or damage to property which may arise from or in connection with services, products and materials supplied to City. Total cost of such insurance shall be borne by Consultant.
MINIMUM SCOPE AND LIMIT OF INSURANCE
1. Commercial General Liability (CGL): Insurance Services Office Form CG 00 01 covering CL on an "occurrence" basis, including products and completed operations, property damage, bodily injury and personal & advertising injury with limits no less than $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 aggregate. Required policy limits can be met with primary and umbrella/excess insurance policies.
2. Automobile Liability (AL): Insurance Services Office Form CA 00 01 covering Code 1 (any auto), with limits no less than $1,000,000 combined single limits. In the event Consultant does not maintain commercial automobile liability insurance, City will accept cvidence of personal automobile insuranco, provided that such policy is endorsed for business use and provides coverage with a minimum limit of $1,000,000. Required policy limits can be met with primary and umbrella/excess insurance policies.
3. Workers' Compensation (WC): as required by the State of California, with Statutory Limits, and Employer's Liability Insurance with limit of no less than $1,000,000 per accident, policy or employee, for bodily injury or disease. Coverage is not required if Consultant has no employees and signs request to waive such insurance.
4. Professional Liability (PL): with limits no less than $1,000,000 per occurrence or claim, and $1,000,000 aggregate.
If Consultant maintains broader coverage and/or higher limits than the minimum requirements for each line of coverage shown above, City requires and shall be entitled to the broader coverage and/or the higher limits maintained by Consultant. Any available insurance proceeds in excess of the specified minimum limits of insurance and coverage shall be available to City.
Other Insurance Provisions
The above required insurance policies are to contain or be endorsed to contain the following provisions:
1. City, its City Council, its officers, officials, employees, agents, and volunteers are to be covered as additional insureds, under Consultant's CL and AL policies, with respect to any liability arising out of work or operations performed by or on behalf of the Consultant including materials, parts, equipment, and personnel furnished in connection with such work or opcrations.
2. Consultant's Insurance company(ies) agrees to waive all rights of subrogation against City, its City Council, its officers, officials, employees, agents, and volunteers for losses paid Insurance Requirements - Exhibit C
under the terms of Consultant's CGL, AL, and WC policies which arise from work performed by Consultant under this Agreement.
3. For any claims related to this contract, Consultant's insurance coverage shall be primary and any insurance maintained by City, its City Council, its officers, officials, employees, agents, or volunteers shall not contribute with it.
4. A severability of interest provision must apply for all the additional insureds, ensuring that Consultant's insurance shall apply separately to each insured against whom a claim is made or suit is brought, except with respect to the insurer's limits of liability.
5. Insurance policies required herein shall provide that coverage shall not be canceled, suspended, voided, reduced in coverage or in limits, non-renewed by the carrier, or materially changed except after thirty (30) days prior written notice has been given to City.
Ten (10) days prior written notice shall be provided to City for policy cancellation or non- renewal due to non-payment of premium.
6. Certificate Holder on each Evidence of Insurance certificate shall be: City of Santa Ana, Attention: City Manager's Office, 20 Civic Center Plaza, M-31, Santa Ana, CA 92701.
The name and location of project must be included in the Description of Operations section of each certificate.
Self-Insured Retentions
Self-insured retentions must be declared to and approved by the City. The City may require the Consultant to purchase coverage with a lower retention or provide proof of ability to pay losses and related investigations, claim administration, and defense expenses within the retention.
Acceptability of Insurers
Insurance is to be placed with insurers authorized to conduct business in the State of California with a current A.M. Best rating of no less than A: VII, unless otherwise acceptable to City.
Verification of Coverage
Consultant shall furnish City with original Certificates of Insurance including all required amendatory endorsements (or copies of the applicable policy language eftecting coverage required by this clause) and a copy of the Declarations and Endorsement Page of the CGL policy listing all policy endorsements before work begins. However, failure to obtain the required documents prior to the work beginning shall not waive Consultant's obligation to provide them.
City reserves the right to require complete, certified copies of all required insurance policies, including endorsements required by these specifications, at any time.
Special Risks or Circumstances
City reserves the right to modify these requirements, including limits, based on the nature of the risk, prior experience, insurer, coverage, or other special circumstances.