Attachment E. Final Environmental Impact Report .pdf — Santa Maria City Council, May 5, 2026 (part 3 of 4)

Consistent. The 2045 General Plan Update Policies COS-

6.2 through 6.4 aim to reduce vehicle-generated air
pollution and GHG emissions by expanding active
transportation opportunities; transition the City’s vehicle fleet to electric or zero-emission vehicles; and promote energy conservation through public awareness programs.

Future development would also be required to comply
with the latest Title 24 Green Building Code and Building Efficiency Energy Standards and incorporate energy
efficient and sustainable designs and appliances.

Source: SBCAG 2025
The 2050 RTP/SCS states that one of the intents of the Sustainable Communities Strategy is “directly addressing regional jobs/housing imbalance by providing more housing on the jobs-rich South Coast and more jobs to communities in the North County” (SBCAG 2021). Improving the intra-County jobs/housing imbalance would decrease transportation demands on U.S. Highway 101, State Route 166, and State Route 1, which would reduce congestion and VMT. The plan would increase employment by adding 23,750 new jobs within the City, which would improve the City’s jobs- housing ratio, reducing vehicle emissions. Therefore, the 2045 General Plan Update would be consistent with most of the policies in the SBCAG 2050 RTP/SCS, with the exception of Policy 1.2.

Overall, although the 2045 General Plan Update would be generally consistent most of the policies City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.2-34
from the SBCAG 2050 RTP/SCS, the plan would be inconsistent with Policy 1.2 from the SBCAG 2050 RTP/SCS and the 2022 Scoping Plan, since the plan has the potential to conflict with the State-wide target of net-zero GHG emissions by 2045. Therefore, this impact would be potentially significant.

GHG emissions associated with the 2045 General Plan Update are shown below under Table 4.2-9 for informational purposes only. As shown in Table 4.2-9, the plan would result in approximately 271,807 MT CO2e per year.

Table 4.2-9 Operational GHG Emissions
Emission Source Annual Emissions (MT CO2e)
Net New Uses Operational
Mobile 83,629
Area 1,145
Energy 229,129
Water 13,486
Waste 23,447
Refrigerants 57
Total 350,894
Net Reduction in Uses Operational
Mobile 5,335
Area 296
Energy 63,577
Water 4,015
Waste 5,856
Refrigerants 8
Total 79,087
Net New Emissions 271,807
MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Source: CalEEMod worksheets are in Appendix B.

Mitigation Measures
There are no feasible mitigation measures that would reduce plan area emissions of GHGs such that the plan would not potentially conflict with the State-wide target of net-zero GHG emissions by 2045.

Significance After Mitigation
No feasible mitigation measures are available to reduce impacts to a less than significant level.

Therefore, this impact would be significant and unavoidable.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.2-35

4.2.4 Cumulative Impacts
Air Quality
A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Regional cumulative impacts consider the City-wide impacts together with similar impacts of reasonably anticipated regional projects/programs. The general approach to cumulative impact analysis used in this EIR, as well as the determination of the cumulative impact analysis area, is discussed in Section 3, Environmental Setting, Subsection 3.3, Cumulative Development.

As described under Impact AQGHG-1, the SBCAPCD’s approach for assessing cumulative impacts is based on consistency with the latest adopted Ozone Plan. The population estimate under the 2045 General Plan Update is considered conservative, as it assumes full occupancy of all potential residential units at the maximum persons-per-household rate. 4 Actual population growth may be
lower. Nonetheless, the 2045 General Plan Update would still result in exceedance of the population forecasts for the City of Santa Maria in the 2022 Ozone Plan and would potentially exceed SBCAPCD construction and operational criteria air pollutant thresholds. Therefore, the 2045 General Plan Update would have a cumulatively considerable contribution to impacts related to consistency with the latest adopted Ozone Plan
As identified under Impact AQGHG-2, the 2045 General Plan Update would exceed SBCAPCD operational emissions thresholds for ROC, NO
X, and PM10. Additionally, at this stage of planning,
project-specific details regarding construction activity are currently unknown and could potentially exceed SBCAPCD thresholds after mitigation. Therefore, even with implementation of Mitigation Measure AQGHG-2, the 2045 General Plan Update would result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of criteria pollutants for which the plan region is non-attainment.

As shown under Impact AQGHG-3, construction activity may result in a potentially significant impact related to DPM and TAC exposure within the City. Health risk impacts are localized to the immediate vicinity of DPM and TAC sources, such that people affected by construction-related TAC emissions generated at one housing site would likely not be affected by construction-related TAC emissions generated at another housing site should construction activities occur simultaneously. Discussion of these impacts considers the cumulative nature of the pollutants in the region; for example, the cancer risk and non-cancer risk thresholds have been set pursuant to existing cancer risks in the area and exceeding those thresholds would be considered a cumulative impact. Implementation of Mitigation Measure AQGHG-3 would reduce concentrations of DPM and TAC emissions from construction activity associated with future development under the 2045 General Plan Update.

Therefore, the plan’s contribution to cumulative air quality impacts related to these pollutants would not result in a cumulatively considerable impact.

Cumulative projects would adversely affect sensitive receptors from odor emissions if cumulative projects were typical odor-producing land uses. Construction of cumulative projects would result in construction equipment-related odors; however, the temporary nature of construction would ensure less than significant cumulative odor impacts. In addition, the 2045 General Plan Update would not facilitate the development of odor-generating sources. Therefore, operational odor

4 This calculation represents a conservative analysis in which every potential residential unit (16,140 as described in Section 2.6.5, Proposed 2045 General Plan Buildout) is occupied at the full potential persons per household rate.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.2-36
impacts would be less than significant and the 2045 General Plan Update would not result in a cumulatively considerable impact related to odors.

GHG
A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Regional cumulative impacts consider the City-wide impacts together with similar impacts of reasonably anticipated regional projects/programs. The general approach to cumulative impact analysis used in this EIR, as well as the determination of the cumulative impact analysis area, is discussed in Section 3, Environmental Setting, Subsection 3.3, Cumulative Development.

GHG emissions and climate change are, by definition, cumulative impacts, because impacts of climate change are experienced on a global scale regardless of the location of GHG emission sources. As discussed in Section 4.2.1b, Potential Effects of Climate Change, the adverse environmental impacts of cumulative GHG emissions, including sea level rise, increased average temperatures, more drought years, and more large forest fires, are already occurring. As a result, cumulative impacts related to GHG emissions are significant. Thus, the issue of climate change involves an analysis of whether a project’s contribution towards an impact is cumulatively considerable. As discussed under Thresholds GHG-1 and GHG-2, plan impacts related to GHG emissions would be significant and unavoidable since there is not guarantee the 2045 General Plan Update would be consistent with the State-wide target of net-zero GHG emissions by 2045.

Therefore, GHG impacts would be cumulatively considerable.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-1

4.3 Biological Resources
This section summarizes the biological resources in the plan area and analyzes the potential effects on biological resources related to implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update. This section includes a brief summary of biological resources background information and a review of known biological resources as well as potential impacts to these resources as a result of implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update. The background information and analysis in this section is partially based on the Environmental Background Report for the City of Santa Maria, prepared in December 2020 to support their General Plan Update.

4.3.1 Setting
This following information was obtained through a desktop literature review of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) and Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC); the California Department of Fish and Wildlife’s (CDFW) California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB); the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Protected Resources Application; the City of Santa Maria Existing Conditions Report (2020); and Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools (LANDFIRE) and CDFW vegetation datasets.
a. Land Cover and Vegetation Communities
Santa Maria has a Mediterranean climate characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Plants in this climate have adapted to grow in the early spring and winter, when water is available, and become mostly dormant in the long dry summers, when water availability is limited.

The varied topography and soil types of the Santa Maria Valley have enabled a mix of native plant communities to exist in the region. Major land cover types in the Santa Maria River Valley include urbanized development, agricultural lands (which include barren land, dryland and irrigated grain crops, evergreen orchards, irrigated row and field crops, pastures, and vineyard vegetation communities), and open space (which includes annual and perennial grasslands, coast live oak woodlands, coastal scrub, eucalyptus groves, freshwater emergent wetlands, valley foothill riparian, chamise-redshank chaparral, mixed chaparral, closed-cone pine-cypress, montane riparian, and lacustrine and riverine vegetation communities). These vegetation communities were identified as occurring in the plan area by LANDFIRE’s existing vegetation dataset and CDFW’s California Wildlife Habitat Relationships classification scheme (CWHR) (Mayer and Laudenslayer 1988, CDFW 2025a).

Urbanized development contributes to the majority (71 percent) of the plan area, with the remaining areas consisting of agriculture (9 percent), open space (12 percent), and mixed agricultural-open space (8 percent) areas. Further descriptions of these vegetation communities are provided below and illustrated in Figure 4.3-1.

Land Cover
The plan area contains substantial urban and suburban development. There are, however, areas of relatively undisturbed natural habitats. Descriptions of the vegetation communities in the plan area are listed below, based on vegetation mapping using the LANDFIRE vegetation dataset and described using CDFW CWHR habitat descriptions. Figure 4.3-1 shows the vegetation communities and land covers within the plan area.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-2
Figure 4.3-1 Vegetation Communities in the Plan Area

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-3
Agricultural – Field and Row Crops
Dryland Grain Crops
Vegetation in the dryland (non-irrigated) grain and seed crops habitat includes seed producing grasses – primarily barley, cereal rye, oats, and wheat, all of which are annuals. Non-irrigated grain and seed crops are often planted in the fall, and harvested in the spring, on lands with flat to gently rolling terrain. Grain crops reduce wildlife habitat richness and diversity, as they are usually established on fertile soils, which historically supported an abundance of plants and wildlife. Many species are now controlled by fencing (e.g. deer), trapping (e.g. wild pigs), and poisoning (e.g. rodents) to prevent excessive crop losses (CDFW 2025a).

Irrigated Row, Field, and Grain Crops
Irrigated row and field crops, including seed and grain crops, are generally located on flat to gently rolling terrain; flat terrain has often been leveled to facilitate irrigation and rolling terrain is usually irrigated by sprinklers. Irrigated row, field, and grain crops do not conform to normal habitat stages, and vegetation is variable in size, shape, and grow pattern based on crop type. Some crops may form 100 percent canopy while others may have bare space between rows. Crops may be annual or perennial, and may be planted in rotation with other irrigated crops.

Row and field crops are usually established on the State's most fertile soils, which historically supported an abundance of wildlife unequalled on other sites, but many species are now controlled by fencing (e.g. deer), trapping (e.g., wild pigs), and poisoning (e.g., rodents) to prevent excessive crop losses. However, availability of irrigation water during dryer months and drought benefits many wildlife species as a source of water (CDFW 2025a).

Barren lands within agricultural lands generally present in the form of disked or plowed agricultural fields (CDFW 2025a).

Agricultural – Orchard
Evergreen Orchards
Evergreen orchards are typically dominated by a single species of tree, such as almonds, apples, apricots, peaches, pecans, and walnuts for deciduous orchards and avocados, grapefruit, lemons, limes, olives, oranges, and tangerines for evergreen orchards. Trees range in height at maturity depending on the species, ranging from 10 feet for dwarf varieties to upwards of 60 feet. The understory is usually composed of bare soil or cover crops or low-growing grasses, which are often intensively managed. Orchards are planted on deep fertile soils which once supported productive and diverse natural habitats. The orchards still provide anthropogenic habitat that offers wildlife, such as deer and rabbit that commonly browse on the tree foliage, an area for foraging and cover that allows animals to move through the region. Many wildlife species act as biological control agents by feeding on weed seeds and insect pests (CDFW 2025a).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-4
Agricultural – Vineyard and Bush Fruit
Vineyard
Vineyards are composed of single species planted in rows, usually supported on wood and/or wire trellises with open space between rows. Rows under the vines are often sprayed with herbicides to prevent growth of herbaceous plants. Between rows of vines, grasses and other herbaceous plants may be planted or allowed to grow as a cover crop to control erosion (CDFW 2025a).

California Mixed Evergreen Forest and Woodland
Closed-Cone Pine-Cypress
The closed-cone pine-cypress habitat is typically dominated by a single species of one of the closed- cone pines or cypress with variable height and canopy cover based on species makeup. Cypress- dominated habitats usually occur as "arboreal islands" amongst chaparral or forest types, and pine- dominated habitats are generally patches with surrounding chaparral, Montane Hardwood-Conifer or Mixed Conifer habitats. Great horned owls and red-tailed hawks will nest in closed-cone pine forests, and numerous other species make use of the closed-cone pine-cypress habitat for feeding and cover (CDFW 2025a).

Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus habitats generally include monotypic stands of Eucalyptus spp. and range from single- species thickets to scattered trees to dense stands with closed canopies. Tree heights typically range from 87 to 264 feet, depending on species and spacing. Eucalyptus woodlands are found at low elevations, where freezing is not a problem. Most eucalyptus have been artificially established, usually in and around urban/rural areas. However, eucalyptus grow quickly and can be invasive and are known to become established along stream courses or within natural habitats, encroaching upon and outcompeting existing native vegetation.

Eucalyptus habitats serve as roosts, perches, and
nest sites for a number of bird species, particularly raptors, as well as overwintering sites for monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) (CDFW 2025a).

Chaparral
Chamise-redshank and Mixed Chaparral
Chaparral habitats are dominated by shrubs, often with thick, stiff, waxy evergreen leaves, which grow to be dense, nearly impenetrable thickets. Mixed chaparral habitats are comprised of a variable patchwork of shrub species, such as buckwheat, chamise, toyon, poison oak, ceanothus, and manzanita, whereas chamise-redshank chaparral may consist of nearly pure stands (50 percent or more relative cover) of chamise or redshank, a mixture of both, or with other shrubs such as toyon, white sage, and ceanothus.

Mixed and chamise-redshank chaparral often occur as a mosaic on low to middle elevation slopes below several woodland and forest types. Compared to chamise-redshank chaparral, mixed chaparral generally occupies more mesic sites at higher elevations or on north-facing slopes. No wildlife species are restricted to only mixed chaparral habitat; however, chamise-redshank chaparral provides habitat for deer, small mammals, birds, and reptiles (CDFW 2025a).

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-5
Coastal Scrub
Coastal scrub is a native vegetation community that is typically found on stabilized backdune slopes, ridges, and flats along the coast. Soils are typically sandy to sandy loam. Central coastal scrub typically forms a mosaic with other communities including coast bluff scrub, maritime chaparral, coast live oak woodland, and coastal prairie. Vegetation in this habitat type is composed of soft scrub of moderate to high cover and is dominated by native mock heather (Ericameria ericoides), California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis), black sage (Salvia mellifera), common California-aster (Lessingia filaginifolia var. filaginifolia), dune bush lupine (Lupinus chamissonis), and sticky monkeyflower (Diplacus aurantiacus). Central coastal scrub provides habitat for a variety of vertebrate species (CDFW 2025a).

Developed – Ruderal – Landscaped
Developed – ruderal – landscaped areas refer to those which have been temporarily or permanently disturbed by human activities and include, but are not limited to, areas of residential, commercial, and industrial development; areas of nonnative vegetation resulting from human activity and disturbance, such as grading; and areas of ornamental landscaping.

Barren Lands
Barren habitat is defined by the absence of vegetation, and includes any habitat with less than two percent total vegetation cover by herbaceous, desert, or non-wildland species and less than 10 percent cover by shrub or tree species. Urban settings covered in pavement and buildings may also be classified as barren as long as vegetation, including non-native landscaping, does not reach the percent cover thresholds for vegetated habitats (CDFW 2025a).

Freshwater Marsh and Water
Wetlands and Streams
Wetlands and waterways, sourced from NWI and shown in Figure 4.3-2, are highly productive habitats for plants and wildlife. Coastal wetlands and riparian wetlands (linear areas adjacent to streams, creeks and drainages) are especially productive for plants, because recurrent flooding in these areas delivers influxes of soil and nutrients. Riverine refers to areas with intermittently or continuously running water, such as rivers and streams. Riverine habitats are found adjacent to riparian areas and can be contiguous to lacustrine and fresh emergent wetland habitats. Riverine areas provide habitat for many species of waterfowl, raptors, insectivorous birds, and mammals.

Lacustrine refers to inland depressions or dammed riverine channels containing standing water and can vary from small ponds to large lakes or reservoirs. Lacustrine systems provide habitat for many species of small birds and raptors, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals. Permanent lacustrine systems support fish life, while intermittent types generally do not. Fresh emergent wetlands are characterized by frequently flooded areas with erect, herbaceous vegetation. Fresh emergent wetlands are among the most productive wildlife habitats in California, and provide food, cover, and water for more than 160 species of birds and numerous mammals, reptiles, and amphibians (CDFW 2025a).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-6
Figure 4.3-2 Wetlands Within the Plan Area

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-7
Santa Maria contains a number of United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)-recognized wetlands, including freshwater ponds and freshwater emergent wetlands, concentrated in agricultural and open space areas, as well as freshwater forested and shrub wetland and riverine habitat along the Santa Maria River. These wetlands provide habitat for fish, wildlife, and plants; and provide a form of groundwater recharge and flooding prevention (City of Santa Maria 2020).

OUTHERN VERNAL POOLS
Vernal pools are a type of temporary wetland that support plants and animals that are specifically adapted to living with very wet winter and spring conditions followed by very dry summer and fall conditions. Many specially-adapted crustaceans, amphibians, and insects occur only in vernal pools.

Plant species associated with Southern Vernal Pools include Howell’s foxtail (Alopecurus howellii), water pygmyweed (Crassula aquatica), needle spikerush (Eleocharis acicularis), common spikerush (Eleocharis palustris), western marsh cudweed (Gnaphalium palustre), meadow barley (Hordeum brachyantherum), toad rush (Juncus bufonius), flowering quillwort (Lilaea scilloides) and rough- nutlet popcornflower (Plagiobothrys trachycarpus) (City of Santa Maria 2020).

Along rivers and streams, barren land includes vertical river banks and canyon walls (CDFW 2025a).
b. Special Status Species
For the purposes of this analysis, special-status species were considered listed or non-listed special- status species if they were classified as one or more of the following:
 Listed Special-Status Species
 Species listed as threatened or endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act (FESA), including proposed and candidate species.
 Species listed as candidate, threatened, or endangered under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA).
 Plant species protected by the Native Plant Protection Act (NPPA) (State Rare).  Non-listed Special-Status Species
 Species designated as Fully Protected (FP), Species of Special Concern (SSC), or Watch List (WL) by the CDFW
 Birds designated as a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) by USFWS  Sensitive species designated by USFWS
 Sensitive species designated by the United States Forest Service (USFS)  Plants assigned a California Rare Plant Rank of 1 through 4 by the California Native Plant Society (CNPS)
 Species protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act  Bats considered by the Western Bat Working Group to be “High” or “Medium” priority City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-8
 Species designated as locally important by the Local Agency and/or otherwise protected through ordinance, local policy, Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs), or Natural Community Conservation Plans (NCCPs).

Queries of the USFWS’s IPaC, CNDDB, and CNPS’s online Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California (CRPR) were conducted to obtain comprehensive information regarding special-status species and sensitive vegetation communities known or with potential to occur in the plan area.

Queries of the CNPS inventory and CNDDB database included the Santa Maria and Twitchell Dam United States Geological Service (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle. The results of these scientific database queries are provided as Appendix B of this Environmental Impact Report (EIR).

Grassland
Annual Grassland
Annual grasslands are characterized by open grasslands composed primarily of non-native annual plant species, including wild oats (Avena fatua), ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus), red brome (Bromus rubens), and foxtail barley (Hordeum murinum). This vegetation community occurs mostly on flat plains to gently rolling foothills. Species composition depends largely on weather patterns and livestock grazing. Fall rains cause germination of annual plant seeds. Plants grow slowly during the cool winter months, remaining low in stature until spring, when temperatures increase and stimulate more rapid growth. Many wildlife species use this community for foraging, such as black- tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi), coyote (Canis latrans), and a variety of bird species (CDFW 2025a).

Perennial Grasslands
Perennial grassland habitats occur in two forms in California: coastal prairie, found in areas of northern California under maritime influence, and relics in habitats now dominated by annual grasses and forbs (see Annual Grassland description above). Coastal prairie perennial grassland habitats are dominated by perennial grass species such as California oatgrass, Pacific hairgrass, and sweet vernalgrass. Perennial grassland habitats typically occurs on ridges and south-facing slopes, alternating with forest and scrub in the valleys and on north-facing slopes.

Perennial grasslands provide high-quality habitat for many species, including the common garter snake, western terrestrial garter snake, northern harrier, barn owl, burrowing owl, western kingbird, Say's phoebe, barn swallow, western meadowlark, savannah sparrow, grasshopper sparrow, Townsend mole, coast mole, Botta’s pocket gopher, western harvest mouse, California vole, long- tailed vole, and Oregon vole. Perennial grasslands often serve as feeding habitat for the turkey vulture, red-tailed hawk, American kestrel, peregrine falcon, western bluebird, fringe-tailed bat, big brown bat, striped skunk, coyote, black-tailed jackrabbit, brush rabbit, Roosevelt elk, and black- tailed deer (CDFW 2025a).

Pasture
Pasture vegetation is a mix of perennial grasses and legumes that normally provide 100 percent canopy closure. Old or poorly drained pastures may have patches of weeds in excess. The mix of grasses and legumes varies according to management practices such as seed mixture, fertilization, soil type, irrigation, weed control, and the type of livestock on the pasture. Pastures are planted on flat and gently rolling terrain and may be irrigated. Pastures are used by a variety of wildlife Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-9
depending upon geographic area and types of adjacent habitats. Ground-nesting birds, including waterfowl, nest in pastures if adequate residual vegetation is present at the onset of the nesting season (CDFW 2025a).

Western Oak Woodland and Savanna
Coastal Oak Woodland
Coast oak woodland is a native vegetation community that consists of deciduous and evergreen hardwoods, typically dominated by coast live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia). Coast live oak woodlands are variable, ranging from dense woodlands (sometimes intergrading with mixed evergreen forests) on the more mesic north-facing slopes and canyons, to an open savanna on drier, more exposed slopes where the soils are usually shallower. The understory may range from absent to dense.

Typical understory species include shade tolerant shrubs such as native blackberry (Rubus ursinus), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum); and native herbaceous plants such as fiesta flower (Pholistoma auritum), miner’s lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), and various fern species. Coastal oak woodlands are found in coastal foothills and valleys and provides important habitat for wildlife, including nesting sites, foraging areas for small mammals, and microclimates suitable for amphibians, reptiles, and fungi (CDFW 2025a).

Western Riparian Woodland and Shrubland
Montane Riparian
Montane riparian is a variably vegetated community largely consisting of broad-leaved winter deciduous trees up to 98 feet tall. Such species may include native cottonwood (Populus spp.), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), and California bay (Umbellularia californica), with a sparse understory. This vegetation community is associated with lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and springs, where water may be permanent or ephemeral, and generally occurs below 8000 feet above mean sea level. Montane riparian habitats provide food, water, migration and dispersal corridors, and escape, nesting, and thermal cover for an abundance of wildlife (CDFW 2025a).

Valley Foothill Riparian
Valley foothill riparian is a native vegetation community that contains mostly winter deciduous trees, such as native cottonwood (Populus spp.), California sycamore (Platanus racemosa), and valley oak (Quercus lobata). The canopy height can grow up to 98 feet in a mature riparian forest.

Typical understory shrub layer species include native California blackberry, blue elderberry (Sambucus mexicana), poison oak, and willows (Salix spp.). This vegetation community is found in valleys bordered by sloping alluvial fans, slightly dissected terraces, lower foothills, and coastal plains. They are generally associated with low velocity flows, flood plains, and gentle topography.

Valleys provide deep alluvial soils and a high water table. The substrate is coarse, gravelly or rocky soils more or less permanently moist. Valley foothill riparian habitats provide food, water, migration and dispersal corridors, and escape, nesting, and thermal cover for an abundance of wildlife (CDFW 2025a).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-10
c. Special Status Species
For the purposes of this analysis, special-status species were considered listed or non-listed special- status species if they were classified as one or more of the following:
 Listed Special-Status Species
 Species listed as threatened or endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act (FESA), including proposed and candidate species.
 Species listed as candidate, threatened, or endangered under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA).
 Plant species protected by the Native Plant Protection Act (NPPA) (State Rare).  Non-listed Special-Status Species
 Species designated as Fully Protected (FP), Species of Special Concern (SSC), or Watch List (WL) by the CDFW
 Birds designated as a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) by USFWS  Sensitive species designated by USFWS
 Sensitive species designated by the United States Forest Service (USFS)  Plants assigned a California Rare Plant Rank of 1 through 4 by the California Native Plant Society (CNPS)
 Species protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act  Bats considered by the Western Bat Working Group to be “High” or “Medium” priority  Species designated as locally important by the Local Agency and/or otherwise protected through ordinance, local policy, Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs), or Natural Community Conservation Plans (NCCPs).

Special-Status Plant Species
Based on the database queries and literature review, a total of 17 special-status plant species were evaluated for their potential to occur within the plan area (Appendix BC). Of these species, 13 were identified with low potential to occur within the plan area. Appendix BC shows the special-status plant species and habitat requirements for each species within the vicinity of the plan area.

The 13 special-status plant species with the potential to occur in the plan area are listed below with their federal and/or State special-status designation:
 Miles’ milk-vetch (Astragalus didymocarpus var. milesianus) – CRPR 1B.2  California jewelflower (Caulanthus californicus) – Federally Endangered, State Endangered, CRPR 1B.1
 La Graciosa thistle (Cirsium loncholepis) – Federally Endangered, State Threatened, CRPR 1B.1 Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-11
 Salt marsh bird’s-beak (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. Maritimus) – Federally Endangered, State Endangered, CRPR 1B.2
 Paniculate tarplant (Deinandra paniculata) – CRPR 4.2  Dune larkspur (Delphinium parryi ssp. blochmaniae) – CRPR 1B.2  Blochman’s leafy daisy (Erigeron blochmaniae) – CRPR 1B.2  Suffrutescent wallflower (Erysimum suffrutescens) – CRPR 4.2  Mesa horkelia (Horkelia cuneata var. puberula) - CRPR 1B.1, USFS Sensitive  Blushing layia (Layia erubescens) – CRPR 1B.2
 Large-flowered leptosiphon (Leptosiphon grandifloras) – CRPR 4.2  Southern curly-leaved monardella (Monardella sinuata ssp. sinuate) – CRPR 1B.2  Spreading navarretia (Navarretia fossalis) – Federally Threatened Special-Status Wildlife Species
Based on the database queries and literature review, a total of 31 special-status invertebrate, fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal species were evaluated for their potential to occur within the plan area (Appendix BC). Of these species, 13 were identified with low potential to occur within the plan area, and 9 were identified with a moderate potential to occur within the plan area. Appendix B shows the special-status wildlife species and habitat requirements for each species within the vicinity of the plan area.

The 22 special-status wildlife species with low to moderate potential to occur in the plan area are listed below with their federal and/or State special-status designation:
 Vernal pool fairy shrimp (Branchinecta lynchi) – Federally Threatened  Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus plexippus pop. 1) – Federal Proposed Threatened, USFS Sensitive
 California tiger salamander – Santa Barbara County DPS (Ambystoma californiense pop. 2) – Federally Endangered, State Threatened, CDFW Watch List  Arroyo toad (Anaxyrus californicus) – Federally Endangered, CDFW Species of Special Concern  California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) – Federally Threatened, State Threatened, CDFW Species of Special Concern
 Western spadefoot (Spea hammondii) – Federal Proposed Threatened, CDFW Species of Special Concern
 Southwestern pond turtle (Actinemys pallida) – Federal Proposed Threatened, CDFW Species of Special Concern, USFS Sensitive
 Northern California legless lizard (Anniella pulchra) – Federal Proposed Threatened, CDFW Species of Special Concern, USFS Sensitive
 Coast horned lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii) - CDFW Species of Special Concern  Tricolored blackbird (Agelaius tricolor) – State Threatened, CDFW Species of Special Concern,

USFWS BCC
 Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) - CDFW Fully Protected, CDFW Watch List  Burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) – State Candidate, CDFW Species of Special Concern, USFWS BCC
 Marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) – Federally Threatened, State Endangered City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-12
 Northern harrier (Circus hudsonius) - CDFW Species of Special Concern, USFWS BCC  Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) – Federally Designated, State Endangered, CDFW Fully Protected, USFS Sensitive
 California gull (Laurs californicus) - CDFW Watch List, USFWS BCC  Yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli) - USFWS BCC
 Black skimmer (Rynchops niger) - CDFW Species of Special Concern, USFWS BCC  Lawrence’s goldfinch (Spinus lawrencei) - USFWS BCC
 Least Bell’s vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) – Federally Endangered, State Endangered  Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) - CDFW Species of Special Concern, USFS Sensitive, Western Bat Working Group “High” priority
 American badger (Taxidea taxus) - CDFW Species of Special Concern d. Nesting Birds
Suitable nesting sites for avian species protected by the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and California Fish and Game Code (CFGC), including shrubs, trees, man-made structures, and the ground surface occur throughout the plan area. Some species prefer vegetation for nesting, including ornamental vegetation and some species can be found nesting in man-made structures, such as power poles or the eaves of buildings. Nesting birds may occur during the breeding season (generally February 1 through August 31 but beginning January 1 for some raptor species). e. Sensitive Communities and Critical Habitat
Sensitive Communities
The CNDDB identifies one environmentally sensitive natural community in the city, Southern Vernal Pool, located west of the Santa Maria Public Airport (City of Santa Maria 2020).

Critical Habitat
As shown in Figure 4.3-3, according to the USFWS, designated critical habitat for California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) exists in the southernmost extents of City limits, south of the Santa Maria Airport. Designated critical habitat for La Graciosa thistle exists within the Sphere of Influence/General Plan Area. Designated critical habitat for steelhead trout exists through a small portion of the northeastern-most extents of City limits. Designated critical habitat for California red- legged frog exists along the southernmost border of the Sphere of Influence/General Plan Area.

Designated critical habitat for Lompoc yerba santa exists south of the Sphere of Influence/General Plan Area (USFWS 2025b).
f. Wildlife Movement Corridors
Wildlife movement corridors, or habitat linkages, are generally defined as connections between habitat patches that allow for physical and genetic exchange between otherwise isolated animal populations. Such linkages may serve a local purpose, such as providing a linkage between foraging and denning areas, or they may be regional in nature. Some habitat linkages may serve as migration corridors, wherein animals periodically move away from an area and then subsequently return.

Others may be important as dispersal corridors for young animals. A group of habitat linkages in an area can form a wildlife corridor network.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-13
The habitats within the linkages do not necessarily need to be the same or of the same quality as the habitats that are being linked. Rather, the linkage merely needs to contain sufficient cover and forage to allow temporary inhabitation by ground-dwelling species. Typically, habitat linkages are contiguous strips of natural areas, though dense plantings of landscape vegetation can be used by certain disturbance-tolerant species. Depending upon the species using a corridor, specific physical resources (such as rock outcroppings, vernal pools, or oak trees) may need to be located within the habitat link at certain intervals to allow slower-moving species to traverse the link. For highly mobile or aerial species, habitat linkages may be discontinuous patches of suitable resources spaced sufficiently close together to permit travel along a route in a short period of time. Migration corridors can be bordered on either site by urban land uses, and within the City limits these corridors often include barriers to movement such as developed areas and roads.

As shown in Figure 4.3-4, CDFW defines the area within the plan area as having “Limited Connectivity Opportunity”. A small area of “Connections with Implementation Flexibility,” which has connectivity importance, but has not been identified as a channelized area, species corridor, or habitat linkage is present in the southern extents of the Sphere of Influence/General Plan Area.

CDFW does not identify any essential habitat connectivity areas within the City’s Sphere of Influence (CDFW 2025b). However, there is a potential that the Santa Maria River is used by wildlife to access habitats in the Sierra Madre and San Rafael Mountains (City of Santa Maria 2020).

4.3.2 Regulatory Setting
a. Federal Regulations
Federal Endangered Species Act
The FESA of 1973 and subsequent amendments provide for the conservation of endangered and threatened species, and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The FESA is intended to prevent the unlawful “take” of listed fish, wildlife, and plant species. Section 9(a)(1)(B) specifically states take of species listed as threatened or endangered is unlawful. Take is defined as any action that would harass, harm, pursue, hunt, wound, shoot, kill, trap, capture, or collect any threatened or endangered species. Section 10 of the FESA allows the USFWS to issue incidental take permits if take of a listed species may occur during otherwise lawful activities. Section 10(a)(1)(B) requires a Habitat Conservation Plan for an incidental take permit on non-federal lands. Section 7 of the FESA requires federal agencies to aid in the conservation of listed species, and to ensure that the activities of federal agencies will not jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or adversely modify designated critical habitat. The USFWS and NOAA are responsible for administration of the FESA and have regulatory authority over federally listed species.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act
The MBTA makes it unlawful at any time, by any means or in any manner, to pursue, hunt, take, capture, or kill migratory birds, and prohibits the removal of nests occupied by migratory birds. The USFWS has regulatory authority for the MBTA.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-14
Figure 4.3-3 Critical Habitat Within the Plan Area

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-15
Figure 4.3-4 Wildlife Connectivity Within the Plan Area

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-16
Clean Water Act
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), under provisions of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and USACE implementing regulations, has jurisdiction over the placement of dredged or fill material into “waters of the United States.” Congress enacted the CWA “to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters.” In practice, the boundaries of certain waters subject to USACE jurisdiction under Section 404 have not been fully defined. Previous regulations codified in 1986 defined “waters of the United States” as traditional navigable waters, interstate waters, all other waters that could affect interstate or foreign commerce, impoundments of waters of the United States, tributaries, the territorial seas, and adjacent wetlands.

USACE jurisdictional limits are typically identified by the Ordinary High Water Mark (OHWM) or the landward edge of adjacent wetlands, where present. The OHWM is the “line on the shore established by the fluctuations of water and indicated by physical characteristics such as a clear, natural line impressed on the bank, shelving, changes in the character of soil, destruction of terrestrial vegetation, the presence of litter and debris, or other appropriate means that consider the characteristics of the surrounding area” (33 Code of Federal Regulations 328.3).

The USACE defines wetlands as “those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions” (33 CFR 328.3). The USACE’s delineation procedures identify wetlands in the field based on indicators of three wetland parameters: hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology.

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
The USFWS also has responsibility for project review under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act.

This statute requires that all federal agencies consult with USFWS, NOAA Fisheries, and the State’s wildlife agency (CDFW) for activities that affect, control, or modify streams and other water bodies.

Under the authority of the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, USFWS, NOAA Fisheries, and CDFW review applications for permits issued under Section 404 and provide comments about potential environmental impacts.
b. State Regulations
California Endangered Species Act
The CDFW is responsible for administration of the CESA. For projects that may affect both a State and federal listed species, compliance with the FESA will satisfy the CESA, provided the CDFW determines that the federal incidental take authorization is consistent with the CESA. “Take” is defined in CFGC Section 86 as “hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill, or attempt to hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill.” The CESA allows for take incidental to otherwise lawful activities under CFGC Section 2081. Project proponents wishing to obtain incidental take permits can do so through a permitting process outlined in California Code of Regulations (CCR) Section 783.

Additionally, some sensitive mammals and birds are protected by the state as Fully Protected Mammals or Fully Protected Birds, as described in the CFGC, Sections 4700 and 3511, respectively.

Projects that may result in a take of a California listed species require a take permit under the CESA.

The federal and State acts lend protection to species considered rare enough by the scientific Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-17
community and trustee agencies to warrant special consideration, particularly with regard to protection of isolated populations, nesting or den locations, communal roosts, and other essential habitat. Unlike the FESA, the CESA prohibits the take of not just listed endangered or threatened species, but also candidate species (species petitioned for listing).

The CESA defines an endangered species as:
…a native species or subspecies of a bird, mammal, fish, amphibian, reptile, or plant which is in serious danger of becoming extinct throughout all, or a significant portion, of its range due to one or more causes, including loss of habitat, change in habitat, overexploitation, predation, competition, or disease.

A threatened species is defined as:
…a native species or subspecies of a bird, mammal, fish, amphibian, reptile, or plant that, although not presently threatened with extinction, is likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future in the absence of the special protection and management efforts required by this chapter. Any animal determined by the commission as rare on or before January 1, 1985 is a threatened species.

Candidate species are defined as:
…a native species or subspecies of a bird, mammal, fish, amphibian, reptile, or plant that the commission has formally noticed as being under review by the department for addition to either the list of endangered species or the list of threatened species, or a species for which the commission has published a notice of proposed regulation to add the species to either list.

Candidate species may be afforded temporary protection as though they were already listed as threatened or endangered at the discretion of the Fish and Game Commission. Unlike the FESA, CESA does not include listing provisions for invertebrate species. Article 3, Sections 2080 through 2085, of the CESA addresses the taking of threatened or endangered species by stating:
…no person shall import into this State, export out of this State, or take, possess, purchase, or sell within this State, any species, or any part or product thereof, that the commission determines to be an endangered species or a threatened species, or attempt any of those acts, except as otherwise provided.

California Fish and Game Code - Nesting Bird Protection According to CFGC Section 3503, it is unlawful to take, possess, or needlessly destroy the nest or eggs of any bird (except English sparrows [Passer domesticus] and European starlings [Sturnus vulgaris]). Sections 3503 and 3513 prohibit the taking of specific birds, their nests, eggs, or any portion thereof during the nesting season. Section 3503.5 specifically protects birds in the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes (birds-of-prey). Section 3513 overlaps with the federal MBTA, prohibiting the take or possession of any migratory nongame bird.

California Native Plant Protection Act
The NPPA was enacted in 1977 and allows the California Fish and Wildlife Commission to designate plants as rare or endangered. Currently, 64 species, subspecies, and varieties of plants are protected as rare under the NPPA. The NPPA prohibits take of endangered or rare native plants but includes some exceptions for agricultural and nursery operations; emergencies; and after properly notifying City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-18
CDFW for vegetation removal from canals, roads, and other sites; changes in land use; and in certain other situations. Effective in 2015, CDFW promulgated regulations (14 CCR 786.9) under the authority of the NPPA, establishing that the CESA permitting procedures (CFG Code Section 2081) would be applied to plants listed under the NPPA as "Rare." With this change, there is little practical difference between regulations and protocols for plants listed under CESA and those listed under the NPPA.

Clean Water Act Section 401, Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act The State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) and nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs) have jurisdiction over “waters of the State,” which are defined as any surface water or groundwater, including saline waters, within the boundaries of the state (California Water Code sec. 13050(e)). These agencies also have responsibilities for administering Section 401 of the CWA. In addition, where Federal jurisdiction is not asserted (for example, due to a lack of connectivity to a Relatively Permanent Waters and Traditional Navigable Waters), RWQCB assert jurisdiction over “waters of the State” pursuant to Section 13263 of the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, which are defined as any surface water or groundwater, including saline waters, within the boundaries of the State. In this event, the SWRCB may issue general Waste Discharge Requirements regarding discharges to “isolated” waters of the State if limiting criteria are not exceeded (Water Quality Order No. 2004-0004-DWQ, Statewide General Waste Discharge Requirements for Dredged or Fill Discharges to Waters Deemed by the USACE to be Outside of Federal Jurisdiction) or project- specific Waste Discharge Requirements.

The SWRCB and RWQCBs have not established regulations for field determinations of waters of the state except for wetlands. In many cases the RWQCBs interpret the limits of waters of the State to be bounded by the OHWM unless isolated conditions or ephemeral waters are present. However, in the absence of statewide guidance, each RWQCB may interpret jurisdictional boundaries within their region and the SWRCB has encouraged applicants to confirm jurisdictional limits with their RWQCB before submitting applications. As determined by the RWQCB, waters of the State may include riparian areas or other locations outside the OHWM, leading to a larger jurisdictional area over a given water body compared to the USACE.

Procedures for defining wetland waters of the State pursuant to the SWRCB’s State Wetland Definition and Procedures for Discharges of Dredged or Fill Material to Waters of the State went into effect May 28, 2020. The SWRCB defines an area as wetland if, under normal circumstances:
the area has continuous or recurrent saturation of the upper substrate caused by groundwater, or shallow surface water, or both; the duration of such saturation is sufficient to cause anaerobic conditions in the upper substrate; and the area’s vegetation is dominated by hydrophytes or the area lacks vegetation.

The SWRCB’s Implementation Guidance for the Wetland Definition and Procedures for Discharges of Dredge and Fill Material to Waters of the State (2020), states that waters of the U.S. and waters of the State should be delineated using the standard USACE delineation procedures, taking into consideration that the methods shall be modified only to allow for the fact that a lack of vegetation does not preclude an area from meeting the definition of a wetland.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-19
California Fish and Game Code Section 1600 et seq.

Pursuant to CFGC Section 1600, CDFW has authority over all perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral rivers, streams, and lakes in the state, and requires any person, state or local governmental agency, or public utility to notify the CDFW before beginning any activity that would “substantially divert or obstruct the natural flow of, or substantially change or use any material from the bed, channel, or bank of, any river, stream, or lake, or deposit or dispose of debris, waste, or other material containing crumbled, flaked, or ground pavement where it may pass into any river, stream, or lake” that supports fish or wildlife resources.

A stream is defined as a “body of water that flows at least periodically or intermittently through a bed or channel having banks and supports fish or other aquatic life. This includes watercourses having a surface or subsurface flow that supports or has supported riparian vegetation” (CCR, Title 14 Section 1.72). A Lake or Streambed Alteration Agreement may be required for any project that would result in an adverse impact to a river, stream, or lake. CDFW jurisdiction typically extends to the top of the bank and out to the outer edge of adjacent riparian vegetation if present. However, CDFW can take jurisdiction over a body of flowing water and the landform that conveys it, including water sources and adjoining landscape elements that are byproducts of and affected by interactions with flowing water without regard to size, duration, or the timing of flow.

CDFW Special Animals List
Special-status wildlife species are those species included on the CDFW “Special Animals” list. “Special Animal” is a general term that refers to all the taxa the CNDDB is interested in tracking, regardless of their legal or protection status (CDFW 2025c). The CDFW considers the taxa on this list to be those of greatest conservation need. The species on this list generally fall into one or more of the following categories:
 Officially listed or proposed for listing under the CESA and/or FESA  State or Federal candidate for possible listing
 Taxa that meet the criteria for listing, even if not currently included on any list, as described in California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines Section 15380  Taxa considered by the Department to be a Species of Special Concern  Taxa that are biologically rare, very restricted in distribution, declining throughout their range, or have a critical vulnerable stage in their life cycle that warrants monitoring  Populations in California that may be on the periphery of a taxon’s range but are threatened with extirpation in California
c. Local Regulations
Santa Maria Municipal Code
The City of Santa Maria Municipal Code Chapters 8-8 (Urban Forestry), 8-12A (Stormwater Runoff Pollution Prevention), 9-68 (Flood Damage Prevention), and 12-44 (Landscape Standards) implement measures which protect biological resources.

Chapter 8-8 implements the City’s Urban Forestry Program, and provides a comprehensive urban forest management strategy which protects and enhances the City’s urban forest and sets forth the following requirements related to trees within the City:

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-20
 Requires that one tree be planted for every forty feet of street frontage.  Enforces the protection of City managed trees requires tree removals to be approved by the Recreation and Parks Commission.
 Requires provisions for tree protection and replacement during construction activities.  Outlines the requirements for replacement trees, including that if healthy trees are removed, they are replaced at a two to one ratio according to the City’s Landscape and Irrigation Standards (2007).
 Protects historic and heritage trees.

Chapter 8-12A implements requirements designed to reduce substantial adverse effects to water quality in the City. These include the following:
 Implementation of construction and operational Best Management Practices (BMPs) to reduce potential pollutants and protect water quality.
 Compliance with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) stormwater discharge permits.
 Prohibition of discharge, modification, deposition, construction, or placement of material into a water course.

Chapter 9-68 implements requirements designed to minimize and prevent flood damage. These include:
 Restrictions around the alteration of natural floodplains, stream channels, and natural protective barriers.
 Minimizing filling, grading, dredging, and other development which may increase flood damage.  Preventing and regulating the construction of flood barriers that would unnaturally divert floodwaters.
 Requires development permits and sets construction standards for projects within flood hazard or floodplains.

Chapter 12-44 implements landscaping design standards intended to preserve trees. These include:
 Listing of existing trees in excess of six inches in diameter and existing street trees within site planning documents.
 Restrictions on allowed grading alterations within three inches of a tree trunk.  Requires approvals for tree removal and tree replacement Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-21

4.3.3 Impact Analysis
a. Significance Thresholds and Methodology
Methodology
The assessment of potential impacts to biological resources were informed based on a review of readily available information from the USFWS NWI, USFWS IPaC, CDFW CNDDB, the NOAA Protected Resources Application, the City of Santa Maria Existing Conditions Report (2020), and CDFW vegetation datasets. As a programmatic document, this EIR presents an assessment of the potential for adoption of the plan to result in significant impacts to biological resources. Because the EIR is a long-term document intended to guide actions for many years into the future, this analysis relies on program-level and qualitative evaluation.

The adoption of the 2045 General Plan does not include physical development that could directly impact biological resources. However, implementation of the 2045 General Plan would facilitate development within the City’s SOI. Each proposed project under the 2045 General Plan would require subsequent analysis to evaluate project-specific impacts to biological resources, significance, need for project-specific mitigation, and any subsequent discretionary permits or coordination with resource agencies (e.g., USFWS, USACE, CDFW, RWQCB) that may be required.

Significance Thresholds
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines, a project may be deemed to have a significant impact on biological resources if it would:

Have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service;
Have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service;
Have a substantial adverse effect on state or federally protected wetlands (including but not limited to, marsh, vernal pool, coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling, hydrological interruption, or other means;
Interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or with established native resident or migratory wildlife corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites;
Conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources, such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance; or
Conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state habitat conservation plan.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-22
b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Threshold 1: Would the project have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service? Impact BIO-1 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE COULD HAVE A

SUBSTANTIAL ADVERSE EFFECT ON SPECIAL-STATUS SPECIES, EITHER DIRECTLY OR AS A RESULT OF HABITAT MODIFICATION. IMPLEMENTATION OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES, AS WELL AS MITIGATION MEASURES BIO-1(A) THROUGH BIO-1(K) WOULD ENSURE THAT IMPACTS FROM DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE ON CANDIDATE, SENSITIVE, OR SPECIAL-STATUS SPECIES WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT. THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT WITH MITIGATION INCORPORATED.

As shown in Figure 4.3-1, the City is primarily developed; however, the plan area contains grassland, chapparal, riparian, wetland, and oak woodland areas which could serve as habitat for special status species. As discussed in Section 4.3.1, Setting, there are 13 special status plant species and 22 special status animal species with potential to occur within the plan area. Critical habitat for California tiger salamander is also present within the plan area. Potentially significant effects on candidate, sensitive, or special status species would occur if temporary disturbance during construction or permanent development facilitated by the plan would result in incremental direct loss of habitat, fragmentation of larger open areas and wildlife corridors, or disturbance of special status wildlife or vegetation species.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following policies which would minimize impacts to protected biological resources and preserve habitats that may support special-status species and sensitive habitats, including nesting migratory birds:

Policy COS-1.1: Natural habitat and wildlife corridors. Protect and, to the extent feasible, expand natural habitat and wildlife corridor areas, natural wetlands, and other natural lands throughout the city and Sphere of Influence.

Policy COS-1.3: Natural biodiversity. Increase natural biodiversity through the reintroduction of native species, removal of non-native, invasive species, and proper sustainable maintenance of vegetated areas.

Policy COS-1.5: Endangered, threatened, and special status species. Minimize potential impacts of development on federal or sState endangered and threatened species and non-listed special status species through the development and permit review process. Condition development projects to avoid impacts to these species, to the greatest extent feasible.

Policy COS-4.1: Santa Maria River protection. Protect and enhance the beneficial uses of the Santa Maria River to support essential community and environmental needs, including municipal and domestic water supply, agricultural supply, and groundwater recharge.

Policy COS-4.3: Groundwater contamination. Minimize groundwater contamination from current and previous oil and gas operations.

Policy COS-5.3: Fugitive dust emissions. Mitigate air pollutants and fugitive dust emissions resulting from construction and demolition activities by requiring the use of best management practices.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-23
Policy PFS-2.3: Groundwater. Improve the long-term recharge of the Santa Maria Valley Groundwater Basin by retaining natural watershed areas, developing regional recharge basins, and minimizing impervious surfaces in new development.

Policy PFS-2.6: Contaminant mitigation. Manage contaminated sites to protect natural systems from groundwater infiltration and stormwater runoff.

Policy S-3.2: Agricultural runoff reduction. Work with the County of Santa Barbara to reduce off-site and urban flooding caused by agricultural runoff.

Special-Status Plants
Thirteen special-status plants have been documented in the plan area, including: Miles’ milk-vetch, California jewelflower, La Graciosa thistle, salt marsh bird’s-beak, paniculate tarplant, dune larkspur, Blochman’s leafy daisy, Suffrutescent wallflower, Mesa horkelia, blushing layia, large-flowered leptosiphon, southern curly-leaved monardella, and spreading navarretia.

While these 13 special-status plants have a low potential to occur within the plan area, development facilitated by the plan could result in direct impacts to special-status plant species through vegetation removal, soil disturbance, and habitat modification during construction activities, potentially leading to the loss of individuals and degradation of habitat. Development facilitated by the plan could also result in permanent loss of habitat. Therefore, impacts to special- status plant species would be potentially significant.

Special-Status Wildlife
Thirteen special-status wildlife species were identified with low potential to occur within the plan area, and nine were identified with a moderate potential to occur within the plan area. Those with low potential to occur include southwestern pond turtle, tricolored blackbird, golden eagle, marbled murrelet, northern harrier, bald eagle, California gull, yellow-billed magpie, black skimmer, Lawrence’s goldfinch, least Bell’s vireo, pallid bat, and American badger. Those with moderate potential to occur include vernal pool fairy shrimp, monarch butterfly, California tiger salamander, Arroyo toad, California red-legged frog, western spadefoot, Northern California legless lizard, coast horned lizard, and burrowing owl.

Reptiles
Coast horned lizard and northern California legless lizard have a moderate potential to occur within the plan area, and southwestern pond turtles have low potential to occur within the plan area.

Direct impacts to these species could occur if individuals are present in work areas during construction of development facilitated by the plan. Direct impacts to special-status reptile species could include injury or death as a result of individuals being crushed or buried by project vehicles, equipment, or displaced soil, entrapment of individuals in excavation areas, disturbance of individuals by construction-related noise and vibration (resulting from grading or other construction activities), impacts to vegetation used for food and shelter, reduction of refugia habitats, and accidental destruction of active burrows by construction vehicles or equipment. Development facilitated by the plan could also result in permanent loss of suitable habitat for these species.

Potential indirect impacts resulting from development facilitated by the plan include the introduction or spread of invasive plant species, fugitive dust, standing water or food waste, and soil compaction that hinders burrowing. Indirect impacts to aquatic habitat for southwestern pond turtle include erosion, sedimentation, fire, and runoff of hazardous materials. Therefore, impacts to City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-24
coast horned lizard, northern California legless lizard, and southwestern pond turtle would be potentially significant.

Mammals
Bats have the potential to roost in buildings and trees, including street trees within the plan area.

Impacts to pallid bats could occur if bat roosts are present in trees or buildings proposed for removal or in the vicinity of disturbance in undeveloped areas. These impacts could result in direct mortality or abandonment of maternal colonies, if present. Development facilitated by the plan could also result in permanent loss of suitable habitat. Impacts to pallid bat would be potentially significant.

If American badgers are present in disturbance areas or on access roads during construction of development facilitated by the plan, direct impacts to the species could occur; including injury or death resulting from vehicle collision, damage or destruction of occupied burrows, disturbance from construction noise/vibration, and loss or degradation of foraging habitat. Direct impacts may occur if disturbance at maternity dens resulting from construction noise/vibration or human presence negatively affects pup-rearing. The species may be indirectly impacted by impacts to its habitat including the spread of invasive plants, fugitive dust (resulting from grading or other construction activities), erosion, sedimentation, and runoff of hazardous materials. Additionally, soil compaction in work areas may reduce habitat for prey species. Development facilitated by the plan could also result in permanent loss of suitable habitat. Impacts to American badgers would be potentially significant.

Invertebrates
Monarch butterflies have the potential to overwinter in eucalyptus and pine-cypress groves throughout the plan area. Development facilitated by the plan could result in direct impacts to monarch butterfly if roosts are present in trees proposed for removal or in the vicinity of disturbance in undeveloped areas. Development facilitated by the plan could result in additional direct impacts to monarch butterflies could include disturbance of individuals by construction- related noise and vibration (resulting from grading or other construction activities), impacts to vegetation used for food and shelter, and reduction of refugia habitats. The species may be indirectly impacted by development facilitated by the plan due to habitat impacts, including the spread of invasive plants and fugitive dust (resulting from grading or other construction activities).

Impacts to monarch butterfly would be potentially significant.

Vernal pool fairy shrimp are a federally threatened species with moderate potential to occur within the plan area. Suitable vernal pool habitat is present in the plan area near the Santa Maria Airport. If vernal pool fairy shrimp are present during construction and development facilitated by the proposed project, these species may be directly impacted through injury or mortality of individuals resulting from project vehicles or equipment, and habitat loss from leveling out or filling in the wetlands. Indirect impacts to vernal pool fairy shrimp could result from potential stormwater runoff from development activities entering potential suitable habitat during and post- construction.

Stormwater runoff from development facilitated by the plan may result in degraded water quality and other essential water conditions that are required for species survival. Impacts to vernal pool fairy shrimp would be potentially significant.

Crotch’s bumble bee is listed as a CDFW state candidate (SC) endangered species. The species inhabits various habitats in California between San Diego and Redding, including open grassland, shrublands, and chaparral in semi-urban settings. Crotch’s bumble bee prefers food plant genera Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-25
including Antirrhinum, Phacelia, Clarkia, Dendromecon, Eschscholzia, and Eriogonum. The plan area is within the known range of this species, and suitable habitat and food genera are present in the vicinity of the plan area. While there are no CNDDB observations of this species in the plan area, based on the presence of suitable habitat as well as nearby occurrences and their transitory nature, this species has the potential to occur in the plan area. Impacts to Crotch’s bumble bee would be potentially significant.

Birds
Construction activities associated with development facilitated by the plan could potentially result in impacts to birds and raptors, including tricolored blackbird, golden eagle, marbled murrelet, northern harrier, bald eagle, California gull, yellow-billed magpie, black skimmer, Lawrence’s goldfinch, and least Bell’s vireo. Development facilitated by the plan may result in direct impacts if they are disturbed by the noise and visual presence of personnel or equipment in construction areas or increased traffic in the vicinity (which may result in collisions). Indirect impacts resulting from development facilitated by the plan may include the introduction or spread of invasive plants, fugitive dust (resulting from grading or other construction activities), erosion, sedimentation, and the runoff of hazardous materials, all of which could degrade the quality of bird habitat (especially in riparian habitat areas) and the quality of foraging habitat. These impacts would be potentially significant.

If burrowing owls are present in disturbance areas when construction activities associated with development facilitated by the plan occur, the species may be directly impacted through injury or mortality of individuals resulting from collisions with construction vehicles or equipment; destruction of occupied burrows and/or active nest sites; and disturbance from increased vehicle traffic, noise at work sites (resulting from grading, helicopter activity, or other construction activities), and human presence that could result in an interruption of normal behaviors or nest abandonment. The species may also be subject to direct impacts due to the loss or degradation of foraging habitat in work areas resulting from vegetation clearing, ground disturbance, and/or permanent development. Development facilitated by the plan may also have indirect impacts to burrowing owl, including introduction or spread of invasive plants, fugitive dust (resulting from grading or other construction activities), erosion, sedimentation, and the runoff of hazardous materials which could indirectly impact burrowing owl by decreasing habitat value. In addition, development facilitated by the project may result in construction activities which increase soil compaction, which may impede burrow creation. Impacts to burrowing owl would be potentially significant.

If nesting birds are present at individual development sites, or immediate vicinity of individual sites, development facilitated by the plan could result in direct mortality through removal of active nests or disturbance levels that cause nest abandonment. Nesting birds and raptors have the potential to nest on buildings, in shrubs and trees, in rocky outcrops, and on bare ground throughout the City.

Vegetation, including street trees, in the City can provide refuge cover from predators, perching sites, and favorable nesting habitat. Direct impacts to nesting birds may occur from disturbance due to increased noise, and human presence could result in nest abandonment or otherwise reduce nesting success due to development facilitated by the plan. Vehicle strikes resulting in injury or mortality may increase with additional vehicles and equipment being operated in the plan area.

Development facilitated by the plan may also have indirect impacts to nesting birds, including fugitive dust generated by road grading, which can accumulate on surrounding vegetation and degrade the quality of nesting and foraging habitats for birds, and vegetation trimming, which may temporarily reduce the quantity and quality of habitat by decreasing vegetative cover. Development City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-26
facilitated by the plan may result in erosion and sedimentation, fire, hazardous materials, and invasive non-native plants which can also indirectly impact nesting and foraging habitats. Impacts to migration or foraging habitats during construction activities facilitated by the plan may have an indirect effect on birds that rely on these habitats but nest elsewhere.

Future development facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with the requirements of the MBTA and Sections 3503, 3503.5, and 3513 of the California Fish and Game Code, which include obtaining prior authorization by the USFWS before the take of a protected migratory bird species occurs, subject to USFWS requirements, and prohibiting the take, possession, or destruction of nests or eggs. However, existing City regulations do not mandate procedures to ensure compliance with the requirements of the MBTA and Sections 3503, 3503.5, and 3513 of the California Fish and Game Code. Therefore, it is possible development facilitated by the plan could result in disturbance to birds or raptors and potentially violate the MBTA and Sections 3503, 3503.5, and/or 3513 of the California Fish and Game Code. As a result, impacts to nesting birds are potentially significant.

Amphibians
California tiger salamander, Arroyo toad, California red-legged frog, and western spadefoot have moderate potential to occur within the plan area. The plan area contains USFWS designated critical habitat for California tiger salamander (USFWS 2025). California tiger salamanders require access to both aquatic and upland habitat throughout their life cycle. They use standing bodies of fresh water, like ponds, vernal pools and other ephemeral or permanent water bodies for breeding, and require access to upland habitat that contains small animal burrows or underground hideaways for shelter and protection from predators and desiccation during nonbreeding periods (USFWS 2025b). Where suitable habitats are present, development facilitated by the plan may result in direct impacts from individuals being crushed by project vehicles and equipment, buried by displaced soil, or trapped in excavations as well as direct impacts from the loss or degradation of low-lying areas where pools form during rain events and upland burrowing habitat. If development facilitated by the plan were to occur within wetlands, streams, or upland habitat areas, impacts to California tiger salamander would be potentially significant.

Suitable wash and river habitats for Arroyo toad are present in the plan area, such as along the Santa Maria River. A CDFW designated critical habitat area for California red legged frog exists on the border of the southernmost extents of the Sphere of Influence/General Plan Area. Suitable grasslands and vernal pool habitat for western spadefoot are present in the plan area. Where suitable habitats are present for these species, development facilitated by the plan may result in direct impacts from individuals being crushed by project vehicles and equipment, buried by displaced soil, or trapped in excavations as well as direct impacts from the loss or degradation of low-lying areas where pools form during rain events and upland burrowing habitat. Direct impacts to these species would be potentially significant.

Indirect impacts to special status species which utilize riparian corridors and other aquatic habitat (i.e. southwestern pond turtle, western spadefoot, California tiger salamander, Arroyo toad, California red-legged frog) could result from future development facilitated by the plan if suitable habitats are indirectly impacted by runoff of sediment and hazardous materials from disturbance areas, resulting in degraded water quality, or noise and vibration (resulting from grading or other construction activities). Construction activities that would disturb one or more acres of land are subject to the NPDES Construction General Permit. Compliance with the Construction General Permit requires the development of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) developed by a certified Qualified SWPPP Developer. The SWPPP includes project-specific BMPs to control Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-27
erosion, sediment release, and otherwise reduce the potential for discharge of pollutants from construction into stormwater. Typical BMPs include, but are not limited to, installation of silt fences, erosion control blankets, and anti-tracking pads at site exits to prevent off-site transport of soil materials. Section 8-12A.07 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code requires compliance with NPDES permit requirements. Section 8-12A.08 requires any construction activities to implement appropriate BMPs to prevent the discharge of sediment and potential pollutants.

Development facilitated by the plan would also be subject to the provisions of federal and State regulations protecting biological and water resources, including, but not limited to, FESA, CESA, CWA, and the NPPA. These regulations include requirements for biological studies where potential habitat exists, identification of potential jurisdictional waters, and consultation with applicable regulatory agencies where protected biological resources may occur. Compliance with these regulatory requirements would minimize indirect impacts to special status species that utilize aquatic and riparian habitat. Therefore, the plan would result in less than significant indirect impacts to special status species within aquatic or riparian habitat.

Mitigation Measures
BIO-1(a) Biological Resources Screening and Assessment
For development facilitated by the plan within undeveloped parcels, prior to construction activities and if determined necessary based on preliminary review conducted by City Staff, the City shall require project applicants to engage a qualified biologist (having the appropriate education and experience level) to perform a baseline Biological Resources Screening and Assessment to determine whether projects proposed within undeveloped parcels have any potential to impact special-status biological resources, inclusive of special-status plants and animals, sensitive vegetation communities (including vernal pools and other wetlands), and critical habitat. If it is determined that the project has no potential to impact biological resources, no further action is required. If the project would have the potential to impact biological resources, prior to construction, a qualified biologist shall conduct a project-specific biological analysis to document the existing biological resources within a project footprint plus a minimum buffer of 500 feet around the project footprint, as is feasible, and to determine the potential impacts to those resources. The project-specific biological analysis shall evaluate the potential for impacts to all biological resources including, but not limited to special-status species, nesting birds, wildlife movement, sensitive plant communities, critical habitats, and other resources judged to be sensitive by local, state, and/or federal agencies. If the project would have the potential to impact these resources, the following mitigation measures (Mitigation Measures BIO-1[b] through BIO-1[k)]) shall be incorporated, as applicable, to reduce impacts to a less than significant level. Pending the results of the project- specific biological analysis, design alterations, further technical studies (e.g., protocol surveys) and consultations with the USFWS, CDFW, and/or other local, state, and federal agencies may be required. Note that specific surveys described in the mitigation measures below may be completed as part of the project-specific biological analysis where suitable habitat is present.

BIO-1(b) Special-status Plant Species Surveys
For development facilitated by the plan where the project-specific Biological Resources Screening and Assessment (Mitigation Measure BIO-1[a]) determines that there is potential for significant impacts to federally or state-listed plants or regional population level impacts to species with a CRPR of 1B or 2B from project development, a qualified biologist shall complete surveys for special- status plants prior to any vegetation removal, grubbing, or other construction activity (including City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-28
staging and mobilization). The surveys shall be floristic in nature and shall be seasonally timed to coincide with the target species. All plant surveys shall be conducted by a qualified biologist during the blooming season prior to development permit approval. All special-status plant species identified on site shall be mapped onto a site-specific aerial photograph or topographic map with the use of Global Positioning System unit. Surveys shall be conducted in accordance with the most current protocols established by the CDFW, USFWS, and the local jurisdictions if said protocols exist.

A report of the survey results shall be submitted to the City, and the CDFW and/or USFWS, as appropriate, for review and/or approval.

If special-status plants are not found during special-status plant surveys, no further action is required. If federally- and/or state-listed individuals and/or CRPR 1B or 2B plant populations are found during special-status plant surveys, the Mitigation Measures BIO-1(c) and BIO-1(d) shall be implemented.

BIO-1(c) Special-status Plant Species Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation If federally-listed and/or state-listed individuals, and/or CRPR 1B or 2 plant populations are found during special-status plant surveys (pursuant to Mitigation Measure BIO-1[b]) and would be directly impacted by development, then the project shall be re-designed to avoid impacting listed plant species or CRPR 1B or 2 populations, where feasible. Rare and listed plant occurrences that are not within the immediate disturbance footprint but are located within 50 feet of disturbance limits shall have bright orange protective fencing installed at least 30 feet beyond their extent, or other distance as approved by a qualified biologist, to protect them from harm. Prior to initiation of construction activities the project proponent shall submit a site plan depicting the location(s) of special-status plants and avoidance buffers to the City for review and approval.

If special-status plants can be avoided, no further action is required. If federally- and/or state-listed individuals and/or CRPR 1B or 2 plant populations cannot be avoided, then Mitigation Measure BIO- 1(d) shall be implemented.

BIO-1(d) Habitat Mitigation and Monitoring Plan
If federally- and/or state-listed plants, non-listed special-status plant populations, sensitive natural communities, or waters of the US and/or State cannot be avoided and will be impacted by development facilitated by the plan, the City shall require mitigation at a minimum ratio of 1:1 per acre of impact (and 1:1 per tree), to be determined in coordination with CDFW and USFWS as and if applicable, for each species as a component of habitat restoration. A habitat mitigation and monitoring plan (HMMP) shall be prepared by a qualified biologist and submitted to the City for review and approval. The HMMP shall include, at a minimum, the following components:

Description of the project/impact site (i.e., location, responsible parties, areas to be impacted by habitat type).

Goal(s) of the compensatory mitigation project (type[s] and area[s]) of habitat to be established, restored, enhanced, and/or preserved; specific functions and values of habitat type[s] to be established, restored, enhanced, and/or preserved).

Description of the proposed compensatory mitigation site (location and size, ownership status, existing functions, and values).

Implementation plan for the compensatory mitigation site (rationale for expecting implementation success, responsible parties, schedule, site preparation, planting plan).

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-29
Maintenance activities during the monitoring period, including weed removal as appropriate (activities, responsible parties, schedule).

Monitoring plan for the compensatory mitigation site, including no less than quarterly monitoring for the first year (performance standards, target functions and values, target acreages to be established, restored, enhanced, and/or preserved, annual monitoring reports).

Success criteria based on the goals and measurable objectives; said criteria to be, at a minimum, at least 80 percent survival of container plants and 30 percent relative cover by vegetation type or other industry standards as determined by a qualified restoration specialist.

An adaptive management program and remedial measures to address any shortcomings in meeting success criteria.

Notification of completion of compensatory mitigation and agency confirmation.

Contingency measures (initiating procedures, alternative locations for contingency compensatory mitigation, funding mechanism).

All nursery plants used in restoration shall be inspected for sudden oak death.

If a federally and/or state-listed plant species has the potential be impacted, an HMMP shall be submitted to the USFWS and/or CDFW for review, and federal and/or state take authorization may be required by these agencies.

Within 30 days of completion of monitoring, a final monitoring report shall be submitted to the City for review and approval, documenting compliance with the HMMP and achievement of success criteria.

BIO-1(e) Endangered/Threatened Special-status Species Habitat Assessments and Protocol Surveys
For development facilitated by the plan where the project-specific biological analysis (Mitigation Measure BIO-1[a]) determines that suitable habitat may be present for federal- or state-listed, candidate, or proposed species, the City shall require protocol habitat assessments/surveys be completed in accordance with current CDFW and/or USFWS protocols prior to issuance of any construction permits. If, through consultation with the CDFW and/or USFWS, it is determined that protocol habitat assessments/surveys are not required, the project applicant shall be required to complete and document this consultation and submit it to the City prior to issuance of any construction permits. Each protocol has different survey and timing requirements. The applicant shall be responsible for ensuring they understand the protocol requirements and shall hire a qualified biologist to conduct protocol surveys. (Note: if a federally and/or state-listed wildlife species will be impacted, federal and/or state take authorization may be required by USFWS and CDFW.)
BIO-1(f) Endangered/Threatened Animal Species Avoidance and Minimization For development facilitated by the plan where potential impacts to aquatic and/or terrestrial animal species are identified by the project-specific Biological Resources Screening and Assessment required under Mitigation Measure BIO-1(a), the following measures shall be applied.

Ground disturbance shall be limited to the minimum necessary to complete the project. A qualified biologist shall flag the project limits of disturbance. Areas of special biological concern within or adjacent to the limits of disturbance shall have highly visible orange construction fencing installed between said area and the limits of disturbance.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-30
All projects occurring within/adjacent to aquatic habitats (including riparian habitats and wetlands) shall be completed between April 1 and October 31, if feasible, to avoid impacts to sensitive aquatic species. Any work outside these dates would require project-specific approval from the City and may be subject to regulatory agency approval.

All projects occurring within or adjacent to sensitive habitats that may support federally and/or state-listed endangered/threatened species shall have a CDFW- and/or USFWS-approved biologist present during all initial ground disturbing/vegetation clearing activities. Once initial ground disturbing/vegetation clearing activities have been completed, said biologist shall conduct daily pre-activity clearance surveys for endangered/threatened species. Alternatively, and upon approval of the CDFW and/or USFWS, said biologist may conduct site inspections at a minimum of once per week to ensure all prescribed avoidance and minimization measures are fully implemented.

No endangered/threatened species shall be captured and relocated without express permission from the CDFW and/or USFWS.

If at any time during project construction an endangered/threatened species enters the construction site or otherwise may be impacted by the project, all project activities shall cease.

A CDFW/USFWS-approved biologist shall document the occurrence and consult with the CDFW and USFWS, as appropriate, to determine whether it was safe for project activities to resume.

For all work occurring in areas where endangered/threatened species may be present and are at risk of entering the project site during construction, the applicant shall install exclusion fencing along the project boundaries prior to start of construction (including staging and mobilization).

The placement of the fence shall be at the discretion of the CDFW/USFWS-approved biologist.

This fence shall consist of solid silt fencing placed at a minimum of three feet above grade and two feet below grade and shall be attached to wooden stakes placed at intervals of not more than five feet. The applicant shall inspect the fence weekly and following rain events and high wind events and shall be maintained in good working condition until all construction activities are complete.

All vehicle maintenance/fueling/staging shall occur not less than 100 feet from any riparian habitat or water body, including seasonal wetland features. Suitable containment procedures shall be implemented to prevent spills. A minimum of one spill kit shall be available at each work location near riparian habitat or water bodies.

No equipment shall be permitted to enter wetted portions of any affected drainage channel or wetland.

At the end of each workday, excavations shall be secured with a cover or a ramp provided to prevent wildlife entrapment.

All trenches, pipes, culverts, or similar structures shall be inspected for animals prior to burying, capping, moving, or filling.

Considering the potential for the project to impact federally and state-listed species and their habitat, the City shall contact CDFW and USFWS to identify mitigation banks within Santa Barbara County during project development. If the results of the project-specific biological analysis (Mitigation Measure BIO-1[a]) determine that impacts to federally and state threatened or endangered species habitat are expected, City and/or applicant shall explore species- appropriate mitigation bank(s) servicing the region for purchase of mitigation credits.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-31
Prior to grading and construction in natural areas of containing suitable upland habitat, a qualified biologist shall conduct a preconstruction survey as determined necessary during the biological analysis (Mitigation Measure BIO-1[a]). The survey should include a transect survey over the entire project disturbance footprint (including access and staging areas), and mapping of suitable habitat features, such as burrows, that are potentially suitable for listed species. If any listed species are detected, no work shall be conducted until the individual(s) leaves the site of their own accord, unless federal and/or state “take” authorization has been issued for relocation. Typical preconstruction survey procedures, such as burrow scoping and burrow collapse, cannot be conducted without federal and state permits. If any life stage of listed species are found within the survey area, the City and/or applicant shall consult with the USFWS and CDFW to determine the appropriate course of action to comply with the FESA and CESA, if permits are not already in place at the time of construction.

BIO-1(g) Worker Environmental Awareness Program
For development facilitated by the plan within undeveloped parcels and prior to construction activities (including staging and mobilization), the City shall require the project proponent to arrange Worker Environmental Awareness Program (WEAP) training for all construction personnel to attend, conducted by a City-approved biologist, to aid workers in recognizing special-status resources that may occur in the construction area. The specifics of this program shall include identification of the sensitive species and habitats, a description of the regulatory status and general ecological characteristics of sensitive resources, and review of the limits of construction and mitigation measures required to reduce impacts to biological resources within the work area. A fact sheet conveying this information shall also be prepared for distribution to all contractors, their employers, and other personnel involved with construction. All employees shall sign a form provided by the trainer indicating they have attended the WEAP training and understand the information presented to them. The form shall be submitted to the City to document compliance.

BIO-1(h) Northern California Legless Lizard Avoidance and Minimization For all development facilitated by the plan in undeveloped areas and if determined necessary based on preliminary review conducted by City staff, a pre-construction clearance survey for Northern California legless lizard shall be conducted by a City-approved qualified biologist within 48 hours prior to the start of construction (including staging and mobilization). The survey shall cover the entire disturbance footprint within suitable habitats with moist loose soil, plus a minimum 100-foot buffer, where permissible, and should identify all special-status wildlife species observed on the project site. During the pre-construction survey the qualified biologist shall inspect under logs, leaf litter, or other suitable refuge. If Northern California legless lizards are identified, individuals shall be relocated by a qualified biologist to suitable cover with loose soils a minimum of 500 feet from the project site, as accessible. A report of the survey results shall be submitted to the City, for review and approval.

BIO-1(i) Roosting Bat Surveys and Avoidance Prior to Removal For all development facilitated by the plan that will require the removal of large trees (greater than 20 inches in diameter at five feet from the ground), abandoned buildings, bridges, or other suitable roosting structure identified during a Biological Resources Screening and Assessment prior to tree and/or structure removal, a qualified biologist shall conduct a focused survey of all trees and structures to be removed or impacted by construction activities to determine whether active roosts of special-status bats are present on site. Tree or structure removal shall be planned for either the City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-32
spring or the fall, and timed to ensure both suitable conditions for the detection of bats and adequate time for tree and/or structure removal to occur during seasonal periods of bat activity exclusive of the breeding season, as described below. Trees and/or structures containing suitable potential bat roost habitat features shall be clearly marked or identified. If no bat roosts are found, the results of the survey will be documented and submitted to the City within 30 days of the survey, after which no further action will be required.

If roosts are present, the biologist shall prepare a site-specific roosting bat protection plan to be implemented by the contractor following the City’s approval. Additionally, the qualified biologist shall determine compensatory mitigation for temporary or permanent habitat loss due to tree removal, in conjunction with CDFW. The plan shall incorporate the following guidance as appropriate:
 When possible, removal of trees/structures identified as suitable roosting habitat shall be conducted during seasonal periods of bat activity, including the following:
 Between September 1 and about October 15, or before evening temperatures fall below 45 degrees Fahrenheit and/or more than 0.5 inch of rainfall within 24 hours occurs.  Between March 1 and April 15, or after evening temperatures rise above 45 degrees Fahrenheit and/or no more than 0.5 inch of rainfall within 24 hours occurs.  If a tree/structure must be removed during the breeding season and is identified as potentially containing a colonial maternity roost, then a qualified biologist shall conduct acoustic emergence surveys or implement other appropriate methods to further evaluate if the roost is an active maternity roost. Under the biologist’s guidance, the contractor shall implement measures similar to or exceeding the following:
 If it is determined that the roost is not an active maternity roost, then the roost may be removed in accordance with the other requirements of this measure.  If it is found that an active maternity roost of a colonial roosting species is present, the roost shall not be disturbed during the breeding season (April 15 to August 31).  Tree removal procedures shall be implemented using a two-step tree removal process. This method is conducted over two consecutive days and works by creating noise and vibration by cutting non-habitat branches and limbs from habitat trees using chainsaws only (no excavators or other heavy machinery) on day one. The noise and vibration disturbance, together with the visible alteration of the tree, is very effective in causing bats that emerge nightly to feed to not return to the roost that night. The remainder of the tree is removed on day two.  Prior to the demolition of vacant structures within the project site, a qualified biologist shall conduct a focused habitat assessment of all structures to be demolished. The habitat assessment shall be conducted enough in advance to ensure the commencement of building demolition can be scheduled during seasonal periods of bat activity (see above), if required. If no signs of day roosting activity are observed, no further actions will be required. If bats or signs of day roosting by bats are observed, a qualified biologist will prepare specific recommendations such as partial dismantling to cause bats to abandon the roost, or humane eviction, both to be conducted during seasonal periods of bat activity, if required.  If the qualified biologist determines a roost is used by a large number of bats (large hibernaculum), bat boxes shall be installed near the project site. The number of bat boxes installed will depend on the size of the hibernaculum and shall be determined through consultation with CDFW. If a maternity colony has become established, all construction Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-33
activities shall be postponed within a 500-foot buffer around the maternity colony until it is determined by a qualified biologist that the young have dispersed. Once it has been determined that the roost is clear of bats, the roost shall be removed immediately.

BIO-1(j) Monarch Butterfly Avoidance and Minimization
For development facilitated by the plan within undeveloped parcels, prior to construction activities and if determined necessary based on preliminary review conducted by City staff, the City shall require that all construction activities (including equipment staging, grading, and construction) shall be avoided during the monarch butterfly overwintering season between October 15 through March 15, if practicable. In the event construction activities cannot be avoided during the overwintering season, the City shall retain a qualified biologist to conduct a survey for roosting monarch butterflies within seven days prior to initiation of construction activities to determine their presence/absence.

If no monarch butterflies are observed during pre-construction surveys, no further actions are necessary. In the event construction pauses for a period of 7 days or more, if construction is planned to restart during the monarch butterfly overwintering season (October 15 through March 15), the City shall retain a qualified biologist to conduct a new survey in accordance with the requirements of this mitigation measure.

If construction activities occur during the overwintering season and monarch butterflies are present, the qualified biologist shall establish a protective buffer, ranging from 100 to 300 feet from the roosting site in which monarch butterflies are aggregating. The buffer shall be delineated on site by the biologist with flagging or staking visible by construction personnel. The construction contractor shall ensure no construction occurs within the protective buffer, including staging of equipment or stopping or idling in the buffer, during the overwintering season. In the event construction activities, or other use of equipment, is needed to work within the buffer, the qualified biologist shall be present on site to monitor construction activities and determine if the work is disturbing the aggregated butterflies. If the biologist determines the work is disturbing the butterflies, the biologist shall have the authority to stop work within the protective buffer at any time. In addition, due to the regular movement of the butterflies and locations of the aggregations, the biologist shall have the discretion to adjust the protective buffers, as necessary.

BIO-1(k) Pre- Construction Bird Surveys, Avoidance, and Notification For all development facilitated by the plan, prior to construction activities and if determined necessary based on preliminary review conducted by City staff, construction activities initiated during the bird nesting season (February 1 – September 15), involving removal of vegetation (e.g. trees and shrubs), abandoned structures, or other nesting bird habitat, a pre-construction nesting bird survey shall be conducted no more than 5 days prior to initiation of ground disturbance and vegetation removal. The nesting bird pre-construction survey shall be conducted on foot and shall include a buffer around the construction site at a distance determined by a qualified biologist, including staging and storage areas. The minimum survey radii surrounding the work area shall be the following: 250 feet for non-raptors and 1,000 feet for raptors. The survey shall be conducted by a qualified biologist familiar with the identification of avian species known to occur in the Santa Maria region. If construction lapses for seven days or longer, the qualified biologist shall conduct another focused survey before project activities are reinitiated. If nests are found, an avoidance buffer shall be determined by the biologist dependent upon the species, the proposed work activity, and existing disturbances associated with land uses outside of the site. The qualified biologist shall observe the active nest to establish a behavioral baseline of the adults and nestlings, if present. The City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-34
qualified biologist shall continuously monitor the active nests to detect signs of disturbance and behavioral change as a result of construction impacts, such as noise, vibration, odors, or worker/equipment motion. If signs of disturbance and behavioral changes are observed, the qualified biologist shall cease work causing those changes and may contact CDFW or USFWS for guidance. The buffer shall be demarcated by the biologist with bright orange construction fencing, flagging, construction lathe, or other means to demarcate the boundary. All construction personnel shall be notified of the buffer zone as an “Ecologically Sensitive Area” and to avoid entering the buffer zone during the nesting season. No ground disturbing activities shall occur within the buffer until the biologist has confirmed that breeding/nesting is completed and the young have fledged the nest. Encroachment into the buffer shall occur only at the discretion of the qualified biologist on the basis that the encroachment will not be detrimental to an active nest. A report summarizing the pre-construction survey(s) shall be prepared by a qualified biologist and shall be submitted to the City prior to the commencement of construction activities.

Project site plans shall include a statement acknowledging compliance with the federal MBTA and California Fish and Game Code that includes avoidance of active bird nests and identification of Best Management Practices to avoid impacts to active nests, including checking for nests prior to construction activities during February 1 to September 15, and what to do if an active nest is found so that the nest is not inadvertently impacted during grading or construction activities.

Significance After Mitigation
Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-1(a) would reduce potential impacts to special-status plant and animal species by requiring a Biological Resources Screening and Assessment to determine whether projects proposed within undeveloped parcels, and if determined necessary based on preliminary review conducted by City staff, have any potential to impact special-status biological resources, inclusive of special-status plants and animals, sensitive vegetation communities (including vernal pools and other wetlands), and critical habitat. Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-1(b) and BIO-1(c) would reduce potential impacts to special-status plant species to a less than significant level by requiring preconstruction surveys and avoidance and minimization measures for special-status plant species. Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-1(d) would reduce potential impacts to listed plants, non-listed special-status plant populations, sensitive natural communities, and waters to a less than significant level by requiring the preparation of, and adherence to, an HMMP if special-status species or habitat are present. Implementation of Mitigation Measures BIO-1(e) and BIO-1(f) would reduce impacts to endangered and threatened special-status species by requiring habitat assessments, protocol surveys, and avoidance and minimization measures for these species. Implementation of Mitigation measures BIO-1(g) would reduce potential impacts to special-status plants and wildlife during construction facilitated by the plan by facilitating a Worker’s Environmental Awareness Program. Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-1(h) would reduce potential impacts to Northern California legless lizard to a less than significant level by requiring preconstruction surveys and avoidance measures if Northern California legless lizard are present on a project site. Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-(i) would reduce potential impacts to bat species to a less than significant level by requiring assessment and preconstruction surveys of potential building and tree removals, and avoidance of roosting bats.

Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-1(j) would reduce potential impacts to monarch butterfly to a less than significant level by requiring assessment of potential tree removals and avoidance of overwintering monarchs. Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-1(k) would reduce potential impacts to nesting birds to a less than significant level by requiring preconstruction surveys for nesting birds and avoidance measures if nesting birds are present on a project site.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-35
Impacts would be less than significant with implementation of Mitigation Measures BIO-1(a) through BIO-1(k).

Threshold 2: Would the project have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service?
Threshold 3: Would the project have a substantial adverse effect on state or federally protected wetlands (including but not limited to, marsh, vernal pool, coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling, hydrological interruption, or other means? Impact BIO-2 WETLANDS WITHIN THE PLAN AREA MAY BE AFFECTED BY DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE. DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS WOULD BE SUBJECT TO ADOPTED CITY

REGULATIONS TO MINIMIZE IMPACTS TO RIPARIAN HABITAT, SENSITIVE NATURAL COMMUNITIES, AND WETLANDS. COMPLIANCE WITH THE NPDES CONSTRUCTION GENERAL PERMIT, SANTA MARIA MUNICIPAL CODE, PROPOSED POLICIES IN THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE, AND MITIGATION MEASURES BIO-1(A) AND BIO-1(D) WOULD ENSURE POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO RIPARIAN HABITAT, SENSITIVE NATURAL COMMUNITIES, AND WETLANDS WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT WITH MITIGATION.

The CNDDB identifies southern vernal pool as a sensitive natural community which could occur in the plan area. According to the USFWS NWI, wetlands in and surrounding the City consist of estuarine and marine habitats, freshwater ponds, freshwater emergent wetlands, freshwater forested and shrub wetlands, and riverine habitats (USFWS 2025c). Development facilitated by the plan is not likely to result in the removal of large areas of riparian, wetland, or other sensitive natural community habitat, as development would generally occur in areas of the City that are developed and surrounded by existing development. However, as shown in Figure 4.3-2, there are wetlands identified within the Annexation Area and throughout the plan area where development facilitated by the plan may occur which may be significantly degraded, or removed, by development projects. Development facilitated by the plan would be subject to Santa Maria Municipal Code Chapters 8-12A (Stormwater Runoff Pollution Prevention), and 9-68 (Flood Damage Prevention) and NPDES permit requirements to protect water quality prior to, during, and post-construction.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following proposed policies that would protect sensitive, riparian, creek, and wetland habitats:

Policy COS-1.5: Endangered, threatened, and special status species. Minimize potential impacts of development on federal or State endangered and threatened species and non-listed special status species through the development and permit review process. Condition development projects to avoid impacts to these species, to the greatest extent feasible.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-36
Policy COS-4.3: Groundwater contamination. Minimize groundwater contamination from current and previous oil and gas operations.

Policy PFS-2.3: Groundwater. Improve the long-term recharge of the Santa Maria Valley Groundwater Basin by retaining natural watershed areas, developing regional recharge basins, and minimizing impervious surfaces in new development.

Policy PFS-2.6: Contaminant mitigation. Manage contaminated sites to protect natural systems from groundwater infiltration and stormwater runoff.

Policy S-3.2: Agricultural runoff reduction. Work with the County of Santa Barbara to reduce off-site and urban flooding caused by agricultural runoff.

Implementation of proposed policies in the plan would ensure sensitive habitats are identified prior to project-specific siting and habitat areas are protected where applicable, and development facilitated by the plan would be subject to applicable federal, State, and City requirements, which would minimize potential impacts to riparian habitat, sensitive natural communities, and wetlands.

However, unmitigated impacts to riparian and other sensitive natural communities resulting from development facilitated by the plan would still be potentially significant, requiring Mitigation Measures BIO-1(a) and BIO-1(d) to reduce potential impacts.

Mitigation Measure
Mitigation Measures BIO-1(a) and BIO-1(d) (listed above) are required to reduce impacts to a less than significant level.

Significance After Mitigation
Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-1(a) would reduce potential impacts to riparian habitat, sensitive natural communities, and wetlands by requiring a Biological Resources Screening and Assessment to determine whether projects proposed within undeveloped parcels, and if determined necessary based on preliminary review conducted by City staff, have any potential to impact special-status biological resources, inclusive of special-status plants and animals, sensitive vegetation communities (including vernal pools and other wetlands), and critical habitat.

Implementation of Mitigation Measure BIO-1(d) would reduce potential impacts to sensitive natural communities and waters to a less than significant level by requiring the preparation of, and adherence to, an HMMP if special-status species or habitat are present. Impacts would be less than significant with implementation of Mitigation Measures BIO-1(a) and BIO-1(d) and adherence to federal, State, and City requirements and proposed plan policies COS-1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 4.1, and 4.3, PFS-

2.3 and 2.6, and S-3.2.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-37
Threshold 4: Would the project interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or with established native resident or migratory wildlife corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites? Impact BIO-3 DUE TO THE EXISTING LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, THERE ARE NO ESSENTIAL WILDLIFE CONNECTIVITY AREAS WITHIN THE PLAN AREA. WITH ADHERENCE TO THE PROPOSED POLICIES OF THE 2045

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE SANTA MARIA MUNICIPAL CODE, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD HAVE A LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE MOVEMENT OF

NATIVE RESIDENT OR MIGRATORY FISH OR WILDLIFE SPECIES WITHIN THE PLAN AREA, OR ON ESTABLISHED NATIVE RESIDENT OR MIGRATORY WILDLIFE CORRIDORS.

Due to the existing level of development, the plan area is not within an essential connectivity area as defined by CDFW (CDFW 2025b). Development facilitated by the plan would generally occur in areas that are developed or surrounded by existing development and urban disturbance, and no development is anticipated or planned within the Santa Maria River. As a result, development facilitated by the plan would not result in potentially significant impacts to wildlife movement because they would not obstruct wildlife corridors or fragment habitat such that wildlife movement is restricted.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following proposed policies, which would minimize impacts from any future development on sensitive habitat that could provide opportunities for wildlife movement:

Policy COS-1.2: City greenbelt. Coordinate with Santa Barbara County to dDevelop a continuous system of greenbelts and natural corridors.

With implementation of the proposed policies in the 2045 General Plan Update, as well as compliance with the Santa Maria Municipal Code Chapters 8-12A (Stormwater Runoff Pollution Prevention), and 9-68 (Flood Damage Prevention), development facilitated by the plan would have a less than significant impact on the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or on established native resident or migratory wildlife corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites.

Mitigation Measure
No mitigation is required because impacts would be less than significant.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-38
Threshold 5: Would the project conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources, such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance? Impact BIO-4 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD BE REQUIRED TO ADHERE TO THE PROPOSED POLICIES OF THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE AND SANTA MARIA MUNICIPAL CODE REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO PROTECTION OF TREES AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES. THEREFORE, THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Potential impacts to trees and other biological resources, such as those resulting from tree and vegetation removal, may result from development facilitated by the plan. The plan area has trees within its developed and disturbed areas, as well as its surrounding parks and open space. Chapter 8-8 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code outlines permit requirements for tree maintenance and removal. Chapter 12-44 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code implements provides regulations governing trees in the City and codifies the protection of existing trees unless otherwise approved by City Parks Division as part of a development plan. Section 8-8.07 protects publicly owned trees from damage or injury. Section 8-8.08 and 8-8.09 provide requirements for vegetation protection plans and replacement for existing publicly owned trees and vegetation during construction projects. Pursuant to Section 8-8.10 and 8-8.14, any publicly owned or maintained tree damaged or removed is required to be replaced at a 2:1 ratio at a minimum size of a 24-inch box of a comparable size and species, unless specifically approved by the City Parks Division in accordance with the tree planting requirements outlined in Section 8-8.15. Additionally, Chapter 12-44 provides tree replacement requirements dependent on the size of the tree removed. Section 8-8.19 also protects historic and heritage trees from damage or removal.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following proposed policies that would protect biological resources and preserve trees and the urban forest:

Policy COS-1.2: City greenbelt. Coordinate with Santa Barbara County to develop a continuous system of greenbelts and natural corridors.

Policy COS-1.4: Urban rewilding. Implement urban rewilding projects to reintroduce natural processes, restore natural ecosystems, and promote biodiversity.

Policy COS-3.1: Urban forestry regulations. I Adopt and implement the Urban Forest Management Plan with the goal of expanding the urban canopy to 20 percent of the city by improving tree maintenance and planting standards in the City’s Municipal Code.

Policy COS-3.
2: City canopy cover. Facilitate new tree plantings per the City’s Urban Forest Management Plan, with a specific focus on disadvantaged communities.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Biological Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.3-39
Development facilitated by the plan would adhere to the requirements of the Santa Maria Municipal Code and the proposed policies of the 2045 General Plan. Therefore, impacts related to conflict with local policies and ordinances protecting biological resources, including a tree preservation policy or ordinance, would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measure
No mitigation is required because impacts would be less than significant.

Threshold 6: Would the project conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state habitat conservation plan?
Impact BIO-5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD NOT CONFLICT WITH THE

PROVISION OF AN ADOPTED HABITAT CONSERVATION PLAN, NATURAL COMMUNITY CONSERVATION PLAN, OR OTHER APPROVED LOCAL, REGIONAL, OR STATE HABITAT CONSERVATION PLAN. NO IMPACT WOULD OCCUR.

There are no habitat conservation plans, natural community conservation plans, or other approved local regional or state habitat conservation plans in the plan area. Therefore, development and improvements in the plan area would not conflict with such plans. No impact would occur.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation is required because there would be no impact.

4.3.4 Cumulative Impacts
A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Regional cumulative impacts consider the City- wide impacts together with similar impacts of reasonably anticipated regional projects/programs.

The general approach to cumulative impact analysis used in this EIR, as well as the determination of the cumulative impact analysis area, is discussed in Section 3, Environmental Setting, Subsection

3.3, Cumulative Development.

By its nature, a general plan considers cumulative impacts insofar as it considers cumulative development that could occur within the City limits and annexation areas. Cumulative development has the potential to result in adverse effects to special-status species. Cumulative development could directly impact candidate, sensitive, or special-status species injury or death as a result of individuals being crushed or buried by construction vehicles, additional vehicles brought to an area by development, equipment, or displaced soil; entrapment of individuals in excavation areas, disturbance of individuals by construction-related noise and vibration (resulting from grading or other construction activities); impacts to vegetation used for food and shelter, reduction of refugia habitats, and accidental destruction of active burrows and nests by construction vehicles or equipment. Cumulative development could also result in permanent loss of suitable habitat.

Potential indirect impacts resulting from development facilitated by the plan include the City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.3-40
introduction or spread of invasive plant species, fugitive dust, standing water or food waste, and soil compaction that hinders burrowing. Additionally, cumulative development could indirectly impact candidate, sensitive, or special-status species, including critical habitat essential for the conservation of a threatened or endangered species, through habitat degradation or removal. As a result, cumulative impacts are potentially significant.

The plan would not facilitate substantial permanent development in riparian habitat and would implement policies designed to preserve and restore habitat for special-status species. These include Policy COS-1.1 and Policy COS-1.5 which emphasize the protection of wildlife habitat.

Furthermore, Mitigation Measures BIO-1(a) through BIO-1(k) would ensure development facilitated by the plan would minimize potential impacts to special status plant and wildlife species and nesting birds. Therefore, the plan would not have a cumulatively considerable contribution to cumulative impacts on candidate, sensitive, or special-status species.

Cumulative development could indirectly impact natural water resources due to offsite polluted runoff or sedimentation. Cumulative development proposed in areas identified as jurisdictional waters and/or wetlands, streambed/banks, or riparian vegetation would be subject to the permit requirements of the USACE, RWQCB, and CDFW, pursuant to Section 404 and Section 401 of the CWA, Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, and Section 1600 of the California Fish and Game Code. Applicable federal and State requirements would minimize potential indirect impacts to riparian habitat and wetlands to a less than significant level. However, direct impacts to streams, wetlands, and riparian vegetation resulting from degradation or removal of habitat would be potentially significant.

The plan would not facilitate substantial permanent development in wetland, stream, or riparian habitat and would implement policies designed to preserve and restore wetland and aquatic habitats. These include, but are not limited to, Policy COS-1.1 and Policy COS-4.1 which emphasize the protection of the Santa Maria River and other wildlife habitat. Furthermore, Mitigation Measures BIO-1(a) and BIO-1(d) would ensure development facilitated by the plan minimizes potential impacts to riparian habitat, sensitive natural communities, and wetlands. Therefore, the plan would not have a cumulatively considerable contribution to cumulative impacts on riparian habitat, sensitive natural communities, or wetlands.

Due to the existing level of development, the cumulative development area is not located within a CDFW-designated essential wildlife connectivity area. The plan includes Policy COS-1.1 and COS-1.2 which seek to protect and enhance remaining natural habitat and wildlife corridors within the City.

Therefore, cumulative development would have less than significant impacts on wildlife corridors.

Cumulative development would be required to adhere to applicable local policies and ordinances protecting biological resources enforced by the agencies that have jurisdiction over a project site.

There is no Natural Community Conservation Plan or Habitat Conservation Plan within the proposed plan area; therefore, no cumulative impacts related to conflicts local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources or a Natural Community Conservation Plan or Habitat Conservation Plan would occur.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-1

4.4 Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources
This section assesses potential impacts to cultural and tribal cultural resources. This section includes a brief summary of cultural and tribal cultural resources background information and a review of known archaeological, built environmental, historical, and tribal cultural resources as well as potential impacts to these resources as a result of implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update.

The background information and analysis in this section is partially based on the Environmental Background Report for the City of Santa Maria, prepared in December 2020 to support their General Plan Update.

4.4.1 Setting
The cultural history of Santa Maria and the surrounding Santa Maria River Valley can be divided into three major eras: Native-American, Spanish-Mexican and Anglo-American. Remnants from these unique eras exist in the region as a diverse range of tribal, archaeological and architectural resources. The Santa Maria River Valley served as part of the larger Chumash territory that extended from the coast and Channel Islands and inland to include Santa Barbara, most of Ventura, parts of San Luis Obispo, Kern, and Los Angeles Counties. The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the influx of Spanish-Mexican culture, with the establishment of large Spanish Land Grants in the area along the coast, while the modern Anglo-American era began in the late 19th century with the break-up and sale of the Spanish Land Grants (Santa Maria 2020). a. Prehistoric Setting
Native American Era
The Chumash were the primary Native American inhabitants of Santa Maria before the arrival of Europeans. The earliest inhabitants of Southern California were transient hunters visiting the region approximately 12,000 B.C.E. (Before the Common Era), who were the cultural ancestors of the Chumash. At the peak, the Chumash population was estimated to be in the tens of thousands, with territory of around 7,000 square miles that spanned from Malibu to Paso Robles, stretching inland to the western edge of the San Joaquin Valley (Santa Maria 2020).

Permanent Chumash villages included hemispherical dwellings arranged in close groups, with the chief having the largest for social obligations (Brown 2001). Each Chumash village had a formal cemetery marked by tall painted poles and often with a defined entrance area (Gamble et al. 2001).

Archaeological studies have identified separate sections for elite versus commoner families within the cemetery grounds (King 1969).

The acorn was a dietary staple for the mainland Chumash, though its dominance varied by coastal or inland location. Chumash diet also included cattail roots, fruits and pads from cactus, and bulbs and tubers of plants such as amole (Miller 1988).

The Chumash people were known as skilled boat builders, allowing them to travel up and down the Pacific Coast and inhabit the Channel Islands. The wooden plank canoe was employed in the pursuit of marine mammals and fish as well as facilitating an active trade network between the mainland and the Channel Islands (Johnson 1987).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-2
The Chumash villages became increasingly permanent over time, with chiefs and shaman priests generally at the highest positions of authority. Women could serve equally with men as chiefs and priests. One chief would often hold responsibility for multiple villages. The Chumash Native American population was decimated due to European disease in the 1700s and 1800s, spread primarily by Spaniards as the mission system was founded and as the region was increasingly colonized by Mexicans and Americans (Santa Maria 2020). b. Historic-Era Setting
Spanish-Mexican Era
Spanish settlement of the Santa Maria Valley began with the establishment of Mission San Luis Obispo in 1772 and Mission La Purisima in Lompoc 1787. In 1821, Spain granted Mexico independence and soon after the Missions were secularized. Administrators were appointed to transfer such lands to private property owners and to proceed with secular development of the area. This is now known as the Rancho Era, which ended with the transfer of California from Mexico to the United States following the Mexican-American War (Santa Maria 2020).

Anglo-American Era
Americans from the United States began arriving in California in the 1840s. After gold was discovered elsewhere in California, settlers were drawn to the Santa Maria Valley by the possibility of free land, when mission lands were made available for private ownership. With the arrival of farmers and other settlers after California gained statehood, the Santa Maria River Valley became one of the most productive agricultural areas in the state. Four prominent settlers, Rudolph Cook, John Thornburg, Isaac Fesler, and Isaac Miller, each contributed 40 acres of land where their properties met at the present day intersection of Broadway and Main Street to form what was then called “Central City” in 1875. Ten years later, the city’s name was changed to “Santa Maria” (Santa Maria 2020).

Oil exploration began in the Santa Maria Valley in 1888, with large discoveries in the early 20th century. Oil discoveries rapidly attracted a growing population to the Santa Maria Valley, bringing about the need for local governance. In 1905, Santa Maria was incorporated as a general law city.

Until 1954, the city remained four square miles in size. Since that time, annexations have increased the size to approximately 22 square miles (Santa Maria 2020).

Since 1957, the city’s economic and population growth has been influenced by growth of Vandenberg Air Force Base, 20 miles south of the city. In the 1970s, the Santa Maria Town Center mall was constructed (Santa Maria 2020). Since that time the City Council has worked to maintain Santa Maria’s status as a regional retail hub, continuously working to add retail outlets. Santa Maria remains the leader in retail sales growth for Santa Barbara County. Agriculture, however, remains the city’s chief economic influence. The Santa Maria Valley is home to several vineyards and wineries and primary crops include strawberries, celery, lettuce, peas, and squash. The Santa Maria Valley is also home to several cattle ranches.

Previously Identified Historical Cultural Resources
The history of Santa Maria is preserved in its Historic Overlay District, landmarks, and objects of historical merit. The historic landmarks and objects listed below were identified by the City’s Landmark Committee and determined to contain historical merit. Of these resources, the Minerva Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-3
Club is the only one listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and California Register of Historical Places (CRHR), none of the other resources below are listed on either register.  The Minerva Club
 The First United Methodist Church
 Saint Peter’s Episcopal Church
 The Martin Luther Tunnell Home
 The Santa Maria Inn
 The Reuben Hart Home
 Santa Maria High School
 The Landmark Building
 City Hall
 The Coca Cola Bottling Company
 Heritage Walk
 The Haslam Building
 Buena Vista Park
 Flagpole at the George S. Hobbs’ Civic Center
 Site of Santa Maria’s First Waterworks
 Site of the Pacific Coast Railroad Depot
 Four Corners Intersection at Main Street and Broadway  Veterans’ Memorial Community Center
 First Masonic Temple Site
 John Long House
 Orange Street Kindergarten
 Cypress Street Kindergarten
 St. Mary’s Catholic Church
 Bell at El Camino School
 Site of Leo’s Drive-In
 Bas Relief of Columbus’ Ship, Santa Maria
 Santa Maria Civic Theater
 Zanettti Home
 Site of Rusconi’s Café
 Waler House
 Franklin House
 Independent Order of Oddfellows and Haslam Building
 Rubel House
City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-4

4.4.2 Regulatory Setting
a. Federal Regulations
National Register of Historic Places
The NRHP was established by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as “an authoritative guide to be used by federal, State, and local governments, private groups and citizens to identify the Nation’s cultural resources and to indicate what properties should be considered for protection from destruction or impairment” (36 Code of Federal Regulations 60.2). The NRHP recognizes properties that are significant at the national, state, and local levels. To be eligible for listing in the NRHP, a resource must be significant in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, or culture. Districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects of potential significance must also possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. A property is eligible for the NRHP if it meets any one of the following criteria:
 Criterion A: Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history
 Criterion B: Are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past  Criterion C: Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of installation, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction  Criterion D: Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history
In addition to meeting at least one of the above designation criteria, resources must also retain integrity. The National Park Service recognizes seven aspects or qualities that, considered together, define historic integrity. To retain integrity, a property must possess several, if not all, of these seven qualities, defined in the following manner:
 Location: The place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic event occurred
 Design: The combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property
 Setting: The physical environment of a historic property  Materials: The physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property  Workmanship: The physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory
 Feeling: A property’s expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time  Association: The direct link between an important historic event or person and a historic property
Historic American Buildings Survey
The Historic American Buildings Survey, established in 1933 as the nation’s first federal preservation program, set the standard for documenting historic architecture through a collaboration between the National Park Service, Library of Congress, and the American Institute of Architects. Designed to Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-5
mitigate the loss of architectural heritage, the Historic American Buildings Survey created a publicly accessible archive capturing a wide range of American building traditions. Its records support preservation, rehabilitation, and design efforts while contributing to public education and professional training. The program’s enduring impact lies in its comprehensive documentation methods, alignment with national preservation standards, and its role in cultivating future preservation professionals.

Archaeological Resources Protection Act
The Archaeological Resources Protection Act amended the Antiquities Act of 1906 (16 United States Code [USC] 431–433) and set a broad policy that archaeological resources are important to the nation and should be protected, and special permits required before the excavation or removal of archaeological resources from public or Indian lands. The purpose of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act was to secure, for the present and future benefit of the American people, the protection of archaeological resources and sites that are on public lands and Indian lands, and to foster increased cooperation and exchange of information between governmental authorities, the professional archaeological community, and private individuals having collections of archaeological resources and data that were obtained before October 31, 1979.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act
The American Indian Religious Freedom Act established federal policy to protect and preserve the inherent rights of freedom for Native groups to believe, express, and exercise their traditional religions. These rights include but are not limited to access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rites.

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 sets provisions for the intentional removal and inadvertent discovery of human remains and other cultural items from federal and tribal lands. It clarifies the ownership of human remains and sets forth a process for repatriation of human remains and associated funerary objects and sacred religious objects to the Native American groups claiming to be lineal descendants or culturally affiliated with the remains or objects. It requires any federally funded institution housing Native American remains or artifacts to compile an inventory of all cultural items within the museum or with its agency and to provide a summary to any Native American tribe claiming affiliation. b. State Regulations
California Environmental Quality Act
CEQA requires a lead agency (in this case, the City) to determine whether a project may have a significant effect on historical resources. Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1 of the Statutes of CEQA, Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 5024.1, and State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5 were used as the guidelines for this evaluation. PRC Section 5024.1 requires that any properties that can be expected to be directly or indirectly affected by a proposed project be evaluated for CRHR eligibility.

The purpose of the CRHR is to maintain listings of the state’s historical resources and to indicate what properties are to be protected, to the extent prudent and feasible, from material impairment and substantial adverse change. The term “historical resources” includes a resource listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing in, the CRHR; a resource included in a local register of historical resources; and any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript that a lead City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-6
agency determines to be historically significant (State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5[a]). The criteria for listing properties in the CRHR were expressly developed in accordance with previously established criteria developed for listing in the NRHP.

According to PRC Section 5024.1(c)(1-4), a resource may be considered historically significant if it retains integrity and meets at least one of the following criteria. A property may be listed in the CRHR if the resource:
1) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage.
2) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past. 3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values. 4) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

Under CEQA, if an archeological site is not a historical resource but meets the definition of a “unique archaeological resource” as defined in PRC Section 21083.2, then it should be treated in accordance with the provisions of that section. A unique archaeological resource is defined in PRC Section 21083.2(g) as:

An archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that, without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets any of the following criteria:
1) Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and that there is a demonstrable public interest in that information.
2) Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type.
3) Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person.

Resources that neither meet any of these criteria for listing in the CRHR nor qualify as a unique archaeological resource under CEQA PRC Section 21083.2 are viewed as not significant. Under CEQA, “A nonunique archaeological resource need be given no further consideration, other than the simple recording of its existence by the lead agency if it so elects” (PRC Section 21083.2[h]).

Tribal cultural resources as defined in PRC Section 21074, should also be treated in accordance with the provisions of that section. A unique tribal cultural resource is defined in PRC Section 21074a) as:
1) Sites, features, places, cultural landscapes, sacred places, and objects with cultural value to a California Native American tribe that are either of the following:
a) Included or determined to be eligible for inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources.
b) Included in a local register of historical resources as defined in subdivision (k) of Section 5020.1.
2) A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Section 5024.1. In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Section 5024.1 for the purposes of this paragraph, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-7
Native American Heritage Commission
PRC Section 5097.91 established the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), whose duties include the inventory of places of religious or social significance to Native Americans and the identification of known graves and cemeteries of Native Americans on private lands. PRC Section 5097.98 specifies a protocol to be followed when the NAHC receives notification of a discovery of Native American human remains from a County Coroner.

Assembly Bill 52
Assembly Bill (AB) 52, which took effect on July 1, 2015, amends PRC Section 5097.94 by adding eight new sections that relate to Native Americans and expands CEQA by establishing a formal consultation process for California Tribes that must be completed before a CEQA document can be certified. Any project that may affect or cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource would require a lead agency to consult with a California Native American Tribe that is traditionally and culturally affiliated with the geographic area of the proposed project.

Consultation is beneficial because Tribes may have knowledge about the land and cultural resources that should be included in the environmental analysis for projects. The NAHC identifies Native American Tribes to be included in the process. PRC Section 21080.3.1 identifies timing and other protocols for the consultation process.

Section 21074 of AB 52 also defines tribal cultural resources as a new category of resources under CEQA. According to PRC Section 21074(a)(1), tribal cultural resources are either defined as sites, features, places, cultural landscapes, sacred places, or objects with cultural value to a California Native American Tribe, or are listed in or eligible for the CRHR or a local historic register, or have been determined by the lead agency to be a tribal cultural resource. PRC Section 21084.2 establishes that a project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource may have a significant effect on the environment. PRC Section 21084.3(a) states that the lead agency shall establish measures to avoid impacts that would alter the significant characteristics of a tribal cultural resource, when feasible.

Senate Bill 18
Senate Bill (SB) 18 establishes responsibilities for local governments to involve tribal organizations in early stages of land use planning for the purpose of protecting, or mitigating impacts to, cultural places. The provisions of SB 18 apply only to city and county governments and not to other public agencies. California Government Code Section 65352.3 (adopted pursuant to the requirements of SB 18) requires local governments to coordinate and consult with tribal organizations prior to the adoption or any amendment of a general plan or specific plan. Tribal organizations would be considered eligible to consult on a project if they were to have traditional lands in a local government’s jurisdiction, and are identified, upon request, by the NAHC. Tribes have 90 days from the date on which they receive notification to request consultation unless a shorter timeframe has been agreed to by the tribe.

California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5
The disposition of human remains is governed by Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code (HSC) and PRC Sections 5097.94 and 5097.98 and falls within the jurisdiction of the NAHC.

According to California HSC Section 7050.5(b), if human remains are discovered, the County Coroner must be notified within 48 hours and there should be no further disturbance to the site where the City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-8
remains were found. If the remains are determined by the coroner to be Native American, the coroner is responsible for contacting the NAHC within 24 hours. California HSC Section 7051(a) prohibits all persons from removing or otherwise disturbing human remains that are inadvertently discovered before their significance may be determined. Section 7052 establishes a felony penalty for mutilating, disinterring, or otherwise disturbing human remains, except by relatives.

California Penal Code Section 622.5
California Penal Code Section 622.5 provides misdemeanor penalties for damaging or destroying objects of historic or archaeological interest located on public or private lands, but specifically excludes the landowner.

California Public Resources Code Section 5097.5
PRC Section 5097.5 defines the unauthorized disturbance or removal of archaeological, historic, or paleontological resources located on public lands as a misdemeanor. c. Local Regulations
Santa Maria Municipal Code
Chapter 8-3 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code authorizes the Parks and Recreation Commission to designate places, sites, buildings, structures, works of art and other objects within the incorporated limits of the City as having historic, cultural, aesthetic or other special character or interest in accordance with the following standards.

The landmark designated shall have historical, cultural, aesthetic or special character or interest for the general public and not be limited only in interest to a special group of persons, and be at least 50 years of age.

The designation of such as a landmark under this chapter shall not be detrimental to the general welfare of the community.

The designation of such landmark shall not require the expenditure of an unreasonable amount of money to carry out the purposes of this chapter. In applying this provision it is the intent of this chapter that whenever a landmark proposed to be so designated is private property, expenditures for its upkeep, preservation, maintenance and protection shall be made by the owner thereof in all but the most exceptional cases. If upon careful review by the Recreation and Parks Commission it is proposed that public funds be expended for the preservation, restoration, maintenance or protection thereof, or any other purpose in connection with the designation, the recommendation made by the Recreation and Parks Commission to the City Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-9
Council shall set forth that fact, and shall set forth in full the reasons therefor, and shall include a statement setting forth as accurately as possible the estimated cost in public funds which would be so involved. The City Council in acting upon the proposed designation shall also determine whether the expenditure of public funds in connection therewith is justified. In the event that such designation would be ineffective for the preservation, restoration or protection of the proposed landmark, without such expenditure, and the City Council determines that the expenditure is not justified, the place, site, building, structure, work of art or other object which is the subject of the proposal shall not be designated an historical landmark.

The designation of such landmark shall not infringe upon the right of a private owner thereof, if there is such, to make any and all reasonable uses of such landmark which are not in conflict with the purposes of this chapter.

Resource Management Element
Archaeological resources—such as artifacts, structures, and refuse—provide crucial insight into the cultural practices, environmental adaptations, and societal changes of past human populations.

According to the City’s current Resource Management Element, the Santa Maria Valley is generally not recognized as a major archaeological or paleontological resource area due to the limited number of recorded sites, certain parts of the city exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity. Figure RME- 5 of the City’s current Resource Management Element shows areas west of A Street and south of Foster Road are considered to have high to moderate archaeological sensitivity, suggesting a greater potential for encountering cultural materials during ground-disturbing activities. In contrast, the portion east of A Street, between West Carmen Lane and Foster Road, is categorized as having low sensitivity, and the area north of West Carmen Lane has negligible sensitivity.

4.4.3 Impact Analysis
a. Methodology and Significance Thresholds
Methodology
The assessment of potential impacts to historic, archaeological, and tribal cultural resources was informed by a review of readily available information from sources including, but not limited to, the City’s list of Historical Landmarks and Objects of Historical Merit, the City’s Resource Management Element, the State Office of Historic Preservation website and the National Parks Service. As a programmatic document, this EIR presents a citywide assessment of the 2045 General Plan Update.

Because this Program EIR is a long-term document intended to guide actions up to 2045, this analysis relies on program-level evaluation.

On April 7, 2025 the City of Santa Maria prepared and mailed letters to six local Native American Tribes who have requested notification under AB 52 and SB 18. Under AB 52 tribes have 30 days and under SB 18 tribes have 90 days to respond and request consultation. The City has not received any request for consultation from the tribes who received the notification letter. No other tribes responded during the 30-day or 90-day period to request consultation, which elapsed on May 7th,2025 for AB 52 and on July 8th, 2025 for SB 18.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-10
Significance Thresholds
The following thresholds of significance are based on Appendix G to the CEQA Guidelines. For the purposes of this EIR, implementation of the plan may have a significant adverse impact on cultural resources if it would do any of the following:

Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource as defined in Section 15064.5;
Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to Section 15064.5;
Disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of dedicated cemeteries Implementation of the plan may have a significant adverse impact on tribal cultural resources if it would do any of the following:

Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource, defined in Public Resources Code section 21074 as either a site, feature, place, cultural landscape that is geographically defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape, sacred place, or object with cultural value to a California Native American tribe, and that is:

Listed or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, or in a local register of historical resources as defined in Public Resources Code section 5020.1(k), or A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code section 5024.1. In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resource Code section 5024.1, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe.

The significance of a cultural resource and, subsequently, the significance of any impact are determined by consideration of whether that resource can increase our knowledge of the past. The determining factors are site content and degree of preservation. A finding of archaeological significance follows the criteria established in the CEQA Guidelines.

CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5 (Determining the Significance of Impacts to Archaeological Resources) states:
 (3) […] Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR (PRC Section 5024.1, Title 14 CCR Section 4852).
 (4) The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing in the CRHR, not included in a local register of historical resources (pursuant to PRC Section 5020.1(k)), or identified in an historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in PRC Section 5024.1(g)) does not preclude a lead agency from determining that the resource may be an historical resource as defined in PRC Sections 5020.1(j) and 5024.1.
 (b) A project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an historical resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment.

Historical resources are “significantly” affected if there is demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its surroundings. Generally, impacts to historical resources can be mitigated to below a level of significance by following the Secretary of the Interior’s Guidelines for Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-11
the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring, and Reconstructing Historic Buildings or the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings (Guidelines Section 15064.6(b)). In some circumstances, documentation of a historical resource by way of historic narrative photographs or architectural drawings will not mitigate the impact of demolition below the level of significance (Guidelines Section 15126.4(b)(2)). Preservation in place is the preferred form of mitigation for archaeological resources as it retains the relationship between artifact and context, and may avoid conflicts with groups associated with the site (Guidelines Section 15126.4 (b)(3)(A)). If an archaeological resource does not meet either the historical resource or the more specific “unique archaeological resource” definition, impacts do not need to be mitigated (Guidelines Section 15064.5(e)). Where the significance of a site is unknown, it is presumed to be significant for the purpose of the EIR investigation.
b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Threshold 1: Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource pursuant to §15064.5?
Impact CUL-1 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN HAS THE POTENTIAL TO ADVERSELY AFFECT PREVIOUSLY UNIDENTIFIED HISTORIC-PERIOD RESOURCES. IMPLEMENTATION OF APPLICABLE 2045 GENERAL PLAN POLICIES, STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS, AND THE SANTA MARIA MUNICIPAL CODE WOULD MINIMIZE ADVERSE IMPACTS ON HISTORICAL RESOURCES. WITH MITIGATION, IMPACTS TO HISTORIC-PERIOD RESOURCES WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Pursuant to Section 15064.5 of the CEQA Guidelines, all of the resources included in the NRHP, CRHR and the City’s Historical Landmarks and Objects of Historical Merit list are considered historical resources. In addition to these known historical resources, there may be other unidentified historic resources which are eligible for inclusion in the NRHP, CRHR or the City’s Historical Landmarks and Objects of Historical Merit list.

The 2045 General Plan Update would guide the general distribution, location, and extent of the various land uses in Santa Maria, but the plan does not propose or approve any specific development. As there is no development included in the plan, adoption of the plan would not directly alter any historical resources. The plan does include changes to land use designations with the intent of increasing density throughout certain areas of the city. These land use changes, and the increased development that could accompany them, have the potential to impact historical resources, including those already designated as historical as well as those which may be eligible in the future.

New residential, commercial, and industrial uses would be introduced through both new construction and the conversion of existing properties to different land use designations. The plan’s emphasis on increased density and clustered development increases the likelihood of redevelopment, or additional development, on already-developed lots. Future development may involve renovations, demolitions, or new construction, which could affect historical resources that have not yet been formally evaluated but may be eligible for listing on the NRHP, CRHR, or local registers under CEQA. Over the 20-year planning horizon through 2045, additional buildings will surpass the 450-year age threshold, making them potential historic resources. As a result, redevelopment activities could lead to the physical demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of such resources.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-12
Goals and policies included in the Conservation and Open Space Element of the plan, listed below, would reduce impacts to historical, and potentially historical, resources:

Goal COS-7: Historic and cultural resources. The city’s cultural heritage is preserved and celebrated.

Policy COS-7.1: Historic, cultural, and tribal resources. Protect the city’s historic, cultural, and tribal resources through the City’s Historic Overlay Ordinance, Historic Landmark Ordinance, and proper tribal consultation practices.

Action COS-7.1.1: Review and explore opportunities for strengthening the Historic Overlay Ordinance to protect and document culturally significant sites, including tribal and historic resources.

Action COS-7.1.2: Enforce federal, State, and local regulations related to the preservation of historic and cultural resources.

Action COS-7.1.3: Avoid the relocation, rehabilitation, or alteration of historic resources to the greatest extent feasible, consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties.

Action COS-7.1.4: Support the adaptive reuse of designated and non-designated historical resources by enforcing the U.S. Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for rehabilitation, reconstruction, and restoration, and providing technical assistance and sharing of best practices.

Policy COS-7.2: Historic, cultural, and tribal resource impact mitigation. Identify impacts of new development on historic, cultural, and tribal resources during the development and environmental review process and incorporate site-specific mitigation measures accordingly to minimize the identified impacts.

Policy COS-7.3: Tribal resource protection. Protect tribal resources by partnering with representatives of Native American tribes during planning and development activities.

Action COS-7.3.1: Partner Consult with local tribes and cultural organizations to identify and conserve cultural resources and points of interest.

Action COS-7.3.2: Continue to comply with State, regional, and local regulations pertaining to notification and engagement of Native American tribes, including AB 52 and SB 18.

Policy COS-7.4: Cultural resource access. Explore opportunities to incorporate cultural resources into parks and open spaces, enriching community access to Santa Maria's history.

Action COS-7.4.1: Develop wayfinding and educational signage for significant historical and cultural resources.

Action COS-7.4.2: Pursue grant funding to facilitate the preservation and restoration of historic sites significant to the City’s cultural identity.

Future development would also be subject to the provisions of applicable federal and State cultural resource regulations, as well as Chapter 8-3 of the City’s Municipal Code. As the plan's policies and actions may be subject to varied interpretation, Mitigation Measure CUL-1 would ensure effective implementation of Conservation and Open Space Element Actions COS-7.1.3 and COS-7.1.4. For any new development that could affect known or potential historical resources, a qualified historian must prepare a historical resource evaluation to assess possible impacts. With implementation of Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-13
this mitigation measure, development under the plan would have a less than significant impact on historical resources.

Mitigation Measures
CUL-1 Historical Built Environment
If determined necessary based on preliminary review conducted by City staff, applicants for new discretionary development projects that propose to significantly alter or demolish any historic-age features (i.e., structures determined to be over 450 years of age based on available City records, such as permitting records) shall be required to submit a historical resources evaluation prepared by a qualified architectural historian or historian who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards in architectural history or history (36 CFR Part 61). The report shall address areas containing buildings, structures, objects, sites, landscape/site plans, or other features that are 450 years of age or older and are proposed to be altered or demolished as a part of the proposed project. The evaluation shall include an intensive-level evaluation in accordance with the guidelines and best practices meeting the State Office of Historic Preservation guidelines. All evaluated properties shall be documented on Department of Parks and Recreation Series 523 Forms. The historical resources evaluation report shall be submitted to the City for review and approval.

If historical resources are identified through the survey and evaluation, the relocation, rehabilitation, or alteration of the resource shall be completed consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatments of Historic Properties (Standards). Applicants shall submit a report to the City that identifies and specifies the treatment of character-defining features and construction activities, and demonstrates how the project complies with the Standards and avoids the substantial adverse change in the significance of the historical resource as defined by CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(b). The report shall be prepared by an architectural historian or historical architect meeting the Professional Qualifications Standards as defined by 36 CFR Part 61 and provided to the City for review and concurrence prior to project approval.

Significance After Mitigation
Implementation of Mitigation Measure CUL-1 would reduce potential adverse impacts on historical resources by requiring the identification and evaluation of historic-age built environment features consistent with State Office of Historic Preservation guidance, and—when applicable—ensuring conformance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties.

This process would promote responsible management of significant resources through avoidance, rehabilitation, or relocation where feasible, and ensure effective implementation of Conservation and Open Space Element Actions COS-7.1.3 and COS-7.1.4. Therefore, with implementation of Mitigation Measure CUL-1, impacts to historical resources pursuant to §15064.5 would less than significant.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-14
Threshold 2: Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to §15064.5?
Impact CUL-2 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO DISTURB OR DAMAGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES. IMPLEMENTATION OF APPLICABLE 2045 GENERAL PLAN

POLICIES, STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS , AND THE SANTA MARIA MUNICIPAL CODE WOULD MINIMIZE ADVERSE IMPACTS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES . WITH MITIGATION , IMPACTS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

The 2045 General Plan Update would guide the general distribution, location, and extent of the various land uses in Santa Maria, but the plan does not propose or approve any specific development. As there is no development included in the plan, adoption of the plan would not directly impact any archaeological resources. The plan does include changes to land use designations with the intent of increasing density throughout certain areas of the city, as well as annexation of undeveloped land east of the City Limits. These land use changes, and the increased development that could accompany them, have the potential to impact known as well as previously unidentified archaeological resources.

Effects on archaeological resources can only be determined once a specific project has been proposed because the effects are highly dependent on individual project site conditions and the characteristics of proposed ground disturbing activities. However, ground disturbing activities associated with development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update have the potential to damage or destroy archaeological resources that may be present on or below the ground surface.

Potential impacts to archaeological resources are most likely to occur on undeveloped lots, areas that have not been studied through a cultural resource investigation, or when excavation extends to depths lower than previous disturbance. Consequently, damage to or destruction of previously unknown subsurface archaeological resources could occur as a result of development facilitated by the plan.

Goals and policies included in the Conservation and Open Space Element of the plan, listed below, would reduce impacts to archaeological resources:

Goal COS-7: Historic and cultural resources. The city’s cultural heritage is preserved and celebrated.

Policy COS-7.5: Archaeological resource protection. Protect archaeological resources by requiring development to incorporate adequate mitigation to ensure the integrity of these resources.

Action COS-7.5.1: Continue to analyze project-specific impacts to archaeological resources through the development review and CEQA processes with the goal of avoiding and reducing impacts on archaeological resources.

Action COS-7.5.2: Consult with representatives of Native American tribes to ensure the appropriate treatment of archaeological resources, including cultural artifacts and human remains, if found.

These goals, policies, and actions are intended to preserve and protect known as well as previously unidentified archaeological resources. Development facilitated by the plan would be subject to the provisions of applicable federal and State cultural resource regulations listed in Section 4.4.2, Regulatory Setting. These regulations require project-specific avoidance of archaeological resources, or if an archaeological resource cannot be avoided, implementation of mitigation in accordance with applicable federal and State law regarding data collection and preservation of archaeological Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-15
resources. However, there is potential for historic-aged and prehistoric archaeological resources to exist throughout the plan area which could be damaged or destroyed during ground-disturbing activities. Therefore, the 2045 General Plan’s impact on archaeological resources is potentially significant and Mitigation Measures CUL-2(a) through CUL-2(c) are required.

Mitigation Measures
CUL-2(a) Archaeological Resources Assessment
If determined necessary based on preliminary review conducted by City staff, applicants for new discretionary development projects that involve ground disturbance activities (that may include but are not limited to, pavement removal, potholing, grubbing, tree removal, and grading) shall be required to submit to the City an archaeological resources assessment prepared by a qualified archaeologist who meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards in either prehistoric or historic archaeology. Assessments shall include a CHRIS records search at the NWIC and a SLF Search from the NAHC. The records searches shall characterize the results of previous cultural resource surveys and disclose any cultural resources that have been recorded and/or evaluated in and around the development site. A qualified archaeologist shall conduct a Phase I pedestrian survey for those projects which include development in archaeologically sensitive areas, as designated by the City, to locate any surface cultural materials.

If the Phase I archaeological survey identifies resources that may be affected, the applicant shall also conduct Phase II testing and evaluation. If resources are determined significant or unique through Phase II testing and site avoidance is not possible, the qualified professional shall identify appropriate site-specific mitigation measures in the Phase II evaluation. These measures may include, but would not be limited to, a Phase III data recovery program, avoidance, or other appropriate actions to be determined by a qualified archaeologist. If significant archaeological resources cannot be avoided, impacts may be reduced to less than significant level by filling on top of the sites rather than cutting into the cultural deposits. Alternatively, and/or in addition, a data collection program may be warranted, including mapping the location of artifacts, surface collection of artifacts, or excavation of the cultural deposit, to characterize the nature of the buried portions of sites. Curation of the excavated artifacts or samples would occur as specified by the archaeologist.

The City shall review and approve the archaeological resources assessment prior to project approval.

CUL-2(b) Unanticipated Discoveries
For new development projects where a Phase I archaeological survey identifies archaeological resources that may be affected, project applicants shall be required to retain a qualified cultural resource specialist to monitor construction activities that involve ground-disturbing activities within 60 feet of a potentially significant cultural resource. If archaeological resources are encountered during ground-disturbing activities, work in the immediate area shall halt and an archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for Archaeology shall be contacted immediately to evaluate the find. If determined to be necessary by the qualified archaeologist, the evaluation may require preparation of a treatment plan and archaeological testing for CRHR eligibility. If the discovery proves to be significant under CEQA and cannot be avoided by the project, additional work, such as excavating the cultural deposit to fully characterize its extent and collecting and curating artifacts, may be determined to be necessary by the qualified archaeologist to mitigate any significant impacts to cultural resources. If archaeological resources of Native American origin are identified during construction, a qualified archaeologist shall consult City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-16
with the City to begin Native American consultation procedures. Periodic reports of the find and subsequent evaluations shall be submitted to the City during construction.

CUL-2(c) Workers Environmental Awareness Program
For new development projects where a Phase I archaeological survey identifies archaeological resources that may be affected, project applicants shall ensure a City-approved archaeologist provides a cultural resources awareness training program (Worker Environmental Awareness Program [WEAP]) for all personnel involved in project construction, including field consultants and construction workers. The WEAP shall be conducted prior to any project-related ground disturbing activities in the project area. The WEAP would include relevant information regarding sensitive cultural resources, including applicable regulations, protocols for avoidance, and consequences of violating State laws and regulations. The WEAP shall also describe appropriate avoidance and impact minimization measures for cultural resources that could be located at the project site and would outline what to do and who to contact if any potential cultural resources or tribal cultural resources are encountered.

Significance After Mitigation
Implementation of Mitigation Measures CUL-2(a) through CUL-2(c) would reduce potential adverse impacts on archaeological resources by requiring identification and evaluation of any archaeological resources that may be present prior to construction and by providing steps for the evaluation and protection of unanticipated finds encountered during construction. This process would promote responsible management of archaeological resources through avoidance, rehabilitation, or relocation where feasible, and ensure effective implementation of Conservation and Open Space Element Policy COS-7.5 and Actions COS-7.5.1 and COS-7.5.2. Therefore, with implementation of Mitigation Measures CUL-2(a) through CUL-2(c), impacts to archaeological resources pursuant to Section 15064.5 would less than significant.

Threshold 3: Would the project disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries?
Impact CUL-3 GROUND DISTURBING ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE COULD RESULT IN DISTURBANCE OF HUMAN REMAINS. COMPLIANCE WITH CALIFORNIA HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE SECTION 7050.5 AND PUBLIC RESOURCES CODE SECTION 5097.8 WOULD ENSURE THIS POTENTIAL IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Human burials outside of formal cemeteries can occur in prehistoric archaeological contexts, and the Santa Maria Cemetery lies within the plan area. Excavations during construction activities facilitated by the plan could have the potential to disturb human remains in the plan area which could include Native American burial sites.

Pursuant to California HSC Section 7050.5, if human remains are found, the County Coroner must be notified immediately, and no further disturbance would occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to PRC Section 5097.98. If the human remains are determined to be of Native American origin, the County Coroner would notify the NAHC, which would determine and notify a Most Likely Descendent (MLD). The MLD has 48 hours from being granted site access to make recommendations for the disposition of the remains. If the MLD does not make recommendations within 48 hours, the landowner would reinter the remains in a location that would not be affected by future ground-disturbing activities. Development facilitated by the Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-17
plan would comply with the provisions set forth pursuant to California HSC Section 7050.5 and PRC Section 5097.98. Therefore, although it is possible ground-disturbing activities related to project construction could disturb human remains beneath the project site, adherence to California HSC Section 7050.5 would ensure impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation is required because impacts would be less than significant.

Threshold 4: Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource, defined in Public Resources Code Section 21074 as either a site, feature, place, cultural landscape that is geographically defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape, sacred place, or object with cultural value to a California Native American tribe, and that is:
a. Listed or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, or in a local register of historical resources as defined in Public Resources Code section 5020.1(k), or
b. A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code section 5024.1. In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resource Code section 5024.1, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe.

Impact CUL-4 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO DISTURB OR DAMAGE TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES. IMPLEMENTATION OF APPLICABLE 2045 GENERAL PLAN

POLICIES, STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS, AND THE SANTA MARIA MUNICIPAL CODE WOULD MINIMIZE ADVERSE IMPACTS TO TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES. WITH MITIGATION, IMPACTS TO TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

As discussed in the Methodology section, the City of Santa Maria sent notification letters on April 7, 2025, to six local tribes under AB 52 and SB 18, but no requests for consultation were received during the respective 30- and 90-day response periods, which ended on May 7 and July 8, 2025.

Potential effects on tribal cultural resources can only be fully assessed once a specific project is proposed, as impacts are highly dependent on site-specific conditions and the nature and extent of ground-disturbing activities. Nevertheless, development facilitated by the plan may involve ground disturbance in areas that have not been subject to prior cultural resource studies, creating the potential to disturb or destroy previously unidentified tribal cultural resources. These impacts are more likely to occur on undeveloped parcels or in locations where excavation reaches below previously disturbed soils. As such, inadvertent impacts to tribal cultural resources could result from future development under the plan.

Future development facilitated under the plan that is subject to CEQA would be required to comply with the provisions of AB 52, including formal consultation with California Native American Tribes traditionally affiliated with the area, prior to project implementation. In compliance with AB 52, a determination of whether project-specific substantial adverse effects on tribal cultural resources would occur along with identification of appropriate, project-specific avoidance, minimization, or mitigation measures would be required. Due to the programmatic nature of the plan, it is not possible to fully determine impacts. Impacts on tribal cultural resources can only be accurately City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-18
evaluated when a specific project is proposed, given that potential effects vary based on individual site conditions and the scope of planned ground-disturbing work. Although no specific tribal cultural resources eligible for the NRHP, CRHP or local register were identified as being impacted by the plan, it is possible for tribal cultural resources to exist throughout the plan area. Any future project implementation would require project-specific tribal cultural resources identification and consultation, and the appropriate avoidance, minimization, or mitigation would be incorporated.

Policies included in the Conservation and Open Space Element of the plan, listed below, would reduce impacts to tribal cultural resources:

Policy COS-7.3: Tribal resource protection. Protect tribal resources by partnering with representatives of Native American tribes during planning and development activities.

Action COS-7.3.1: Partner Consult with local tribes and cultural organizations to identify and conserve cultural resources and points of interest.

Action COS-7.3.2: Continue to comply with State, regional, and local regulations pertaining to notification and engagement of Native American tribes, including AB 52 and SB 18.

Policy COS-7.1: Historic, cultural, and tribal resources. Protect the City’s historic, cultural, and tribal resources through the City’s Historic Overlay Ordinance, Historic Landmark Ordinance, and proper tribal consultation practices.

Action COS-7.1.2: Enforce federal, State, and local regulations related to the preservation of historic and cultural resources.

These policies and actions are intended to preserve and protect known and previously unidentified tribal resources. In addition to these local policies, development facilitated by the plan would be subject to the provisions of applicable federal and State tribal resource regulations, listed in Section

4.4.2, Regulatory Setting.

Development facilitated by plan would undergo project-specific tribal cultural resource consultation pursuant to the requirements of PRC Section 21084 and Policy COS-7.3, Tribal resource protection.

There is always potential for unknown tribal cultural resources to exist throughout the plan area which could be damaged or destroyed during ground-disturbing activities. The following measures are included to mitigate potential impacts to less than significant, knowing that upon recognition, avoidance would be the preferred method when feasible. Therefore, the plan’s impact on tribal cultural resources is potentially significant and Mitigation Measures CUL-4(a) and CUL-4(b) are required.

Mitigation Measures
CUL-4(a) Workers Environmental Awareness Program
For any project with the potential to encounter tribal cultural resources as determined through consultation and/or the preparation of archaeological assessments, the project applicant shall be required to invite a City-approved archaeologist to provide a tribal cultural resources awareness Environmental Impact Analysis
Cultural Resources and Tribal Cultural Resources

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.4-19
training program (Worker Environmental Awareness Program [WEAP]) for all personnel involved in project construction, including field consultants and construction workers. The City would also invite consulting Tribe(s) to provide a tribal cultural resources awareness training program for all personnel involved in project construction, including field consultants and construction workers.

The WEAP training shall be conducted prior to any project-related ground disturbing activities in the project area. The WEAP would include relevant information regarding sensitive cultural resources and tribal cultural resources, including applicable regulations, protocols for avoidance, and consequences of violating State laws and regulations. The WEAP will also describe appropriate avoidance and impact minimization measures for tribal cultural resources that could be located at the project site and would outline what to do and who to contact if any potential cultural resources or tribal cultural resources are encountered. The WEAP would emphasize the requirement for confidentiality and culturally appropriate treatment of any discovery of significance to Native Americans and would discuss appropriate behaviors and responsive actions, consistent with local tribal values.

CUL-4(b) Tribal Cultural Monitoring
For any project with the potential to encounter tribal cultural resources as determined through consultation and/or the preparation of archaeological assessments, the project applicant shall be required to retain a tribal monitor to monitor construction activities that involve ground-disturbing activities that will occur within 60 feet of a potentially significant cultural resource.

Significance After Mitigation
Implementation of Mitigation Measures CUL-4(a) and CUL-4(b) would mitigate potential impacts to a less than significant level by requiring the identification and evaluation of any tribal cultural resources that may be present prior to construction and by providing steps for the evaluation and protection of unanticipated finds encountered during construction.

4.4.4 Cumulative Impacts
A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Regional cumulative impacts consider the City-wide impacts together with similar impacts of reasonably anticipated regional projects/programs. The general approach to cumulative impact analysis used in this EIR, as well as the determination of the cumulative impact analysis area, is discussed in Section 3, Environmental Setting, Subsection 3.3, Cumulative Development.

By its nature, a general plan considers cumulative impacts insofar as it considers cumulative development that could occur within the City Limits and annexation areas. Cumulative development throughout the City of Santa Maria and the Santa Barbara County region has the potential to result in significant impacts on historical resources, particularly through the incremental alteration or demolition of historic structures and features associated with long-term growth and redevelopment. While many of these resources are known, others have not yet been evaluated and may be eligible for listing on the NRHP, CRHR, or local historic registers. Given the scale and pace of cumulative development activities, cumulative development and redevelopment could cause the loss of built-environment historical resources, resulting in a significant cumulative impact.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.4-20
The plan would facilitate additional growth within the city, including on sites with known or potential historical resources. Although compliance with proposed policies within the plan would reduce impacts to these resources to the maximum extent feasible, cumulative development and redevelopment could nonetheless cause the loss of built-environment historical resources.

Alteration or demolition of historical resources remains a possibility throughout the plan area and immediate surroundings with potentially cumulative impacts. As such, cumulative impacts to historical resources are considered significant. The 2024 General Plan Update would implement Mitigation Measure CUL-1, which requires identification and evaluation of historic-age built environment features consistent with State Office of Historic Preservation guidance, and ensures conformance with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties.

All new development in the City and annexation areas would be required to be consistent with the goals and policies included in the Conservation and Open Space Element, and to comply with applicable federal and State cultural resource regulations, as well as Chapter 8-3 of the City’s Municipal Code. Compliance with the goals and policies included in the Conservation and Open Space Element as well as applicable federal and State cultural resource regulations, in addition to implementation of Mitigation Measure CUL-1 would ensure the plan’s contribution to significant cumulative historical resource impacts would not be cumulatively considerable.

Cumulative development throughout the City of Santa Maria and the Santa Barbara County region would result in development in previously undisturbed areas, contributing to regional impacts on archaeological resources. While impacts to archaeological resources are frequently mitigated on a project-by-project basis, certain archaeological resources may have regional significance, and the cumulative loss of archaeological resources may be considerable. As such, cumulative impacts to archaeological resources are considered significant. The 2024 General Plan Update would implement Mitigation Measures CUL-2(a) through CUL-2(c), which require the identification and evaluation of any archaeological resources that may be present prior to construction and by providing steps for the evaluation and protection of unanticipated finds encountered during construction. All new development in the City and annexation areas would be required to be consistent with the goals and policies included in the Conservation and Open Space Element, and to comply with applicable federal and State cultural resource regulations. Compliance with the goals and policies included in the Conservation and Open Space Element as well as applicable federal and State cultural resource regulations, in addition to implementation of required mitigation measures would ensure the plan’s contribution to significant cumulative archaeological resources impacts would not be cumulatively considerable.

The potential for disturbance of human remains is site-specific, such that the disturbance of remains at one site is generally not considered additive at another site. While cumulative development has the potential to uncover unidentified human remains, all cumulative development would be subject to the requirements set forth within California HSC Section 7050.5 and PRC Section 5097.98. These code sections set standard procedures for the discovery of human remains and further evaluation if the remains are determined to be of Native American origin. Consequently, cumulative impacts associated with potential disturbance of human remains would be less than significant.

Compliance with AB 52 and continued involvement with local tribes in regional planning efforts would support the identification of potential adverse impacts on known tribal cultural resources and facilitate the implementation of avoidance, minimization, or supplemental mitigation measures beyond those provided in Mitigation Measures CUL-4(a) and CUL-4(b). Therefore, cumulative impacts to tribal cultural resources would be less than significant.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-1

4.5 Hydrology and Water Quality
This section evaluates the potential environmental effects related to hydrology and water quality associated with implementation of the plan. It discusses the regional and local watershed characteristics, including water quality, drainage and infiltration patterns, and flood hazards. The analysis includes a review of surface water, groundwater, water supply, water quality, flooding, and stormwater. Water supply is also discussed in Chapter 4.9, Utilities and Service Systems, as is wastewater conveyance and stormwater infrastructure. Issues regarding wetlands and waters of the U.S. are discussed in Chapter 4.3, Biological Resources. Erosion is further discussed in Chapter 4.9, Effects Found Not to be Significant.

4.5.1 Setting
The City of Santa Maria is located in the central coast area of California in northern Santa Barbara County. The weather in Santa Maria is characterized by a typical Mediterranean coastal climate, which is generally dry in the summer with mild, wet winters. Rainfall in the area is concentrated in the winter months with the wettest months being December, January, February, and March, which have average monthly rainfall totals of 2.12, 2.75, 2.99, and 2.64 inches, respectively (U.S. Climate Data 2025).
a. Surface Water
The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) divides surface watersheds in California into 10 hydrologic regions. Santa Maria lies within the Central Coast hydrologic region, a large coastal region in central California that consists of approximately 11,300 square miles and includes all of Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara counties, most of San Benito County, and portions of San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Ventura counties (DWR 2013).

Santa Maria is located within the Santa Maria watershed. The watershed drains approximately 1,880 square miles and includes all tributaries of the Cuyama River, Sisquoc River, and the Santa Maria River (City of Santa Maria 2020). The Santa Maria River, which flows 24 miles from the confluence of the Sisquoc River and Cuyama River to the Pacific Ocean flows around the northern edge of the city from west to east.
b. Groundwater
The city overlies the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin. A majority of the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin is adjudicated and is managed by the Northern Cities Management Area, Nipomo Mesa Management Area, and the Santa Maria Valley Management Area. There are some non-adjudicated areas within the Basin, which are managed by groundwater sustainability agencies formed by the County of San Luis Obispo, the City of Arroyo, and the County of Santa Barabara (County of San Luis Obispo 2025). The Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin covers approximately 288 square miles (City of Santa Maria 2020). The Santa Maria Valley Management Area includes approximately 175 square miles of the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin in northern Santa Barbara and southern San Luis Obispo Counties (City of Santa Maria 2020). The entire basin has a storage capacity of 2,300,000 acre feet (City of Santa Maria 2020). Lopez Reservoir and Twitchell Reservoir store stormwater for groundwater basin recharge. Groundwater is used for industrial, municipal, and agricultural uses within the city (City of Santa Maria 2020).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-2
c. Water Quality
Surface Water Quality
Land use affects the quality of surface water in the city. There are large agricultural operations uses within the city that may contribute to surface water pollution. These operations uses are a substantial source of sediment which enters the city’s storm drain system (City of Santa Maria 2020). Additionally, pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer are pollutants associated with agricultural operations uses that affect surface water quality within the city. Pollutants within urbanized areas of the city, such as heavy metals hydrocarbons, detergents, fertilizers, and pesticides, and construction activities which can cause erosion are additional sources of surface water pollution which impact water quality within the city (City of Santa Maria 2020).

Pollutants of known concern in the Santa Maria Watershed include fecal coliform, nitrates, sediments, and ammonia in surface water; nitrates and total dissolved solids in groundwater; organochlorine pesticides in the Santa Maria River Estuary (located approximately 10 miles west of Santa Maria); and petroleum production by-product (diluent) in surface water of the Guadalupe Dunes which is located directly north and south of the Santa Maria River mouth and estuary and nearby areas (City of Santa Maria 2020). The Clean Water Act Section 303(d) requires States to keep registers of impaired waters that do not meet water quality standards. The Santa Maria River is included on the Section 303(d) list for nitrate pollutants from agriculture, domestic animals/livestock, natural sources, and urban runoff/storm sewers. In addition, Arsenic, Chloride, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, Cyhalothrin, DDD, DDE, DDT, Diazinon, Dieldrin, Endrin, Imidacloprid, Lead, Linurion, Manganese, Malathion, Nitrate, Oxyfluorfen, Prometryn, Pyrethroids, Selenium, Specific Conductivity, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solids, Toxicity, and Toxaphene are all listed pollutants for the Santa Maria River (California State Water Board 2024). The Santa Maria Watershed Toxicity and Pesticides total maximum daily load (TMDL)1 is applicable to the following pollutants: Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, DDD, DDE, DDT, Diazinon, Dieldrin, Endrin, Malathion, Nitrate, Toxicity, Pyrethroids, and Toxaphene. For all other pollutants TMDL are currently being drafted and are expected to be completed in 2035. The TMDL for Imidacloprid is expected to be completed in 2027 (California State Water Board 2024).

Groundwater Quality
Groundwater quality varies within the Santa Maria Valley. Total dissolved solids are known pollutants in groundwater within the Santa Maria Watershed. Additionally, petroleum production by-product (diluent) has been found in groundwater below the Guadalupe Dunes and nearby areas (City of Santa Maria 2020). The use and reuse of groundwater, coupled with the introduction of additives from municipal and agricultural use, and evaporation of much of the applied water, result in increasing mineralization of the groundwater (City of Santa Maria 2020). Surface waters serve as a major source of recharge for the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin. d. Flood Hazards
Flood hazards can occur when the amount of rainfall exceeds the infiltration capacity of the surrounding landscape or the conveyance capacity of the stormwater drainage system. Flood risk is defined as an annual percent chance of flooding, or the probability that flooding would occur in any given year. Although a 100-year flood will, on average, occur once every 100 years, the probability

1 A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is the maximum amount of a pollutant allowed to enter a waterbody to meet water quality standards (USEPA 2024).

Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-3
of a 100-year flood is one percent for any particular year. Two 100-year floods could occur in the same year or even in the same month, but the likelihood that two 100-year flood events would occur consecutively is very small.

According to Flood Insurance Rate Maps prepared by FEMA, portions of Santa Maria lie within 1 percent annual chance (100-year) flood zones; these areas are located throughout the city, but are predominately concentrated along the city’s northern border, along the Santa Maria River.

Additionally, portions of Santa Maria lie within 0.2 percent annual chance (500-year) flood zones.

These areas are concentrated near Main Street (S.R. 166) and Orcutt Creek (City of Santa Maria 2020). These areas are shown in Figure 4.5-1.

4.5.2 Regulatory Setting
a. Federal Regulations
Clean Water Act
The federal Clean Water Act, enacted by Congress in 1972 and amended several times since, is the primary federal law regulating water quality in the United States and forms the basis for several State and local laws throughout the country. The Clean Water Act established the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States. The Clean Water Act gave the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) the authority to implement federal pollution control programs, such as setting water quality standards for contaminants in surface water, establishing wastewater and effluent discharge limits for various industry contaminants in surface water, establishing wastewater and effluent discharge limits for various industry categories, and imposing requirements for controlling nonpoint-source pollution. At the federal level, the Clean Water Act is administered by the USEPA and United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). At the state and regional levels in California, the Clean Water Act is enforced by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) and the nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs).

Clean Water Act Section 303(d)
Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to identify water bodies that do not meet water quality objectives and are not supporting their beneficial uses. Each state must submit an updated biennial list, called the 303(d) list, to the USEPA. In addition to identifying the water bodies that are not supporting beneficial uses, the list also identifies the pollutant or stressor causing impairment and establishes a priority for developing a control plan to address the impairment. If a water body is designated as “impaired,” then a TMDL
is developed and identified for the affected
water body. A TMDL establishes the maximum daily amount of a pollutant allowed in an identified water body and is used as a planning tool in addressing water quality impairments and improving water quality.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-4
Figure 4.5-1 Flood Hazards in Santa Maria

Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-5
Clean Water Act Section 401
Under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act, the RWQCBs have regulatory authority over actions in waters of the United States and/or the State of California through the issuance of water quality certifications, which are issued in conjunction with any federal permit (e.g., permits issued by the USACE under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, described below). Section 401 of the Clean Water Act provides the SWRCB and the RWQCBs with the regulatory authority to waive, certify, or deny any proposed activity that could result in a discharge to surface waters of the State. To waive or certify an activity, these agencies must find that the proposed discharge would comply with State water quality standards, including those protecting beneficial uses and water quality. If these agencies deny the proposed activity, the federal permit cannot be issued. This water quality certification is generally required for projects involving the discharge of dredge or fill material to wetlands or other bodies.

Clean Water Act Section 402
Section 402 of the Clean Water Act establishes the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) regulations for stormwater and other pollutant discharges. Section 402 prohibits discharge of pollutants to waters of the United States unless they are regulated by an NPDES permit.

Stormwater discharges are regulated under a variety of NPDES permits, including municipal, agricultural, industrial, construction, and low-threat discharge permits.

In 1987, Congress amended the Clean Water Act to require the implementation of a two-phased program to address stormwater discharges. Phase I of the NPDES program, promulgated by the USEPA in November 1990, requires NPDES permits for stormwater discharges from municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s)
2 serving populations of 100,000 or greater, construction sites disturbing greater than five acres of land, and 10 categories of industrial activities.

The USEPA recognized that smaller construction projects (disturbing less than five acres) and small MS4s (serving populations smaller than 100,000) were also contributing substantially to pollutant discharges nationwide. Therefore, in order to further improve stormwater quality, the USEPA promulgated the NPDES Phase II program in January 2000, which requires NPDES permits for stormwater discharges from regulated small MS4s and for construction sites disturbing between one and five acres of land.

In California, the NPDES program is administered by SWRCB through the nine RWQCBs. Further discussion of the NPDES program and permits in California relevant to the project are provided in discussion of state and local regulations, below.

Clean Water Act Section 404
Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, proposed discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States require USACE authorization. Waters of the United States generally include tidal waters, lakes, ponds, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), and wetlands (with the exception of isolated wetlands).

2 An MS4 is a conveyance or system of conveyances designed or used to collect or convey stormwater (e.g., storm drains, pipes, ditches) that are owned by a state, city, town, or other public entity.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-6
National Flood Insurance Program
The National Flood Insurance Program is a program administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to provide subsidized flood insurance for property owners in communities. The National Flood Insurance Program established regulations that limit development in flood-prone areas. The boundaries of flood-prone areas are delineated on FEMA’s Flood Insurance Rates Maps, which provide flood information and identify the flood hazard in the community. In certain high-risk areas, federally regulated or insured lenders require property owners to have flood insurance before issuing a mortgage. b. State Regulations
Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act of 1970
The federal Clean Water Act places the primary responsibility for the control of water pollution and planning the development and use of water resources with the states, although it does establish certain guidelines for the states to follow in developing their programs. California’s primary statute governing water quality and water pollution is the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act of 1970 (Porter-Cologne Act). The Porter-Cologne Act grants the SWRCB and the nine RWQCBs broad powers to protect water quality and is the primary vehicle for the implementation of California’s responsibility under the federal Clean Water Act. The Porter-Cologne Act grants the SWRCB and RWQCBs the authority and responsibility to adopt plans and policies, to regulate discharges to surface water and groundwater, to regulate waste disposal sites, and to require cleanup of discharges of hazardous materials and other pollutants. The Porter-Cologne Act also establishes reporting requirements for unintended discharges of any hazardous substance, sewage, oil, or petroleum product. Each RWQCB must formulate and adopt a water quality control plan for its region. The regional plans are to conform to the policies set forth in the Porter-Cologne Act and established by the SWRCB in its State water policy. The Porter-Cologne Act also provides that a RWQCB may include in its region a regional plan with water discharge prohibitions applicable to particular conditions, areas, or types of waste. The City is within the jurisdictional boundaries of the Central Coast RWQCB (Region 3).

Phase II Municipal Storm Water Permit
The Municipal Storm Water Permitting Program regulates storm water discharges from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s). The NPDES MS4 permits in California are issued in two phases by the SWRCB and RWQCBs. Phase I MS4 permits are issued by the RWQCBs to medium (i.e., serving between 100,000 and 250,000 people) and large (i.e., serving more than 250,000 people) municipalities. Most of these permits are issued to a group of co-permittees encompassing an entire metropolitan area. The Phase II MS4 Permit is issued by the SWRCB and is applicable to smaller municipalities (i.e., populations of less than 100,000 people) and nontraditional small MS4s (e.g., military bases, public campuses, and prison and hospital complexes). The Phase II MS4 Permit (Waste Discharge Requirements [WDRs] for Storm Water Discharges from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems [MS4s] General Permit], Order No. 2013-0001-DWQ, NPDES No. CAS000004) became effective on July 1, 2013 and covers Phase II permittees statewide, including the City of Santa Maria. The Phase I and Phase II MS4 Permits require the permittees to develop a storm water management program and individual dischargers to develop and implement Storm Water Management Plans (SWMP) to manage discharges to municipal storm drain systems.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-7
Sustainable Groundwater Management Act
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) of 2014 is a comprehensive three-bill package that California Governor Jerry Brown signed into State law in September 2014. The SGMA provides a framework for sustainable management of groundwater supplies by local authorities, with a limited role for State intervention if necessary to protect the resource. The plan is intended to ensure a reliable groundwater supply for California for years to come. The SGMA requires governments and water agencies of high- and medium-priority basins to halt overdrafts of groundwater basins. The Santa Maria River Valley Basin is classified as a very low prioritization basin by the California department of Water Resources (DWR 2025). Because of this, and because the Basin is adjudicated as discussed previously, this basin is not subject to SGMA.

General Construction Activity Stormwater Permit
The General Permit for Stormwater Discharges Associated with Construction and Land Disturbance Activities, Order No. 2022-0057-DWQ, NPDES No. CAS000002 (Construction General Permit), adopted by the SWRCB, regulates construction activity that includes clearing, grading, and excavation resulting in soil disturbance of at least one acre of total land area. The Construction General Permit authorizes the discharge of stormwater to surface waters from construction activities. The Construction General Permit requires that all developers of land where construction activities will occur over more than one acre do the following:
 Complete a Risk Assessment to determine pollution prevention requirements pursuant to the three risk levels established in the Construction General Permit;  Eliminate or reduce non-stormwater discharges to storm sewer systems and other waters of the United States;
 Develop and implement a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) that specifies Best Management Practices (BMPs) that will reduce pollution in stormwater discharges to the Best Available Technology/Economically Achievable/Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology standards;
 Perform inspections and maintenance of all BMPs; and
 Conduct stormwater sampling, if required based on risk level.

To obtain coverage in accordance with the Construction General Permit, a project applicant must electronically file all permit registration documents with the SWRCB prior to the start of construction. Permit registration documents must include:
 Notice of Intent, including Risk Level determination;  Site Drawings and Maps;
 SWPPP;
 Applicable plans, calculations, and other supporting documentation for compliance with existing permitted Phase I or Phase II municipal separate storm sewer system post-construction requirements or the post-construction standards of the Construction General Permit;  Annual fee per the current 23 California Code of Regulations Chapter 9 fee schedule for NPDES stormwater permits; and
 All applicable additional Permit Registration Document information.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-8
Typical BMPs included in in SWPPPs are designed to minimize erosion during construction, stabilize construction areas, control sediment, and control pollutants from construction materials.

Industrial General Permit
The Industrial General Permit is a regulatory framework issued by SWRCB under the NPDES program. The Industrial General Permit applies to various types of industrial facilities in California identified within the SWRCB’s List of Potentially Regulated Standard Industrial Classification Codes.

These facilities include manufacturing plants, commercial printing, air courier services, refuse systems, and others, which have the potential to discharge stormwater runoff into water bodies. To comply with the Industrial General Permit, the operators of these regulated industrial facilities must implement a SWPPP that outlines measures and BMPs the operator of an industrial facility must implement to prevent stormwater pollution. Operators of facilities regulated by the Industrial General Permit are also required to conduct stormwater monitoring of pollutants including, but not limited to, sediment, metals, oils, and total suspended solids. In addition, the Industrial General Permit requires industrial discharge to comply with TMDL implementation requirements for impaired water bodies.

California Toxics Rule
In May 2000, the USEPA promulgated the California Toxics Rule, which established numeric water quality criteria for toxic pollutants for waters in California. The California Toxics Rule provides water quality criteria for certain potentially toxic compounds for inland surface waters, enclosed bays, estuaries, and waters designated for human health or aquatic life uses. The California Toxics Rule is often used by the RWQCBs when establishing water quality objectives and TMDLs. Although the California Toxics Rule criteria do not apply directly to discharges of stormwater runoff, they are utilized as benchmarks for toxics in urban runoff and to evaluate the potential ecological impacts of stormwater runoff to receiving waters.

Antidegradation Policy
The State Antidegradation Policy (Resolution No. 68-16) was adopted by SWRCB in 1968 to protect surface water and groundwater from degradation. The Antidegradation Policy applies to the disposal of waste to high-quality surface water and groundwater. The Antidegradation Policy requires the water quality of these water bodies be maintained unless SWRCB finds the change will be consistent with maximum benefit to the people of the state, will not unreasonably affect present and anticipated beneficial uses of the waters, and will not result in water quality less than that prescribed in policies regulating water quality. The Antidegradation Policy also requires the best practicable treatment or control of discharges to high-quality waters to assure pollution or nuisance will not occur and the highest possible water quality will be maintained. c. Local Regulations
Water Quality Control Plan
The Central Coast RWQCB has adopted the Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coast Basin (the Basin Plan), which delineates water resource area boundaries based on hydrological features. For the purposes of achieving and maintaining water quality protection, specific beneficial uses have been identified for each of the surface waters and groundwater management zones described in the Basin Plan. Once beneficial uses are designated, appropriate water quality objectives are established, and Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-9
programs that maintain or enhance water quality are implemented to ensure the protection of beneficial uses.

The Basin Plan also established implementation programs to achieve water quality objectives to protect beneficial uses and require monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of the programs. These objectives must comply with the State antidegradation policy (SWRCB Resolution No. 68-16), which is designed to maintain high-quality waters while allowing some flexibility if beneficial uses are not unreasonably affected.

Groundwater Sustainability Plan
SGMA requires that GSAs prepare Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs) for high and medium priority basins. As discussed above, the Santa Maria River Valley Basin is a very low priority basin (DWR 2025). Because of this, and because the Basin is adjudicated as discussed previously, a groundwater sustainability plan has not been prepared for this basin.

Low Threat Discharge Permit
The Central Coast RWQCB has a general permit for discharges that pose a low threat to water quality (Waste Discharge Requirements National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for Discharges with Limited Threat to Water Quality; Order No. R3-2022-0035, NPDES No. CAG99304). The permit’s provisions cover discharges that contain minimal amounts of pollutants and pose little or no threat to water quality and the environment, including discharges of highly treated groundwater generated during aquifer pumping tests, dual-phase extraction or other remedial pilot tests, excavation dewatering, and pumping to contain groundwater plumes.

Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board Post-Construction Stormwater Management Requirements
The Central Coast RWQCB adopted the Post-Construction Stormwater Management Requirements for Development Projects in the Central Coast Region (Resolution R3-2013-0032) in July 2013, which outlines runoff reduction and treatment requirements. Specifically, Resolution R3-2013-0032 outlines post-construction requirements for development projects in the Central Coast Region. The post-construction requirements mandate that development projects use Low Impact Development (LID) to detain, retain, and treat runoff. LID incorporates and conserves on-site natural features, together with constructed hydrologic controls to more closely mimic pre-development hydrology and watershed processes.

Santa Maria Municipal Code
The Santa Maria Municipal Code includes Chapter 8-12A Stormwater Runoff Pollution Prevention which regulates stormwater discharge throughout the city. These requirements include the control of the volume, rate, and potential pollutant load of water runoff from new development and redevelopment projects. Additionally, this section requires any person engaged in activities or operations, or owning facilities or property which will, or may, result in pollutants entering storm water, to implement BMPs to reduce the discharge of pollutants through operational activities such as use of chemicals, pressure washing, and car washing. Chapter 8-12A also includes requirements for construction activities to implement BMPs to reduce the release of pollutants and erosion during and immediately following construction activities. In addition to regulating stormwater discharge, Chapter 8-12A of the Santa Maria Municipal Code incorporates the Central Coast RWQBB Post City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-10
Construction Stormwater Requirements for Development Projects in the Central Coast Region (Resolution R3-2013-0032). Chapter 9-68 Flood Damage Prevention includes regulations to reduce flood losses associated with development in floodplains.

4.5.3 Impact Analysis
a. Methodology and Significance Thresholds
Methodology
The impact analysis is based on an assessment of baseline conditions compared to land use changes and development that would be facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update. This analysis identifies potential impacts related to hydrology and water quality resulting from construction, operation, and maintenance activities of future development that could occur under the plan. Potential impacts to hydrology and water quality are evaluated based on the adherence to local, State, and federal standards and implementation of BMPs for control of surface runoff and reduction of pollutants in stormwater runoff.

Significance Thresholds
CEQA Guidelines Appendix G provides the following significance thresholds to determine if a project would have a potentially significant impact on hydrology and water quality. For the purposes of this EIR, implementation of the plan may have a significant adverse impact if it would:

Violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements or otherwise substantially degrade surface or groundwater quality;
Substantially decrease groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that the project may impede sustainable groundwater management of the basin; Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river or through the addition of impervious surfaces, in a manner which would:
i. Result in a substantial erosion or siltation on- or off-site; ii. Substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on- or off-site;
iii. Create or contribute runoff water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff; or
iv. impede or redirect flood flows;
In flood hazard, tsunami, or seiche zones, risk release of pollutants due to project inundation; and/or
Conflict with or obstruct implementation of a water quality control plan or sustainable groundwater management plan.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-11
b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Threshold 1: Would the project violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements or otherwise substantially degrade surface or ground water quality? Impact HYD-1 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD RESULT IN

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO SOIL EROSION AND DEGRADED WATER QUALITY. DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE PLAN WOULD BE REQUIRED TO ADHERE TO EXISTING

NPDES PERMITS AND MUNICIPAL CODE REQUIREMENTS WHICH WOULD MINIMIZE THE POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT TO DEGRADE WATER QUALITY. THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Construction
Future development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would result in construction activities which may contribute to soil erosion and degraded water quality. Construction activities that would disturb one or more acres of land are subject to the NPDES Construction General Permit, which requires the development of a SWPPP developed by a certified Qualified SWPPP Developer.

The SWPPP would include project-specific BMPs to control erosion, sediment release, and otherwise reduce the potential for discharge of pollutants from construction into stormwater. Typical BMPs include, but are not limited to, installation of silt fences, erosion control blankets, anti-tracking pads at site exits to prevent off-site transport of soil materials, and good-housekeeping BMPs to prevent leaks and spills. Additionally, all projects would be required to comply with the following policies included in the Safety and Public Facilities and Services Elements:

Policy S-3.2 Agricultural runoff reduction. Work with the County of Santa Barbara to reduce off- site and urban flooding caused by agricultural runoff.

Policy S-3.3 Low impact design. Require new development and redevelopment projects to incorporate low -impact design measures for stormwater management, such as bioswales, permeable pavement, and onsite detention ponds.

Policy S-3.4 Stormwater drainage system. Maintain and upgrade the City’s stormwater drainage system to increase the system’s capacity and reduce flooding.

Policy PFS-3.1 Conveyance of surface drainage. Convey surface drainage safely through the use of retardation basins, storm drains, recharge basins, and other infrastructure.

These policies would regulate surface drainage on individual project sites and reduce runoff during construction of future development. Additionally, future development would be subject to the Santa Maria Municipal Code Chapter 8-12A which further regulates stormwater discharge.

Compliance with these regulations and policies would minimize potential impacts to water quality during construction. Therefore, this impact would be less than significant.

Operation
Operation of future development facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with the provisions of California’s Phase II MS4 Permit (for residential and commercial projects) and the Industrial General Permit (for industrial projects). Compliance with these permits would ensure that the amount of polluted stormwater runoff released from development facilitated by the plan would be minimized. This would reduce water quality impacts associated with future development.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-12
As discussed in the Regulatory Setting section above, Chapter 8-12A of the Santa Maria Municipal Code requires the control of the volume, rate, and potential pollutant load of water runoff from new development and redevelopment projects. Additionally, this section requires any person engaged in activities or operations, or owning facilities or property which will, or may, result in pollutants entering storm water, to implement BMPs to reduce the discharge of pollutants through operational activities such as use of chemicals, pressure washing, and car washing. Implementation of these required BMPs would reduce the operational impact of development on surface or groundwater quality. Impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation measures are required because this impact would be less than significant.

Threshold 2: Would the project substantially decrease groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that the project may impede sustainable groundwater management of the basin?
Impact HYD-2 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF IMPERVIOUS SURFACE AREA AND INCREASE GROUNDWATER DEMAND IN SANTA MARIA.

COMPLIANCE WITH THE CENTRAL COAST RWQCB, MUNICIPAL CODE, AND 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

POLICIES WOULD ENSURE THE PROPOSED PLAN WOULD NOT SUBSTANTIALLY DECREASE GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES OR INTERFERE SUBSTANTIALLY WITH GROUNDWATER RECHARGE. THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Development facilitated by the plan would incrementally increase the amount of impervious surface area overlying the Santa Maria River Valley Basin within Santa Maria which could reduce the potential for groundwater recharge from surface water infiltration. As discussed in Impact HYD-1, compliance with the City’s Municipal Code, as well as the Central Coast RWQCB post-construction requirements for stormwater management would reduce polluted stormwater runoff for new development and redevelopment projects within Santa Maria. The reduction of stormwater runoff can be achieved by increasing on site filtration through bio retention areas would also reduce the amount of impervious surface on the project site and therefore preserve groundwater recharge on site through pervious surfaces.

Development facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with proposed general plan policy S-3.3, listed above under Impact HYD-1, which would require low impact design, including permeable pavement, to be incorporated into new development. This would also further reduce the amount of impervious surface on site thereby preserving groundwater recharge through pervious surfaces.

Furthermore, as discussed in the setting section above, the Santa Maria River Valley Basin is adjudicated. This means that the Santa Maria Valley Management Area has water rights to a set amount of groundwater from the Basin. Development facilitated by the plan would not utilize water that exceeds this allocation and therefore would not substantially decrease groundwater supplies.

Therefore, impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation measures are required because this impact would be less than significant.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-13
Threshold 3: Would the project substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river or through the addition of impervious surfaces, in a manner which would:
i) Result in a substantial erosion or siltation on- or off-site; ii) Substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on- or off-site;
iii) Create or contribute runoff water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff; or
iv) impede or redirect flood flows.

Impact HYD-3 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD POTENTIALLY ALTER THE EXISTING DRAINAGE PATTERN ON INDIVIDUAL PROJECT SITES THROUGHOUT THE CITY. DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD BE REQUIRED TO ADHERE TO EXISTING NPDES

PERMIT AND MUNICIPAL CODE REQUIREMENTS WHICH WOULD ENSURE DEVELOPMENT WOULD NOT SUBSTANTIALLY ALTER EXISTING DRAINAGE PATTERNS. THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Construction
Construction facilitated by the plan would alter the existing drainage patterns of individual project sites which has the potential to cause erosion and flooding, exceed stormwater drainage capacity, provide additional sources of polluted runoff, or alter flood flows. As described in Impact HYD-1, projects subject to the NPDES Construction General Permit would be required to prepare a SWPPP which includes project-specific BMPs to control erosion, sediment release, and otherwise reduce the potential for discharge of pollutants from construction into stormwater.

There are small areas within Santa Maria that would be rezoned under the plan that are within a flood zone, as shown in Figure 4.5-1. Section 9-68.104 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code includes methods of reducing flood losses including the protection of land uses vulnerable to floods from flood damage during construction, controlling the alteration of natural floodplains, and controlling filling, dredging, and other development activities which could increase flood damage. Compliance with these regulations in addition to the existing stormwater runoff regulations described in HYD-1 would reduce the risk of construction activities significantly impeding or redirecting flood flows.

Overall, impacts would be less than significant.

Operation
Runoff during operation of development facilitated by the plan would be regulated under the Phase II MS4 Permit and the Industrial General Permit. Projects that create or replace greater than or equal to 2,500 square feet of impervious surface must implement post-construction BMPs and submit a Stormwater Control Plan listing applicable BMPs to the City for review and approval.

Pursuant to the Santa Maria Municipal Code, post construction requirements for all non-industrial projects must comply with the RWQCB Central Coast Region Resolution No. R3-2013-0032.

Industrial projects must comply with the Industrial General Permit. Compliance with existing regulations would ensure development facilitated by the plan would not substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of a site or area such that substantial erosion or siltation on- or off-site, exceedance of the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems, or provision of additional sources of polluted runoff would occur.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-14
As discussed above, there are small areas within Santa Maria that would be rezoned under the proposed project that are within a flood zone, as shown in Figure 4.5-1. Future subdivision projects facilitated by the plan would be required to adhere to Section 11-5.07 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code which requires proper drainage of the site including the development of drainage easements for flood control channels, conduits, or laterals inside or abutting the subdivision. Compliance with these regulations in addition to the existing stormwater runoff regulations described in Impact HYD- 1 would reduce the risk of construction activities significantly impeding or redirecting flood flows.

Overall, impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation measures are required because this impact would be less than significant.

Threshold 4: In flood hazard, tsunami, or seiche zones, would the project risk release of pollutants due to project inundation?
Impact HYD-4 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE MAY OCCUR IN FLOOD HAZARD AREAS. COMPLIANCE WITH APPLICABLE MUNICIPAL CODE REQUIREMENTS AND PROPOSED

SAFETY ELEMENT POLICIES WOULD ENSURE DEVELOPMENT WITHIN AREAS SUBJECT TO INUNDATION WOULD BE

SITED, DESIGNED, AND CONSTRUCTED AS TO NOT EXACERBATE RISKS FROM RELEASE OF POLLUTANTS FROM INUNDATION. THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Santa Maria is approximately 11.4 miles east of the Pacific Ocean. According to the California Department of Conservation, no part of the city is within a tsunami hazard zone (DOC 2025). The city is approximately three miles from Guadalupe Lake. Due to the distance and intervening topography, the city is not at risk of being inundated due to a seiche. Additionally, the city is not within the dam inundation area for Lopez Reservoir or Twitchell Reservoir (California Division of Safety of Dams [DSOD] 2025). As shown in Figure 4.5-1 portions of Santa Maria are within a 100- year or 500-year floodplain. Future development facilitated by the plan in a flood hazard zone would not risk pollutant release due to inundation since the city is not within a dam inundation hazard area. The California Building Code provides guidelines for development within flood hazard areas, including requirements that new development be elevated above the base flood elevations. Section 9-68.104 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code includes methods of reducing flood losses including the protection of land uses vulnerable to floods from flood damage during construction, controlling the alteration of natural floodplains, and controlling filling, dredging, and other development activities which could increase flood damage.

In addition to existing Municipal Code requirements, future development would be required to be consistent with the following proposed general plan policies included in the Safety Element Policy S-3.1 Santa Maria River Levee development buffer. Require new development and sites undergoing redevelopment to provide a non-development buffer of 60 feet, measured from the toe of the Santa Maria River Levee, to provide access to the Santa Maria River levee for maintenance and repairs.

Policy S-3.5 NFIP participation. Continue to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

Policy S-3.6 Dam and levee inundation safety. Coordinate with the Santa Barbara County Flood Control District (SBCFCD) and other local and state agencies as required to remain current with dam and levee safety protocols.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-15
Compliance with these policies would reduce flood damage to future development within the floodplain. With adherence to the Santa Maria Municipal Code requirements and General Plan Safety Element policies discussed above, development facilitated by the plan would not risk the release of pollutants due to inundation. Therefore, this impact would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation measures are required because this impact would be less than significant.

Significance After Mitigation
Less Than Significant without Mitigation
Threshold 5: Would the project conflict with or obstruct implementation of a water quality control plan or sustainable groundwater management plan?
Impact HYD-5 THERE IS NO SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR THE SANTA MARIA VALLEY GROUNDWATER BASIN; HOWEVER, DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD BE SUBJECT TO THE BASIN PLAN. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE PLAN WOULD NOT

CONFLICT WITH THE BASIN PLAN AS IT WOULD BE REQUIRED TO ADHERE TO FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL REGULATIONS TO MINIMIZE WATER QUALITY IMPACTS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE BASIN PLAN. THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

The California Department of Water Resources has designated the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin as a very low priority basin (DWR 2025). As such there is no sustainable groundwater management plan prepared for this basin. Therefore, the plan would not conflict with a sustainable groundwater management plan.

Santa Maria is in the jurisdiction of the RWQCB Central Coast Region. The RWQCB Central Coast Region’s Basin Plan functions as the master water quality control planning document for the region.

The Basin Plan includes implementation programs to achieve water quality objectives (RWQCB 2019). As a result, construction of future development facilitated by the plan would be required to implement State and local regulatory requirements, including the provisions of the Construction General Permit, and the Santa Maria Municipal Code. Operations of future development facilitated by the plan would comply with the MS4 Permit, the Industrial General Permit, and the Santa Maria Municipal Code requirements for post-construction stormwater control. These regulatory requirements support the goal of the Basin Plan to minimize adverse impacts to water quality.

Therefore, the plan would not conflict with or obstruct the implementation of a water quality control plan. This impact would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation measures are required because this impact would be less than significant.

Significance After Mitigation
Less Than Significant without Mitigation
City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-16

4.5.4 Cumulative Impacts
A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Regional cumulative impacts consider the City-wide impacts together with similar impacts of reasonably anticipated regional projects/programs. The general approach to cumulative impact analysis used in this EIR, as well as the determination of the cumulative impact analysis area, is discussed in Section 3, Environmental Setting, Subsection 3.3, Cumulative Development.

By its nature, a general plan considers cumulative impacts insofar as it considers cumulative development that could occur within the City Limits and annexation areas. The analysis in this section examines impacts of the plan on hydrology and water quality throughout the Santa Maria Watershed and the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin. Cumulative development would gradually increase development and population growth and would therefore increase the potential for impacts to hydrology and water quality, including increased stormwater runoff, erosion, pollutant discharge to waterbodies, increased risk of release of pollutants from inundation, increased demand for groundwater supplies, and decreased groundwater infiltration capacity.

Impacts to hydrology and water quality that may be additive in nature, and thus cumulative.

Potential cumulative impacts include violation of water quality standards, interference with groundwater recharge, increased erosion, increased non-point source pollution, and increased runoff. Cumulative development would increase erosion and sedimentation resulting from grading and construction, as well as changes in drainage patterns which could degrade surface and ground water quality. In addition, new development would increase the generation of urban pollutants that may adversely affect water quality in the long term.

All new development in the City and annexation areas would be required to comply with applicable water quality regulations. Compliance with these existing requirements would require implementation of BMPs to reduce impacts associated with stormwater and pollutant discharge during construction and operation of projects and reduce adverse changes to hydrology water quality. Therefore, cumulative impacts related to water quality and drainage patterns would be less than significant.

New development throughout the cumulative impact area would increase impervious surfaces and reduce groundwater recharge, but compliance with applicable policies related to impervious surfaces, such as the Central Coast RWQCB post-construction requirements for stormwater management, would reduce the amount of impervious surfaces and preserve groundwater recharge. Therefore, cumulative impacts related to groundwater recharge would be less than significant.

Cumulative development overlying the Santa Maria River Valley Basin would increase the amount of impervious surfaces and could combine with the effects of the development within Santa Maria to potentially reduce groundwater recharge to the basin. However, cumulative development relying on groundwater as a source of water supply would not combine with increased development within Santa Maria to decrease available water supplies in the Santa Maria River Valley Basin because the groundwater basin is adjudicated and the City has a set allotment of groundwater supplies. As a result, cumulative development could not legally utilize excess groundwater beyond the adjudicated allotment, and potential cumulative impacts to groundwater recharge and storage would be less than significant.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Hydrology and Water Quality

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.5-17
Compliance with applicable laws and regulations, such as the California Building Code and Section 9-

68.104 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code would regulate development in flood prone areas and minimize the potential for release of pollutants from inundation. Therefore, cumulative impacts related to risk of release of pollutants would be less than significant.

The Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin does not have a sustainable groundwater management plan. However, cumulative development would be subject to compliance with the Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Coast Basin. Cumulative development would be required to comply with the MS4 Permit, the Industrial General Permit, and the Santa Maria Municipal Code.

These regulatory requirements support the goal of the Basin Plan to minimize adverse impacts to water quality. Therefore, cumulative impacts would be less than significant with compliance with these regulations.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.5-18

This page intentionally left blank.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-1

4.6 Noise
This section describes the existing conditions related to noise and vibration in the plan area, as well as the regulatory framework. This section also evaluates the possible impacts related to noise and vibration that could result from implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update. Information included in this section is based on the policies from the plan, the Noise Element of the City’s currently adopted General Plan (Santa Maria 2002), Environmental Background Report (Santa Maria 2020) and the Santa Maria Municipal Code (Santa Maria 2024), as well as transportation volume data produced by GHD in June 2025.

4.6.1 Setting
a. Fundamentals of Noise
Sound is a vibratory disturbance created by a moving or vibrating source, which is capable of being detected by the hearing organs. Noise is defined as sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or undesired and may therefore be classified as a more specific group of sounds. The effects of noise on people can include general annoyance, interference with speech communication, sleep disturbance, and, in the extreme, hearing impairment (Caltrans 2013). Noise levels are commonly measured in decibels (dB) using the A-weighted sound pressure level (dBA). The A-weighting scale is an adjustment to the actual sound pressure levels so that they are consistent with the human hearing response, which is most sensitive to frequencies around 4,000 Hertz and less sensitive to frequencies around and below 100 Hertz. Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale that quantifies sound intensity in a manner similar to the Richter scale used to measure earthquake magnitudes. A doubling of the energy of a noise source, such as doubling of roadway vehicle volume, would increase the noise level by 3 dBA; reducing the energy in half would result in a 3 dBA decrease (Crocker 2007). Table 4.6-1 shows some representative noise sources and their corresponding noise levels in dBA.

Table 4.6-1 Typical A-Weighted Noise Levels
Indoor Noise Source Noise Level (dBA) Outdoor Noise Sources (Threshold of Hearing in Laboratory) 0 –
Library 30 Quiet Rural Nighttime
Refrigerator Humming 40 Quiet Suburban Nighttime
Quiet Office 50 Quiet Urban Daytime
Normal Conversation at 3 feet 60 Normal Conversation at 3 feet Vacuum Cleaner at 10 feet 70 Gas Lawn Mower at 100 feet Hair Dryer at 1 foot 80 Freight Train at 50 feet
Food Blender at 3 feet 90 Heavy-duty Truck at 50 feet
Inside Subway Train (New York) 100 Jet Takeoff at 2,000 feet Smoke Detector Alarm at 3 feet 110 Unmuffled Motorcycle Rock Band near stage 120 Chainsaw at 3 feet
– 130 Military Jet Takeoff at 50 feet
– 140 (Threshold of Pain)
Source: Data compiled by Rincon in 2022.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-2
Human perception of noise has no simple correlation with sound energy: the perception of sound is not linear in terms of dBA or in terms of sound energy. When combined, two sources do not “sound twice as loud” as one source. It is widely accepted that the average healthy ear can barely perceive changes of 3 dBA, increase or decrease (i.e., twice the sound energy), that a change of 5 dBA is readily perceptible, and that an increase (or decrease) of 10 dBA sounds twice (half) as loud (Caltrans 2013).

Sound changes in both level and frequency spectrum as it travels from the source to the receiver.

The most obvious change is the decrease in sound level as the distance from the source increases.

The manner by which noise declines with distance depends on factors such as the type of sources (e.g., point or line), the path the sound travels, site conditions, and obstructions. Noise levels from a point source (e.g., construction, industrial machinery, ventilation units) typically attenuate, or drop off, at a rate of 6 dBA per doubling of distance. Noise from a line source (e.g., roadway, pipeline, railroad) typically attenuates at about 3 dBA per doubling of distance (Caltrans 2013). The propagation of noise is also affected by the intervening ground, known as ground absorption. A hard site, such as a parking lot or smooth body of water, receives no additional ground attenuation and the changes in noise levels with distance (drop-off rate) result simply from the geometric spreading of the source. An additional ground attenuation value of 1.5 dBA per doubling of distance applies to a soft site (e.g., soft dirt, grass, or scattered bushes and trees) (Caltrans 2013).

Noise levels may also be reduced by intervening structures. The amount of attenuation provided by this “shielding” depends on the size of the object and the frequencies of the noise levels. Natural terrain features, such as hills and dense woods, and man-made features, such as buildings and walls, can alter noise levels. Generally, any large structure blocking the line of sight will provide at least a 5 dBA reduction in source noise levels at the receiver.

Noise Descriptors
The impact of noise is not a function of loudness alone. The time of day when noise occurs, its frequency, and the duration of the noise are also important. In addition, most noise that lasts for more than a few seconds is variable in its intensity. Consequently, a variety of noise descriptors have been developed.

One of the most frequently used noise metrics that considers both duration and intensity is the equivalent noise level (L
eq). The Leq is defined as the single steady A-weighted level that is equivalent to the same amount of energy as that contained in the actual fluctuating levels over a period of time. Typically, Leq is equivalent to a 1-hour period, even when measured for shorter durations, as the noise level of a 10- to 30-minute period would be the same as the hour if the noise source is relatively steady. Lmax is the highest root mean square (RMS) sound pressure level within the sampling period, and Lmin is the lowest RMS sound pressure level within the measuring period.

Normal conversational levels at three feet are in the 60- to 65-dBA Leq range and ambient noise levels greater than 65 dBA Leq can interrupt conversations (Federal Transit Administration 2018).

Noise that occurs at night tends to be more disturbing than that which occurs during the day.

Community noise is usually measured using Day-Night Average Level (Ldn or DNL), which is a 24-hour average noise level with a +10 dBA penalty for noise occurring during nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) hours, or Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL), which is the 24-hour average noise level with a +5 dBA penalty for noise occurring from 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. and a +10 dBA penalty for noise occurring from 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. (Caltrans 2013). Noise levels described by DNL and CNEL usually differ by about 0.5 dBA and are, therefore, generally considered to be interchangeable.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-3
Table 4.6-2 briefly defines measurement descriptors and other sound terminology used in this section.

Table 4.6-2 Sound Terminology
Term Definition
Sound A vibratory disturbance created by a vibrating object which, when transmitted by pressure waves through a medium such as air, can be detected by a receiving mechanism such as the human ear or a microphone.

Noise Sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or otherwise undesirable.

Ambient Noise The composite of noise from all sources near and far in a given environment.

Decibel (dB) A unitless measure of sound on a logarithmic scale, which represents the squared ratio of sound-pressure amplitude to a reference sound pressure. The reference pressure is 20 micropascals, representing the threshold of human hearing (0 dB).

A-Weighted Decibel (dBA) An overall frequency-weighted sound level that approximates the frequency response of the human ear.

Equivalent Noise Level (Leq) The average sound energy occurring over a specified time period. In effect, Leq is the steady-state sound level that in a stated period would contain the same acoustical energy as the time-varying sound that actually occurs during the same period.

Ambient Noise The composite of noise from all sources near and far in a given environment.

Maximum and Minimum
Noise Levels (L
max and Lmin)
The maximum or minimum instantaneous sound level measured during a measurement period.

Day-Night Level (DNL or Ldn) The energy average of the A-weighted sound levels occurring during a 24-hour period, with 10 dB added to the A-weighted sound levels occurring between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. (nighttime).

Community Noise Equivalent
Level (CNEL)
The energy average of the A-weighted sound levels occurring during a 24-hour period, with 5 dB added to the A-weighted sound levels occurring between 7:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. and 10 dB added to the A-weighted sound levels occurring between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.

Source: Data compiled by Rincon in 2022.
b. Overview of Groundborne Vibration
In environmental analysis, groundborne vibration of concern consists of the oscillatory waves that move from a source through the ground to adjacent structures. The number of cycles per second of oscillation comprises the vibration frequency, described in terms of hertz. The frequency of a vibrating object describes how rapidly it oscillates. Typically, groundborne vibration generated by human activities attenuates rapidly with distance from the source of the vibration.

While people have varying sensitivities to vibrations at different frequencies, in general they are most sensitive to low-frequency vibration. Vibration in buildings, such as from nearby construction activities, may cause windows, items on shelves, and pictures on walls to rattle. Vibration of building components can also take the form of an audible low-frequency rumbling noise, referred to as groundborne noise. Groundborne noise is usually only a problem when the originating vibration spectrum is dominated by frequencies in the upper end of the range (60 to 200 hertz), or when foundations or utilities, such as sewer and water pipes, physically connect the structure and the vibration source (FTA 2018). Although groundborne vibration is sometimes noticeable in outdoor environments, it is almost never annoying to people who are outdoors. The primary concern from vibration is that it can be intrusive and annoying to building occupants and vibration-sensitive land uses.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-4
Vibration energy spreads out as it travels through the ground, causing the vibration level to diminish with distance away from the source. High-frequency vibrations diminish much more rapidly than low frequencies, so low frequencies tend to dominate the spectrum at large distances from the source. Discontinuities in the soil strata can also cause diffractions or channeling effects that affect the propagation of vibration over long distances (Caltrans 2020). When a building is impacted by vibration, a ground-to-foundation coupling loss will usually reduce the overall vibration level.

However, under rare circumstances, the ground-to-foundation coupling may amplify the vibration level due to structural resonances of the floors and walls.

Vibration amplitudes are usually expressed in peak particle velocity (PPV). The PPV is normally described in inches per second (in/sec). PPV is defined as the maximum instantaneous positive or negative peak of a vibration signal. PPV is often used in monitoring of blasting vibration and other construction activity because it is related to the stresses that are experienced by buildings (Caltrans 2020).
c. Sensitive Receptors
The current Santa Maria General Plan Noise Element identifies noise-sensitive land uses as residential areas (including single-family, duplex, multiple-family, and mobile home), motels/hotels, schools, libraries, hospitals, nursing homes, and places of worship (City of Santa Maria 2009), shown in Figure 4.6-1. Note, the figure is intended to support City decision-making and should not be read as representing precise, site-specific conditions or all existing noise sensitive land uses.

Vibration-sensitive receivers, which are similar to noise-sensitive receivers, include residences and institutional uses, such as schools, churches, and hospitals. However, vibration-sensitive receivers also include buildings where vibrations may interfere with vibration-sensitive equipment that is affected by vibration levels that may be well below those associated with human annoyance (e.g., recording studies or medical facilities with sensitive equipment). d. Existing Noise Environment
Aviation
Airport noise associated with Santa Maria Airport operations is an additional noise source in the plan area. The Santa Maria Airport is located in the southern portion of the plan area, with flightpaths from the airport’s runway being located in the plan area. Aircraft following these flightpaths would not generate substantial noise over the plan area. As shown in Figure 4.6-2, the airport 60-65 dBA CNEL noise contours adopted by the Santa Barbara County Airport Land Use Commission extend primarily over areas of the plan area that are primarily agriculture or open space.

The annual air show takes place over a few days in the fall exposes the area to higher-than-typical noise. In addition, military aircraft occasionally utilize the Santa Maria Airport for training. These temporary events do not have their own noise contours, as they are not considered part of the regular use of the Santa Maria Airport.

Roadways
The City’s primary source of noise is traffic-related from on-road vehicles and trucks. Vehicular noise has three main component sources: engine/ transmission noise, exhaust noise, and tire noise. US- 101, SR-135 (Orcutt Expressway/Broadway), SR-166 (Main Street) and Betteravia Road are some of Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-5
the main roadways of concern related to noise because they carry high traffic volumes. Since the US-101 travels through Santa Maria in the central portions of the City, it produces traffic noise that affects much of the area within the City. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) model RD-77- 108 predicts noise levels through a series of adjustments to a reference sound level. These adjustments account for distances from the roadway, roadway vehicle volumes, vehicle speeds, car/truck mix, number of lanes, and road width. Table 4.6-3 provides existing roadway vehicle noise along roadways in the plan area. Figure 4.6-3 shows the existing 60, 65, and 70 dBA CNEL noise contours from roadways and highways in the plan area.

Table 4.6-3 provides existing roadway vehicle noise levels a distance of 50 feet from roadway segments in the plan area. Roadway vehicle noise impacts are analyzed based on average daily trip (ADT) roadway volume for existing conditions provided by GHD (GHD 2025), as well as data regarding speeds and number of lanes. Traffic noise modeling data are contained in Appendix C.

Table 4.6-3 Existing Traffic Noise Levels Along Roadway Segments Roadway Segment Existing ADT
Existing Traffic Noise Level
at 50 feet (dBA CNEL)
US 101 N. of Clark Ave 45,500 81.8
US 101 S. of Clark Ave 35,800 80.8
US 101 N. of Santa Maria Wy Junction 57,000 82.9
US 101 S. of Santa Maria Wy Junction 59,000 82.8
US 101 N. of Betteravia Rd 68,000 83.7
US 101 S. of Betteravia Rd 57,000 82.9
US 101 N. of Stowell Rd 74,000 84.1
US 101 S. of Stowell Rd 68,000 83.7
US 101 N. of SR 166 (Main St) 70,000 83.8
US 101 S. of SR 166 (Main St) 74,000 84.1
US 101 N. of SR 135 (Broadway) 82,090 85.2
US 101 S. of SR 135 (Broadway) 67,000 84.3
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) N. of Clark Ave 29,500 74.4
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) S. of Clark Ave 20,100 72.7
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) N. of Foster Rd 37,000 75.4
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) S. of Foster Rd 24,600 73.6
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) N. of Lakeview Rd 32,000 74.7 Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) N. of Miller St 43,000 76.0
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) S. of Miller St 37,500 75.4
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) N. of Santa Maria Way 41,000 75.8 Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) S. of Santa Maria Way 44,500 76.2 Broadway (SR 135) N. of Betteravia Rd 47,000 75.3
Broadway (SR 135) S. of Betteravia Rd 47,500 76.0
Broadway (SR 135) N. of Stowell Rd 40,500 72.6
Broadway (SR 135) S. of Stowell Rd 44,500 72.8
Broadway (SR 135) N. of Main St 28,500 71.4
Broadway (SR 135) S. of Main St 26,500 70.6
Broadway (SR 135) N. of Donovan Rd 27,000 71.1
Broadway (SR 135) S. of Donovan Rd 27,500 71.2
City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-6
Roadway Segment Existing ADT
Existing Traffic Noise Level
at 50 feet (dBA CNEL)
Broadway (SR 135) W. of US 101 23,900 73.8
Main St (SR 166) W. of Blosser Rd 14,200 70.7
Main St (SR 166) E. of Blosser Rd 15,900 71.2
Main St (SR 166) E. of Suey Rd 6,400 66.4
Main St (SR 166) W. of Suey Rd 8,700 67.7
Main St (SR 166) US 101 SB-Off Ramp 29,500 72.8
Main St (SR 166) E. of Broadway (SR 135) 26,500 73.7
Main St (SR 166) W. of Broadway (SR 135) 18,800 71.5
A St S. of Betteravia Dr 3,450 58.7
A St S. of Sonya Ln 3,650 64.2
Alvin Ave W. of Railroad Ave 8,510 65.6
Alvin Ave W. of College Dr 7,700 65.1
Alvin Ave E. of Bradley Rd 6,670 64.5
Alvin Ave W. of Suey Rd 3,440 61.6
Battles Rd E. of Blosser Rd 10,740 67.1
Battles Rd W. of Blosser Rd 9,320 63.6
Battles Rd W. of Bradley Rd 7,670 68.0
Battles Rd E. of Broadway (SR 135) 13,220 65.1
Battles Rd W. of Broadway (SR 135) 11,650 64.6
Bay Ave b/w Donovan Rd and Harding Ave 3,490 59.2
Betteravia Dr E. of A St 14,630 71.5
Betteravia Dr E. of Skyway Dr 15,390 71.7
Betteravia Dr E. of Bradley Dr 38,460 75.9
Betteravia Dr W. of College Dr 34,170 75.4
Betteravia Dr W. of Depot St 20,620 72.9
Betteravia Dr E. of Broadway (SR 135) 30,350 75.1
Blosser Rd S. of Foster Rd 2,220 59.6
Blosser Rd S. of Stowell Rd 24,120 72.5
Blosser Rd b/w Boone St and Cook St 23,530 71.3
Blosser Rd S. of Main St (SR 166) 24,960 70.0
Blosser Rd S. of Alvin Ave 14,140 69.0
Blosser Rd S. of Donovan Rd 15,200 69.4
Blosser Rd N. of Taylor St 5,120 65.7
Blosser Rd S. of Taylor St 7,970 67.7
Blosser Rd N. of Canal St 2,700 62.9
Bradley Rd S. of Cottage Ln 1,000 56.8
Bradley Rd S. of Bello Rd 4,960 63.7
Bradley Rd S. of Betteravia Dr 22,740 70.3
Bradley Rd N. of Battles Rd 16,420 71.3
Bradley Rd S. of Battles Rd 10,760 69.5
Bradley Rd N. of Stowell Rd 14,860 67.0
Bradley Rd b/w SR 101 SB-On Ramp and
Cypress St (one-way) 3,750 62.4
Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-7
Roadway Segment Existing ADT
Existing Traffic Noise Level
at 50 feet (dBA CNEL)
Bradley Rd E. of College Dr 3,950 59.7
Bull Canyon Rd N. of Panther Dr 260 50.8
California Blvd S. of Foster Rd 1,460 58.3
Camino Colegio E. of Miller St 1,280 54.8
Camino Colegio W. of Miller St 1,400 55.2
Canal St E. of Blosser Rd 1,140 54.6
Carlotti Dr b/w Noble Wy and Paden St 5,490 64.0
Carlotti Dr b/w Stanford Dr and Murray Dr 3,700 62.3
Carmen Ln W. of Thornburg St 5,440 60.9
Carmen Ln W. of Broadway (SR 135) 7,580 62.4
Centennial St b/w Mt Whitney Wy and Panther Dr 1,480 55.5 Cesar E Chavez Dr S. of Hidden Pines Wy 3,390 59.1
College Dr E. of Santa Maria Wy 9,730 62.2
College Dr N. of McCoy Ln (Roundabout) 11,240 66.9
College Dr S. of McCoy Ln (Roundabout) 8,230 65.6
College Dr S. of Sunrise Dr 10,960 62.7
College Dr N. of Betteravia Dr 9,300 67.3
College Dr S. of Betteravia Dr 10,840 66.8
College Dr N. of Battles Rd 10,760 62.6
College Dr N. of Stowell Rd 12,310 66.1
College Dr N. of Boone St/Jones St 9,610 64.9
College Dr S. of Boone St/Jones St 9,930 65.0
College Dr N. of Main (SR 166) 8,620 64.5
College Dr N. of Alvin Ave 5,820 62.8
College Dr S. of Donovan Rd 8,020 64.2
Concepcion Ave N. of Jones St 970 53.6
Cook St W. of Depot St 6,190 64.6
Cook St W. of Broadway (SR 135) 8,870 64.9
Cook St E. of Broadway (SR 135) 8,990 64.9
Cook St b/w Miller St and School St 3,150 60.2
Cook St b/w East Ave and College Dr 2,190 58.7
Crossroad Ln W. of Bradley Rd 4,800 63.4
Depot St N. of Carmen Ln 4,500 63.3
Depot St N. of Battles Rd 10,450 69.3
Depot St N. of Stowell Rd 9,560 65.2
Depot St N. of Main (SR 166) 8,940 64.8
Depot St S. of Cook St 8,280 64.4
Donovan Rd W. of Railroad Ave 11,580 66.9
Donovan Rd W. of Broadway (SR 135) 17,390 69.5
Donovan Rd E. of Broadway (SR 135) 16,580 69.7
Donovan Rd W. of College Dr 19,010 70.3
Donovan Rd E. of College Dr 23,900 71.3
City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-8
Roadway Segment Existing ADT
Existing Traffic Noise Level
at 50 feet (dBA CNEL)
Donovan Rd W. of Carlotti Dr 23,040 71.1
Donovan Rd W. of Suey Rd 7,530 64.5
Enos Dr E. of College Dr 2,850 58.3
Fairway Dr E. of A St 2,700 62.2
Fairway Dr E. of Skyway Dr 3,490 63.5
Farrell Dr N. of Jones St 2,740 58.1
Fesler St E. of Broadway (SR 135) 5,640 64.3
Fesler St W. of Broadway (SR 135) 6,880 65.1
Fesler St b/w Benwiley Ave and Railroad Ave 3,800 61.1
Foster Rd W. of Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) 4,190 62.9
Foxenwood Ln S. of Foster Rd 810 52.9
Grant St b/w Broadway (SR 135) and River
Ranch Dr 5,230 61.0
Hidden Pines Wy W. of Preisker Ln 7,950 65.5
Industrial Pkwy E. of Skyway Dr 1,870 60.4
La Brea Ave W. of Blosser Rd 1,910 59.4
Lynne Dr b/w Lee Dr and Donovan Rd 5,670 61.3
Jones St E. of Farrell Dr 7,990 66.9
Jones St W. of Bradley Rd 4,400 64.3
McClelland St S. of Cook St 3,330 59.0
McCoy Ln E. of A St 2,880 58.4
McCoy Ln E. of Skyway Dr 11,850 69.9
McCoy Ln E. of Broadway (SR 135) 12,760 67.8
McCoy Ln W. of Broadway (SR 135) 14,960 70.9
McCoy Ln E. of College Dr (roundabout) 5,330 64.0
McCoy Ln W. of College Dr (roundabout) 6,380 64.8
Miller St N. of Battles Rd 14,540 68.7
Miller St N. of Stowell Rd 13,420 64.1
Miller St S. of Main (SR 166) 14,770 67.5
Miller St S. of Alvin Ave 8,520 65.0
Miller St b/w Lee Dr and Donovan Rd 4,160 59.0
Miller St S. of Donovan Rd 5,840 63.5
Miller St E. of Santa Maria Wy 11,120 67.5
Miller St S. of Betteravia Dr 13,990 68.5
Morrison Ave W. of Broadway (SR 135) 5,140 62.4
Morrison Ave W. of Depot St 5,500 62.7
Palisade Dr S. of Main (SR 166) 7,440 62.5
Panther Dr S. of Suey Crossing Rd 4,810 59.2
Preisker Ln N. of Broadway (SR 135) 10,880 66.4
Professional Pkwy N. of McCoy Ln 2,760 58.2
Railroad Ave N. of Fesler Ave 8,750 65.6
Railroad Ave b/w Donovan Rd and Harding Ave 9,980 66.1
Railroad Ave N. of Taylor St 6,160 61.2
Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-9
Roadway Segment Existing ADT
Existing Traffic Noise Level
at 50 feet (dBA CNEL)
Railroad Ave S. of Taylor St 7,780 65.1
Santa Maria Wy S. of Miller Wy 10,470 67.0
Santa Maria Wy S. of Dauphin St 10,420 69.4
Shepard Dr N. of Battles Rd 1,900 56.6
Sierra Madre Ave W. of Bradley Rd 1,350 57.9
Skyway Dr S. of Industrial Pkwy 15,740 71.2
Skyway Dr W. of Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) 17,350 71.6
Skyway Dr N. of Fairway Dr 16,540 71.4
Skyway Dr S. of Fairway Dr 15,260 68.6
Skyway Dr N. of Betteravia Dr 20,010 72.2
Skyway Dr S. of Betteravia Dr 19,530 72.1
Sonya Ln E. of A St 360 49.3
Southside Pkwy E. of Centerpoint Pkwy 1,400 55.2
Southside Pkwy W. of Bradley Rd (Roundabout) 4,940 60.7 Stowell Rd W. of Bradley Rd 20,220 69.4
Stowell Rd W. of Depot St 14,020 69.5
Stowell Rd W. of Blosser Rd 9,510 69.3
Stowell Rd W. of Hanson Wy 8,020 70.2
Suey Rd N. of Jones St 5,300 65.0
Suey Rd N. of Main (SR 166) 7,590 66.5
Suey Rd N. of Alvin Ave 4,850 64.7
Sunrise Dr W. of College Dr 2,440 57.6
Sunrise Dr E. of Santa Maria Wy 2,910 58.4
Taylor St W. of Railroad Ave 5,740 63.0
Taylor St W. of Broadway (SR 135) 10,930 65.8
Thornburg St N. of Betteravia Dr 6,150 62.7
Thornburg St N. of Carmen Ln 3,710 61.8
Thornburg St S. of Battles Rd 3,590 61.7
Union Valley Parkway W. of Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) 5,990 66.0 Union Valley Parkway E. of Blosser Rd 1,630 60.7
Western Ave N. of Stowell Rd 8,330 62.5
Western Ave N. of Main (SR 166) 4,290 59.6
Western Ave S. of Main (SR 166) 4,390 59.7
Westgate Rd S. of Battles Rd 3,590 62.2
Westgate Rd N. of Carmen Ln 1,640 58.8
ADT = average daily traffic; dBA = decibel using A-weighted sound pressure level; CNEL = Community Noise Equivalent Level Source: Data provided by GHD in 2025.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-10
Figure 4.6-1 Noise-Sensitive Land Uses/Receptors in Santa Maria

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-11
Figure 4.6-2 Santa Maria Airport Noise Contours

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-12
Figure 4.6-3 Existing Traffic Noise Contours

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-13

4.6.2 Regulatory Setting
a. Federal Regulations
Federal noise standards established by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) are applicable to residential projects that receive funding from HUD. These standards are presented in 24 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 51. New construction proposed in high noise areas (exceeding 65 dBA Ldn) must incorporate noise attenuation features to maintain acceptable interior noise levels. A goal of 45 dBA Ldn is set forth for interior noise levels and attenuation requirements are geared toward achieving that goal. It is assumed that with standard construction, any building will provide sufficient attenuation to achieve an interior level of 45 dBA Ldn or less if the exterior level is 65 dBA Ldn or less. Approvals in a "normally unacceptable noise zone" (exceeding 65 dBA, but not exceeding 75 dBA) require a minimum of 5 dBA of additional noise attenuation for buildings having noise sensitive uses (e.g., residences) if the day-night average is greater than 65 dBA, but does not exceed 70 dBA, or a minimum of 10 dBA of additional noise attenuation if the day-night average is greater than 70 dBA, but does not exceed 75 dBA.

There are additional federal regulations that influence the audible landscape, especially for projects where federal funding is involved. For example, the FHWA requires abatement of highway traffic noise for highway projects through rules in the Code of Federal Regulations (23 CFR Part 772), the FTA, and Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). Each agency recommends thorough noise and vibration assessments through comprehensive guidelines for any highway, mass transit, or high- speed railroad projects that would pass by residential areas. b. State Regulations
California Government Code Section 65302 encourages each local government entity to implement a noise element as part of its general plan. In addition, the Office of Planning and Research (OPR) has developed guidelines for preparing noise elements, which include recommendations for evaluating the compatibility of various land uses as a function of community noise exposure.

California Building Code
California Code of Regulations Title 24, Building Standards Administrative Code, Part 2, Chapter 12, and the California Building Code codify the State noise insulation standards. These noise standards apply to new construction in California to control interior noise levels as they are affected by exterior noise sources and interior noise sources from separate areas. The regulations specify that interior noise levels shall not exceed 45 dBA CNEL/L
dn in any habitable room, as well as specifying
sound transmission class requirements for walls, floors, and ceilings around sleeping units.

California Green Building Code
California Green Building Standards Code 2022 (CALGreen) Section 5.507.4, Acoustical Control, regulates construction of non-residential uses within the 65 dBA CNEL/Ldn contour of an airport, freeway, expressway, railroad, industrial noise source, or other fixed source. According to Section

5.507.4.1-2 “buildings exposed to a noise level of 65 dBA L eq(1-hr) during any hour of operation shall
employ sound-resistant assemblies as determined by a prescriptive method or performance method.”
City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-14
Projects may demonstrate compliance through the prescriptive method if wall and roof-ceiling assemblies exposed to the noise source meet a composite sound transmission class rating of at least 50 or a composite outdoor/indoor transmission class rating of no less than 40, with exterior windows of a minimum sound transmission class of 40 or outdoor/indoor transmission class of 30.

Projects may demonstrate compliance through the performance method if wall and roof-ceiling assemblies exposed to the noise source are constructed to provide an interior noise environment that does not exceed 50 dBA Leq(1-hr) in occupied areas during hours of operations. c. Local Regulations
Santa Maria General Plan Noise Element
The current Noise Element of the Santa Maria General Plan has established the following exterior noise standards, shown in Table 4.6-4
Table 4.6-4 City of Santa Maria Interior and Exterior Noise Standards Land Use Category Uses
Standard
(dBA CNEL)
Interior Exterior
Residential Single Family, Duplex, Multiple Family, Mobile Home 45 60 Noise-Sensitive Land Uses Motel, Hospital, School, Nursing Home, Church, Library, and Other 45 60 Commercial Retail, Restaurant, Professional Offices 55 65 Industrial Manufacturing, Utilities, Warehousing, Agriculture 65 70 Open Space Passive Outdoor Recreation – 65
Source: City of Santa Maria General Plan Noise Element, Table N-4 Santa Maria Municipal Code
Chapter 5-5 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code establishes certain policies to control unnecessary, excessive, and annoying noise in the city in the interest of public health and welfare. Municipal Code Section 5-5.04(a) states that a violation of the Noise Ordinance exists when the noise level exceeds the ambient noise level or the ambient base noise level, whichever is higher, as follows:
 By any amount for 30 minutes for any given hour, measured cumulatively;  By five dBA for 15 minutes for any given hour;
 By 10 dBA for five minutes for any given hour;
 By 20 dBA at any time.

Table 4.6-5 shows the ambient base noise levels for residential, commercial, and industrial zones.

Table 4.6-5 Range of Intensities – Ambient Base Noise Level (dBA Leq) Zones Daytime (7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) Nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) Residential 55 45
Commercial 65 60
Industrial 75 70
dBA = A-weighted decibel; Leq = equivalent sound level
Source: Municipal Code Section 5-5.05, 2024.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-15
Municipal Code Section 5-5.06(e) states that construction noise generated outside the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on Monday through Friday or outside the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays (unless otherwise allowed by permit issued by the Noise Control Officer) is considered nuisance noise.

Municipal Code Section 5-5.09 requires the acquisition of a construction noise permit from the Noise Control Officer for exterior construction work conducted within a residential zone or within 500 feet of a residential zone only if such activities exceed the noise standards set forth in Municipal Code Sections 5-5.03 and 5-5.05. The permit would cover short-term or occasional, non-routine operations.

Municipal Code Section 12-7.14(a) allows outdoor living areas in R-2 and R-3 multifamily zones to exceed typical noise standards up to “Normally Unacceptable” levels (75 dB or more), provided residents receive a notice warning that the area regularly experiences elevated urban noise from sources such as traffic, trains, aircraft, industry, and general activity.

Municipal Code Section 12-49.09(c) prohibits vibration above the perception threshold of an individual at or beyond the property boundary of the source for more than three minutes in any one hour of the day between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. and for more than 30 seconds in any one hour between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.

4.6.3 Impact Analysis
a. Methodology and Significance Thresholds
Methodology
Construction Noise
Construction noise that could result from future development facilitated by the plan is estimated based on reference noise levels published by the FTA.

Groundborne Vibration
Future development facilitated by the plan would not include substantial vibration sources associated with operation such as railroads and subways. Construction activities have the greatest potential to generate groundborne vibration affecting nearby noise-sensitive receptors.

Groundborne vibration levels that could occur due to future development facilitated by the plan are estimated based on reference vibration levels published by the FTA.

Operational Stationary Noise
Stationary noise sources (i.e., on-site operational noise) for future development facilitated by the plan were analyzed in context of typical mechanical equipment on commercial, industrial, residential, and mixed-use development such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) units.

Traffic Noise
Roadway vehicle noise levels for the plan were estimated using the FHWA roadway vehicle noise prediction model RD-77-108 methodology. Roadway vehicle noise impacts are analyzed based on ADT roadway volume for existing conditions and the amount of growth expected from future City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-16
development facilitated by the plan, as well as data regarding speeds and number of lanes. The FHWA model predicts noise levels through a series of adjustments to a reference sound level. These adjustments account for distances from the roadway, roadway vehicle volumes, vehicle speeds, car/truck mix, number of lanes, and road width.

This analysis utilizes the ADT volumes and trip distribution data produced by GHD for the plan area.

Significance Thresholds
The City of Santa Maria utilizes the following 2025 CEQA Guidelines Appendix G significance criteria questions related to Noise.

A substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies;
The generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels; For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip or an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, the exposure of people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels.

Construction Noise
Although the Municipal Code has established hours of construction in Section 5-5.06(e) and requirements for the acquisition of construction noise permits in Section 5-5.09, the City of Santa Maria has not adopted a quantitative threshold for evaluating environmental impacts of construction noise. Therefore, this analysis relies on criteria established by FTA for assessing construction noise impacts based on the potential for adverse community reaction in its Transit and Noise Vibration Impact Assessment Manual (FTA 2018). For noise-sensitive receptors such as residential and school uses, the daytime noise threshold is 80 dBA Leq for an 8-hour period.

Groundborne Vibration
The City has not adopted a significance threshold to assess groundborne vibration impacts during construction and operation. Therefore, FTA criteria are used to evaluate potential groundborne vibration impacts related to potential building damage from construction (FTA 2018). Construction vibration impacts from development would be significant if vibration levels exceed the FTA criteria shown in Table 4.6-6
Table 4.6-6 Vibration-Related Building Damage Thresholds Building Category PPV (in/sec)
I. Reinforced-concrete, steel or timber (no plaster) 0.5 II. Engineered concrete and masonry (no plaster) 0.3
III. Non-engineered timber and masonry buildings 0.2
IV. Buildings extremely susceptible to vibration damage 0.12 PPV = peak particle velocity
in/sec = inches per second
Lv = root mean square velocity in decibels (VdB) re 1 micro-inch/second Source: FTA 2018
Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-17
Operational Stationary Noise
The City has adopted noise standards in the Municipal Code that regulate operational stationary noise sources in the City. Operational noise would result in a significant impact if it exceeds the ambient base noise levels established for residential/noise-sensitive uses as shown in Table 4.6-5.

Traffic Noise
Although the City of Santa Maria does not have specific noise level criteria for assessing traffic noise impacts, a project is typically assumed to have a significant impact on the environment related to traffic noise if it would substantially increase the ambient noise levels for adjoining areas. The following thresholds of significance are similar to those recommended by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (FICON 2020), which use criteria based on transportation noise increases and are commonly applied to roadway traffic noise analyses under CEQA. A significant impact would occur if traffic noise increases the existing noise environment by the following:
 Greater than 1.5 dBA CNEL increase for ambient noise environments of 65 dBA CNEL and higher  Greater than 3 dBA CNEL increase for ambient noise environments of 60-64 dBA CNEL  Greater than 5 dBA CNEL increase for ambient noise environments of less than 60 dBA CNEL b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Threshold 1: Would the project result in a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies?
Impact NOI-1 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD RESULT IN CONSTRUCTION NOISE THAT MAY IMPACT NEARBY NOISE-SENSITIVE LAND USES. THE PLAN WOULD INTRODUCE

NEW NOISE SOURCES AND CONTRIBUTE TO AN INCREASE IN LONG-TERM OPERATIONAL NOISE LEVELS WITHIN THE CITY LIMIT AS WELL AS THE ANNEXATION AREA. IMPLEMENTATION OF REQUIRED NOISE-REDUCTION

MITIGATION, AS WELL AS POLICIES AND ACTIONS IN THE PLAN, WOULD MINIMIZE DISTURBANCE TO NOISE- SENSITIVE LAND USES. HOWEVER, THERE ARE NO FEASIBLE MITIGATION MEASURES THAT WOULD AVOID OR FULLY MITIGATE FOR THE INCREASE IN CONSTRUCTION AND TRAFFIC NOISE IN THE PLAN AREA. AS A RESULT, THIS WOULD BE A SIGNIFICANT AND UNAVOIDABLE IMPACT.

Construction
Noise from future development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would temporarily increase noise levels at nearby noise-sensitive receptors. Construction activities would generate noise from phases such as demolition, site preparation, grading, building construction, and paving activities. Each phase of construction has a specific equipment mix and associated noise characteristics, depending on the equipment used during that phase. Construction noise would typically be higher during the more equipment-intensive phases of initial construction (i.e., demolition, site preparation, and grading work) and would be lower during the later construction phases (i.e., building construction and paving). Since project-level details are not currently available for future projects that would be carried out under the plan, it is not possible to determine exact noise levels, locations, or time periods for construction of such projects, or construction noise at adjacent properties. However, Table 4.6-7 illustrates typical noise levels associated with construction equipment at a distance of 50 feet and 100 feet from construction noise sources.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-18
Table 4.6-7 Typical Noise Levels for Construction Equipment Equipment
Estimated Noise Levels at Nearest
Sensitive Receptors (dBA Leq)
50 feet 100 feet
Air Compressor 80 74
Backhoe 80 74
Concrete Mixer 85 79
Dozer 85 79
Grader 85 79
Jack Hammer 88 82
Loader 80 74
Paver 85 79
Pile-drive (Impact) 101 95
Pile-driver (Sonic) 95 89
Roller 85 79
Saw 76 70
Scarified 83 77
Scraper 85 79
Truck 84 78
Source: Federal Transit Administration (FTA). 2018. Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment. November.

Noise would typically drop off at a rate of about 6 dBA per doubling of distance. Therefore, noise levels would be about 6 dBA lower than shown in Table 4.6-7 at 200 feet from the noise source and 12 dBA lower at a distance of 400 feet from the noise source. The construction noise levels shown in Table 4.6-7 may exceed the daytime noise threshold for noise-sensitive receptors of 80 dBA Leq for an 8-hour period, depending on the equipment used and the distance in which the equipment is operating compared to noise-sensitive receptors.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following policy and actions intended to reduce the exposure of noise-sensitive receptors to temporary and construction noise:

Policy N-3.1: Construction noise mitigation. Limit construction noise in residential areas to reduce noise impacts, especially in the early morning, late evening, weekends, and during holidays.

Action N-3.11: Develop criteria to clearly define conditions of approval for nighttime construction activities that will balance project requirements and minimize community disturbance and update the Noise Ordinance accordingly to establish approval criteria and thresholds for determining the need for additional noise attenuation strategies.

Action N-3.12: Revise the Noise Ordinance to require appropriate noise attenuation strategies for any approved nighttime construction to minimize disturbance to the greatest extent feasible.

Action N-3.13: Update the Noise Ordinance to require the use of mufflers on construction equipment and maintain physical separation of machinery maintenance areas from nearby residential areas.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-19
Implementation of Policy N-3.1 and Actions N-3.11, N-3.12, and N-3.13, would reduce construction noise impacts associated with future development facilitated by the plan. However, as details of future construction activities are unknown at this time, construction noise could still exceed the daytime significance threshold or require activity during the more sensitive nighttime hours (e.g., concrete pours or pumps that need to run overnight for water resources projects). Consequently, construction noise impacts may exceed the daytime noise threshold for noise-sensitive receptors of 80 dBA Leq for an 8-hour period in many cases. Therefore, this impact would be potentially significant and Mitigation Measure NOI-1 would be required. It should be noted that the identification of this program-level impact does not preclude the finding of less-than-significant construction noise impacts for subsequent projects analyzed at the project level.

Operation

STATIONARY OPERATIONAL NOISE
Stationary operational sources of noise from future development facilitated by the plan are expected to include air conditioning units, loading dock activities, outdoor restaurant dining and music activities, and parking lot vehicle movements. Special noise generators such as music (live or otherwise), sound amplification devices, and tenant-specific noise sources would require a site- specific noise analysis prior to building permit approval.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following policy and actions intended to minimize potential adverse noise-related impacts from stationary sources.

Policy N-1.4: Stationary Noise Sources. Ensure outdoor machinery, appliances, and other noise- generating devices are located away from noise-sensitive uses and mitigated to reduce exposure to intrusive noise.

Action N-1.4.1: Update the Municipal Code to require mixed-use and commercial development applicants to locate noise-generating components such as loading areas, mechanical equipment, and other similar facilities as far from residential units as possible.

Action N-1.4.2: Update the Municipal Code to establish a threshold for requiring additional noise buffering of machinery to reduce intrusive noise from new development. Such buffering may include, but is not limited to, acoustic paneling, sound-absorbing materials, and enclosures.

Implementation of these policies and actions would ensure that noise from new development is analyzed and avoided or mitigated to acceptable levels prior to approval of projects with the potential to generate noise from stationary sources, such as operational use of residential-scale air conditioning units, loading dock activities, outdoor restaurant dining and music activities, parking lot vehicle movements, and commercial and industrial equipment. Additionally, this would apply to special noise generators such as music (live or otherwise), sound amplification devices, and tenant- specific noise sources. Therefore, the plan’s stationary operational noise impact would be less than significant.

OBILE OPERATIONAL NOISE
Future development facilitated by the plan would allow additional development to occur within the city limit as well as in the annexation area, which would generate new vehicle trips that may increase the exposure of land uses along roadways to traffic noise. Figure 4.6-4 shows the 60, 65, and 70 dBA CNEL noise contours from roadways and highways for future (year 2050) roadway City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-20
vehicle scenarios. The complete distances (shown in feet) to the 60, 65, and 70 dBA CNEL noise contours from the center of each roadway segment are included in Appendix C. Table 4.6-8 shows the estimated increase in roadway vehicle noise on study roadway segments compared to existing conditions at 50 feet from the centerline of the nearest travel lane.

As shown in Table 4.6-8, significant traffic noise increases are anticipated along multiple roadway segments within the city limits as discussed in Section 4.6.3(a), Methodology and Significance Thresholds. Furthermore, roadway segments located within the annexation area, shown in Figure 4.6-4, were not analyzed as they are not currently within Santa Maria city limits. At the time an individual project is proposed within the annexation area, it would be required to undergo individual environmental review to determine potential noise impacts of the individual project.

Along all other roadway study segments, traffic noise increases would be less than significant.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following policies and actions that would reduce roadway vehicle noise:

Policy N-2.1: Major thoroughfare noise mitigation. Require future development and redevelopment to implement feasible noise mitigation measures along major thoroughfares like Main Street, Broadway, and U.S. Highway 101.

Action N-2.1.1: Coordinate with the California Department of Transportation to effectively attenuate State freeway and roadway noise through the use of ‘quiet’ paving materials, placement of noise barriers, berms, and landscaped open space within State right-of-way for existing residences and incorporating design features in new development to reduce future noise level increases.

Action N-2.1.2: Work with the California Department of Transportation to ensure adequate noise studies are prepared and noise mitigation measures are considered in State transportation projects
Action N-2.1.3: Regularly update the noise contour map to reflect changes in ambient noise levels from transportation sources as airport and roadway conditions and patterns within the city evolve.

Action N-2.1.4: Update the City’s Municipal Code to require new residential and mixed-use development within the 60 dBA CNEL noise contours or higher of transportation corridors to submit an acoustical analysis and incorporate noise reduction strategies, such as vegetation buffers and physical sound barriers, as necessary to meet the requirements of the Noise Ordinance.

Policy N-2.2: Industrial and agricultural traffic noise reduction measures. Evaluate and identify measures and strategies to reduce traffic noise from industrial and agricultural truck traffic, and coordinate with local businesses to implement the measures and strategies as needed.

Action N-2.2.1: Coordinate with businesses to identify possible limitations on local truck traffic, including loading and unloading, specific routes, times, and speed limits appropriate for each zoning district, while ensuring compatibility with essential business operations.

Action N-2.2.2: Work with local businesses, Public Works, and law enforcement to minimize traffic noise by encouraging the use of preferred routes and delivery times.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-21
Figure 4.6-4 Future 2050 Roadway Vehicle Noise Contours

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-22
Table 4.6-8 Existing and Future Traffic Volumes and Noise Levels Roadway Segment
Existing
ADT
2050 GP - With
Project ADT
Existing Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
2050 Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Increase
(dBA CNEL)
Significance
Threshold
dBA
Significant?
Y/N
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - N. of Clark Ave 29,500 37,580 74.4 75.4 1.1 1.5 N Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - S. of Clark Ave 20,100 25,120 72.7 73.7 1.0 1.5 N Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - N. of Foster Rd 37,000 79,580 75.4 78.7 3.3 1.5 Y Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - S. of Foster Rd 24,600 42,050 73.6 75.9 2.3 1.5 Y Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - N. of Lakeview Rd 32,000 56,990 74.7 77.2 2.5 1.5 Y Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - N. of Miller St 43,000 53,890 76.0 77.0 1.0 1.5 N Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - S. of Miller St 37,500 61,470 75.4 77.6 2.1 1.5 Y Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - N. of Santa Maria
Way
41,000 69,330 75.8 78.1 2.3 1.5 Y
Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) - S. of Santa Maria
Way
44,500 55,530 76.2 77.1 1.0 1.5 N
Broadway (SR 135) - N. of Betteravia Rd 47,000 74,580 75.3 77.3 2.0 1.5 Y Broadway (SR 135) - S. of Betteravia Rd 47,500 91,630 76.0 78.8 2.9 1.5 Y Broadway (SR 135) - N. of Stowell Rd 40,500 66,600 72.6 74.8 2.2 1.5 Y Broadway (SR 135) - S. of Stowell Rd 44,500 88,700 72.8 75.8 3.0 1.5 Y Broadway (SR 135) - N. of Main St 28,500 53,420 71.4 74.1 2.7 1.5 Y Broadway (SR 135) - S. of Main St 26,500 50,360 70.6 73.4 2.8 1.5 Y Broadway (SR 135) - N. of Donovan Rd 27,000 61,560 71.1 74.7 3.6 1.5 Y Broadway (SR 135) - S. of Donovan Rd 27,500 49,310 71.2 73.7 2.5 1.5 Y Broadway (SR 135) - W. of US 101 23,900 72,350 73.8 78.6 4.8 1.5 Y Main St (SR 166) - W. of Blosser Rd 14,200 29,220 70.7 73.9 3.1 1.5 Y Main St (SR 166) - E. of Blosser Rd 15,900 27,260 71.2 73.6 2.3 1.5 Y Main St (SR 166) - E. of Suey Rd 6,400 19,050 66.4 71.1 4.7 1.5 Y Main St (SR 166) - W. of Suey Rd 8,700 21,310 67.7 71.6 3.9 1.5 Y Main St (SR 166) - US 101 SB-Off Ramp 29,500 48,790 72.8 75.0 2.2 1.5 Y Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-23
Roadway Segment
Existing
ADT
2050 GP - With
Project ADT
Existing Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
2050 Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Increase
(dBA CNEL)
Significance
Threshold
dBA
Significant?
Y/N
Main St (SR 166) - E. of Broadway (SR 135) 26,500 36,700 73.7 75.1 1.4 1.5 N Main St (SR 166) - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 18,800 27,740 71.5 73.2 1.7 1.5 Y A St - S. of Betteravia Dr 3,450 7,820 58.7 62.2 3.6 5.0 N A St - S. of Sonya Ln 3,650 17,330 64.2 71.0 6.8 1.5 Y
Alvin Ave - W. of Railroad Ave 8,510 14,010 65.6 67.7 2.2 1.5 Y Alvin Ave - W. of College Dr 7,700 21,860 65.1 69.7 4.5 1.5 Y Alvin Ave - E. of Bradley Rd 6,670 20,130 64.5 69.3 4.8 1.5 Y Alvin Ave - W. of Suey Rd 3,440 13,250 61.6 67.5 5.9 3.0 Y Battles Rd - E. of Blosser Rd 10,740 17,860 67.1 69.3 2.2 1.5 Y Battles Rd - W. of Blosser Rd 9,320 18,760 63.6 66.6 3.0 3.0 N Battles Rd - W. of Bradley Rd 7,670 31,450 68.0 74.2 6.1 1.5 Y Battles Rd - E. of Broadway (SR 135) 13,220 21,080 65.1 67.1 2.0 1.5 Y Battles Rd - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 11,650 16,740 64.6 66.1 1.6 1.5 Y Bay Ave - b/w Donovan Rd and Harding Ave 3,490 3,490 59.2 59.2 0.0 5.0 N Betteravia Dr - E. of A St 14,630 45,090 71.5 76.3 4.9 1.5 Y Betteravia Dr - E. of Skyway Dr 15,390 48,570 71.7 76.7 5.0 1.5 Y Betteravia Dr - E. of Bradley Dr 38,460 67,060 75.9 78.3 2.4 1.5 Y Betteravia Dr - W. of College Dr 34,170 83,220 75.4 79.2 3.9 1.5 Y Betteravia Dr - W. of Depot St 20,620 60,520 72.9 77.6 4.7 1.5 Y Betteravia Dr - E. of Broadway (SR 135) 30,350 66,480 75.1 78.5 3.4 1.5 Y Blosser Rd - S. of Foster Rd 2,220 44,050 59.6 72.6 13.0 5.0 Y Blosser Rd - S. of Stowell Rd 24,120 66,950 72.5 76.9 4.4 1.5 Y Blosser Rd - b/w Boone St and Cook St 23,530 49,050 71.3 74.4 3.2 1.5 Y Blosser Rd - S. of Main St (SR 166) 24,960 48,700 70.0 72.9 2.9 1.5 Y Blosser Rd - S. of Alvin Ave 14,140 34,740 69.0 73.0 3.9 1.5 Y City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-24
Roadway Segment
Existing
ADT
2050 GP - With
Project ADT
Existing Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
2050 Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Increase
(dBA CNEL)
Significance
Threshold
dBA
Significant?
Y/N
Blosser Rd - S. of Donovan Rd 15,200 32,070 69.4 72.6 3.2 1.5 Y Blosser Rd - N. of Taylor St 5,120 7,530 65.7 67.4 1.7 1.5 Y Blosser Rd - S. of Taylor St 7,970 18,500 67.7 71.4 3.7 1.5 Y Blosser Rd - N. of Canal St 2,700 3,170 62.9 63.6 0.7 3.0 N Bradley Rd - S. of Cottage Ln 1,000 5,620 56.8 64.3 7.5 5.0 Y Bradley Rd - S. of Bello Rd 4,960 6,640 63.7 65.0 1.3 3.0 N Bradley Rd - S. of Betteravia Dr 22,740 34,340 70.3 72.1 1.8 1.5 Y Bradley Rd - N. of Battles Rd 16,420 52,270 71.3 76.4 5.0 1.5 Y Bradley Rd - S. of Battles Rd 10,760 26,750 69.5 73.5 4.0 1.5 Y Bradley Rd - N. of Stowell Rd 14,860 25,010 67.0 69.2 2.3 1.5 Y Bradley Rd - b/w SR 101 SB-On Ramp and Cypress
St (one-way)
3,750 7,390 62.4 65.3 2.9 3.0 N
Bradley Rd - E. of College Dr 3,950 3,950 59.7 59.7 0.0 5.0 N Bull Canyon Rd - N. of Panther Dr 260 3,360 50.8 61.9 11.1 5.0 Y California Blvd - S. of Foster Rd 1,460 3,160 58.3 61.6 3.4 5.0 N Camino Colegio - E. of Miller St 1,280 2,140 54.8 57.1 2.2 5.0 N Camino Colegio - W. of Miller St 1,400 2,280 55.2 57.4 2.1 5.0 N Canal St - E. of Blosser Rd 1,140 1,980 54.6 57.0 2.4 5.0 N Carlotti Dr - b/w Noble Wy and Paden St 5,490 20,360 64.0 69.7 5.7 1.5 Y Carlotti Dr - b/w Stanford Dr and Murray Dr 3,700 20,070 62.3 69.7 7.3 3.0 Y Carmen Ln - W. of Thornburg St 5,440 5,110 60.9 60.7 -0.3 3.0 N Carmen Ln - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 7,580 11,350 62.4 64.1 1.8 3.0 N Centennial St - b/w Mt Whitney Wy and
Panther Dr
1,480 1,480 55.5 55.5 0.0 5.0 N
Cesar E Chavez Dr - S. of Hidden Pines Wy 3,390 3,320 59.1 59.0 -0.1 5.0 N College Dr - E. of Santa Maria Wy 9,730 26,090 62.2 66.5 4.3 3.0 Y Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-25
Roadway Segment
Existing
ADT
2050 GP - With
Project ADT
Existing Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
2050 Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Increase
(dBA CNEL)
Significance
Threshold
dBA
Significant?
Y/N
College Dr - N. of McCoy Ln (Roundabout) 11,240 16,150 66.9 68.5 1.6 1.5 Y College Dr - S. of McCoy Ln (Roundabout) 8,230 21,020 65.6 69.7 4.1 1.5 Y College Dr - S. of Sunrise Dr 10,960 24,390 62.7 66.2 3.5 3.0 Y College Dr - N. of Betteravia Dr 9,300 36,140 67.3 73.2 5.9 1.5 Y College Dr - S. of Betteravia Dr 10,840 16,250 66.8 68.5 1.8 1.5 Y College Dr - N. of Battles Rd 10,760 35,740 62.6 67.8 5.2 3.0 Y College Dr - N. of Stowell Rd 12,310 42,110 66.1 71.4 5.3 1.5 Y College Dr - N. of Boone St/Jones St 9,610 46,900 64.9 71.8 6.9 1.5 Y College Dr - S. of Boone St/Jones St 9,930 46,630 65.0 71.7 6.7 1.5 Y College Dr - N. of Main (SR 166) 8,620 28,520 64.5 69.7 5.2 1.5 Y College Dr - N. of Alvin Ave 5,820 21,110 62.8 68.4 5.6 3.0 Y College Dr - S. of Donovan Rd 8,020 22,510 64.2 68.7 4.5 1.5 Y Concepcion Ave - N. of Jones St 970 920 53.6 53.4 -0.2 5.0 N Cook St - W. of Depot St 6,190 9,030 64.6 66.2 1.6 1.5 Y Cook St - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 8,870 14,740 64.9 67.1 2.2 1.5 Y Cook St - E. of Broadway (SR 135) 8,990 12,650 64.9 66.4 1.5 1.5 N Cook St - b/w Miller St and School St 3,150 6,990 60.2 63.7 3.5 3.0 Y Cook St - b/w East Ave and College Dr 2,190 5,360 58.7 62.6 3.9 5.0 N Crossroad Ln - W. of Bradley Rd 4,800 8,470 63.4 65.9 2.5 3.0 N Depot St - N. of Carmen Ln 4,500 9,040 63.3 66.3 3.0 3.0 N Depot St - N. of Battles Rd 10,450 14,850 69.3 70.8 1.5 1.5 N Depot St - N. of Stowell Rd 9,560 30,420 65.2 70.2 5.0 1.5 Y Depot St - N. of Main (SR 166) 8,940 12,420 64.8 66.2 1.4 1.5 N Depot St - S. of Cook St 8,280 32,050 64.4 70.3 5.9 1.5 Y Donovan Rd - W. of Railroad Ave 11,580 20,010 66.9 69.3 2.4 1.5 Y City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-26
Roadway Segment
Existing
ADT
2050 GP - With
Project ADT
Existing Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
2050 Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Increase
(dBA CNEL)
Significance
Threshold
dBA
Significant?
Y/N
Donovan Rd - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 17,390 32,900 69.5 72.2 2.8 1.5 Y Donovan Rd - E. of Broadway (SR 135) 16,580 18,940 69.7 70.3 0.6 1.5 N Donovan Rd - W. of College Dr 19,010 25,650 70.3 71.6 1.3 1.5 N Donovan Rd - E. of College Dr 23,900 38,800 71.3 73.4 2.1 1.5 Y Donovan Rd - W. of Carlotti Dr 23,040 39,300 71.1 73.4 2.3 1.5 Y Donovan Rd - W. of Suey Rd 7,530 11,150 64.5 66.2 1.7 1.5 Y Enos Dr - E. of College Dr 2,850 3,440 58.3 59.1 0.8 5.0 N Fairway Dr - E. of A St 2,700 6,180 62.2 65.8 3.6 3.0 Y Fairway Dr - E. of Skyway Dr 3,490 5,930 63.5 65.8 2.3 3.0 N Farrell Dr - N. of Jones St 2,740 3,500 58.1 59.2 1.1 5.0 N Fesler St - E. of Broadway (SR 135) 5,640 16,860 64.3 69.0 4.8 1.5 Y Fesler St - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 6,880 17,130 65.1 69.1 4.0 1.5 Y Fesler St - b/w Benwiley Ave and Railroad Ave 3,800 6,210 61.1 63.2 2.1 3.0 N Foster Rd - W. of Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) 4,190 33,160 62.9 71.8 9.0 3.0 Y Foxenwood Ln - S. of Foster Rd 810 1,120 52.9 54.3 1.4 5.0 Y Grant St - b/w Broadway (SR 135) and River Ranch
Dr
5,230 5,680 61.0 61.3 0.4 3.0 N
Hidden Pines Wy - W. of Preisker Ln 7,950 8,720 65.5 65.9 0.4 1.5 N Industrial Pkwy - E. of Skyway Dr 1,870 5,010 60.4 64.7 4.3 3.0 Y La Brea Ave - W. of Blosser Rd 1,910 15,730 59.4 68.6 9.2 5.0 Y Lynne Dr - b/w Lee Dr and Donovan Rd 5,670 6,630 61.3 62.0 0.7 3.0 N Jones St - E. of Farrell Dr 7,990 25,780 66.9 72.0 5.1 1.5 Y Jones St - W. of Bradley Rd 4,400 22,960 64.3 71.5 7.2 1.5 Y McClelland St - S. of Cook St 3,330 6,350 59.0 61.8 2.8 5.0 N McCoy Ln - E. of A St 2,880 3,450 58.4 59.1 0.8 5.0 N
McCoy Ln - E. of Skyway Dr 11,850 20,720 69.9 72.4 2.4 1.5 Y Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-27
Roadway Segment
Existing
ADT
2050 GP - With
Project ADT
Existing Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
2050 Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Increase
(dBA CNEL)
Significance
Threshold
dBA
Significant?
Y/N
McCoy Ln - E. of Broadway (SR 135) 12,760 20,870 67.8 70.0 2.1 1.5 Y McCoy Ln - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 14,960 30,060 70.9 74.0 3.0 1.5 Y McCoy Ln - E. of College Dr (roundabout) 5,330 5,370 64.0 64.1 0.0 1.5 N McCoy Ln - W. of College Dr (roundabout) 6,380 17,370 64.8 69.2 4.3 1.5 Y Miller St - N. of Battles Rd 14,540 37,810 68.7 72.8 4.2 1.5 Y Miller St - N. of Stowell Rd 13,420 24,030 64.1 66.6 2.5 1.5 Y Miller St - S. of Main (SR 166) 14,770 29,430 67.5 70.5 3.0 1.5 Y Miller St - S. of Alvin Ave 8,520 13,520 65.0 67.0 2.0 1.5 Y Miller St - b/w Lee Dr and Donovan Rd 4,160 8,020 59.0 61.9 2.9 5.0 N Miller St - S. of Donovan Rd 5,840 10,500 63.5 66.0 2.5 3.0 N Miller St - E. of Santa Maria Wy 11,120 26,050 67.5 71.2 3.7 1.5 Y Miller St - S. of Betteravia Dr 13,990 34,750 68.5 72.5 4.0 1.5 Y Morrison Ave - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 5,140 7,440 62.4 64.0 1.6 3.0 N Morrison Ave - W. of Depot St 5,500 7,330 62.7 63.9 1.2 3.0 N Palisade Dr - S. of Main (SR 166) 7,440 8,080 62.5 62.8 0.4 3.0 N Panther Dr - S. of Suey Crossing Rd 4,810 6,070 59.2 60.2 1.0 5.0 N Preisker Ln - N. of Broadway (SR 135) 10,880 12,010 66.4 66.8 0.4 1.5 N Professional Pkwy - N. of McCoy Ln 2,760 3,480 58.2 59.2 1.0 5.0 N Railroad Ave - N. of Fesler Ave 8,750 13,740 65.6 67.5 2.0 1.5 Y Railroad Ave - b/w Donovan Rd and Harding Ave 9,980 13,340 66.1 67.4 1.3 1.5 N Railroad Ave - N. of Taylor St 6,160 12,730 61.2 64.3 3.2 3.0 Y Railroad Ave - S. of Taylor St 7,780 16,170 65.1 68.2 3.2 1.5 Y Santa Maria Wy - S. of Miller Wy 10,470 29,220 67.0 71.4 4.5 1.5 Y Santa Maria Wy - S. of Dauphin St 10,420 32,950 69.4 74.4 5.0 1.5 Y Shepard Dr - N. of Battles Rd 1,900 5,520 56.6 61.2 4.6 5.0 N City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-28
Roadway Segment
Existing
ADT
2050 GP - With
Project ADT
Existing Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
2050 Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Increase
(dBA CNEL)
Significance
Threshold
dBA
Significant?
Y/N
Sierra Madre Ave - W. of Bradley Rd 1,350 6,240 57.9 64.6 6.6 5.0 Y Skyway Dr - S. of Industrial Pkwy 15,740 38,270 71.2 75.0 3.9 1.5 Y Skyway Dr - W. of Orcutt Expressway (SR 135) 17,350 39,260 71.6 75.1 3.5 1.5 Y Skyway Dr - N. of Fairway Dr 16,540 40,390 71.4 75.3 3.9 1.5 Y Skyway Dr - S. of Fairway Dr 15,260 39,010 68.6 72.7 4.1 1.5 Y Skyway Dr - N. of Betteravia Dr 20,010 43,520 72.2 75.6 3.4 1.5 Y Skyway Dr - S. of Betteravia Dr 19,530 36,890 72.1 74.9 2.8 1.5 Y Sonya Ln - E. of A St 360 1,880 49.3 56.5 7.2 5.0 Y
Southside Pkwy - E. of Centerpoint Pkwy 1,400 1,700 55.2 56.1 0.8 5.0 N Southside Pkwy - W. of Bradley Rd (Roundabout) 4,940 4,950 60.7 60.7 0.0 3.0 N Stowell Rd - W. of Bradley Rd 20,220 38,840 69.4 72.2 2.8 1.5 Y Stowell Rd - W. of Depot St 14,020 39,870 69.5 74.0 4.5 1.5 Y Stowell Rd - W. of Blosser Rd 9,510 38,640 69.3 75.4 6.1 1.5 Y Stowell Rd - W. of Hanson Wy 8,020 28,430 70.2 75.7 5.5 1.5 Y Suey Rd - N. of Jones St 5,300 11,210 65.0 68.2 3.3 1.5 Y Suey Rd - N. of Main (SR 166) 7,590 14,410 66.5 69.3 2.8 1.5 Y Suey Rd - N. of Alvin Ave 4,850 12,460 64.7 68.8 4.1 1.5 Y Sunrise Dr - W. of College Dr 2,440 2,570 57.6 57.9 0.2 5.0 N Sunrise Dr - E. of Santa Maria Wy 2,910 3,080 58.4 58.7 0.2 5.0 N Taylor St - W. of Railroad Ave 5,740 12,870 63.0 66.5 3.5 3.0 Y Taylor St - W. of Broadway (SR 135) 10,930 15,210 65.8 67.2 1.4 1.5 N Thornburg St - N. of Betteravia Dr 6,150 6,300 62.7 62.8 0.1 3.0 N Thornburg St - N. of Carmen Ln 3,710 7,330 61.8 64.8 3.0 3.0 N Thornburg St - S. of Battles Rd 3,590 8,730 61.7 65.6 3.9 3.0 Y Union Valley Parkway - W. of Orcutt Expressway
(SR 135)
5,990 35,530 66.0 73.7 7.7 1.5 Y
Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-29
Roadway Segment
Existing
ADT
2050 GP - With
Project ADT
Existing Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
2050 Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Level at 50 feet
(dBA CNEL)
Roadway
Vehicle Noise
Increase
(dBA CNEL)
Significance
Threshold
dBA
Significant?
Y/N
Union Valley Parkway - E. of Blosser Rd 1,630 25,460 60.7 72.6 11.9 3.0 Y Western Ave - N. of Stowell Rd 8,330 10,550 62.5 63.5 1.0 3.0 N Western Ave - N. of Main (SR 166) 4,290 6,340 59.6 61.3 1.7 5.0 N Western Ave - S. of Main (SR 166) 4,390 5,560 59.7 60.7 1.0 5.0 N Westgate Rd - S. of Battles Rd 3,590 3,600 62.2 62.2 0.0 3.0 N Westgate Rd - N. of Carmen Ln 1,640 1,640 58.8 58.8 0.0 5.0 N ADT = average daily trips
Bold = significant increase
Source: GHD 2025.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-30
Policy N-1.12.4: Roadway vehicle noise reduction measures. Require projects that may result in a substantial increase in roadway traffic noise on area roadways to implement measures designed to reduce noise and minimize the impact on noise-sensitive land uses.

Action N-1.12.4.1: Where cumulative roadway traffic noise would exceed the applicable traffic noise increase standards, require applicants for new development projects to retain a qualified acoustical consultant to prepare a Traffic Noise Reduction Study that specifies, at a minimum, the specific locations, extent, height of sound walls, and other design details such as “quiet pavement” to reduce traffic noise impacts at impacted roadways. Project specific environmental documents may adjust recommended noise reduction measures as necessary to respond to site specific conditions.

Action N-1.12.4.2: For locations where a Traffic Noise Reduction Study identifies a need for sound barriers, require developers to contribute their fair share toward constructing new sound barriers (e.g., walls or solid fences) along impacted roadways where there are no driveways that would break continuity and along the residential portions or other sensitive receiver locations of such roadways. The study shall identify the appropriate sound barrier to reduce the noise impacts on the proposed development. Sounds barriers should be continuous from grade to top, with no cracks or gaps, and have a minimum surface density of four pounds per square foot and a minimum height of six feet, as measured from the base elevation.

Action N-1.1.3: For locations where a Traffic Noise Reduction Study identifies a need for roadway improvements to reduce roadway traffic noise where sound barriers are determined not to be feasible, require developers to contribute their fair share toward installation of “quiet pavement” roadway improvements, such as rubberized asphalt or open-grade asphalt concrete overlays.

Implementation of these policies and actions would reduce operational vehicle trips and associated operational traffic noise to the extent feasible. However, the plan does not include policies or actions that could ensure traffic noise would be below the thresholds of significance. As a result, the potential increase in traffic noise would be a potentially significant impact.

Mitigation Measures
NOI-1 Conditions of Approval to Reduce Construction Noise The City of Santa Maria shall review future developments within 500 feet of a sensitive receptor, and where applicable, require construction contractors to implement the following feasible measures as standard conditions of approval. Construction plans submitted to the City shall include construction noise analysis and identify these measures on demolition, grading, and construction plans submitted to the City. The City of Santa Maria Building Division shall verify that grading, demolition, and/or construction plans submitted to the City include these notations prior to issuance of demolition, grading and/or building permits. Project specific environmental documents may adjust recommended noise reduction measures as necessary to respond to site specific conditions.
 Mufflers. During excavation and grading construction phases, all construction equipment, fixed or mobile, shall be operated with closed engine doors and shall be equipped with properly operating and maintained mufflers consistent with manufacturers’ standards.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-31
 Stationary Equipment. All stationary construction equipment shall be placed so that emitted noise is directed away from the nearest sensitive receptors.  Equipment Staging Areas. Equipment staging shall be located in areas that will create the greatest distance feasible between construction-related noise sources and noise-sensitive receptors.
 Smart Back-up Alarms. Mobile construction equipment shall have smart back-up alarms that automatically adjust the sound level of the alarm in response to ambient noise levels.

Alternatively, back-up alarms shall be disabled and replaced with human spotters to ensure safety when mobile construction equipment is moving in the reverse direction in compliance with applicable safety laws and regulations.
 Electrically-Powered Tools and Facilities. Electrical power shall be used to run air compressors and similar power tools and to power any temporary structures, such as construction trailers or caretaker facilities, where feasible.
 Noise Disturbance Coordinator. The project applicant shall designate a “noise disturbance coordinator” responsible for responding to any local complaints about construction noise. The disturbance coordinator shall determine the cause of any noise complaint and shall require that reasonable measures be implemented to correct the problem. A telephone number for the disturbance coordinator and the City shall be posted at the construction site.  Temporary Noise Barriers. Erect temporary noise barriers, where feasible, when construction noise is predicted to exceed the acceptable standards (e.g., 80 dBA Leq at residential receptors, schools or other sensitive receptors during the daytime) or when the anticipated construction duration is greater than is typical (e.g., two years or greater). Temporary noise barriers shall be constructed with solid materials (e.g., wood) with a density of at least 1.5 pounds per square foot with no gaps from the ground to the top of the barrier. If a sound blanket is used, barriers shall be constructed with solid material with a density of at least 1 pound per square foot with no gaps from the ground to the top of the barrier and be lined on the construction side with acoustical blanket, curtain or equivalent absorptive material rated sound transmission class (STC) 32 or higher.

Significance After Mitigation
Implementation of Mitigation Measure NOI-1, as well as implementation of policies and actions in the 2045 General Plan Update, would reduce potential impacts from noise during construction and operation by reducing noise source impacts, creating sound barriers where required/necessary, and promoting the reduction in traffic noise by projects included in the plan. These policies would help reduce the amount of traffic noise increases to the extent feasible. However, as details from individual development facilitated by the plan are unknown at this time, there is no feasible mitigation that would avoid or fully mitigate for the increase in construction and traffic noise in the plan area. As a result, potential construction noise impacts and operational traffic noise impacts would remain significant and unavoidable.

Operational stationary noise impacts would be less than significant without mitigation.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-32
Threshold 2: Would the project result in generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels?
Impact NOI-2 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY FROM BUILDOUT OF THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD GENERATE GROUNDBORNE VIBRATION, POTENTIALLY AFFECTING NEARBY LAND USES. IMPLEMENTATION OF

REQUIRED MITIGATION, AS WELL AS POLICIES AND ACTIONS IN THE PLAN, WOULD ENSURE VIBRATION LEVELS WOULD NOT EXCEED APPLICABLE THRESHOLDS FOR BUILDING DAMAGE. THEREFORE, THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT WITH MITIGATION.

Construction
Future development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would involve construction activity that could intermittently generate groundborne vibration affecting nearby properties. Table 4.6-9 lists groundborne vibration levels from various types of construction equipment at various distances.

Table 4.6-9 Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment Approximate Vibration Level (in/sec PPV)
Equipment
25 feet
from Source
50 feet
from Source
100 feet
from Source
200 feet
from Source
Caisson Drilling 0.089 0.031 0.011 0.004
Jackhammer 0.035 0.012 0.004 0.002
Large Bulldozer 0.089 0.031 0.011 0.004
Loaded Truck 0.076 0.027 0.010 0.003
Pile Driver (impact) Upper range 1.519 0.537 0.190 0.067 Typical 0.644 0.228 0.081 0.028
Pile Driver (sonic) Upper range 0.734 0.260 0.092 0.032 Typical 0.170 0.060 0.021 0.008
Small Bulldozer 0.003 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Vibratory Roller 0.21 0.074 0.026 0.009
Source: Federal Transit Administration (FTA). 2018. Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment. November.

As shown in Table 4.6-9, buildings and structures could experience the strongest vibration during the use of pile-drivers and vibratory rollers. Vibration levels from pile-drivers could approach 1.519 in/sec PPV at a distance of 25 feet from the source and 0.190 in/sec at 100 feet, and vibration levels from vibratory rollers could approach 0.21 in/sec PPV at a distance of 25 feet and 0.026 at 100 feet.

The threshold for historic structures is 0.12 in/sec PPV; the threshold is higher for residential buildings at 0.2 in/sec PPV. Vibration levels from typical equipment, such as bulldozers and jackhammers, would not exceed the applicable thresholds for historic structures and residential buildings at a distance of 25 feet or greater. However, vibration levels from pile driving equipment and vibratory rollers may exceed the FTA thresholds.

Because project-level details are not currently available for future individual development facilitated by the plan, it is not possible to determine which projects may use pile driving or vibratory rollers and their exact vibration levels, locations, or time periods for construction of such projects. As a result, construction vibration levels may exceed the FTA’s vibration levels for preventing architectural building damage.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-33
The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following goal and policies intended to minimize groundborne vibration associated with construction activity:

Goal N-4: Vibration. The impacts of excessive ground-borne vibration from temporary and ongoing operations are limited.

Policy N-4.1.1: Update the Municipal Code to require new vibration-sensitive uses within 200 feet of a potential vibration-causing source, including the Santa Maria Valley Railroad, to prepare a ground-borne vibration and noise assessment consistent with Federal Transit Administration-recommended methodology and criteria.

Policy N-4.1.2: Ground-borne vibration mitigation. Update the Municipal Code to establish building architectural and structural thresholds to prevent building damage from vibration.

Implementation of Policy N-4.1.1 and N-4.1.2 would reduce construction groundborne vibration impacts associated with future development facilitated by the plan. However, as project-level details of future construction activities are unknown at this time, it is not possible to determine which projects may use pile driving or vibratory rollers and their exact vibration levels, locations, or time periods for construction of such projects. Construction vibration levels may exceed the FTA’s vibration levels for preventing architectural building damage. Therefore, groundborne vibration levels associated with construction activity may exceed the FTA’s standards for building damage, resulting in a potentially significant impact requiring Mitigation Measure NOI-2.

Operation
New residential, commercial, industrial, and retail development facilitated by the plan would not involve substantial operational vibration sources such as railroads and subways. In addition, implementation of the plan would not directly increase rail activity in the plan area. Therefore, the plan’s operational groundborne vibration impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
NOI-2 Conditions of Approval to Reduce Construction Vibration The City of Santa Maria shall review future developments within 500 feet of a sensitive receptor, and where applicable, require construction contractors to implement the following feasible buffers for construction equipment as standard conditions of approval. Construction plans submitted to the City shall include construction vibration analysis and identify the following buffer distances during demolition, grading, and construction plans submitted to the City. The City of Santa Maria Building Division shall verify that grading, demolition, and/or construction plans submitted to the City include these notations prior to issuance of demolition, grading and/or building permits. Project specific environmental documents may adjust recommended noise reduction measures as necessary to respond to site specific conditions.

To reduce potential construction vibration impacts, the City of Santa Maria shall require the following:
 Prior to the issuance of a building permit for a project requiring pile driving during construction, the project applicant shall prepare a groundborne noise and vibration analysis to assess and mitigate potential noise and vibration impacts related to the following construction activities: 1) within 135 feet of fragile structures such as historical resources; 2) within 100 feet of non- engineered timber and masonry buildings (e.g., most residential buildings), or within 75 feet of City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-34
engineered concrete and masonry (no plaster); 3) use of a vibratory roller within 40 feet of fragile historical resources or 25 feet of any other structure; or 4) use of a dozer or other large earthmoving equipment within 20 feet for a fragile historical structure or 15 feet of any other structure. The noise and vibration analysis shall be conducted by a qualified and experienced acoustical consultant or engineer. The vibration levels shall not exceed the City’s architectural damage thresholds (e.g., 0.12 in/sec PPV for fragile or historical resources, 0.2 in/sec PPV for non-engineered timber and masonry buildings, and 0.3 in/sec PPV for engineered concrete and masonry). If vibration levels would exceed this threshold, alternative uses such as drilling piles as opposed to pile driving, static rollers as opposed to vibratory rollers, and lower horsepower earthmoving equipment shall be used. If necessary, construction vibration monitoring shall be conducted to ensure the FTA’s vibration thresholds are not exceeded.

Significance After Mitigation
Implementation of General Plan Policy N-4.1.1, and N-4.1.2 would reduce construction groundborne vibration impacts from development facilitated by the plan. Mitigation Measure NOI-2 provides more detail on how Goal N-4 and Policies N-4.1.1 and N-4.1.2 would be implemented to reduce construction groundborne vibration impacts in the project area by providing buffer screening distances for potential impacts and requiring a vibration analysis when vibration-intensive equipment are within those distances, which may include use of alternative equipment and/or vibration monitoring, as necessary. Together, implementation of this goal, policies, and Mitigation Measure NOI-2 would reduce this impact to a level of less than significant.

Threshold 3: For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip or an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels?
Impact NOI-3 BUILDOUT OF THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE COULD EXPOSE PEOPLE RESIDING OR WORKING IN THE PLAN AREA TO EXCESSIVE NOISE LEVELS FROM AIRPORT NOISE. IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES AND ACTIONS IN THE PLAN WOULD ENSURE THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

The nearest aircraft facility is the Santa Maria Airport, located in the southern portion of the city, shown in Figure 4.6-2. According to the most recent Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan (SMALUCP 2023) for Santa Barbara County, portions of the plan area are located within the airport noise contours for Santa Maria Airport. As noted in Section 4.6.1(d), the annual air show and military aircraft training use of the airport can expose the area to higher-than-typical noise. These events only occur during a small fraction of the year, and are therefore considered temporary. The plan does not anticipate changes to the frequency or other operational components of these temporary activities, and as such they are not considered potential airport noise impacts associated with the plan.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes the following policy and actions intended to minimize airport noise impacts:

Policy N-2.3: Airport noise mitigation. Require aviation easements and noise mitigation measures in new residential developments near the airport in the 60+ dB CNEL contour.

Action N-2.3.1: Encourage future Santa Maria Airport facility development or expansion to incorporate noise reduction measures to minimize stationary source noise impacts on surrounding areas where necessary.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Noise

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.6-35
Action N-2.3.2: Review and, as needed, revise land use designations to ensure consistency with the ALUCP noise contour maps.

Implementation of this policy and associated actions would ensure that noise from new developments facilitated by the plan are analyzed and mitigated to acceptable levels prior to approval of these projects. Therefore, the plan would not expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels, and this impact would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation is required because this impact would be less than significant.

4.6.4 Cumulative Impacts
A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Regional cumulative impacts consider the City-wide impacts together with similar impacts of reasonably anticipated regional projects/programs. The general approach to cumulative impact analysis used in this EIR, as well as the determination of the cumulative impact analysis area, is discussed in Section 3, Environmental Setting, Subsection 3.3, Cumulative Development.

A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Future development within the cumulative impact analysis area would increase noise and vibration levels and may result in a significant impact.

As discussed in Impact NOI-1, construction noise generated by future development facilitated by the plan, in combination with construction activities for other cumulative projects that may be constructed simultaneously could, without mitigation, substantially increase noise levels in the vicinity of future projects. Goals, policies and mitigation measures have been identified to help reduce noise from construction equipment from new development facilitated by the plan.

Therefore, unless construction of cumulative projects, including new development facilitated by the plan, occur in close proximity to each other and simultaneously, noise from individual construction projects has a small chance of combining to create significant cumulative impacts. Although this scenario is unlikely, and policies, actions, and mitigation measures would be implemented to the extent feasible, the potential remains for a cumulatively considerable increase in construction noise from future development facilitated by the plan. The plan could result in a substantial contribution to this cumulatively significant impact. Therefore, the cumulative impact related to construction noise would be significant and unavoidable.

Future development facilitated by the plan would introduce new stationary noise sources to the ambient noise environment in and around the plan area, including new mechanical ventilation equipment. These sources may combine with noise from other nearby cumulative projects to result in higher noise levels. However, operational noise from these sources is localized and rapidly attenuates within an urbanized setting due to the effects of intervening structures and topography that block the line of sight, and due to other noise sources closer to receptors that obscure project- related noise. Implementation of the Santa Maria Municipal Code noise standards would ensure that noise from new stationary sources as part of cumulative development would be within City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.6-36
acceptable levels. Therefore, the cumulative impact related to operational stationary noise would be less than significant.

Traffic noise increases from development facilitated by the plan would contribute to noise level increases that exceed impact criteria and would be cumulatively considerable. Implementation of policies and actions in the 2045 General Plan Update would reduce the contribution of the plan to roadway traffic noise impacts. However, there is no feasible mitigation that would ensure that all future development facilitated by the plan could feasibly reduce traffic noise to avoid impacts.

Therefore, in combination with traffic noise for other cumulative projects, the cumulative impact related to operational traffic noise would be significant and unavoidable.

Although there could be other cumulative projects simultaneously under construction near a development facilitated by the plan, the potential for construction groundborne vibration and noise impacts exists within a limited area (e.g., within approximately 25 feet for a vibratory roller). Since no two construction cumulative projects, including new development facilitated by the plan, would both be within 25 feet of a given sensitive structure, cumulative groundborne vibration and noise impacts would be less than significant.

Future development facilitated by the plan would expose people residing or working in the plan area to airport noise. Airport noise is localized to locations affected by airport operations and overflights (refer to Figure 4.6-2), and does not combine with noise from other nearby cumulative projects to result in higher airport noise levels. Implementation of Policy N-2.3 and Actions N-2.3.1 and N-2.3.2 would ensure that noise from new developments facilitated by the plan are analyzed and mitigated to acceptable levels prior to approval of these projects. Therefore, the cumulative impact related to operational stationary noise would be less than significant.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-1

4.7 Transportation and Traffic
This section evaluates the 2045 General Plan Update’s potential impact on the local and regional transportation system in Santa Maria, including potential impacts to vehicle miles traveled (VMT).

The regulatory setting in this section is based on the City’s General Plan Environmental Existing Conditions Report (City of Santa Maria 2020) and the current 2011 General Plan Circulation Element. The analysis in this section is based, in part, on the updated Circulation Element that is a component of the 2045 General Plan Update, on the basis that the updated Circulation Element will update setting information in the 2011 General Plan Circulation Element. The analysis in this section is also based, in part, on the City of Santa Maria travel demand model, evaluated by GHD in June 2025.

4.7.1 Setting
The City of Santa Maria is served by an extensive network of freeways, arterials, collectors, and local roads. The network provides a high level of north-south/east-west connectivity with adjacent counties (i.e., San Luis Obispo, Ventura, and Kern Counties) by way of United States Highway 101 (U.S. 101), State Route 135 (SR 135) and State Route 166 (SR 166) that traverse the city. SR 135 and SR 166 both junction State Route 1 (SR 1) to the west of the city. a. Roadway Network and Functional Classifications
Santa Maria is served by a system of streets and paths that enable connections in the city and to the regional transportation system. They are classified by their function with different characteristics and accommodations for modes of travel and access to adjacent land uses. The system supports multiple modes of travel and contains network elements that support vehicular, bicycle, pedestrian, and transit travel. In addition, roadways in Santa Maria provide routes for truck hailing and industrial uses hauling. The roadway classifications serve as the City’s policy guidance for the development of multi-modal streets and balance all network elements. Descriptions of roadway classifications and their characteristics in Santa Maria are described below. The location of existing roadways and their classifications are shown in Figure 4.7-1. b. State Highways
U.S. 101 and State highways, city streets and county roads carry a large amount of traffic throughout Santa Barbara County. Given that the State highway network forms the primary backbone of the Santa Barbara County network, the State highway system within Santa Barbara County is described in further detail below.

State Route 1
SR 1 serves as a major north-south corridor traversing along most of the Pacific coastline of California. The route begins in Dana Point (I-5 Junction) and ends in Leggett (Junction 101). SR 1 is the longest route in California at approximately 655 miles.

Within Santa Barbara County, SR 1 is functionally a Principal/Minor Arterial facility. The route begins at the Cañada De Las Cruces at Junction U.S. 101 traversing north through the City of Guadalupe into San Luis Obispo County. SR 1 traverses to the west of the city of Santa Maria. The route encompasses approximately 51 miles.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-2
SR 1 contains a combination of two to four lane conventional highway and two to four lane expressway sections. A two lane highway/expressway is one lane in each direction and a four lane highway/expressway is two lanes in each direction. This route serves as the major access arterial for surrounding communities i.e., Santa Maria, Guadalupe, Orcutt and Lompoc.

U.S. Highway 101
U.S. 101 serves as a major north-south coastal route extending from Los Angeles, California north through Oregon State ending in Tumwater, Washington. U.S. 101 is approximately 1,540 miles.

Within Santa Barbara County, U.S. 101 begins along the southern coast of Santa Barbara at the Santa Barbara/Ventura County line traversing north to the City of Santa Maria at the Santa Maria Way Interchange to SR 166 East Interchange. The route encompasses approximately 91 miles.

U.S. 101 contains a combination of four-six lane freeway/expressway lane sections. This route serves as the major access freeway/expressway for surrounding communities i.e., Carpinteria, Santa Barbara, Goleta, Solvang, Buellton, Orcutt, and Santa Maria.

State Route 135 (Broadway)
SR 135 serves as a western north-south bypass corridor of U.S. 101 in northern Santa Barbara County. The route begins in Los Alamos (Junction US 101) passing north through Santa Barbara County to the SR 1 junction. At the SR 1 junction SR 135 heads east through the Orcutt community and further north to the City of Santa Maria, where it is known as Broadway. Broadway continues north through the city to the U.S. 101 interchange.

Broadway is functionally a Minor Collector/Principal Arterial facility. Approximately the first 9.6 miles is a 2-lane conventional highway, the next 7.1 miles is a 4-lane freeway/expressway and the remainder of its length is a four and six-lane conventional highway. This route serves as the major access arterial for surrounding communities i.e., Santa Maria, Orcutt and Los Alamos, and encompasses approximately 21 miles.

State Route 166
SR 166 serves as an east-west corridor connecting the Central Coast to the southern San Joaquin Valley. The west end route begins at SR 1 in Guadalupe, traversing approximately 11 miles east and ending at the U.S. 101 interchange within the city. The portion of SR 166 within the City boundaries is referred to as Main Street and is designated as a two to four-lane Primary Arterial.

East of the U.S. 101, SR 166 begins just north of Santa Maria at Junction 101 (San Luis Obispo County) traversing eastward along the San Luis Obispo/Santa Barbara County line into Kern County ending at SR 99 Junction near Mettler. This portion of the route is approximately 100 miles. SR 166 contains a combination of two-lane Principal and Minor Arterial to four-six lane Principal Arterial Conventional Highway.

Betteravia Road
Betteravia Road from U.S. 101 to Broadway (SR 135) is on the National Highway System. Even though this segment of Betteravia Road is still under the city’s jurisdiction, the National Highway System designation helps to prioritize available federal funding for this segment of Betteravia Road.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-3
c. Arterials, Collectors, and Local Roadways
The City of Santa Maria’s circulation system is composed of a wide range of transportation facilities that serve two basic functions, mobility and land access. Arterials serve major activity centers, as well as neighboring areas, and the highest traffic volume corridors to provide a network of continuous routes and facilitate both local and inter-regional travel. Collectors provide local access to the overall roadway network, channeling traffic from local roadways into the arterial network.

Local roads provide direct access to neighboring land and primarily facilitate local travel.

Table 4.7-1 identifies the roadway classification facility types in the current Circulation Element.

Table 4.7-1 Current Circulation Element Roadway Classification Facility Type Emphasis (Mobility versus Land Access)
Freeway Reserved for limited access, uncontrolled, grade separated facilities, this classification includes US 101. The Freeway provides a high degree of mobility with no direct land access.

Primary
Arterial
Provide mobility with intermittent access to Secondary Arterials with minimal direct land access.

Secondary
Arterial
Provide mobility via access to Collector Roads and some Local Streets and accommodate access to major traffic generating land uses.

Collector Road Connect Local Streets with Secondary Arterials and, occasionally, Primary Arterials, and also provide access to major land uses.

Local Streets Provide access to adjacent land uses as well as access to Collector Roads.

Minor Streets Provide access to adjacent land uses as well as to Local Streets and, occasionally, Collector Roads. Minor Streets occur only within and serve only residentially-zoned properties.

Roundabouts Circular intersections that feature, among other important geometric components, a central island, a circulatory roadway, and splitter islands on each approach. Key to the proper implementation of these facilities is the understanding that roundabouts rely upon two basic and important principles: 1) Speed reduction through the facility, achieved through geometric design, which assures optimal operational benefits and safety enhancement; and, 2) The yield-at-entry rule, which requires traffic entering the intersection to yield to traffic that is traveling in the circulatory roadway when conflicts occur between them.

Source: Santa Maria General Plan Circulation Element, 2011 A map of major roadways by functional classification from the current Circulation Element is provided in Figure 4.7-1.
d. Pedestrian and Bicycle Network
Active Transportation Plan
The 2020 Santa Maria Active Transportation Plan was adopted by the City Council in January 2021.

The Active Transportation Plan is a planning effort led by the City of Santa Maria to facilitate the design and implementation of a connected bicycle and pedestrian network to provide safe, affordable, and accessible transportation alternatives to the community.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-4
Figure 4.7-1 Current Circulation Element Roadway Functional Classification

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-5
Existing and Planned Bikeways
In the current Circulation Element, existing and planned bicycle facilities are categorized based on the four classifications recognized by Caltrans, along with three subclassifications. These include:
 Class I Shared Use Paths. Class I shared use paths are completely separated rights-of-way designated for the exclusive use of bicycles and pedestrians, with crossflows by motorists minimized. Caltrans standards require a minimum width of eight feet for a one-way Class I bike path.
 Class II Bicycle Lanes. Class II bicycle lanes provide a striped or buffered right-of-way designated for the exclusive or semi-exclusive use of bicycles with through-travel by motor vehicles or pedestrians prohibited, but with vehicle parking and crossflows by pedestrians and motorists.

Caltrans standards generally require a minimum width of four feet for a Class II bicycle lane.  Class III Bicycle Routes. Class III bicycle routes are signed routes for bicyclists on low-speed, low- volume streets where lanes are shared with drivers. Caltrans standards for Class III bicycle routes are incorporated into roadway width requirements.  Class IV Separated Bikeways. Class IV separated bikeways are on-street bicycle facilities with a physical barrier between the bicycle space and motor vehicle lanes, including bollards, curbs, or parking. Caltrans standards require a minimum width of five feet for a one-way Class IV separated bikeway.

Bicycle-Transit Connections
The transit services of Santa Maria Regional Transit, The Breeze Bus, Clean Air Express, Guadalupe Flyer, and RTA-Route 10 all have buses that are equipped with bike racks capable of accommodating bicycles. This service enables riders to access destinations that are difficult to reach solely by bicycle, while it also expands the potential service area range of bus stops. Bicycle parking is not provided at most stops along these transit services, with the exception of the Santa Maria Transit Center. There are no reported bike lockers available for public use along the stops or at the Santa Maria Transit Center, but there are six reported bike lockers located at the Santa Maria Public Library.

Pedestrian Network
The Santa Maria Active Transportation Plan states that most trips begin and end as walking trips even when a car, bicycle, bus, or train is involved. Like the City of Santa Maria’s existing bikeway network, the city’s pedestrian conditions vary widely. Some locations have a comprehensive sidewalk network with crossings and signage, while infrastructure is limited in other locations. e. Transit
This section describes the existing transit services in Santa Maria and regional services provided in Santa Barbara County and southern San Luis Obispo County. In addition, the City is currently updating its Short Range Transit Plan. This document focuses on service recommendations in four categories: performance improvement, service enhancement, policy, and innovation/technology.

The five transit service providers currently available to the residents of Santa Maria include:
 Santa Maria Regional Transit (SMRT). The City of Santa Maria operates SMRT’s local fixed route, regional bus service, and on-demand Microtransit and ADA paratransit bus services.

SMRT ridership demographics reflect a broad cross-section of the service area, including seniors, persons with disabilities, K-12 students, college students, working professionals, tourists and City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-6
riders who choose to use transit instead of driving. Transit ridership is rapidly growing and is expected to continue to grow over the years to come. The routes currently provide public transportation to local employment centers including schools, health care facilities, and major attractors (shopping centers, educational government facilities, medical and other uses). These trips are matched with services that extend to neighborhoods within the city (City of Santa Maria 2025).
 The Breeze Bus. The Breeze Bus is a commuter service between Santa Maria, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, Los Alamos, Buellton, and Solvang that operates Monday through Friday.

This objective of this transit service is to accommodate working commuters with three trips daily.
 The Guadalupe Flyer. The Guadalupe Flyer is a single route, connecting destinations around Guadalupe with the Town Center Mall and Transit Center in Santa Maria, traveling approximately 12 miles from Guadalupe on SR 166.
 Clean Air Express. The Clean Air Express commuter bus service is a weekday commuter bus program serving residents of Lompoc, Santa Maria, Buellton, Solvang, and adjacent unincorporated areas commuting to their jobs in Goleta and Santa Barbara. The Clean Air Express is managed by SBCAG.
 SMOOTH. SMOOTH maintains and operates various contracts with local groups in Santa Barbara County to provide transportation assistance with emphasis for passengers requiring medical, physical, and social assistance. SMOOTH provides Senior Dial-A-Ride services in Santa Maria.  San Luis Obispo Regional Transit Authority. San Luis Obispo Regional Transit Authority (SLORTA) offers local and regional bus service to the South County portion of San Luis Obispo County and northern Santa Barbara County, including Santa Maria. Specifically, SLORTA links the Five Cities area (Arroyo Grande, Grover Beach, Oceano, Pismo Beach and Shell Beach), as well as Nipomo and Avila Beach.

4.7.2 Regulatory Setting
a. Federal Regulations
United States Department of Transportation
The United States Department of Transportation provides a number of grant programs, primarily for the construction and upgrading of major highways and transit facilities. Many of these grants are administered by the State and regional governments. Use of federal grant funding also invokes the National Environmental Protection Act in some cases.
b. State Regulations
Caltrans Authority over the State Highway System
Caltrans is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of all interstate freeways and state routes. It builds, maintains, and operates the State Highway System in California with a goal to facilitate the safe and efficient use of the state transportation system for all users.

Standards established in Caltrans’ 2020 Transportation Impact Study Guide focus on the VMT metric. The 2020 Transportation Impact Study Guide acts as a replacement for the 2002 Guide for the Preparation of Traffic Impact Studies but is only intended to be used with local land use projects and plans, not to be used for transportation projects on the State Highway System.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-7
AB 32 and SB 375
With the passage of the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32), the State committed itself to reducing statewide GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. To meet the emission reduction goals of AB 32, the California’s Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act, or SB 375, was enacted to direct the State’s metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) to develop a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) that demonstrates how the region will meet its emission reduction targets. The MPO for the Santa Barbara County region, including Santa Maria, is the Santa Barbara County Association of Governments (SBCAG).

As a companion document to the Regional Transportation Plan (RTP), the SCS must include action items and financing decisions to achieve the GHG reduction target established by CARB. If the SCS does not meet the regional target, the MPO must produce an Alternative Planning Strategy that details an alternative plan to meet the target. SB 375 requires a greater level of land use planning coordination between local agencies (i.e., City of Santa Maria, Santa Barbara County) and MPOs (i.e., SBCAG) to meet the GHG targets established for Santa Barbara County.

SB 743
SB 743, signed into law in 2013, directed OPR to develop revisions to the CEQA Guidelines by July 1, 2014 to establish new criteria for determining the significance of transportation impacts and define alternative metrics instead of traffic level of service. SB 743 requires the new criteria to “promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the development of multimodal transportation networks, and a diversity of land uses.” It also states that alternative measures of transportation impacts may include “vehicle miles traveled, vehicle miles traveled per capita, automobile trip generation rates, or automobile trips generated.” SB 743 changes the way that public agencies evaluate the transportation impacts of projects under CEQA by recognizing that roadway congestion, while an inconvenience to drivers, is not itself an environmental impact (Public Resource Code [PRC] Section 21099, subdivision [b][2]). c. Local Regulations
Santa Barbara County Association of Governments Connected 2050 Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy SBCAG is required by State and federal law to prepare, update, and adopt a RTP every four years.

The most recent update to the RTP was completed by SBCAG in 2021 (Connected 2050 RTP/SCS) and sets forth the long-range transportation planning goal describing how the region will meet its transportation needs for the 30-year period from 2020 to 2050. The Connected 2050 RTP/SCS provides a collective vision for the region's future that balances transportation and housing needs with social, economic, and environmental goals. The Connected 2050 RTP/SCS helps guide future
planning efforts and policy decisions that affect transportation, including its relationship with housing and land use, with the goal to reduce regional greenhouse gas emissions. The Connected 2050 RTP/SCS is based, in part, on SBCAG’s Regional Growth Forecast which projects population and employment data to 2050. SBCAG designates Regional Housing Needs Allocation to jurisdictions based on the Regional Growth Forecast.

The Connected 2050 RTP/SCS includes five goal areas – Environment, Mobility & System Reliability, Equity, Health & Safety, and Prosperous Economy – with respective policies to meet each goal areas, which are expected to result in significant benefits to the region, not only with respect to transportation and mobility, but also economic activity, safety, and social equity (SBCAG 2025).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-8
Santa Maria Active Transportation Plan
The Santa Maria Active Transportation Plan was adopted by the City Council in January 2021. The Active Transportation Plan updates the 2009 Bikeway Master Plan and serves as a guidance document intended to support the provision of a connected bicycle and pedestrian network to provide safe, affordable, and accessible transportation choices in Santa Maria. Consistent with the 2017 Regional Transportation Planning Guidelines, this Active Transportation Plan emphasizes the need for both active transportation infrastructure planning and non-infrastructure program strategies to help meet the City’s goals for transportation mobility and accessibility. Active transportation improvements contribute to parallel state and federal goals related to air quality compliance and climate change initiatives, including compliance with the California Complete Streets Act (AB 1358) and the Americans with Disabilities Act, as well as environmental justice and social equity initiatives to provide healthier mobility choices to disadvantaged communities.

Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan
Adopted in January of 2023, the Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan for the Santa Maria Airport is provided by SBCAG’s Airport Land Use Commission. The Airport Land Use Commission reviews land use plans and development proposals within Airport Influence Areas. Specifically, the Plan seeks to protect the public from the adverse effects of aircraft noise, to ensure that people and facilities are not concentrated in areas susceptible to aircraft accidents, and to ensure that no structures or activities encroach upon or adversely affect the use of navigable airspace. These plans also provide land use compatibility policies and criteria applicable to local jurisdictions in their preparation or amendments of General Plans.

Santa Maria Regional (formerly Area) Transit Short Range Transit Plan Update In 2018, the City of Santa Maria hired a consultant to update to its Short Range Transit Plan. This plan is the guiding document for the City’s public transit program. Before this update, the most recent full update was completed in 2008, with a subsequent update in 2015 that focused on Santa Maria Regional Transit’s (SMRT’s) evening service and fare policy. In 2021 the City prepared an Addendum to the Short Range Transit Plan incorporating post-COVID route and schedule revisions.

The current Short Range Transit Plan includes a series of service recommendations in four categories: performance improvement, service enhancement, policy, and innovation/technology.

Santa Maria Downtown Multimodal Streetscape Plan
The Downtown Multimodal Streetscape Plan was adopted in January 2019 to guide the transformation of Santa Maria’s Downtown streets into vibrant, multimodal corridors. Funded through a Caltrans Sustainable Communities Grant, the plan builds on the City’s Downtown Specific Plan and Caltrans’ Main Street, California program to promote Complete Streets principles. The plan provides conceptual design guidance for Broadway and Main Street, aiming to improve safety, walkability, and livability while accommodating all users—pedestrians, bicyclists, transit riders, and vehicles. Key goals include reducing lane widths, adding bike facilities, widening sidewalks, and enhancing intersections with traffic calming and landscaping. The plan emphasizes community engagement and reflects input from extensive public outreach, prioritizing beautification, connectivity, and economic revitalization. While the plan does not constitute final design approval, it establishes a framework for future engineering and implementation phases in partnership with Caltrans and identifies potential funding strategies for phased improvements.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-9

4.7.3 Impact Analysis
a. Methodology and Significance Thresholds
Methodology
VMT measures the amount of travel for all vehicles in a geographic region over a given period of time, typically a one-year period. VMT is calculated by adding up all the miles driven by all the cars and trucks on all the roadways in a region.

The analysis in this section is based, in part, on the City of Santa Maria travel demand model, which maintains a local traffic model for future traffic conditions for all major roadways in the city and along the Santa Maria Valley. The model consists of a base-year scenario (existing/baseline conditions) using the most recent data available, and a 2045 future year scenario (future conditions). The City of Santa Maria travel demand model is a trip-based model and identifies the following estimates:
 Residential VMT per household was estimated based on the VMT attributable to home-based trip productions, to and from residences in Santa Maria and the annexation area.  VMT per employee was estimated based on the VMT associated with home-based work trips, to and from places of employment in Santa Maria and the annexation area.

Significance Thresholds
CEQA Guidelines Appendix G provides the following significance thresholds to determine if a project would have a potentially significant impact on transportation. For the purposes of this EIR, implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update may have a significant adverse impact if it would:

Conflict with a program, plan, ordinance or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle and pedestrian facilities;
Conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines section 15064.3, subdivision (b); Substantially increase hazards due to a geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible use (e.g., farm equipment); or Result in inadequate emergency access.

The methodology for assessing impacts under thresholds 1, 3 and 4 is qualitative in nature and considers the existing regulations in place that would minimize potential impacts related to transit, roadway, bicycle and pedestrian facilities; geometric design features; and emergency access.

The analysis of whether the project would conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3(b) describes specific considerations for analyzing transportation impacts pursuant to SB 375. CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3(b) states that VMT is “generally” the most appropriate measure of transportation impacts. No particular methodology or metric is mandated by Section 15064.3(b). Instead, the choice of methodology and metric is left to the discretion of the lead agency, bearing in mind the criteria the legislature had in mind for determining the significance of transportation impacts in SB 743. These were expressed in PRC Section 21099(b)(1), which states:
“[t]hose criteria shall promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the development of multimodal transportation networks, and a diversity of land uses.” The assessment of VMT impacts for this EIR was determined by utilizing the City of Santa Maria travel demand model to forecast the typical daily weekday rates of VMT per household attributable City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-10
to the residential population of Santa Maria, and VMT per employee attributable to jobs in Santa Maria.

SB 375 requires CARB to develop and set regional targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions from passenger vehicles. These targets are based on detailed calculations of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions needed from various sectors of the economy in order to achieve the State’s overall greenhouse gas reduction goals. In accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.7(c), Thresholds of Significance, the City of Santa Maria has elected to adopt the VMT reduction target set by CARB for the SBCAG region as the threshold of significance for VMT impact determination. Using this threshold, VMT impacts would be considered potentially significant if the forecasted rate of residential VMT per household or VMT per employee for the project were to exceed 83 percent of the existing rate of VMT in each category (i.e., at least a 17% reduction in per- unit VMT would be required for an impact to be considered less than significant).

Table 4.7-2 summarizes the existing weekday daily rates of VMT and corresponding significance thresholds. The existing daily rate of residential VMT per household is estimated to be 52.2 miles and the existing daily rate of VMT per employee is estimated to be 11.1 miles per employee. VMT impacts resulting from the plan would therefore be considered significant if the forecasted year 2045 rate of residential VMT per capita under the proposed General Plan were to exceed 43.3 miles, or if the forecasted year 2045 rate of VMT per employee were to exceed 9.2 miles.

Table 4.7-2 VMT Impact Thresholds
Scenario
Residential VMT
per Household
VMT per
Employee
Existing Condition 52.2 11.1
Significant Impact Threshold (83 percent of Existing rate) 43.3 9.2 Source: Santa Maria Travel Demand Model, GHD, June 2025 b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Threshold: Would the project conflict with a program, plan, ordinance or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle and pedestrian facilities? Impact TRA-1 THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD NOT CONFLICT WITH THE CONNECTED 2050

RTP/SCS, THE SANT MARIA ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION PLAN, OR ANY OTHER APPLICABLE PROGRAM, PLAN, ORDINANCE, OR POLICY RELEVANT TO THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

The 2045 General Plan Update would result in additional residential and commercial density, which would increase multimodal trips (vehicle, bicycle, pedestrian, and transit) onto the circulation network. This increase in multiple modes of travel would be in conformance with the goals and policies contained in the following plans affecting the City’s circulation network:
 SBCAG Connected 2050 RTP/SCS
 Local Roadway Safety Plan
 Active Transportation Plan
A brief discussion of the 2045 General Plan’s consistency with SBCAG’s Connected 2050 RTP/SCS, the City’s Local Roadway Safety Plan, and the City’s Active Transportation Plan is provided below.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-11
Connected 2050 RTP/SCS
The 2045 General Plan Update includes policies in the Circulation Element that facilitate development to promote regional transportation goals included in the Connected 2050 RTP/SCS to balance transportation and housing needs with social, economic, and environmental goals. These policies include:

Policy CIR-1.1: Complete Street planning and design. Ensure that complete streets infrastructure improves transportation choices for pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and public transportation riders and that users of all ages and abilities. are considered and included in the planning, design, approval, construction, and operation of new streets, and the alteration and maintenance phases of existing streets.

Policy CIR-1.2: Complete Streets construction. Construct City streets and require new private streets to be constructed and maintained to the extent feasible in accordance with the Street Network, Bikeway Network, and Pedestrian Priority Improvement Network diagrams, the Active Transportation Plan, and standards established by the City Engineer that should be consistent with accepted standards such as the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) street design guidelines.

Policy CIR-1.3: Complete Streets in new development. Condition approvals of new development with street improvements and access provisions, to the extent feasible, that would be necessary to maintain multimodal operating standards and require complete street amenities consistent with the General Plan and accepted standards for new public and private streets.

Action CIR-1.3.1: Update the Santa Maria Municipal Code to establish active transportation infrastructure standards for new development, such as minimum requirements for bicycle storage/lockers and requiring integration with existing nearby bicycle, pedestrian, and transit infrastructure.

Policy CIR-2.2: Transportation planning. Update and implement transportation plans to be consistent with the General Plan.

Action CIR-2.2.1: Continue to participate in circulation and transportation planning with Santa Barbara County, Santa Barbara County Association of Governments (SBCAG), and the State of California.

Action CIR-2.2.2: Seek inclusion in federal, state, and regional transportation improvement plans that support local capital improvements. These include the Federal Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP), the State Transportation Improvement Plan (STIP), the Santa Barbara County Regional Transportation Improvement Program (RTIP), and the County Regional Transportation Program (RTP).

Policy CIR-6.1: Public transit service and financial stability. Maintain and enhance convenient, safe, and reliable transit services..

Action CIR-6.1.1: Maintain the current level of bus services and expand such services as required when demand levels increase, covering new developments and underserved areas.

This may include implementing flexible transit service (also known as microtransit) for off- peak hours, or providing night and weekend services where feasible.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-12
Action CIR-6.1.3: Ensure transit services are affordable and accessible for people of every age, ability, or income. Serve disadvantaged communities, transit-dependent individuals, and major employment centers, ensuring that all stops and stations are ADA compliant.

Action CIR-6.1.5: Collaborate with regional transit agencies on coordinated scheduling to ensure seamless transfers, facilitating inter-city travel and access to regional employment centers and attractions.

Action CIR-6.1.6: Identify and secure stable funding sources for transit operations, maintenance, and capital projects. Explore federal, state, regional, and local funding opportunities, including potential value capture mechanisms from Transit-Oriented Development.

Policy CIR-6.4: Transit-supportive land use and urban design. Promote Transit Oriented Development (TOD) by encouraging and incentivizing mixed-use, compact developments around existing and planned transit stops and corridors.

Action CIR-6.4.1: Adopt accessible citywide street design standards that support transit operations and active transportation. Plan new developments with direct pedestrian and bike connections to transit stops and ensure building frontages are accessible to transit users.

Action CIR-6.4.2: Integrate transit planning and City planning efforts, including land use, housing, economic development, and environmental plans for a holistic approach to development. Require new development and redevelopment sites to provide transit stops consistent with Santa Maria Regional Transit Standards and documents.

Action CIR-6.4.3: Action CIR-6.4.3: Adopt comprehensive transit design guidelines that provide clear direction for planners and developers on designing new developments and redevelopments that integrate transit. These guidelines should:
 Prioritize pedestrian and bicycle connections to transit stops, for safe, direct, and comfortable routes.
 Promote building orientation and entrances that face the street and transit stops, rather than being set back behind parking.
 Incentivize mixed-use development that places residential, commercial, and civic uses within easy walking distance of transit.
 Incorporate streetscape elements that enhance the pedestrian experience and encourage transit use, such as wide sidewalks, street trees, inviting public spaces, and appropriate lighting.
 Provide guidance on integrating transit stops directly into development sites for maximum convenience and visibility.
 Encourage human-scaled architecture and design that contributes to a vibrant and active public realm around transit facilities.

Policy CIR-7.1: Reduce VMT. Reduce VMT in accordance with the reduction target set by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) for the Santa Barbara County Association of Governments (SBCAG) region below regional averages on a “per resident” and “per employee” basis. and disperse peak hour traffic to better utilize the existing and planned transportation infrastructure.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-13
Action CIR-7.1.1: Maintain VMT thresholds consistent with State guidelines for use in evaluating potential traffic impacts from projects subject to CEQA.

Policy CIR-7.2: Prioritize land use development patterns that reduce VMT. In existing and future planned areas of the city, prioritize infill and mixed-use development and encourage new development in close proximity to existing employment, housing, schools, commercial centers, and other services and amenities.

With implementation of the policies included in the Circulation Element, the plan would encourage alternative travel, equitable access, and a reduction in vehicle trips, consistent with the regional transportation goals of the Connected 2050 RTP/SCS.

Santa Maria Active Transportation Plan
The Active Transportation Plan serves as a guidance document intended to support the provision of a connected bicycle and pedestrian network to provide safe, affordable, and accessible transportation choices in Santa Maria. The following 2045 General Plan Circulation Element policies would support active transportation projects identified in the Active Transportation Plan:

Policy CIR-1.4: Bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Consistent with the Bikeway Network and Pedestrian Priority Improvement Network diagrams, develop bicycle and pedestrian facilities to meet the transportation and recreational needs of the residents throughout the city, and where possible, provide separate bikeway access to major destinations (e.g., schools, parks, and commercial and employment centers) to ensure safety.

Action CIR-1.4.1: Implement the bicycle and pedestrian projects identified in the Pedestrian Priority Improvement Network diagram and the Santa Maria Active Transportation Plan.

Action CIR-1.4.2: Pursue all applicable revenue sources for the implementation of bicycle and pedestrian facilities.

Policy CIR-1.5: Bicycle and pedestrian facilities in new development. Require pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly facilities consistent with the Bikeway Network and Pedestrian Priority Improvement Network diagrams and the Active Transportation Plan when reviewing and approving private development applications, General Plan or zoning changes, and specific plans.

Policy CIR-1.6: Multimodal street standards. Maintain and update street standards that serve not just automobile operations, but also multimodal movement and adjacent land uses, including pedestrians, motorists, bicyclists, and transit riders of all ages and abilities, in a form that is compatible with and complementary to adjacent land uses, and promotes connectivity between uses and areas.

Policy CIR-5.1: Vision Zero. Advance efforts to eliminate traffic fatalities and serious injuries attributable to collisions on City streets by developing and implementing a “Vision Zero” strategy to reduce traffic fatalities and serious injuries to zero while increasing safe, healthy, and equitable mobility for all.

Action CIR-5.1.1: Monitor collision data and implement countermeasures to address identified collision patterns.

Action CIR-5.1.2: Implement safety improvements, including improvements consistent with those recommended by the Santa Maria Local Roadway Safety Plan (LRSP).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-14
Policy CIR-5.2: Safe Routes to School. Promote pedestrian safety and connectivity between homes and schools by implementing infrastructure improvements (e.g., sidewalks, crosswalks, traffic calming measures, and bike lanes) to ensure safe, accessible pathways for students.

Policy CIR-6.3: Integrated multimodal infrastructure. Develop a multimodal transit system that works for walking, biking, and shared mobility.

The 2045 General Plan Update would ensure adequate bicycle and pedestrian facilities are provided to promote safe multimodal circulation, and plan policies would be further supported by active transportation projects in the Active Transportation Plan. Therefore, the 2045 General Plan Update would not conflict with the Active Transportation Plan.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation is required because this impact would be less than significant.

Threshold: Would the project conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines section 15064.3, subdivision (b)?
Impact TRA-2 THE FUTURE (2045) CITYWIDE RATES OF VMT WITH THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD NOT MEET THE 17% VMT REDUCTION TARGET REQUIRED TO BE CONSISTENT WITH CEQA GUIDELINES 15064.3(B). THERE ARE NO FEASIBLE GENERAL PLAN POLICIES OR MITIGATION MEASURES THAT COULD REDUCE CITYWIDE RATES OF VMT BELOW THE VMT REDUCTION TARGET. AS A RESULT, THIS WOULD BE A SIGNIFICANT AND UNAVOIDABLE IMPACT.

As described in Section 4.7.3(a), Methodology and Significance Thresholds, VMT impacts from the 2045 General Plan Update were analyzed using the City of Santa Maria travel demand model. VMT impacts would be considered significant if the forecasted rate of residential VMT per household of the project exceeded 43.3 miles or the VMT rate per employee for the project exceeded 9.2 miles.

As shown in Table 4.7-3, the model-forecasted rates of residential VMT per household and VMT per employee for Future (Year 2045) conditions both exceed the significance threshold. Therefore, transportation impacts associated with VMT would be significant.

Table 4.7-3 Per Household and Per Employee Vehicle Miles Traveled Scenario VMT per Household VMT per Employee
Existing/Baseline Conditions 52.2 11.1
Future (2045) Conditions 47.6 9.8
Significance Threshold 43.3 9.2
Impact Finding Significant Significant
Source: Santa Maria Travel Demand Model, GHD, June 2025 Although the overall average per-unit VMT in the horizon year does not meet the 17% VMT reduction target, it should be noted that the overall average per-unit VMT figure includes a mix of existing and future residential and non-residential developments. Table 4.7-4 shows the per-unit VMT of future development only as a separate calculation (i.e., what could be approved and built going forward under the 2045 General Plan Update.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-15
Table 4.7-4 Vehicle Miles Traveled, Reduction from Existing Scenario VMT per Household VMT per Employee
Existing/Baseline Conditions 52.2 11.1
Future (2045) Conditions 47.6 9.8
Reduction from Existing
Future Development Only
-8.8%

39.5 -11.7%

7.4 Reduction from Existing -24.2% -32.8%
Source: Santa Maria Travel Demand Model, GHD, June 2025 As shown in Table 4.7-4, evaluating future development alone (excluding existing development from the calculation) would meet CARB’s VMT reduction target.

The 2045 General Plan Update includes policies in the Circulation Element that would shorten trips and increase the use of multi-modal transportation and thereby reduce per-unit VMT. These include:

Action CIR-7.1.1: Maintain VMT thresholds consistent with State guidelines for use in evaluating potential traffic impacts from projects subject to CEQA.

Policy CIR-7.2: Prioritize land use development patterns that reduce VMT. Prioritize infill and mixed-use development and encourage new development near existing employment, housing, schools, commercial centers, and other services and amenities.

Policy LU-4.3: Mixed-use development. Support vertical and horizontal mixed-use development, integrating residential uses along Broadway and Main Street to promote a pedestrian-focused environment in the core of the city and reduce vehicle trips.

Potential future VMT impacts from individual developments in Santa Maria would be evaluated based on local VMT thresholds established by the City. While the potential impacts of individual developments in Santa Maria are speculative, and in spite of the fact that future development alone (excluding existing development from the calculation) would meet CARB’s VMT reduction target, the combined Future (2045) conditions forecast for the 2045 General Plan Update does not meet the 17% VMT reduction target, and would be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3(b), which is a potentially significant impact.

Mitigation Measures
The 2045 General Plan Update includes policies which would reduce VMT to the extent feasible.

However, given the legacy development pattern embodied in existing development in the city, there is no set of General Plan policies or mitigation measures that could feasibly reduce per-unit VMT below the threshold.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-16
Significance After Mitigation
Because there is no set of General Plan policies or mitigation measures that could feasibly reduce per-unit VMT below the threshold beyond what has already been included, this impact would remain significant and unavoidable.

Threshold 3: Would the project substantially increase hazards due to a geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible use (e.g., farm equipment)?
Threshold 4: Would the project result in inadequate emergency access? Impact TRA-3 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD COMPLY WITH

STATE, SANTA MARIA FIRE DEPARTMENT, AND CITY REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION DESIGN SAFETY AND EMERGENCY ACCESS. WITH ADHERENCE TO THESE REQUIREMENTS, THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN

UPDATE WOULD NOT SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE HAZARDS DUE TO A GEOMETRIC DESIGN FEATURE OR RESULT IN INADEQUATE EMERGENCY ACCESS, AND THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

The Santa Maria Municipal Code includes a set of standard construction details, which include, but are not limited to, general specifications, drainage details, curb, driveway, sidewalk and access ramp details, typical street section, water system details and sanitary sewer system details. As individual developments are proposed, project applicants would be required to follow appropriate design guidelines in implementing roadway improvements that are necessary to alleviate transportation hazards. Therefore, implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update would not substantially increase hazards due to a geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment).

Construction activities associated with new development facilitated by the plan could temporarily impair emergency access points used for emergency access vehicles. However, any construction on State highway systems (i.e., U.S. 101, SR 135, and SR 166) would be required to create a temporary traffic control plan that adheres to the standards set forth in the most recent version of the California Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (Caltrans 2014, revised 2025). Construction within a public easement or right-of-way would be required to obtain an encroachment permit from the City’s Public Works Department. Accordingly, construction activities would not result in substantial impairment of emergency access in Santa Maria.

Operation of development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update could result in alterations to existing transportation infrastructure, including, but not limited to, sidewalks and driveways. Future development would be required to adhere to applicable state and City of Santa Maria Fire Department design standards for emergency vehicle access, such as California Code of Regulations
Title 19, Article 3, Section 3.05 which requires access roads from every building to a public street to be all-weather hard-surfaced right-of-way not less than 20 feet in width.

In addition to existing State and local requirements, the 2045 General Plan Update proposes policies that would ensure transportation safety and maintain adequate emergency access. These policies include the following:

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-17
Action CIR-1.3.1: Update the Santa Maria Municipal Code to establish active transportation infrastructure standards for new development, such as minimum requirements for bicycle storage/lockers and requiring integration with existing nearby bicycle, pedestrian, and transit infrastructure.

Policy CIR-1.4: Bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Consistent with the Bikeway Network and Pedestrian Priority improvement Network diagrams, develop bicycle and pedestrian facili to meet the transportation and recreational needs of the residents throughout the city, and where possible, provide separate bikeway access to major destinations (e.g., schools, parks, and commercial and employment centers) to ensure safety.

Action CIR-1.4.1: Implement the bicycle and pedestrian projects identified in the Pedestrian Priority Improvement Network diagram and the Active Transportation Plan.

Action CIR-1.4.2: Pursue all applicable revenue sources for the implementation of bicycle and pedestrian facilities.

Policy CIR-1.9: Transportation studies. For all new larger developments or substantial improvements to existing development, require a transportation study to evaluate the potential effects on the transportation system associated with the proposed project prior to approval, including ensuring that the proposed project provides transportation amenities consistent with the General Plan. The requirement of transportation studies for new developments is at the discretion of City staff and determined on a case-by-case basis.

Policy CIR-1.10: Acceptable Traffic Levels of Service. Multimodal operating standards.

Maintain an acceptable peak hour level of service (LOS) of D or better, as determined using the most current edition of based on the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) or other methodology formally adopted by the City Engineer, on all at arterial and collector roadways and at all signalized street intersections, except where achieving the LOS standard would result in unacceptable conditions for bicyclists, pedestrians, or transit users. Deficiency plans shall be required for developments that cause intersections to cross the LOS threshold. Provide low- stress travel conditions for bicyclists that achieve Bicycle Level of Traffic Stress (LTS) 2 or better on arterial and collector streets.

Traffic Impact Analyses: Traffic impact analyses (TIAs) shall be prepared using HCM-based methodologies or other methodology formally adopted by the City Engineer, consistent with the City’s adopted traffic study guidelines.

Methodology: Where multiple methodologies are available to determine LOS, the City Engineer shall determine the appropriate analysis method based on facility type, context, and study purpose, including, as applicable:
 Control delay (seconds per vehicle) for signalized and unsignalized intersections; and  HCM-defined performance measures for roadway segments, roundabouts, and other facilities.

Long-Range Planning Flexibility: For long-range planning horizons, area-wide planning efforts, or cumulative growth scenarios, LOS D need not be strictly maintained where the City determines that:
 Temporary or localized degradation of LOS is unavoidable; and City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-18
 Overriding transportation, land use, environmental, or community benefits justify the impact, supported by appropriate findings. Such determinations shall be made using HCM- based analysis or other methodology formally adopted by the City Engineer and documented in the applicable planning or environmental review documents.

Downtown/Specific Plan Areas: Within designated specific plan areas or activity centers, including the Downtown Specific Plan area, projects that exceed City-established vehicle trip thresholds shall prepare a traffic impact analysis using HCM methodology or other methodology formally adopted by the City Engineer in accordance with City standards.

Where the City determines that strict application of LOS D would conflict with adopted plan objectives, the City may approve alternative or equivalent transportation mitigation measures, including but not limited to multimodal improvements, transportation demand management strategies, or deficiency plans prepared consistent with State law.

Conditions of Development Approvals: Development approvals shall include conditions necessary to maintain or achieve LOS D unless alternative mitigation is approved pursuant to City policy.

Action CIR-1.10.1: Periodically review roadway and intersection performance using HCM metrics or other methodology formally adopted by the City Engineer and prioritize capital improvements to address identified deficiencies.

Policy CIR-1.11: Bicycle Level of Traffic Stress. Provide low-stress travel conditions for bicyclists that achieve Bicycle Level of Traffic Stress (LTS) 2 or better on arterial and collector streets (see the Bicycle Level of Traffic Stress standard above).

Policy CIR-2.1: Preservation of right-of-way. Require appropriate right-of-way dedications or public access easements of all new developments to facilitate the construction of transportation facilities shown in the Street Network, Bikeway Network, and Pedestrian Improvement Network diagrams as well as the bicycle and pedestrian projects recommended by the Active Transportation Plan, including protection of right-of-way for future streets and trails.

Policy CIR-5.2: Safe Routes to School. Promote pedestrian safety and connectivity between homes and schools by implementing infrastructure improvements (e.g., sidewalks, crosswalks, traffic calming measures, and bike lanes) to ensure safe, accessible pathways for students.

In addition, future development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would be reviewed by City staff to ensure consistency with all applicable City and State design standards, including standards for project access points, location, and design, sight lines, roadway modifications, provisions for bicycle, pedestrian, and transit connections, and emergency access. As a result, these impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measures
No mitigation is required because this impact would be less than significant.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Transportation and Traffic

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.7-19

4.7.4 Cumulative Impacts
A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Regional cumulative impacts consider the City-wide impacts together with similar impacts of reasonably anticipated regional projects/programs. The general approach to cumulative impact analysis used in this EIR, as well as the determination of the cumulative impact analysis area, is discussed in Section 3, Environmental Setting, Subsection 3.3, Cumulative Development.

By its nature, a general plan considers cumulative impacts insofar as it considers cumulative development that could occur within the City Limits and annexation areas. All new development in the City and annexation areas would be required to comply with local regulations and policies related to the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle and pedestrian facilities.

Cumulative development in Santa Maria would be required to comply with 2045 General Plan Circulation Element policies. Accordingly, cumulative projects would have a less than significant impact related to conflicts with programs, plans, ordinances or policies addressing the circulation system.

Cumulative development could result in changes to regional baseline VMT conditions that conflict with CEQA Guidelines section 15064.3, subdivision (b) and therefore create a significant cumulative impact. As discussed in Impact TRA-2, implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update would not meet the 17% VMT reduction target required to be consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3(b). Because the analysis for the 2045 General Plan Update is based on citywide VMT calculations in comparison to SBCAG regional VMT estimates, the 2045 General Plan’s project-level significant and unavoidable impact on VMT implies that the 2045 General Plan Update would have a cumulatively considerable contribution toward regional cumulative VMT impacts. Therefore, cumulative VMT impacts would be significant, and the 2045 General Plan Update would have a cumulatively considerable contribution on VMT impacts.

Some types of transportation impacts are related to site- and project-specific characteristics, and conditions would not be significantly affected by other development outside Santa Maria.

Compliance with applicable regulations and oversight, including Caltrans design guidelines, City design guidelines, and – for development outside Santa Maria – Santa Barbara County Fire Department standards would effectively reduce the potential for individual projects to create a cumulative transportation hazard or emergency access impacts within Santa Maria, as well as Santa Barbara County. Therefore, cumulative impacts related to transportation hazards and emergency access would be less than significant.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.7-20

This page intentionally left blank.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-1

4.8 Utilities and Service Systems
This section evaluates potential effects on utilities related to adoption and implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update by identifying existing and planned service availability and anticipated demands and determining whether any necessary utility upgrades would result in adverse environmental effects. Potential impacts related to stormwater runoff are evaluated and discussed in Section 4.5, Hydrology and Water Quality. Potential impacts related to the use of electricity and natural gas are evaluated and discussed in Section 4.10, Effects Found Not to be Significant.

4.8.1 Setting
a. Water Supply and Demand
The City of Santa Maria provides municipal drinking water supply within the City’s water service area, which is generally bounded by the City limits and includes a portion of the annexation area.

The remainder of the annexation area is served by private water wells. The City of Santa Maria water supply is comprised of a blend of groundwater and imported water from the State Water Project. The City owns a public water system with 22,888 active domestic water service connections which primarily serve residential, commercial, and industrial land uses within City Limits (2021).

Water conservation has been a focus for the City and is reflected in the long-term demand forecasts. The City’s water portfolio is comprised of the following water supply sources: local groundwater, purchased water from the State Water Project (SWP), associated return flows recaptured from the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin, assigned rights to water from the Basin as governed by a settlement agreement (Santa Maria Valley Water Conservation District vs.

City of Santa Maria, et al., Case No. 770214) and commonly known as the Santa Maria Groundwater Adjudication, and assigned rights to augmented yield from Twitchell Reservoir. The Twitchell Reservoir is located in southern San Luis Obispo County and northern Santa Barbara County, on the Cuyama River, approximately 4 miles northeast of the city.

The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) operates the SWP and imported water supplies for the City are obtained from the SWP via a contract with Central Coast Water Authority (CCWA). The City has a Water Supply Agreement with CCWA for 17,820 acre feet per year of imported SWP water.

However, based on the rainfall, Sierra snowpack, and State reservoir levels each year the percentage allocation of State Water varies. SWP water originates within the Feather River watershed, is captured in Lake Oroville, and flows via the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the California Aqueduct, and the Coastal Branch Extension, into CCWA’s treatment and conveyance facilities. Pursuant to the Stipulation1, Santa Maria agreed to import and use within the Basin no less than 10,000 acre feet per year of available SWP water, or the full amount of available SWP water if the amount available is less than 10,000 AF in a given year.

1 The Santa Maria Basin (Basin) is adjudicated, and therefore, already managed. The City’s rights to rely on Basin water resources for both pumping and storage are governed by a settlement agreement (“Stipulation”) signed by a majority of the parties (Santa Maria Valley Water Conservation District vs. City of Santa Maria, et al., Case No. 770214), commonly known as the “Santa Maria Groundwater Adjudication.” The Stipulation provides the City with quantifiable and certain water rights. Prior to the groundwater adjudication, these rights were not quantifiable. The Stipulation also establishes a framework for both permanent and temporary transfers of water rights within the Basin. Because the City has obtained quantifiable water rights, the City has greater flexibility in facilitating transfers and exchanges.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-2
Groundwater for the City is supplied by six active wells in the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin. The Basin has a surface area of approximately 184,000 acres, or 287.5 square miles. The Basin is bounded by the San Luis and Santa Lucia Ranges on the north, by the San Rafael Mountains on the east, by the Solomon Hills on the south, by the Casmalia Hills on the southwest, and by the Pacific Ocean on the west. The City has an allowed groundwater pumping right of 5,100 AF per year (City of Santa Maria 2021).

The Twitchell Reservoir operates as a flood control and water conservation reservoir. Releases are controlled from Twitchell Reservoir to maximize recharge of the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin through percolation in the Santa Maria Riverbed. The settlement agreement sets the amount of the Twitchell yield at 32,000 AF per year. The City is entitled to 14,300 AF of that yield annually (City of Santa Maria 2021).

Table 4.8-1 shows the City’s anticipated water supply and demand through 2045. Also shown is the water demand associated with implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update, included as the “buildout” column.
2 As shown therein, the City projects that water demand would be met by existing water supplies in all years except Year Five of a multi-year drought in 2025 and 2030 (City of Santa Maria 2020a).

Table 4.8-1 Projected Water Supply and Demand in Acre-Feet 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Maximum
Buildout1
Normal Year
Supply Totals 36,558 36,403 36,250 36,095 35,941 35,941 Demand Totals 15,026 17,247 17,869 18,490 18,716 20,237 Surplus 21,532 19,156 18,381 17,605 17,225 15,704
Single Dry-Year
Supply Totals 26,419 26,571 26,724 26,876 27,029 27,029 Demand Totals 15,026 17,247 17,869 18,490 18,716 20,237 Surplus 21,532 19,156 18,381 17,605 17,225 6,792
Multiple Dry-Years
Year One
Supply Totals 29,189 29,662 30,136 30,610 31,084 31,084 Demand Totals 15,026 17,247 17,869 18,490 18,716 20,237 Surplus 14,163 12,415 12,267 12,120 12,368 10,847
Year Two
Supply Totals 39,605 28,989 28,374 27,758 27,143 27,143 Demand Totals 15,026 17,247 17,869 18,490 18,716 20,237 Surplus 24,579 11,742 10,505 9,268 8,427 6,906

2 Buildout assumed in the Annexation Study Technical Memorandum prepared by WSC in December 2024, was estimated to be 60,687.

Population for the Annexation Study Technical Memorandum was calculated using the United States Census persons per household rate of 3.76. The plan’s estimated addition of 16,140 units was multiplied by the persons per household rate of 3.76 for a total of 60,687 persons. This calculation represents a conservative analysis in which every potential residential unit (16,140 as described in Section 2.6.5, Proposed 2045 General Plan Buildout) is occupied at the full potential persons per household rate.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-3
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Maximum
Buildout1
Year Three
Supply Totals 27,169 26,417 25,665 24,913 24,161 24,161 Demand Totals 15,026 17,247 17,869 18,490 18,716 20,237 Surplus 12,143 9,170 7.796 6,423 5,445 3,924
Year Four
Supply Totals 30,126 30,121 30,116 30,111 30,106 30,106 Demand Totals 15,026 17,247 17,869 18,490 18,716 20,237 Surplus 15,100 12,874 12,247 11,621 11,390 9,869
Year Five
Supply Totals 25,180 25,180 25,180 25,180 25,180 25,180 Demand Totals 25,735 25,396 25,058 24,720 24,382 20,237 Surplus (555) (216) 122 460 798 4,943
() indicates a negative number
1 Water demand associated with implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update was determined in a Technical Memorandum prepared by WSC in December 2024 and is included as Appendix D to this EIR.

Source: City of Santa Maria 2020a

b. Sewer Collection and Wastewater Treatment
The City provides wastewater collection and treatment services within the wastewater service area, which includes the city limits and an area to the south of the city that is outside city limits. The City’s wastewater treatment facility is rated to treat 13.5 million gallons per day of wastewater. The annexation area is not currently serviced by the City’s wastewater collection and treatment services are instead serviced by Onsite Sewage Disposal Systems, or septic tanks. Liquid waste haulers permitted through the city that collect wastewater within the annexation area may dispose of liquid waste at the City of Santa Maria Septage Receiving Station at the treatment plant (City of Santa Maria 2025).

Sewer Collection
The City’s wastewater collection system consists of eight wastewater basins with associated trunk sewers and one treatment plant. The basins generally drain east to west to trunk lines that run to the treatment plant. The treatment plan is located at 601 South Black Road within the City of Santa Maria’s westernmost city limit. The wastewater collection system is comprised of approximately 250 miles of gravity-flow sewer pipes and mains, and one lift station with 0.2 mile of force main serving 117 residential parcels. Most of the older pipes are constructed of vitrified clay pipe and newer pipes of polyvinyl chloride pipe. Sewer mains range in size from four inches to 30 inches in diameter, with 60 percent constructed of vitrified clay pipe, 25 percent constructed of polyvinyl chloride, and the remaining constructed of presently unknown material.

Wastewater Treatment
The City owns and operates a treatment plant located at 601 Black Road. In March 2010, the hydraulic capacity of the existing facility was evaluated and improvements were made to the system to increase capacity from 9.5 Million Gallons Per Day (MGD) to 13.5 MGD (City of Santa Maria 2020b; City of Santa Maria, n.d.). The treatment processes consist of headworks, grit removal, City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-4
primary clarifiers, trickling filters, intermediate clarifier, secondary trickling filters, secondary clarifiers, gravity sludge thickeners, anaerobic digesters, and sludge drying beds. The treated wastewater is discharged to percolation ponds located adjacent to the site.

The average daily sewage flow as measured at the treatment plant, calculated by totalizing the flow over a period and dividing by the number of days in that period. In the case of average annual flow, the period is a 365-day calendar year. The Utilities Capacity Study lists average annual flow as 9.99 MGD in 2024 (City of Santa Maria 2015). The peak hour wet weather flow, which is the theoretical maximum sustained sewage flow the collection system will experience, was estimated as 19.98 MGD in 2024 (City of Santa Maria 2020b).
c. Stormwater Facilities
The City of Santa Maria and the Santa Barbara County Flood Control and Water Conservation District (SBCFCD) provide stormwater conveyance, management, and recharge facilities in and around the city. The City and SBCFCD jointly developed regional recharge basins west of Blosser Road and south of Stowell Road (the Getty Basin, Hobbs Basin, and Kovar Basins). These basins are designed to retain stormwater and allow that water to percolate into the groundwater basin.

Groundwater recharge programs currently replenish the Basin by recharging more than 20,000 AF of water annually through the Santa Maria River, local retardation basins, and regional recharge basins.

Stormwater within Santa Maria that does not infiltrate into the ground becomes surface runoff, which either flows into surface waterways or is channeled into the City’s stormwater system. The flood control facilities owned and operated by the SBCFCD are key flood control facilities in the city.

Channels owned and operated by the SBCFCD are currently listed as impaired waterbodies under the Clean Water Act Section 303(d) list. Once a water body has been added to the State’s list of impaired waters it stays there until the State develops a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) and the EPA approves it. Once a TMDL is developed, a water body is no longer on the 303(d) list, but it is still tracked until the water is fully restored. These flood control facilities are as follows:
 Blosser Channel. The concrete lined portion of the Blosser Channel flows northward along the western side of the city and discharges via a culvert to an earthen portion, which discharges through the levee to the Santa Maria River. High flows from Blosser Channel flow via a spillway into the Blosser Basin, which is a large flood control facility. Vegetation becomes established rapidly in the earthen portions and must be continually removed by the SBCFCD to protect against blockages and flooding.
 Bradley Channel. Bradley Channel, a concrete lined ditch, begins in the farm fields south of East Betteravia Road. This ditch runs north toward the Santa Maria River bordering the farm fields as it enters the residential neighborhoods north of East Jones Street. The flow source is almost entirely from heavily sediment-laden agriculture runoff. During storm events, it also receives some stormwater from City neighborhoods. Sediment is removed from the channel by the SBCFCD on a maintenance schedule. The earthen ditches upstream are sprayed with pesticides to control weeds. Sediment deposition and vegetation reduce volume capacity in the unlined ditches. As it enters the residential neighborhoods, the channel travels until it reaches the manmade lake at Jim May Park. This manmade lake operates as a settling basin for the Bradley Channel, which carries constant agricultural flows. The lake has no natural water source. It collects the agricultural flows, and in storm events, runoff from the surrounding neighborhoods combines with the agricultural flow. Flows from the Bradley Channel are directed under the US- 101 freeway as the channel continues westward through the city where it eventually combines Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-5
with the Blosser Channel flow and discharges through the levee to the Santa Maria River. High flows are partially diverted into the Blosser Basin.
 Main Street Channel. Stormwater from the central part of the city discharges to the Main Street Channel through a large underground storm drainpipe that flows west along the south side of West Main Street. The Main Street Channel collects agricultural runoff and flow from the City’s MS4. The Main Street Channel, which is a degraded, unlined roadside ditch that runs west from the western city limits at Hanson Way parallel to West Main Street for approximately 1.5 miles.

At that point, it flows under West Main Street through a culvert and enters a SBCFCD facility known as the Unit II Ditch. The Unit II Ditch continues north for approximately two miles where it discharges through the levee to the Santa Maria River. Overflow from the Getty, Hobbs, and Kovar basins also discharge into the Main Street Channel.

The City of Santa Maria proactively manages stormwater within its city limits. Historically, the City has focused on the impacts of stormwater as it relates to flood control; however, in the last decade additional regulations have been adopted in the State of California which specifically address the discharge quality of stormwater from a City's stormwater conveyance system (City of Santa Maria 2025a). Discharges from the City’s storm drain system to the Santa Maria River and ultimately the Pacific Ocean are regulated in accordance with the State Water Resources Control Board’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for Storm Water Discharges from Small General Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (Phase II MS4), Order No. 2013-0001-DWQ (Division of Water Quality) NPDES No. CAS000004. In recent years, new developments in Santa Maria have been designed to comply with state regulations, incorporating features such as retention basins and bio swales to enhance stormwater infiltration and reduce stormwater runoff.

The City and SBCFCD have instituted several programs to improve and increase groundwater recharge to the Santa Maria Basin, including adoption of Low-Impact Development guidelines and construction of recharge basins. These basins are intended to slow the movement of stormwater and allow the stormwater to percolate into the groundwater basin to recharge it. d. Solid Waste
The City of Santa Maria provides solid waste collection services through its Utilities Department. The annexation area is currently serviced by MarBorg industries for solid waste collection. Residential trash collection is mandatory and occurs once per week, while recycling is collected every other week (City of Santa Maria 2025b). All municipal and MarBorg Industries collected solid waste is transferred to the Santa Maria Regional Landfill located at 2065 East Main Street in Santa Maria.

The Santa Maria Regional Landfill has a maximum permitted daily throughput of 8,820 tons per week and a remaining capacity of approximately 2,845,000 cubic yards and is estimated to remain operational through 2034 (California Department of Resources, Recycling, and Recovery [CalRecycle] 2025a).

Beyond 2034, solid waste generated by the city may be diverted to other nearby landfills, such as the Cold Canyon Landfill. The Cold Canyon Landfill has a maximum permitted daily throughput of 1,650 tons per day and a remaining capacity of approximately 13,000,000 cubic yards and is estimated to remain operational through 2040 (CalRecycle 2025c).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-6
e. Electricity, Natural Gas, and Telecommunications
Pacific Gas & Electric
Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) provides transmission lines to convey electric power supply to Santa Maria. PG&E is one of the nation’s largest electric and gas utility companies, and it maintains 106,681 circuit miles of electric distribution lines and 18,466 circuit miles of interconnected transmission lines (PG&E 2025).

Central Coast Community Energy
Central Coast Community Energy (3CE) is a Community Choice Aggregator established by local communities to source clean and renewable electricity and is responsible for procuring power for Santa Maria. In 2023, 3CE’s power mix consisted of 30.3 percent renewable resources, 0.4 percent large hydroelectric facilities, and 69.3 percent unspecified power (3CE 2025).

Southern California Gas Company
Santa Maria is in the natural gas service area of the Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) which spans central and southern California. SoCalGas’ distribution network is composed of approximately 51,070 miles of gas mains across an approximate 20,000 square mile service territory (California Gas and Electric Utilities 2025). Natural gas supplied by SoCalGas is sourced from gas fields in several sedimentary basins in the western U.S. and Canada including supply basins located in New Mexico (San Juan Basin), West Texas (Permian Basin), Rocky Mountains, western Canada, and local California supplies (California Gas and Electric Utilities 2025).

Telecommunications
Telecommunication services, including broadband, cellular, and wireless services, are provided to residents and businesses from a variety of private companies, including national retailers Comcast, AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile and regional retailers such as Frontier, Hughesnet, Viasat, and Ranch WiFi (HighSpeenInternet.com 2025).

4.8.2 Regulatory Setting
a. Federal Regulations
Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 258 (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Subtitle D) contains regulations for municipal solid waste landfills and requires states to implement their own permitting programs incorporating the federal landfill criteria. The federal regulations address the location, operation, design, groundwater monitoring, and closure of landfills. b. State Regulations
California Sustainable Groundwater Management Act
In September 2014, Governor Brown signed legislation requiring that California’s critical groundwater resources be sustainably managed by local agencies. The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act gives local agencies the power to sustainably manage groundwater and requires Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-7
groundwater sustainability plans to be developed for medium- and high-priority groundwater basins. The Santa Maria River Valley Basin is a very low priority basin (DWR 2025). Because of this, and because the Basin is adjudicated, a groundwater sustainability plan has not been prepared for this basin.

Water Conservation Act of 2009
The Water Conservation Act of 2009 (Senate Bill [SB] X7-7), effective November 9, 2009, requires each urban retail water supplier to develop urban water use targets and agricultural water suppliers to implement efficient water management practices. Because of the small size of the City of Solvang, it has fewer than 3,000 service connections, and is therefore not considered an “urban” water supplier.

Assembly Bill 1881
Assembly Bill (AB) 1881 expanded previous legislation related to landscape water use efficiency. AB 1881, the Water Conservation in Landscaping Act of 2006, enacted landscape efficiency recommendations of the California Urban Water Conservation Council for improving the efficiency of water use in new and existing urban irrigated landscapes in California. AB 1881 required the California Department of Water Resources to update the existing Model Local Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance and local agencies to adopt the updated model ordinance or an equivalent.

The law also requires the California Energy Commission to adopt performance standards and labeling requirements for landscape irrigation equipment, including irrigation controllers, moisture sensors, emission devices, and valves to reduce the wasteful, uneconomic, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy or water.

California Senate Bills 610 and 221 (Water Supply Assessment and Verification)
Senate Bills (SB) 610 and 221 amended State law, effective January 1, 2002, to improve the link between the information on water supply availability and certain land use decisions made by cities and counties. Both statutes require detailed information regarding water availability to be provided to city and county decision-makers prior to approval of specified large development projects with greater than 500 dwelling units or 500,000 square feet of commercial space. Both statutes also require this detailed information to be included in the administrative record that serves as the evidentiary basis for an approval action by the city or county on such projects. Under SB 610 water assessments must be furnished to local governments for inclusion in any environmental documentation for certain projects as defined in Water Code 10912 subject to CEQA. Under SB 221 approval by a city or county of certain residential subdivisions requires an affirmative written verification of sufficient water supply.

California Water Plan
The California Department of Water Resources is responsible for preparing and updating the California Water Plan, which is a policy document that guides the development and management of State water resources. The plan is updated every five years to reflect changes in resources and urban, agricultural, and environmental water demands. The California Water Plan suggests ways of managing demand and augmenting supply to balance water supply with demand.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-8
California Urban Water Management Planning Act
In 1983 the California Legislature enacted the Urban Water Management Planning Act (Water Code Section 10610–10656). The Act states that every urban water supplier that provides water to 3,000 or more customers, or that provides over 3,000 acre-feet annually, should make every effort to ensure the appropriate level of reliability in its water service sufficient to meet the needs of its various categories of customers during normal, dry, and multiple dry years. The Act requires that urban water suppliers adopt an urban water management plan at least once every five years and submit them to the Department of Water Resources. Noncompliant urban water suppliers are ineligible to receive funding pursuant to Division 24, commencing with Section 78500, or Division 26, commencing with Section 79000, or receive drought assistance from the State until the Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) is submitted and deemed complete pursuant to the Urban Water Management Planning Act.

California Senate Bill 7x7 (Statewide Water Conservation) In November 2009 the California State Legislature passed and the Governor approved a comprehensive package of water legislation, including SB 7x7 addressing water conservation. In general SB 7x7 requires a 20 percent reduction in per capita urban water use by 2020, with an interim 10 percent target in 2015. The legislation requires urban water users to develop consistent water use targets and to use those targets in their UWMPs.

Senate Bills 350 and 100
The Clean Energy and Pollution Reduction Act of 2015 (SB 350) requires the amount of electricity generated and sold to retail customers per year from eligible renewable energy resources to be increased to 50 percent by December 31, 2030. This act also requires doubling of the energy efficiency in existing buildings by 2030.

Adopted on September 10, 2018, SB 100 supports the reduction of GHG emissions from the electricity sector by accelerating the State’s Renewables Portfolio Standard Program, last updated by SB 350. SB 100 requires electricity providers to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 33 percent of total retail sales by 2020, 44 percent by 2024, 60 percent by 2030, and 100 percent by 2045.

Senate Bill 1374
SB 1374 states that the California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) must receive an annual report, including progress made by jurisdictions in regard to their advances on diverting construction and demolition waste material. The CIWMB specified that CalRecycle was required to adopt a model ordinance that would divert 50 percent to 75 percent of construction and demolition waste materials from landfills.

California Assembly Bill 939
AB 939 (Public Resources Code 41780) requires cities and counties to prepare integrated waste management plans and to divert 50 percent of solid waste from landfills beginning in calendar year 2000 and each year thereafter. AB 939 also requires cities and counties to prepare Source Reduction and Recycling Elements as part of the integrated waste management plans. These elements are designed to develop recycling services to achieve diversion goals, stimulate local recycling in manufacturing and stimulate the purchase of recycled products.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-9
California Assembly Bill 341
The purpose of AB 341 is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by diverting commercial solid waste to recycling efforts and to expand the opportunity for additional recycling services and recycling manufacturing facilities in California. AB 341 required all businesses that generate four or more cubic yards of garbage per week and multi-family dwellings with five or more units to recycle by July 1, 2012. AB341 also sets a statewide goal of 75 percent waste diversion.

California Senate Bill 1016
SB 1016 requires that the 50 percent solid waste diversion requirement established by AB 939 be expressed in pounds per person per day. SB 1016 changed the California Department of Resources, Recycling, and Recovery’s (CalRecycle) review process for each municipality’s integrated waste management plan. After an initial determination of diversion requirements in 2006 and establishing diversion rates for subsequent calendar years, the Board reviews a jurisdiction’s diversion rate compliance in accordance with a specified schedule. Beginning January 1, 2018, the Board will be required to review a jurisdiction’s source reduction and recycling element and hazardous waste element once every two years.

California Senate Bill 1383
SB 1383 was adopted in September 2016 and establishes targets to achieve a 75 percent reduction in the level of Statewide landfilled organic waste from the 2014 level by 2025. The law grants CalRecycle the regulatory authority required to achieve the organic waste disposal reduction targets and establishes an additional target that not less than 20 percent of currently disposed edible food is recovered for human consumption by 2025. In addition, SB 1383 regulations require that jurisdictions conduct education and outreach on organics recycling to all residents, businesses, haulers, solid waste facilities, and local food banks and other food recovery organizations.

California Energy Commission
As the State’s primary energy policy and planning agency, the California Energy Commission (CEC) collaborates with State and federal agencies, utilities, and other stakeholders to develop and implement State energy policies. Since 1975, the CEC has been responsible for reducing the State’s electricity and natural gas demand, primarily by adopting new Building and Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards that have contributed to keeping California’s per capita electricity consumption relatively low. The CEC is also responsible for the certification and compliance of thermal power plants 50 megawatts and larger, including all project-related facilities in California.

California Public Utilities Commission
The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) regulates investor-owned electric and natural gas utilities operating in California. The energy work responsibilities of the CPUC are derived from the California State Constitution, specifically Article XII, Section 3 and other sections more generally, numerous State legislative enactments and various Federal statutory and administrative requirements. The CPUC regulates natural gas utility service for customers that receive natural gas from PG&E and other natural gas utilities across California.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-10
California Green Building Standards
The California Green Building Standards Code, commonly referred to as “CALGreen” originally went into effect on August 1, 2009 and outlines architectural design and engineering principles that are in synergy with environmental resources and public welfare. CALGreen sets minimum standards for buildings, and since 2016, applies to new building construction and some alterations/additions within certain parameters. CALGreen establishes planning and design standards for sustainable site development, including water conservation measures and requirements that new buildings reduce water consumption by 20 percent below a specified baseline. CALGreen requires installations of

1.28 gallons-per-flush toilets and 0.5-gallon-per flush urinals for all non-residential projects as part of the prescriptive method of reducing indoor water use by the required 20 percent.

CALGreen lays out the minimum requirements for newly constructed residential and non-residential buildings to reduce GHG emissions through improved efficiency and process improvements. It also includes voluntary tiers to encourage building practices that improve public health, safety, and general welfare by promoting a more sustainable design. In addition, CALGreen includes several requirements related to solid waste diversion. Importantly, new non-residential construction is required to achieve at least 65 percent construction and demolition waste diversion and provide recycling areas for paper, cardboard, glass, plastics, metal, and organic waste. The 2022 CALGreen update primarily includes new requirements for the inclusion of electric vehicle charging stations and carbon dioxide monitoring and controls in classrooms. These requirements went into effect January 1, 2023.
c. Local Regulations
Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin Final Amended Judgement The Final Amended Judgment for the Santa Maria River Valley Groundwater Basin establishes a legal framework for managing groundwater rights among various parties, including cities, water companies, and landowners. It affirms the City of Santa Maria and Golden State Water Company's prescriptive rights to groundwater against non-stipulating parties, grants return flow rights from imported water, and prioritizes the Northern Cities' rights to 7,300 acre-feet annually. The judgment enforces groundwater monitoring, restricts water export outside the basin, and protects overlying rights subject to prescriptive claims. It binds all current and future property owners in the basin, retains court jurisdiction for enforcement and future adjustments, and mandates compliance with state and federal water quality laws.

City of Santa Maria Urban Water Management Plan
The 2020 UWMP was adopted on June 15, 2021, and it serves as a critical document for long-term water planning, helping the city prepare for future growth and potential water shortages. Santa Maria's UWMP outlines comprehensive strategies to ensure sustainable water use, including water supply, conservation, and demand management (City of Santa Maria 2020a).

City of Santa Maria Sewer System Management Plan
The Sewer System Management Plan was adopted in July 2009 and outlines how the City should properly manage, operate, and maintain all portions of the City's wastewater collection and treatment system. It also provides methods to meet capacity to convey the City's peak wastewater flows, minimize the frequency of sewer system overflows, and mitigate the impacts that are Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-11
associated with any sewer overflows that may occur. The plan also seeks to meet all applicable regulatory notification and reporting requirements (City of Santa Maria 2009).

City of Santa Maria Municipal Code
Chapter 8-10
Chapter 8-10 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code outlines the regulations and requirements for water service within the city. It covers the procedures for applying for water service, the responsibilities of both the city and the customers, and the standards for water meters and connections. The chapter also details the billing process, including rates, payment schedules, and penalties for late payments. Additionally, it addresses issues related to water conservation, such as restrictions on water use during drought conditions and the implementation of water-saving measures. The overall goal is to ensure a reliable and efficient water supply for all residents and businesses in Santa Maria.

Chapter 8-10A
Chapter 8-10A of the Santa Maria Municipal Code addresses the prevention of cross connections in the City's water supply system. It establishes regulations to protect the public water supply from contamination due to backflow, which can occur when non-potable water or other substances enter the potable water system. The chapter outlines the requirements for installing and maintaining backflow prevention devices, conducting regular inspections, and ensuring compliance with state and federal standards. It also specifies the responsibilities of property owners and the city in preventing cross connections. The overall goal is to safeguard public health by maintaining the integrity and safety of the water supply.

Chapter 8-11
Chapter 8-11 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code addresses the regulations for refuse collection and recycling within the city. It outlines the responsibilities of both the city and residents in managing waste, including the mandatory use of city-provided containers for trash, recyclables, and green waste. The chapter specifies the collection schedules, container placement guidelines, and the types of materials that can be recycled. It also includes provisions for bulky item pickup and the proper disposal of hazardous waste. The goal is to ensure efficient waste management, promote recycling, and maintain a clean and healthy environment for the community.

Chapter 8-12
Chapter 8-12 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code focuses on water conservation and water supply regulations. It includes guidelines on permissible water usage, particularly emphasizing restrictions during drought conditions to ensure sustainable water management. The chapter also outlines requirements for maintaining water supply infrastructure, aiming to prevent leaks and ensure efficient operation. Additionally, it sets standards for wastewater treatment and discharge to protect water quality and public health. These regulations are designed to manage the city's water resources responsibly, ensuring long-term availability and environmental protection.

Chapter 8-14
Chapter 8-14 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code outlines the regulations for drainage fees within the area of North Blosser Road and Battles Road and the Orcutt Drainage Plan area. It specifies the City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-12
fees that property owners must pay to fund the construction, maintenance, and improvement of the city's drainage facilities. These fees are assessed based on the type and extent of development on a property, ensuring that the costs are fairly distributed among those who benefit from the drainage system. The chapter also includes provisions for fee adjustments, exemptions, and the process for appealing fee assessments. The overall goal is to ensure adequate funding for the city's drainage infrastructure, thereby reducing the risk of flooding and maintaining public safety.

Chapter 8-15
Chapter 8-15 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code implements a unified growth mitigation fee program to fund the acquisition, design and construction of certain public facilities and related equipment necessary to serve new development within the City. Pursuant to this code, growth mitigation fees would be imposed as a condition of approval of a development project prior to the distributions of permits and map approvals. The growth mitigation fee would fund water, wastewater, traffic, recreation and parks, police, fire, and library services within the city.

Chapter 8-21
Chapter 8-21 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code focuses on reducing the disposal of organic waste.

This chapter was established in compliance with California Senate Bill 1383, which mandates significant reductions in organic waste to combat climate change. The regulations require residents and businesses to separate organic waste, such as food scraps and yard trimmings, from regular trash. The chapter also outlines the responsibilities of the city in providing organic waste collection services and ensuring compliance through monitoring and enforcement. Additionally, it includes provisions for public education and outreach to promote proper organic waste disposal practices.

The overall goal is to reduce landfill waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and support environmental sustainability.

4.8.3 Impact Analysis
a. Methodology and Significance Thresholds
Methodology
Impacts related to utilities and service systems were evaluated by forecasting utility demands associated with the 2045 General Plan Update and comparing estimated utility demands to current and planned service system capacity and availability. The following impact analysis relies on an Annexation Study Technical Memorandum prepared by WSC in December 2024 that evaluates water supply, wastewater generation, and wastewater system capacity and is included as Appendix E to this EIR. Utilities and service system demands of the 2045 General Plan Update have been quantified where possible, based on readily available information. Where insufficient data was able to quantify demands, such demands are discussed qualitatively in order to inform the impact analysis.

Significance Thresholds
CEQA Guidelines Appendix G provides the following significance thresholds to determine if a project would have a potentially significant impact on utilities and service systems. For the purposes of this EIR, implementation of the proposed project may have a significant adverse impact if it would:

Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-13
Require or result in the relocation or construction of new or expanded water, wastewater treatment or storm water drainage, electric power, natural gas, or telecommunications facilities, the construction or relocation of which could cause significant environmental effects; Not have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project and reasonably foreseeable future development during normal, dry and multiple dry years; Result in a determination by the wastewater treatment provider which serves or may serve the project that it has adequate capacity to serve the project’s projected demand in addition to the provider’s existing commitments;
Generate solid waste in excess of State or local standards, or in excess of the capacity of local infrastructure, or otherwise impair the attainment of solid waste reduction goals; or Fail to comply with federal, state, and local management and reduction statutes and regulations related to solid waste.
b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Threshold 1: Would the project require or result in the relocation or construction of new or expanded water, wastewater treatment or storm water drainage, electric power, natural gas, or telecommunications facilities, the construction or relocation of which could cause significant environmental effects?
Threshold 3: Would the project result in a determination by the wastewater treatment provider which serves or may serve the project that it has adequate capacity to serve the project’s projected demand in addition to the provider’s existing commitments? Impact UTIL-1 DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD INCREASE

DEMAND FOR ADDITIONAL UTILITY INFRASTRUCTURE WHICH MAY REQUIRE RELOCATION OR CONSTRUCTION OF

UTILITY FACILITIES OR SERVICES TO SERVE PLAN BUILDOUT BEYOND EXISTING CONDITIONS, SPECIFICALLY WITHIN THE ANNEXATION AREA. HOWEVER, DEVELOPMENT FACILITATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD

BE CONSTRUCTED CONSISTENT WITH APPLICABLE CITY CODE, BUILDINGS STANDARDS, AND ENGINEERING STANDARDS. THEREFORE, THESE IMPACTS WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Water
Growth and development facilitated by the plan would create additional demand for water.

Development facilitated by the plan would generally occur in developed areas of Santa Maria with existing water infrastructure; however, increased density in undeveloped areas, such as in the planned annexation area, could require additional water infrastructure and upgrades to existing infrastructure. Potential environmental impacts associated with developing new water supply connections would be evaluated as part of the City’s review of individual development applications for consistency with applicable policies of the plan and City Municipal Code requirements. Water infrastructure, such as pipelines, could require upgrades for future development which would result in ground disturbance. Generally, this ground disturbance would occur in previously disturbed or developed areas, reducing the potential for environmental impacts. Such facilities would be installed during individual project construction and generally within the disturbance area of such projects or the rights-of-way of previously disturbed roadways; therefore, the construction of these infrastructure improvements would not substantially increase a project’s disturbance area or otherwise cause significant environmental effects.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-14
The annexation area currently lacks water infrastructure that is adequately sized to support the level of development envisioned under buildout conditions of the plan. Future development within these areas may require installation of new utility infrastructure to support anticipated development. However, installation of new utility infrastructure would be required to comply with all applicable provisions of the City of Santa Maria Municipal Code, as well as relevant building and engineering standards. Potential environmental impacts of developing new water infrastructure would be evaluated as necessary as part of the City’s review of individual development applications.

Consequently, any potential impacts related to water infrastructure within these areas would be reduced to a less than significant level.

In addition, Chapter 8-10 and Chapter 8-10A of the Santa Maria Municipal Code address and minimize additional water demand. Specifically, Section 8-10.33 seeks to promote water conservation and prevent water waste through outdoor water use restrictions. Sections 8-10A.05 and 8-10A.06 outline the requirements for future development that require installation of cross connections to install and maintain backflow prevention devices, conduct regular inspections, and ensure compliance with state and federal standards. Furthermore, the plan includes the following proposed goal and policy related to water facilities:

Goal PFS-2: Water resources. High-quality drinking water supply meets existing and future water demands.

Policy PFS-2.1: Water system. Maintain and expand the existing water system to meet the daily and peak demands of existing and future city residents and businesses.

Because the water connections associated with implementation of the plan would be installed during individual project construction and would generally be located within the disturbance area of such projects or the rights-of-way of previously disturbed roadways, the relocation or construction of water facilities would not be expected to result in significant environmental impacts. Potential environmental impacts of the relocation or construction of water facilities would also undergo individual environmental review at the time a project is proposed. This impact would be less than significant.

Wastewater
Development facilitated by the plan would generally occur within the city and on sites that are already developed or surrounded by existing wastewater facilities. The annexation area currently lacks wastewater infrastructure to support the level of development envisioned under buildout conditions of the plan Future development within these areas may require installation of new utility infrastructure to support anticipated development. However, installation of new utility infrastructure would be required to comply with all applicable provisions of the City of Santa Maria Municipal Code, as well as relevant building and engineering standards. Furthermore, the potential environmental impacts of implementing new wastewater, such as sewer infrastructure, would be evaluated as necessary as part of the City’s review of individual development applications for consistency with applicable policies of the plan and City Municipal Code requirements.

Consequently, any potential impacts related to wastewater infrastructure within these areas would be reduced to a less than significant level. The plan includes the following goal and policies to ensure wastewater infrastructure would be available to serve future development facilitated by the plan:

Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-15
Goal PFS-1: Public infrastructure. Public infrastructure provides a high level of service for the existing population and keeps pace with planned growth.

Policy PFS-1.1: Resource and infrastructure capacities. Maintain resource and infrastructure standards and capacities to meet the city’s existing and future needs.

Policy PFS-1.2: Wastewater system. Maintain a wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal system capable of meeting the daily and peak demand of existing and future city residents and businesses.

The development facilitated by the plan would generate wastewater that requires treatment before discharge or reuse. For example, the plan envisions residential development that would include bathrooms with toilets and showers that generate wastewater. As discussed within the City’s UWMP, the per capita wastewater generation for the City service area is approximately 68 gallons per day (GPD) (City of Santa Maria 2020a). This per capita wastewater generation factor was calculated based on the volume of wastewater currently generated by the customers in the City’s wastewater system. At maximum buildout of the plan, with the assumption that each estimated residential unit would be occupied at the maximum persons per household rate, there would be an estimated 58,2653 net new residents, resulting in approximately 167,613 total City residents by 2045. Therefore, utilizing the generation factor of 68 GPD, the proposed plan would create 11,397,684 GPD or 11.4 MGD.

As discussed above in Section 4.9.1, Setting, the City owns and operates a municipal treatment facility which is designed to treat an average annual flow of 13.5 MGD. In 2024, the average annual flow was estimated to be 9.99 MGD and the average peak hour wet weather flow as 19.98 MGD in 2024 (City of Santa Maria 2020b). Based on the plan’s projected wastewater demand of 11.4 MGD, the treatment plant would have a remaining average annual flow treatment capacity of 2.1 MGD.4 As such, the treatment plant would have sufficient capacity to serve the development facilitated by the plan during peak hour wet weather flows (maximum flows).

Buildout of the plan would increase wastewater flows to the treatment plant as compared to the 2024 average annual flow estimated at 9.99 MGD. However, this increase in wastewater flow is anticipated at full buildout in 2045. The City has planned sewer collection system projects identified in the 2012 Utilities Capacity Study and within the City of Santa Maria’s Capital Projects which are required to meet the planned buildout population (City of Santa Maria 2015; City of Santa Maria 2016). Further, planned Capital Improvement Projects identified by the city would need to be implemented to accommodate growth facilitated by the plan within the city (City of Santa Maria 2020). These include upgrades to meet treatment capacity and replacements of infrastructure that have exceeded their useful lifespan. However, installation of new utility infrastructure would be required to comply with all applicable provisions of the City of Santa Maria Municipal Code, as well as relevant building and engineering standards, such that the potential environmental impacts of implementing new wastewater infrastructure would be evaluated as part of the City’s review of individual development applications for consistency with applicable policies of the plan and City Municipal Code requirements. Therefore, with or without these planned improvements, the plan would not result in the relocation or construction of wastewater facilities that would reasonably be expected to result in significant environmental impacts. Additionally, with the in-process

3 This calculation represents a conservative analysis in which every potential residential unit (16,140 as described in Section 2.6.5, Proposed 2045 General Plan Buildout) is occupied at the full potential persons per household rate of 3.61 as determined by the California Department of Finance.
4 2.1 MGD = 13.5 MGD – 11.4 MGD
City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-16
improvements to the treatment plant, the treatment plant would have adequate capacity to serve the plan’s projected demand in addition to the provider’s existing commitments. Potential environmental impacts of additional wastewater infrastructure would also undergo individual environmental review at the time a project is proposed. This impact would be less than significant.

Stormwater
Development facilitated by the plan within city limits would not result in a substantial increase in stormwater infrastructure because Santa Maria is developed and equipped with an existing stormwater drainage system. The annexation area currently lacks stormwater infrastructure to support the level of development envisioned under buildout conditions of the plan. Future development within these areas requires installation of new utility infrastructure to support anticipated development. However, installation of new utility infrastructure would be required to comply with all applicable provisions of the City of Santa Maria Municipal Code, as well as relevant building and engineering standards. Potential environmental impacts of developing new connections to storm drains would be evaluated as necessary as part of the City’s review of individual development applications.

Development facilitated by the plan could introduce new impervious surfaces through the construction of paved areas which could increase stormwater discharge to existing stormwater drainage facilities; however, as described in Section 4.5, Hydrology and Water Quality, development would be required to comply with the provisions of California’s Phase II MS4 Permit, Section 8- 12A.08 of the City’s Municipal Code, and RWQCB Central Coast Region Resolution No. R3-2013- 0032, which are designed to control the volume and rate of stormwater runoff from new development and redevelopment projects. Existing regulations would ensure development facilitated by the plan would not result in substantial additional runoff, necessitating the expansion of stormwater infrastructure within the city. Stormwater infrastructure could be required to be upsized within the annexation area. As such, the potential environmental impacts of implementing new stormwater infrastructure would be evaluated as necessary as part of the City’s review of individual development applications for consistency with applicable policies of the plan and City Municipal Code requirements. Additionally, the plan includes the following goals and policies related to stormwater facilities:

Goal PFS-3: Stormwater management. The stormwater management system mitigates flood risks, enhances water quality, and promotes environmental health.

Policy PFS-3.1: Conveyance of surface drainage. Convey surface drainage safely through the use of retardation basins, storm drains, recharge basins, and other infrastructure.

Goal COS-4: Water resources. Sustainable watershed management protects the city’s water quality and natural ecosystems.

Policy COS-4.2: Stormwater management. Improve local surface water and groundwater quality through strategic land use and zoning practices.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-17
Goal S-3: Flood and dam inundation. Impacts from flood and dam inundation to people and property are minimized.

Policy S-3.1: Santa Maria River Levee development buffer. Require new development and sites undergoing redevelopment to provide a non-development buffer of 60 feet, measured from the toe of the Santa Maria River Levee, to provide access to the Santa Maria River levee for maintenance and repairs.

Policy S-3.3: Low-impact design. Require new development and redevelopment projects to incorporate low -impact design measures for stormwater management, such as bioswales, permeable pavement, and onsite detention ponds.

Policy S-3.4: Stormwater drainage system. Maintain and upgrade the City’s stormwater drainage system to increase the system’s capacity and reduce flooding.

Because new stormwater infrastructure would be evaluated as part of the City’s review of individual development applications for consistency with applicable policies of the plan and City Municipal Code requirements, such that the potential environmental impacts of implementing new stormwater infrastructure would be evaluated as part of the City’s review of individual development applications for consistency with applicable policies of the plan and City Municipal Code requirements, the plan would not result in the relocation or construction of stormwater facilities that would reasonably be expected to result in significant environmental impacts . Potential environmental impacts of additional stormwater infrastructure would also undergo individual environmental review at the time a project is proposed. This impact would be less than significant.

Natural Gas, Electricity, and Telecommunications
Connections to existing electrical and natural gas transmission and distribution systems in the city would be required to serve development facilitated by the plan. Development facilitated by the plan would occur on sites that are generally developed or surrounded by existing development served by existing natural gas and electrical infrastructure. Accordingly, development facilitated by the plan would generally have access to utility infrastructure and not require the installation of substantial electric or natural gas infrastructure to meet demands. However, increased density in the annexation area could require additional infrastructure and upgrades to existing infrastructure.

These upgrades would be evaluated and provided in accordance with the rules and regulations of PG&E, SoCal Gas, and under the authority of the CPUC. Similar to electric and natural gas infrastructure, Santa Maria has existing telecommunications infrastructure for cable television, landline services, internet, and cellular phone service. Development facilitated by the plan would not require substantial telecommunications infrastructure to be constructed.

The potential environmental impacts of implementing new electric, natural gas, and telecommunications connections to development facilitated by the plan would be evaluated as part of the City’s review of individual development applications for consistency with applicable policies of the plan and City Municipal Code requirements. Therefore, the plan would not result in the relocation or construction of natural gas, electricity, and telecommunications facilities that would reasonably be expected to result in significant environmental impacts . Potential environmental impacts of additional natural gas, electricity, and telecommunications infrastructure would also undergo individual environmental review at the time a project is proposed. This impact would be less than significant.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-18
Mitigation Measure
No mitigation is required because these impacts would be less than significant.

Threshold 2: Would the project have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project and reasonably foreseeable future development during normal, dry and multiple dry years?
Impact UTIL-2 THE OVERALL GROWTH ANTICIPATED BY THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD

GENERATE ADDITIONAL WATER DEMAND IN SANTA MARIA THAT COULD EXCEED PROJECTED WATER SUPPLIES DURING SOME MULTIPLE DRY-YEARS. WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EXISTING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS, THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Development facilitated by the plan would increase the population of Santa Maria including within the annexation area, resulting in a corresponding increase in overall citywide water demand. As discussed in Chapter 2, Project Description, and Section 4.10, Effects Found Not to be Significant, development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would result in an additional 16,140 net new residential units which corresponds to approximately 58,265 new residents. The City relies on a water demand factor of 118 gallons per capita per day, as stated in the City’s 2020 UWMP, as a basis for projecting water demand in Santa Maria (City of Santa Maria 2020a). Accordingly, the addition of 58,2655 residents would lead to a water demand of approximately 6,875,270 gallons per person per day, or 7,706.4 AFY6.

Table 4.8-1 shows the City’s anticipated water supply and demand through 2045. As shown therein, the City projects that water demand would be met by existing water supplies in all years except Year Five of a multi-year drought in 2025 and 2030 (City of Santa Maria 2020a). Furthermore, as shown in Table 4.8-1, the City anticipated surplus for Normal, Single-Dry, and the first four Multiple Dry-Years.

The projected demand of the plan would be approximately 7,706.4 AFY, which is well within the projected demand and surplus of Normal, Single-Dry, and First, Second, and Fourth Multiple Dry- Years. Projected demand of the plan would not be met within 2040 and 2045 of Year Three of the Multiple Dry-Years scenario or during Year Five of the Multiple Dry-Years scenario. However, during these years, the City would implement its Water Shortage Contingency Plan that addresses stages of action to be undertaken by the City in response to water supply shortages, including more than a 50 percent reduction in water supply, and an outline of specific water supply conditions which are applicable to each stage. In addition to the stages of action, the City of Santa Maria is required to develop mandatory prohibitions against specific water use during shortages and consumption reduction methods in the most restrictive stages (City of Maria 2020a). Accordingly, the anticipated water consumption of the plan would be adequately met by the City’s long-term water supply.

Furthermore, individual projects would be reviewed by the Utilities Department at the time that they are proposed to ensure that adequate water supply would be available for an individual project.

In addition to the City’s Water Shortage Contingency Plan, the City has adopted various policies and programs aimed at optimizing its available water resources, including groundwater, and implementing water conservation programs throughout its service area. This Santa Maria Municipal Code Chapter 12-44 implements California Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance to reduce

5 This calculation represents a conservative analysis in which every potential residential unit (16,140 as described in Section 2.6.5, Proposed 2045 General Plan Buildout) is occupied at the full potential persons per household rate of 3.61 as determined by the California Department of Finance.
6 58,265 people * 118 gallons per person per day = 6,875,270 gallons per day / 892.1 gallons per day in 1 (acre feet) year Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-19
potable water usage on landscaping. Additionally, the City of Santa Maria’s Recreation and Parks Department initiated a program which requires the City’s irrigation system to be regularly upgraded by replacing antiquated lines, heads, and valves. Furthermore, development facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with Chapter 8-12 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code which includes guidelines on permissible water usage, particularly emphasizing restrictions during drought conditions to ensure sustainable water management. Additional water conservation requirements in times of drought are applicable to development in Santa Maria if the City Council declares a drought emergency and implements additional mandatory restrictions. These include, but are not limited to, posting notice of drought conditions in commercial establishments, prohibiting vehicle washing unless done at a commercial car washing facility, and allotment of water use quantity (rationing) if necessary. Additionally, the California Green Building Standards Code requires a 20 percent reduction in residential indoor water use that would lower potential water demand. The following goal and policies included in the plan would also assist to maintain water supply and encourage efficient water use:

Goal PFS-2: Water resources. High-quality drinking water supply meets existing and future water demands.

Policy PFS-2.1: Water system. Maintain and expand the existing water system to meet the daily and peak demands of existing and future residents and businesses.

Policy PFS-2.2: Supply portfolio. Improve the reliability of the water supply for current and projected demand by diversifying the City’s water supply portfolio, including maintaining and increasing the City’s groundwater wells, exploring additional sources of water supply, and supporting the State Water project.

Policy PFS-2-3: Groundwater. Improve the long-term recharge of the Santa Maria Valley Groundwater Basin by retaining natural watershed areas, developing regional recharge basins, and minimizing impervious surfaces in new development.

Policy PFS-2.67: Efficient water use. Participate in and implement programs and measures that promote the efficient use of water
Future development facilitated by the plan would adhere to the water reduction policies and requirements described above. Furthermore, water suppliers are required to update their UWMPs every five years. As the current UWMP was prepared in 2020 and adopted by the City Council on June 15, 2021, the City is required to provide an update in 2025, which is anticipated to include the population projections as estimated by the plan. While water supply estimates are currently being updated as part of the City of Santa Maria’s 2025 UWMP update, they were unavailable at the time of this EIR’s publication. However, as described above, the water demand anticipated through buildout of the plan would be adequately met by the City’s long-term water supplies as the City anticipated surplus for Normal, Single-Dry, and the first four Multiple Dry-Years. The projected demand of the plan would be approximately 7,706.4 AFY, which is well within the projected demand and surplus of Normal, Single-Dry, and First, Second, and Fourth Multiple Dry-Years. Therefore, the plan would have sufficient water supplies available to serve development facilitated by the plan and reasonably foreseeable future development during normal, dry, and multiple dry years. Impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measure
No mitigation is required because impacts would be less than significant.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-20
Threshold 4: Would the project generate solid waste in excess of State or local standards, or in excess of the capacity of local infrastructure, or otherwise impair the attainment of solid waste reduction goals?
Threshold 5: Would the project comply with federal, state, and local management and reduction statutes and regulations related to solid waste?
Impact UTIL-3 THE 2045 GENERAL PLAN UPDATE WOULD NOT GENERATE SOLID WASTE IN EXCESS OF STATE OR LOCAL STANDARDS OR IN EXCESS OF THE CAPACITY OF LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE. NEW DEVELOPMENT

FACILITATED BY THE PLAN WOULD BE REQUIRED TO COMPLY WITH APPLICABLE SOLID WASTE REDUCTION STATUTES AND REGULATIONS. THIS IMPACT WOULD BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT.

Implementation of the plan would generate additional solid waste. Construction of future development would create construction debris, such as scrap lumber and flooring materials.

Operation of future development would create typical household wastes associated with residential, office, and commercial uses. Future industrial development would also generate solid waste. As discussed in Chapter 2, Project Description, and Section 4.10, Effects Found Not to be Significant, development facilitated by the SMGPU would result in an additional 16,140 net new residential units. Based on CalRecycle’s solid waste generation factor of 12.23 pounds household per day, the development facilitated by the plan would result in approximately 197,393 pounds of solid waste per day.
7 As described in Section 4.9.1, Setting, the Santa Maria Regional Landfill has a maximum permitted daily throughput of 8,820 tons per week and a remaining capacity of approximately 2,845,000 cubic yards and is estimated to remain operational through 2034 (CalRecycle 2025a). Development facilitated by the plan would generate approximately 1,381,751 pounds of solid waste per week 8, or
691 tons per week. This would represent approximately 7.8 percent of the total weekly permitted throughput of the Santa Maria Regional Landfill. Additionally, the 2045 General Plan Update would generate roughly 934,129 cubic yards of solid waste annually9, translating to approximately 32.8 percent of the remaining capacity of the Santa Maria Regional Landfill for the first year of the plan.

Should the Santa Maria Regional Landfill cease operations, solid waste generated by the city may be diverted to other nearby landfills, such as the Cold Canyon Landfill. The Cold Canyon Landfill has a maximum permitted daily throughput of 1,650 tons per day and a remaining capacity of approximately 13,000,000 cubic yards and is estimated to remain operational through 2040 (CalRecycle 2025c). Solid waste generated by development facilitated by the plan would represent approximately 6 percent of the weekly throughput for the Cold Canyon Landfill. 10 So, while it is
anticipated that implementation of the plan would increase solid waste generation, the remaining capacity of the Santa Maria Regional Landfill and other nearby landfills, such as the Cold Canyon Landfill, are anticipated to be able to accommodate this increase in solid waste generation.

AB 939 requires the City to divert 50 percent of solid waste from landfills, and SB 1383 would require the City to reduce organic waste disposal by 75 percent by 2025. New development would be required to comply with Chapter 8-21 of the Santa Maria Municipal Code, which includes requirements for mandatory municipal solid waste, recycling, and composting material disposal reductions, as well as compliance with the California Green Building Standards Code requirements

7 197,393 pounds/day = 16,140 units * 12.23 pounds/household/day 8 1,381,751 pounds/week = 197,393 pounds/day * 7 days
9 934,129 cubic yards/year = [(691 tons/day * 365 days) * 0.037037037 yd^3] * 100 10 11,550 tons/week =1,650 tons/day * 7 days; 6 percent = [691 tons/week/11,550 tons/week]*100 Environmental Impact Analysis
Utilities and Service Systems

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.8-21
for diverting construction and demolition debris. Furthermore, the proposed 2045 General Plan Update includes the following policy to reduce solid waste generation:

Policy PFS-9.2: Waste reduction through design. Promote sustainable building practices that reduce waste generation by encouraging developers to incorporate materials reuse, waste reduction, and recycling into their designs.

For the reasons described above, the plan would not generate solid waste in excess of State or local standards, or in excess of the capacity of local infrastructure, or otherwise impair the attainment of solid waste reduction goals, and would comply with federal, state, and local management and reduction statutes and regulations related to solid waste. Impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation Measure
No mitigation is required because impacts would be less than significant.

4.8.4 Cumulative Impacts
A project’s environmental impacts are “cumulatively considerable” if the “incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects” (CEQA Guidelines Section 15065[a][3]). Regional cumulative impacts consider the City-wide impacts together with similar impacts of reasonably anticipated regional projects/programs. The general approach to cumulative impact analysis used in this EIR, as well as the determination of the cumulative impact analysis area, is discussed in Section 3, Environmental Setting, Subsection 3.3, Cumulative Development. By its nature, a general plan considers cumulative impacts insofar as it considers cumulative development that could occur within the City Limits and the annexation area.

Cumulative growth would increase the demand for water in Santa Maria. Based on the analysis in Impact UTIL-2, the City’s long-term water supplies would be able to meet the demands of cumulative development in Santa Maria with an anticipated surplus for Normal, Single-Dry, and the first four Multiple Dry-Years. The projected demand of the plan would be approximately 7,706.4 AFY, which is well within the projected demand and surplus of Normal, Single-Dry, and First, Second, and Fourth Multiple Dry-Years. In addition, applications for new development projects would be reviewed by the City’s Utilities Department at the time that they are proposed to ensure that adequate water supply would be available. If necessary, the City is able to implement mandatory prohibitions against specific water use during shortages and consumption reduction methods in the most restrictive stages. Accordingly, cumulative development would be adequately served by the City’s long-term water supplies. Therefore, cumulative impacts to water would be less than significant.

Cumulative growth in Santa Maria would increase wastewater generation and demand on the treatment plant. As discussed in Impact UTIL-1, at full buildout, development facilitated by the plan is anticipated to result in 11.4 MGD, leaving a remaining average annual flow treatment capacity of

2.1 MGD. The City of Santa Maria anticipates and plans for future development through the plan, which is then utilized by the City to assess wastewater generation and infrastructure demand within the Sewer System Management Plan and Utilities Capacity Study. Within the City’s Utilities Capacity Study and within the City of Santa Maria’s Capital Projects, both identify treatment plant treatment facility upgrades needed to accommodate growth in the service area and maintain compliance with applicable regulatory standards for wastewater treatment and discharge. Planned Capital Improvement Projects identified by the city would also be implemented to further accommodate City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.8-22
growth facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update. Accordingly, with these planned upgrades, it is determined that capacity would exist to service the demand for wastewater treatment facilities.

Therefore, cumulative wastewater impacts would be less than significant.

The City maintains an extensive stormwater drainage system permitted by the Phase II MS4 permit.

Cumulative development would introduce incremental increases in needs for stormwater conveyance; however, due to the existing built-out nature of Santa Maria, new residential development within city limits is not anticipated to introduce substantial new areas of impervious surfaces such that expansion of existing stormwater conveyance infrastructure would be necessary.

Development facilitated by the plan within the annexation area currently lacks stormwater infrastructure. However, future development within these areas would be required to comply with all applicable provisions of the City of Santa Maria Municipal Code, as well as relevant building and engineering standards. Implementation of minor additions to stormwater conveyance infrastructure are reviewed by the City on a project-by-project basis in order to ensure consistency with the MS4 permit, Title 14, Chapter 3 of the City’s Municipal Code, and RWQCB Central Coast Region Resolution No. R3-2013-0032. Therefore, cumulative stormwater infrastructure impacts would be less than significant.

Telecommunications services in the cumulative impact analysis area are provided by private vendors, and telecommunications facilities are available throughout the cumulative impact analysis area. Connections for new telecommunications services are implemented on an as-needed basis, in accordance with applicable local, State, and federal regulations. Due to the developed nature of the cumulative impact analysis area, there are no anticipated limitations to the availability of telecommunications services that would require the development of substantial telecommunications infrastructure. Similar to telecommunications, electric and natural gas distribution systems provided by PG&E, 3CE, and SoCalGas, respectively, are available throughout the cumulative impact analysis area. Cumulative development would be required to adhere to energy efficiency standards established in Title 24 of the CCR, the California Energy Code, and applicable local building ordinances. Adherence to these requirements would further reduce the need for new electrical or natural gas infrastructure to accommodate cumulative demand.

Therefore, cumulative impacts concerning telecommunications, electric, and natural gas infrastructure would be less than significant.

Cumulative growth would increase solid waste generation and increase the demand for landfill disposal, which could result in a potential cumulative impact on waste disposal services and facilities in the region. As discussed under Impact UTIL-2, beyond 2034, solid waste generated by the city may be diverted to other nearby landfills, such as the Cold Canyon Landfill. The Cold Canyon Landfill has a maximum permitted daily throughput of 1,650 tons per day and a remaining capacity of approximately 13,000,000 cubic yards and is estimated to remain operational through 2040 (CalRecycle 2025c). Solid waste generated by development facilitated by the plan would represent approximately 6 percent of the weekly throughput for the Cold Canyon Landfill. 11 So, while it is
anticipated that implementation of the plan would increase solid waste generation, the remaining capacity of the Santa Maria Regional Landfill and other nearby landfills, such as the Cold Canyon Landfill, are anticipated to be able to accommodate this increase in solid waste generation. This would not substantially increase daily or annual waste disposal, or result in an exceedance of capacity at the Santa Maria Regional Landfill. Therefore, the plan would not result in a considerable contribution to cumulative impacts to waste disposal services and facilities in the region.

11 11,550 tons/week =1,650 tons/day * 7 days; 6 percent = [691 tons/week/11,550 tons/week]*100 Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-1

4.9 Effects Found Not to be Significant
Section 15128 of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines requires that an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) briefly describe any possible effects that were determined not to be significant. This section discusses why impacts to these environmental topics were determined to have a less than significant impact or no impact and therefore are not discussed in detail in the EIR as individual sections.

4.9.1 Aesthetics
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project would have a significant impact on aesthetics if it would:

Have a substantial adverse effect on a scenic vista;
Substantially damage scenic resources, including, but not limited to, trees, rock outcroppings, and historic buildings within a state scenic highway;
In nonurbanized areas, substantially degrade the existing visual character or quality of public views of the site and its surroundings? (Public views are those that are experienced from publicly accessible vantage point). If the project is in an urbanized area, would the project conflict with applicable zoning and other regulations governing scenic quality; or Create a new source of substantial light or glare which would adversely affect day or nighttime views in the area.

Impact Analysis
The Santa Maria General Plan does not identify scenic vistas or public viewing areas within city limits. However, the city contains views of natural aesthetic features including the Santa Maria River to the west of the city and rolling hills to the east. Title 12 of the City’s Zoning Ordinance includes development standards which regulate the size, mass, and design of development projects to ensure the city maintains an overall cohesive character. Additional standards and guidelines exist for the treatment of historical structures and settings. Because development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would be subject to Zoning Ordinance standards that regulate size, mass, and design, public views of significant visual resources would not be substantially blocked.

Pursuant to Section 15387 of the CEQA Guidelines, the City of Santa Maria is classified as an Urbanized Area. As stated above, the City’s Zoning Ordinance standards protect the visual character of the city by regulating the size, mass, and design of development projects. New development facilitated by the plan would be subject to these standards. The City has implemented land uses in specific designated areas to provide visual compatibility with surrounding development.

The City has regulations for exterior lighting for commercial development, mixed-use development, Objective Design Standards for residential development, as well as specific standards for parking lots, signs, and for development within Airport Safety Zones (Chapters 12-33, 12-49, 12-32, 12-34, 12-21 and 12-24 of the Zoning Ordinance). Development facilitated by the plan would generate additional exterior lighting. Additional lighting generated by the development facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with lighting standards as set forth in Chapters 12-33, 12-49, 12-32, City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-2
12-34, 12-21 and 12-24 of the Zoning Ordinance and as such, lighting would be reduced to be consistent with existing lighting standards and impacts would be less than significant.

While the Santa Maria General Plan does not identify designated scenic vistas or public viewing areas within city limits, the city contains natural visual features such as the Santa Maria River and the rolling hills that offer aesthetic value to the city. The City would implement the following policies within the proposed Recreation Element to preserve scenic areas within the city:

Policy REC-8.1: Protection of open space. Preserve and expand open spaces in public parks that provide ecological and scenic benefits for residents.

Development facilitated by the plan would be subject to existing Zoning Ordinance standards that regulate size, mass, design, and lighting, thereby preserving the city’s visual character and ensuring compatibility with surrounding development. Additional protections for Open Space Zones and historic settings would further ensure that scenic and aesthetic resources are not adversely affected. Therefore, potential impacts to aesthetic resources would be less than significant.

4.9.2 Energy
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project may have a significant impact on energy if it would:

Result in potentially significant environmental impact due to wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy resources, during project construction or operation; or Conflict with or obstruct a State or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency.

Impact Analysis
Construction Impacts
Development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would involve construction activities that would consume fuel (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel) to operate heavy equipment, light-duty vehicles, machinery, and generators for lighting. In addition, temporary grid power would also be required to support construction trailers or electric construction equipment. Energy consumption during the construction of individual projects would be temporary in nature, and equipment used would be typical of construction projects in the region. In addition, construction contractors are required to demonstrate compliance with applicable California Air Resources Board regulations that restrict the idling of heavy-duty diesel motor vehicles and govern the accelerated retrofitting, repowering, or replacement of heavy-duty diesel on- and off-road equipment. Furthermore, in accordance with Executive Order N-79-20 it is anticipated construction trucks would transition most of their vehicle fleets to zero-emission vehicles by 2035. Construction activities would be required to utilize fuel- efficient equipment consistent with State and federal regulations and would comply with State measures to reduce inefficient, wasteful, or unnecessary consumption of energy.

Operational Impacts
The City of Santa Maria is currently enrolled in the Central Coast Community Energy Program (3CE) which strives to source clean and renewable electricity at responsible rates for customers along the central coast of California within the 3CE service area which includes the counties of Santa Cruz, San Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-3
Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara. Since 2018, 3CE has enrolled 33 Central Coast communities and serves more than 1.1 million customers, representing 95 percent of the households and businesses in the central coast region. Although they have a variety of sources, the majority of their energy is produced via solar and wind. 3CE’s standard rate sources 30 percent of energy from renewable sources and 70 percent from unspecified power sources.1 3CE also offers a prime rate which sources 100 percent of energy from renewable sources.

Development facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with Chapter 9 of the City’s Code of Ordinances, which adopts the State’s energy efficiency regulations, including the California Energy Code and the California Green Building Standards Code—Part 11, Title 24, California Code of Regulations, to ensure development in Santa Maria promotes the State’s energy efficiency goals through project design. Development facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with policies outlined in the Conservation and Open Space Element that aim to increase community awareness and participation in energy efficiency improvements, reduce household energy demand, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and advance regional sustainability goals. These include:

Policy COS-6.4: Energy conservation programs. Promote energy conservation through public awareness programs.

Action COS-6.4.1: Coordinate with the Tri-County Regional Energy Network (3C-REN) to increase awareness of local incentives for improving energy efficiency for homeowners.

Action COS-6.4.2: Identify and pursue funding to create a program offering home energy audits to help property owners identify updates to increase energy efficiency and funding assistance for home retrofits.

Policy PFS-6.4: Energy efficiency. To reduce operating and maintenance costs, identify opportunities for environmental performance improvements (e.g., rooftop solar, equipment replacements, audits, retro-commissioning, and building retrofits) to City-owned buildings.

Implementation of these plan policies would further promote the State’s energy efficiency goals by promoting alternative transportation, the use of energy efficient equipment, and energy retrofits.

As development facilitated by the plan would receive electricity from 3CE, it would be powered by renewable energy mandated by Senate Bill 100. Implementation of the plan would not conflict with or obstruct a State or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency. Furthermore, adherence to the State’s energy efficiency regulations, including the California Energy Code and California Green Building Standards Code, as well as policies within the plan would ensure the plan would not result in the wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy resources. Therefore, these impacts would be less than significant.

4.9.3 Geology and Soils
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project may have a significant impact on geology and soils if it would:

1 Unspecified power is electricity that has been purchased through open market transactions and is not traceable to a specific generation source.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-4
Directly or indirectly cause potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury, or death involving:
i. Rupture of a known earthquake fault, as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map, issued by the State Geologist for the area or based on other substantial evidence of a known fault;
ii. Strong seismic ground shaking;
iii. Seismic-related ground failure, including liquefaction; iv. Landslides;
Result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of topsoil; Be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the project, and potential result in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse;
Be located on expansive soil, as defined in Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Building Code (1994), creating substantial direct or indirect risks to life or property; Have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems where sewers are not available for the disposal of waste water; Directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic feature.

Impact Analysis
Earthquake Fault Rupture
According to the plan , several active faults exist within the region. These faults generally trend northwest. Active faults include the Santa Maria, San Luis Range (South Margin), Bradley Canyon, and Casmalia Faults. These faults are not delineated on California Department of Conservation Seismic Hazards Program information as being located within an Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone (California Department of Conservation 2024).

Development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update could occur in areas with the potential for fault rupture and associated risk of loss, injury and death. Implementation of the proposed plan would facilitate residential development in Santa Maria. While additional residents, employees, and new structures would be exposed to the effects of existing seismic hazards, including fault rupture, seismic ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, lateral spreading, subsidence, and collapse from local and regional earthquakes, the plan itself would not exacerbate the risk of seismic hazards occurring. The plan would encourage new development and redevelopment of existing underutilized land uses, which could replace older buildings subject to seismic damage with newer structures built to current seismic standards that would better withstand the adverse effects of strong ground shaking. The California Building Code (CBC) regulates the design and construction of excavations, foundations, building frames, retaining walls, and other building elements to mitigate the effects of seismic shaking. Foundations and other structural support features would be required to be designed to resist or absorb damaging forces from strong ground shaking and liquefaction.

As such, development facilitated by the plan would not directly or indirectly cause or increase potential substantial adverse effects involving the rupture of a known earthquake fault. This impact would be less than significant.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-5
Seismic Ground Shaking
The Santa Maria Fault, San Luis Range (South Margin), Bradley Canyon, and Casmalia Fault could potentially produce seismic ground shaking within the city in the event of an earthquake(Safety Element of the 2045 Santa Maria General Plan Figure SE-2). Development facilitated by the plan may be subject to ground shaking in the event of an earthquake originating along one of the faults designated as active in the vicinity of the city.

Development facilitated by the plan would not exacerbate a risk to public safety or destruction of property beyond what is already present in the region. Residential development would be required to adhere to the standards of the CBC which provides earthquake design requirements, including earthquake loading specifications for design and construction to resist effects of earthquake motions in accordance with the American Society of Civil Engineers Standard 7-05. The CBC also regulates the design and construction of excavations, foundations, building frames, retaining walls, and other building elements to mitigate the effects of seismic shaking. The impact to people, buildings, or structures from strong seismic ground shaking would be reduced by mandatory conformance with applicable building codes, and accepted engineering practices. In addition, the plan includes policies intended to reduce impacts by promoting safe design and construction practices for new development, encouraging enhanced safety standards in high-risk seismic and geologic areas, and supporting public outreach to raise awareness of local hazards and appropriate protective actions. These include:

Policy S-1.1: Mitigate seismic and geologic hazards. Ensure new development is designed and constructed to adequately mitigate seismic and geologic hazards through compliance with the City’s Municipal Code safety and development regulations.

Action S-1.1.1: Update the Municipal Code as new versions of the California Building Code are published, and review and adopt seismic safety standards as needed to reflect current, updated information on seismic hazards in relation to the city.

Action S-1.1.2: Review and update seismic and geologic hazard assessments and policies within the Safety Element and Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) as new data becomes available.

Action S-1.1.3: Utilize the land use review processes to identify seismic and geologic hazard risk associated with proposed development and condition projects to mitigate risk to an acceptable level (acceptable level shall be consistent with the current California Building Code).

Action S-1.1.4: Enforce the Unreinforced Masonry Ordinance to require the rehabilitation of identified unreinforced masonry buildings in accordance with the “adopted by” dates outlined in the ordinance.

Policy S-1.2: Seismic and geologic safety standards. Establish enhanced seismic and geologic safety standards to be applicable to development in high-risk seismic and geologic hazard zones.

Action S-1.2.1: Update the Municipal Code to require development projects in high seismic and geologic risk areas conduct a geotechnical investigation and analysis by a state-licensed engineering geologist or civil engineer, with the resulting report to be included as a part of the land use and/or subdivision permit application. The geotechnical investigation report shall assess hazard risk and identify appropriate mitigation measures to reduce identified risks to an acceptable level.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-6
Action S-1.2.2: Update the Municipal Code to prohibit the redevelopment of sites where habitable structures are significantly damaged or destroyed by a geologic hazard event, unless findings can be made by a state-licensed geologist that the proposed redevelopment would adequately mitigate future geologic hazard risks.

Policy S-1.3: Public information on seismic hazards. Inform the public of existing seismic and geologic hazards through community engagement efforts, along with actions they can take to protect themselves and their property from these hazards.

Action S-1.3.1: Publish a guide that outlines the permitting process for retrofitting older structures that do not adhere to current seismic and geologic building standards.

Therefore, impacts would be less than significant.

Liquefaction
Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which loose, saturated, granular soils behave similarly to a fluid when subjected to high-intensity ground shaking. Liquefaction occurs when three general conditions exist: shallow groundwater; low density, fine, clean sandy soils; and strong ground motion.

Liquefaction-related effects include loss of bearing strength, amplified ground oscillations, lateral spreading, and flow failures.

According to the Safety Element of the City’s proposed General Plan, liquefaction potential from ground shaking is generally low in Santa Maria due to the relatively deep groundwater levels.

However, several areas of perched groundwater are listed in the Safety Element of the 2045 Santa Maria General Plan (Figure SE-1), resulting in potential liquefaction during an earthquake.

Development facilitated by the plan would be required to adhere to the standards of the CBC, which includes mandatory site-specific geotechnical investigations for an individual project. Compliance with applicable building codes would reduce seismic ground shaking impacts with current engineering practices, and the plan would not exacerbate liquefaction potential in the Planning Area. The following plan policies would minimize impacts from liquefaction:

Policy S-6.4 5: Resilient critical facilities. Create resilient critical facilities that minimize the exposure of people and property from disasters.

Action S-6.45.1: Update the Municipal Code to require the siting of new critical public facilities outside of high hazard risk areas, including the 100-year flood zone, wildland urban interface zone, and areas with high liquefaction potential, unless the facilities can be designed in such a way that the risk can be mitigated to an acceptable level.

Action S-6.45.2: Identify existing critical facilities in high-risk hazard zones that require relocation or retrofits. Create a ranked list of critical facilities requiring relocation and/or retrofits based on the degree of hazard risk and the magnitude of adverse impacts to the community in the event the functionality of the facility is reduced or interrupted.

Compliance with the CBC and the proposed policy and actions in the plan would ensure that impacts related to liquefaction would be less than significant.

Landslides
The geologic character of an area determines its potential for landslides. Steep slopes, the extent of erosion, and the rock composition of a hillside all contribute to the potential for slope failure and Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-7
landslide events. In order to fail, unstable slopes need to be disturbed; common triggering mechanisms of slope failure include undercutting slopes by erosion or grading, saturation of marginally stable slopes by rainfall or irrigation; and, shaking of marginally stable slopes during earthquakes. Landslides and mudslides could potentially occur in areas with steep slopes or in areas containing escarpments. The only potential area subject to landslide risk within the city limits is the escarpment that runs in an east-west direction in the southern portion of the city. There is no proposed development or land use changes that would occur within this area.

Development facilitated by the plan would be required to adhere to the standards of the CBC, which includes mandatory site-specific geotechnical investigations for individual projects. If development facilitated by the plan were to occur in a location subject to landslide risk, it would be subject to further study and approval. Compliance with the City of Santa Maria’s Code of Ordinances and policies in the plan would ensure that impacts related to landslides would be less than significant.

Erosion
Soil erosion or the loss of topsoil may occur when soils are disturbed but not secured or restored, such that wind or rain events mobilize disturbed soils, resulting in their transport offsite. Ground disturbing activities associated with development facilitated by the plan would have the potential to result in the removal and erosion of topsoil during grading and excavation. Construction activities that disturb one or more acres of land are subject to a General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction and Land Disturbance Activities, Order No. 2022-0057-DWQ, NPDES No. CAS000002 (Construction Stormwater General Permit), which would require the development of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) that outlines project-specific Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control erosion, sediment release, and otherwise reduce the potential for discharge of pollutants from construction into stormwater. Typical BMPs include, but are not limited to, installation of silt fences, erosion control blankets, and anti-tracking pads at site exits to prevent off-site transport of soil material. Chapter 9 of the City’s Code of Ordinances includes methods of reducing flood loss as well as requirements for preventing, controlling and reducing storm water pollutants.

Construction activities would also be required to comply with CBC Chapter 70 standards, which are designed to ensure implementation of appropriate measures during grading and construction to control erosion and storm water pollution. Therefore, erosion from ground-disturbing activities associated with future development facilitated by the plan would be controlled through implementation of the requirements and BMPs in existing regulations, including the Construction Stormwater General Permit and Chapters 8, 9 and 11 of the City’s Code of Ordinances. These Chapters include regulations for reducing and avoiding potential run-off and restricting certain uses that may prove hazardous to health, safety and property due erosion hazards. Compliance with the regulations discussed above would reduce the risk of soil erosion from construction activities to a less than significant level.

Geologic or Soil Instability and Expansive Soils
Impacts related to landslides and liquefaction are discussed above; therefore, this discussion focuses on impacts related to unstable or expansive soils because of lateral spreading, subsidence, or collapse. Lateral spreading occurs because of liquefaction; accordingly, liquefaction-prone areas would also be susceptible to lateral spreading. Subsidence occurs at great depths below the surface when subsurface pressure is reduced by the withdrawal of fluids (e.g., groundwater, natural gas, or oil) resulting in sinking of the ground. Soils that volumetrically increase (swell) or expand when City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-8
exposed to water and contract when dry (shrink) are considered expansive soils. The soil’s potential to shrink and swell depends on the amount and types of clay in the soil. Highly expansive soils can cause structural damage to foundations and roads without proper structural engineering and are generally less suitable or desirable for development than non-expansive soils.

Areas of expansive soils are known to exist within city limits; however, the majority of Santa Maria is considered unlikely to contain expansive soils (Safety Element of the 2045 Santa Maria General Plan Figure SE-3). Future development would be required to comply with the CBC’s minimum standards for structural design and site development. The CBC provides standards for excavation, grading, and earthwork construction; fills and embankments; expansive soils; foundation investigations; and liquefaction potential and soils strength loss. Thus, CBC-required incorporation of soil treatment programs (replacement, grouting, compaction, drainage control, etc.) in the excavation and construction plans of future development facilitated by the plan could result in an acceptable degree of soil stability. Consistent with CBC requirements, development facilitated by the plan would require mandatory site-specific geotechnical investigations for individual development projects at the time they are proposed. Adherence to these requirements would achieve accepted safety standards for unstable geologic units or soils. In addition, although future development facilitated by the plan would potentially be subject to these hazards, the plan would not increase the potential for lateral spreading, subsidence, or collapse. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant.

Septic Systems
The plan would generally emphasize development within the city where existing infrastructure exists, apart from the annexation area. New development within the city is not anticipated to include the use of septic systems. Chapter 8 of the Municipal Code requires owners connect to available city sewer and abandon septic systems per health department requirements. The annexation area would provide the potential for more rural development that may require the use alternative wastewater systems; however, future development within the annexation area will be subject to the development and approval of a specific plan, one component of which would be a public and private infrastructure plan. Any request to rely on septic systems would be reviewed on a project-by-project basis and would need to comply with local and state regulations and standards for onsite wastewater treatment systems. Therefore, impacts related to the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems would be less than significant.

Paleontological Resources
Fossils or assemblages of fossils that are unique, rare, diagnostically important, or are common but have the potential to provide valuable scientific information for evaluating evolutionary patterns and geologic processes may be significant paleontological resources. New or unique specimens can provide new insights into evolutionary history; however, additional specimens of even well represented lineages can be equally important for studying evolutionary pattern and process and evolutionary rates. As such, common fossils, especially vertebrates, may be scientifically important.

Future development facilitated by the plan would be subject to Public Resources Code Section 5097.5 which prohibits the removal or disturbance of paleontological resources without permission of the jurisdictional agency. Based on required compliance with the Public Resources Code, the plan would not disturb unique paleontological resources. As a result, potential impacts to paleontological resources would be less than significant.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-9

4.9.4 Hazards and Hazardous Materials
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project may have a significant impact on hazards and hazardous materials if it would:

Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials;
Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment;
Emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances, or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school; Be located on a site which is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to Government Code Section 65962.5 and, as a result, would create a significant hazard to the public or the environment;
For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, result in a safety hazard or excessive noise for people residing or working in the project area; Impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan; or
Expose people or structures, either directly or indirectly, to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires.

Impact Analysis
Hazardous Materials Transport, Use, and Disposal
Development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would involve the use of potentially hazardous materials, such as vehicle fuels and fluids, which could be released, should a spill or leak occur. Contractors of individual development projects would be required to implement standard construction BMPs for the use or handling of such materials to avoid or reduce the potential for such conditions to occur. Storage and disposal of hazardous wastes is primarily regulated by the Santa Barbara County Environmental Health Services which acts as the Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA)2 as certified by the California Environmental Protection Agency (County of Santa Barbara Public Health 2025). The transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials would be carried out in accordance with applicable local, State, and federal regulations regarding the handling of potentially hazardous materials. These include the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the California Hazardous Materials Management Act, and California Code of Regulations Title 22. Hazardous materials transported on State highways would be subject to California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) requirements, as described in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Additionally, Chapter 7-13 of the City’s Code of Ordinances regulates the transport of hazardous materials within city limits. This chapter identifies specific roads and highways where vehicle transport of hazardous waste for which registration is required

2 The CUPA regulates businesses that handle hazardous materials, generate or treat hazardous waste or operate aboveground or underground storage tanks. The primary goal of the CUPA Program is to protect public health and the environment by promoting compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-10
pursuant to Section 25163 of the Health and Safety Code is not permitted. Mandatory compliance with applicable local, State, and federal laws and regulations relating to the transport, use, and disposal of hazardous materials during construction and operation of future development facilitated by the plan would minimize the potential to create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, and disposal of hazardous materials. Therefore, this impact would be less than significant.

Upset and Accident Conditions
As described above in the Hazardous Materials Transport, Use, and Disposal subsection, the transport, use, and disposal of hazardous material would be conducted in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, including the City’s Code of Ordinances Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the California Hazardous Materials Management Act, California Code of Regulations Title 22, and Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

Future development facilitated by the plan that would require demolition or redevelopment of existing structures, particularly old structures, has the potential to expose workers and the public to asbestos. The California Health and Safety Code Section 19827.5 requires local agencies not issue a demolition or alteration permits until an applicant has assessed the potential for a structure to contain asbestos and demonstrated compliance with notification requirements under federal regulations involving hazardous air pollutants, including asbestos. California Code of Regulations Section 1532.1 requires testing, monitoring, containment, and disposal of lead-based materials, such that exposure levels do not exceed California Occupational Safety and Health Administration (CalOSHA) standards.

Future development facilitated by the plan could involve the use, storage, disposal, or transportation of hazardous materials. Hazardous material use and storage would primarily consist of common household hazardous materials such as solvents, paints, and chemicals used for cleaning and building maintenance, and landscaping supplies. These materials would not be different from household hazardous materials currently in use throughout the city. Residents and workers are anticipated to use limited quantities of products that could contain hazardous materials routinely for periodic cleaning, repair, and maintenance, or for landscaping and pest control. The disposal of hazardous household materials would be conducted in compliance with applicable regulations, pursuant to the Santa Barbara County CUPA. The Santa Maria Sanitary Landfill currently operates a household hazardous waste transfer and storage facility. This facility is open to the public two days per month. In addition to collecting household hazardous waste, the facility conducts random, solid waste load checks for hazardous materials.

Future development facilitated by the plan could include industrial uses which could sell, use, store, transport, or release substantial quantities of hazardous materials. The Santa Barbara County CUPA establishes a Hazardous Materials Business Plan (HMBP) Program which requires businesses handling, using, or storing reportable amounts of hazardous materials to submit inventories, site maps, and other documentation relating to those materials to the CUPA, and to develop appropriate employee training and emergency procedures. After the HMBP is submitted to the CUPA, it would be reviewed for completeness and accuracy and would then be available to emergency first response agencies (County of Santa Barbara Public Health 2025). The Santa Maria Sanitary landfill does not service hazardous waste generated by commercial and industrial uses.

Businesses must hire a hazardous waste transporter to dispose of their hazardous waste. This waste Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-11
is either transported to the Chemical Waste Management/Kettleman Hills facility (north), or to a transfer station in southern California, where it is shipped out of state.

Overall, applicable federal, State, and local regulations would minimize the potential for future development facilitated by the plan to create a significant hazard to the public or environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment. Therefore, this impact would be less than significant.

Schools
There are 23 schools within city limits, including elementary, junior high and high schools, and Allan Hancock College. As described above in the Hazardous Materials Transport, Use, and Disposal subsection, the transport of hazardous materials is required to comply with applicable regulations for the use, transport, and disposal of hazardous materials. Future development facilitated by the plan, which would be reasonably anticipated to emit hazardous air emissions or would handle a hazardous substance within 0.25-mile of an existing school would be required to notify the affected school district, pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 21151.4. Compliance with existing regulations would reduce the potential for a school to be exposed to hazardous materials.

The plan would facilitate residential, commercial, open space and industrial development in the vicinity of some existing schools. However, the various land uses facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with applicable laws and regulations for the handling of hazardous materials.

These land uses would not emit large quantities of hazardous materials or substances. Development of sites within the city may have pre-existing contamination and would be remediated through coordination with the appropriate regulatory agency pursuant to federal, State, and local regulations.

Regarding future schools that may be developed to accommodate forecasted population increases in Santa Maria, provisions of the California Education Code Section 17213 would apply. Section 17213 requires the City to ensure the chosen site for a proposed school is not on a current hazardous waste disposal site, is not on a hazardous substance release site identified by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), and does not contain pipelines that carry hazardous substances. Therefore, the plan would not result in the handling of hazardous or acutely hazardous materials substances or waste within 0.25-mile of an existing or proposed school. This impact would be less than significant.

Hazardous Materials Sites
The DTSC’s EnviroStor database and the State Water Resource Control Board’s (SWRCB) GeoTracker database were reviewed to determine if hazardous materials sites exist within the Planning Area.

Approximately 90 active hazardous material sites within city limits. These sites are primarily located in the southern half of the city with a slight concentration along Betteravia Road. Therefore, future development facilitated by the plan could occur on sites with underground storage tanks (USTs).

Tank removal activities could pose both health and safety risks from tank contents or vapors to workers, tank handling personnel, and the public. Potential risks, if any, posed by USTs could be minimized by managing the tank according to existing standards contained in California Health and Safety Code Division 20, Chapters 6.7 and 6.75 (UST Program), as enforced and monitored by the City’s Public Health Department. If contamination exceeds regulatory action levels, future developers would be required to undertake remediation procedures prior to grading and development under the supervision of the Regional Water Quality Control Board, depending on the nature of identified contamination. Furthermore, the plan would include the following policies City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-12
aimed to reduce environmental and public health risks by regulating oil-related land uses, promoting the safe handling and reduction of hazardous materials, and addressing potential exposures linked to solid waste site operations.:

Policy S-4.1: Crude oil extraction, production, and postproduction. Maintain and, as needed, update local land use regulations pertaining to crude oil extraction, production, and postproduction well site abandonment and closure.

Action S-4.1.1: Update the City’s Petroleum Ordinance to maintain consistency with regulations and standards established by the California Geologic Energy Management Division (CalGEM) and Santa Barbara County Environmental Health Division pertaining to petroleum extraction, processing, storage, and transport.

Action S-4.1.2: Update the minimum no-build easement buffer surrounding abandoned and existing oil wells to be consistent with current CalGEM policies for unimpeded access to well heads.

Action S-4.1.3: Require responsible parties to remediate abandoned oil sumps and contaminated soils, and to plug and abandon (or re-abandon) oil wells in accordance with federal, state, and local regulations upon termination of the associated contaminating use or facility. For abandoned sites, these requirements must be met prior to any new site development.

Action S-4.1.4: Refer development applications for oil extraction, production, storage, or transport uses and sites to the City Petroleum Engineer, or to the County Petroleum Engineer Energy, Minerals and Compliance Division, if authorized by the City Council for review and approval. This includes sites with existing or former operations related to oil extraction, production, storage, or transport.

Action S-4.1.5: Update the Municipal Code to require new development and redevelopment projects on sites with existing or abandoned oil wells, or a history of oil drilling operations to conduct a Phase I Environmental Assessment.

Action S-4.1.6: Conduct an environmental assessment prior to the development of newly annexed areasations containing or in proximity to active and plugged oil and gas wells to identify potential public health concerns. Based on the findings of the environmental assessment, require site remediation or restrict development in areas near active, idle, and/or abandoned oil and gas wells that could expose people to contamination.

Policy S-4.2: Hazardous materials. Ensure the safe use, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous materials.

Action S-4.2.1: Continue to enforce regulations of hazardous materials established by the Santa Barbara County Environmental Health Services Division and State Health and Safety Code.

Action S-4.2.2: Enforce and periodically review hazardous materials transport routes designated by the City and the California Highway Patrol to ensure routes limit exposure to existing sensitive land uses and critical facilities to the greatest extent feasible.

Action S-4.2.3: Maintain local hazardous materials disposal programs for businesses and residents to ensure safe disposal of hazardous materials.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-13
Action S-4.2.4: Coordinate with the County of Santa Barbara Environmental Health Division and the California Highway Patrol to update and enforce local hazardous materials plans, programs, and transport routes.

Action S-4.2.5: Prior to issuance of a ministerial permit related to proposed railway facilities and related operations, require applicants submit written documentation that the Railroad Operations and Safety Branch (ROSB) of the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) has conducted review and inspection of the project, and found the project in compliance with all state and federal laws, regulations, orders, and directives relating to the handling and transportation of hazardous commodities.

Policy S-4.3: City hazardous materials usage. Reduce the use of hazardous materials in City operations.

Action S-4.3.1: Evaluate the feasibility of adopting procurement policies that prioritize the purchase of non-toxic and environmentally friendly products for City operations.

Action S-4.3.2: Maintain a list of pesticides and herbicides restricted for use on publicly owned land and implement integrated pest management practices and use of organic pesticides where feasible.

Policy S-4.4: Solid waste sites. Monitor and mitigate hazardous material exposure associated with solid waste site operations.

Action S-4.4.1: Update the Municipal Code to establish buffer zones surrounding solid waste sites to prohibit by restricting the placement of sensitive land uses adjacent to solid waste sites. Allowed uses in buffer zones may include green spaces and parks.

Action S-4.4.2: Ensure all active and closed solid waste sites maintain gas collection systems to capture, manage, and potentially reuse methane for on-site and off-site use.

Future development facilitated by the plan would be required to identify and remove such hazardous materials in accordance with applicable State and local regulations. As a result, the plan would not create a significant hazard to the public or the environment due to being located on a hazardous materials site. This impact would be less than significant.

Airport Land Use Hazards
The Santa Maria Airport is located in the southwestern portion of the city. The Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan (ALUCP) (Santa Barbara County Association of Governments 2023) applies to development within the Santa Maria Airport’s influence area. Future development facilitated by the plan could occur within the noise contours and/or the developable airport safety zones as delineated in the ALUCP. In accordance with California Public Utilities Code 21676 as well as Section 1.4.1, General Plan Consistency, of the Santa Maria ALUCP, Airport Land Use Committees (ALUC) must review general plans for consistency with the ALUCP.

The ALUC would review the plan for consistency with the Noise Compatibility Guidelines provided in the ALUCP, as well as height restrictions, land uses, densities and other specific development standards within the applicable airport safety zones. Additionally, specific future development that may affect navigable airspace would be subject to Federal Aviation Administration review, pursuant to the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 77.5, 77.7, and 77.9.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-14
In addition to review by the ALUC, the following plan policies would minimize loss of life, injury, and property damage resulting from aircraft operations. Specifically, plan policies include the following:

Policy S-5.1: Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan. Maintain consistency between the City’s General Plan and Municipal Code and the current Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan.

Action S-5.1.1: Review and update the City’s Land Use Element, Safety Element, and Zoning Code upon the adoption of an updated Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan to ensure consistency.

Policy S-5.2: Airport Commission and District project review. Ensure new development within the Santa Maria Airport Area of Influence is consistent with the standards, regulations, and processes set forth by Article 3.5 of the Public Utilities Code, as described in the Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan.

Action S-5.2.1: Refer all applications for General Plan Land Use amendments within the Santa Maria Airport Area of Influence to the Santa Barbara County Airport Land Use Commission and the Santa Maria Public Airport District for review, consistent with the processes of Article 3.5 of the California Public Utilities Code.

Compliance with the ALUCP, review by the ALUC, and implementation of plan policies would ensure the plan would not result in a safety hazard or excessive noise for people residing or working in the plan area. Therefore, this impact would be less than significant.

Impairment of Emergency Response Plans
Construction activities associated with future development facilitated by the plan could interfere with adopted emergency response or evacuation plans because of temporary construction activities within rights-of-way, temporary construction barricades, or other obstructions that could impede emergency access. Temporary construction barricades or other obstructions that could impede emergency access on State highway systems would be subject to the standards set forth in the California Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices. The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices requires the creation and approval of temporary traffic control plans to be used for facilitating road users through a work zone (Caltrans 2014, revised 2025). Adherence to these requirements for construction activities would minimize potential impacts associated with the impairment or physical interference of an adopted emergency response plan or evacuation procedures for State highways.

Construction that would occur within a public easement or right-of-way would be required to obtain an encroachment permit, which are issued by the City’s Public Works Department. Public Works would review encroachment permit applications for compliance with local regulations to ensure construction activities would not impair emergency evacuation or emergency response plans.

Increased future development could result in additional traffic with the potential to hinder emergency response or evacuation routes. However, plan policies would support safe evacuation routes in the event of an emergency. Plan policies include the following:

Policy S-6.1: Emergency preparedness and response coordination. Strengthen the City’s emergency preparedness and response capabilities.

Action S-6.1.1: Maintain mutual aid agreements and establish shared resource networks within the Operational Area to provide additional emergency response capacity in the event of a large-scale disaster.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-15
Action S-6.1.2: Participate in updates to the regional emergency, safety, and hazard plans, including the Santa Barbara County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan and Santa Barbara Operational Area Emergency Management Plan.

Engage Operational Area partners and the whole Community in the City’s emergency planning efforts to ensure a cohesive and coordinated response in the event of a large-scale disaster consistent with Incident Command System (ICS)/SEMS/NIMS.

Action S-6.1.3: Continue to work with other jurisdictions and regional agencies to develop a multi-jurisdictional emergency preparedness and response team to oversee and advise emergency planning effortsAction S-6.1.4: Partner with local organizations and regional agencies to offer a broader range of training and educational opportunities for emergency response personnel, City staff, and residents with the goal of sharing best practices and encouraging cross-collaboration. This can be accomplished by organizing joint training and cross-training sessions and emergency drills with other agencies, organizations, or jurisdictions.

Policy S-6.2: Police response time. Identify minimum standards for police response time and ensure compliance with these standards for all areas within the City limits.

Action S-6.2.1: Continually monitor and report average law enforcement response time.

Action S-6.2.2: On an annual basis, evaluate police resource needs to achieve target response times, and include desired resources as needed.

Policy S-6.3: Police emergency response capabilitycity. Maintain adequate law enforcement capabilities and emergency response capacity. a ratio of 1.3 sworn officers for every 1,000 residents to ensure that the Santa Maria Police Department is sufficiently staffed and equipped to meet the community’s safety needs.

Action S-6.3.1: Evaluate law enforcement capacity and emergency response needs as new land is annexed and developed within the Santa Maria Police Department jurisdiction.

Policy S-6.4 5: Resilient critical facilities. Create resilient critical facilities that minimize the exposure of people and property from disasters.

Action S-6.45.3: Develop, prioritize, and implement a list of capital improvement projects to mitigate hazard risk for critical facilities:
 Prioritize improvement projects based on feasibility and impact, with emphasis on improvements that benefit disadvantaged communities.
 Identify and pursue sources of funding to support critical facility improvement projects.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-16
Action S-6.45.4: Install backup energy systems, such as generators, renewable energy, and battery storage systems, for existing and new critical facilities to ensure continuity of operation in the event of a disaster or hazard event.

Action S-6.45.5: Conduct annual fire safety inspections for public buildings and recreational and utility infrastructure.

Policy S-6.56: Emergency response training. Prepare and train City staff to support emergency responders in the event of a disaster.

Action S-6.56.1: Update the Emergency Response Plan to designate roles and responsibilities for City staff by department, including non-leadership support roles.

Action S-6.56.2: Designate alternative operating locations for critical City staff in the event that the primary location is inaccessible or unusable during and after an emergency.

Policy S-6.67: Emergency plans. Maintain and update local emergency preparedness and response plans to ensure consistency between state, regional, and local safety requirements and current best management practices.

Action S-6.67.1: Upon adoption of an updated City or Regional Safety Element, Hazard Mitigation Plan, emergency response plan, or airport land use plan, review and update all other relevant City safety and emergency plans and regulations for consistency.

Action S-6.67.2: When updating a local safety or emergency plan, update hazard identification and mapping to include the most current state-approved data sources.

Policy S-6.78: Community emergency preparedness and response. Create opportunities for meaningful community involvement throughout all aspects of emergency preparedness and response planning.

Action S-6.78.1: Implement a community outreach program with diverse engagement methodologies to educate and prepare residents for potential hazards and emergency events that include multiple forms of media, including social media and print media, as well as in-person and virtual events.

Action S-6.78.2: Integrate noticing for community outreach opportunities into a variety of City communications, including the City’s website, social media pages, and utility and property tax bills.

Action S-6.78.3: Establish community partnerships to assist in engaging disadvantaged and underserved populations.

Action S-6.78.4: Ensure all emergency preparedness and response materials and plans are provided in all languages spoken by at least five percent of the city’s population.

Action S-6.78.5: Work with the community and experts to identify and incorporate accessible communications technologies and processes to ensure protective actions are rapidly disseminated to and understood by affected populations.

Action S-6.78.6: Develop an interactive online map of publicly accessible hazards information relevant to Santa Maria that allows residents and property owners to view the location of hazards relative to their own property or location of residence. Integrate links to Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-17
emergency preparedness and resiliency resources for residents, including assistance programs for home retrofits for reducing hazard risk.

Action S-6.78.7: Create a dedicated webpage on the City’s website that provides current information on hazard events, proactive measures residents can make to protect themselves and their property, and resources that can be utilized in the event of a disaster.

Use translation software to provide this information in all languages spoken by at least five percent of the population.

Action S-6.78.8: Incorporate clear feedback loops that demonstrate to the community how their input has influenced local planning and programs related to hazards and emergency preparedness, and response.

Policy S-6.89: Emergency response communication. Develop clear, accessible, and reliable communication methods for the entire community to be used in the event of an emergency or disaster.

Action S-6.89.1: Upon the next update of the Emergency Response Plan, include a strategy that outlines communication protocols during and after disasters. This plan should include methods for information sharing among emergency service providers and the public and identify plans for communicating with individuals who speak languages other than English and individuals with visual and auditory impairments.

Policy S-7.3: Evacuation Assistance. Provide evacuation assistance to vulnerable populations in the event of an emergency.

Action 5-7.3.1: Develop a plan for providing evacuation assistance for vulnerable individuals. The plan should include strategies for evacuation assistance, including the following:
 Opportunities for utilizing public transit to support individuals who may not be able to self-evacuate, including those without vehicles, with disabilities, commuters, etc.  Early evacuation warnings for individuals who may require longer to evacuate, including individuals with large animals, medical needs, etc.
 Communication plan for informing non-English speaking and auditory and visually impaired individuals during an evacuation order
Action S-7.3.2: Promote a neighborhood buddy system, including through the City Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program, that organizes groups of three to five households to check in, share information, and assist one another with emergency response and evacuation.

Action S-7.3.3: Identify public facilities that can be retrofitted to be used as emergency shelters/centers that comply with FEMA, DOJ, and/or ARC requirements. Partner with community organizations to formalize agreements to establish additional facilities that serve as emergency shelters/centers. Identify and plan for Temporary Evacuation Points (TEPs).

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-18
Policy S-7.4: Community evacuation education. Ensure the community is informed of evacuation routes and procedures.

Action S-7.4.1: Develop a City webpage that provides a consolidated source of information related to evacuation, including evacuation routes, evacuation assistance, location of evacuation centers, and evacuation orders and updates.

Action S-7.4.2: Develop targeted outreach programs that provide evacuation information and training to residents in high-risk hazard areas.

Action S-7.4.3: Collaborate with local service providers and community leaders to educate vulnerable populations on evacuation preparedness, including individuals experiencing homelessness, individuals who speak a language other than English, individuals with a disability, and those in disadvantaged communities.

Furthermore, development facilitated by the plan would be required to comply with the road standards within Appendix D of the 2022 California Fire Code, Title 24, Part 9, and be reviewed by the Santa Maria Fire Department to ensure development would not interfere with evacuation routes or impede the effectiveness of evacuation plans. Implementation of the plan would not introduce new features or policies that would preclude implementation of or alter these plans or procedures. Therefore, the plan would not impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. This impact would be less than significant.

4.9.5 Land Use and Planning
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project may have a significant impact on land use and planning if it would:

Physically divide an established community; or
Cause a significant environmental impact due to a conflict with any land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect.

Impact Analysis
Approximately 32 percent of the city remains undeveloped. The undeveloped areas of the city are classified as vacant (19 percent) and agricultural (13 percent). As described in Chapter 2, Project Description, the 2045 General Plan Update would add 985 acres of land to the city limits and would provide the framework for development of up to 16,140 net new primary and accessory dwelling residential units, including the development of 1,300 accessory dwelling units (ADUs).

The plan would implement policies and land use designations that identify the type and intensity of uses permissible in the city. Intensity and density standards are established for each land use classification. The intent of the land use designations is to adequately classify and distinguish the various land uses needed within the city. The Land Use Element of the plan contains policies which are designed to guide growth toward infill and revitalization areas while requiring context-sensitive transitions and buffers between incompatible uses. By focusing new development away from established neighborhoods and ensuring compatibility between new development and existing facilities through thoughtful land use planning, the policies help prevent community division and reduce the potential for significant environmental impacts. These include:

Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-19
Policy LU-1.1: Land use pattern. Implement the General Plan Land Use Map and corresponding Land Use Designations as described in Figure LU-4 and in Table LU-2 to continue efforts to create a complete community.

Action LU-1.1.1: Following adoption of the General Plan Update, prepare a comprehensive update of the City’s Zoning Code and Zoning Map with districts that mirror the General Plan designations and allow flexibility in uses without the need for Planned Development Overlay districts.

Action LU-1.1.2: Implement the Santa Maria Objective Design Standards and recommended Design Review process that streamlines the existing process of reviewing applications for the development of vacant sites or site redevelopment.

Action LU-1.1.3: Amend the Area 9 Specific Plan to allow low-density residential uses along A Street, consistent with the LMDR designation.

Policy LU-1.2: Infill development. Prioritize the redevelopment of vacant or underutilized parcels with a focus on revitalizing infill of existing residential, commercial, and industrial capacity to revitalize Downtown and deteriorating neighborhoods, to the extent feasible.

Accommodate growth while making every effort to preserve agricultural lands and open space.

Action LU-1.2.1: Implement the City's adopted specific plans to the extent feasible.

Policy LU-1.3: Areas of change. Focus new development, infill, and higher density or intensity development along the city’s primary corridors (Main Street and Broadway), within the Downtown, and in surrounding neighborhoods.

Policy LU-1.4: Neighborhood preservation. Support the revitalization and enhancement of older neighborhoods in the Downtown and surrounding areas by continuing to invest in infrastructure and streetscape upgrades.

Policy LU-1.5: Job/housing balance. Achieve a job-to-housing ratio of 1.2 that balances new housing development and job production in Santa Maria over the General Plan horizon.

Policy LU-13.1: Land use buffers. Require the use of buffers between incompatible land uses by using context-appropriate buffers such as berms, walls, landscaping, bike paths, and arterial streets, where appropriate and depending on neighboring use, to avoid adverse impacts to either use.

Action LU-13.1.1: Update the City’s municipal code to protect sensitive land uses by, for example, requiring a buffer between sensitive uses and local sources of air pollution such as industrial and commercial facilities (e.g., warehouses, processing plants, factories, landfills, hazardous waste facilities). Developments should incorporate appropriate mitigation measures that reduce potential pollution exposure.

Policy LU-13.2: Residential encroachment. Protect residential neighborhoods and schools from encroachment by incompatible nonresidential uses such as light industrial, general industrial, and heavy commercial/manufacturing, and the impacts associated with adjacent nonresidential activities.

Policy LU-13.3: Land use transitions. Require land use transitions of lower intensity commercial or mixed-use on the perimeter of heavy uses when adjacent to residential uses.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-20
Policy LU-13.4: Incompatible neighborhood uses. Prohibit the development of industrial or manufacturing uses within neighborhoods or directly adjacent to established residential neighborhoods or schools.

Policy LU-13.5: Industrial and residential buffers. Mitigate the impacts of industrial land that exists adjacent to residential uses by permitting only light industrial uses in those areas, along with requiring the industrial development to provide appropriate buffers so that the use does not negatively impact the residential development.

Policy LU-13.6: Incompatible uses. Prohibit new residential development, and those retail, commercial, office, and/or consumer-oriented businesses in close proximity to the Airport which the City determines would conflict with the Airport Master Plan and Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan (ALUCP), including through utilizing processes set forth by Article

3.5 of the Public Utilities Code.

Policy LU-13.7: Airport and residential buffers. Require transition zones and buffers between the Airport and new residential development in close proximity to the Airport, as defined by the ALUCP, to mitigate impacts of ongoing airport operations.

Policy LU-13.8: Development compatibility. Ensure that new development within the Santa Maria Airport Area of Influence is consistent with standards and regulations set forth by local and regional Airport Land Use Compatibility Plans.

Action LU-13.8.1: Review new development for consistency with the Santa Maria Airport Safety Zone Compatibility Criteria, Table 3-2, of the Santa Maria Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan, and with the regulations and processes set forth by Article 3.5 of the Public Utilities Code.

The plan would facilitate future development as envisioned by the City. The plan is an update to the City’s General Plan and is intended to set forth guidance for orderly development in Santa Maria through the year 2045, in part, by establishing land uses throughout the city. As such, the plan itself is a land use plan, and therefore would not conflict with local land use plans, policies, or regulations.

These include but are not limited to, the City’s 16 Specific Plans and the Zoning Ordinance. The update would set forth goals and policies intended to reduce potential effects from individual development projects on the environment. There would be no impact.

4.9.6 Mineral Resources
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project may have a significant impact on mineral resources if it would:

Result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that would be of value to the region and the residents of the state; or
Result in the loss of availability of a locally important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a local general plan, specific plan or other land use plan.

Impact Analysis
The city is identified as a production-consumption region by the Surface Mining and Reclamation Act(California Department of Conservation 2025). A production-consumption region is defined as a Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-21
region with naturally occurring concentrations of useful minerals in the Earth’s crust that have the potential to be economically extracted. However, there are currently no mines or mineral extraction operations within the city and none are proposed. Based off the existing land uses within the city, development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would not be conducive to resources extraction, only contemplating such activities within Open Space designated lands. Therefore, potential impacts to mineral resources would be less than significant.

4.9.7 Population and Housing
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project may have a significant impact on population and housing if it would:

Induce substantial unplanned population growth in an area, either directly (for example, by proposing new homes and businesses) or indirectly (for example, through extension of roads or other infrastructure; or
Displace substantial numbers of existing people or housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere.

Impact Analysis
For reasonable analysis purposes in this EIR, the City assumes the 2045 General Plan Update’s buildout (of both residential and non-residential uses) within the city would occur by 2045. In the context of this EIR, “buildout” of the plan is assumed to be a locally appropriate projection of development within the plan area based on updated land use designations and the proposed annexation rather than development of every parcel within the city. While complete buildout is not likely to occur by 2045, the buildout assumption used for this EIR represents the most conservative approach to evaluating the plan’s potential environmental effects and satisfying the requirements of the CEQA Guidelines. Buildout of the city would be dependent on multiple factors, including local economic conditions, market demand, and other financing considerations. The buildout scenario for this EIR is estimated to be approximately 16,140 net new residential units by the year 2045 (see Chapter 2, Project Description). Additional development could take place in the annexed land to the east of the city’s current limits. This area is currently used for agricultural activities but would be redesignated as Planned Annexation Area, which would allow a mix of industrial, residential, and commercial land uses (Santa Maria General Plan 2023). According to the California Department of Finance’s population estimates, the average persons per household in Santa Maria was 3.61 in 2024 (DOF 2024). Assuming 3.61 persons per household, the 16,140 additional residential units could generate approximately 58,265 new residents.

However, the population growth associated with the plan would not be considered substantial unplanned growth. As a planning document, the plan would be a key tool to help the City plan and conduct growth. The plan includes goals and policies to accommodate the population growth anticipated by the plan would be supported by necessary public facilities and services, including:

Policy PFS-1.1: Resource and infrastructure capacities. Maintain resource and infrastructure standards and capacities to meet the city’s existing and future needs.

Policy PFS-1.2: Wastewater system. Maintain a wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal system capable of meeting the daily and peak demand of existing and future city residents and businesses.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-22
Policy PFS-2.1: Water system. Maintain and expand the existing water system to meet the daily and peak demands of existing and future city residents and businesses.

Policy PFS-2.4: Regional coordination. Participate in regional coordination targeting aquifer recharge and sustainable groundwater supply.

Policy PFS-4.2: Infrastructure and municipal services. Ensure that annexed areas receive adequate infrastructure and municipal services, aligning with the City's overall growth plan.

Additionally, the State requires that all local governments adequately plan to meet the housing needs of their communities. Given that the State is currently in an ongoing housing crisis due to an insufficient housing supply, the additional residential units under the plan would further assist in addressing the existing crisis and meeting the housing needs of the City’s communities. The City’s Sixth Cycle Housing Element indicates 5,418 residential units must be built by 2031 to satisfy the state required Regional Housing Needs Allocation.

In addition, subsequent Housing Element
revisions would be made throughout the horizon of the 2045 General Plan Update in accordance with state law. These plans would facilitate development that could help the City reach its housing needs goal.

The plan would strive to accommodate projected population, residential, and jobs growth and focuses on improvements to existing neighborhoods along with infill and vacant site development.

The plan would not include the displacement of individuals. The plan would include infill development and renovations to existing residential units to increase housing opportunities.

Therefore, because the plan would be designed to accommodate for planned and orderly growth, as mandated by the State, development in accordance with the plan would not indirectly induce growth in the city. Impacts would be less than significant.

4.9.8 Public Services and Recreation
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project may have a significant impact on public services and recreation if it would:

Result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered government facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times, or other objectives for any of the public services:

Fire protection
Police protection
Schools
Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-23
Parks
Other public facilities
Increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated; or Include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities which might have an adverse physical effect on the environment.

Impact Analysis
Future development facilitated by the plan would result in an increase in the city’s population, which would result in an incremental increase in demand for fire protection, police protection, and other public services such as parks, recreational facilities, and libraries.

Fire Protection
Fire protection services in Santa Maria are provided by the Santa Maria Fire Department (SMFD).

SMFD provides a wide range of programs, which include fire suppression, all risk emergency services, public education programs, fire prevention, and life safety measures. SMFD also administers a hazardous materials business plan program in cooperation with Santa Barbara County.

There are six fire stations in the city (City of Santa Maria 2025a).

SMFD operates five stations that serve the entire community and Fire Station No. 6 only serves the Santa Maria Public Airport (City of Santa Maria n.d.). There are currently five frontline fire engines and one ladder truck in service for the Santa Maria Fire Department. In addition, the department has an aircraft rescue and firefighting vehicle at the airport station, an urban search and rescue vehicle, three reserve engines, and a Type-III brush engine. For purposes of responding to structure fires, there are four engines and a truck available, leaving one engine free to cover the city. The fire department is currently budgeted for a total of 63 suppression personnel, with a ratio of 0.59 firefighters per 1,000 residents. Daily minimum staffing is 20 department personnel, including the Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Specialist and a Battalion Chief. The average response time of the Santa Maria Fire Department in 2019 was 4:06 minutes for all calls, and 5:32 minutes when considering only calls for structure fires (City of Santa Maria 2020a).

Development facilitated by the plan would be served by the Santa Maria Fire Department, which provides fire protection and emergency medical services throughout the city. As future buildout occurs, the City would evaluate fire service operations and deployment to ensure adequate coverage. New development would be required to comply with fire safety and access standards set by the California Building Code and administered by the City’s Building Division. In accordance with standard procedures, Santa Maria Fire Department would review project plans before permit issuance to confirm code compliance and adequate emergency access. Development would also be subject to fire mitigation fees under Santa Maria Municipal Code (SMMC) Chapter 8-15. The plan includes Policies PFS-8.1 and PFS-8.2 which focus on ensuring fast and effective emergency response by maintaining a five-minute response time citywide, guiding facility siting based on service needs, and requiring thorough fire department review of development plans to uphold safety standards and emergency access. Given the anticipated growth, increased demand may necessitate additional fire staffing and potentially new facilities. Any future facilities would be located in compliance with building and zoning regulations and undergo CEQA review to assess site-specific environmental impacts. While the exact size and location of any future fire department facilities are not yet known, and some may be located within existing structures, all future projects would be subject to City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-24
applicable building codes and CEQA review. Consequently, impacts related to fire services are anticipated to be less than significant.

Police Protection
Law enforcement services are provided by the City of Santa Maria Police Department (SMPD). There is one police station located at 1111 West Betteravia Road and approximately 700 police department personnel (City of Santa Maria 2024). Professional police services include maintaining civil order, preventive patrol, investigations, traffic control and enforcement, criminalistics, crime prevention, drug enforcement, and abuse prevention. The department houses the public safety dispatch center for police and fire, which receives all emergency 9-1-1 and non-emergency calls for services (City of Santa Maria 2020a). The Santa Maria Police Department Communications Center handles over 170,000 incoming calls for service every year (about 465 per day). There are 63,000 emergency 9-1-1 calls per year (about 172 per day).

Development facilitated by the plan would increase population and activity levels in Santa Maria, potentially leading to higher demand for police protection services. The Santa Maria Police Department would provide law enforcement citywide, with development required to undergo security review during the plan check process and to pay police mitigation fees under SMMC Chapter 8-15. The Santa Maria Police Department also serves as an aerial firefighting base for CalFire. The plan also includes policies to maintain effective law enforcement coverage, such as Policy PFS 7-1, which targets a service ratio of 1.3 sworn officers per 1,000 residents, and Policy PFS 7-2, which guides the siting of facilities to optimize response times. To meet future demands, additional police staffing or new facilities may be needed. While the exact nature and location of any new facilities are not yet known, and some may occupy existing structures, all future projects would be subject to applicable building codes and CEQA review. Consequently, impacts related to police services are anticipated to be less than significant.

Schools
Future development facilitated by the plan would result in an increase in population in the city, which would contribute to an increase in students who would be served by either Santa Maria- Bonita School District, Santa Maria Joint Union High School District, or the Orcutt Union School District. Future residential, commercial, and industrial development in Santa Maria would be required to pay state-mandated impact mitigation fees to provide funding for additional schools to serve the area, pursuant to Senate Bill 50. Pursuant to Section 65995(h) of the California Government Code the payment of statutory fees “…is deemed to be full and complete mitigation of the impacts of any legislative or adjudicative act, or both, involving, but not limited to, the planning, use, or development of real property, or any change in governmental organization or reorganization.” The mandatory payment of impact mitigation fees would serve as full and complete mitigation for future development. Additionally, the plan includes Policies PFS-10.1, PFS-10.2, PSF-

10.3 and PFS-10.4 which aim to ensure that educational infrastructure and programming keep pace with community growth. They focus on monitoring enrollment trends, coordinating school siting in a way that respects nearby land uses, expanding access to inclusive and affordable educational programs, and supporting planned improvements at Hancock College in harmony with surrounding neighborhoods. As such, impacts to school facilities would be less than significant.

Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-25
Parks and Recreation Facilities
Future development facilitated by the plan would result in an increase to the city’s population, which would result in an incremental increase in demand on existing public parks and recreation facilities including playfields, performing arts centers, gymnasiums, community pools and aquatic centers. The City includes 25 percent of Waller Park, a Santa Barbara County facility, in its park service analysis as it is frequently used by residents which would increase the acreage of parkland from 234 acres to 271 acres (City of Santa Maria 2020a). The City’s existing service ratio is approximately 2.5 acres per 1,000 residents for the existing 2024 population as reported by the California Department of Finance of 110,608 (California Department of Finance 2024). 3 With the
implementation of the plan, the addition of a maximum of 58,265 residents would decrease the service ratio to 1.6 acres per 1,000 residents.4 The City’s park service ratio with the plan would be below its service goal of 5 acres of parkland per 1,000 residents. As such, the population growth associated with the plan would require the need for new parks.

Construction or expansion of future parks would require separate environmental review that could determine and require future project-specific construction-related mitigation measures. Pursuant to the Quimby Act park dedication ordinance, future development projects would be required to pay parkland dedication fees which, pursuant to Section 65995 (3) (h) of the California Government Code (SB 50, chaptered August 27, 1998), are “deemed to be full and complete mitigation of the impacts of any legislative or adjudicative act, or both, involving, but not limited to, the planning, use, or development of real property, or any change in governmental organization or reorganization.” In addition, pursuant to Chapter 8-15 of the SMMC, future development facilitated by the plan would be required to pay impact fees, which would promote the maintenance and expansion of public parks.

The plan includes Policies REC-1.2, REC-1.3, REC-1.4 and REC-1.5 which aim to enhance equitable and connected recreation opportunities across the city, and Policies REC-2.1, REC-2.2 and REC-2.3 which aim to ensure equitable access to open space and recreational opportunities by maintaining a citywide parkland standard, securing funding through mitigation fees and grants, and protecting existing park resources. The plan policies promote the use of temporary facilities to address short- term needs, encourage shared use of public lands, ensure consistent maintenance of existing infrastructure, and prioritize the development of a multi-use trail network that links neighborhoods, parks, and open spaces for a variety of users. With the existing and new policies and programs, in addition to existing Recreation and Parks mitigation fee regulations within Section 8-15of the SMMC which requires impact fees be paid for new dwelling units, impacts to parks and recreational facilities would be less than significant.

Other Public Facilities
Development facilitated by the plan would result in an increase in population which could result in an increased demand for library services. Pursuant to the SMMC Chapter 8-15, future development would be required to pay library mitigation fees. Given the demand for library services in the city, library staffing needs in Santa Maria are likely to increase, which could require the construction of new facilities. The plan includes Policies PFS-5.1, PFS-5.2, and PFS-5.3 which aim to ensure that library services grow with the community by maintaining adequate space and book collections, improving access through inclusive facilities and outreach methods, and expanding educational programming for youth through after-school and seasonal initiatives. Future facilities could be

3 2.5 acres per 1,000 residents = (271 acres of parks / 110,608 persons) * 1,000 persons 4 1.6 acres per 1,000 residents = (271 acres of parks / 168,873 persons) * 1,000 persons City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-26
located within the city but would require adherence to all applicable building and zoning codes and additional CEQA review to analyze project and location specific impacts. It is not possible to identify the specific nature, extent, and significance of physical impacts on the environment that could result from the construction and operation of future facilities without knowing the size and nature of the facility, or its location. For example, future facilities could feasibly be housed in an existing building, which would have a reduced physical impact on the environment than the construction of a new facility. As such, impacts related to library services would be less than significant.

4.9.9 Wildfire
Thresholds of Significance
Based on Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines a project may have a significant impact on wildfire if located in or near state responsibility areas or lands classified as very high fire hazard severity zones and would:

Substantially impair an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan; Due to slope, prevailing winds, and other factors, exacerbate wildfire risks, or thereby expose project occupants to, pollutant concentrations from a wildfire or the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire;
Require the installation or maintenance of associated infrastructure (such as roads, fuelbreak, emergency water sources, power lines, or other utilities) that may exacerbate fire risks or that may result in temporary or ongoing impacts to the environment? Expose people or structures to significant risks, including downslope or downstream flooding, landslides, mud flows, as a result of runoff, post-fire slope instability, or drainage changes Impact Analysis
The potential for wildfire risks in Santa Maria is characterized by limited grassland and brush fires due to the absence of extensive tracts of mountainous and brush covered terrain. The most significant wildfire hazards in the city are associated with the coastal sage scrub and grass covered slopes in the Casmalia and Solomon Hills area, south of the city limits (Santa Maria 2025).

A Fire Hazard Severity Zone (FHSZ) is a mapped area that designates zones (based on factors such as fuel, slope, and fire weather) with varying degrees of fire hazard (i.e., moderate, high, and very high). While FHSZs do not predict when or where a wildfire will occur, they do identify areas where wildfire hazards could be more severe and therefore are of greater concern. FHSZs are meant to help limit wildfire damage to structures through planning, prevention, and mitigation activities/requirements that reduce risk. The FHSZs serve several purposes: they are used to designate areas where California’s wildland urban interface building codes apply to new buildings, they can be a factor in real estate disclosure, and they can help local governments consider fire hazard severity in the safety elements of their general plans.

As identified on the most recent FHSZ maps provided by CalFire, a portion of the annexation area is located within a moderate FHSZ. However, no portion of the city or annexation area is located within a high or very high FHSZ. (CalFire 2025). The nearest Very High FHSZ is to the east of the Santa Maria River. The implementation of the 2045 General Plan Update would not interfere with emergency evacuation plans or emergency response plans within a FHSZ or state responsibility area; exacerbate wildfire risks and thereby expose the public to pollutant concentrations from a wildfire or the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire; require the installation or maintenance of associated Environmental Impact Analysis
Effects Found Not to be Significant

Final Environmental Impact Report 4.9-27
infrastructure within a FHSZ or state responsibility area; or expose people or structures to significant risks, including downslopes or downstream flooding or landslides, as a result of runoff, post-fire slope instability, or drainage changes. Additionally, the plan includes Policies S-2.1 and S-2.2 which are intended to strengthen fire prevention and emergency preparedness by ensuring the City maintains adequate firefighting capacity and response times as development occurs, and by enforcing vegetation management through coordinated weed abatement efforts to reduce wildfire and urban fire risk. Due to the lack of fire hazard severity zones within the city and the new policies, impacts on wildfire would be less than significant.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

4.9-28

This page intentionally left blank.

Other CEQA Required Discussions

Final Environmental Impact Report 5-1
5 Other CEQA Required Discussions
This chapter discusses other issues as required by CEQA, in addition to the specific issue area discussed in Chapter 4, Environmental Impact Analysis.

5.1 Growth Inducement
Section 15126(d) of the CEQA Guidelines requires a discussion of a proposed project’s potential to foster economic or population growth, including ways in which a project could remove an obstacle to growth. Growth does not necessarily create significant physical changes to the environment.

However, depending upon the type, magnitude, and location of growth, it can result in significant adverse environmental effects. The proposed project’s growth inducing potential is therefore considered significant if project-induced growth could result in significant physical effects in one or more environmental issue areas.

5.1.1 Population and Economic Growth
As described in Table 2-1 of Chapter 2, Project Description, plan buildout is anticipated to enable an additional 16,140 residential units and 23,750 employees. As described in Section 4.10, Effects Found Not to be Significant, based on the California Department of Finance’s population estimates, which identified Santa Maria’s average household size of 3.61 persons per household, implementation of the plan could lead to an increase of approximately 58,265 residents1 in the city.

The plan could facilitate population growth in the area. However, the population growth associated with the plan would not be considered substantial unplanned growth. As a planning document, the plan would be a key tool to help the City plan and conduct growth. Implementation of the policies and associated actions included in the plan would assist in managing growth and infill development such that development and redevelopment would occur in an orderly manner. These policies and actions include the following:

Policy LU-1.1: Land use pattern. Implement the General Plan Land Use Map and corresponding Land Use Designations as described in Figure LU-4 and in Table LU-3 to create a complete community.

Action LU-1.1.1: Following adoption of the General Plan Update, prepare a comprehensive update of the City’s zoning code with districts that mirror the General Plan designations and allow flexibility in uses without the need for Planned Development Overlay districts.

Action LU-1.1.3: Amend the Area 9 Specific Plan to allow low-density residential uses along A Street, consistent with the LMDR designation.

1 This calculation represents a conservative analysis in which every potential residential unit (16,140 as described in Section 2.6.5, Proposed 2045 General Plan Buildout) is occupied at the full potential persons per household rate of 3.61 as determined by the California Department of Finance.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

5-2
Policy LU-1.2: Infill development. Prioritize infill of existing residential, commercial, and industrial capacity to revitalize Downtown and deteriorating neighborhoods, to the extent feasible. Accommodate growth while making every effort to preserve agricultural lands and open space.

Action LU-1.2.1: Implement the city's adopted Specific Plans.

Policy LU-1.5: Job/housing balance. Achieve a job-to-housing ratio of 1.2 that balances new housing development and job production in Santa Maria over the General Plan horizon.

Policy LU-13.3: Land use transitions. Require land use transitions of lower intensity commercial or mixed-use on the perimeter of heavy uses when adjacent to residential uses.

Policy LU-13.4: Incompatible neighborhood uses. Prohibit the development of industrial or manufacturing uses within neighborhoods or directly adjacent to established residential neighborhoods or schools.

3.5 of the Public Utilities Code.

Other CEQA Required Discussions

Final Environmental Impact Report 5-3
Policy LU-13.7: Airport and residential buffers. Require transition zones and buffers between the Airport and new residential development in close proximity to the Airport, as defined by the ALUCP, to mitigate impacts of ongoing airport operations.

Growth in Santa Maria would occur regardless of implementation of the plan. While growth is anticipated by the plan that would exceed current projections by SBCAG, the growth would not be unplanned since it is contemplated by the plan. As described in the plan, the proposed project’s vision for Santa Maria was developed with extensive community input and in recognition of the State’s planning and housing priorities. The plan identifies major strategies and physical improvements for Santa Maria through 2045, including, but not limited to, use of mixed-use areas, strengthening locally owned business and community-supported tourism, enhancing existing neighborhoods, and maintaining adequate public facilities and services for anticipated growth.

Because the plan is designed for orderly growth, as mandated by the state, the plan would not result in substantial impacts related to population and economic growth.

5.1.2 Removal of Obstacles to Growth
Development facilitated by the plan would require new utility connections, including connections to water, hydrants, sewers, electricity, telecommunications, or other utilities like stormwater facilities.

The plan promotes mixed-use and infill development where existing infrastructure, including roads, water mains, and sewer mains, are present. Utility connections would generally occur within individual footprints or rights-of-way that were previously disturbed, minimizing the impact of development on existing infrastructure and services. The policies and programs of the plan would facilitate development in the Planning Area, thereby providing a roadmap for sustainable growth in Santa Maria. Therefore, the plan would not result in significant growth inducement due to the removal of an obstacle to growth.

5.2 Irreversible Environmental Effects
CEQA Guidelines Section 15126(c) requires a discussion of significant irreversible environmental changes that could result from a project, should a project be implemented. This chapter addresses non-renewable resources, the commitment of future generations to the proposed uses, environmental accidents, and irreversible impacts associated with the plan.

Implementation of the plan could irreversibly increase local demand for non-renewable energy resources such as petroleum products and natural gas. However, increasingly efficient building design would offset this demand to some degree by reducing energy demands of future development. As described in Section 4.10, Effects Found Not to be Significant, development facilitated by the plan would be subject to the energy conservation requirements of the California Energy Code (Title 24, Part 6 of the California Code of Regulations, California’s Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings) and Green Building Standards Code City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

5-4
(California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 11). The California Energy Code provides energy conservation standards for all new and renovated buildings, and Green Building Standards Code requires solar access, natural ventilation, and stormwater capture. New and existing development in Santa Maria is provided electricity procured by Central Coast Community Energy, which emphasizes the use of renewable energy resources. In accordance with Senate Bill 100, new and existing development will eventually be powered entirely by renewable energy procured by Central Coast Community Energy. Furthermore, the plan would implement several policies which would require efficient energy use and promote renewable energy programs. Consequently, development facilitated by the plan would not use unusual amounts of energy or construction materials.

Consumption of these resources would occur with any development in the region and is not unique to the plan. Therefore, implementation of the plan would not result in significant irreversible environmental changes related to energy use.

Growth facilitated by the plan could require an irreversible commitment of fire protection, law enforcement, water supply, wastewater treatment, and solid waste disposal services. As discussed in Section 4.8, Utilities and Service Systems, and under public services and recreation in Section 4.9, Effects Found Not to be Significant, potential impacts to public services and utilities and service systems would be less than significant following implementation of policies included in the plan, as well as future project-specific environmental review that would be required for any future public service or utility facility constructed in accordance with the plan.

The anticipated increase in buildout associated with the plan could contribute to air quality. As described in Section 4.2, Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, the plan has the potential to result in the irreversible emission of cumulatively considerable criteria pollutant emissions and exposure of sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. Even with implementation of Mitigation Measures AQ-1 and AQ-2, which require use of fugitive dust control measures, project specific air quality analyses and mitigation, construction of those projects could result in an irreversible environmental effect in the Planning Area with regards to air quality emissions. The proposed plan would also have the potential to generate greenhouse gas emissions that may result in cumulatively considerable impacts as there is no guarantee the plan would be consistent with the State-wide target of net-zero GHG emissions by 2045.

Demolition and ground-disturbing activities facilitated by the plan could cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical, archaeological, or tribal cultural resource. Even with implementation of applicable plan policies and Mitigation Measures CUL-1 through CUL-4 and TCR-1 and TCR-2, damage to or destruction of a known or previously unknown historical, archaeological, or tribal cultural resources could occur because of the proposed project. Therefore, the plan could irreversibly impact historical resources in the Planning Area.

5.2.1 Significant Unavoidable Impacts
Section 15126.2(b) of the CEQA Guidelines requires that an EIR describe any significant impacts, including those that can be mitigated but not reduced to less-than-significant levels, as a result of implementation of the project. The following environmental issues were determined to result in potential significant and unavoidable impacts:
 Impact AG-1: Land use changes in the annexation area have the potential to conflict with existing zoning for agriculture. There are no feasible mitigation measures that would avoid or fully mitigate for the conversion of Farmland or agriculturally zoned lands..

Other CEQA Required Discussions

Final Environmental Impact Report 5-5
 Impact AQGHG-1: The 2045 General Plan Update would result in new emissions that may exceed the 2022 Ozone Plan’s direct and indirect emissions inventory for the County. As a result, the plan would conflict with or obstruct implementation of the 2022 Ozone Plan.  Impact AQGHG-2: The 2045 General Plan Update could result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of all criteria pollutants for which the plan region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or State ambient air quality standard.  Impact AQGHG-5: Development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would generate GHG emissions that may have a significant impact on the environment and conflict with an applicable plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases.
 Impact NOI-1: Development facilitated by the 2045 General Plan Update would result in construction noise that may impact nearby noise-sensitive land uses. The plan would introduce new noise sources and contribute to an increase in long-term operational noise levels within the city limit as well as the annexation area.
 Impact TRA-2: The future (2045) citywide rates of VMT with the 2045 General Plan Update would not meet the 17 percent VMT reduction target required to be consistent with CEQA Guidelines 15064.3(b). There are no feasible General Plan policies or mitigation measures that could reduce citywide rates of VMT below the VMT reduction target.

City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

5-6

This page left intentionally blank.

Alternatives

Final Environmental Impact Report 6-1
6 Alternatives
Section 15126.6 of the CEQA Guidelines provides guidance for the identification and evaluation of project alternatives in an EIR. The CEQA Guidelines state that an “EIR shall describe a range of reasonable alternatives to the project, or to the location of the project, which would feasibly attain most of the basic objectives of the project but would avoid or substantially lessen any of the significant effects of the project and evaluate the comparative merits of the alternatives.” This EIR examines a range of reasonable alternatives to the 2045 General Plan Update that would attain most of the basic plan objectives but may avoid or substantially lessen significant adverse impacts.

6.1 Alternatives Development and Screening Process
As stated in Chapter 2, Project Description, the 2045 General Plan Update presents a vision for the future of the City and a set of objectives for how the City would achieve that vision. This vision and its objectives capture the City’s key aspirations for the future. As discussed in Chapter 2, Project Description, the objectives for the plan, are as follows:
 Agricultural Identity. Continue to support the agricultural industry and its workforce. Balance the protection of prime agricultural land with the development necessary to support continued population growth and the diversification of the local economy.  Culture, History, and Art. Celebrate and share Santa Maria’s multicultural heritage and contemporary diversity. Preserve historic resources, foster the arts, maintain a strong sense of community through cultural festivals, and invite visitors to enjoy the richness of local expression and resources.
 Community Design. Create public spaces that reflect the community identity, foster civic pride, and invite community members to gather, both informally and for events. Design streets, buildings, and landscaping that reflect the community’s history, culture, and natural environment. Use lighting, street trees, benches, and other amenities to make sidewalks and public spaces safe and welcoming, with a focus on the Downtown and along the Main and Broadway corridors.
 Community Health. Grow and expand physical and mental healthcare services to meet the needs of all residents. Improve community health by addressing the environmental justice priorities of disadvantaged communities, including seniors, low-income households, linguistically isolated families, the homeless, and youth, who comprise 35 percent of residents.

Minimize residents’ potential for exposure to noise, pesticides, and industrial pollution. Foster healthy lifestyles by expanding safe and attractive options for physical activity and by expanding healthy food access.
 Natural Environment and Resilience. Conserve water resources in the city and support efforts to maintain the Santa Maria River. Expand opportunities to enjoy the area’s natural resources and the region’s beauty. Safeguard the community from natural hazards, including those exacerbated by climate change.
 Housing Quality and Choice. Develop a high-quality and diverse housing supply at all levels of affordability that preserves Santa Maria as a place where families can establish roots and today’s youth can afford to stay. Balance the growth of housing and the economy so that people can live and work in Santa Maria. As new housing types are introduced, (e.g., accessory dwelling City of Santa Maria
2045 General Plan Update

6-2
units (ADUs), adapt parking, transportation, and other community features. Develop workforce housing solutions that provide safe, healthy, and comfortable homes for workers and their families.
 Resilient Economy. Cultivate a diverse and resilient economy in which local businesses and families thrive and job growth keeps apace with housing development. Grow the existing economic base in agriculture, retail, healthcare, and business services, and expand into new industries. Ensure access to high quality education that is aligned with local industries and entrepreneurship.
 Connected Growth. To accommodate projected population, housing, and jobs growth, focus on improvements to existing neighborhoods along with infill and vacant site development. Expand beyond current City limits when needed, weighing the short and long term environmental, economic, infrastructure, public service, and fiscal trade-offs. Establish strong cultural, design, and physical connections between newly developed areas and the rest of Santa Maria.  Transportation Innovations. Develop a balanced, equitable, affordable, and reliable transportation network where pedestrians, cyclists, trucks, cars, rail, and transit can safely and efficiently navigate to destinations within Santa Maria. Focus on maintaining existing roadways, expanding walking and biking options, and reducing congestion and maintenance costs.

Transform corridors and streets from points of conflict among people, cyclists, cars, and trucks into places that bring neighborhoods and families together. Prepare for and expand regional connections with enhanced bus, rail, and air service. Prepare for technological advances like autonomous vehicles and remote work, and take advantage of opportunities and incentives to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.  Infrastructure, Utilities, Facilities, and Services. Provide residents and businesses with equitable access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable infrastructure and utilities, including water, wastewater, flood control, gas, phone, cable, and broadband internet. Deliver high-quality services and facilities for all community members, including expedient emergency response, accessible health care, high-quality education and career training, and convenient and equitable access to well-maintained parks and recreational facilities.  Governance and Engagement. Continue to conduct and increase meaningful and inclusive civic engagement that empowers a diversity of perspectives in public decision-making. Provide residents and businesses with high-quality, equitable, and accessible customer service, including City communications and events in multiple languages and interpretation services. Partner with community organizations and institutions to build trust and increase participation, including among youth, who will be the City leaders in 2045.

Santa Maria City CouncilMay 5, 2026

Santa Maria City Council
May 5, 2026