2025-2026 Santa Barbara County Grand Jury 1
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GANGS OF SANTA BARBARA COUNTY:
Should the Schools Do More to Address Them?
SUMMARY
Criminal street gang (gang) activity in Santa Barbara County (County) is a recurring concern that can affect youth, schools, and the community as a whole. Gangs exist throughout the County, causing harm to their victims and to the communities in which they operate. Of particular concern are gang attempts to groom and recruit new members at relatively young ages, even at the elementary school level. The Santa Barbara County Grand Jury (Grand Jury), in light of a 2019-2020 Grand Jury report, reviewed how schools are addressing gangs, particularly what they are doing to discourage recruitment of younger students.
The Grand Jury found that while some administrators were reluctant to address gang issues, most County schools are engaged in positive efforts to promote good learning environments for all their students. Nevertheless, there are gaps in student protection, and measures that the Grand Jury suggests would further advance the well-being of County youth and the broader community.
Among the Grand Jury recommendations are that schools:
• Engage more in before- and after-school monitoring;
• Implement more afterschool and extra-curricular programs; • Create programs and engage outside non-profits to help dissuade students from joining gangs;
• Establish online and physical anonymous tip-lines; and • Utilize mentoring processes, especially for the small number of at-risk students.
The Grand Jury also suggests that the County establish a multi-organizational collaboration for youth safety in the northern part of the County, parallel to the South Coast Youth Safety Partnership, and a gang task force for the central part of the County.
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BACKGROUND
Criminal street gangs (gangs) present problems throughout California, but local presence varies within each individual community. 1 In Santa Barbara County, gang activity may be less visible or less concentrated than in many other California counties, but it is a recurring concern that can affect the whole community.
In its 2019-2020 term, the Santa Barbara County Grand Jury addressed the prevalence of gang activity in the County. It noted that there was a movement towards restorative programs for youth offenders, but that there remained several deficiencies among County agencies to address changing gang activity. It found, among other things, that the County needed a comprehensive database to identify gang membership, that certain programs to address at-risk youth were declining, and that the County needed to form consortia of agencies to address gang activity.
The 2025-2026 Grand Jury revisited the 2019-2020 Grand Jury report to see what has changed, and whether County schools have, or should have, consistent programs in place to address gang-related risk factors with youth.
In 2020, Senate Bill 823 closed certain juvenile facilities and created the Office of Youth and Community Restoration (OYCR). These actions signaled a shift away from a centralized, punitive system toward a County-based model rooted in rehabilitation, equity, and community care.
2 The current Grand Jury focused mostly on the school environment, as gang recruitment often begins at younger ages, even in elementary schools. This has not improved since the 2019-2020 Grand Jury identified it as a problem. The Grand Jury finds that, while recruitment occurs through family ties, peers, and social environments, schools throughout the County can do more to discourage youth from joining or remaining in local gangs.
1 As defined in California Penal Code Section 186.22(f): “... ’criminal street gang’ means an ongoing, organized association or group of three or more persons, whether formal or informal, having as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the criminal acts enumerated in subdivision (e), having a common name or common identifying sign or symbol, and whose members collectively engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity.
https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2005/pen/186.20-186.33.html, accessed June 4, 2026.
2 https://www.bscc.ca.gov/s_djjrealignment/, accessed May 28, 2026. 2025-2026 Santa Barbara County Grand Jury 3
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METHODOLOGY
The Grand Jury interviewed many school, public safety, probation, mental health, non- profit agency, and academic authorities in the County.
The Grand Jury also:
• Reviewed previous Santa Barbara County and Orange County Grand Jury reports • Read many articles and studies, including those from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Reviewed California School Climate, Health, and Learning Surveys • Read many documents furnished by the City of Santa Maria • Reviewed the 2026 Santa Barbara County Comprehensive Multi-Agency Juvenile Justice Plan & Juvenile Justice Realignment Plan Consolidated
DISCUSSION
Criminal Street Gangs in Santa Barbara County
A criminal street gang is generally defined as an ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more persons who share a common name, sign, or symbol, and whose primary activities involve the commission of criminal acts. They are often characterized by formal or informal structures, specific territories, and a pattern of criminal activity.
3 Several street gangs are prevalent within Santa Barbara County. The Grand Jury is particularly aware of the gangs in Santa Barbara, Santa Maria, Carpinteria, Lompoc, and Goleta. The Grand Jury also recognizes influences on local gangs from gangs based
3 https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/what-gang-definitions, accessed April 20, 2026. See also California Penal Code Section 186.22(f): “... ’criminal street gang’ means an ongoing, organized association or group of three or more persons, whether formal or informal, having as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the criminal acts enumerated in of subdivision (e), having a common name or common identifying sign or symbol, and whose members collectively engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity.
https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2005/pen/186.20-186.33.html, accessed June 4, 2026.
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outside the County. The gangs in Santa Maria are notable as major gangs in the County involved in violent crime, drug trafficking, and weapon-related offenses4
Why Youth Join Gangs
School cultures have been centered around the traditional concept of a “nuclear” or “conventional” family. These are families in which two parents raise their children in a household with time for supervision, connection, and bonding. 5,6 In this family structure, parents share the responsibilities of caring for the home and raising the children. As a result, children grow up in households where the family supports each other, spends time together and relies on each other for guidance and care. 7 This societal structure typically allows for youth to join in extracurricular activities, such as after-school programs, summer camps, sports, music programs, clubs, and other activities.
While American school cultures have evolved around the two-parent family, the reality is that not all families look like this. Many youth experience different home realities, such as parents working long hours and multiple jobs, single-parent households, unstable households, and limited supervision. Some are even unhoused: families living out of their cars, couch-surfing with friends, or living with extended family.
Without structure or stability, youth are more likely to engage in criminal activities that can change their future. When youth feel disconnected from family, school, community, or future work possibilities, they may view gangs as viable opportunities for support, respect, protection, and income. Some students are motivated to lead and engage but lack competency without the positive influence of a mentor to guide them, resulting in a risk of negative influence and gang membership. Others are born into families with gang members, normalizing gang affiliation.
4 County of Santa Barbara, Comprehensive Multi-Agency Juvenile Justice Plan & Juvenile Justice Realignment Plan Consolidated at p. 23,
https://www.countyofsb.org/1586/Comprehensive-Multi-Agency-Juvenile-Just, accessed June 6, 2026.
5 https://www.educationnext.org/it-takes-two-does-the-two-parent-privilege-get-it- right/, accessed April 15, 2026.
6 https://source.washu.edu/2005/02/school-achievement-higher-for-children-in-nuclear- families-than-for-children-in-blended-or-singleparent-families/ - dated 2005, accessed April 15, 2026.
7 https://harvardindependent.com/rethinking-the-assumption-of-the-nuclear-family-at- harvard/, accessed April 15, 2026.
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Youth with the potential for promising careers may instead be pushed or pulled into criminal activity, altering their life trajectories. The decisions they make can impact not only their own lives but also leave an impact on their families and the community through violence, loss, and incarceration.
Harm
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define youth violence as “the intentional use of physical force or power to threaten or harm others by young people ages 10-24. ”
8 Actions that qualify as youth violence include fighting, bullying, making threats with weapons, and involvement in gang violence. In the United States in 2024, homicide was the third leading cause of death for youth ages 10-24. Victims of gang crimes suffer physical, mental, and financial harms and costs. 9 According to the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health, cited by the California Healthy Kids Survey in 2025:
While youth involved in gangs comprise only a small portion of the adolescent population, they are disproportionately involved in violent crime—both as perpetrators and victims. Youth involved in gangs also are more likely to drop out of school, abuse substances, engage in high-risk sexual behavior, and experience other long-term problems such as employment instability. The effects go beyond those directly involved, as well. Communities also can be affected in terms of reduced quality of life, increased crime, families moving out of neighborhoods, and economic costs, e. g. , losses in property values, local businesses, and tax revenue.
. . . When youth are exposed to violence or feel unsafe at school, it can negatively affect their health, mental health, and academic performance.
Because the majority of youth who join gangs do so between the ages of 11 and 15, early prevention among children is critical, along with cross- sector efforts that strengthen families, schools, and communities. 10
8 https://www.cdc.gov/youth-violence/about/, accessed May 28, 2026. 9 https://www.cdc.gov/youth-violence/about/index.html#cdc_behavioral_basics_over- what-is-youth-violence, accessed May 21, 2026.
10 Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health,
https://www.kidsdata.org/export/pdf?cat=73 , accessed June 12, 2026. 2025-2026 Santa Barbara County Grand Jury 6
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Beyond the costs to individuals, large amounts of public resources are used for intervention, supervision, detention, and rehabilitation efforts within the juvenile justice system. The Santa Barbara Probation Department estimated the yearly housing costs of an individual inside the Santa Barbara County Juvenile Justice Center were $382,403. 20, or $1,047. 68 a day. 11
Gang members who are incarcerated as youth often have criminal careers that extend into adulthood. The cost of incarcerating adults in California remains substantial.
According to the California Legislative Analyst’s Office, the average annual cost to incarcerate an individual inside the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is $127,800. 12
Santa Barbara County had approximately 700 juvenile arrests in 2024 of which 49 percent accounted for violent offenses. Violent offenses include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. At the same time, supervised juveniles increased 16 percent from 299 in 2024 to 348 in 2025.
Gang Activity Within Schools
As gang activity and youth violence issues intersect with school, the role of school personnel in addressing and observing these issues becomes increasingly important.
Youth spend their formative years between home and school. Schools function as a “second place,” and sometimes as a “safe space,” providing a structured and supportive environment outside the home.
11 This estimate includes staff salaries and benefits, utilities, medical, dental, and behavioral wellness services, food services, janitorial services, communications, vehicles, and other operational costs associated with operating the facility. This figure represents the overall operational costs per youth, rather than a direct marginal cost to house one additional youth.
12 This amount is based on the costs associated with the total operational costs per person, including security, health care, facility operations and records, administration, inmate support, rehabilitation programs, and miscellaneous costs. The California Legislative Analyst’s Office lists marginal costs, costs not associated with overall facilities functions, at $21,534. The marginal costs are derived from the costs based on overall prison population, including funding for food, medical services, clothing, and various staffing requirements. Most security costs are omitted from marginal costs. 2025-2026 Santa Barbara County Grand Jury 7
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For students without a stable home environment, school can serve as the primary source of support needed for a child to become a functioning member of society. In these cases, teachers and school staff play a critical role in the students’ lives. They see students daily and have the ability to observe behavioral changes or other potential risk indicators. This can be essential in preventing youth from going down a path of violence and delinquency.
Schools can be a positive force for at-risk youth. Some schools have employed active programs to let students know that gangs are not welcome there. Some engage in mentoring and enhancing student experiences, giving particular attention to those who appear to be struggling, including gang members and those adjacent to gangs. And others seem to ignore the problem altogether. Many administrators that the Grand Jury interviewed did not acknowledge gangs as a problem at their schools.
Weapons on Campus
During the past 12 months, school authorities have found several weapons on students on or near Santa Barbara County school sites. Specifically, schools have found firearms, knives, and brass knuckles in students’ backpacks or other possessions.
School administrators and counselors have shared that, in some cases, these were gang-affiliated students.
In other cases, parents send these items to school with their child for personal protection due to concerns of violence and safety when navigating to and from school.
Whatever the reasons for possessing them, the presence of weapons on campus creates significant safety concerns for students and staff, as they can contribute to the occurrence and severity of youth violence. In addition, California Penal Code Section 25100 criminalizes parents’ unsafe storage of firearms. Schools should remind parents of this responsibility.
13 Fights Off Campus
School site administrators reported that many fights involving students occur off- campus and range from social media bullying to incidents involving gang-affiliated students. School staff reported that while they attempt to intervene before a dispute escalates to fighting, they often do not learn about fights until after the fact through social media posts, videos, or students notifying authorities. As a result, a response
13 https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-pen/part-6/title-4/division-4/chapter-2/section-25100/, accessed June 4, 2026.
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gap exists during before-school or after-school hours where conflicts tend to escalate without immediate supervision or intervention.
To help staff learn of fights, many schools have anonymous reporting pathways -- digital and/or through physical drop boxes.
Critical Intervention Ages
The 2019-2020 Grand Jury found that gangs were recruiting at younger and younger ages, reaching down to 4th, 5th, and 6th grades. The 2025-2026 Grand Jury confirms that this is still the case. Accordingly, the best time to begin the processes of intervention is around the 3rd and 4th grades. The transition from elementary to junior high school is also a critical decision period for youth with respect to self-identity and a sense of belonging. Accordingly, programs at the 7th grade level that alert youth to the dangers of gang activity are also important.
Gangs recruit youth not only to replenish their ranks. Under California law, juveniles are not considered “guilty” or “innocent” in juvenile court. Instead, the judge either sustains the petition (indicating the youth committed the crime) or dismisses it.
Because youth 18 years old or younger cannot be incarcerated beyond age 25, gangs will require younger members or affiliates to commit more serious crimes, knowing that their time incarcerated is limited.
Furthermore, under California law, no person under age 13 can be entered into the gang database. 14 This gives gangs another incentive to recruit at earlier ages.
Current Actions Schools Are Taking to Address These Problems California Constitution Article IX, Section 5 guarantees all students the right to a free public education. This applies to students regardless of gang-affiliation or indicia of gang membership. This is the main purpose of California schools, day in and day out.
Nevertheless, schools also need to maintain an environment where all students are able to learn. School authorities and teachers can thus act to prevent or reduce disruptive conduct under California Education Code Section 44807 and place such policies in their Comprehensive School Safety Plans (CSSPs) under Section 32281.
14 California Department of Justice, Regulations for the Fair and Accurate Governance of the Calgang Database, Sec. 752.2(a),
https://oag.ca.gov/sites/default/files/media/reg-ch7.5-calgang-db.pdf at p. 16, accessed May 21, 2026. See also 11 C.C.R., § 752.2, subdivision (a). 2025-2026 Santa Barbara County Grand Jury 9
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While the Santa Barbara County Office of Education (SBCEO) operates a few schools in the County, it does not have direct control over the 20 separate school districts. Each district has its own board of education. Nevertheless, the SBCEO gives guidance to school districts, including the provision of a template for required Comprehensive School Safety Plans. Under this template, schools can include policies to maintain a safe learning environment and respond to disruptive situations.
With respect to gangs, the SBCEO template follows California Education Code Section 32282(a)(2)(F) in allowing schools to implement a dress code barring “gang-related apparel. ” While some schools have established dress code policies that prohibit clothing or symbols associated with gangs, this is inconsistent across Santa Barbara County school sites.
By identifying gang-associated clothing, insignia, and signs, school personnel can begin to recognize potential gang-affiliated indicators and respond accordingly. On the other hand, some students mimic gang fashion, so clothing may not even identify true gang members.
The Grand Jury recognizes that not all schools experience the same level of gang activity. In instances where schools lack formal policy or experience in identifying gang indicators, school district offices and the Santa Barbara County Education Office should serve as resources for guidance, training, and coordination.
While identification of gang-associated indicators can assist schools in monitoring students needing extra support or intervention, additional approaches exist.
California Multi-Tiered System of Supports
The California Multi-Tiered System of Supports (CA MTSS) provides a data and evidence-structured approach for identifying and supporting all students through academic, behavioral, and social/emotional strategies, particularly at-risk students.
CA MTSS provides schools with resources for school staff to support all students’ academic, social-emotional, and behavioral skill development. It supports the “whole student” through screening, monitoring, and prevention or intervention approaches, all based on actual evidence.
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This system incorporates three tiers of support: Universal, Supplemental, and Intensive. 15 The CA MTSS provides students and school staff with constructive and valued support as diversions from negative influences, particularly for the five percent of students in the Intensive tier. Yet all students, Universal (80 percent) and Supplemental (15 percent), are supported.
Promoting and guiding positive attitudes, character, and trustworthiness (known as ACT) throughout the school encourages each and every student to practice responsibility, cooperation, and accountability as counters to negative influences. The Grand Jury understands that some schools are employing this as part of their social- emotional learning programs. It encourages all schools to adopt these approaches, including mentoring, to help students avoid gang influences.
15 “Multi-Tiered System of Supports - Curriculum and Instruction Resources (CA Dept of Education),” https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/ri/, accessed May 20, 2026. 2025-2026 Santa Barbara County Grand Jury 11
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Local Organizations / Programs That Address this Issue
Schools throughout the County partner with various public agencies and community organizations to support at-risk youth. These activities address youth violence, substance abuse, and gang involvement. Of particular note:
• Fighting Back Santa Maria Valley provides a range of youth and family support services. This organization is committed to providing a wide range of programs that support at-risk youth. It emphasizes academic success, personal growth, stronger family involvement, youth substance abuse education and prevention, and access to resources such as housing, food assistance, and mental health services.
• The South Coast Youth Safety Partnership is a partnership among many educational, public safety, and social welfare institutions in the southern part of the County. Its programs focus on education, partnerships, and capacity-
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building to improve the lives of youth in the Carpinteria, Santa Barbara, and Goleta areas. It formed after a gang-related homicide in 2007. Beginning with a focus solely on gangs, since 2016 it views its mission more broadly to “improve and support the safety and quality of life for youth, families, and community. ” • At the elementary school level, Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D. A. R. E. ) programs, now under the auspices of D. A. R. E. America (headquartered in Los Angeles) and the California D. A. R. E. Officers Association (CDOA), continue to operate at various school sites throughout the County.
While the Santa Maria Mayor’s Task Force on Youth Safety was established to combat youth violence and gang activity within the community, it is no longer as active as it once was. The task force initially held monthly meetings and had an active public presence for a little over a year (2017-2018), with published meeting minutes and updates posted through the City’s website. These meetings involved identifying all available programs for youth and identifying gaps and potential programs to add. In recent years, the task force has maintained a smaller public presence, with activity consisting of various youth-focused events through the Parks and Recreation department. Publicly available meeting records since 2018 are limited. The Santa Maria Police Department, however, does have an active gang unit.
The Grand Jury recognizes the that the County Probation Office (Probation) is responsible for youth delinquency programs. 16 As this report concerns the role of schools in discouraging students from participating in gang behavior, the Grand Jury has not delved into these programs. It has no reason to doubt the agency’s effectiveness and indeed urges Probation to be involved in the formation of a collaboration among various North County entities to address youth safety as it has with the South County.
16 County of Santa Barbara, 2026 Comprehensive Multi-Agency Juvenile Justice Plan & Juvenile Justice Realignment Plan Consolidated,
https://www.countyofsb.org/1586/Comprehensive-Multi-Agency-Juvenile-Just, accessed June 6, 2026.
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CONCLUSION
The Santa Barbara Grand Jury finds that, generally, but with some exceptions, County schools have been creative and conscientious in creating a safe space for students to learn. Nevertheless, it finds that more can be done to discourage students from participating in criminal street gangs, to prepare students to resist grooming and recruitment into gangs, and to adopt ways to divert students from engaging with gangs.
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
For the following Findings and Recommendations, references to school districts include County-run schools.
Finding 1: Many student fights occur in the areas surrounding school campuses before and after school hours, outside school supervision, leaving a gap in County schools’ responses.
Recommendation 1a: The Grand Jury recommends that the Santa Barbara County Education Office create a template for schools’ response procedures for student safety in the areas surrounding school campuses before and after school hours. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Recommendation 1b: The Grand Jury recommends that local law enforcement agencies, in conjunction with school districts, create policies and programs to extend the safe space for students to go to or from home. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Recommendation 1c: The Grand Jury recommends that all school districts consider the templates, policies, and programs proposed in Recommendations 1a and 1b. To be implemented by June 30, 2027.
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Finding 2: When children lack a set structure to occupy their time on constructive activities outside of regular school hours, they become vulnerable to recruitment from criminal street gangs.
Recommendation 2a: The Grand Jury recommends that the Santa Barbara County school districts implement more after-school programs such as music, sports, art, drama, and other extra-curricular activities. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Recommendation 2b: The Grand Jury recommends that the Santa Barbara County school districts partner with others, including community-based organizations and local government entities, such as Parks and Recreation Departments, to offer after-school programs. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Finding 3: Gangs are increasingly grooming and recruiting students in elementary, middle, and junior high schools, yet many anti-gang programs focus on older students.
Recommendation 3: The Grand Jury recommends that Santa Barbara County school districts implement programs that are aimed at dissuading elementary, middle, and junior high school students from gang membership. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Finding 4: Some school administrators across the County lack information to identify gang clothing, insignia, or signs.
Recommendation 4: The Grand Jury recommends that the Santa Barbara County Education Office provide annual information to school administrators to make them aware of the latest gang clothing, insignia, and signs. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Finding 5: Students who bring guns, knives, and other weapons on campus, even when provided by parents for their children’s safety, pose a threat to school safety.
Recommendation 5: The Grand Jury recommends that the Santa Barbara County school districts remind parents and guardians annually of California Penal Code Section 2025-2026 Santa Barbara County Grand Jury 15
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25100 regarding the criminalization of unsafe storage of guns. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Finding 6: Anonymous communications systems, both digital programs and physical drop-boxes, when made available to school students and personnel, can help identify gang activity ahead of serious consequences.
Recommendation 6: The Grand Jury recommends that the Santa Barbara County school districts provide all schools with anonymous communications systems for student or staff reporting of danger on and off campus, both via digital media and local drop boxes. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Finding 7: Socially isolated students can benefit from engagement with responsible mentors as a deterrent to negative manipulation by outside influences, such as gangs, social media, or other ongoing stresses in family life.
Recommendation 7: The Grand Jury recommends that the Santa Barbara County school districts create systems in their schools to pair socially isolated students with school mentors. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
Finding 8: A task force comprised of governmental and community-based organizations in the area would aid local authorities to reduce gang effectiveness.
Recommendation 8: The Grand Jury recommends that the Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors form a North County Youth Safety Partnership to work on gang intervention and prevention. To be implemented by December 31, 2026.
REQUIREMENTS FOR RESPONSE
Pursuant to California Penal Code Section 933 and 933. 05, the Santa Barbara County Grand Jury requests each entity or individual named below to respond to the enumerated findings and recommendations within the specified statutory time limit:
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Responses to Findings shall be either:
• Agree
• Disagree wholly
• Disagree partially with an explanation
Responses to Recommendations shall be one of the following:
• Has been implemented, with a summary of implementation actions taken • Will be implemented, with an implementation schedule
• Requires further analysis, with an analysis completion date of no more than six months after the issuance of the report
• Will not be implemented because it is not warranted or is not reasonable, with an explanation
School Boards of the following School Districts – 90 days Ballard School District
Blochman Union School District
Buellton Union School District
Carpinteria Unified School District
Cold Spring School District
College School District
Cuyama Joint Unified School District
Goleta Union School District
Guadalupe Union School District
Hope Elementary School District
Lompoc Unified School District
Los Olivos School District
Montecito Union School District
Orcutt Union School District
Santa Barbara Unified School District
Santa Maria-Bonita School District
Santa Maria Joint Union High School District
Santa Ynez Valley Union High School District
Solvang School District
Vista del Mar Union School District
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Findings: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
Recommendations: 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 3, 5, 6, 7
Santa Barbara County Board of Education (County-run Schools): 90 days Findings: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
Recommendations: 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 3, 5, 6, 7
The Santa Barbara County Superintendent of Schools: 60 days Findings: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Recommendations: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Board of Supervisors, Santa Barbara County: 90 days
Finding: 8
Recommendation: 8
Sheriff, Santa Barbara County – 60 days
Findings: 1
Recommendations: 1b
City Councils of the following cities – 90 days
Santa Barbara
Santa Maria
Lompoc
Findings: 1
Recommendations: 1b