Santa Monica City Council
November 18, 2025

2025-2030
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

Prepared in collaboration with:
1642 E. Fourth Street,
Santa Ana, California
www.earthconsultants.com
2025-2030
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Volume III: Appendices
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Table of Contents – Volume III Page i

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION ......................................................................................... PAGE # VOLUME I: MITIGATION ACTION PLAN
Executive Summary
Resumen Ejecutivo
Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: Community Profile
Section 3: Risk Assessment
Section 4: Goals and Mitigation Actions
Section 5: Plan Maintenance
VOLUME II: HAZARDS
Section 6: Earthquakes
Section 7: Tsunamis
Section 8: Flood Hazards
Section 9: Landslides
Section 10: Wildfires and Urban Fires
Section 11: Climate Change and Severe Weather
Section 12: Hazardous Materials
Section 13: Airport Hazards
VOLUME III – APPENDICES
Appendix A: Master Resource Directory....................................................................... A-1 Appendix B: Public Participation Process and Meeting Materials.................................. B-1 Appendix C: Economic Analysis of Natural Hazard Mitigation Projects........................ C-1 Appendix D: Acronyms............................................................................................... D-1 Appendix E: Glossary .................................................................................................. E-1 Appendix F: California Disasters Since 1950................................................................ F-1 Appendix G: Major Dams in Los Angeles County ........................................................ G-1 Appendix H: Plates ...................................................................................................... H-1 Appendix I: References ................................................................................................ I-1 Appendix J: City Council Adoption Resolution............................................................. J-1 TABLES
Table B-1: Participants in the 2023-2025 Santa Monica Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Process................ B-4 Table B-2: Milestones and Participation Activities Conducted in Support of This LHMP Update .............. B-8 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-1
APPENDIX A: MASTER RESOURCE DIRECTORY
The Resource Directory provides contact information for local, regional, State, and Federal agencies and organizations that are currently involved in hazard mitigation activities. Resources for specific hazards addressed in this document are provided at the end of each hazard section. Please refer to Sections 6 through 13 for these additional resource materials. The organizations included in this Appendix are organized in alphabetical order rather than by governmental level.

The Resource Directory below provides a foundation for potential partners in action item implementation. The Resilience Planning Committee (RPC) may refer to the organizations on the following pages for resources and technical assistance. Given that webpage URLs often change over time, the RPC will maintain and update this master resource directory as needed. This directory may be used by various community members interested in hazard mitigation information and projects.

American Public Works Association (APWA)
Level: National Hazard: Multi www.apwa.org
1200 Main St., Suite 1400
Kansas City, MO 64105-2100
Ph: 816-472-6100
800-848-2792
The APWA is an international educational and professional association of public agencies, private sector companies, and individuals dedicated to providing high quality public works goods and services. Public works and infrastructure covered under the APWA umbrella include, but are not limited to, water, gas, electricity, telephone, mass transportation, communication facilities, and trash collection. This infrastructure and services may be owned and operated by a government agency, or may be provided by privately owned organizations. Regardless of whether publicly or privately owned, these services are considered essential, with their absence resulting in negative impacts to the public’s health and welfare.

American Red Cross Los Angeles Region
Level: County Hazard: Multi http://www.redcross.org/local/california/los-angeles 1450 South Central Avenue,
Los Angeles 90021
Ph: 310-445-9908
1450 11th Street, Santa Monica, 90401 Ph: 310-394-3773
The American Red Cross Los Angeles Region serves nearly 10 million people in 88 cities within Los Angeles County, and some pockets of Ventura and Kern counties. They are dedicated to helping victims of disaster and providing programs and services that help the community prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies. The Los Angeles Region chapter is comprised of the following five chapters and two support offices, as follows: Metro and Southeast LA, Greater Long Beach and South Bay, Western Los Angeles, San Gabriel-Pomona Valley, and Northern Valley chapters, and Commerce and Palmdale offices. The Western Los Angeles Chapter office is in Santa Monica. Programs and services that they provide include: response with relief when disaster strikes, help keep the community safe and healthy through CPR, First Aid and other courses; serve military members and their families, teach people how to prepare for and respond to a disaster, and connect families around the world. They also work to ensure that there is a safe and adequate blood supply in the area. The American Red Cross is tasked as the primary agency responsible for federally supported Mass Care Services during disasters per the Nation Response Framework, Emergency Support Function 6. Mass care primarily involves providing shelter and feeding services during a disaster.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-2
Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM)
Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.floods.org
8301 Excelsior Drive
Madison, WI 53717
Ph: 608-828-3000
The ASFPM is a scientific and educational nonprofit organization of professionals involved in floodplain management, flood hazard mitigation, the National Flood Insurance Program, and flood preparedness, warning and recovery. Their aim is to reduce flood loss in the nation.

Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC)
Level: National Hazard: Earthquake www.nibs.org/bssc
2121 K Street NW, Suite 800
Washington, DC 20037
Ph: 202-289-7800
The BSSC develops and promotes building earthquake risk mitigation regulatory provisions for the nation and supports advances in building science and technology to improve the built environment. The council’s purpose is to enhance public safety by providing a national forum that fosters improved seismic planning, design, construction and regulation in the building community. Under contract with FEMA, the BSSC develops and maintains the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures, which are used as the primary resource for the professional design standard ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.

California Department of Conservation
Level: State Hazard: Multi www.conservation.ca.gov
715 P Street, MS-1900
Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916-322-1080
The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental health, economic vitality, informed land-use decisions and sound management of our State's natural resources. The Department oversees the California Geological Survey (CGS; included separately below), The California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (CalGEM), the Office of Mine Reclamation (DMR), the Land Resource Protection (DLRP), the State Mining and Geology Board, the California Farmland Conservancy Program, and the State Watershed Program, among others.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-3
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) Level: State and Local Hazard: Wildfire https://www.fire.ca.gov/ https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents
715 P Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916-653-5123
CAL FIRE prevents wildfires in the State Responsibility Area using a variety of fire prevention methods and projects, including brush clearance, prescribed fire, defensible space inspections, emergency evacuation planning, fire prevention education, fire hazard severity mapping, and fire-related law enforcement activities.

Despite its name, CAL FIRE is an “all-risk” department and its engines and crews may respond to auto accidents, drownings and other medical aid situations, hazardous materials spills, swift water rescues, search and rescue missions, civil disturbances, train wrecks, and natural disasters such as floods and earthquake response.

CAL FIRE’s website provides reports about all ongoing emergency responses in California, including all wildfires more than 10 acres in size. In addition, the CAL FIRE website lists all of the year’s incidents to date, and statistics on past years’ incidents; resources on defensible space and other programs to reduce the wildfire hazard; various programs, and grants available.

California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) (District 7) Level: State and Local Hazard: Multi http://dot.ca.gov/caltrans-near-me/district-7 100 S. Main Street, 10th Floor
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Ph: 213-897-1200
Caltrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway system, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway system within the State's boundaries, amounting to more than 50,000 miles of highway and freeway lanes. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, Caltrans is also involved in the support of intercity passenger rail service in California. Caltrans also permits more than 400 public-use airports and special-use hospital heliports. Caltrans carries out its mission with six primary programs: Aeronautics, Highway Transportation, Mass Transportation, Transportation Planning, Administration and the Equipment Service Center. Caltrans – District 7 office serves Los Angeles and Ventura Counties. The City of Santa Monica is a local partner with Caltrans District 7. Caltrans has jurisdiction over the Interstate 10 (I-10) freeway and Pacific Coast Highway (PCH), among other routes.

California Department of Water Resources (DWR)
Level: State and local Hazard: Flood https://water.ca.gov/ 715 P Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916-653-5791
The DWR manages the water resources of California in cooperation with other agencies, to benefit the State's people, and to protect, restore, and enhance the natural and human environments. The agency was established in 1956 by the State Legislature to plan, design, construct, and oversee the building of the nation’s largest state-built water development and conveyance system. The DWR protects, conserves, develops, and manages much of California’s water supply, including the State Water Project.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-4
California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)
Level: State and local Hazard: Multi https://calepa.ca.gov/ https://calepa.ca.gov/environmental-mapping-toolsand-data/ 1001 I Street
Sacramento, CA 95812-2815
Ph: 916-323-2514
CalEPA’s mission is to restore, protect and enhance the environment, to ensure public health, environmental quality and economic vitality. They fulfill this mission by developing, implementing and enforcing environmental laws that regulate air, water and soil quality, pesticide use and waste recycling and reduction.

CalEPA’s departments are at the forefront of environmental science, using the most recent research to shape the state’s environmental laws. CalEPA mapping tools and data website (see link above) provides several resources that allow individuals to search for sites undergoing state or federal cleanup activities, communities most impacted by pollution, water quality and accessibility, urban heat island effects, and other similar information.

CalEPA is organized into several different departments, including the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), the Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), the Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), and the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).

California Geological Survey (CGS)
Level: State and local Hazard: Multi www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs 715 P Street, MS 1901
Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916-445-1825
Southern California Regional Office
320 W. 4th Street, Ste. 850
Los Angeles, CA 90013 (Junipero Serra Building)
Ph: 213-239-0878.

The CGS develops and disseminates technical information and advice on California’s geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources. In addition to providing technical and mapping services on landslide, earthquake and burned watersheds, the CGS is the state’s scientific representative on tsunami preparedness, mitigation, and response programs.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-5
California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (CalOES) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.caloes.ca.gov/
3650 Schriever Avenue
Mather, CA 95655
Ph: 916 845- 8510
The Governor's Office of Emergency Services coordinates overall State agency response to major disasters in support of local government. Cal OES is responsible for assuring the state's readiness to respond to and recover from natural, man-made, and war-caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and recovery efforts. CalOES administers several federal grant programs, including Homeland Security Grant Program, Emergency Management Performance Grant, Infrastructure Protection Grants, and Cybersecurity Grants. CalOES also offers Prepare California, a program to supplement local match-funding requirements with state funding. CalOES offers local jurisdictions and the public many preparedness and hazard education resources, including Listos California that offers multi-lingual disaster readiness tools.

California Governor’s Office of Land Use and Climate Innovation (LCI) Level: State Hazard: Multi https://opr.ca.gov/planning
1400 Tenth Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916-322-2318 Fax: 916-588-3184
Previously known as the Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR), LCI, as its new name indicates, serves two main efforts. Under the Planning and Land Use umbrella, this agency provides technical guidance and other resources helpful in drafting and updating general plans; resources to support transportation planning; collaboration with the military on land use planning energy policy; and resources that support local governments with sustainable and resilient land use planning. On the Climate Resilience front, LCI provides resources and grants to help California prepare for the impacts of climate change. The LCI website also provides a link to the State Clearinghouse where environmental documents prepared for CEQA are filed.

California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA)
Level: State Hazard: Multi http://resources.ca.gov
715 P Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Ph: 916-653-5656
The California Natural Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and cultural resources for current and future generations using solutions based on science, collaboration and respect for all the communities and interests involved.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-6
California Office of the State Fire Marshal (OSFM)
Level: State Hazard: Wildfire, Fire,
Hazardous Materials
https://osfm.fire.ca.gov
715 P Street
Sacramento, CA 94244-2460
Ph: 916-568-3800
Part of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) team since 1995, the OSFM supports the mission of CAL FIRE by focusing on fire prevention. OSFM regulates buildings in which people live, controls substances which may cause injuries, death and destruction by fire; provides statewide direction for fire prevention within wildland areas; investigates arson fires in the state; licenses those who inspect and service fire protection systems; regulates and approves fireworks; regulates hazardous liquid pipelines; regulates the use of chemical flame retardants; reviews regulations and building standards; trains and educates in fire protection methods and responsibilities; and tracks incident statistics for local and state government emergency response agencies. The OSFM develops and issues the Fire Hazard Severity Zone maps for the state.
0BClimate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (CMRA)
Level: Federal and State Hazard: Multi https://resilience.climate.gov/ Web based mapping tool
The CMRA is a mapping portal hosted and managed by NOAA to help the public understand the climaterelated hazards that the nation faces now and in the future. The portal allows viewers to see real-time maps showing where climate-related hazards are occurring today, check how their exposure to five common climate-related hazards is projected to change over time, learn more about climate-related hazards and the federal policies relevant to climate adaptation, and find federal funding opportunities that can help pay for climate resilience projects, including those available through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

Community Rating System (CRS) (of the National Flood Insurance Program) Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.fema.gov/floodplain-management/communityrating-system P.O. Box 10055
Hyattsville, MD 20782-8055
Ph: 202-646-2500
Loc Ph: 510-627-7100
The Community Rating System (CRS) is a FEMA program that provides incentives to community implementing floodplain management efforts that go beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP.

Property owners can receive reduced NFIP flood insurance premiums if their jurisdiction implements floodplain management practices that qualify it for a CRS rating.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 9 (Pacific Southwest) Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-region-9-pacificsouthwest 75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
Ph: 415-947-8000
600 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 940
Los Angeles, CA 90017
Ph: 213-244-1800
The mission of the EPA is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment through the themes of air and global climate change, water, land, communities and ecosystems, and compliance and environmental stewardship. The EPA Southern California Field Office is located in Los Angeles, with its contact information provided above.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-7
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Region IX
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov
1111 Broadway #1200
Oakland, CA 94607
Ph: 510-627-7100
An agency within the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, FEMA is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters. FEMA provides extensive resources to help communities, businesses, and residents prepare for disasters. The Agency is also a major source of funding through grants for hazard mitigation and hazard preparedness. FEMA operates the National Flood Insurance Program and manages a series of mitigation programs and activities, and partners with communities throughout the country. FEMA coordinates the federal response agency support of state and local jurisdictions during disaster events. FEMA also provides reimbursement to jurisdictions for their disaster response costs and facilitates programs to implement mitigation improvements post-disaster.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Hazard Mitigation Planning Level: Federal and State Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/riskmanagement/hazard-mitigation-planning http://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/state-contacts
California Governor’s Office of Emergency
Services
3650 Shriever Avenue
Mather, California 95655
Ph: (916) 799-6499
This link directs individuals to FEMA’s website pages dedicated to information on Hazard Mitigation Plans, including laws, regulations and guidelines; mitigation planning grants; mitigation best practices; specific hazards; and tools. FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Grant Programs (HMGPs) are provided to eligible applicant states/tribes/territories, who in turn provide sub-grants to local government, such as cities. Sub-applicants need to consult the official designated point-of-contact for their applicant state/tribe/territory for information regarding specific programs and application requirements. The second link directs individuals to the points of contact for individual states. In California, HMGP management is handled by the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (contact information provided above). 1BFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Resilience Analysis and Planning Tool (RAPT) Level: Federal and State Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov/about/reports-and-data/resilienceanalysis-planning-tool Web based mapping tool
RAPT gives everyone access to powerful data and GIS mapping that can help everyone understand their community. RAPT includes over 100 preloaded layers including community resilience indicators from peerreviewed research, the most current census demographic data, infrastructure data, and data on weather, hazards, and risk. RAPT also includes easy to use analysis tools, the ability to add in data from other sources, and print and download functions.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-8
Floodplain Management Association (FMA)
Level: Federal Hazard: Flood https://floodplain.org/
701 Pleasant Grove Ste - 180 Box 121
Roseville, CA 95678
Ph: 916-847-3778
The FMA is a non-profit educational association established in 1990 to promote the reduction of flood losses and to encourage the protection and enhancement of natural floodplain values. Members include representatives from Federal, State and local government agencies, as well as private firms. The association serves as an unbiased forum for legislature, government, industry and science to advance best practices, technologies, policies, regulations, and legal strategies, with a focus on California, Nevada and Hawaii.

Los Angeles County Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA) Level: County Hazard: Multi http://dpw.lacounty.gov/epd/ust/cupa.cfm County of Los Angeles Department of Public
Works, Environmental Programs Division
900 S. Fremont Avenue,
Annex Building, 3rd Floor
Alhambra, CA 91803-1331
Ph: 1-888-CLEAN-LA
Ph:626-458-3517
Santa Monica’s CUPA: 310-458-4971
Managed by the Los Angeles County Fire Department, the CUPA is the local administrative agency that coordinates programs regulating hazardous materials and hazardous wastes in all unincorporated and most incorporated areas in Los Angeles County. Programs that they administer include: 1) hazardous materials disclosure, 2) business emergency plans, 3) hazardous waste, 4) underground storage tanks, 5) aboveground petroleum storage tanks, and 6) California accidental release prevention. The City of Santa Monica is one of the few cities in Los Angeles County that has its own CUPA.

National Floodplain Insurance Program (NFIP)
Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.fema.gov/flood-insurance PO Box 10055
Hyattsville, MD 20782-8055
Ph: 877-336-2627
Ph: 202-646-2500
Region 9 Ph: 510-627-7100
The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. NFIP has of a number of programs and activities, including flood insurance for private property owners, mitigation measures to encourage prevention of flood disasters, and partnerships with communities throughout the country.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Level: National Hazard: Wildfire www.nfpa.org/
1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02169-7471
Ph: 800 344-3555
General Ph: 720-237-1752
The mission of the international, non-profit NFPA is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating scientifically based consensus codes and standards, research, training and education. They provide guidance on fire prevention, wildfire preparedness, electrical safety, hazardous materials, community risk reduction, and public safety.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-9
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http://www.noaa.gov
1401 Constitution Avenue, NW Room 5128
Washington, DC 20230
Ph: 202-482-6090
An agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA's historical role has been to predict environmental changes, protect life and property, provide decision makers with reliable scientific information, and foster global environmental stewardship. Some services provided by NOAA include daily weather forecasts, severe storm warnings and climate monitoring, fisheries management, coastal restoration, and marine commerce support.

National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
Level: Federal, Local Hazard: Multi http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/ 3550 S Harbor Blvd Suite 2-202
Oxnard, CA 93035
Local Ph: 805-984-2358
Ph: 202-720-7246
NRCS assists private property owners to conserve their soil, water, and other natural resources by delivering technical assistance based on sound science and suited to a customer's specific needs. Cost shares and financial incentives are available in some cases. The contact information provided above is for the field office closest to Santa Monica, CA.

National Weather Service (NWS)
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi https://www.weather.gov/lox 520 North Elevar Street
Oxnard, CA 93030
Ph: 805-988-6610
A line office within NOAA, the NWS is responsible for providing weather service to the nation. It is charged with the responsibility of observing and reporting the weather, and with issuing forecasts and weather alerts and warnings, including floods and fire weather, in the interest of national safety and economy. Briefly, the priorities for service to the nation are: 1) protection of life, 2) protection of property, and 3) promotion of the nation's welfare and economy. The Oxnard Weather Office is responsible for providing weather information for Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties, as well as adjacent coastal waters out 60 nautical miles. The Oxnard Weather Office provides information to Santa Monica agencies to prepare for upcoming weather events. The contact information provided above is for NWS Oxnard Weather Office.

National Weather Service, Office of Water Prediction (OWP) Level: Federal Hazard: Flood http://www.weather.gov/owp/ 1325 East West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Ph: 301-427-6904
The Office of Hydrologic Development (OHD) reorganized into the Office of Weather Prediction (OWP).

OWP enhances National Weather Service (NWS) products by infusing new hydrologic science, developing hydrologic techniques for operational use, managing hydrologic development by NWS field offices, and providing advanced hydrologic products to meet needs identified by NWS customers. Their products and services improve flood warnings and water resource forecasts. The OWP researchers develops and delivers national hydrologic analyses, forecast information, data, support services and guidance to inform essential emergency services and water management decisions.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-10
Seismic Safety Commission (SSC)
Level: State Hazard: Seismic https://ssc.ca.gov
3650 Schriever Avenue
Mather, CA 95655
Ph: (916) 263-5506
The California SSC helps to “improve the seismic safety and resiliency of California communities by providing resources and guidance, facilitating research, and fostering collaboration in earthquake preparedness, mitigation, and recovery.” The commission “investigates earthquakes, researches earthquakerelated issues and reports, and recommends to the Governor and Legislature policies and programs to reduce earthquake risk.”
South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD)
Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.aqmd.gov/
21865 Copley Drive
Diamond Bar, CA 91765
Ph: 800-CUT-SMOG
(for air quality complaints)
Reg Ph: 909-396-2000
AQMD is a regional government agency that seeks to achieve and maintain healthful air quality through a comprehensive program of research, regulations, enforcement, and communication. The AQMD covers Los Angeles and Orange Counties, and parts of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. South Coast AQMD monitors common air pollutants and issues Air Quality Alerts for the Los Angeles region. The AQMD website provides information on wildfire smoke and ash, and safety tips on how to prepare for and respond to air pollution as a result of wildfires.

Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG)
Level: Regional Hazard: Multi https://scag.ca.gov
900 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 1700
Los Angeles, CA 90017
Ph: 213-236-1800
The SCAG functions as a federally designated metropolitan planning organization and state-designated regional transportation planning agency and council of governments for six counties (Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura and Imperial), and 191 cities in an area covering 38,00 square miles.

SCAG is mandated by the Federal government to research and draw up plans for transportation, growth management, hazardous waste management, and air quality.

Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
Level: Regional Hazard: Seismic www.scec.org/
University of Southern California
3651 Trousdale Parkway, Suite 169
Los Angeles, CA 90089-0742
Ph: 213-740-5843
SCEC (previously known as the Southern California Earthquake Center) gathers new information about earthquakes in California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end-users and the general public in order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. SCEC collaborates with academic, government, industry and other organizations to advance earthquake science by gathering and analyzing data from field observations and laboratory experiments, developing system-level models and simulations of earthquake processes, and communicating that understanding to expand knowledge and reduce earthquake risk. SCEC coordinates the Great ShakeOut Earthquake Drills.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-11
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Los Angeles District Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.spl.usace.army.mil/
915 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 1101
Los Angeles, CA 90017
Ph: 213-452- 3333
The USACE works in engineering and environmental matters, with offices that provide construction management, dam and levee safety, emergency management, planning for various water resource projects, and various others. A workforce of biologists, engineers, geologists, hydrologists, natural resource managers and other professionals provides engineering services to the nation including planning, designing, building and operating water resources and other civil works projects, designing and managing the construction of military facilities and other federal agencies. During disaster events, the USACE may provide technical expertise and operational management over response and recovery activities, such as non-hazardous debris management operations during the Palisades fire.

U.S. Census Bureau (USCB)
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.census.gov/
4600 Silver Hill Road,
Washington, DC 20233
Ph: 800-923-8282
Los Angeles Regional Office
2300 West Empire Avenue, Suite 300
Burbank, CA 91504
Ph: 818-267-1700 & 800-992-3530
The USCB is the nation’s leader provider of data about its people and the economy. The agency collects, processes and provides many statistics, some of which are available by census tract or metropolitan statistical area, by county, and by state. The Census Bureau publications collection also includes many current and historical censuses on population and housing. Older census data, which present data describing the people and the economy of each state and county from 1790 to 1960, are also available. The American Community Survey provides information on changing population, housing and workforce. The Decennial Census of Population and Housing counts every resident in the United States every ten years. Census data were used for this study.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service
Level: Federal Hazard: Wildfire www.usda.gov/
1400 Independence Ave. SW
Washington, D.C. 20250 (mailing address)
Ph: 202-205-8333
1-800-832-1355
Region 5: Pacific Southwest
1323 Club Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592
Ph: 707-562-8737
The Forest Service is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Forest Service manages public lands in national forests and grasslands. The agency conducts forest research, and provides leadership in sustainable management, and the conservation, use and stewardship of natural and cultural resources on national forests and grasslands of the U.S. It also helps communities, states, local and tribal governments, forest industries and private forest landowners improve conditions in both urban and rural areas, helping to steward about 900 million forested acres in the country. This includes 130 million acres in urban areas.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix A
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Master Resource Directory PAGE A-12
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.dhs.gov/
2707 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue SE
Washington, D.C. 20528-0525 (mailing address)
Ph: 202-282-8000
The mission of the DHS is to secure the nation from the many threats that it faces. The DHS was formed in 2002 by combining 22 different federal departments and agencies under one umbrella. The Operational and Support Components that currently make up the DHS include: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, United States Coast Guard, United States Customs and Border Protection, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, United States Secret Service, Transportation Security Administration, and Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office, among others. The DHS strives to prevent future attacks against the U.S. and responds to natural and human-made disasters.

United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.usgs.gov/
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Ph: 650-853-8300
1-800-ASK-USGS
Pasadena Field Office: 525 South Wilson Avenue
Pasadena, CA 91106-3212
Ph: 626-583-7811
A division of the U.S. Department of the Interior, the USGS provides reliable science-based information on ecosystems, land use, energy and mineral resources, natural hazards, water use and availability. The USGS also prepares and disseminates maps and images of the Earth’s features, many of which are available to the public. USGS’s Earthquake Hazards Program manages the ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning program that detects earthquakes to provide warning to the public and produces ShakeMaps of significant earthquake incidents and scenarios depicting ground motion and earthquake intensity.

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Resources Division
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources http://ca.water.usgs.gov/
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Ph: 888-275-8747
The USGS Water Resources’ mission is to provide water information that benefits the Nation's citizens; this information is presented in the form of publications, data, maps, and applications software. The USGS Water aims to minimize loss of life and property as a result of water-related natural hazards such as floods, drought, and landslides; effectively manage groundwater and surface-water resources for domestic, agricultural, recreational, and ecological uses; protect and enhance water resources for human health, aquatic health, and environmental quality; and contribute to the wise physical and economic development of our resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B-1
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
PROCESS and MEETING MATERIALS
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) requires that public input be considered during the development of mitigation plans. Essentially, public participation is a key component to any strategic planning process, and broad-reaching plans such as this one should not be written in isolation. Agency participation offers an opportunity for impacted departments and organizations to provide expertise and insight into the planning process, whereas public participation offers residents and other stakeholders the chance to voice their ideas, interests, and opinions. To that end, this Santa Monica Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP, or Plan) is the result of a collaborative effort between various City departments and divisions, local agencies, local residents, other regional and state organizations, and the City’s consultant.

To obtain input from a broad cross-section of the community, preparation of the Santa Monica LHMP included a wide-reaching public participation process. This process included several components, as follows:
1) assembling and involving a Resilience Planning Committee (RPC) comprised of individuals from various City departments and local organizations that are already vested in and/or conduct hazard reduction programs and are knowledgeable of the community; 2) conducting surveys to understand the community’s level of disaster preparedness, interest in increasing their resilience to hazards, and perceived priorities in hazard mitigation, with the data obtained from these surveys used both in the preparation of the City’s Safety Element and the LHMP;
3) hosting several public workshops, both in person and online, to present the findings from the research and analyses conducted as part of the Plan preparation to neighborhood groups, school children, and the community at large, and obtain feedback on the Plan and the process of preparing the Plan; and
4) facilitating several one-on-one meetings with City staff representing various City departments to address specific sections of the Plan, and providing opportunities for local and regional agencies, and the public to review drafts of the LHMP. This last component included publishing the Final Draft Plan on the City’s website with a link that allowed for public comment and input regarding the document.

Additional details of these activities are described in the sections below.

Integrating public participation during the development of the City’s Safety Element and the LHMP resulted in increased public awareness and significant feedback regarding items that residents wanted addressed, in addition to a better understanding of the level of disaster-preparedness at the community-, family-, and individual-level. Moreover, during the preparation of this Plan update, the southern California region was impacted by wildfires; very strong Santa Ana winds; flooding caused by several sequences of atmospheric rivers, winter storms, and Tropical Storm Hilary; and landslides and mudslides caused by these winter storms. These events raised significant awareness among the community of the natural hazards that can impact Santa Monica and the Los Angeles region in general. In response to this, the Plan addresses several of these community issues and concerns, and incorporates new ideas and perspectives into the action items presented in Section 4.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B-2

RESILIENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE AND ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Hazard mitigation in the City of Santa Monica is overseen by the Resilience Planning Committee (RPC), which consists of representatives from the following City departments:
 City of Santa Monica Manager’s Office, Office of Emergency Management  City of Santa Monica Fire Department, Fire Prevention  City of Santa Monica Public Works Department, Administration  City of Santa Monica Public Works, Engineering and Street Services  City of Santa Monica Community Development Department, City Planning  City of Santa Monica Information Services Department, GIS These committee members have an understanding of how the community is structured and how the City’s residents, businesses, and the environment may be affected by both natural and humancaused hazard events. The RPC guided the development of the Plan, and assisted in developing plan goals and action items, identifying stakeholders and plan reviewers, and sharing local expertise to create a more comprehensive Plan. Many of these same individuals or positions will be responsible for implementation of the Plan and review of its effectiveness. The Office of Emergency Management spearheaded, managed and funded this project.

Input on specific sections of the Plan was also provided by representatives from the following agencies and organizations which together are here referred to as the Advisory Committee:

City of Santa Monica Departments
 City of Santa Monica Attorney’s Office
 City of Santa Monica Manager’s Office, Office of Emergency Management  City of Santa Monica Community Development Department, Building and Safety  City of Santa Monica Community Development Department, City Planning  City of Santa Monica Department of Transportation
 City of Santa Monica Finance Department
 Santa Monica Fire Department, Fire Administration
 Santa Monica Fire Department, Fire Prevention
 City of Santa Monica Housing and Human Services Department  City of Santa Monica Information Services Department
 City of Santa Monica Police Department
 City of Santa Monica Public Works Department, Administrative Services  City of Santa Monica Public Works Department, Engineering and Street Services  City of Santa Monica Public Works Department, Office of Sustainability and the Environment  City of Santa Monica Public Works Department, Santa Monica Airport  City of Santa Monica Rent Control Department
Regional Government Partners
 City of Los Angeles, Emergency Management Department
 County of Los Angeles, Office of Emergency Management 
Local Educational Institutions
 Santa Monica College
 Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B-3
Local Hospitals
 University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Health/Santa Monica Medical Center  Providence Saint John’s Health Center
Local Non-Profits
 American Red Cross Western Los Angeles Chapter
 Westside Food Bank
Local Business Organizations
 Downtown Santa Monica Business Improvement District
 Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce
 Santa Monica Travel and Tourism
Individuals from these agencies and organizations, their titles at the time this update was prepared, and their participation in the process of preparing the Santa Monica LHMP, are identified in Table B-1 below. Abbreviations used in this table are as follows:

CDD = Community Development Department
CIP = Capital Improvement Project
CMO = City of Santa Monica Manager’s Office
CSM = City of Santa Monica
HHS = Housing and Human Services Department
ISD = Information Services Department
LA = Los Angeles
LHMP = Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
OEM = Office of Emergency Management
OES = Office of Sustainability and the Environment
PW = Public Works Department
SMFD = Santa Monica Fire Department
SMMUSD = Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District
SMPD = Santa Monica Police Department
UCLA = University of California, Los Angeles
The Final Draft of the Plan was presented to three Santa Monica commissions for additional community input. These commissions include the Planning Commission, Building and Fire-Life Safety Commission, and the Commission on Sustainability, Environmental Justice and the Environment. Questions from the commissioners were addressed during the presentations and feedback was incorporated into the final Plan. The Final Plan was presented to the Mayor and City Council members for review prior to adoption of the document.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 4
Table B-1: Participants in the 2023-2025 Santa Monica Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Process Name Agency Title
Participation in Meetings and Other Activities Associated with the LHMP Kick-Off Meeting
(09/14/2023)
1st Workshop
(01/23/2024)
2nd Workshop
(05/15/2024) Other Activities
Lindsay Call CMO-OEM Chief Resilience Officer
X X X
Project Manager and Facilitator. Present for all bi-weekly meetings and workshops; organized and held meetings with various departments and agencies; reviewed and provided input for all text, graphics and presentation materials; provided updates to the 2016 mitigation action items
Naomi Urabe CMO-OEM Administrative Staff
Assistant X X X Facilitated all meetings; was present at almost all bi-weekly meetings; organized sign-in sheets and handouts; organized refreshments and support materials for all meetings.

Patrick Cheng CMO-OEM Emergency Services
Administrator X X X Presented early findings of the LHMP to various neighborhood groups and schools; ran the CrisisTrack analyses presented in the report; provided input to presentation materials.

Melinda Espinoza CMO-Communications Communications and
Marketing Coordinator X
Brandon Ward City Attorney’s Office Deputy City Attorney III X X X Reviewed Section 4-Action Items Ivan Campbell City Attorney’s Office Deputy City Attorney Reviewed Section 13-Airport Hazards Susan Y. Cola City Attorney’s Office Assistant City Attorney Reviewed Section 13-Airport Hazards James Brewster CDD-Building & Safety Inspection Supervisor X X Rachel Kwok CDD-City Planning Environmental Planner
X X
Managed preparation of the Technical Background Report to the Safety Element; prepared the City’s Safety Element update; co-authored the community survey in support of the Safety Element and LHMP; addressed public comments to the Safety Element.

Jing Yeo CDD-City Planning Planning Manager X
Jason Kligier Transportation Chief Planning Officer X
Michelle Kramer Finance Assistant Administrative
Analyst, Procurement X
Nick Felldin Finance Senior Accountant Provided information for Section 4– 2025 action items Joe Cavin SMFD-Prevention Fire Marshal X X Reviewed Section 10; reviewed action items related to fire hazards in Section 4; facilitated access to the new fire hazard severity zone maps.

Dan Caldwell SMFD-Administration Fire Battalion Chief X Participated in the review of action items in Section 4 related to fire hazards.

Patrick Nulty SMFD-Prevention Fire Captain X X Reviewed Section 10; participated in the review of action items in Section 4 related to fire hazards.

Setareh Yavari HHS Housing and Human
Services Manager X X
Marc Amaral HHS Human Services
Administrator X
John Meschyan ISD Principal Network
Engineer X
Prasanna Joshi ISD GIS Analyst X X
Lauren Hartz ISD GIS Analyst X X
Neda Peiravian ISD GIS Analyst X Created City of Santa Monica Hazards Risk Map on City website for public outreach activities.

Brent Crafton SMPD Sergeant X
Christopher Dishlip PW-Administrative Services Assistant Director of Public Works X X X
Sybille Moen PW-Administrative Services Administrative Services Officer
Reviewed Appendix C – Economic Analysis
Alex Nazarchuk PW-Engineering & Street Services City Engineer X Reviewed Section 8 – Flooding; reviewed Section 9 - Landslides; provided updates to the 2016 mitigation action items.

Jason Hoang PW-Engineering & Street Services Senior Civil Engineer X Shannon Parry PW-OES Chief Sustainability Officer X
Ariana Vito PW-OES Senior Sustainability
Analyst X
Sunny Wang PW-Water Resources Water Utilities Manager Reviewed Section 4 – Action Items; reviewed Section 5 – Plan Maintenance; reviewed Section 8 – Flooding Dinaz Krueishy PW-Water Resources Civil Engineering Associate Reviewed Section 4 – Action Items; reviewed Section 5 – Plan Maintenance Amber Richane PW-Architectural Services Principal Design and Planning Manager
Reviewed Section 4 – Action Items; reviewed Section 5 – Plan Maintenance Sebastian Felbeck PW-Architectural Services Senior Construction Manager
Reviewed Section 4 – Action Items
Stelios Makrides PW-Airport Chief Operations Officer Reviewed Section 13 – Airport Hazards Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 5
Name Agency Title
Participation in Meetings and Other Activities Associated with the LHMP Kick-Off Meeting
(09/14/2023)
1st Workshop
(01/23/2024)
2nd Workshop
(05/15/2024) Other Activities
Diana Hernandez PW-Airport Airport Operations
Administrator X
Daniel Quezada PW-Airport X
Rosemine Patel Rent Control Public Information
Manager X X
Jerry Gibson SMMUSD Facility Use Manager X X
Carey Upton SMMUSD Chief Operations Officer X X
Johnnie Adams Santa Monica College Chief of Police X X
Daniel Phillips Santa Monica College Risk Management X
Michael Tuitasi Santa Monica College Emergency Manager, VP of Student Affairs X
Kurt Kainsinger UCLA Health-Emergency
Management and Special
Operations
Director
X
Travis Bilyeu UCLA Health Office of
Emergency Preparedness
Emergency Management
Specialist X X
Alex Lichtenstein UCLA Health- Office of
Emergency Preparedness
Assistant Director X
Alexandria WenscottWayneProvidence Saint John’s Health Center
Emergency Manager and
Safety Director X
Savanna Fiehler American Red Cross-Western LA
Chapter X X
Judy Kruger Santa Monica Chamber of
Commerce
President/CEO X
Lauren Salisbury Santa Monica Travel & Tourism Vice President of Communications X X
Jeremy Ferguson Downtown Santa Monica, Inc. Operations and Placemaking Director X
Jillian De Vela City of Los Angeles Emergency
Management Department X X
Sinan Khan Los Angeles County-Office of
Emergency Management X
Anna Batalin Westside Food Bank X
Members of the Consultant Team
Tania González Earth Consultants International Vice-President, Senior Project Consultant X X X
Consultant in charge of project; prepared presentations for all meetings and workshops; attended all bi-weekly meetings and additional virtual meetings with specific individuals; managed the preparation of the graphics and wrote the final draft of the LHMP.

Candice Weber Terra Nova Planning & Research GIS Specialist As sub-consultant to ECI, ran the HazUS models for the LHMP.

Maria Herzberg Earth Consultants International Senior Staff Geologist-GIS Prepared several of the data appendices; prepared several of the GIS files and graphics for report and presentations.

Clay Kelty Earth Consultants International Staff Geologist Wrote preliminary drafts of Sections 6, 7, and 12.

Collette Morse Morse Planning Group Principal As sub-consultant to ECI, wrote preliminary drafts of Sections 8 and 9.

Eva Kinnebrew Environmental Scientist As sub-consultant to ECI, prepared some of the charts for Sections 2 and 11, and wrote preliminary drafts of those sections.

Aaron Martin Earth Consultants International Staff Geologist-GIS Prepared several of the final GIS files for the report, and wrote parts of Section 12.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 6

PROCESS FOLLOWED
Santa Monica’s first LHMP was approved by the City Council on September 28, 2004, and that document was approved by FEMA and Cal OES in 2005. The most recent LHMP before this 2025 update was approved by City Council on March 22, 2016, with the updating process conducted between July 2013 and August 2015. The 2016 plan was referred to as the “City of Santa Monica All Hazard Mitigation Plan.” Efforts to update the 2016 document were meant to begin in 2020, but the COVID-19 pandemic derailed those plans. Thus, activities related to this most recent update began in July 2023, upon the deactivation of Santa Monica’s COVID-19 Emergency Operations Center. Grant outreach activities have been supported with funding from FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, administered by the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services.

This document is the product of that effort, which includes substantial additions and modifications to the 2016 Plan. The additions and modifications reflect our increased understanding of the impact of climate change on several weather-related hazards such as flooding, wildfires, sea-level rise, extreme heat events, and strong winds; the use of HazUS and other software to better estimate the costs associated with hypothetical but probable hazard scenarios, including earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, and inundation related to the catastrophic failure of Stone Canyon dam; and a more thorough discussion on the impacts that the hazards discussed can have on sensitive and priority populations. There are several modifications addressed in this 2025 update, but the most significant ones are related to the format of the action items that the City has identified as priorities for the next five years (see Section 4). City staff found that the action items listed in the 2016 document were more focused on public safety preparedness than hazard mitigation. While public safety and City department readiness is a critical element to disaster response, the 2025 update focuses on hardening City infrastructure and addressing planning vulnerabilities.

Meetings and workshops held for this 2025 Plan were facilitated and organized by Lindsay Call and Naomi Urabe from the City’s Office of Emergency Management, and the City’s consultant, Tania Gonzalez of Earth Consultants International (ECI). These individuals met virtually every other week for the duration of the project to discuss scheduling, specific questions related to the sections being prepared at that time, and discuss input from others. The larger meetings with the Resilience Planning and Advisory committee members, and public workshops held as part of this LHMP update are summarized in the following table. Specific milestones are also listed in Table B-2. Reduced copies of the PowerPoint presentations prepared for the PRC and Advisory Committee meetings, and for the public workshops are provided in this Appendix, after Table B-2. The flyers announcing the Public Surveys and Workshops are also included.

In addition to the City departments and local organizations and stakeholders listed in Table B-1 above, input from other state and federal agencies was also sought as the team prepared the various sections of the report. This list only includes specific discussions related to the LHMP and does not include other activities between agencies on disaster preparedness or response. These agencies include:
 California Geological Survey – on issues regarding tsunamis and tsunami scenarios using HazUS
 Los Angeles County Department of Beaches and Harbors, who provided the team with copy of their Coastal Resiliency Study Final Report
 American Red Cross – who provided information on the Woolsey fire, including number of Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 7
people within the evacuation zone, activation of local shelters, evacuation of Malibu, and Santa Monica housing the Malibu Emergency Operations team and providing communications support; and also provided the most recent, updated shelter list  CAL FIRE – specifically regarding the new fire hazard severity zone maps recently issued by the state
 Verisk – regarding the City’s past participation on the Community Rating System (CRS)  City of Culver City – to request a copy of their LHMP with an emphasis on the use of the STAPLEE process
 FEMA Region 9 – regarding the submittal of the LHMP and review timing  Cal OES – regarding the submittal of the LHMP and review timing  Beverly Hills Fire Department – regarding LHMP process and best practices  Culver City Fire Department, OEM – regarding LHMP process and best practices  West Hollywood Community Safety Department – regarding LHMP process and best practices
Abbreviations used on Table B-2 are identified below:

AM = “Ante meridiem,” referring to the time between midnight and noon Cal OES = California Office of Emergency Services
CDD = Community Development Department
CERT = Community Emergency Response Team
CGS = California Geological Survey
ECI = Earth Consultants International, Inc.

GIS = Geographic Information System
HazUS = Hazards US, a software used to estimate losses caused by a variety of natural hazards HHS = Housing and Human Services Department
ISD = Information Services Department
LA = Los Angeles
LAX = Los Angeles Airport
LHMP = Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
OEM = Office of Emergency Management
OES = Office of Sustainability and the Environment
PM = “Post meridiem,” referring to the time between noon and midnight PW = Public Works Department
RPC = Resilience Planning Committee
SMFD = Santa Monica Fire Department
SMMUSD = Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District
SMO = Santa Monica Airport
SMPD = Santa Monica Police Department
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B-8
Table B-2: Milestones and Participation Activities Conducted in Support of This LHMP Update Date Milestone / Activity Summary
April 20, 2023 Pre-proposal meeting Virtual meeting (2:30-3:00 PM) between Lindsay Call (OEM) and Tania Gonzalez (ECI) to discuss the City’s interest in receiving a proposal from ECI to update their LHMP. Following this call, ECI prepared and submitted a proposal to the City.

June 27, 2023 Contract signed The City of Santa Monica and Earth Consultants International, Inc. (ECI) entered a contractual agreement with ECI tasked with updating the City’s LHMP.

July 11, 2023 Internal Kick-off
meeting
Virtual meeting (10:00-11:00 AM) between Lindsay Call, Naomi Urabe and Tania Gonzalez to discuss the project with an emphasis on the planning process and proposed methods to engage the public.

July 2023 Resilience and
Advisory Committees
welcoming package
prepared
During the month of July, ECI prepared an introductory package outlining the purpose of LHMPs, the regulatory background, the process, schedule, and role of the advisory committee. The City forwarded these materials to City staff across all City departments and other organizations to identify individuals that were interested in participating in the LHMP update process, and the individuals that would be part of the RPC. A copy of this handout is included in this appendix.

September 7,
2023
Logistics meeting for
kick-off meeting and
presentation
Virtual meeting (11:00 AM-Noon) between Lindsay Call, Naomi Urabe and Tania Gonzalez, to discuss lastminute details regarding the kick-off meeting, including edits to the PowerPoint presentation, sign-in sheets, and logistics.

September 14,
2023
Kick-off meeting In-person meeting (10:00 AM-Noon) at the Public Safety Facility, OEM, 2nd Floor, 333 Olympic Blvd., Santa Monica, to kick-off the project. 33 people attended. Most attendees were physically present; a few joined remotely. Participants are identified on Table B-1 above. The PowerPoint presentation used for this meeting is included in this appendix.

September 15
– December
30, 2023
Preliminary research
for the hazards
sections and HazUS
analyses
During this period, ECI conducted preliminary research and analysis of the hazards identified; compiled the results of the questionnaire presented at the kick-off meeting regarding hazards that could impact the city, and provided data to Terra Nova so they could run the HazUS analyses, including earthquakes, tsunami, flooding, and inundation scenarios. Preliminary HazUS results were provided to the City on November 1st.

November 15,
2023
CDD / OEM meeting Meeting between Rachel Kwok (CDD) and Lindsay Call (OEM) to develop the Safety Element / LHMP public survey on local hazards and disaster preparedness.

January 16,
2024
Community Survey
was published
The community survey for the Safety Element and LHMP was published online, with paper copies available in both English and Spanish available at both the Main Library and the Pico Branch library. The survey page could be accessed here (survey is now closed, but link connects to the webpage). The flyer announcing the survey is included in this appendix. The survey was highlighted in the City’s staff newsletter and other social media platforms.

January 16,
2024
Preparation meeting
for upcoming
Workshop
Virtual meeting (2:30-3:30 PM) with Lindsay Call, Naomi Urabe, Patrick Cheng and Tania Gonzalez attending, to discuss the upcoming workshop with the Advisory Committee. Topics discussed included PowerPoint presentation, ways to capture input from the committee, and logistics regarding the sign-in of committee members attending.

January 23, Resilience and In-person workshop (10:00 AM – 2:00 PM) held at the Santa Monica Institute, 330 Olympic Blvd., 2nd Floor.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B-9
Date Milestone / Activity Summary
2024 Advisory Committees
Workshop No. 1
41 people + consultant invited; 21 attended. The participants are identified on Table B-1 above. A copy of the PowerPoint presentation for this workshop is included in this appendix. The group identified several issues to be considered as part of the LHMP update. These included: 1) Plans and regulations regarding emergency shelters, water self-sufficiency, incorporating the City’s coastal action plan; 2) Education and awareness, including information and alarms for tsunamis, Red Cross preparedness programs for different populations (school children, adults in seismic zones, seniors); 3) Natural protection of micro forests, tree canopy and sand/beach dunes; 4) Structure and infrastructure including breakwater at the pier, resilience hubs, seismic retrofit program, earthquake gas shut-off valves, retrofit of water pipes, and earthquake early warning system; 5) Slopes and the bluffs, with an emphasis on proactive bluff maintenance, drainage, resources from state and federal agencies to repair slopes, estimates of potentially impacted structures and impact on lost revenue; 6) wildland fires and their impact on structures along the northern City boundary, loss of revenue due to school closures, impact on asthma patients and emergency department visits, costs to fire department per fire event, public safety shutoffs, and potential personal impacts to staff resulting in absenteeism; 7) Hazardous materials with an emphasis on costs per response event, worst-case scenarios to be considered, proximity of hazmat sites to schools and other sensitive populations, “ocean burping,” dispatch issues, and natural gas emissions associated with Playa Vista; and 8) Aircraft hazards, including possible increase in noise related to LAX post closure of SMO, generally small number of passengers, potential impact of aircraft crash on people on the ground, contamination costs associated with historical uses and use of foam, and potential use of SMO for response capabilities.

January –
February 2024
Community
Emergency Response
(CERT) Training
meetings
As part of the CERT training meetings, the OEM team provided general information on the LHMP, the specific hazards that are likely to impact Santa Monica, and advocated for CERT training participants to take the LHMP survey to share their feedback on disaster events and preparedness.

February 2,
2024
Presentation to the
Santa Monica
Unified School
District – Grant
Elementary School
Lindsay Call and Patrick Cheng of OEM made a presentation on natural hazard education and shared information on natural hazard project-based learning curriculum to all 3rd grade classes, and encouraged the children to share the information learned with their parents and caregivers. They also shared information with school staff on the LHMP Community Workshops and the opportunity for residents to provide feedback on hazards and personal preparedness.

February 12,
2024
Meeting regarding
HazUS tsunamis
scenarios
Online meeting with representatives from CGS and CalOES regarding tsunami scenarios and loss estimates.

Organized by Lindsay Call, attended by Nicholas Graehl CGS), Todd Becker (CalOES), Patrick Cheng (OEM), and Tania Gonzalez (ECI). The meeting was called to discuss the tsunami scenarios using HazUS prepared by the consultant for the LHMP. The consultant considered a near-source tsunami caused by a worst-case earthquake scenario on the offshore section of the Palos Verdes fault in the Santa Monica Bay that could potentially generate a significant tsunami. The CGS/CalOES team forwarded to us a poster they prepared that evaluated a teletsunami originating off Alaska, with HazUS loss estimates calculated at the county level. A decision was made to rely more heavily on the numbers provided by CGS/CalOES, but mentioning the possibility of a near-shore event.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B-10
Date Milestone / Activity Summary
March 4,
2024
Northeast Neighbors
Community Meeting
Patrick Cheng of OEM gave a presentation on the LHMP at this neighborhood meeting. He shared information on the LHMP survey and opportunity for residents to provide feedback on hazards and personal preparedness actions.

April 2, 2024 Presentation to the
Wilmont
Neighborhood
Organization
Patrick Cheng of OEM gave a presentation on general disaster preparedness related to specific hazards likely to impact Santa Monica. He also shared information on the LHMP Community Workshops emphasizing these workshops provide residents with the opportunity to provide feedback on hazards and personal preparedness.

April 8, 2024 Presentation to the
Ocean Park
Association
Patrick Cheng of OEM gave a presentation on general disaster preparedness related to specific hazards likely to impact Santa Monica. He also shared information on the LHMP Community Workshops emphasizing these workshops provide residents with the opportunity to provide feedback on hazards and personal preparedness.

April 9, 2024 LHMP Community
Workshops Flyer
published
OEM began distributing a flyer in English and Spanish advertising the upcoming community workshops (April 30 and May 2nd) to discuss the LHMP. Announcements regarding the workshops and inviting all members/residents to attend were placed on social media; sent via email to all city agencies, past CERT trainees, and all city neighborhood groups; and flyers were distributed to libraries, schools, City departments, and other agencies. A copy of the flyer that was posted on social media, sent in emails, and posted as hardcopy at various locations around the city, is included in this appendix.

April 10, 2024 CDD / OEM Meeting Meeting between Cary Fukui (CDD), Roxanne Tanemori (CDD), Lindsay Call (OEM), and Rachel Kwok (CDD) to discuss the Local Coastal Program update and sea level rise mitigation to ensure consistency between the Safety Element and LHMP updates.

April 12, 2024 Preliminary
CrisisTrack estimates
completed
Patrick Cheng (OEM) used the CrisisTrack damage assessment software to estimate the damages, in US dollars, for properties in Santa Monica within the tsunami, and coastal flooding zones. Because at the time no part of the city was included within a fire hazard severity zone, the wildfire loss estimates for the city were zero.

April 15, 2024 Presentation to the
Commission on
Sustainability,
Environmental
Justice and the
Environment
Rachel Kwok of CDD and Lindsay Call of OEM made a presentation on the revisions to the City’s Safety Element and LHMP. Lindsay provided information on LHMP’s basic components, importance of community feedback processes, and opportunities to contribute at the upcoming community workshops. Feedback from the Commissioners included:
• Use of best practice reports on sea level rise, be example for other coastline communities • Importance of including extreme heat events in LHMP report and recommendation to consider mitigation measures for disadvantaged community members (elderly, persons without AC) and daytime outdoor workers
There was a question on the seismic fault zones, how the zones were determined, and whether the zone is related to damage during the Northridge Earthquake.

April 18, 2024 Santa Monica Malibu
Unified School
District Board of
In addition to both the Grant Elementary presentation on natural hazard (February 2nd) and attending Natural Hazards Design Fair (March 8th) to support Grant Elementary school’s disaster curriculum, OEM advocated for projects on natural hazards to assist with family/caregiver education on disaster preparedness. During the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Public Participation Process Page B-11
Date Milestone / Activity Summary
Education Meeting Board Meeting, OEM provided information how partnering on the 3rd grade project allowed OEM to share LHMP survey information with students’ parents. Shared thanks for the District’s participation in the LHMP Resilience Planning Committee and advocate for school participation in upcoming LHMP Community Workshops.

April 22, 2024 Preparation meeting
for upcoming
community
workshops
Online meeting, (2:30-3:30 PM) with Lindsay Call (OEM), Patrick Cheng (OEM), Naomi Urabe (OEM), and Tania Gonzalez (ECI) participating, to discuss the PowerPoint presentations for the upcoming community workshops. Both English and Spanish versions will be prepared, with Spanish translation of the English version provided by a consultant retained by the City. Preliminary logistical issues regarding the meeting were also discussed.

April 29, 2024 Preparation meeting
for upcoming
community
workshop
Online meeting (2:30-3:30 PM) with Lindsay Call (OEM), Patrick Cheng (OEM), Naomi Urabe (OEM), and Tania Gonzalez (ECI) participating, to discuss last minute details on the PowerPoint presentations for the community workshops.

April 30, 2024 Community
Workshop No. 1
Workshop held at the Thelma Terry Community Room at Virginia Avenue Park, 2200 Virginia Ave Park, Santa Monica, 90404 (6:00-8:00 PM). Meeting was to be hosted in Spanish with English language translation.

Unfortunately, no members of the public attended the workshop even though the meeting was advertised several weeks in advance, as described above. No presentation was made.

In addition to the PowerPoint presentation (also included in this appendix), oversized copies of five hazards maps were printed and hung on easels in the meeting room for people to review and comment on. The maps highlighted included the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone map, the Seismic Hazards map, Dam Inundation map related to catastrophic failure of Stone Canyon dam, Tsunami inundation map, and a composite map showing all identified natural hazards in the city of Santa Monica. The translator and staff from both OEM and CDD reviewed and discussed the maps. Questions regarding the hazards shown on the figures were addressed by the Consultant.

May 2, 2024 Community
Workshop No. 2
Workshop held at the Library Community Room at Montana Avenue Branch Library, City of Santa Monica, 1704 Montana Ave, Santa Monica, CA 90403 (6:00-7:30 PM). Hosted in English with Spanish language translation available. Five members of the public attended this workshop in addition to staff from OEM. The presentation was made in English; no translation services were needed. The same PowerPoint presentation that was given at the online workshop on May 22, 2024 (see below) was used for this workshop. The presentation is on YouTube and can be still viewed.

As with the previous workshop, in addition to the PowerPoint presentation, oversized copies of five hazard maps were hung on easels around the room. Questions from the public regarding the hazards shown on the maps were addressed by members of the OEM team and/or the consultant.

May 6, 2024 Compiled
Community Survey
Responses
Naomi Urabe (OEM) compiled all online and paper responses to the Community survey that had been prepared by CDD and OEM in support of the Safety Element and the LHMP for discussion and consideration as the team moved forward, and in preparation for the upcoming Advisory Committee Workshop on May 15th. 178 people took the survey (1 person submitted 2 entries, for a total of 179 responses), with 168 people Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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Date Milestone / Activity Summary
submitting their responses online, and 10 submitting paper copies to the library. The survey asked respondents to list the hazards that they have experienced while living/working in Santa Monica. Responses included: earthquake, adverse weather, smoke from wildfires, drought, extreme heat, structure fires, burglaries, infections (likely Covid), failure of critical infrastructure, active shooter, civil unrest, security incident. Several replied “none.” With the exception of 8 individuals, the majority reported that they have taken actions to prepare for a natural disaster or emergency. Actions reported include preparation of an emergency supply kit, storing sufficient water supplies, maintaining smoke alarms and fire extinguishers, signed up for emergency alerts, and purchasing rental or home insurance. Many renters reported not being able to make improvements to their units and many also said that limited income prevented them from being better prepared for an emergency.

Feedback on action items that the respondents said that the City should consider is summarized below:

1. Insurance coverage: describe types of insurance coverage that residents may need and recommend that all property owners review their insurance coverage with their brokers, including renters’ insurance.

2. Training and Neighborhood Watch: Consider the City helping neighborhoods organize themselves; provide training, workshops and drill exercises (both in-person and online); make these programs available to residents and businesses; consider Emergency Preparedness and Response information made available at City events, public library, and the farmers’ market; provide information on what to do in event of an aircraft accident, active shooter, cyberattack, terrorist attack; provide information on preparedness kits. Training should be ongoing.

3. Supply distribution: The City should consider providing hazard kits, subsidize battery backup systems, 5-gallon water bottles on an annual rotation/exchange program. These could be provided free or at cost, but with City organizing the availability of these supplies to make it convenient.

4. Communication: Provide emergency information, like telephone numbers and websites, on handy magnetic cards or similar format; consider preparing and distributing a reference sheet with action items and necessary supplies for a variety of hazards; improve communication with schools; provide information on emergency services, shelters, and evacuation plans; make communication of hazards interesting (“fun”).

5. Seismic retrofit and code changes: Consider a low-interest loan program for condominiums and other structures and infrastructure that need to be seismically strengthened; change zoning codes to avoid building in hazard areas; publicly report status of structures that need to be seismically retrofitted; take action against landlords delinquent in fixing their buildings; provide a means by which renters can notify the City of safety infractions and buildings that have not been fixed.

6. Extreme heat: City needs to be better prepared for extreme heat events; adopt a formal policy to make air conditioning mandatory in all buildings including rent-controlled apartments; provide more heating and/or cooling centers; develop public infrastructure to help with heat mitigation (free water stations, cooling zones with water misters, etc.); make cooling centers available for pets.

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7. Infrastructure: City needs to upgrade and seismically retrofit the aging water pipes; bury electrical lines; ensure resiliency of City infrastructure and critical facilities; grade down alleys when they are re-surfaced; provide more streetlights; keep sidewalks clear so persons with mobility issues can pass safely at all times; maintain the Santa Monica airport to be used for evacuation and emergency response; retain more City staff in charge of preparedness and mitigation projects.

8. Crime: Improve safety in neighborhoods, especially crime and nuisances caused by unhoused individuals; consider Ring-camera mandatory laws; surveillance drones and security cameras at the beach.

9. Other issues: Consider local programs for food resiliency, including locally grown food and community gardening; curtail growth by not permitting tall buildings; City should only buy and use software with proven track record; do not approve projects that include road design that obstructs emergency response vehicles.

May 6, 2024 Public Works / OEM
Meeting
Lindsay Call of OEM met with the Public Works Department leadership team to discuss the findings from the LHMP, input from the public survey (see above), and discuss potential action items to raise at the upcoming 2nd Advisory Committee meeting/workshop (on May 15).

May 13, 2024 City Attorney’s
Office / OEM
Meeting
Meeting between Lindsay Call (OEM) and Brandon Ward of the City Attorney’s Office to prepare for the upcoming 2nd Advisory Committee meeting/workshop and direction on language to use in the mitigation action items.

May 13, 2024 Test for Online
Community
Workshop
Virtual meeting and test (11:15-11:45 AM) between Lindsay Call (OEM), Naomi Urabe (OEM), and Tania Gonzalez (ECI) to confirm that the link for the online public workshop to be held on May 22nd (see below) worked correctly, and to discuss last-minute logistical details for the in-person Advisory Committee workshop.

May 15, 2024 Resilience and
Advisory Committees
Workshop No. 2
In-person workshop (10:00 AM – 2:00 PM) held at the Santa Monica Institute, 330 Olympic Drive, 2nd Floor, Santa Monica. 46 people plus consultant invited; 19 people attended.

At this meeting, Tania Gonzalez (ECI) first reminded the workshop participants of the LHMP process, with an emphasis on the main items that need to be covered in these documents and the types of action items that should be considered. Reminded the committee members that mitigation actions need to identify the responsible agency or agencies, potential funding sources and constraints, the timeline for implementation, and the plan goals being addressed. Re-introduced the STAPLEE process and provided examples of possible mitigation actions. Then, provided a summary of the hazards being addressed in the LHMP, including loss estimates developed for several earthquake scenarios, a 20-foot run-up tsunami, coastal flooding using the FEMA maps, inundation of the eastern portion of the city as a result of failure of Stone Canyon dam, and after-earthquake structural fires. Based on the loss estimates developed, the hazards were ranked into high risk and lower risk to Santa Monica. The participants were then asked to break into several working groups to develop potential mitigation actions that address the requests from the community. The action items proposed were organized based on type (local planning, local assessment and regulations, structures and infrastructure improvement, natural systems improvements, public education and awareness, and City- Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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readiness initiatives. Committee members were told to expect an online survey where they would be asked to vote on the action items that they consider to be top priorities.

May 21, 2024 OEM / CDD / ECI Virtual meeting between Lindsay Call (OEM), Rachel Kwok (CDD) and Tania Gonzalez (ECI) to discuss the disaster preparedness, response and recovery section of the Safety Element, and similar items to be covered in the LHMP.

May 22, 2024 Community
Workshop No. 3
Online community workshop (7:00-8:30 PM), presented by Tania Gonzalez in English, moderated by Lindsay Call. The meeting was recorded and uploaded to YouTube, where it is still available for viewing.

Availability to this YouTube recording was advertised in the City of Santa Monica News website (SaMoNews) and a several other City of Santa Monica webpages. 58 people participated in the online community workshop. As of August 5, 2025, there were 318 views of the presentation recording on the City’s YouTube channel.

May 28 – July
10, 2024
July 30, 2024
Local Hazards
Prioritization Survey
Survey results were
compiled
An online survey was sent to all 48 individuals in the Resilience and Advisory Committees that participated in the LHMP update process. The survey included all proposed action items developed during the workshop on May 15th, and asked individuals to rank the action items within each category from highest to least priority. 28 responses were received. The results of the survey were compiled at the end of July, with the results used to prepare Section 4 in the LHMP.

August 15 –
September 30,
2024
Public review of the
Final Draft of the
Santa Monica Safety
Element
The Final Drafts of the City’s Safety Element and Technical Background Report were posted online for the public to review and comment on during the 45-day public review period. A total of 7 public comment letters were received. The CDD (Rachel Kwok) provided a link for comments, with all comments addressed in the Final version of the Safety Element.

August 20,
2024
PW / OEM Meeting Lindsay Call (OEM) facilitated a meeting with the Public Works Department (PW) leadership team to discuss the hazard mitigation action items that were identified by the Resilience Planning Committee.

August 27,
2024
Department Head
Meeting
Lindsay Call (OEM) made a presentation to all the Santa Monica Department Heads (Executive Team) to present the findings of the hazard analyses and the mitigation actions being proposed. The PowerPoint presentation for this meeting is included in this appendix.

September 26,
2024
CDD / OEM Meeting Meeting between Lindsay Call (OEM) and Community Development Department staff to review the Safety Element and LHMP progress, and review the public comments on the Safety Element. The public comments received were used to inform revisions to the Safety Element and the action items in the LHMP.

October 9,
2024
Planning
Commission Meeting
Representatives from CDD (Rachel Kwok) and OEM (Lindsay Call) made a presentation to the Commission to update them on the Safety Element and the LHMP.

October 30,
2024
Interdepartmental
Meeting
Meeting between OEM (Lindsay Call) and representatives from the CDD (Rachel Kwok), SMPD (Alejandro Mendoza), ISD-GIS (Lauren Hartz and Neda Peiravian), and DOT (Jason Kligier) to finalize the evacuation routes to be included in the Safety Element, and to finalize the mitigation actions in the LHMP related to evacuation planning.

November 13,
2024
Building Safety
Commission Meeting
Representatives from CDD (Rachel Kwok) and OEM (Lindsay Call) updated the Commission on the Safety Element and the LHMP. Commissioner McLaughlin prepared a series of questions addressing specific hazard Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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Date Milestone / Activity Summary
concerns (water supply, hazardous materials, bluff maintenance, seismic upgrade of buildings, tsunami/coastal flooding, emergency plan and essential facilities, wildfires and smoke impacts, extreme heat events, and energy resilience) that CDD and OEM representatives addressed, with action items identified for both the Safety Element and the LHMP.

November 25,
2024
PW / OEM Meeting Lindsay Call (OEM) organized a meeting with Public Works Department (PW) (Peter James, Stelios Makrides, Christopher Dishlip) to finalize the hazard mitigation action items identified that would fall under the purview of PW for implementation.

February 3,
2025

SMFD / CDD / OEM
Meeting
Online meeting (1:30-2:30 PM) with representatives from the Santa Monica Fire Department (Joe Cavin, Patrick Nulty, Daniel Galvan), Planning Division (Rachel Kwok, Jing Yeo), OEM (Lindsay Call) and consultant (Tania Gonzalez) to discuss Fire Hazards section with an emphasis on additional action items and expectation that the State will release new fire hazard severity zone maps that will impact Santa Monica.

Additional action items to be considered include defensible space, parking restrictions and construction bans on red-flag days, hardening and redundancy of water supplies in fire hazard zones, and non-combustible fencing between properties.

February 6,
2025
North of Montana
Association Meeting
Santa Monica Fire Department and OEM staff met with neighbors to discuss Palisades Fire incident and listened to public questions/comments about potential improvements. This feedback was used by OEM and SMFD to develop post-fire mitigation action items.

February 11,
2025
Safety Element
Adoption
City Council adopted the Safety Element Update of the General Plan. CDD (Rachel Kwok) made a presentation. OEM (Lindsay Call), SMFD, and consultant (Tania Gonzalez) attended meeting to be available to answer questions related to the LHMP update and general emergency preparedness and response questions.

February 24,
2025
Sustainability
Commission Meeting
Representatives from CDD (Rachel Kwok) and OEM (Lindsay Call) updated the Commission on the Safety Element and the LHMP. Information was provided on the City’s response and recovery to the Palisades fire.

Listened to public questions and comments regarding potential improvements. This feedback was used by OEM and SMFD to develop post-fire mitigation actions that were included in the LHMP.

February 26,
2025
Santa Monica
Palisades Fire
Recovery Town Hall
Meeting
Virtual meeting where federal, regional, and local government representatives presented information on the Palisades fire recovery. This feedback was used by OEM and SMFD to develop post-fire mitigation action items incorporated into the LHMP update.

March 13,
2025

SMFD / OEM
Meeting
In-person meeting between OEM (Lindsay Call) and SMFD personnel (Tom Clemo, Dan Caldwell, Daniel Galvan) to discuss the Palisades fire and additional mitigation actions to be recommended based on the immediate lessons learned.

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March 19,
2025

SMFD / OEM
Meeting
Presentation by OEM for SMFD Command & General Staff on hazard analysis findings and proposed mitigation action items.

March 25,
2025

SMFD / OEM
Meeting
Meeting with City Fire Marshall (Joe Cavin) to discuss revised fire hazard severity maps and finalize LHMP mitigation action item updates.

June 9, 2025 HHS / OEM Meeting Meeting with City Housing and Human Services Department staff (Alana Riemermann) to discuss the Aging and Disability Action Plan’s draft goals to ensure alignment with LHMP mitigation action items.

July 30, 2025 PW / Water
Resources / OEM
Meeting
Meeting with Public Works staff (Sunny Wang, Dinaz Krueishy) to discuss hazard mitigation action items related to water infrastructure improvements.

August 28–
September 28,
2025
Final Draft of LHMP
posted on City’s
website for public
review
Document was posted online on the City’s website. Hard copies of the draft LHMP were also made available to the public at the Main and Pico libraries. The Draft Plan was accompanied by a survey that allowed the public to provide feedback on each individual section. The survey was open for 30 days, between August 28 and September 28, 2025. Two individuals provided feedback. The comments provided were addressed in a response to comments document included here, in Appendix B, and some of the comments resulted in minor changes to the text of the document.

October 8,
2025
Presentation of the
LHMP to the
Building and Life
Safety Commission
Lindsay Call (OEM) gave a PowerPoint presentation on the findings of the LHMP to the commissioners.

Questions from the commissioners were addressed at the meeting, and in some cases, changes were made to some sections of the report, as follows:
1: Are electrical grids and cyber issues included in the Plan? The Plan states that cyber issues are not addressed here, as the City has other documents that do so. Regarding electric grids, text was added to Section 10 to discuss Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS), especially as they pertain to wildfire hazards.

Southern California Edison has stated that no PSPS outages have been reported in Santa Monica since at least 2021.

2. What type of mitigation measures have been implemented for Stone Canyon Dam? This content is addressed in Section 8. Additional text was added to the section on potential inundation resulting from catastrophic failure of Stone Canyon Dam to emphasize that the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the owner and operator of the dam, conducts regular safety inspections and monitoring of the dam and reservoir, and have an Emergency Action Plan that is updated and reviewed regularly.

3. Would the water infrastructure at 26th and Olympic be contaminated if the dam inundation event occurs? Text discussing that the water infrastructure is outside the inundation area was added to Section 8. Text was also added to clarify that the City-owned water infrastructure on Bundy Street (Arcadia reservoir) is also not expected to be impacted by this hypothetical, catastrophic failure inundation event.

4. What are the response procedures for a tsunami? This question was addressed during the presentation, with Ms. Call sharing the process of evacuating coastal areas during a local or teletsunami event. She also stressed the importance of promptly evacuating the coastline after a major earthquake, and that the tsunami mitigation action aims to increase awareness/education for tsunami alert/warning and response.

Section 7 was reviewed in light of this question, but the language addressing response procedures was Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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Date Milestone / Activity Summary
deemed to be sufficiently thorough that no additional text was added to that section. Note however that the Action Items in Section 4 include Evacuation and Route Planning for tsunami and other hazards, and a Tsunami Alerting System. The Natural Dune Restoration Expansion action should also reduce the impact of future tsunami on the local coastline. The proposed City Readiness Initiative of Expanding Critical Emergency Management Technologies also aims to improve the City’s responsiveness to tsunamis.

5. Are City departments required to implement the mitigation actions? Is there a penalty for failure to complete the action item? Ms. Call responded that the City is striving to complete the identified mitigation action items in five years. She further indicated that there is no penalty for not completing the action items, and that during the annual plan review, the City can determine if a mitigation action should be eliminated, modified, or extended into the next five years. Text to clarify this was added to Sections 4 and 5.

October 15,
2025
Presentation of the
LHMP to the
Planning
Commission
Lindsay Call (OEM) gave a PowerPoint presentation on the findings of the LHMP to the commissioners.

Questions/comments on the following topics were made after the presentation:
• Statement that poor air quality is also hazardous, including events not caused by wildfire. Ms. Call shared that South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) has information on real-time air quality. She shared that those persons with sensitivity to poor air quality and other groups that are more likely to have health impacts, such as children and older adults, should take actions similar to wildfire events when air quality is poor. She also shared that actions that reduce carbon emissions to mitigate climate change can also reduce air pollution.
• Question about the role of Police in disaster mitigation and response, and the role of building community trust between Police and the public before disasters. Ms. Call shared that Police have specific responsibilities in disaster response, such as implementing evacuation or curfew orders, traffic closures, and maintaining security and order. Other organizations like the American Red Cross generally have community-facing roles in disaster recovery, such as disaster shelter operations and recovery casework.
• Advocated that multi-modal evacuation should be incorporated into disaster planning. Ms. Call shared that multi-modal evacuations are specifically noted in the Evacuation Plan mitigation action item.

Persons with “access and functional needs” includes persons with limited access to transportation. Ms.

Call shared that during the Palisades Fire, the City facilitated evacuation transportation by Big Blue Bus of persons to/from the American Red Cross shelter, even facilitating a pick-up at a specific facility. • Shared concern about staff capacity and funding. Ms. Call explained that mitigation action items included are meant to be realistic given current staffing and budgetary conditions. Emphasized the importance of incorporating mitigation and resilience-building into all programs and incorporating the practice into City staff culture, similar to sustainability. • Asked about the importance of family/child disaster education. Ms. Call shared family preparedness education is critical. She shared that hazard education for children often educates an entire family. She shared the example of SMMUSD Grant Elementary’s Project-Based Learning curriculum where elementary school students learn about natural hazards and create a project to mitigate the disaster Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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Date Milestone / Activity Summary
hazard. During this project, children learn directly from staff in the Santa Monica Office of Emergency Management. During the course of the project, parents are often learning about hazards concurrently and OEM promotes household preparedness.
• Stressed importance of considering social vulnerability in response. Ms. Call agreed with this and shared that social vulnerability maps are incorporated into the plan. She stressed that mitigation action items, such as the Evacuation Plan and Inclusive Emergency Communications actions, will also address concerns related to disaster vulnerability and equity.

None of the oral comments received were deemed to require changes to the text. One of the commissioners did provide some editorial comments to the City history portion of Section 2. The text in Section 2 was modified to address the comments received.

October 21,
2025
Presentation of the
LHMP to the
Commission on
Sustainability,
Environmental
Justice and the
Environment
Lindsay Call (OEM) gave a PowerPoint presentation on the findings of the LHMP to the commissioners.

Questions/comments on the following topics were made after the presentation:
• Recommendation to include personal disaster preparedness information in hazard outreach information, especially preparedness considerations for persons living in apartments or condos that have less storage capacity. Ms. Call shared that preparedness information would be included in future publications/websites focused on hazard education. She also shared the importance of having critical supplies for at least 3 days, including water, personal medications, and any specific household needs.

She discussed the shared preparedness strategy of working with your neighbors (apartment/condo neighbors or blocks) to have a preparedness plan for the community, similar to the Map Your Neighborhood program, developed by LuAn K. Johnson, PhD, Washington State Emergency Management.
• Recommendation for City to record oral history of Northridge Earthquake, with an emphasis on interviewing the City’s Mayor and City Manager at that time, during the 1994 event. • General skepticism about data from HazUS risk assessment. Ms. Call shared that these numbers are used for general planning purposes and are helpful when prioritizing hazards for planning purposes and creating realistic scenarios during staff disaster drills. • Concern about the time it takes for Southern California Edison to respond to calls about arcing wires during a widespread disaster event, such as January 2025 windstorm/wildfires. Ms. Call stressed that time-sensitive concerns such as arcing wires can also be reported to Santa Monica Public Safety Dispatch by phone at 310-458-8660 or by calling/texting 911 so that it may also be investigated by Santa Monica Fire. She shared that because dispatch is within OEM, incident information is regularly shared between Public Safety Communications and Emergency Operations Center (EOC) staff. EOC personnel can also relay local concerns to Southern California Edison’s government liaisons to develop response strategies needed. During disasters, EOC staff may also utilize 311 to collect disaster information, distribute electronic surveys to collect public information on damage or other topics, or set-up a Disaster Hotline. The COVID-19 Disaster Hotline established in 2020 to answer public questions transitioned into the general 311 system in 2021.

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November 4,
2025
Friends of Sunset Park
Neighborhood
Organization
Meeting
Lindsay Call (OEM) presented general information about the City’s Office of Emergency Management. The following questions/comments about the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan were discussed:
• Concern with LHMP survey and lack of opportunity to provide general feedback that was not related to a specific section of the plan. During the meeting, Ms. Call shared that the survey was designed by OEM staff and that contact information for the division was available on the City’s website. After the meeting, it was confirmed that the survey did have a general comments section. • Concern that the City’s adopted Safety Element did not meet evacuation assessment requirements as required in AB 747 (2019). Ms. Call shared that the Safety Element was completed by the Community Development Department. To create the 2025 Safety Element’s evacuation maps, a multi-departmental team met to assess and determine the evacuation routes. She shared that the Safety Element also includes roads with one egress route. These areas were specifically discussed during the multi-departmental planning meetings. Ms. Call also shared that the LHMP builds upon the Safety Element and has identified “Evacuation Planning” as a mitigation action in the plan so that additional evaluation may occur.

Resident expressed the need to conduct a more detailed assessment to determine maximum vehicular evacuation capacity and to evaluate future construction development. o Based on the discussion during the meeting, Ms. Call discussed with the City’s Department of Transportation (SaMoDOT) if the City utilizes software that could assess vehicular capacity.

SaMoDOT shared they did not have the technology currently available but would review options to assist with future evacuation planning. SaMoDOT and OEM staff agreed to amend the wording of the “Evacuation Planning” mitigation action to include that the City would “assess Santa Monica’s transportation network” and that a citywide evacuation plan would “meet anticipated demand during emergency events.” These changes were made to Section 4. • Ms. Call was asked if the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District asked to participate in a multijurisdictional hazard mitigation plan. Ms. Call shared that while it had generally been mentioned in the past, there was no specific request and no funding to support technical hazard evaluation was offered.

She shared that both SMMUSD and SMC were strong supporters of the City’s planning efforts and participated regularly in planning meetings. Ms. Call said that the City’s Local Hazard Mitigation Plan could be utilized by SMMUSD and SMC for research to complete their own plans and for disaster planning.

November 18,
2025
City Council meeting
to adopt LHMP
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Community Workshops and Community Survey
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Response to Comments on the
Public Draft of Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Made Available August – September 2025
Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
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Responses in Red
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 94
Section 1: Introduction, pages 1-1 to 1-19
1st Comment:

Section 1 provides a comprehensive foundation for Santa Monica's hazard mitigation planning, effectively establishing the economic and regulatory context for the city's vulnerability assessment. The document demonstrates strong technical competency in synthesizing federal requirements with local conditions.

Areas for Enhancement:

Historical Perspective Balance: While the section acknowledges that indigenous peoples and early settlers faced similar hazards, it could benefit from more substantive engagement with traditional ecological knowledge and indigenous hazard management practices. These knowledge systems, developed over millennia of local environmental interaction, could offer valuable insights for contemporary resilience strategies that complement Western scientific approaches.

Indigenous approaches to managing forests that can and are being applied today to reduce wildfire hazards are discussed in Section 10. Most of the other hazards covered in the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan would not greatly benefit from a discussion of indigenous hazard management practices because today’s built environment is significantly different. Thus, earthquakes in the past century have been far more destructive than they were hundreds to thousands of years ago because it is the collapse of heavy masonry structures that kills and injures people and results in significant property (and economic) losses. Earthquakes in the past 50 years have shown that the implementation of earthquake-resistant building codes do reduce this hazard. As the older building stock is retrofitted or replaced, the impact of this hazard will be reduced. This is also the case for landslides, coastal floods and tsunamis. Specifically, science-based early recognition and tracking of atmospheric rivers, tsunamis, and extreme weather events, and the engineering repair of unstable slopes are increasingly helping to reduce the impact of these hazards.

Early indigenous coastal settlers experienced over the course of millennia, between about 16,000 and 3,000 years ago, nearly 400 feet in sea-level rise, which undoubtedly forced coastal populations, over the course of dozens to hundreds of generations, to pick up their encampments and move increasingly inland. Sea-level rise over the next century is anticipated to be in the order of inches rather than tens to hundreds of feet as there is not enough water locked up in glaciers to raise sea level as much as it did in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Nevertheless, in some coastal areas around the world, it is already becoming evident that a gradual retreat and building farther inland, is the most-effective longterm mitigation action.

The hazards associated with the use and transport of hazardous materials and the past and present use of the Santa Monica Airport are modern concerns that first developed in the 20th century and have no equivalent in pre-Columbian times.

Temporal Risk Assessment: The dramatic influence of the 2025 Palisades Fire on planning priorities illustrates how recent events could significantly shape risk perception and resource allocation. While this responsiveness demonstrates adaptive capacity, the planning process might benefit from explicitly Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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examining whether current priorities reflect a balanced assessment of long-term risk patterns versus immediate concerns. This could help ensure that less visible but persistent vulnerabilities receive adequate attention alongside headline-generating events.

This was certainly considered throughout the document, and in the identification of the action items that the City has identified for implementation over the course of the next five years. For example, the possibility of a locally generated tsunami impacting the Santa Monica coastline is being considered and acknowledged as a high-risk hazard although the probability of such an event occurring in the nearfuture is low to very low. Alternatively, extreme weather hazards, including Santa Ana winds, extreme heat and drought, are likely to become increasingly common and persistent. The action items identified address both these high-risk but low-probability, and relatively low-risk but high-probability events.

Community Knowledge Integration: The plan's strong emphasis on institutional expertise and technical analysis creates opportunities to more systematically incorporate community-based knowledge about local vulnerabilities and adaptive strategies. Residents often possess nuanced understanding of neighborhood-specific risks and informal resilience networks that formal assessments may overlook.

Expanding pathways for this knowledge to inform planning could enhance both the accuracy of risk assessments and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies.

This comment is acknowledged. Preparation of the plan included several opportunities for public involvement, such as surveys, presentations to local neighborhood groups in English, Spanish, and virtually, outreach to neighborhood organizations about the survey, presentations, and public comment period, and posting presentation materials and updates online. These efforts are summarized in Appendix B. However, public involvement in these kinds of projects can always be expanded. In addition, future grant-funded work is planned to create hazard education materials for the general public. The City is committed to continue involving the public and educating residents on both the hazards that the city is susceptible to, and the mitigation actions that residents and businesses can implement to reduce their risk from these hazards. This is reflected in several of the action items discussed in Section 4, including, but not limited, to those under the banner of Education and Awareness Programs.

The section successfully establishes the urgency and scope of hazard mitigation while positioning Santa Monica's efforts within broader regulatory frameworks. These observations aim to strengthen an already solid foundation for community resilience planning. 2nd Comment:

Emergency evacuation and transport of critical resources needs more discussion. How will transport and disaster response be handled if key infrastructure is disabled during a disaster - roads, communications, hospitals, police and fire.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plans (LHMPs) are not designed to identify specific emergency evacuation procedures and tactics, as the ultimate goal of LHMPs is to mitigate hazards. However, the City has several complementary documents that identify how these critical actions will be implemented in the event of a disaster. Specifically, emergency evacuation of critical facilities is covered in the City’s MultiHazard Functional Emergency Plan, which briefly covers major disasters, including earthquake, hazardous materials incident, severe storms/flooding, reservoir/dam flooding, major air crash, civil unrest, terrorism, tsunami, fire, landslides, and windstorms. Moreover, all City-owned facilities are Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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Response to Comments on Public Draft of LHMP
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required, and thus have, evacuation plans that address how they will respond to specific disasters.

These documents are referred to as City Facility Emergency Action Plans. Finally, emergency response departments also have a Department-Specific Response Procedures Manual (or Protocol, or Playbook, as they are sometimes called). Thus, for example, the Santa Monica Fire Department (SMFD) has a manual for how to respond to an earthquake, including evacuation and transport procedures; that manual is referred to as the SMFD Earthquake Protocol. Evacuation plans and potential shelter locations for a variety of hazards are also identified in the Safety Element and Chapter 8 of the Technical Background Report to Santa Monica’s Safety Element of the General Plan. That document can be accessed here.

Section 2: Community Profile, pages 2-1 to 2-20
Comment:

Section 2 provides valuable demographic and geographic context that effectively establishes Santa Monica's vulnerability profile. The comprehensive data analysis creates a solid foundation for understanding community exposure to various hazards.

Areas for Enhancement:

Historical Narrative Balance: The treatment of community history could benefit from deeper engagement with displacement impacts and ongoing legacy effects. While the section notes that freeway construction affected African American communities in Belmar Triangle and Pico neighborhoods, expanding this analysis to examine how historical planning decisions continue to influence current vulnerability patterns could strengthen the equity lens. Understanding these connections may reveal opportunities for reparative approaches in resilience planning.

This was briefly addressed in several of the hazard sections, where appropriate, and when there is a reason to believe that historical, or even current, planning decisions may result in patterns that would impact certain vulnerable populations more than others. Thus, for example, the Fire Hazards section discusses potential structure fire issues associated with increasing age of the structure, or the multipurpose use of a structure. The Airport Hazards section discusses the potential impacts that noise may have on adjacent residential neighborhoods. In many areas in the Los Angeles region, but not in Santa Monica, as there are no floodways in the city, it has been recognized that a higher percentage of lowincome residents live in the floodplain and thus have a higher risk of being impacted by floods. These concerns could certainly be evaluated further either in future versions of this LHMP, or perhaps more appropriately, in a companion document that refers back to the mappable hazards identified in this LHMP and then correlate that information to the historical background of the various areas in the city.

Socioeconomic Context Integration: The document presents housing costs and demographic characteristics as demographic facts rather than examining how these conditions create differential vulnerability. For instance, the 72.1% rental rate and $1.5 million median home value could be analyzed in terms of how housing insecurity affects disaster preparedness and recovery capacity. This perspective might highlight targeted interventions for renters and cost-burdened households.

Some of these concerns are addressed in specific hazard sections, such as in the Fire Hazards section.

Appendix B - Santa Monica Vulnerability Assessment for the Safety Element, the companion document Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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to this LHMP, includes a more in-depth analysis of these concerns. The Vulnerability Assessment can be found at this link.

Community Asset Recognition: While the section thoroughly documents institutional resources, it could be enhanced by acknowledging informal community networks, cultural organizations, and resident-led initiatives that contribute to neighborhood resilience. These social assets often prove crucial during disasters but may not appear in conventional demographic datasets.

Community networks and organizations undoubtedly build resilience before, during, and after a disaster. They often play an integral role in disaster recovery efforts. After a disaster event, it is common for new organizations to arise to advocate for community needs. The LHMP identifies institutions and services with critical disaster response and mitigation responsibilities. City emergency planners strive to maintain connections to community-based groups through disaster hazard and preparedness education and through programs like the Emergency Network Los Angeles, a network of non-profit, community and faith-based organizations working to improve community welfare and disaster response. During disaster, ENLA and other local community groups are connected to the City’s Emergency Operations Center through a Non-Profit/CBO Liaison Officer position to leverage their important role and identify community concerns.

The section successfully establishes the demographic foundation for hazard analysis while providing important context about vulnerable populations. These suggestions aim to deepen the analysis of how social and historical factors intersect with physical hazards to create differential risk patterns across the community.

Section 3: Risk Assessment, pages 3-1 to 3-16
1st Comment:

Section 3 demonstrates sophisticated technical methodology for hazard identification and vulnerability assessment. The systematic approach using HazUS modeling and stakeholder input creates a solid analytical foundation for prioritizing mitigation efforts.

Areas for Enhancement:

Risk Assessment Framework Limitations: The heavy reliance on quantifiable, mappable hazards may inadvertently undervalue social vulnerabilities that resist easy modeling. While HazUS provides valuable loss estimates for earthquakes and tsunamis, the framework's emphasis on structural damage and economic costs could overshadow community resilience factors like social cohesion, informal support networks, and cultural assets that significantly influence actual disaster outcomes.

There is no doubt that the community resilience factors identified by the commenter can influence disaster outcomes, likely for the better, but they are difficult to quantify, and like the commenter says, “resist easy modeling.” The document needs to be approved by FEMA in order for the city to be eligible for disaster mitigation funds from the federal government. The City used HazUS, a software created for and supported by FEMA, to assess the potential risk to the City from earthquakes, tsunami and floods.

Since other communities also use HazUS for their risk assessments, this promotes consistency and increases the City’s likelihood that the plan will be approved. Moreover, the social and cultural assets Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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Response to Comments on Public Draft of LHMP
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that the commenter has identified are not expected to reduce the damage to structures and infrastructure, and thus the estimated counts of injuries and fatalities. The estimates provided by HazUS regarding the number of people that will require shelter following a disaster, on the other hand, seem low given the anticipated damage to structures, and thus appear to already reflect the strength of the social networks in the community that the commenter has mentioned. While local emergency managers use this assessment as a baseline for disaster planning, disaster response tactics are implemented based on real-time damage assessment and current needs of the community.

Community Knowledge Integration: The Resilience Planning Committee's stakeholder-driven hazard ranking process, while valuable, primarily reflects institutional perspectives. Expanding this assessment to systematically incorporate resident-identified vulnerabilities and community-based risk knowledge could reveal important blind spots in the technical analysis. Local residents often possess nuanced understanding of neighborhood-specific risks that formal assessments may miss.

Although the ranking process was conducted by the RPC members, the individuals in the committee reviewed and considered the vulnerabilities and concerns identified by the residents that responded to the online survey, in addition to the issues that they see every day in their individual lines of work at the City. Thus, the prioritization was not conducted in a vacuum. This is evident in the action items identified, with many of them addressing community- and neighborhood-specific concerns.

Critical Infrastructure Perspective: The comprehensive critical facilities analysis focuses appropriately on government buildings, utilities, and institutional assets. However, broadening this definition to include community-identified critical resources—such as local businesses that serve as informal gathering spaces, culturally significant sites, or resident-led support networks—could provide a more complete picture of what communities actually depend on during crises.

The Plan identifies those areas at risk of being impacted by specific, mappable hazards, such as fault rupture, coastal flooding, and inundation due to dam failure, and discusses the types of construction that are most susceptible to structural damage. These data are meant to allow residents, businesses and other organizations to assess their individual risk and hopefully take appropriate mitigative actions.

The City has identified the critical facilities and institutional assets that may potentially be at risk from the hazards identified, as those are the structures and infrastructure that the City is responsible for and should schedule for mitigation as appropriate. An effort was made to identify critical, essential, and important structures in the city that if damaged would have a significant impact on the population, such as the hospitals, libraries and community centers that could serve as shelters, information hubs or points of contact for displaced family members. Future updates of the Plan could identify additional essential community-based resources if that information is provided to the City. The City maintains a list of government, business, and non-profit assets that align with FEMA’s Critical Lifelines categories, a planning tool to stabilize critical community services post-disaster.

Equity in Risk Analysis: While the document acknowledges vulnerable populations, the analytical framework could more explicitly examine how social, economic, and political factors create differential vulnerability within the same geographic hazard zones. This perspective might reveal targeted interventions that address both physical hazards and underlying social determinants of disaster impact.

The analytical tools currently at our disposal are not designed to closely look at the social, economic and political factors that can create differential vulnerabilities. Building-by-building data addressing the age, Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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type of construction, and potentially socio-economic status of its residents could potentially be built into the HazUS analyses, but that would be a very time-consuming and expensive endeavor, and it is not clear that the results would merit the extra effort. As part of the Safety Element, the City did conduct a qualitative assessment of the vulnerabilities anticipated at the census-tract level, with the results of that assessment summarized in Appendix A of the Safety Element. Some sections of the LHMP, including the Fire and Airport Hazards sections, also refer to identified vulnerabilities with an emphasis on age of the residents, limited mobility, car ownership and other criteria.

When creating disaster plans, the City utilizes multiple resources to inform planning efforts. For example, the City recently approved the Aging and Disability Action Plan. This plan includes a community needs assessment that provides in-depth information on livability, social participation, housing, and emergency preparedness considerations among persons who are more vulnerable to the impacts of disasters.

The section provides a thorough technical foundation while creating opportunities to deepen community-centered approaches to risk assessment.
2nd Comment:

Emergency evacuation and transport of critical resources needs more discussion. How will transport and disaster response be handled if key infrastructure is disabled during a disaster - roads, communications, hospitals, police and fire.

Emergency evacuation of critical resources is addressed in a variety of emergency response plans and annexes that the City and specific departments within the City have previously prepared and update on a regular basis. Response actions are covered in the City’s Multi-Hazard Functional Emergency Plan, various City Facility Emergency Action Plans, Department-Specific Response Procedures, and other location-specific or disaster-specific plans such as the Pier Emergency Plan, the Tsunami Playbook, Brush Fire Evacuation Plan, and the Civil Unrest Plan, to name a few. Section 4 of the LHMP demonstrates City’s staff commitment to expand evacuation planning based on the findings of the Safety Element and LHMP and to ensure evacuation planning addresses those with access and functional needs who may face barriers when evacuating during a disaster event.

Section 4: Goals & Mitigation Actions, pages 4-1 to 4-17 1st Comment:

Section 4 demonstrates systematic prioritization methodology and clear implementation frameworks for addressing identified hazards. The STAPLEE-based evaluation process and collaborative action development through the Resilience Planning Committee creates transparency in decision-making.

Areas for Enhancement:

Community-Centered Prioritization: While the Resilience Planning Committee process ensures technical expertise, the prioritization methodology may inadvertently favor institutional perspectives over community-identified needs. The action items tend toward infrastructure upgrades and technological solutions that serve city operations effectively, but expanding the decision-making Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
Response to Comments on Public Draft of LHMP
Responses in Red
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 100
process to meaningfully weight resident priorities could reveal different intervention strategies that address grassroots resilience needs.

The Action Items identified in Section 4 include a variety of approaches, with many aimed specifically at community-identified needs. As mentioned previously, RPC members were particularly mindful of resident-identified requests and priorities for consideration as action items in the LHMP.

Implementation Equity: The selected actions appropriately focus on critical infrastructure and emergency response capabilities. However, the framework could benefit from explicitly examining how proposed interventions will affect different populations. For instance, while backup utilities and alert systems are valuable, ensuring these improvements reach renters, low-income households, and linguistically diverse communities may require targeted implementation approaches not fully captured in current action descriptions.

Many of the action items chosen for implementation were specifically selected to prioritize vulnerable populations, with City staff committed to ensuring these goals are indeed satisfied during the implementation process. Action items specifically addressing renters, low-income households and linguistically diverse communities include (1) Evacuation and Route Planning, (2) Resilient City Facility Design Standards, (3) Back up Utilities, (4) Food Resilience Through Community Gardening, (5) Inclusive Emergency Communications, and (6) Expand Critical Emergency Management Technologies.

Resource Allocation Balance: The aggressive 2-5 year timeline for most actions reflects strong political commitment to hazard mitigation. However, the acknowledged funding constraints combined with ambitious schedules may create pressure to prioritize quick wins over transformative but complex interventions that address underlying social vulnerabilities. Building in flexibility for longer-term, community-building approaches alongside immediate infrastructure needs could strengthen overall resilience.

This should have been made clearer in the document. The text in Section 4, Timeline, has been modified to address this concern in more detail.

Prevention vs. Response Focus: The action portfolio appropriately emphasizes emergency preparedness and response capacity. Complementing these efforts with actions that address root causes of differential vulnerability—such as housing stability, economic resilience, or community network strengthening—could enhance the plan's effectiveness for populations who face the greatest disaster impacts.

The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is not meant to be a stand-alone plan. Other city plans, especially those maintained by the Housing and Human Services Department, address programs that strengthen the City’s social services safety net. The City’s Youth Wellbeing Report Card, Homelessness and Strategic Plan, Santa Monica Housing Authority Public Housing Agency Plan, and Aging and Disability Plan address differential vulnerabilities and promote programs and policy to reduce underlying inequity and societal conditions. Santa Monica works to have cross-departmental involvement on all planning efforts, including the LHMP, to ensure these plans align with each other.

The section provides a solid implementation framework while creating opportunities to deepen community-centered approaches to resilience building.

Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
Response to Comments on Public Draft of LHMP
Responses in Red
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 101
2nd Comment:

What mitigation if the 10 and 405 freeways knocked out? How will extra fire-fighting resources be rapidly brought in and supplied for the next fire in the Santa Monica Mountains or city of Santa Monica?
As mentioned above and in the Executive Summary of the LHMP, this document is not designed to address evacuation and emergency response procedures. However, the City and individual departments and facilities within the City all have emergency response plans that address a series of potential disasters, including emergency response to different sectors of the city if the freeway bridges collapse, and the ramping up of fire-fighting resources if needed to address a potential wildfire at or near the city’s northern boundary. Some of these existing documents have been addressed in previous responses above. Section 4 of the LHMP demonstrates City’s staff commitment to expand evacuation planning based on the findings of the Safety Element and LHMP and to ensure evacuation planning addresses those with access and functional needs who may face barriers when evacuating during a disaster event.

Section 5: Plan Maintenance, pages 5-1 to 5-12
Comment:

Areas for Enhancement:

Decision-Making Structure: The governance framework appropriately ensures technical expertise through the Resilience Planning Committee and Advisory Committee structure. However, the concentration of decision-making authority within city departments and institutional partners may limit genuine community input on implementation priorities. While public comment opportunities exist, expanding pathways for residents to influence actual resource allocation and project selection could strengthen democratic accountability in resilience planning.

Implementation Success Metrics: The focus on infrastructure achievements and grant acquisition effectively demonstrates institutional progress. However, the success narrative could benefit from examining whether these technical improvements meaningfully reduce vulnerability for the most at-risk populations. For instance, while seismic retrofit completion rates indicate regulatory compliance, assessing whether these improvements actually enhance disaster outcomes for renters, low-income households, or linguistically isolated residents would provide a more complete effectiveness picture.

Text to address some of these concerns has been added to Section 5.

Maintenance Sustainability: The impressive array of technological improvements—emergency communications systems, GIS tools, and backup power—creates valuable response capabilities.

However, the apparent reliance on external grant funding for major improvements may indicate challenges with ongoing local investment in resilience. Building sustainable local funding mechanisms for maintenance and community-based resilience initiatives could reduce dependency on competitive federal programs.

The City of Santa Monica has worked to embed disaster preparedness and mitigation priorities into existing department work plans and priorities. Section 5 identifies that the multi-departmental/ stakeholder Resilience Planning Committee will work with CIty departments to integrate mitigation Action Items into Capital Improvement Plan recommendations.

Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
City of Santa Monica, California
Response to Comments on Public Draft of LHMP
Responses in Red
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 102
Community Capacity Building: While the plan documents substantial infrastructure investments, complementing these with systematic community capacity-building initiatives could enhance overall resilience effectiveness, particularly for populations who may not directly benefit from technical improvements.

The Action Items in the Plan include several that are not geared to infrastructure investments, but rather aim to strengthen community resilience through education and outreach, including information that would allow individuals, families, and businesses to better prepare for disasters and their aftermath.

The section demonstrates sophisticated institutional planning while creating opportunities to deepen community-centered maintenance approaches.

Section 6: Earthquakes, pages 6-1 to 6-86
Comment:

How will rapid emergency transportation be accommodated if roads and the 10, 405 freeways are disabled?
As mentioned above and in the Executive Summary of the LHMP, this document is not designed to address evacuation and emergency response procedures. However, the City and individual departments and facilities within the City all have emergency response plans that address a series of potential disasters, including emergency response to different sectors of the city if the freeway bridges collapse.

Section 4 of the LHMP demonstrates City’s staff commitment to expand evacuation planning based on the findings of the Safety Element and LHMP and to ensure evacuation planning addresses those with access and functional needs who may face barriers when evacuating during a disaster event.

Section 7: Tsunamis, pages 7-1 to 7-30
Comment:

How will rapid emergency transportation be accommodated if tsunami floods coastal Santa Monica? As mentioned above and in the Executive Summary of the LHMP, this document is not designed to address evacuation and emergency response procedures. Emergency evacuation is addressed in a variety of emergency response plans and annexes that the City and specific departments within the City have previously prepared and update on a regular basis. Response actions are covered in the City’s Multi-Hazard Functional Emergency Plan, various City Facility Emergency Action Plans, DepartmentSpecific Response Procedures, and other location-specific or disaster-specific plans such as the Pier Emergency Plan and the Tsunami Playbook.

Section 8: Flood Hazards (Coastal, Dam Inundation), pages 8-1 to 8-54 Comment:

How will rapid emergency transportation be accommodated if tsunami floods coastal Santa Monica? The emergency response and evacuation in the event of a tsunami is addressed in the City’s Tsunami Playbook, a specific guidance that spells out when to issue alerts and warnings, and evacuation routes Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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Response to Comments on Public Draft of LHMP
Responses in Red
2025 Public Participation Process Page B - 103
for tsunami response are also identified in the City’s Seismic Safety Element. The Tsunami Playbook details different evacuation strategies for local and long-distance tsunamis. Section 4 of the LHMP demonstrates City’s staff commitment to expand evacuation planning based on the findings of the Safety Element and LHMP. Tsunami evacuation planning is specifically identified as an Action Item in Section 4.

Section 13: Airport Hazards, pages 13-1 to 13-40
Comment:

How will the airport be used for disaster response?
While the City of Santa Monica has identified potential uses for the airport as it is operating now, the actual utilization will be determined post-disaster based on community need and damage sustained to the airport runway, adjacent structures, and nearby park facilities.

The City of Santa Monica is currently compiling feedback on the future use of the airport grounds.

Public safety and emergency management personnel are heavily involved in future use planning to integrate disaster mitigation, preparedness, and response activities.

Appendix B: Public Participation Process and Meeting Materials B-1 to B-89 Comment:

Were the Santa Monica neighborhood groups consulted?
Yes. Presentations were made to individual neighborhood groups, as identified on Table B-2 in Appendix B, for the purposes of educating local residents on the hazards that the City in general, and their neighborhood in particular, are most susceptible to, and to obtain feedback from residents on their hazard priorities and specific needs for hazard preparedness and response. Local presentations were made as part of the process, and an online presentation still available on YouTube also provides information on the process and findings of this effort.

Appendix C: Economic Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects, pages C-1 to C-8 Comment:

What is the forecast of economic impact if a major earthquake, tsunami, fire, civil unrest hits Santa Monica?
Appendix C is designed to provide guidance for future acquisition of funding in the support of mitigation actions for specific hazards. The economic impact of individual hazards, such as a major earthquake, tsunami, flood, or fire, is presented in each of the hazard sections in Volume II of the report. Refer to the HazUS analyses in the earthquake, tsunami, and flooding sections. Economic assessments using Crisis Track are also presented in the flooding and fire hazards sections. The economic impact of other potential disasters is also qualitatively addressed using information based on historical events.

Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix B
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General Feedback/Questions2
Comment:

How will the airport and control tower be used for disaster response? The future use of the airport is still being discussed and has not been determined yet. As a result, discussing the use of the airport and control tower for disaster response is premature. However, public safety and emergency management personnel are heavily involved in future use planning to integrate disaster mitigation, preparedness, and response activities.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix C
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Economic Analysis Page C-1
APPENDIX C: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF

HAZARD MITIGATION PROJECTS

INTRODUCTION
Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is a key mechanism used by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the State Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES), and other Federal and State agencies in evaluating hazard mitigation projects, and is required by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as amended.

This appendix outlines several approaches for conducting economic analyses of hazard mitigation projects. It describes the importance of implementing mitigation activities, different approaches to economic analysis of mitigation strategies, and methods to calculate costs and benefits associated with mitigation strategies. Information in this section is derived in part from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Cost-Benefit Analysis webpage. There are several useful online publications that describe the process of conducting a BCA, including equations, developed by and for FEMA. Links to several of these publications or webpages are listed throughout this section, or at the end, in the Resources section. FEMA has also developed a software package, or toolkit, referred to as the BCA Toolkit, for a variety of natural hazards.

This section is not intended to provide a comprehensive description of BCA, nor is it intended to provide the details of economic analysis methods that can be used to evaluate local projects. It is intended to 1) raise BCA as an important issue, and 2) provide some background on how economic analysis can be used to evaluate mitigation projects.

WHY EVALUATE MITIGATION STRATEGIES?
Mitigation activities (also referred to as mitigation actions or action items) reduce the cost of disasters by minimizing property damage, injuries, and the potential for loss of life. Mitigation activities also reduce emergency response costs, which would otherwise be incurred.

Evaluating hazard mitigation provides decision-makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects.

Evaluating mitigation projects is a complex and difficult undertaking influenced by many variables.

First, natural and human-made disasters affect all segments of the communities they strike, including individuals, businesses, and public services such as fire, police, utilities, and schools. Second, while some of the direct and indirect costs of disaster damages are measurable, some of the costs are nonfinancial and difficult to quantify in dollars. Third, many of the impacts of such events produce “ripple-effects” or “cascading effects” throughout the community, greatly increasing the disaster’s social and economic consequences.

While not easily accomplished, there is value from a public policy perspective in assessing the positive and negative impacts from mitigation activities, and obtaining an instructive benefit-cost comparison. Otherwise, the decision to pursue or not pursue various mitigation options would not be based on an objective understanding of the net benefit or loss associated with these actions.

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WHAT ARE SOME ECONOMIC ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR MITIGATION STRATEGIES?
The approaches used to identify the costs and benefits associated with hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit-cost analysis (BCA) and costeffectiveness analysis (CEA). The distinction between the two methods is based on the way in which the relative costs and benefits are measured. Additionally, there are varying approaches to assessing the value of mitigation for public sector and private sector activities.

Benefit-Cost Analysis
Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is used in natural hazard mitigation to evaluate whether the benefits to life and property protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity.

Conducting BCA for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster related damages later. BCA is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard, the avoided future damages, and the risk.

In BCA, all costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net benefit/cost ratio is computed to determine whether a project should be implemented (i.e., if net benefits exceed net costs, the project is worth pursuing). A project must have a benefit/cost ratio greater than 1.0 in order to be funded.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. This type of analysis however, does not necessarily measure costs and benefits in terms of dollars. For example, CEA is often used in healthcare to inform decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating hazards can also be organized according to the perspective of those with an economic interest in the outcome. Hence, economic analysis approaches are covered for both public and private sectors as follows:
• Investing in Public Sector Mitigation Activities
Evaluating mitigation strategies in the public sector is complicated because it involves estimating all of the economic benefits and costs regardless of who realizes them, which could potentially be a large number of people and economic entities. Furthermore, some benefits cannot be evaluated monetarily, but still affect the public in profound ways. Economists have developed methods to evaluate the economic feasibility of public decisions that involve a diverse set of beneficiaries and non-market benefits.
• Investing in Private Sector Mitigation Activities
Private sector mitigation projects may occur on the basis of one of two approaches: it may be mandated by a regulation or standard, or it may be economically justified on its own merits. A building or landowner, whether a private entity or a public agency, required to conform to a mandated standard may consider the following options:

1. Request cost sharing from public agencies;

2. Dispose of the building or land in question either by sale or demolition;

3. Change the designated use of the building or land and change the hazard mitigation compliance requirement; or

4. Evaluate the most feasible alternatives and initiate the most cost-effective hazard mitigation Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix C
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alternative.

The sale of a building or land triggers another set of concerns. For example, real estate disclosure laws may require sellers of real property to disclose known defects and deficiencies in the property, including earthquake weaknesses and hazards to prospective purchasers. Correcting deficiencies can be expensive and time consuming, but their existence can prevent the sale of the building. Conditions of a sale regarding the deficiencies and the price of the building can be negotiated between a buyer and seller.

HOW CAN AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS BE CONDUCTED?
Benefit-cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis are important tools in evaluating whether or not to implement a mitigation activity. A framework for evaluating alternative mitigation activities is outlined below:

1. Identify the Alternatives: Alternatives for reducing risk from natural hazards can include structural projects to enhance disaster resistance, education and outreach, and acquisition or demolition of exposed properties, among others. Different mitigation projects can assist in minimizing the risk to natural and/or human-caused hazards, but do so at varying economic costs.

2. Calculate the Costs and Benefits: Choosing economic criteria is essential to systematically calculate the costs and benefits of mitigation projects and select the most appropriate alternative.

Potential economic criteria to evaluate alternatives include:
• Determine the Project Cost. This may include initial project development costs, and repair and operating costs of maintaining projects over time.
• Estimate the Benefits. Projecting the benefits, or cash flow resulting from a project can be difficult. Expected future returns from the mitigation effort depend on the correct specification of the risk and the effectiveness of the project, which may not be well known.

Expected future costs depend on the physical durability and potential economic obsolescence of the investment. This is difficult to project. These considerations also provide guidance in selecting an appropriate salvage value. Future tax structures and rates must be projected. Financing alternatives, such as retained earnings, bond and stock issues, and commercial loans, must be researched.
• Consider Costs and Benefits to Society and the Environment. These are not easily measured, but can be assessed through a variety of economic tools including existence value or contingent value theories. These theories provide quantitative data on the value people attribute to physical or social environments. Even without hard data, however, impacts of Estimating the costs and benefits of a hazard mitigation plan strategy can be a complex process. Employing the services of a specialist can assist in this process.

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structural projects to the physical environment or to society should be considered when implementing mitigation projects.
• Determine the Correct Discount Rate0F
1 . Determination of the discount rate can refer only to the risk-free cost of capital, but it may also include the decision maker’s time preference and also a risk premium. Inflation should also be considered.

3. Analyze and Rank the Alternatives: Once costs and benefits have been quantified, economic analysis tools can be used to rank the alternatives. Two methods for determining the best alternative given varying costs and benefits include net present value and internal rate of return. • Net Present Value. Net present value is the value of the expected future return on an investment minus the value of expected future cost expressed in today’s dollars. If the net present value is greater than the project’s costs, the project may be deemed feasible for implementation.
• Internal Rate of Return. Using the internal rate of return method to evaluate mitigation projects provides the interest rate equivalent to the dollar returns expected from the project.

Once the rate has been calculated, it can be compared to rates earned by investing in alternative projects. Projects may be feasible to implement when the internal rate of return is greater than the total costs of the project.

Once the mitigation projects are ranked based on economic criteria, decision-makers can consider other factors, such as risk, project effectiveness, and economic, environmental, and social returns in choosing the appropriate project for implementation.

HOW ARE THE BENEFITS OF MITIGATION CALCULATED?
Economic Returns of Natural Hazard Mitigation
The estimation of economic returns, which accrue to a building or landowner as a result of natural hazard mitigation, is difficult. Owners evaluating the economic feasibility of mitigation should consider reductions in physical damages and financial losses. A partial list follows:
• Building damages avoided
• Content damages avoided
• Inventory damages avoided
• Rental income losses avoided
• Relocation and disruption expenses avoided
• Proprietor’s income losses avoided
These parameters can be estimated using observed prices, costs, and engineering data. The difficult part is to correctly determine the effectiveness of the hazard mitigation project and the resulting

1 Discount rate, or the cost of capital, refers to the time value of money, essentially recognizing that money today is worth more than the same amount of money in the future. Typically presented as a percentage used to determine the present value of a future cash flow.

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reduction in damages and losses. Equally as difficult is assessing the probability that an event will occur. The damages and losses should only include those that will be borne by the owner. The salvage value of the investment can be important in determining economic feasibility. Salvage value becomes more important as the time horizon of the owner declines. This is important because most businesses depreciate assets over time.

Additional Costs from Natural Hazards
Property owners should also assess changes in a broader set of factors that can change as a result of a large natural disaster. These are usually termed “indirect” effects, but they can have a very direct effect on the economic value of the owner’s building or land. They can be positive or negative, and include changes in the following:
• Commodity and resource prices
• Availability of resource supplies
• Commodity and resource demand changes
• Building and land values
• Capital availability and interest rates
• Availability of labor
• Economic structure
• Infrastructure
• Regional exports and imports
• Local, state, and national regulations and policies
• Insurance availability and rates
Changes in the resources and industries listed above are more difficult to estimate and require models that are structured to estimate total economic impacts. Total economic impacts are the sum of direct and indirect economic impacts. Total economic impact models are usually not combined with economic feasibility models. Many models exist to estimate total economic impacts of changes in an economy.

Decision makers should understand the total economic impacts of natural disasters to calculate the benefits of a mitigation activity. This suggests that understanding the local economy is an important first step in being able to understand the potential impacts of a disaster, and the benefits of mitigation activities.

Additional Considerations
Conducting an economic analysis for potential mitigation activities can assist decision-makers in choosing the most appropriate strategy for their community to reduce risk and prevent loss from natural and human-caused hazards. Economic analysis can also save time and resources from being spent on inappropriate or unfeasible projects. Several resources and models (see list below) are available to help in conducting an economic analysis for natural hazard mitigation activities.

Santa Monica’s budget is largely funded through sales taxes, transient occupancy taxes paid by overnight hotel visitors, and parking revenue; combined, these income sources make up 46% of General Fund revenues, including Capital Improvement Projects. The City is still recovering from a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix C
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tremendous hit to these revenue streams caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The City experienced another dip to these revenue streams during the 2025 Palisades fire, which caused temporary evacuation conditions within the city and challenges related to wildfire debris impacts on local beaches. Economic analysis for hazard mitigation projects within Santa Monica must consider a potential disaster’s impact to tourism, retail and hospitality industries as it could have long-reaching devastating impacts on the City’s finances.

Benefit-cost analysis is complicated, and the numbers may divert attention from other important issues. It is important to consider the qualitative factors of a project associated with mitigation that cannot be evaluated economically. There are alternative approaches to implementing mitigation projects. Many communities are looking towards developing multi-objective projects. With this in mind, opportunity rises to develop strategies that integrate hazard mitigation with projects related to watersheds, environmental planning, community economic development, and small business development, among others. The City of Santa Monica’s recent challenges in tax revenue have left the Capital Improvement Program underfunded, which is the funding source for most City hazard mitigation programs. Incorporating hazard mitigation into community and government capital improvement projects can increase the viability of project implementation. Requiring hazard mitigation of capital improvement projects is a best practice for achieving community resilience and ensuring continued hazard reduction.

SELECTED RESOURCES
Anagnos, T., Comerio, M.C., and Stewart, J.P., 2016, Earthquake loss estimates and policy implications for nonductile concrete buildings in Los Angeles: Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 1951–1973; doi:10.1193/060415EQS088M.

Belleri, A., and Marini, A., 2016, Does seismic risk affect the environmental impact of existing buildings?: Energy Build, Vol. 110 (Jan), pp. 149–158; doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.048.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1996, Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation, Publication 331; available from https://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/haz_cost.pdf.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2007, Using Benefit-Cost Review in Mitigation Planning:

State and Local Mitigation Planning How-To Guide No. 5, FEMA Publication 386-5, 13p. + appendix; available from
https://iemaohs.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/iemaohs/recovery/documents/planfema-htg5.pdf.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2020, Protecting Communities and Saving Money: The Case for Adopting Building Codes; available from
https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-11/fema_building-codes-save_brochure.pdf.

Fung, J.F., Cook, D.T., Zhang, Y., Johnson, K.J., and Sattar, S., 2022, Economic considerations for recovery-based design: In Proceedings, 12th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering (NCEE). Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.

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Fung, J.F., Sattar, S., Butry, D.T., and McCabe, S.L., 2020, A predictive modeling approach to estimating seismic retrofit costs: Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 579–598; doi:10.1177/8755293019891716.

Hutt, C.M., Vahanvaty, T., and Kourehpaz. P., 2022, An analytical framework to assess earthquakeinduced downtime and model recovery of buildings: Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 1283–1320; doi:10.1177/87552930211060856.

Jiang, W., and Marggraf, R., 2021, The origin of cost-benefit analysis: a comparative view of France and the United States: Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation, Vol. 19, Article 74; doi:

10.1186/s12962-021-00330-3.

Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis (JBCA) is the only journal devoted exclusively to benefit-cost analysis. JBCA publishes papers on theory, empirical analyses, case studies, and techniques.

As of 24 October 2024, papers accepted by JBCA are published via an Open Access license.

Lenton, T.M., Xu, C., Abrams, J.F., Ghadiali, A., Loriani, S., Sakschewski, B., Zimm, C., Ebi, K.L., Dunn, R.R., Svenning, J-C, and Scheffer, M., 2023, Quantifying the human cost of global warming: Nature Sustainability, Vol. 6, No. 10, pp. 1237–1247; doi:10.1038/s41893-023- 01132-6.

Multi-Hazard Mitigation Council, 2005, Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves: An Independent Study to Assess the Future Savings from Mitigation Activities, Vol. 1: Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations: National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington D.C., 11p.; can be purchased from
https://store.atcouncil.org/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=235.

National Institute of Building Sciences, 2019, Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves: 2019 Report: Report prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency dated 1 December 2019; available from https://nibs.org/projects/natural-hazard-mitigation-saves-2019-report/.

Report presents benefit-cost analysis of natural hazard mitigation for a variety of natural hazards.

Office of Management and Budget, 2023, Memorandum, Guidelines and Discount Rates for BenefitCost Analysis of Federal Programs: Circular No. A-94, 9 Nov. 2023 Revision; available from https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CircularA-94.pdf.

Rose, A., Porter, K., Dash, N., Bouabid, J., Huyck, C., Whitehead, J., Shaw, D., Eguchi, R., Taylor, C., McLane, T., Tobin, L., Ganderton, P., Godschalk, D., Kiremidjian, A., Tierney, K., and West, C., 2007, Benefit-Cost Analysis of FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grants: Natural Hazards Review, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 97–111.\; available from
https://bechtel.colorado.edu/~porterka/Rose-et-al-2007-NHR-BCA.pdf.

Shreve, C.M., and Kelman, I., 2014, Does Mitigation Save? Reviewing cost-benefit analyses of disaster risk reduction: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 10, Part A, pp. 213-235; doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.08.004.

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Tornaghi, M.L., Loli, A., and Negro, P., 2018, Balanced evaluation of structural and environmental performances in building design: Buildings, Vol. 8, No. 4, 52 p.; doi:10.3390/buildings8040052.

VSP Associates, Inc., 1994, Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit-Cost Model, Volume 1: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Publication Number 255; available from https://mitigation.eeri.org/wp-content/uploads/FEMA_255.pdf.

Welsh-Huggins, S.J., and Liel, A.B., 2018, Evaluating multiobjective outcomes for hazard resilience and sustainability from enhanced building seismic design decisions: Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 144, No. 8, Paper 04018108; doi:10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002001.

Whitehead, J.C., and Rose, A.Z., 2009, Estimating environmental benefits of natural hazard mitigation with data transfer: Results from a benefit-cost analysis of Federal Emergency Management Agency hazard mitigation grants: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 655-676; doi:10.1007/s11027-009-9189-2; available from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226727251_Estimating_environmental_benefits_ of_natural_hazard_mitigation_with_data_transfer_Results_from_a_benefitcost_analysis_of_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency_hazard_mitigation_grants.

Zhang, Y., Fung, J.F., Cook, D., Johnson, K.J., and Sattar, S., 2024, Benefit-cost analysis for earthquake-resilient building design and retrofit: State of the art and future research needs:

Natural Hazards Review, Vol. 25, No. 3; doi:10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-1910; available from https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-1910.

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APPENDIX D: ACRONYMS
Federal Acronyms
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AB Assembly Bill
AIA Airport Influence Area
ARC American Red Cross
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ATC Applied Technology Council
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AWWA American Water Works Association
BCA Benefit-Cost Analysis
BFE Base Flood Elevation
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators International BRIC Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities
BSSC Building Seismic Safety Council
CDBG Community Development Block Grant
CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act CFR Code of Federal Regulations
COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019
CRS Community Rating System
CWA Clean Water Act
DOE Department of Energy
DOT Department of Transportation
DFE Design Flood Elevation
DR Federal (or Presidential) Major Disaster Declaration EAP Emergency Action Plan
EDA Economic Development Administration
EM Federal (or Presidential) Emergency Declaration
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ER Emergency Relief
EWP Emergency Watershed Protection (NRCS Program)
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to Know Act FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FAS Federal Aid System
FAY Federal Award Year
FDAA Federal Disaster Assistance Administration
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIA Federal Insurance Administration
FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map
FIS Flood Insurance Study
FM Federal Fire Management Assistance Declaration
FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance (FEMA Program)
FMAG Fire Management Assistance Grant
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FS Federal Fire Suppression Authorization
GSA General Services Administration
Hazus/HazUS Hazards United States (an earthquake damage assessment prediction tool) HMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance
HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
HMST Hazard Mitigation Survey Team
HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
IA Individual Assistance
IBC International Building Code
IBHS Institute for Business and Home Safety
ICARP Integrated Climate Adaptation and Resilience Program ICC International Code Council
ICBO International Conference of Building Officials
IHMT Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team
LHMP Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
MHFP Multi-Hazard Functional Plan
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NCDC National Climate Data Center
NCEI National Center for Environmental Information (NOAA) NDC Non-Ductile Concrete building (reinforced concrete-frame building) NEHRP National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program
NEMA National Emergency Management Agency
NEMIS National Emergency Management Information System
NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NFDRS National Fire Danger Rating System
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NHMP Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (also known as "409 Plan") NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences
NIFC National Interagency Fire Center
NIMS National Incident Management System
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPL National Priorities List
NPS National Park Service
NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service
NSHMP National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project
NSF National Science Foundation
NWS National Weather Service
OCC Operations Coordination Center
OCD Office of Civil Defense
OEP Office of Emergency Planning
PDA Preliminary Damage Assessment
PIO Public Information Office
POST Police Officer Standards and Training
PPA/CA Performance Partnership Agreement/Cooperative Agreement (FEMA) PSA Public Service Announcement
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
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R100 100-year probability teletsunami
R500 500-year probability teletsunami
RFR Request for Reconsideration
RTPA Regional Transportation Planning Agency
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SB Senate Bill
SBA Small Business Administration
SBCCI Sothern Building Code Congress International
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SEMS Standardized Emergency Management System
SFHA Special Flood Hazard Area
SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer
SMF Steel Moment Frame building
SPC National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center
SVI Social Vulnerability Index
TOR Transfer of Development Rights
TRI Toxic Release Inventory
UBC Uniform Building Code
UGB Urban Growth Boundary
URM Unreinforced Masonry
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USBR United States Bureau of Reclamation
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USFA United States Fire Administration
USFS United States Forest Service
USGS United States Geological Survey
WSSPC Western States Seismic Policy Council
California and Local Acronyms
ADDI American Dream Downpayment Initiative
ALUCs Airport Land Use Commissions
ALUCP Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan
APEFZ Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone
APEFZA Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act
ARP Accidental Risk Prevention
AWTF Advanced Water Treatment Facility
BOF California Board of Forestry and Fire Protection
BSC California Building Standards Commission
BSA California Bureau of State Audits
CAAP Climate Action and Adaption Plan
CAER Community Awareness & Emergency Response
Cal-Adapt State program providing data and tools for climate adaptation, planning, building resiliency and fostering community engagement
CalARP California Accidental Release Prevention
CalBO California Building Officials
CalEPA California Environmental Protection Agency
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CAL FIRE California Department of Forestry and Fire Prevention CalGEM California Geologic Energy Management Division
CALGreen California Green Building Standards Code (Part 11, Title 24 of CCR) Cal OES California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services Cal/OSHA California Occupational Safety and Health Administration CalRecycle California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery CalSTARS California State Accounting Reporting System
Caltrans California Department of Transportation
CARB California Air Resources Board
CBC California Building Code
CBO Community Based Organization
CBSC California Building Standards Commission
CCR California Code of Regulations
CD Civil Defense
CDAA California Disaster Assistance Act
CDBG Community Development Block Grant
CDF California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection CDFW California Department of Fish and Wildlife
CDMG California Division of Mines and Geology (now CGS) CDPH California Department of Public Health
CEA California Earthquake Authority
CEC California Energy Commission
CEPEC California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CERS California Environmental Reporting System
CESQG Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator
CESRS California Emergency Services Radio System
CFM Community Fault Model
CFSC California Fire Safe Council
CGS California Geological Survey
CHHS California Health and Human Services Agency
CHIP California Hazardous Identification Program
CHMIRS California Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System CHP California Highway Patrol
CISN California Integrated Seismic Network
CLETS California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System CNRA California Natural Resources Agency
CSTI California Specialized Training Institute
CUEA California Utilities Emergency Association
CUPA Certified Unified Program Agency
CWA Clean Water Act
DAD Disaster Assistance Division (of the state Office of Emergency Services) DASH Downtown Area Short Hop (mini-bus service in Los Angeles) DFM California Department of Water Resources Division of Floodplain Management DFO Disaster Field Office
DGS California Department of General Services
DHSRHB California Department of Health Services, Radiological Health Branch DIR California Department of Industrial Relations
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DOC California Department of Conservation
DOF California Department of Finance
DOJ California Department of Justice
DPA California Department of Personnel Administration
DPIG Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant
DR Disaster Response
DSA Division of the State Architect
DSOD California Department of Water Resources Division of Safety of Dams DSR Damage Survey Report
DSW Disaster Service Worker
DTSC California Department of Toxic Substances Control
DWR California Department of Water Resources
EAS Emergency Alerting System
EDIS Emergency Digital Information System
EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
EIR Environmental Impact Report
EMA Emergency Management Assistance
EMI Emergency Management Institute
EMMA Emergency Managers Mutual Aid
EMS Emergency Medical Services
EOC Emergency Operations Center
EOP Emergency Operations Plan
EPEDAT Early Post Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool
EPFT Elysian Park Fold and Thrust belt
EPI Emergency Public Information
EPIC Emergency Public Information Council
ESA California Emergency Services Act
ESC Emergency Services Coordinator
FEAT Governor's Flood Emergency Action Team
FHSZ Fire Hazard Severity Zone
FIR Final Inspection Reports
FIRESCOPE Firefighting Resources of So. Calif Organized for Potential Emergencies FMA Flood Management Assistance
FRAP Fire and Resource Assessment Program
GSP Groundwater Sustainability Plan
HAZMAT Hazardous Materials
HAZMIT Hazardous Mitigation
HAD Housing and Community Development
HEICS Hospital Emergency Incident Command System
HEPG Hospital Emergency Planning Guidance
HIA Hazard Identification and Analysis Unit
HMBP Hazardous Materials Business Plan
HMEP Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness
HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
HOME Home Investment Partnership Program
IDE Initial Damage Estimate
IA Individual Assistance
IFG Individual & Family Grant (program)
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IRG Incident Response Geographic Information System
IPA Information and Public Affairs (of state Office of Emergency Services) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISZ Inner Safety Zone (airport)
LA Los Angeles
LAC or LACo Los Angeles County
LACCVA Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment LAC AHMP County of Los Angeles All-Hazards Mitigation Plan LAX Los Angeles Airport
LCP Local Coastal Program
LADOT City of Los Angeles Department of Transportation
LAMSA Los Angeles Metropolitan Statistical Area
LCP LUP Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan
LEMMA Law Enforcement Master Mutual Aid
LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee
LHMP Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
LRA Local Responsibility Area
LUST Leaking Underground Storage Tank
MARAC Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Council
METRO Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Authority MHID Multi-Hazard Identification
MTA Metropolitan Transportation Authority (also known as LACMTA) MWD Metropolitan Water District
NGO Non-governmental Organization
NIFZ Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone
NOFO Notice of Funding Opportunity
NOI Notice of Interest
NPP Nuclear Power Plant
OA Operational Area
OASIS Operational Area Satellite Information System
OCC Operations Coordination Center
OCD Office of Civil Defense
OEP Office of Emergency Planning
OEHHS Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
OES California Governor's Office of Emergency Services (also Cal OES) OPC California Ocean Protection Council
OPR California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research OSCF Orphan Site Cleanup Fund
OSFM California Office of the State Marshal
OSHPD California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development OSPR California Office of Spill Prevention and Response PSHA Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
PTAB Planning and Technological Assistance Branch
PVA Physical Vulnerability Assessment
RA Regional Administrator (OES)
RADEF Radiological Defense (program)
RAMP Regional Assessment of Mitigation Priorities
RAPID Railroad Accident Prevention & Immediate Deployment Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix D
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RDO Radiological Defense Officer
RDMHC Regional Disaster Medical Health Coordinator
REOC Regional Emergency Operations Center
REPI Reserve Emergency Public Information
RES Regional Emergency Staff
RIMS Response Information Management System
RMP Risk Management Plan
RPU Radiological Preparedness Unit (OES)
RPZ Runway Protection Zone (airport)
RRT Regional Response Team
RUST Replacement of Underground Storage Tanks
RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board
SAM State Administrative Manual
SAVP Safety Assessment Volunteer Program
SCEC Statewide California Earthquake Center (previously Southern California Earthquake Center)
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SM Santa Monica
SMFD Santa Monica Fire Department
SMPD Santa Monica Police Department
SCO California State Controller's Office
SEPIC State Emergency Public Information Committee
SGC California Strategic Growth Council
SHMA Seismic Hazards Mapping Act
SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer
SHMP State Hazard Mitigation Plan
SLA State and Local Assistance
SLC California State Lands Commission
SMC Santa Monica College
SMCAAP Santa Monica Climate Action and Adaption Plan (or CAAP) SMGB California State Mining and Geology Board
SMO Santa Monica Airport (also used SMA)
SRA State Responsibility Area
SSC California Seismic Safety Commission
SWEPC Statewide Emergency Planning Committee
SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board
UCBC Uniform Code for Building Conservation
UCERF Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast
UPA Unified Program Account
UC University of California
USC University of Southern California
WDRs Water Discharge Requirements
WC California State Warning Center
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Industry and Other Acronyms
A&W Alert and Warning
AA Administering Areas
AAR After Action Report
ACMs Asbestos-Containing Materials
B/CA Benefit/Cost Analysis
BCP Budget Change Proposal
CADD Computer-Aided Design and Drafting
CD Soil Class CD (stiff soil class)
CERT Community Emergency Response Training
CMU Concrete Masonry Unit
CPTs Cone Penetration Tests
CRC Climate Ready Community
ESAs Environmental Site Assessments
FSR Feasibility Study Report
FTE Full Time Equivalent
FY Fiscal Year
g Acceleration of Gravity
GHG Greenhouse Gases
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
IA Individual Assistance
ICC Increased Cost of Compliance
LAG Lowest Adjacent Grade
LAN Local Area Network
M Magnitude ML Local Magnitude (or Richter Magnitude)
MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity Mmax Maximum magnitude earthquake Mw Moment Magnitude (or seismic moment) MCL Maximum Contaminate Level
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MPE Maximum Probable Earthquake
MRE Most Recent Event
MSL Mean Sea Level
NBC Nuclear, Biological, Chemical
NGVD National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929
OA Operational Area
OASIS Operational Satellite Information System
OSB Oriented Strand Board
PA Public Assistance
PC Personal Computer
PGA Peak Ground Acceleration
PGV Peak Ground Velocity
PM Particulate Matter
PSA Public Service Announcement
PSA Peak Spectral Acceleration
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City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Acronyms Page D - 9
PSPS Public Safety Power Shutoff
PTR Project Time Report
RCP Representative Concentration Pathways
RFI Request for Information
RL Repetitive Loss property
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SRL Severe Repetitive Loss Property
SVE Soil Vapor Extraction
TEC Travel Expense Claim
TTT Train the Trainer
UCERF Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast
UPS Uninterrupted Power Source
URM Unreinforced Masonry Building
USAR Urban Search and Rescue
UST Underground Storage Tank
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
WAN Wide Area Network
WGCEP Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities WUI Wildland Urban Interface
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix E
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Glossary Page E - 1
APPENDIX E: GLOSSARY
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity at the earth's surface is 9.8 meters per second squared. That means that every second that something falls toward the surface of earth its velocity increases by 9.8 meters per second.

Acceleration of
gravity (g)
The acceleration of gravity (equal to 32 feet per second squared, or 980 centimeters per second squared), and generally expressed as a percentage of gravity.

Acre-foot
Measure of water volume defined as the amount of water required to cover one acre of surface area to a depth of one foot. One acre-foot is approximately equal to 326,000 gallons. Typically used to report the capacity of a reservoir.

Active fault
(also referred to as
Holocene-active fault)
For implementation of Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (APEFZA) requirements, an active fault is one that shows evidence of, or is suspected of having experienced surface displacement within the past 11,700 years. APEFZA classification is designed for land use management of surface rupture hazards. A more general definition (National Academy of Science, 1988), states "a fault that on the basis of historical, seismological, or geological evidence has the finite probability of producing an earthquake" (see potentially active fault).

Acute Quick, one-time exposure to a chemical.

Adaptive capacity
The ability of a species (including humans) to cope and persist under changing conditions through local or regional acclimation, dispersal or migration, adaptation (e.g., behavioral shifts), and/or evolution.

Adjacent grade
Elevation of the natural or graded ground surface, or structural fill, abutting the walls of a building. See highest adjacent grade and lowest adjacent grade.

Aftershocks Minor earthquakes following a greater one and originating at or near the same place.

Aggradation The building up of earth’s surface by deposition of sediment.

Alluvial Pertaining to, or composed of alluvium, or deposited by a stream or running water.

Alluvial fan
A low, outspread, relatively flat to gently sloping surface consisting of loose sediment that is shaped like an open fan, deposited by a stream at the place where the stream comes out of a narrow canyon onto a broad valley or plain. Alluvial fans are steepest at the mouth of the canyon, and spread out, gradually decreasing in gradient, away from the stream source.

Alluvium Surficial sediments of poorly consolidated gravels, sand, silts, and clays deposited by flowing water.

Amplitude The height of a wave between its crest (high point) and its mid-point.

Anchor
To secure a structure to its footings or foundation wall in such a way that a continuous load transfer path is created and so that it will not be displaced by flood, wind, or seismic forces.

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City of Santa Monica, California
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Andesite
Volcanic (rapid cooling) rock of intermediate composition between the mafic-rich (and silica-poor) basalt and the silica-rich rhyolite. Rock type commonly found in subduction zones. Derives its name from the Andes mountains, where this rock type is very common.

Apparatus Fire fighting vehicles of various types.

Appurtenant structure
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, a structure which is on the same parcel of property as the principal structure to be insured and the use of which is incidental.

Aquifer
A body of rock or sediment that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to allow the flow of groundwater and to yield economically significant quantities of groundwater to wells and springs.

Argillic Alteration in which certain minerals of a rock or sediments are converted to clay.

Armor To protect slopes from erosion and scour by flood waters. Techniques of armoring include the use of riprap, gabions, or concrete.

Arsenic
A naturally occurring, toxic element that occurs in rocks, soils and groundwater. Above certain concentrations, it can cause skin, bladder and other cancers.

Artesian
An adjective referring to ground water confined under hydrostatic pressure. The water level in wells drilled into an artesian aquifer (also called a confined aquifer) will stand at some height above the top of the aquifer. If the water reaches the ground surface the well is a “flowing” artesian well.

Aspect The direction a slope faces.

Asset
Any human-made or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to people, buildings, infrastructure like bridges, roads, and sewer and water systems; lifelines like electricity and communication resources; or environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wetlands, or landmarks.

Atmospheric river
Narrow streams of water vapor transported in the lower atmosphere that are thought responsible for most of the storms on the west coast of the United States.

Attenuation The reduction in amplitude of a wave with time or distance traveled.

Automatic aid
agreement
An agreement between two or more agencies whereby such agencies are automatically dispatched simultaneously to pre-determined types of emergencies in pre-determined areas.

A zone
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, area subject to inundation by the 100-year flood where wave action does not occur or where waves are less than 3 feet high, designated Zone A, AE, A1-A30, A0, AH, or AR on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM).

Baffles
Temporary devices used to slow down and divert the flow of water and mud away from a given area and into a channel or debris basin. Baffles are often made of hay wrapped into long cloth tubes that are pinned to the ground with wooden stakes.

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City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Glossary Page E - 3
Basal detachment
fault
Also referred to as a décollement (from French décoller 'to detach from'), is a horizontal to sub-horizontal gliding plane at the contact between two distinct rock masses that results in different styles of deformation in each block. In a compressional setting like the Los Angeles basin, the block above the detachment fault typically develops more intense deformation in the form of folding and faulting compared to the layer or block below.

Basalt Fine-grained extrusive (rapid cooling) igneous rock rich in magnesium and iron; typically dark in color.

Base flood Flood that has a 1 percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also known as the 100-year flood.

Base Flood Elevation
(BFE)
Elevation of the base flood in relation to a specified datum, such as the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The Base Flood Elevation is used as the standard for the National Flood Insurance Program.

Basement
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, any area of a building having its floor subgrade on all sides. (Note: What is typically referred to as a “walkout basement,” which has a floor that is at or above grade on at least one side, is not considered a basement under the National Flood Insurance Program.)
Basin
As used in this report, refers to groundwater basin, which is an area underlain by permeable materials (sediments) capable of storing and furnishing significant amounts of water to groundwater wells. The basin is the three—dimensional body under the area described as a basin, including the depth of the water-yielding subsurface materials.

Beaufort scale
A scale devised in 1805 by Admiral Francis Beaufort of the British Navy to classify wind speed based on the wind’s effect on the seas and vegetation. The scale ranges from 0 (calm) to 12 (hurricane).

Bedding The arrangement of a sedimentary rock in beds or layers of varying thickness and character.

Bedrock The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel.

Bench A grading term that refers to a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed.

Benefit
A net project outcome, usually defined in monetary terms, that may include direct and indirect effects. For benefit-cost analysis of proposed mitigation measures, benefits are limited to specific, measurable risk reduction factors, such as a reduction in expected property losses and protection of human life.

Benefit-cost analysis
(BCA)
A systematic, quantitative method of comparing projected benefits to projected costs of a project or policy. Used to measure cost-effectiveness.

Berm Horizontal portion of the backshore beach formed by sediments deposited by waves.

Bioaccumulative
Substances, such as pesticides and other chemicals, that slowly accumulate in an organism reaching concentrations higher than in the surrounding environment because the substance is not readily eliminated through excretion or catabolism. Typically said of substances that at higher concentrations become toxic.

Bioregion A major, regional ecological community characterized by distinctive life forms and distinctive plant and animal species.

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City of Santa Monica, California
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Blind thrust fault A thrust fault is a low-angle reverse fault (top block pushed over bottom block). A "blind" thrust fault refers to one that does not reach the surface.

Block slide
A type of translational slide where large and relatively intact slabs of rock or earth are rapidly transported downslope. These landslides can be large and damaging and occur where alternating layers of strong and weak rock slope downhill.

Braided stream
A stream that divides into or follows an interlacing or tangled network of several small, branching and reuniting shallow channels separated from each other by channel bars. Also referred to as an anastomosing stream.

Breakaway wall
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, a wall that is not part of the structural support of the building and is intended through its design and construction to collapse under specific lateral loading forces, without causing damage to the elevated portion of the building or supporting foundation system. Breakaway walls are required by the National Flood Insurance Program regulations for any enclosures constructed below the Base Flood Elevation beneath elevated buildings in Coastal High Hazard Areas (also referred to as V zones). In addition, breakaway walls are recommended in areas where flood waters flow at high velocities or contain ice or other debris.

Brush A collective term that refers to stands of vegetation dominated by shrubby, woody plants, or low-growing trees.

Brushfire A fire burning in vegetation that is predominantly shrubs, brush, and scrub growth.

Building
A structure that is walled and roofed, principally above ground and permanently affixed to a site. The term includes a manufactured home on a permanent foundation on which the wheels and axles carry no weight.

Building code Regulations adopted by local governments that establish standards for construction, modification, and repair of buildings and other structures.

Built-up roof covering Two or more layers of felt cemented together and surfaced with a cap sheet, mineral aggregate, smooth coating, or similar surfacing material.

Bulkhead
Wall or other structure, often of wood, steel, stone, or concrete, designed to retain or prevent sliding or erosion of the land. Occasionally, bulkheads are used to protect against wave action.

Carcinogen Material capable of causing cancer in humans.

Cast-in-place
concrete
Concrete that is poured and formed at the construction site.

CEQA
The California Environmental Quality Act (Chapters 1 through 6 of Division 13 of the Public Resources Code). A state statute that requires state and local agencies to identify the significant environmental impacts of their actions and to avoid or mitigate those impacts, if feasible.

Chronic Continual or repeated exposure to a hazardous material.

Cladding Exterior surface of the building envelope that is directly loaded by the wind.

Clay
A rock or mineral fragment having a diameter less than 1/256 mm (4 microns, or 0.00016 in.). Commonly applied to any soft, adhesive, finegrained deposit.

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City of Santa Monica, California
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Claystone
An indurated clay having the texture and composition of shale, but lacking its fine lamination. A massive mudstone in which clay predominates over silt.

Climate The average condition of weather over time in a given region.

Climate change
Long-term shifts in weather patterns and temperatures. These changes may be natural, but since the 1800s have been driven by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels which generates gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.

Climate change
adaptation
The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.

Climate change
mitigation
A human intervention to reduce the human impact on the climate system.

Typically includes strategies to reduce greenhouse gas sources and emissions and enhance greenhouse gas sinks (carbon sinks).

Clod Lump or mass of soil or sediment.

Code official
Officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of the code, or a duly authorized representative, such as a building, zoning, planning, or floodplain management official.

Coliform
A group of rod-shaped bacteria that are found in water, soil, and on vegetation, and are present in large numbers in the feces of warm-blooded animals. The coliform count is used as an indicator of the sanitary conditions of foods and water. Most genera of coliform are not harmful to humans, but a few kinds, including some strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) can be debilitating to sensitive individuals, including children, seniors, and those with compromised immune systems.

Collapse
A relatively sudden change in the volume of a soil mass resulting in the local settlement of the ground surface, with the potential to cause significant damage to overlying structures. If due to strong ground shaking, the soil grains in the soil column are re-arranged by the shaking so that the pore space between grains is reduced and the grains become more tightly packed, resulting in the overall reduction of the thickness of the soil column. This is referred to as earthquake-induced subsidence. Collapse can also occur in certain types of sediments, where with the introduction of water (due to an increase in irrigation, for example), the cement between soil grains dissolves, allowing the soil particles to become more tightly packed, again resulting in the local settlement of the ground surface. This process is also referred to as hydro-collapse or hydroconsolidation.

Colluvium
Loose, unconsolidated sediments deposited at the base of a slope by rainwash, sheetwash, slope creep, or mudflows; these materials typically are poorly sorted, containing a variety of grain sizes and rock types. Can also refer to loose sediment formed from the in-place weathering of rocks.

Column foundation
Foundation consisting of vertical support members with a height-to-leastlateral-dimension ratio greater than three. Columns are set in holes and backfilled with compacted material. They are usually made of concrete or masonry and often must be braced. Columns are sometimes known as posts, particularly if the column is made of wood.

Community at Risk Wildland interface community in the vicinity of Federal lands that is at high risk from wildfire.

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City of Santa Monica, California
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Community Rating
System (CRS)
An NFIP program that provides incentives for NFIP communities to complete activities that reduce flood hazard risk. When the community completes specified activities, the insurance premiums of policyholders in these communities are reduced.

Community
Resilience
Ability of a community to prepare for anticipated natural hazards, adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions. FEMA identified 22 indicators that they used to develop their Community Resilience Challenges Index (CRCI).

Complex (Fire) Two or more individual incidents located in the same general area and assigned to a single incident commander or unified command.

Compressible soil Geologically young unconsolidated sediment of low density that may compress under the weight of a proposed fill embankment or structure.

Computer-Aided
Design And Drafting
(CADD)
A computerized system enabling quick and accurate electronic 2-D and 3-D drawings, topographic mapping, site plans, and profile/cross-section drawings.

Concrete Masonry
Unit (CMU)
Building unit or block larger than 12 inches by 4 inches by 4 inches made of cement and suitable aggregates.

Conglomerate
A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of rounded to subangular fragments larger than 2 mm in diameter set in a fine-grained matrix of sand or silt, and commonly cemented by calcium carbonate, iron oxide, silica or hardened clay. The consolidated equivalent of gravel.

Connector Mechanical device for securing two or more pieces, parts, or members together, including anchors, wall ties, and fasteners.

Consolidation
Any process whereby loosely aggregated, soft earth materials become firm and cohesive rock. Also, the gradual reduction in volume and increase in density of a soil mass in response to increased load or effective compressive stress, such as the squeezing of fluids from pore spaces.

Contour A line of equal ground elevation on a topographic (contour) map.

Contraction joint
Groove that is formed, sawed, or tooled in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure. See Isolation joint.

Corrosion-resistant
metal
Any nonferrous metal or any metal having an unbroken surfacing of nonferrous metal, or steel with not less than 10 percent chromium or with not less than 0.20 percent copper.

Corrosive soils Soils with a high proportion of certain chemicals or salts that make them corrosive to metal or concrete.

Coseismic rupture Ground rupture occurring during an earthquake but not necessarily on the causative fault.

Cretaceous
The final period of the Mesozoic era (before the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era), thought to have occurred between about 136 and 65 million years ago.

Critical facility
Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following hazard events. Critical facilities include, but are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and hospitals.

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City of Santa Monica, California
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Dam
Any artificial barrier that has the ability to capture water, wastewater or any liquid-borne material for the purpose of either storing it or controlling it.

Dam failure Uncontrolled release of captured water due to the partial or complete breach of a dam or levee.

Dead load
Weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, builtin partitions, finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items and fixed service equipment. See Loads.

Debris
(Seismic) The scattered remains of something broken or destroyed; ruins; rubble; fragments. (Flooding, Coastal) Solid objects or masses carried by or floating on the surface of moving water.

Debris avalanche
A type of surficial slope failure that involves the rapid movement of a relatively thin section of saturated rock and/or soil down a steep slope, usually carrying vegetation and other debris within the slurry. Also called a mudflow.

Debris basin
Structure designed to capture sediment, gravel, boulders, and vegetative debris that wash out of canyons during storms but allows water to flow into the downstream storm drain system, thereby reducing flood risk for communities downstream.

Debris burning Any fire originally set for the purpose of clearing land or for burning rubbish, garbage, range, stubble, or meadow burning.

Debris impact loads
Loads imposed on a structure by the impact of flood-borne debris. These loads are often sudden and large. Though difficult to predict, debris impact loads must be considered when structures are designed and constructed.

See Loads.

Debris flow
A saturated, rapidly moving saturated earth flow with 50 percent rock fragments coarser than 2 mm in size which can occur on natural and graded slopes.

Debris line
Line left on a structure or on the ground by the deposition of debris. A debris line often indicates the height or inland extent reached by flood waters.

Deck Exterior floor supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjacent structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.

Décollement See basal detachment fault.

Defensible space
An area, either natural or human-made, where material capable of causing a fire to spread has been treated, cleared, reduced, or changed in order to provide a barrier between an advancing wildland fire and the loss to life, property, or resources. In practice, defensible space is defined as an area with a minimum of 100 feet around a structure that is cleared of flammable brush or vegetation. Distance from the structure and the degree of fuels treatment vary with vegetation type, slope, density, and other factors.

Deflected canyons A diversion in the trend of a stream or canyon caused by any number of processes, including folding and faulting.

Deformation A general term for the process of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks.

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Design flood
The greater of either (1) the base flood or (2) the flood associated with the flood hazard area depicted on a community’s flood hazard map, or otherwise legally designated.

Design Flood
Elevation (DFE)
Elevation of the design flood, or the flood protection elevation required by a community, including wave effects, relative to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum, North American Vertical Datum, or other datum.

Design flood
protection depth
Vertical distance between the eroded ground elevation and the Design Flood Elevation.

Design stillwater
flood depth
Vertical distance between the eroded ground elevation and the design stillwater flood elevation.

Design stillwater
flood elevation
Stillwater elevation associated with the design flood, excluding wave effects, relative to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum, North American Vertical Datum, or other datum.

Development
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, any human-made change to improved or unimproved real estate, including but not limited to buildings or other structures, mining, dredging, filling, grading, paving, excavation, or drilling operations or storage of equipment or materials Diabase Mafic shallow intrusive rock similar in composition to a basalt or plutonic gabbro.

Differential settlement
Non-uniform settlement; the uneven lowering of different parts of an engineered structure, often resulting in damage to the structure.

Sometimes included with liquefaction as ground failure phenomenon.

Digitize
To convert electronically points, lines, and area boundaries shown on maps into x, y coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude, universal transverse mercator (UTM), or table coordinates) for use in computer applications.

Dike
A tabular shaped, igneous intrusion that cuts across bedding of the surrounding rock.

An embankment to confine or control water, often built along the banks of a river to prevent overflow of lowlands. A levee.

Disaster declaration
(DR)
Declaration for event that causes more damage than state and local governments and resources can handle without federal government assistance. A federal DR puts into motion long-term federal recovery programs, some of which are matched by state programs, to help disaster victims, businesses, and public entities to jumpstart recovery efforts.

Dispatch The implementation of a command decision to move a resource or resources from one place to another.

Displacement The length, measured in kilometers, of the total movement that has occurred along a fault over as long a time as the geologic record reveals.

Displacement time
The average time (in days) which the building's occupants typically must operate from a temporary location while repairs are made to the original building due to damages resulting from a hazard event.

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DMA 2000
Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended by Public Law 106-390, October 30, 2000. DMA 2000 is intended to establish a continuing means of assistance by the Federal Government to State and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and damage which result from disasters by (1) revising and broadening the scope of existing disaster relief programs; (2) encouraging the development of comprehensive disaster preparedness and assistance plans, programs, capabilities, and organizations by the States and by local governments; (3) achieving greater coordination and responsiveness of disaster preparedness and relief programs; (4) encouraging individuals, States, and local governments to protect themselves by obtaining insurance coverage to supplement or replace governmental assistance; (5) encouraging hazard mitigation measures to reduce losses from disasters, including development of land use and construction regulations; and (6) providing Federal assistance programs for both public and private losses sustained in disasters .

Drought A prolonged period of lower-than-normal precipitation levels, which leads to a shortage of water.

Duration How long a hazard event lasts.

Dust storm
High wind event common in arid and semi-arid regions. Strong winds pick up sand and other particulates and transport them by saltation and suspension to another location.

Dynamic analysis
A complex earthquake-resistant engineering design technique (UBC - used for critical facilities) capable of modeling the entire frequency spectra, or composition, of ground motion. The method is used to evaluate the stability of a site or structure by considering the motion from any source or mass, such as that dynamic motion produced by machinery or a seismic event.

Earth flow
Imperceptibly slow-moving surficial material in which 80 percent or more of the fragments are smaller than 2 mm, including a range of rock and mineral fragments.

Earthquake
Vibratory motion propagating within the Earth or along its surface caused by the abrupt release of strain from elastically deformed rock by displacement along a fault.

Earth's crust The outermost layer or shell of the Earth.

Effective Flood
Insurance Rate Map
(FIRM)
See Flood Insurance Rate Map.

El Niño
Phenomenon that originates, every few years, typically in December or early January, in the southern Pacific Ocean, off of the western coast of South America, characterized by warmer than usual water. This warmer water is statistically linked with increased rainfall in both the southeastern and southwestern United States, droughts in Australia, western Africa and Indonesia, reduced number of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean, and increased number of hurricanes in the Eastern Pacific.

Emergency
declaration (EM)
Declarations issued by the federal government to supplement state and local or Tribal nation efforts to provide emergency services, such as protection of lives, property, public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe.

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Emergency Planning
and Community Right
to Know (EPCRA)
The portion of SARA that specifically outlines how industries report chemical inventory to the community.

Enclosure
That portion of an elevated building below the Design Flood Elevation (DFE) that is partially or fully surrounded by solid (including breakaway) walls.

Encroachment Any physical object placed in a floodplain that hinders the passage of water or otherwise affects the flood flows.

En echelon
In geology, this term applies to parallel to subparallel, closely spaced to overlapping or step-like features such as faults and tension fractures that are oblique to the overall structural trend.

Engineering geologist
A geologist who is certified by the State as qualified to apply geologic data, principles, and interpretation to naturally occurring earth materials so that geologic factors affecting planning, design, construction, and maintenance of civil engineering works are properly recognized and used.

An engineering geologist is particularly needed to conduct investigations, often with geotechnical engineers, of sites with potential ground failure hazards.

Environmental
Protection Agency
(EPA)
Federal agency tasked with ensuring the protection of the environment and the nation’s citizens.

Eolian (also written
Aeolian)
Derived from the action of the wind; usually refers to sediments deposited by the wind, like sand dunes, but also refers to the landforms created by wind action.

Ephemeral stream A stream or reach of a stream that flows only briefly in direct response to precipitation.

Epicenter The point at the Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake originated.

Episodic erosion
Erosion induced by a single storm event. Episodic erosion considers the vertical component of two factors: general beach profile lowering and localized conical scour around foundation supports. Episodic erosion is relevant to foundation embedment depth and potential undermining. See Erosion.

Equity All people are justly and fairly included in society, and everyone is able to participate, prosper and achieve their full potential (Cal OES definition).

Erodible soil
Soil subject to wearing away and movement due to the effects of wind, water, or other geological processes during a flood or storm or over a period of years.

Erosion
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, the process of the gradual wearing away of landmasses. In general, erosion involves the detachment and movement of soil and rock fragments, during a flood or storm or over a period of years, through the action of wind, water, or other geologic processes.

Erosion analysis
Analysis of the short- and long-term erosion potential of soil or strata, including the effects of wind action, flooding or storm surge, moving water, wave action, and the interaction of water and structural components.

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Erosion hazard area
Area anticipated to be lost to shoreline retreat over a given period of time.

The projected inland extent of the area is measured by multiplying the average annual long-term recession rate by the number of years desired.

Essential facility
Elements that are important to ensure a full recovery of a community or state following a hazard event. These would include: government functions, major employers, banks, schools, and certain commercial establishments, such as grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations.

Estuarine
Related to or formed in an estuary, the area where a river meets the sea.

Estuarine sediments are typically deposited in brackish water and consist predominantly of marine and riverine clay and silt with a relatively large concentration of decomposed terrestrial organic material.

Evacuation
Movement of people from an area, typically their homes, to another area considered to be safe, typically in response to a natural or human-made disaster that makes an area unsafe.

Expansive soil
A soil that contains clay minerals that take in water and expand. If a soil contains sufficient amount of these clay minerals, the volume of the soil can change significantly with changes in moisture, with resultant structural damage to structures founded on these materials.

Exposure
In regards to climate change, the amount and rate of change that a population or system experiences from the direct (e.g., temperature, precipitation changes) or indirect (e.g., habitat shifts due to changing vegetation composition) impacts of climate change. In regards to hazardous materials, coming into contact with a hazardous substance, either through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. In general, the number and dollar value of assets considered to be at risk during the occurrence of a specific hazard.

Extent The size of an area affected by a hazard or hazard event.

Extratropical cyclone
Cyclonic storm events like Nor'easters and severe winter low-pressure systems. Both West and East coasts can experience these non-tropical storms that produce gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy rain or snow. These cyclonic storms, commonly called Nor'easters on the East Coast because of the direction of the storm winds, can last for several days and can be very large–1,000-mile-wide storms are not uncommon.

Extreme heat
Summertime temperatures that are much hotter or more humid than average. Because climate varies with location, the definition of extreme heat varies in different locales. However, in most of the United States, extreme heat is defined as a long period (2 to 3 days) of high heat and humidity with temperatures above 90 degrees.

Extremely hazardous
substance
A substance that shows high acute or chronic toxicity, carcinogenity, bioaccumulative properties, is persistent in the environment, or is water reactive (California Code of Regulations, Title 22).

Fault
A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are differentially displaced parallel to the plane of fracture.

Fault segment A continuous portion of a fault zone that is likely to rupture along its entire length during an earthquake.

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Fault slip rate The average long-term movement of a fault (measured in cm/year or mm/year) as determined from geologic evidence.

Fault strand A fault that is mappable as a single, fairly continuous feature.

Fault trace
The intersection of the fault plane with the Earth’s surface. If not erased by erosion, the fault trace may be visible in the form of cracks, scarps, deflected or offset channels, furrows or ridges, and differences in the type of geologic material across the fault. Also used to denote the line plotted on a map to show the location of a fault.

Federal Emergency
Management Agency
(FEMA)
Independent agency created in 1978 to provide a single point of accountability for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and emergency preparedness, response and recovery.

Federal Insurance
Administration (FIA)
The component of the Federal Emergency Management Agency directly responsible for administering the flood insurance aspects of the National Flood Insurance Program.

Fill Material such as soil, gravel, or crushed stone placed in an area to increase ground elevations or change soil properties.

Fire complex Two or more individual fire incidents located in the same general area which are assigned to a single incident commander or unified command.

Fire behavior The manner in which a fire reacts to the influences of fuel, weather and topography.

Fire flow
The flow rate of a water supply expressed in gallons per minute (gpm), measured at 20 pounds per square inch (psi) residual pressure, that is available for firefighting.

Fire frequency The number of fires occurring within a defined area in a given time period.

Fire regime
The long-term fire pattern characteristic of a region or ecosystem described using a combination of seasonality, fire return interval, size, spatial complexity, intensity, severity, and fire type.

Fire resistant
A characteristic of a plant species that allows individuals to resist damage or mortality during a fire. Also used to describe construction materials that resist damage to fire.

FIRESCOPE
FIrefighting RESources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies.

A cooperative effort involving all agencies with fire-fighting responsibilities in California. The goal of this group is to create and implement new applications in fire service management, technology and coordination, with an emphasis on incident command and multi-agency coordination. This dynamic state-wide program serves the needs of California fire service management as an ongoing program.

First responders A group designated by the community as those who may be first to arrive at the scene of a fire, accident or chemical release.

Fire weather
The weather conditions that influence fire behavior, including air temperature, atmospheric moisture, atmospheric stability, clouds and precipitation.

Five hundred (500)-
year flood
Flood that has as 0.2-percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year.

Flash flood A flood event occurring with little or no warning where water levels rise at an extremely fast rate.

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Flight operations Departures and arrivals combined, of aircraft at an airport.

Flood
A rising body of water, as in a stream or lake, which overtops its natural and artificial confines and covers land not normally under water. Under the National Flood Insurance Program, either (a) a general and temporary condition or partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from:
(1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters,
(2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or
(3) mudslides (i.e., mudflows) which are proximately caused by flooding as defined in (2) and are akin to a river of liquid and flowing mud on the surfaces of normally dry land areas, as when the earth is carried by a current of water and deposited along the path of the current,
or (b) the collapse or subsidence of land along the shore of a lake or other body of water as a result of erosion or undermining caused by waves or currents of water exceeding anticipated cyclical levels or suddenly caused by an unusually high water level in a natural body of water, accompanied by a severe storm, or by an unanticipated force of nature, such as flash flood or abnormal tidal surge, or by some similarly unusual and unforeseeable event which results in flooding as defined in (1), above.

Flood-damageresistant material
Any construction material capable of withstanding direct and prolonged contact (i.e., at least 72 hours) with floodwaters without suffering significant damage (i.e., damage that requires more than cleanup or lowcost cosmetic repair, such as painting).

Flood depth Height of the flood-water surface above the ground surface.

Flood elevation
Height of the water surface above an established elevation datum such as the National Geodetic Vertical Datum, North American Vertical Datum, or mean sea level.

Flood hazard area
The greater of the following: (1) the area of special flood hazard, as defined under the National Flood Insurance Program, or (2) the area designated as a flood hazard area on a community’s legally adopted flood hazard map, or otherwise legally designated.

Flood insurance Insurance coverage provided under the National Flood Insurance Program.

Flood Insurance Rate
Map (FIRM)
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, an official map of a community, on which the Federal Emergency Management Agency has delineated both the special hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to the community. (Note: The latest FIRM issued for a community is referred to as the effective FIRM for that community.) Flood Insurance Study
(FIS)
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, an examination, evaluation, and determination of flood hazards and, if appropriate, corresponding water surface elevations, or an examination, evaluation, and determination of mudslide (i.e., mudflow) and/or flood-related erosion hazards in a community or communities. (Note: The National Flood Insurance Program regulations refer to Flood Insurance Studies as “flood elevation studies.”)
Flooding See Flood.

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Floodplain Any land area, including watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source.

Floodplain
management
Operation of an overall program of corrective and preventive measures for reducing flood damage, including but not limited to emergency preparedness plans, flood control works, and floodplain management regulations.

Floodplain
management
regulations
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building codes, health regulations, special purpose ordinances (such as floodplain ordinance, grading ordinance, and erosion control ordinance), and other applications of police power. The term describes such state or local regulations, in any combination thereof, which provide standards for the purpose of flood damage prevention and reduction.

Flood-related erosion
area or flood-related
erosion prone area
A land area adjoining the shore of a lake or other body of water, which due to the composition of the shoreline or bank and high-water levels or wind-driven currents, is likely to suffer flood-related erosion damage.

Floodway
The channel of a river or other watercourse, and the adjacent land areas that must be kept free of encroachment in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a certain height.

Flow failure
A type of liquefaction-induced failure that generally occurs in slopes greater than 3 degrees, and that is characterized by the displacement, over tens to hundreds of feet, of blocks of soil riding on top of the liquefied substrate.

Footing
Enlarged base of a foundation wall, pier, post, or column designed to spread the load of the structure so that it does not exceed the soil bearing capacity.

Footprint Land area occupied by a structure.

Freeboard
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, a factor of safety, usually expressed in feet above a flood level, for the purposes of floodplain management. Freeboard tends to compensate for the many unknown factors that could contribute to flood heights greater than the heights calculated for a selected size flood and floodway conditions, such as the hydrological effect of urbanization of the watershed.

Frequency
A measure of how often events of a particular magnitude are expected to occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude, duration, and/or extent typically occurs, on average. Statistically, a hazard with a 100-year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years on average, and would have a 1 percent chance – its probability – of happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies depending on the kind of hazard being considered.

Fuel
The source of heat that sustains the combustion process. In wildland fires, fuel is the combustible plant biomass, including grass, leaves, ground litter, shrubs, plants and trees.

Fuel load The amount of fuel that is potentially available for combustion.

Fuel moisture The moisture content expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the fuel.

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Fuel modification
zone
Ribbon of land surrounding a development within a fire hazardous area that is designed to diminish the intensity of a wildfire as it approaches the structures.

Functional downtime The average time (in days) during which a function (business or service) is unable to provide its services due to a hazard event.

Funnel clouds
Cone-shaped or needle-like clouds that extend down from the main cloud base but do not extend to the ground surface. If a funnel cloud touches the ground, it becomes a tornado.

Gabion
Rock-filled cage made of wire or metal that is placed on slopes or embankments to protect them from erosion caused by flowing or fastmoving water.

Geographic area
impacted
The physical area in which the effects of the hazard are experienced.

Geographic
Information Systems
(GIS)
A computer software application that relates physical features on the Earth to a database to be used for mapping and analysis.

Geogrid A tough polymeric net-like material that is placed between the horizontal layers of artificial fill to strengthen a human-made slope.

Geomorphology
The science that treats the general configuration of the Earth's surface. The study of the classification, description, nature, origin and development of landforms, and the history of geologic changes as recorded by these surface features.

Geotechnical
engineer
A licensed civil engineer who is also certified by the State as qualified for the investigation and engineering evaluation of earth materials and their interaction with earth retention systems, structural foundations, and other civil engineering works.

Glacials
Refers to glacial periods, or ice ages, that occurred in the Quaternary, when large, continental-sized ice sheets covered the Northern Hemisphere. When the ice sheets retreated, these periods are called interglacials. Several glacials and interglacials occurred during the Quaternary.

Goal
General guideline that explains what is to be achieved. Typically, broadbased, long-term, policy-type statements that represent global visions.

Goals help to define the benefits that a plan is trying to achieve. The success of a LHMP is measured by the degree to which its goals have been met.

Grade beam
Section of a concrete slab that is thicker than the slab and acts as a footing to provide stability, often under load-bearing or critical structural walls.

Grade beams are occasionally installed to provide lateral support for vertical foundation members where they enter the ground.

Grading
Any excavating or filling or combination thereof. Generally refers to the modification of the natural landscape into pads suitable as foundations for structures.

Granite Broadly applied, any completely crystalline, quartz-bearing, plutonic rock.

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Graywacke
Dark-colored poorly sorted sandstone with angular grains of quartz, feldspar and small rock fragments in a clay-rich matrix. Thought to be related to turbidite deposits; typically found on the edges of continental shelves and the bottoms of oceanic trenches.

Greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions
Gases released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, that accumulate in the atmosphere and trap solar radiation.

Carbon dioxide makes up the majority of these gases, but methane and nitrous oxide are also important components.

Ground failure Permanent ground displacement produced by fault rupture, differential settlement, liquefaction, or slope failure.

Ground lurching
A form of earthquake-induced ground failure where soft, saturated soils move in a wave-like manner in response to intense seismic ground shaking, forming ridges or cracks at the surface.

Ground motion
The vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or epicenter, but soft soils can further amplify ground motions
Ground oscillations
A type of liquefaction-induced failure where liquefaction occurs at depth, in an area where the ground surface is too level to permit the lateral displacement of the overlying soil blocks. The blocks instead separate from one another and oscillate above the liquefied layer. This may result in the opening and closing of fissures or cracks, and the formation of sand boils or sand volcanoes.

Ground rupture Displacement of the earth's surface as a result of fault movement associated with an earthquake.

Hail Solid precipitation consisting of fragments of ice water called hailstones.

Hazard
A source of potential danger or adverse condition, such as naturally occurring events such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property.

Hazard event A specific occurrence of a particular type of hazard.

Hazard identification The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area.

Hazard mitigation Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk from hazards and their effects.

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Hazardous material
(HAZMAT)
Substance that has the ability to harm humans, property or the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines hazardous waste as substances that:
1) may cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness;
2) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of or otherwise managed; and
3) whose characteristics can be measured by a standardized test or reasonably detected by generators of solid waste through their knowledge of their waste.

Hazardous waste is also ignitable, corrosive, or reactive (explosive) (EPA 40 CFR 260.10). A material may also be classified as hazardous if it contains defined amounts of toxic chemicals.

Hazard profile
A description of the physical characteristics of hazards and a determination of various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when they are recorded and displayed as maps.

Hazardous Waste
Operations and
Emergency Response
(HAZWOPER)
The Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) regulations that cover safety and health issues at hazardous waste sites and response to chemical incidents.

Hazard reduction Any treatment of a hazard that reduces its threat.

HazUS (Hazards U.S.) A GIS-based nationally standardized earthquake loss estimation tool developed by FEMA.

Head scarp
The upslope portion of a landslide, generally defined by a steep slope at the head, where displaced material has moved away from the undisturbed portion of the slope.

Heat wave Periods of excessive heat, typically exceeding 95 degrees Fahrenheit, often with high levels of humidity, and lasting more than three days.

Hexavalent
chromium
Compounds that contain the element chromium in its +6 (hexa) oxidation state. These compounds are used extensively in several different industries; however, it is a known human carcinogen and thus its use is now regulated. Groundwater in many parts of the country has been contaminated with varying levels of hexavalent chromium.

High-hazard dam Dam whose failure or improper operation can cause loss of human life.

High-velocity wave
action
Condition in which wave heights or wave runup depths are greater than or equal to 3.0 feet.

Highest adjacent
grade
Elevation of the highest natural or regarded ground surface, or structural fill, that abuts the walls of a building.

Holocene An epoch of the Quaternary period spanning from the end of the Pleistocene to the present time (the past about 11,700 years).

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Hurricane
An intense tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in which wind speeds reach 74-miles-per-hour or more and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center or "eye." Hurricanes develop over the north Atlantic Ocean, northeast Pacific Ocean, or the south Pacific Ocean east of 160°E longitude. Hurricane circulation is counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

Hurricane clip or
strap
Structural connector, usually metal, used to tie roof, wall, floor, and foundation members together so that they can resist wind forces.

Hydrocompaction
Settlement of loose, granular soils that occurs when the loose, dry structure of the sand grains held together by a clay binder or other cementing agent collapses upon the introduction of water.

Hydrodynamic loads
Loads imposed on an object, such as a building, by water flowing against and around it. Among these loads are positive frontal pressure against the structure, drag effect along the sides, and negative pressure on the downstream side.

Hydrology The science of dealing with the waters of the earth. A flood discharge is developed by a hydrologic study.

Hydrostatic loads
Loads imposed on a surface, such as a wall or floor slab, by a standing mass of water. The water pressure increases with the square of the water depth.

Hypocenter The earthquake focus, that is, the place at depth, along the fault plane, where an earthquake rupture started.

Hypothermia
Abnormally low body temperature (typically below 95 degrees Fahrenheit) that is accompanied by any of several signs, including uncontrollable shivering, disorientation, memory loss, slurred speech, drowsiness, and apparent exhaustion.

Igneous Type of rock or mineral that formed from molten or partially molten magma.

Ignition point The location of the ignition.

Ignition source The origin or source of a fire.

Infiltration The process by which water seeps into the soil, as influenced by soil texture, soil structure, and vegetation cover.

Infrastructure
Refers to the public services of a community that have a direct impact on the quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and sewer treatment facilities, and includes an area's transportation system such as airports, heliports; highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses, railways, bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, drydocks, piers and regional dams.

Inner Safety Zone
(ISZ)
High-risk area in and adjacent to an airport runway that is subject to approach undershoot accidents, emergency landings on straight out departures, and runway overruns. Also referred to as the Inner Departure/Approach Zone.

Intensity A measure of the effects of a hazard event at a particular place.

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Intrusive
Said of igneous rocks that formed from magma invading existing rocks in the subsurface, and cooling off over millennia in the subsurface, leading to the formation of relatively large crystals (crystallizing). Intrusive rocks typically form veins, dikes, sills, batholiths, laccoliths, and other similar structures.

Invasive plants
Plants that aggressively expand their ranges over the landscape, typically at the expense of native plants that are displaced or destroyed by the newcomers. Invasive species are typically considered a major threat to biological diversity.

Inventory
The assets identified in a planning area that could be lost when a disaster occurs. Assets include people, buildings, transportation and other valued community resources.

ISO
Insurance Services Office. Private organization that formulates fire safety ratings based on fire threat and responsible agency’s ability to respond to the threat. ISO ratings from one (excellent) to ten (no fire protection). Many insurance companies use ISO ratings to set insurance premiums.

Isolation joint
Separation between adjoining parts of a concrete structure, usually a vertical plane, at a designated location such as to interfere least with the performance of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement in three directions and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.

See Contraction joint.

Itinerant aircraft
Aircraft that use an airport on an irregular basis, without regular scheduling. Typically refers to aircraft that are not based at that particular airport, and that do not fly in and out of that airport on a regular basis. The opposite are referred to as Local aircraft.

Jet stream A relatively narrow stream of fast-moving air in the middle and upper troposphere. Surface cyclones develop and move along the jet stream.

Jetting (of piles) Use of a high-pressure stream of water to embed a pile in sandy soil. See pile foundation.

Joist Any of the parallel structural members of a floor system that support, and are usually immediately beneath, the floor.
ka Thousands of years before present.

Lacustrine Pertaining to or related to a lake. Refers both to sediments deposited in a lake environment, and the landforms associated with lakes.

Ladder fuels Fuels that provide vertical continuity between strata, allowing fire to move from the surface fuels to the crowns of shrubs and trees with relative ease.

Landslide
A general term covering a wide variety of mass-movement landforms and processes involving the downslope transport, under gravitational influence, of soil and rock material en masse.

Lateral force The force of the horizontal, side-to-side motion on the Earth's surface as measured on a particular mass; either a building or structure.

Lateral spreading Lateral movements in a fractured mass of rock or soil which result from liquefaction or plastic flow or subjacent materials.

Left-lateral fault A strike-slip fault across which a viewer would see the block on the opposite side of the fault move to the left.

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Levee Human-made structure, usually an earthen embankment, used to contain, control, or divert the flow of water to try and reduce flooding risk.

Level-of-service
standard (LOS
standard)
Quantifiable measures against which services being delivered by a service provider can be compared. Standards based upon recognized and accepted professional and county standards, while reflecting the local situation within which services are being delivered. Levels-of-service standards for fire protection may include response times, personnel per given population, and emergency water supply. LOS standards can be used to evaluate the way in which fire protection services are being delivered, for use in countywide fire planning efforts.

Lifeline system Linear conduits or corridors for the delivery of services or movement of people and information (e.g., pipelines, telephones, freeways, railroads).

Lineament
Straight or gently curved, lengthy features of earth’s surface, frequently expressed topographically as depressions or lines of depressions, scarps, benches, or change in vegetation.

Liquefaction
Changing of soils (unconsolidated alluvium) from a solid state to weaker state unable to support structures; where the material behaves similar to a liquid as a consequence of earthquake shaking. The transformation of cohesionless soils from a solid or liquid state as a result of increased pore pressure and reduced effective stress.

Litter Recently fallen plant material that is only partially decomposed, forming a surface layer on some soils.

Live loads
Loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure. Live loads do not include construction or environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load, or dead load. See Loads.

Load-bearing wall Wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight. See Non-load-bearing wall.

Loads
Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.

Local government
Any county, municipality, city, town, township, public authority, school district, special district, intrastate district, council of governments, regional or interstate government entity, or agency or instrumentality of a local government; any Tribal Nation or authorized Tribal organization; and any rural community, unincorporated town or village, or other public entity.

Local Hazard
Mitigation Plan
(LHMP)
Study that assesses hazard vulnerabilities and identifies mitigation actions that jurisdictions will pursue to reduce the level of injury, property damage, and community disruption that might otherwise result from such events.

Local Responsibility
Area (LRA)
Lands in which the financial responsibility of preventing and suppressing fires is primarily the responsibility of the local jurisdiction.

Lowest adjacent
grade (LAG)
Elevation of the lowest natural or re-graded ground surface, or structural fill, that abuts the walls of a building. See Highest adjacent grade.

Lowest floor Under the NFIP, the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including basement) of a structure.

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Lowest horizontal
structural member
In an elevated building, the lowest beam, joist, or other horizontal member that supports the building. Grade beams installed to support vertical foundation members where they enter the ground are not considered lowest horizontal structural members.

Ma Millions of years before present.

Macroburst
A strong downdraft over 2.5 miles in diameter that can cause damaging winds lasting 5 to 20 minutes. Formed by an area of significantly raincooled air that after hitting ground levels spreads out in all directions.

Magnitude
A measure of the strength of a hazard event. The magnitude (also referred to as severity) of a given hazard event is usually determined using technical measures specific to the hazard.

Main shock
The biggest earthquake in a sequence of earthquakes that occur fairly close in time and space. Smaller shocks before the main shock are called foreshocks; smaller shocks that occur after the main shock are called aftershocks.

Major earthquake
Capable of widespread, heavy damage up to 50+ miles from epicenter; generally near magnitude range 6.5 to 7.0 or greater, but can be less, depending on rupture mechanism, depth of earthquake, location relative to urban centers, etc.

Manufactured home
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which is built on a permanent chassis and is designed for use with or without a permanent foundation when attached to the required utilities. The term “manufactured home” does not include a “recreational vehicle.”
Marsh Wetland dominated by herbaceous or non-woody plants often developing in shallow ponds or depressions, river margins, tidal areas, and estuaries.

Masonry Built-up construction of combination of building units or materials of clay, shale, concrete, glass, gypsum, stone, or other
Mass casualty Incident in which the number of victims exceeds the capability of the emergency management system to manage the incident effectively.

Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS) See Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Maximum Considered
Earthquake (MCE)
Starting with the 2006 International Building Code, a probabilistic analysis used for seismic design that calculates the earthquake size that would generate ground motions with a 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years (approximately equivalent to a 2,500-year return period).

Maximum
Contaminant Level
(MCL)
Federal drinking water standard: “the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 141.2).

Maximum Magnitude
Earthquake (Mmax)
The highest magnitude earthquake a fault is capable of producing based on physical limitations, such as the length of the fault or fault segment.

Maximum Probable
Earthquake (MPE)
The design size of the earthquake expected to occur within a time frame of interest, for example within 30 years or 100 years, depending on the purpose, lifetime or importance of the facility. Magnitude/frequency relationships are based on historic seismicity, fault slip rates, or mathematical models. The more critical the facility, the longer the time period considered.

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Mean sea level (MSL)
Average height of the sea for all stages of the tide, usually determined from hourly height observations over a 19-year period on an open coast or in adjacent waters having free access to the sea. See National Geodetic Vertical Datum.

Mediterranean
climate
The climate characteristic of the Mediterranean region and most of California, characterized by hot, dry summers, and cool, wet winters.

Metal roof panel Interlocking metal sheet having a minimum installed weather exposure of 3 square feet per sheet.

Metal roof shingle Interlocking metal sheet having an installed weather exposure less than 3 square feet per sheet.

Metamorphic rock
A rock whose original mineralogy, texture, or composition has been changed due to the effects of pressure, temperature, or the gain or loss of chemical components.

Microburst
A very localized zone of sinking air, less than 2.5 miles in diameter, producing damaging, straight-line, divergent winds at or near the ground surface lasting 2 to 5 minutes.

Microseismic
Pertaining to the faint earth tremors or small earthquakes (microseisms) that are part of the dominant background seismic noise signal on Earth caused by natural phenomena.

Mitigation Any action taken to reduce or permanently eliminate the long-term risk to life and property from natural hazards.

Mitigation directorate
Component of Federal Emergency Management Agency directly responsible for administering the flood hazard identification and floodplain management aspects of the National Flood Insurance Program.

Mitigation plan
A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of natural and human-made hazards typically present in the region of study, including a description of actions to minimize future vulnerability to those hazards.

Mobile homes
Prefabricated housing units that are placed on isolated piers, jackstands, or masonry block foundations (usually without any positive anchorage).

Sometimes also referred to as manufactured homes.

Moderate earthquake
Capable of causing considerable to severe damage, generally in the range of Magnitude 5.0 to 6.0 (Modified Mercalli Intensity <VI), but highly dependent on rupture mechanism, depth of earthquake, and location relative to urban center, etc.

Modified Mercalli
Intensity
A qualitative measure of the size of an earthquake based on people’s description of how strongly the earthquake was felt, and the damage it caused to the built environment. The scale has 12 divisions, ranging from I (felt by only a very few people) to XII (total damage).

Moment magnitude
(seismic moment, Mw)
A measure of earthquake size that is based on the amount of energy released when a fault ruptures. Considered the most meaningful and thus preferred measure of earthquake size.

Monsoon
A seasonal reversing wind that is accompanied by precipitation. In North America, the monsoon occurs between late June and early September; starts in Mexico and spreads northward into Arizona, New Mexico, West Texas, Nevada, Utah, Colorado and eastern California.

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Mutual Aid
Agreement
A reciprocal aid agreement between two or more agencies that defines what resources each will provide to the other in response to certain predetermined types of emergencies. Mutual aid response is provided upon request.

National Fire
Protection
Association (NFPA)
A group that issues fire and safety standards for industry and emergency responders.

National Fire Incident
Reporting System
(NFIRS)
A database of fire incident reports compiled at the local fire department level. NFIRS was an outgrowth of the 1974 National Fire Prevention and Control Act, Public Law 93–498. The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA), an entity of the Department of Homeland Security, developed NFIRS as a means of assessing the nature and scope of the fire problem in the United States.

National Flood
Insurance Program
(NFIP)
Federal program created by Congress in 1968 that makes flood insurance available in communities that enact and enforce satisfactory floodplain management regulations.

National Geodetic
Vertical Datum of
1929 (NGVD)
Datum established in 1929 historically used as a basis for measuring flood, ground, and structural elevations, previously referred to as Sea Level Datum or Mean Sea Level. The Base Flood Elevations shown on most of the Flood Insurance Rate Maps issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency are referenced to NGVD or, more recently, to the North American Vertical Datum.

National Weather
Service (NWS)
Prepares and issues flood, severe weather, and coastal storm warnings and can provide technical assistance to Federal and state entities in preparing weather and flood warning plans.

Natural attenuation
Reduction in mass or concentration of a compound in groundwater over time or distance from the source of constituents of concern due to naturally occurring physical, chemical, and biological processes, such as biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, adsorption, and volatilization.

Naturally decayresistant wood
Wood whose composition provides it with some measure of resistance to decay and attack by insects, without preservative treatment (e.g., heartwood of cedar, black locust, black walnut, and redwood).

Near-field earthquake
Used to describe a local earthquake within approximately a few fault zone widths of the causative fault which is characterized by high frequency waveforms that are destructive to above-ground utilities and short period structures (less than about two or three stories).

New construction
For the purpose of determining flood insurance rates under the National Flood Insurance Program, structures for which the start of construction commenced on or after the effective date of the initial Flood Insurance Rate Map or after December 31, 1974, whichever is later, including any subsequent improvements to such structures. (See Post-FIRM structure.) For floodplain management purposes, new construction means structures for which the start of construction commenced on or after the effective date of a floodplain management regulation adopted by a community and includes any subsequent improvements to such structures.

Nitrite and nitrate
Nitrogen-oxygen combinations that occur in several organic and inorganic compounds. High concentrations of nitrites in drinking water can pose serious health hazards, especially to infants.

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Non-coastal A zone
The portion of the Special Flood Hazard Area in which the principal source of flooding is runoff from rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of both. In non-coastal A zones, flood waters may move slowly or rapidly, but waves are usually not a significant threat to buildings. See A zone and coastal A zone. (Note: the National Flood Insurance Program regulations do not differentiate between non-coastal A zones and coastal A zones.) Non-load-bearing
wall
Wall that does not support vertical loads other than its own weight. See Load-bearing wall.

Nor'easter An extra-tropical cyclone producing gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy snow or rain.

North American
Vertical Datum
(NAVD)
Datum used as a basis for measuring flood, ground, and structural elevations. NAVD is used in many recent Flood Insurance Studies rather than the National Geodetic Vertical Datum.

Objective A measurable step to take to achieve a strategy.

Oblique-slip fault A fault that combines some strike-slip (horizontal) motion with some dipslip (vertical) motion.

Oblique – reverse
fault
A fault that combines some strike-slip motion with some dip-slip motion in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up over the lower block.

Offset ridge A ridge that is discontinuous on account of faulting.

Offset stream A stream displaced laterally or vertically by faulting One hundred (100)-
year flood
See Base flood.

Oriented strand board
(OSB)
Mat-formed wood structural panel product composed of thin rectangular wood strands or wafers arranged in oriented layers and bonded with waterproof adhesive.

Outflow Follows water inundation creating strong currents that rip at structures and pound them with debris, and erode beaches and coastal structures.

Paleoseismic Pertaining to an earthquake or earth vibration that happened decades, centuries, or millennia ago.

Pandemic An epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region, multiple continents, or worldwide.

Paralic
Marine and non-marine deposits, typically interfingered, that generally occur on the landward side of a coastline, or in an area sporadically invaded by sea water.

Particulate matter
Particles or solids or liquids in the air. Typically reported as PM10- consisting of fine particles that are 10 micrometers or less in diameter- and PM2.5-particles that are 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter.

Peak flood The highest discharge or stage value of a flood.

Peak Ground
Acceleration (PGA)
The greatest amplitude of acceleration measured for a single frequency on an earthquake accelerogram. The maximum horizontal ground motion generated by an earthquake. The measure of this motion is the acceleration of gravity (equal to 32 feet per second squared, or 980 centimeter per second squared), and generally expressed as a percentage of gravity.

Pedogenic Pertaining to soil formation.

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Perched groundwater Unconfined groundwater separated from an underlying main body of ground water by an unsaturated zone.

Peak flood The highest discharge or stage value of a flood.

Perchlorates
Negatively charged molecules highly persistent in the environment that can displace the iodide molecule in the thyroid gland, leaving to hypothyroidism in adults, and impaired development in infants.

Perennial stream A stream that flows continuously throughout the year.

Planimetric Describes maps that indicate only human-made features like buildings.

Planning The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social or economic unit.

Playa
Term used in the Southwestern US to describe a flat-floored, typically unvegetated area composed of thin, stratified sheets of fine clay, silt or sand that represent the bottom or central part of a shallow, completely closed or undrained desert lake basin where water accumulates after a rainstorm and quickly evaporates, leaving behind deposits of soluble salts.

Pleistocene
Geologic epoch that lasted from about 2.58 million years ago to 11,700 years ago, spanning the most recent period of repeated glaciations. See Holocene and Quaternary entries also.

Plutonic Pertaining to igneous rocks formed at great depth.

Plywood
Wood structural panel composed of plies of wood veneer arranged in cross-aligned layers. The plies are bonded with an adhesive that cures on application of heat and pressure.

Polyfluoroalkyl
substances (PFAs)
Group of compounds containing carbon to fluorine chemical bonds that are manufactured and used to enhance the repellency of water, grease, and soil in consumer products. These chemicals are very stable and resistant to environmental degradation, and readily absorbed but not readily eliminated from the human body. Long-term exposure can cause harmful health effects to a developing fetus or infant, suppress the immune system, disrupt thyroid function, increase liver weight, and lead to cancer.

Pore pressure The stress transmitted by the fluid that fills the voids between particles of a soil or rock mass.

Post foundation
Foundation consisting of vertical support members set in holes and backfilled with compacted material. Posts are usually made of wood and usually must be braced. Posts are also known as columns, but columns are usually made of concrete or masonry.

Post-FIRM structure
For purposes of determining insurance rates under the National Flood Insurance Program, structures for which the start of construction commenced on or after the effective date of an initial Flood Insurance Rate Map or after December 31, 1974, whichever is later, including any subsequent improvements to such structures. This term should not be confused with the term new construction as it is used in floodplain management.

Pounding
The crashing of buildings next to each other as they sway and deflect in response to strong ground shaking. This can result in significant damage to the structures, especially if the floors are at different elevations, such that a reinforced floor hits the columns of an adjacent building.

Precast concrete Structural concrete element cast elsewhere than its final position in the structure. See Cast-in-place concrete.

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Pre-Holocene fault A fault that last ruptured the ground surface more than 11,700 years ago.

Preparedness Actions that strengthen the capability of government, people, and communities to respond to disasters.

Prescribed fire A fire ignited under known conditions of fuel, weather, and topography to achieve specific objectives.

Pressure-treated wood
Wood impregnated under pressure with compounds that reduce the susceptibility of the wood to flame spread or to deterioration caused by fungi, insects, or marine borers.

Primary fault rupture Fissuring and displacement of the ground surface along a fault that breaks in an earthquake.

Probabilistic seismic
hazard analysis
(PSHA)
An analytical method used to quantify the rate (or probability) of exceeding various ground-motion levels at a site (or a map of sites) given all possible earthquakes.

Probability of
occurrence
A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur.

Generally based on past hazard events and a forecast of events that could occur in the future.

Project
A development application involving zone changes, variances, conditional use permits, tentative parcel maps, tentative tract maps, and plan amendments.

Public Safety Power
Shutoff (PSPS)
An intentional shutdown of electrical power in an area because of hazardous weather conditions which could contribute to the possibility of wildfires.

Quaternary The second period of the Cenozoic era, consisting of the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs; covers the last approximately two million years.

Rain shadow
A reduction in precipitation in an area on the leeward side of a mountain or range of mountains, caused by the release of moisture on the windward side.

Recovery
Restoring, redeveloping and revitalizing the health, social, economic, natural and environmental fabric of a community during and following a disaster.

Recurrence interval
The time between earthquakes of a given magnitude, or within a given magnitude range, on a specific fault or within a specific area. More generally, a measure based on the probability that a given hazard event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year based on past occurrences (called the return period).

Reinforced concrete Structural concrete reinforced with steel bars.

Remedial action
Long-term responses at sites in the National Priorities List (NPL) with the objective of permanently and significantly reducing the risk associated with the past release of hazardous substances at these sites.

Remote shutoff Valve that can be used to shut off the flow of a substance or chemical from a location away from the spill or break.

Removal action
Short-term responses, often to address emergency situations that require a prompt response, such as the finding of abandoned drums containing hazardous materials or soils contaminated with a substance that poses an acute risk to human health or the environment.

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Repetitive loss
property
A property that is currently insured for which two or more National Flood Insurance Program losses (occurring more than ten days apart) of at least $1000 each have been paid within any 10-year period since 1978.

Replacement value
The cost of rebuilding a structure. This is usually expressed in terms of cost per square foot, and reflects the present-day cost of labor and materials to construct a building of a particular size, type and quality.

Reportable quantity
A term used by the EPA and the Department of Transportation (DOT) to denote a quantity of chemicals that require some kind of action, such as reporting an inventory or reporting an accident involving a certain amount of chemicals.

Representative
Concentration
Pathways (RCPs)
Greenhouse gas concentration trajectories adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that represent different scenarios based on whether or not emissions are curtailed and mitigated.

The RCP numbers (2.6, 4.5…8.5) refer to the range of radiative forcing values in the year 2100 that affect global warming and climate change.

Radiative forcing is the change in the net radiative flux [energy measured in watts per square meter (W m− 2)] at the tropopause or top of atmosphere due to a change in an external driver of climate change such as a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide or changes in solar energy output. A low RCP number represents an aggressive reduction of emissions that in turn resolves into a lower temperature increase in 2100 relative to pre-industrial worldwide temperatures.

Resilience
The capacity of people, organizations, or systems to adapt to changing conditions and withstand and/or rapidly recover from disruption due to an emergency.

Resonance
Amplification of ground motion frequencies within bands matching the natural frequency of a structure and often causing partial or complete structural collapse; effects may demonstrate minor damage to single-story residential structures while adjacent 3- or 4-story buildings may collapse because of corresponding frequencies, or vice versa.

Response spectra The range of potentially damaging frequencies of a given earthquake applied to a specific site and for a particular building or structure.

Response time
The time that elapses between the moment a 911 call is placed to the emergency dispatch center and the time that a first-responder arrives on scene. Response time includes dispatch time, turnout time (the time it takes firefighters to travel to the fire station, don their personal protection equipment, and prepare the apparatus), and travel time.

Retrofit
Any change made to an existing structure to reduce or eliminate damage to that structure from flooding, erosion, high winds, earthquakes, or other hazards.

Revetment
Facing of stone, cement, sandbags, or other materials placed on an earthen wall or embankment to protect it from erosion or scour caused by flood waters or wave action.

Richter scale
A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude devised by seismologist C.F.

Richter in 1935. Seismologists no longer use this magnitude scale because of limitations in how it measures large earthquakes, and prefer instead to use moment magnitude as a measure of the energy released during an earthquake.

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Ridgetop shattering
An earthquake-induced type of ground failure that occurs along at or along the top of ridges, forming linear, fault-like fissures, and leaving the area looking like it was plowed.

Right-lateral fault 0BA strike-slip fault across which a viewer would see the block on the opposite side of the fault move to the right.

Riprap Broken stone, cut stone blocks, or rubble that is placed on slopes to protect them from erosion or scour caused by flood waters or wave action.

Risk
The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse condition that causes injury or damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, moderate or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the intensity of the hazard.

Risk assessment
Process of measuring the potential loss of life, personal injury, economic injury, and property damage resulting from hazards. This process assesses the vulnerability of people, buildings, and infrastructure to hazards.

Risk ranking Process to score and rank hazards based on the probability that they will occur and the impact that they will have if they do occur.

Riverine Of or produced by a river.

Rockfall Free-falling to tumbling mass of bedrock that has broken off steep canyon walls or cliffs.

Rogue wave
Unusually large and unpredictable surface wave that can be damaging to ships and coastal structures. What causes rogue waves to form is not completely understood, but recent modeling suggests that linear superposition can cause a wave to draw energy from other nearby waves and briefly become very large. Also referred to as freak waves, monster waves, killer waves, extreme waves and abnormal waves; these names allude to how these waves are unusual and dangerous.

Roof deck Flat or sloped roof surface not including its supporting members or vertical supports.

Rotational landslide
Landslide that occurs along a curved or spoon-shaped surface. Backtilting may occur near the scarp (top) of the landslide and there is often a toe of displaced material at the base. Rotational slides often occur because the internal strength of the material is overcome by its own weight.

Runway Protection
Zone (RPZ)
Trapezoidal-shaped areas at ground level off the end of an airport runway that serves to enhance the protection of people and property on the ground in the event an aircraft lands or crashes beyond the runway end. The dimensions of RPZs vary depending upon the type of landing approach that is available (visual, non-precision, precision) and the characteristics of the aircraft (size, weight, approach speed).

Safety Data Sheet
(SDS)
Information sheets for employees that provide specific information about a chemical that they may come in contact at their place of work, with attention to health effects, handling, and emergency procedures.

Sand boil
An accumulation of sand resembling a miniature volcano or low volcanic mound produced by the expulsion of liquefied sand to the sediment surface. Also called sand blows, and sand volcanoes.

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Sandstone
A medium-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of abundant rounded or angular fragments of sand size set in a fine-grained matrix and more or less firmly united by a cementing material.

Santa Ana (or
Santana) wind
Strong, typically extremely dry offshore winds that characteristically blow through southern California and northern Baja California in late fall and winter. They typically originate in the Great Basin or upper Mojave Desert, and can be either hot or cold. The winds tend to funnel down the valleys and canyons, where gusts can attain speeds of 60 to 90 miles per hour (mph). Several devastating wildfires in southern California have been associated with Santa Ana winds.

Saturated Said of the condition in which the interstices of a material are filled with a liquid, usually water.

Scale
A proportion used in determining a dimensional relationship; the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance between the two points on the earth's surface.

Scarp A steep slope. A line of cliffs produced by faulting or by erosion. The term is an abbreviated form of escarpment.

Schist A metamorphic rock characterized by a preferred orientation in grains resulting in the rock’s ability to be split into thin flakes or slabs.

Scour
Removal of soil or fill material by the flow of floodwaters. The term is frequently used to describe storm-induced, localized conical erosion around pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of flow increases turbulence.

Sea level rise (SLR)
The rise in global mean sea level due to the added water from melting glaciers and the thermal expansion of seawater as a result of higher water temperatures.

Secondary fault
rupture
Ground surface displacements along faults other than the main traces of active regional faults.

Sediment
Solid fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks and is transported or deposited by air, water, ice, or that accumulates by other natural agents, such as chemical precipitation from solution, and that forms in layers on the Earth's surface in a loose, unconsolidated form.

Sedimentary rock
Type of rock composed of material deposited at the Earth’s surface or at the bottom of bodies of water by the actions of water, wind, gravity, or ice. Sedimentary rocks generally differ from sediment in that the individual particles have been partially or fully cemented together by clay, silica, calcium carbonate or some other material, giving the rock strength.

Seiche
A free or standing-wave oscillation of the surface of water in an enclosed or semi-enclosed basin (such as a lake, bay, or harbor), that is initiated chiefly by local changes in atmospheric pressure, aided by winds, tidal currents, and earthquakes, and that continues, pendulum-fashion, for a time after cessation of the originating force.

Seismic moment
A measure of the size of an earthquake that is associated with the amount of energy released (the force that was necessary to overcome the friction along the fault plane), the area of the fault rupture, and the average amount of slip.

Seismicity Describes the likelihood of an area being subject to earthquakes.

Seismogenic Capable of producing earthquake activity.

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Seismograph An instrument that detects, magnifies, and records vibrations of the Earth, especially earthquakes. The resulting record is a seismogram.

Sensitivity
In regards to climate change, it refers to characteristics of a population or system that are dependent on specific environmental conditions, and the degree to which the population or system will likely be affected by climate change (e.g., temperature or hydrological requirements).

Shear wall Load-bearing wall or non-load-bearing wall that transfers in-plane lateral forces from lateral loads acting on a structure to its foundation.

Sheet flow
An overland flow or downslope movement of water taking the form of a thin, continuous film over relatively smooth soil or rock surfaces, and not concentrated into channels larger than rills.

Shutter ridge That portion of an offset ridge that blocks or “shutters” the adjacent canyon.

Significant hazard
dam
Dam that if it fails can cause economic loss, environmental damage, or disruption of lifeline facilities, or that can impact other concerns, but not necessarily cause the loss of life.

Sidehill fill A wedge of artificial fill typically placed on the side of a natural slope to create a roadway or a level building pad.

Silt
A rock fragment or detrital particle smaller than a very fine sand grain and larger than coarse clay, having a diameter in the range of 1/256 to 1/16 mm (4-62 microns, or 0.00016-0.0025 in.). An indurated silt having the texture and composition of shale but lacking its fine lamination is called a siltstone.

Single Event Noise
Exposure Level
(SENEL)
The sound level produced by a single aircraft at a particular measuring point, recorded during the duration of that event.

Single-ply membrane Roofing membrane that is field-applied with one layer of membrane material (either homogeneous or composite) rather than multiple layers.

Slip rate
The speed at which a fault is moving, typically expressed in millimeters per year (mm/yr), and generally estimated by measuring the amount of offset that has occurred in a given, known amount of time.

Slope creep Deformation and movement of the outer soil or rock that covers a slope due to the forces of gravity overcoming the shear strength of the material.

Slope ratio
Refers to the angle or gradient of a slope as the ratio of horizontal units to vertical units. For example, in a 2:1 slope, for every two horizontal units, there is a vertical rise of one unit (equal to a slope angle, from the horizontal, of 26.6 degrees).

Slopewash The movement of soil and rock down a slope by rain.

Slump A landslide characterized by a shearing and rotary movement of a generally independent mass of rock or earth along a curved slip surface.

Social vulnerability
index (SVI)
A measure established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and adopted by FEMA to rate the ability of a community to respond to natural and human-caused disasters that is based on social factors such as poverty, age, level of education, access to a vehicle and smart phone, etc.

These values are assigned at the county, city and census tract level and range from 0 (low) to 1 (high).

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Soft-story building
Building with a story, generally the ground or first floor, lacking adequate strength or toughness due to too few shear walls. Examples of this type of structure include apartments above glass-fronted stores, and buildings perched atop parking garages.

Soil horizon A layer of soil that is distinguishable from adjacent layers by characteristic physical properties such as structure, color, or texture.

Special Flood Hazard
Area (SFHA)
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, an area having special flood, mudslide (i.e., mudflow) and/or flood-related erosion hazards, and shown on a Flood Hazard Boundary Map or Flood Insurance Rate Map as Zone A, AO, A1-A30, AE, A99, AH, V, V1-V30, VE, M or E.

Stafford Act
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL 100-107 was signed into law November 23, 1988 and amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93-288. The Stafford Act is the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities, especially as they pertain to FEMA and its programs.

Stakeholder
Business leaders, civic groups, academia, non-profit organizations, major employers, managers of critical facilities, farmers, developers, special purpose districts, and others whose actions could impact hazard mitigation efforts.

Standardized
Emergency
Management System
(SEMS)
(Government Code § 8607). The group of principles developed for coordinating state and local emergency response in California. SEMS provides for organization of a multiple-level emergency response, and is intended to structure and facilitate the flow of emergency information and resources within and between the organizational levels--the field response, local government, operational areas, regions and the state management level. SEMS incorporates by reference: the Incident Command System (ICS); multi-agency or inter-agency coordination; the State's Mutual Aid Program; and Operational Areas.

Start of construction
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, date the building permit was issued, provided the actual start of construction, repair, reconstruction, rehabilitation, addition placement, or other improvement was within 180 days of the permit date. The actual start means either the first placement of permanent construction of a structure on a site, such as the pouring of slab or footings, the installation of piles, the construction of columns, or any work beyond the stage of excavation; or the placement of a manufactured home on a foundation. Permanent construction does not include land preparation, such as clearing, grading, and filling; nor does it include the installation of streets and/or walkways; nor does it include excavation for a basement, footings, piers, or foundations or the erection of temporary forms; nor does it include the installation on the property of accessory buildings, such as garages or sheds not occupied as dwelling units or not part of the main structure. For a substantial improvement, the actual start of construction means the first alteration of any wall, ceiling, floor, or other structural part of a building, whether or not that alteration affects the external dimensions of the building.

State Coordinating
Agency
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, the agency of the state government, or other office designated by the Governor of the state or by state statute to assist in the implementation of the National Flood Insurance Program in that state.

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State Hazard
Mitigation Officer
(SHMO)
The representative of state government who is the primary point of contact with FEMA, other state and Federal agencies, and local units of government in the planning and implementation of pre- and post-disaster mitigation activities.

State Responsibility
Area (SRA)
Per California Public Resources Code 4125-4127, the lands in which the State has primary financial responsibility for preventing and suppressing fires.

Stillwater elevation
Projected elevation that flood waters would assume, referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum, North American Vertical Datum, or other datum, in the absence of waves resulting from wind or seismic effects.

Storage capacity Dam storage measured in acre-feet or decameters, including dead storage.

Strandline Shoreline, especially one above current sea level.

Strike-slip fault A fault with a vertical to sub-vertical fault surface that displays evidence of horizontal and opposite displacement.

Structural concrete All concrete used for structural purposes, including plain concrete and reinforced concrete.

Structural engineer A licensed civil engineer certified by the State as qualified to design and supervise the construction of engineered structures.

Structural fill Fill compacted to a specified density to provide structural support or protection to a structure. See Fill.

Structure
Something constructed, such as a building, or part of one. For floodplain management purposes under the National flood Insurance Program, a walled and roofed building, including a gas or liquid storage tank, that is principally above ground, as well as a manufactured home. For insurance coverage purposes under the NFIP, structure means a walled and roofed building, other than a gas or liquid storage tank, that is principally above ground and affixed to a permanent site, as well as a manufactured home on a permanent foundation. For the latter purpose, the term includes a building while in the course of construction, alteration, or repair, but does not include building materials or supplies intended for use in such construction, alteration, or repair, unless such materials or supplies are within an enclosed building on the premises.

Subdrain
An underground pipe or network of piping used to remove water from areas that collect or retain surface water or groundwater. A subdrain system is typically installed behind concrete or masonry walls built to retain a vertical slope face (retaining wall), to prevent the buildup of hydrostatic pressure behind the wall, which would in time make it fail.

Subsidence The sudden sinking or gradual downward settling of the Earth's surface with little or no horizontal motion.

Superfund
Amendments and
Reauthorization Act
(SARA)
Law that regulates a number of environmental issues, predominantly for the chemical inventory reporting by industry to the local community.

Surficial failure Type of slope failure that impacts the near-surface soil and weathered rock face, typically in response to the effects of gravity and precipitation.

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Substantial damage
Damage of any origin sustained by a structure in a Special Flood Hazard Area whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before-damaged condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the damage.

Substantial
improvement
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, any reconstruction, rehabilitation, addition, or other improvement of a structure, the cost of which equals or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the start of construction of the improvement. This term includes structures, which have incurred substantial damage, regardless of the actual repair work performed. The term does not, however, include either (1) any project for improvement of a structure to correct existing violations of state or local health, sanitary, or safety code specifications which have been identified by the local code enforcement official and which are the minimum necessary to assure safe living conditions, or (2) any alteration of a “historic structure,” provided that the alteration will not preclude the structure’s continued designation as a “historic structure.” Super typhoon A typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph or more.

Surface faulting
The differential movement of two sides of a fracture – in other words, the location where the ground breaks apart. The length, width, and displacement of the ground characterize surface faults.

Surface fault rupture Offset of the ground surface when a fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface.

Surficial failure Type of slope failure that impacts the near-surface soil and weathered rock face, typically in response to the effects of gravity and precipitation.

Surge See Storm surge.

Sustainability
Strategy for improving the quality of life while preserving the environmental potential for the future. Refers to the preservation of resources, including physical, social, economic, environmental, historical, and cultural, for the benefit of future generations.

Swale In hillside terrace, a shallow drainage channel, typically with a rounded depression or “hollow” at the head.

Talus The cone-shaped accumulation of angular fragments of rock or soil at the base of a cliff that has experienced rockfalls.

Target fire hazard
A facility or structure within a fire department’s jurisdiction that if it caught fire, it could overwhelm the fire department’s fire response capabilities.

Target hazards typically include industrial buildings, facilities that use, store or manufacture hazardous materials, high-occupancy facilities, and structures that house sensitive populations, like schools and hospitals.

Tectonic plate
Torsionally rigid, thin segments of the earth's lithosphere that may be assumed to move horizontally and adjoin other plates. It is the friction between plate boundaries that cause seismic activity.

Teletsunami
Tsunami that originates from a distant source, generally defined as more than 1,000 km (620 miles) away or at least three-hours travel across the ocean from its source to the area of interest. Teletsunamis are usually caused by earthquakes of magnitudes higher than 7.5.

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Thirty (30)-year
erosion setback
A state or local requirement that prohibits new construction and certain improvements and repairs to existing coastal buildings located in an area expected to be lost to shoreline retreat over a 30-year period. The inland extent of the area is equal to 30 times the average annual long-term recession rate at a site, measured from a reference feature.

Thrust fault A fault, with a relatively shallow dip, in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up over the lower block.

Thunderstorm A weather condition that develops when warm, moist air meets a cold front, producing strong winds, and sometimes tornadoes and hail.

Topographic
Characterizes maps that show natural features and indicate the physical shape of the land using contour lines. These maps may also include human-made features.

Topple
A type of gross slope failure that involves the forward rotation and movement of a mass of rock, earth or debris out of a slope. This kind of slope failure generally occurs around an axis (or point) at or near the base of the block of rock.

Tornado A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.

Transform system A system in which faults of plate-boundary dimensions transform into another plate-boundary structure when it ends.

Translational
landslide
Landslide where the downslope movement of material occurs along a distinctly planar surface, such as a bedding plane, joint or fault.

Transpression In crustal deformation, an intermediate stage between compression and strike-slip motion; it occurs in zones with oblique compression.

Tropical cyclone A generic term for a cyclonic, low-pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters.

Tropical depression A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of less than 39 mph.

Tropical disturbance
Tropical cyclone that maintains its identity for at least 24 hours and is marked by moving thunderstorms and with slight or no rotary circulation at the water surface. Winds are not strong. It is a common phenomenon in the tropics and is the first discernable stage in the development of a hurricane.

Tropical storm A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds greater than 39 mph and less than 74 mph.

Tsunami Great sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption.

Turbidite
Deep marine geologic deposit characterized by a fining-upward sequence, from pebble conglomerate at the bottom to fine-grained shale at the top. These sediments are transported and deposited by low density flows or turbidity currents. Turbidites typically exhibit several finingupward intervals, each representative of one flow event.

Typhoon
A special category of tropical cyclone peculiar to the western North Pacific Basin, frequently affecting areas in the vicinity of Guam and the North Mariana Islands. Typhoons whose maximum sustained winds attain or exceed 150 mph are called super typhoons.

Unconfined aquifer Aquifer in which the upper surface of the saturated zone is free to rise and fall.

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Unconsolidated
sediments
A deposit that is loosely arranged or unstratified, or whose particles are not cemented together, occurring either at the surface or at depth.

Underground Storage
Tank (UST)
Tank, commonly used to store gasoline, diesel or other chemical, that is buried under the ground.

Undermining
Process whereby the vertical component of erosion or scour exceeds the depth of the base of a building foundation or the level below which the bearing strength of at the foundation is compromised.

Unreinforced
Masonry (URM)
Structure
Structures in which there is no steel reinforcement within the masonry walls. The definition of an unreinforced masonry building can vary among jurisdictions. Some cities classify unreinforced infill walls within a reinforced frame as a URM while others classify unreinforced exterior veneers on to a wood frame as URMs.

Uplift
Hydrostatic pressure caused by water under a building. It can be strong enough lift a building off its foundation, especially when the building is not properly anchored to its foundation.

Upper bound
earthquake
The ground motion with a 10% chance of exceedance in 100 years, with a statistical return period of 949 years.

Variance Under the National Flood Insurance Program, grant of relief by a community from the terms of a floodplain management regulation.

Violation
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, the failure of a structure or other development to be fully compliant with the community’s floodplain management regulations. A structure or other development without the elevation certificate, other certifications, or other evidence of compliance required in Sections 60.3(b)(5), (c)(4), (c)(10), (d)(3), (e)(2), (e)(4), or (e)(5) of the NFIP regulations is presumed to be in violation until such time as that documentation is provided.

Volcanic rocks Rocks formed from lava erupted from a volcano. They are very common in the oceans, and at plate boundaries.

Vulnerability
Describes how exposed or susceptible to damage an asset is. Vulnerability depends on an asset's construction, contents, and the economic value of its functions. Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the community is often related to the vulnerability of another. For example, many businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power – if an electric substation is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and damaging than direct ones.

Vulnerability
assessment
The extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built environment.

V zone
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, these are coastal areas with a 1% or greater chance of flooding and an additional hazard associated with storm waves. These areas have a 26% chance of being flooded over the life of a 30-year mortgage, and as a result, property owners in the V zone are required to buy flood insurance. No base elevations are shown within these zones.

Watershed A topographically defined region draining into a particular water course.

Waterspout Tornado that forms over water.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix E
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Glossary Page E - 36
Water surface
elevation
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, the height, in relation to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (or other datum, where specified), of floods of various magnitudes and frequencies in the floodplains of coastal or riverine areas.

Water table The upper surface of groundwater saturation of pores and fractures in rock or surficial earth materials.

Water year The 12-month period from October 1 through September 30 of the following year.

Wave Ridge, deformation, or undulation of the water surface.

Wave crest elevation Elevation of the crest of a wave.

Wave height Vertical distance between the wave crest and wave trough.

Wave runup Rush of wave water up a slope or structure.

Wave runup depth Vertical distance between the maximum wave runup elevation and the eroded ground elevation.

Wave runup elevation Elevation, referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum or other datum, reached by wave runup.

Weather
The short-term state of the air or atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, or any other meteorological phenomena.

Wildfire An uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, exposing and possibly consuming structures.

Wildland-urban
interface area (WUI)
The area where wildland approaches or interfaces with the urban environment. Important in fire hazard studies where wildland fires have the potential to impact the built environment.

X zone
Under the National Flood Insurance Program, areas where the flood hazard is less than that in the Special Flood Hazard Area. Shaded X zones shown on recent Flood Insurance Rate Maps (B zones on older maps) designate areas subject to inundation by the 500-year flood. Un-shaded X zones (C zones on older Flood Insurance Rate Maps) designate areas where the annual probability of flooding is less than 0.2 percent.

Zone A geographical area shown on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) that reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area.

Zoning ordinance Ordinance that designates allowable land use and intensities for a local jurisdiction.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix F
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Los Angeles Area Disasters Page F - 1
APPENDIX F: LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CA
AREA DISASTERS SINCE 1950
Disaster Name Disaster
# Year
CA Counties
(or Cities)
Declared
State
Proclamation or
Federal Declaration
Date
# of
Deaths
# of
Injuries
Cost of
Damage
(see notes at end)
Floods OCD
50-01
1950 Statewide 11/21/1950 9 $32.2 million
Flood and
Erosion
DR-15 1954 Statewide 02/05/1954 - - Not available
Fire, Flood, and
Erosion
DR-28 1954 Los Angeles, San Bernardino 02/05/1954 - - Not available Floods DR-47 1955 Statewide 12/22/55 74 - $200 million
Fires DR-65 1956 Los Angeles (Malibu area),
Ventura
12/29/1956 1 Several
hundred
$70 million
Fires CDO
58-01
1958 Los Angeles 01/03/1958 1 23 Not available
Storms &
Flooding
DR-82 1958 Statewide 04/02/1958 13 several $24 million
Potential Flood
Damage and
Landsides as a
Result of Fires
CDO
59-01
1959 Los Angeles 01/08/1959 - - Not available
Major and
Widespread Fires
N/A 1960 Los Angeles, San Bernardino 07/21-22/1960 12 $10 million Bel Air Fires DR-119 1961 Los Angeles 11/16/1961 103 $50-$100 million Flood and
Rainstorm
DR-122 1962 Los Angeles, Ventura 02/16/1962
02/23/1962
03/06/1962
- - Not available
Severe storms
and Flooding
DR-138 1962 Statewide 10/24/1962 - - Not available
Severe storms,
Heavy rains and
Flooding
DR-145 1963 Statewide 02/25/1963 - - Not available
Baldwin Hills
Dam Failure
DR-161 1963 Los Angeles 12/16/1963 5 27 $5.2 million
Abnormally
Heavy and
Continuous
Rainfall
N/A 1963 Northern California (boundaries
of San Luis Obispo, Ventura, Los
Angeles, and San Bernardino
counties to the Oregon State Line
2/14/1964 Not Available
Major
Widespread Fires
(Weldon Fire)
N/A 1964 Los Angeles 03/16/1964 - - $2 million
Storms N/A 1964 Los Angeles 04/03/1964 $1.6 million
Seismic Sea Wave
(Tsunami –
Alaska EQ)
DR-169 1964 Statewide 04/01/1964 13 - $20 million
Watts Riots N/A 1965 Los Angeles 08/14/1965 34 1,032 $445 million Flooding and
Landslides
Caused by Heavy
Rains
N/A 1965 Los Angeles (Burbank, Los
Angeles)
01/05/1965 - - Not available
Slide Damage N/A 1965 Los Angeles (City of Los Angeles, Pacific Palisades area)
06/21/1965 - - $6.5 million
Major and
Widespread Fires
N/A 1967 Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego,
Ventura
01/07/1967 - - $11.3 million
Santa Barbara
Major Oil Spill
N/A 1969 Coastal Areas of Southern
California
- - - Not available
1969 Storms DR-253 1969 Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo,
Fresno, Inyo, Riverside, San
Bernardino, Santa Barbara, Tulare,
Ventura, Amador, El Dorado,
Kern, Kings, Madera, Modoc,
Mono, Monterey, Orange, Placer,
1/23/69, 1/25,69,
1/28/69, 1/29/69,
2/8/69, 2/10/69,
2/16/69, 3/12/69
1/26/1969 (Fed)
47 161 $300 million
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix F
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Los Angeles Area Disasters Page F - 2
Disaster Name Disaster
# Year
CA Counties
(or Cities)
Declared
State
Proclamation or
Federal Declaration
Date
# of
Deaths
# of
Injuries
Cost of
Damage
(see notes at end)
Sacramento, San Joaquin, Shasta,
Solano, Stanislaus, Tuolumne,
Mariposa, Merced, Calaveras, San
Benito, Sierra, Contra Costa,
Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma,
Plumas, Tehama, Yuba, Butte,
Marin, Yolo
Slide Damage
Caused by Heavy
Rains and Storms
N/A 1970 Los Angeles (City of Los Angeles) 03/10/1970 - - $8.5 million Statewide Fires DR-295 1970 City of Oakland, and Los Angeles, Ventura, San Diego, Kern, San
Bernardino, Monterey, Riverside
counties
9/24/70, 9/28/70,
10/1/70, 10/2/70,
10/20/70, 11/14/70
09/29/1970 (Fed)
19 - $223.6 million
San Fernando
Earthquake
DR-299 1971 Los Angeles 02/09/1971
(State & Fed)
58 2,000 $484 million
Exotic Newcastle
Disease Epidemic
N/A 1972 Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside,
San Bernardino, San Diego,
Ventura, Santa Barbara
4/10/1972
05/22/1972
- - $10 million
Fires N/A 1973 Los Angeles 07/16/1973 - - $1.3 million
Gasoline
Purchasing
Problems
N/A 1974 Alameda, Contra Costa, Los
Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San
Mateo, Solano, Santa Clara,
Ventura
02/28/1974
03/04/1974
03/10/1974
- - Not available
Fires N/A 1975 Los Angeles 11/24/1975 - - $19.5 million Drought N/A 1976 Alpine, Calaveras, Colusa, Fresno,
Glenn, Madera, Merced, San
Diego, San Joaquin, Solano,
Stanislaus, Sutter, Tuolumne,
Alameda, Butte, Contra Costa,
Kings, Los Angeles, Riverside, San
Luis Obispo, Tulare, Yolo,
Amador, Monterey, Napa,
Nevada, San Benito, San
Bernardino, Tehama, San Mateo,
Marin
02/09/1976
02/13/1976
02/24/1976
03/26/1976
07/06/1976
- - $2.7 billion
1978 Los Angeles
Fire
EM-3067 1978 Los Angeles (City of Los AngelesPacific Palisades, Malibu)10/24/1978 1 - $61.3 million Storms DR-547 1978 Inyo, Mono, San Diego, San Luis
Obispo, Kings, Monterey, Kern,
Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside,
San Bernardino, Santa Barbara,
Tulare, Ventura
03/09/1978
02/27/1978
02/13/1978
14 21 $117.8 million
Gasoline
Shortage
Emergency
N/A 1979 Alameda, Contra Costa, Los
Angeles, Marin, Monterey,
Orange, Riverside, San Francisco,
San Diego, Santa Clara, Santa
Cruz, San Mateo, Ventura, San
Bernardino, Sonoma, Contra
Costa, Los Angeles, Orange, Santa
Clara
05/8/1979
01/13/1979
- - Not available
Fires N/A 1979 Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los
Angeles, El Dorado
09/28/1979
09/21/1979
09/20/1979
- - $10 million
1980 Winter
Storms
DR-615 1980 Santa Barbara, Los Angeles,
Orange, Riverside, Ventura, San
Bernardino, San Diego
02/21/1980
02/07/1980
- - Not available
Southern
California Fires
DR-635 1980 San Bernardino, Los Angeles,
Orange, Riverside
11/18/1980 - - $64.8 million
Mediterranean
Fruit Fly
Infestation
N/A 1981 Contra Costa, Los Angeles, San
Benito, Stanislaus, Santa Cruz, San
Mateo
08/08/1981
09/25/1981
- - $22 million
Dayton Hills Fire N/A 1982 Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura 10/10/1982 - - $19.3 million 1982-83 Winter
Storms and
DR-677
82-18
1982 Contra Costa, San Joaquin,
Sacramento, Marin, San Mateo,
12/08/1982
03/21/1983
- - $523.6 million
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix F
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Los Angeles Area Disasters Page F - 3
Disaster Name Disaster
# Year
CA Counties
(or Cities)
Declared
State
Proclamation or
Federal Declaration
Date
# of
Deaths
# of
Injuries
Cost of
Damage
(see notes at end)
Floods Los Angeles, San Diego, Alameda,
Orange, San Benito, Santa
Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz,
Shasta, Sonoma, Ventura, Trinity,
Colusa, Lake, Mendocino,
Monterey, San Luis Obispo,
Solano, Yolo, Butte, Glenn, Kern,
Kings, San Bernardino, Sutter,
Tehama, Merced, Del Norte,
Fresno, Madera, Napa, Placer,
Riverside, Stanislaus, Tulare,
Humboldt, Mariposa, Nevada,
Yuba
02/09/1983 (Fed)
Mexican Fruit Fly N/A 1983 Los Angeles 11/4/1983 - - Not available High Winds 83-01 1983 Yuba, Los Angeles 03/1983 - - Not available 1983 Floods 83-05 1983 Los Angeles 03/1983 - - Not available Statewide Fires DR-739 1985 San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Monterey, Santa Clara, Santa
Cruz, Ventura, (and City of Los
Angeles)
07/01/1985
07/11/1985
07/18/1985 (Fed)
3 470 $64.8 million
Plane Crash N/A 1986 Los Angeles (Cerritos) 08/31/1986 82 2 Not available Mediterranean
Fruit Fly
N/A 1987 Los Angeles 08/25/1987 - - Not available
Whittier
Earthquake
DR-799
87-01
1987 Los Angeles (Monterey Park,
Whittier), Orange
10/02/1987
10/05/1987
10/07/1987 (Fed)
9 200+ $358 million
Coastal Storms DR-812
87-04
1988 Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego,
Ventura
01/21/1988
02/05/1988 (Fed)
- - Not available
Mediterranean
Fruit Fly
N/A 1988 Los Angeles 07/21/1988 - - Not available
Fire and Wind
Driven Waves
N/A 1988 Los Angeles (Redondo Beach) 06/15/1988 - - $25 million Fires 87-07 1988 Los Angeles 05/1988 - - Not available
Fires/ High
Winds
88-03 1988 Los Angeles 12/09/1988 0 2 $12.4 million
Mediterranean
Fruit Fly
N/A 1989 Los Angeles 08/09/1989 Not available
Upland
Earthquake
89-07 1990 Los Angeles, San Bernardino 03/9/1990
03/13/1990
0 38 $12 million
Mexican Fruit Fly N/A 1990 Los Angeles, San Diego 05/14/1990 - - Not available Santa Barbara
Fires
DR-872
89-08
1990 Los Angeles, Santa Barbara,
Riverside, San Bernardino
06/28/1990
06/29/1990
06/30/1990 (Fed)
3 89 $300 million
Freeze DR-894 1990 Santa Cruz, Fresno, Glenn,
imperial, Kern, Mendocino,
Monterey, Riverside, San Benito,
San Bernardino, San Diego, San
Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara,
Solano, Sonoma, Tulare, Ventura,
Alameda, Butte, Colusa, Los
Angeles, Madera, Marin, Merced,
Napa, San Joaquin, San Luis
Obispo, Sutter, Yolo, Yuba,
Stanislaus, Tehama
12/19/90
01/18/1991
02/11/1991 (Fed)
- - $852.4 million
Sierra Madre
Earthquake
91-04 1991 Los Angeles 07/05/1991 1 30 $33.5 million
1992 Winter
Storms
DR-935
92-01
1992 Los Angeles, Ventura, City of Los
Angeles, Kern, Orange, San
Bernardino
02/12/1992
02/19/1992
02/25/1992 (Fed)
5 $123.2 million
Los Angeles Civil
Unrest (Riots)
DR-942
92-03
1992 Los Angeles (City of Los Angeles) 04/29/1992
05/22/1992 (Fed)
53 2,383 >$1 billion
Landers/Big Bear
Earthquakes
DR-947
92-04
1992 Riverside, San Bernardino, Los
Angeles
06/28/1992
06/28/1992 (Fed)
1 402 $15.6 million
1992 Late Winter DR-979 1992 Alpine, Los Angeles, Humboldt, 01/7/1993 20 10 $600 million Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix F
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Los Angeles Area Disasters Page F - 4
Disaster Name Disaster
# Year
CA Counties
(or Cities)
Declared
State
Proclamation or
Federal Declaration
Date
# of
Deaths
# of
Injuries
Cost of
Damage
(see notes at end)
Storms 93-01 Napa, Santa Barbara, Culver City,
City of Los Angeles, Contra
Costa, Mendocino, Sonoma,
Fresno, imperial, Madera,
Monterey, San Bernardino, Sierra,
Tehama, Trinity, Tulare, Modoc,
Orange, Riverside, Lassen,
Siskiyou, Plumas, San Diego
02/19/1993
01/15/1993
Southern
California
Firestorms
DR-1005
93-05
1993 Los Angeles, Ventura, San Diego,
Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino
10/27/1993
10/28/1993
10/28/1993 (Fed)
4 162 $83 million
Northridge
Earthquake
DR-1008
94-01
1994 Los Angeles, Ventura, Orange 01/17/1994
01/24/1994
01/17/1994 (Fed)
57 11,846 $6.1 billion
Severe Winter
Storms
DR-1044
95-01
95-02
1995 Los Angeles, Orange, Humboldt,
Lake, Sonoma, Butte, Colusa,
Contra Costa, Del Norte, Glenn,
Kern, Lassen, Mendocino, Modoc,
Monterey, Napa, placer, Plumas,
San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara,
Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Tehama,
Ventura, Yolo, Yuba, Alpine,
Amador, Nevada, Riverside,
Sacramento, San Bernardino, San
Mateo, Shasta, Sutter, Trinity, San
Diego, Alameda, Marin, Fresno,
Kings, El Dorado, Madera, Solano,
Siskiyou
01/06/1995
03/14/1995
01/10/1995 (Fed)
11 NA $741.4 million
Late Winter
Storms (Southern
California)
DR-1046
95-04
1995 Imperial, Inyo, Los Angeles, Mono,
Orange, Riverside, San
Bernardino, San Diego, San Luis
Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura
03/12/1995
03/14/1995
03/12/1995 (Fed)
17 NA $1.1 billion
Southern
California
Firestorms
EM-3120
96-04
1996 Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego,
Ventura (City of Santa
Buenaventura)
01/01/1996
10/22/1996
5 $12.6 million
El Niño Floods DR-1203
98-01
1998 Alameda, Amador, Butte,
Calaveras, Colusa, Contra Costa,
Fresno, Glenn, Humboldt, Kern,
Kings, Lake, Los Angeles, Marin,
Mendocino, Merced, Monterey,
Napa, Orange, Riverside,
Sacramento, San Benito, San
Bernardino, San Diego, San
Francisco, San Joaquin, San Luis
Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara,
Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Siskiyou,
Solano, Sonoma, Stanislaus, Sutter,
Tehama, Trinity, Tulare, Ventura,
Yolo, Yuba
17 NA $550 million
Windstorms 2000-02 2000 Los Angeles 04/01/2000 - - $78,081 2001 March
Storms & Floods
2001-01 2001 Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara
03/01/2001 - - $9.4 million
Williams Fire 2002-01
FM-2464
2002 Los Angeles 09/23/2002
10/10/2002
- - $6 million
Copper Fire FM-2417 2002 Los Angeles 06/06/2002 - - $2,927,981 Leona Fire FM-2462 2002 Los Angeles 09/03/2002 - - $2,410,655 Pacific Fire FM-2466 2003 Los Angeles 01/07/2003 (Fed) - - $2,017,043 Southern
California
Wildfires
DR-1498
2003-03
2003 Ventura, Los Angeles, San
Bernardino, Riverside, San Diego
10/24/2003
10/26/2003
10/27/2003 (Fed)
24 246 $177.5 million
Verdale Fire FM-2502 2003 Los Angeles, Ventura 10/25/2003 (Fed) - - Not available Flash Flooding 2003-04 2003 Los Angeles 11/14/2003 - - $903,275 Pine Fire FM-2528 2004 Los Angeles 07/14/2004 (Fed) - - $9,028,675 Foothill Fire FM-2534 2004 Los Angeles 07/18/2004 (Fed) - - $4,319,501 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix F
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Los Angeles Area Disasters Page F - 5
Disaster Name Disaster
# Year
CA Counties
(or Cities)
Declared
State
Proclamation or
Federal Declaration
Date
# of
Deaths
# of
Injuries
Cost of
Damage
(see notes at end)
Crown Fire FM-2535 2004 Los Angeles 07/21/2004 (Fed) - - $2,604,924 Southern
California Severe
Storms
DR-1577
2005-01
2005 Kern, Los Angeles, Orange,
Riverside, San Bernardino, San
Diego, Santa Barbara, Ventura
1/12/2005
02/04/2005 (Fed)
28 8 $573.1 million
Floods DR-1585
2005-02
2005 Kern, Los Angeles, Orange,
Riverside, San Bernardino, San
Diego, Ventura
02/01/2005
04/14/2005 (Fed)
9 $198.7 million
Hurricane
Katrina
Evacuations
(Economic
impact)
EM-3248 2005 Statewide 07/25/2005 (Fed) $763,576
Topanga Fire FM-2583 2005 Los Angeles, Ventura 09/28/2005 (Fed) - - $19,787,415 Severe Freeze DR-1689
2007-02
2007 Statewide 01/12/2007 -
01/26/2007
03/13/2007 (Fed)
65 (US)
220
(US)
$1.3 billion
Catalina Island
Fire
FM-2694 2007 Los Angeles 05/10/2007 (Fed) - - Not available Griffith Park Fire FM-2691
2007-04
2007 Los Angeles (City of Los Angeles) 05/17/2007
05/08/2007 (Fed)
- - $2,508,441
Canyon fire FM-2708 2007 Los Angeles 07/08/2007 (Fed) - - $517,152 I-5 Major
Collision Fire
2007-13 2007 Los Angeles (City of Los Angeles) 10/14/2007 - - $66,465 Forest Fires DR-1731
2007-14
EM-3279
2007 Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside,
San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa
Barbara and Ventura counties
10/23/2007
10/21/2007 (Fed)
10 139 $198.6 million
Santa Anita Fire FM-2763
2008-09
2008 Los Angeles 04/27/2008
04/27/2008 (Fed)
- - Not available
Marek Fire FM-2788 2008 Los Angeles 10/12/2008 (Fed) 2 NA $6,060,351 Sesnon Fire FM-2789 2008 Los Angeles, Ventura 10/13/2008 (Fed) 1 30 $12.6 million Wildfires,
including
Sayre Fire
DR-1810
FM-2792
2008-11
2008 Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside,
and Santa Barbara
11/18/2008
11/18/2008 (Fed)
>28 >5 $95-$164 billion (est)
PV Fire FM-2828 2009 Los Angeles 08/28/2009 0 0 $317,175 Station Fire FM-2830
2009-05
2009 Los Angeles 08/28/2009 2 23 $19,053,328
Wildfires 2009-05 2009 Los Angeles 08/28/2009 - 6 $9,286,724 Flooding DR-1884
2010-02
2010 Imperial, Siskiyou, Los Angeles,
Riverside, San Bernardino and
Calaveras
01/21/2010 -
01/27/2010
03/08/2010 (Fed)
2 $50.6 million
Crown Fire FM-2851 2010 Los Angeles 07/29/2010 (Fed) 0 0 $6,565,808 Wildfires 2010-06 2010 Los Angeles 08/07/2010 0 0 Not available Powerhouse Fire FM-5025 2013 North Los Angeles County, within the Angeles National Forest
06/02/2013 0 10 $2,023,801
Drought
(drinking water
shortage)
2014-03 2014 All 58 counties 09/18/2014 - - >$810 million Colby Fire FM-5051 2014 Los Angeles (near Morris
Reservoir north of Glendora,
within the Angeles National
Forest)
01/16/2014 - - 1,952 acres burned; 7
residences damaged, 5
destroyed. 1 outbuilding
damaged, 10 destroyed.

Wildfires DR-4240
2015-03
2015 All 58 counties 08/27/2015
09/22/2015 (Fed)
- - $242,803,440 +
$2,401,287
Storms, floods
(various)
Tropical Storm
Dolores
DR-4206
2015-04
2015 San Diego
Kern
01/27/205 (Fed)
7/19/2015
- - Not available
Not available
Hurricane Marie 2015-02 2014 Los Angeles (Avalon) - 1 NA $20 million (CA) Aliso Canyon
natural gas leak
Los Angeles 10/23/2015 - - Not available
Tree Mortality 2015-05 2015 Statewide 10/30/2015 0 0 Not available Old Fire FM-5124 2016 Los Angeles 06/05/2016 $1,923,392 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix F
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Los Angeles Area Disasters Page F - 6
Disaster Name Disaster
# Year
CA Counties
(or Cities)
Declared
State
Proclamation or
Federal Declaration
Date
# of
Deaths
# of
Injuries
Cost of
Damage
(see notes at end)
Fish Fire FM-5129 2016 Los Angeles 06/21/2016 0 0 $1,394,208 Sage Fire FM-5132 2016 Los Angeles 07/09/2016 0 0 $1,993,954 Sand Fire FM-5135 2016 Los Angeles 07/23/2016 2 0 $5,128,119 Late Jan-Feb
Storms (Flooding)
DR-4305
2017-02
2017 Alameda, Calaveras, Colusa,
Contra Costa, El Dorado, Inyo,
Kern, Los Angeles, Mendocino,
Modoc, Mono, Napa, Orange,
Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego,
San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa
Barbara, Santa Cruz, Trinity,
Tuolumne, Yolo
02/10/2017
03/16/2017 (Fed)
5 NA $80,972,695
(elsewhere reported as
>$2 Billion)
La Tuna Fire FM-5201 2017 Los Angeles 09/03/2017
09/02/2017 (Fed)
0 0 $10,232,240.78
Creek Fire FM-5225,
2017-12
2017 Los Angeles 12/05/2017
12/05/2017 (Fed)
0 3 $18,522,443
Rye Fire FM-5226,
2017-12
2017 Los Angeles 12/05/2017
12/05/2017 (Fed)
0 1 $10,037,011
Skirball Fire FM-5227,
2017-12
2017 Los Angeles 12/07/2017
12/07/2017 (Fed)
0 3 $6,858,306
December 2017
California
Wildfires
EM-3396
DR-4353
2017 Los Angeles, Riverside, San Diego,
Santa Barbara, Ventura
12/07/2017
12/08/2017 (Fed)
2 16 >$3.5 billion
December 2017
California
Wildfires &
Debris Flows
DR-4353
2017-12
FM-5224
2017-
2018
Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los
Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara,
Ventura
12/05/2017 (FM-5224)
12/07/2017
01/02/2018 (SR-4353)
21 NA $432,850,634.74
Debris &
Mudflows
2018-02 2018 Los Angeles County (Burbank) - 0 0 $3,867,458 Wildfires, Mud
and Debris Flows
FM-5278
FM-5279
FM-5280
DR-4407
2018-09
EM-3409
2018 Butte, Los Angeles, Ventura 11/08/2018
11/8/2018 (Fed, Camp
and Hill)
11/09/2018 (Fed
Woolsey)
11/12/2018 (DR-4407)
88 (includes
Camp Fire in
Butte Co.)
NA $2,222,192,556
Mid-February
storms
DR-4331
2019-02
2019 Calaveras, Colusa, Los Angeles,
Marin, Mariposa, Mendocino,
Modoc, Monterey, Napa, Orange,
Riverside, San Bernardino, San
Diego, Santa Barbara, Shasta,
Trinity
05/01/2019
05/01/2019 (Fed)
2 NA $67,576,405
Saddleridge Fire 2020-02
FM-5296
2019 Los Angeles 10/11/2019
10/19/2019 (Fed)
1 8 $16,064,704.23
Tick Fire FM-5296 2019 Los Angeles 10/24/2019 0 0 $7,393,070.69 Getty Fire FM-5297 2019 Los Angeles 10/27 & 11/22/2019
10/28/2019 (Fed)
0 0 $9,118,156.54
COVID-19
Pandemic
EM-3428
DR-4482
2020-01
2020 Statewide 03/04/2020
03/13/2020 (EM-3428)
03/22/2020 (DR-4482)
110,810
(as of
04/05/2025)
- $13,958,966,199
Bobcat Fire CA20-3 2020 Los Angeles 09/25/2020 0 >6 >$100 million Drought 2021 All 58 counties 10/19/2021 229 (US) NA $10.3 billion (US) Winter Storms
(Dec. 2021)
CA22-3 2021 Alameda, Amador, Calaveras, El
Dorado, Humboldt, Lake, Los
Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Napa,
Nevada, Orange, Placer,
Sacramento, San Bernardino, San
Luis Obispo, San Mateo Santa
Cruz, Sierra Yuba
12/30/2021
01/08/2022
>22 NA $1.3 billion
Route Fire
Aug. 2022
CA22-9 Los Angeles 11/19/2022 0 7 Not available
Extreme Temp
Response
2022 Statewide 08/31/2022 >395 NA $7.7 billion (est)
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix F
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Los Angeles Area Disasters Page F - 7
Disaster Name Disaster
# Year
CA Counties
(or Cities)
Declared
State
Proclamation or
Federal Declaration
Date
# of
Deaths
# of
Injuries
Cost of
Damage
(see notes at end)
Tropical Storm
Kay
CA22-10 2022 Imperial, Inyo, Los Angeles,
Riverside, and San Bernardino
09/16/2022 5 NA $63.5 million
Severe winter
storms Dec. 27,
2022-Jan. 2023)
CA23-1 2022-
2023
All 58 counties 01/04/2023 22 (through
March 2023)
NA $4.8 billion including storms
through March 2023
Severe winter
storms
(February-March
2023)
CA23-3 2023 Amador, Kern, Los Angeles,
Madera, Mariposa, Mono, Nevada,
San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo,
Santa Barbara, Sierra, Sonoma,
and Tulare
03/01/2023
03/08/2023
03/12/2023
03/14/2023
03/28/2023
04/20/2023
05/15/2023
06/16/2023
21 NA >$3 billion
Tropical Storm
Hilary (Aug. 20,
2023)
CA23-4
DR-4750
2023 Fresno, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Los
Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San
Bernardino, San Diego, Tulare,
and Ventura
08/19/2023
08/20/2023
3 (2 in Mexico,
1 in CA)
NA >$126 million (CA)
I-10 Bridge Fire
(Nov. 2023)
CA24-1 2023 Los Angeles 11/11/2023 0 0 $6-10 million
Severe winter
storms (Dec.
2023-Jan. 2024)
CA24-2
DR-4758
2023-
2024
Los Angeles, San Diego, Ventura 01/23/2024
02/02/2024
02/19/2024 (Fed)
06/21/2024
21 NA >$3 billion
Severe winter
storms –
atmospheric river
(Feb. 2024)
CA-24-3
DR-4769
2024 Alameda, Butte, Glenn, Humboldt,
Lake, Los Angeles, Marin,
Mendocino, Monterey, Napa,
Orange, Riverside, Sacramento,
San Bernardino, San Diego, San
Francisco, San Luis Obispo, Santa
Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz,
Solano, Sonoma, Sutter, Trinity
and Ventura
06/21/2024 >9 NA $9-11 billion
Storms (March) CA24-4 2024 Alameda, Contra Costa, Del
Norte, Los Angeles, Marin,
Mendocino, Monterey, Napa,
Nevada, Plumas, San Bernardino,
San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa
Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano,
Sonoma, Trinity and Ventura
03/22/2024
06/21/2024
5 NA Up to $11 billion
Bridge Fire
(Sept 8, 2024)
FM-5537 2024 Los Angeles, San Bernardino 09/11/2024 0 8 $95-164 billion (est) Franklin Fire FM-5548 2024 Los Angeles (Malibu) 12/10/2024 (Fed) 0 0 $76-131 billion (est) Fire and
windstorm
conditions (Jan. 7,
2025)
CA25-2
DR-4856
FM-5549
FM-5550
FM-5551
2025 Los Angeles (City of Los AngelesPacific Palisades, Malibu, Altadena, Pasadena), Ventura
01/07/2025
01/08/2025
30 NA $250-275 billion (est)
This table was compiled from a variety of sources, with the cost estimates often varying from source to source.

Typically, the dollar amounts shown in the last column reflect the highest figure found in the various sources reviewed, rounded.

Sources: California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (http://www.oes.ca.gov) and especially the 2023 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan, Volume 2, available from https://www.caloes.ca.gov/wpcontent/uploads/Hazard-Mitigation/Documents/2023-California-SHMP_Volume-2_01.09.2024- FINAL.pdf;
FEMA’s interactive tool for historical disaster declarations by state, county, hazard and year (https://www.fema.gov/data-visualization/disaster-declarations-states-and-counties); and Wikipedia entries for dozens of historical wildfires and other disasters in California.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix G
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Major Dams in Los Angeles County Page G-1
APPENDIX G: MAJOR DAMS IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY
Dam No. National
ID. No. Name Owner Stream Year Built
Capacity
(Ac-ft)
Res. Area
(acres)
Drainage
Area
(sq. miles)
Crest
Elev. (ft)
Height
(Ft)
Length
(Ft)
Dam
Type
Certified
Status
Downstream
Hazard
Condition
Assessment
Reservoir
Restrictions
1049-000 CA00881 10 MG Walteria City of Torrance Offstream 1953 31 1 282 40 1022 RECT Certified High Satisfactory No 1049-002 CA01193 18MG Walteria City of Torrance Offstream 1987 58 2 0.08 281.3 31 1287 RECT Certified High Satisfactory No 789-000 CA01406 Amargosa Creek City of Palmdale Amargosa Creek 1998 1187 93 23.6 3026.3 65 480 ERTH Certified Significant Satisfactory No 32-034 CA01150 Bailey Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Bailey Canyon Wash 1954 49 2.5 0.58 1167.6 43 585 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 32-000 CA00187 Big Dalton Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Big Dalton Wash 1929 1290 26 4.3 1718 153 480 MULA Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-030 CA01156 Big Dalton Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Big Dalton Wash 1960 208 10 7.33 1148 59 840 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 32-002 CA00188 Big Santa Anita Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Tributary Rio Hondo 1927 858 17 10.8 1328 225 612 VARA Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-006 CA00191 Big Tujunga No. 1 Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Big Tujunga Creek 1931 5750 83 81.7 2320 220 505 VARA Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-025 CA0151 Blanchard Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Blanchard Canyon 1966 26 1 0.5 2065 35 925 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 6-031 CA00088 Bouquet Canyon
(Bouquet Reservoir) City of Los Angeles Bouquet Creek 1934 36505 628 13.6 3008 190 1180 ERTH Certified Extremely High Satisfactory No 32-026 CA01152 Brand Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Brand Debris Basin 1965 42 3 1.03 903 45 400 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 5-000 CA00061 Brand Park City of Glendale Offstream 1930 32 1 0 970.6 99 230 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 1-058 CA00044 Castaic California Dept. of Water Resources Castaic Creek 1973 323700 2235 153.7 1535 340 5200 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 1-071 CA00740 Century California Dept. of Parks and Recreation Malibu Creek 1913 70 7 68.1 661 44 149 CORA Certified Significant Satisfactory No 6-039 CA00093 Channel Diversion Dike City of Los Angeles Storm Drain Channel 1940 437 28 6.3 1193 42 390 ERTH Certified/Inop Low Satisfactory No 6-004 CA00067 Chatsworth City of Los Angeles Tributary to Los Angeles River 1918 9886 607 5.4 900 45 2700 HYDF Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 5-008 CA01078 Chevy Chase 1290 City of Glendale Tributary to Sycamore Canyon 1940 17 1 0.01 1292 90 300 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 32-005 CA00190 Cogswell Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Wfk San Gabriel River 1935 8969 146 38.4 2412 266 585 ROCK Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-003 CA00189 Devils Gate Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Arroyo Seco 1920 2600 110 29.7 1075 108 252 GRAV Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 5-006 CA00064 Diederich Reservoir City of Glendale Offstream 1950 174 7 0 728 60 100 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-016 CA00077 Drinkwater City of Los Angeles Offstream 1923 92 4 0.03 2060 105 448 ERTH Certified Significant Satisfactory No 6-005 CA00068 Dry Canyon City of Los Angeles Dry Canyon Creek 1912 1140 58 4.5 1520 66 780 HYDF Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-041 CA00094 Eagle Rock City of Los Angeles Offstream 1953 254 7 0 963.5 113 495 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 5-009 CA01079 East Glorietta City of Glendale Tributary to Verdugo Canyon 1932 71 4 970 22 1730 RECT Certified High Satisfactory No 32-020 CA00201 Eaton Wash Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Eaton Wash 1936 721 54 9.47 902 63 1545 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-049 CA01080 Elderberry Forebay City of Los Angeles Castaic Creek 1974 28400 781 81.6 1550 179 1935 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No 6-006 CA00069 Elysian City of Los Angeles Tributary to Los Angeles River 1943 167 6 0.08 466 71 480 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 6-007 CA00070 Encino City of Los Angeles Encino Creek 1924 9789 158 1.4 1088 168 1850 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-008 CA00071 Fairmont City of Los Angeles Antelope Valley Creek 1912 7507 172 2.64 3043 121 4300 HYDF Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-053 CA1295 Fairmont #2 City of Los Angeles Tributary to Antelope Valley Creek 1982 493 28 0.08 3040 24 4437 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No 35-006 CA00217 Garvey Reservoir Metropolitan Water District Tributary to Rio Hondo 1954 1610 38 0 580 160 5164 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 5-007 CA00065 Glenoaks 968 Reservoir City of Glendale Offstream 1949 28 1 0 972 62 220 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 6-043 CA00096 Green Verdugo City of Los Angeles Tributary to Tujunga Wash 1953 99 3 0.04 1406 118 452 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 1061-000 CA00893 Greystone Reservoir City of Beverly Hills Offstream 1970 60 2 628 75 1140 RECT Certified Extremely Satisfactory No Hansen Dam U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Tujunga Wash 1940 25400 372 147.4 1060 97 10475 ERTH 6-054 CA01448 Hansen Recreational Lake City of Los Angeles Offstream 1999 85 11 0.01 1060 50 3600 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No 57-002 CA00238 Harold Reservoir (Palmdale Lake) Palmdale Water District Tributary to Antelope Valley Creek 1891 3870 218 4.63 2824 30 2800 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 6-55 CA01510 Headworks Reservoir East Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Offstream 2016 165 32 2,095 RECT Certified Low Satisfactory No 6-56 CA01598 Headworks Reservoir West Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Offstream 2022 227 32 2,384 RECT Certified Low Satisfactory No 1-067 CA00053 J.W. Wisda California Dept. of Parks and Recreation Tributary to Topanga Canyon 1958 45 4 0.22 1140 50 350 ERTH Certified/Inop Low Satisfactory No 32-027 CA01153 La Tuna Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works La Tuna Canyon 1960 207 11 5.3 1157 47 654 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-022 CA00203 Laguna Regulating Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Laguna Wash 1970 310 12 5.55 380 43 380 ERTH Certified Significant Satisfactory No 785-000 CA00742 Lindero Private Entity – Lake Lindero HOA Lindero Creek 1966 90 12 5 935 19 170 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No 32-028 CA01154 Little Dalton Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Little Dalton Canyon 1960 234 8 3.3 1200 71 543 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 57-000 CA00237 Littlerock Little Rock Creek Id Littlerock Creek 1924 4600 126 63.7 3286 124 576 GRAV Certified Extremely High Satisfactory No
32-007 CA00192 Live Oak Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Live Oak Creek 1922 239 12 2.3 1506 76 303 GRAV Certified Extremely High Satisfactory No
35-013 CA01084 Live Oak Reservoir Metropolitan Water District Tributary to Marshall Creek 1975 2500 77 0.17 1574 105 3000 ERTH Certified Extremely High Satisfactory No
6-050 CA01081 Los Angeles Reservoir City of Los Angeles San Fernando Creek 1977 10000 175 9 1185 130 3415 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No CA10020 Lopez Dam U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Pacoima Wash 1954 1248 63 34 1272.9 50 1330 ERTH 6-014 CA00075 Lower Franklin City of Los Angeles Franklin Canyon 1922 920 22 1.12 590.4 103 500 HYDF Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-052 CA01188 Lower Franklin No. 2 City of Los Angeles Franklin Canyon 1982 206 10 1.12 590 49 410 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix G
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Major Dams in Los Angeles County Page G-2
Dam No. National
ID. No. Name Owner Stream Year Built
Capacity
(Ac-ft)
Res. Area
(acres)
Drainage
Area
(sq. miles)
Crest
Elev. (ft)
Height
(Ft)
Length
(Ft)
Dam
Type
Certified
Status
Downstream
Hazard
Condition
Assessment
Reservoir
Restrictions
6-015 CA00076 Lower San Fernando (Lower Van
Norman Lake) City of Los Angeles San Fernando Creek 1918 9843 220 13.3 1115 125 1840 HYDF Certified Extremely High Satisfactory No 32-034 CA01161 Lower Sunset Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Sunset Canyon 1963 37 2 1.1 1056 86 379 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 6-048 CA00101 Lower Van Norman Bypass City of Los Angeles Offstream 1970 240 12 0.03 1166.2 78 600 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No 771-000 CA00739 Malibu Lake Club Malibu Lake Mountain Club, Inc. Malibu Creek 1923 500 55 64 727 44 190 CORA Certified High Satisfactory No 32-039 CA01385 Morgan Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Morgan Canyon Creek 1962 21 2 0.6 1169.9 37 380 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 32-040 CA00216 Morris Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works San Gabriel River 1935 27500 420 210 1175 245 750 GRAV Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 19-003 CA00154 Morris S. Jones Pasadena City Dept. of Water & Power 1952 153.3 6.3 948 49 1470 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-017 CA00078 Mullholand
(Hollywood Reservoir) City of Los Angeles Weid Canyon 1924 4036 82 1 756 195 933 GRAV Certified Extremely High Satisfactory No 32-008 CA00193 Pacoima Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Pacoima Creek 1929 3777 68 27.8 2015.8 365 640 VARA Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 35-004 CA00215 Palos Verdes Reservoir Metropolitan Water District Tributary to Los Angeles Harbor 1939 1100 27 1 330 82 2150 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 786-000 CA00743 Potrero Westlake Lake Management Assn. Triunfo Canyon Creek 1967 1600 95 28.9 880 40 730 GRAV Certified High Satisfactory No 32-009 CA00194 Puddingstone Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Walnut Creek 1928 16342 490 33.1 982 147 2698 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-016 CA00199 Puddingstone Diversion Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works San Dimas Wash 1928 150 16 19.8 1168 34 825 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 1-066 CA00052 Pyramid California Dept. of Water Resources Piru Creek 1973 171196 1291 295 2606 386 1080 ERRK Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 4-006 CA00059 Reservoir No. 4 City of Burbank Offstream 1955 34 1 0 908 38 210 RECT Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 4-007 CA00060 Reservoir No. 5 City of Burbank Offstream 1949 77 3 0 906 36 870 RECT Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 1043-000 CA00876 Riviera Reservoir City of Santa Monica Dept. of Public Works Offstream 1962 76 2 349 40 1280 RECT Certified High Satisfactory No 32-021 CA00202 Rubio Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Rubio Creek 1944 44 3 1.71 1624.5 64 780 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No San Antonio Dam U.S. Army Corps of Engineers San Antonio Creek 1956 11880 145 26.7 2238 130 3850 ERTH High 32-010 CA00195 San Dimas Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works San Dimas Creek 1922 1534 36 15.9 1481 131 340 GRAV Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-019 CA00200 San Gabriel No. 1 Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works San Gabriel River 1938 44183 560 205 1481 320 1520 ERRK Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-029 CA01155 Santa Anita Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Santa Anita Wash 1960 116 9 12.5 796 56 955 ERTH Certified Low Fair Yes Santa Fe (Santa Fe Reservoir) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers San Gabriel River 1941- 32109 1256 236 496 92 23800 ERTH 6-047 CA00100 Santa Ynez Canyon City of Los Angeles Tributary to Santa Ynez Canyon 1968 356 9 0.23 727 157 544 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-012 CA00196 Sawpit Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Sawpit Creek 1927 406 9 3.27 1378 150 527 CORA Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-031 CA01157 Sawpit Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Sawpit Wash 1955 152 6 2.87 1000 82 520 ERTH Not Certified Extremely Fair Yes 32-036 CA01172 Schoolhouse Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Mansfield Channel 1962 19 1 0.28 1491.3 38 265 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No Sepulveda
(Sepulveda Flood Control Basin) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles River 1941 17425 46764 152 710 57 15444 ERTH 32-013 CA00197 Sierra Madre Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Lower Santa Anita Creek 1928 51 1 0.77 1179 69 200 CORA Certified High Satisfactory No 32-032 CA01158 Sierra Madre Villa Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Sierra Madre Canyon 1958 109 8 1.5 1102.5 50 906 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-051 CA00081 Silver Lake City of Los Angeles Tributary to Ballona Creek 1976 2020 77 0.12 463 43 760 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-041 CA01469 Stevenson Ranch Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Pico Canyon Creek 2004 105 4.75 5.1 1386.5 54 280 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 6-025 CA00083 Stone Canyon City of Los Angeles Stone Canyon Creek 1924 10372 138 1.4 878 188 1150 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 32-033 CA01160 Stough Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Stough Canyon 1961 6 3 1.7 1044 46 567 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 104-027 CA00445 Thompson
(Middle Ranch Reservoir) Southern California Edison Co. Middle Canyon 1925 1010 54 8.6 677 114 445 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 32-015 CA00198 Thompson Creek Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Thompson Creek 1928 543 345 3.46 1648 66 1500 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 6-029 CA00087 Upper Hollywood City of Los Angeles Weid Canyon 1933 196 8 0.37 763 87 368 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No 6-028 CA00086 Upper San Fernando City of Los Angeles San Fernando Creek 1921 1848 78 0.53 1219 82 1740 HYDF Certified Low Satisfactory No 6-044 CA00097 Upper Stone Canyon City of Los Angeles Stone Canyon Creek 1954 425 14 0.66 936.5 111 740 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No 1073-000 CA00904 Westlake Reservoir Las Virgenes Municipal Water District Three Springs Creek 1972 9200 156 0.9 1056 158 1400 ERTH Certified Extremely Satisfactory No 35-011 CA00222 Weymouth Memorial Reservoir Metropolitan Water District Offstream 1966 151 8 0 1080 18 2400 RECT Certified Extremely Satisfactory No Whittier Narrows U.S. Army Corps of Engineers San Gabriel River 1957 49143 63512 554 239 56 16960 ERTH 18-002 CA00153 Whittier Reservoir No. 4 City of Whittier Water District Tributary to San Gabriel River 1931 32 1 0.08 464 55 190 ERTH Certified/Inop Low Satisfactory No 32-035 CA01162 Wilson Debris Basin Los Angeles Co. Dept. of Public Works Wilson Canyon 1961 84 5 2.6 1543 50 666 ERTH Certified High Satisfactory No 104-026 CA00444 Wrigley Reservoir Southern California Edison Co. Hapress Creek 1930 62 2 0 1426 42 190 ERTH Certified Significant Satisfactory No 6-046 CA00099 Yarnell Debris Basin City of Los Angeles Tributary to Bull Canyon 1963 105 10 1.87 1220 42 1290 ERTH Certified Low Satisfactory No Sources: California Division of Safety of Dams, Listing of California Jurisdictional Dams, from https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/All-Programs/Division-of-Safety-of-Dams/Files/Publications/Dams-Within-Jurisdiction-of-the-State-of-CaliforniaListed-Alphabetically-by-County-September-2022.pdf; https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/portals/76/publications/engineerregulations/er_1110-2-240.pdf; https://www.spl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Asset-Management/Hansen-Dam/; https://www.spl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Asset-Management/Lopez-Dam/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Dam_(San_Bernardino_County)#cite_note-3 Notes: Dams shaded in blue are discussed in this report.

The dams owned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are for the most part not included in the list of California Jurisdictional Dams, and their safety ratings are not available.

For the California Jurisdictional Dams, the following definitions or explanations apply:

Certified Status: Certified = Jurisdictional-sized dams that may safely impound water to the elevation specified on the Certificate of Approval; Certified/Inop = Jurisdictional-sized dams without water impounding capabilities under reasonable foreseeable conditions, taking into account the size of the drainage area; Not certified = Jurisdictional-sized dams that operate without a Certificate of Approval.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix G
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Major Dams in Los Angeles County Page G-3
Downstream Hazard: Low = No probable loss of life and low economic and environmental losses; Significant = No probable loss of human life but can cause economic loss, environmental damage, impacts to critical facilities, or other significant impacts; High = Expected to cause loss of at least one human life; Extremely High = Expected to cause considerable loss of human life or would result in an inundation area with a population of 1,000 or more.

Condition Assessment: Satisfactory = No existing or potential dam safety deficiencies are recognized. Acceptable performance expected under all loading conditions (static, hydrologic, seismic) in accordance with the minimum applicable state or federal regulatory criteria or tolerable risk guidelines, and permanent risk reduction measures (reservoir restrictions, spillway modifications, operating procedures, etc.) have been implemented to eliminate identified deficiencies; Fair = No existing dam safety deficiencies are recognized for normal operating conditions, but a rare or extreme hydrologic and/or seismic event may result in a dam safety deficiency. Other circumstances may include lack of maintenance that requires attention to prevent developing safety concerns; maintenance conditions may exist that require remedial action greater than routine work and/or secondary studies or investigations; and/or interim or permanent risk reduction measures may be under consideration. Poor = A dam safety deficiency is recognized for normal operating conditions which may realistically occur. Remedial action is necessary. May also be used when uncertainties exist as to critical analysis parameters which identify a potential dam safety deficiency. Investigations and studies are necessary. Other circumstances may include that dam has multiple deficiencies or a significant deficiency that requires remedial work; lack of maintenance (erosion, sinkholes, settlement, cracking, unwanted vegetation, animal burrows, inoperable outlet gates) has affected the integrity or operation of the dam under normal operational conditions and requires remedial action to resolve; critical design information or a review of the dam’s performance history has identified a question that can only be answered by review of the design and construction history for the dam. Uncertainty arises when there is no design and/or construction documentation available for review and additional analysis is needed to better understand the risk associated with operation under normal operational conditions; interim or permanent risk reduction measures may be under consideration. Unsatisfactory = A dam safety deficiency is recognized that requires immediate or emergency remedial action for problem resolution. Typical circumstances include: a critical component of the dam has deteriorated to unacceptable condition or has failed; a safety inspection indicates major structural distress (excessive uncontrolled seepage, cracks, slides, sinkholes, severe deterioration, etc.), advanced deterioration, or operational deficiencies which could lead to failure of the dam or its appurtenant structures under normal operating conditions; reservoir restrictions or other interim risk reduction measures are required; a partial or complete reservoir drawdown may be mandated by the state or federal regulatory agency. Not rated = The dam has not been inspected, is not under state jurisdiction, or has been inspected but, for whatever reason, has not been rated.

Reservoir Restrictions: State Division of Dam Safety may direct or order a dam owner to operate the reservoir to a specified water surface elevation level that is lower than the maximum storage level. In addition, owners may self-impose a restriction as a result of an owner-initiated study that identifies a dam safety issue. Reservoir restrictions are typically imposed for deficiencies of the dam, spillway, low-level outlet, or other appurtenances with respect to dam safety.

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix H
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Plates PAGE H - i
APPENDIX H: PLATES
Table of Contents
Plate No. Title
H-1 Physiographic Map of Santa Monica, California and Surrounding Areas H-2 Roads In and Near Santa Monica
H-3 Essential / Critical Facilities, Schools and Libraries, Santa Monica H-4 Earthquake Fault Zones of Required Investigation In and Near Santa Monica H-5 Seismic Hazard Zones Map, Santa Monica, California
H-6 Census Tracts used in the HazUS Analyses, Santa Monica, California H-7 Total Residential Building-Related Losses as a Percentage of Total Residential Building Exposure Based on Four Large (M>7) Earthquake Scenarios H-8 Total Commercial Building-Related Losses as a Percentage of Total Commercial Building Exposure Based on Four Large (M>7) Earthquake Scenarios H-9 Tsunami Hazards Map, Santa Monica, California
H-10 Flood Hazard Map, Santa Monica, California
H-11 Dam Inundation Map, Santa Monica, California
H-12 Anticipated Damage in Santa Monica as a Result of a Stone Canyon Dam Failure Scenario
H-13a Geologic Map of Santa Monica, California and Vicinity H-13b Geologic Unit Descriptions to Accompany Geologic Map H-14 Slope Distribution Map, Santa Monica, California
H-15 Slope Instability Map, Santa Monica, California
H-16 Historical Wildland Fires (1930-2025) Near Santa Monica, California H-17 Fire Hazard Severity Zones In and Near Santa Monica, California H-18 Sea-Level Rise Forecasts Through 2100 for Santa Monica H-19 Hazardous Materials Sites, Santa Monica, California Beverly Hills
Plate H-1
NOTE:

Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

Source: USGS 10m Digital Elevation Model
Explanation
City of Santa Monica Boundary
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Feet
Scale: 1:70,000
Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Baldwin Hills
Los Angeles Basin
Ballona Gap Coastal Bluffs
Santa Monica Mountains
Elevation in Feet above Mean Sea Level
Physiographic Map
of Santa Monica, California
and Surrounding Areas
Showing Some of the Features
Discussed in the Text
; Alma Real D r
Will Rogers State Pa Rd
S Gretna Gre
n Way
W San Vicente Blvd
W San Vicente Blvd
Gretna Green Way
Santa Monica Blvd
S Rockingham
Ave
S C anyon View D r
S Burlingame Ave
C hautauqua
Blvd
Blvd Rivas C anyon
Rd
S Bar ington Ave
S
C armelina
Ave
Burlingame Ave
S C entinela Ave
Westwo d Blvd
Sepulveda Blvd
S
Westgate Ave
S Westgate Ave
ve
D arlington Ave
Gre
nfield Ave
Gre
nfield Ave
Lorenzo St
Wellworth Ave
range Ave
ve
Rochester Ave
deman
Rd
Armacost Ave
S Bentley Ave
Georgina Ave
Ave
Whitfield Ave
Sawtel e Blvd
an
el Rd
Wilshire Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Gre
ntre
Rd
Monument St Monument St
San
Remo
D r
Montana Ave
Montana Ave
Mayfield Ave
Glendon Ave
Missouri Ave
C amden Ave
C amden Ave
S
Saltair Ave
Midvale Ave
ona Ave
Moreno Ave
Goshen Ave
Veteran Ave
Wilkins Ave
Federal Ave
Federal Ave
C orinth Ave
Marlboro St
La Mesa D r
Sunset Blvd
C hapala
D r
C arlyle Ave
Pontius Ave
Monaco
D r
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Medio
D r
C henault St
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Purdue Ave
Evanston St
Berkeley St
Berkeley St
H anover St
C otner Ave
Latimer Rd
C orsica D r
Stanford St
Stoner Ave
Kiowa Ave
D orothy St
H arvard St
H artzell St
Franklin St
Albright St
Toyopa D r
Kagawa St
Butler Ave
C olby Ave
Beloit Ave
Napoli D r
Embury
St
Idaho Ave
Texas Ave
Amalfi D r
Bar y Ave
Anita Ave
D Este D r
Ohio Ave
Ohio Ave
Ravoli D r
Ave
Evans Rd
C apri D r
Alta Ave
Berea
Pl
2 nd C t
Fiske
St
2 nd S
2 nd St
24th C t
26th C t
26th C t
15th C t
25th C t
14th C t
16th C t
23rd St
23rd St
26th St
24th St
21st C t
20th St 19th St
18th St
25th St
21st Pl
Yale St
21st St
2 Ilif St
I 405
I 40
Adelaide Pl Adelaide D r
D onald D ouglas Loop S
Altata D r
Mountain View Ave
Pacific C oast H wy
Pacific C oast H wy
Morningside Way
C hautauqua
Washington Blvd
Grand View Blvd
W Olympic Blvd
San Vicente Blvd
Ocean Park Blvd
S Bar ington Ave
Maplewo
d Ave
Washington Ave
C loverfield Blvd
Ocean Park Pl S
S C entinela Ave
S C entinela Ave
C orona del Mar
Inglewo d Blvd
Exposition Blvd
Exposition Blvd
Bryn Mawr Ave
Mississippi A
San
La G
C entenil a Ave
Tennes ee A
Tennessee Ave
C olorado Pl N
C alifornia Ave
C alifornia Ave
G
ateway
Blvd
Walgrove Ave
Redwo d Ave
Redwo
d Ave
H
al
National Blvd
Georgina
Granvil e Ave
C olorado Ave
C olorado Ave
E
C h
Marguerita Pl
Palisades Ave
Milwo
d Ave
Montana Ave
C abril o Blvd
Barnard Way
Thatcher Ave
San Juan Ave
Glencoe Ave
Glencoe Ave
Neilson Way
Broadway C t
Lincoln Blvd
Alhambra C t
Superba Ave
Garfield Ave
D el Rey Ave
Preston Way
Bicknel Ave
Ashland Ave
Ashland Ave
C arlton Way
W Pico Blvd
Ap ian Way
C helsea Ave
Arizona Ave
Ariz
Vienna Way
Victoria Ave
Virginia Ave
Mildred Ave
Lyceum Ave
Venice Blvd
Venice Way
Venice Blvd
Venice Pl N
Georgina Pl
Penmar Ave
Warren Ave
Stewart Ave
Federal Ave
Stewart Ave
C arlyle Ave
Oxford Ave
S Bundy D r
Airport Ave
Kansas Ave
E
Rustic
Rd
Village Pky
Brooks Ave
Ocean Ave
Ocean Ave
Lucille Ave
Lucille Ave
Pacific Ave
Venezia C t
Pacific Ave
Palms Blv
S
d
unset Ave
Sunset Ave
Sunset Ave
Palms Blvd
Palms Blvd
Palms Blvd
Entrada D r
Entrada D r
Stoner Ave
17th Street
Stanford St
H arvard St
Franklin St
Angeles Pl
C arter Ave
Lincoln C t
Lincoln C t
Spe dway
C olby Ave
Spe dway
Rialto Ave
Vernon C t
Broadway
Idaho Ave
Broadway
Broadway
Nowita
Pl
Ayres Ave
Stewart St
Boise Ave
Amalfi D r
Rose Pl N
Tivoli Ave
D ewey St
Bundy D r
Marine St
Marine St
H arbor St
Pico Blvd
Pico Blvd
7th Street
5th Street
4th Street
5th Street
4th Street
4th Street
Shell Ave
Ocean Pl
Marco C t
Iowa
Rose Ave
Rose Ave
Rose Ave
Mo
re St
Mo
re St
Euclid C t
Pacific St
Marco Pl
Euclid C t
Pacific St
Marco Pl
Urban Pl
Maple St
Strand St
Pico Pl S
H ill Pl N
Euclid St
Euclid St
Euclid St
Mesa
Rd
Royal C t
Meier St
Pier Ave
Pier Ave
Grant St
Grant St
Z anja St
Navy St
Navy St
Z eno Pl
Main St
Main St
32nd St
2 nd St
2 nd St
5th Ave
4th Ave
t
6th Ave
7th Ave
Pearl St
Pearl St
Al a Rd
19th C t
17th C t
15th C t
10th C t
20th C t
Marr St
19th C t
12th C t
20th C t
27th C t
18th C t
17th C t
19th C t
16th C t
25th C t
26th C t
Lake St
14th C t
11th C t
10th C t
18th C t
Lake St
23rd St
23rd St
3 rd St
25th St
24th St
30th St
25th St
18th St
29th St
19th St
15th St
34th St
14th St
17th St
11th St
14th St
12th St
20th St
10th St
11th St
14th St
19th St
16th St
12th St
11th St
14th St
25th St
20th St
26th St
20th St
26th St
21st C t
26th St
18th St
20th St
10th St
17th St
11th St
10th St
18th St
19th St
16th St
24th St
Pine Pl
14th St
18th St
28th St
May St
Oak St
2nd C t
31st St
31st St
Alta Pl
21st St
1st St
2nd St
2nd St
2nd St
Bay St
H ill St
H ill St
3rd C t
3rd C t
7th C t
5th C t
4th C t
4th C t
7th C t
6th C t
7th C t
6th C t
9th C t
6th C t
3rd St
3rd St
7th St
6th St
9th St
7th St
5th St
6th St
6th St
6th St
9th St
5 I-10
I-10
I 10
I 10
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-2
Explanation
Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019 and Google Satellite.

Sources: Modified from City of Santa Monica
Roads In and Near
Santa Monica, California
Santa Monica City Boundary
Scale: 1:24,000
feet
San Vicente Blvd
Olympic Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
Sepulveda Blvd
I-10
PCH
Venice Blvd
I-405
Santa Monica Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
This map is intended for general land use planning only.

Earth Consultants International (ECI) and the City of Santa Monica make no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which this map was derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

NOTES:
0 2,500 5,000
Freeway
Major Street
Ocean Front Walk
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Explanation
Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Sources: Modified from Data Provided by the City of Santa Monica.

Essential /Critical Facilities,
Schools and Libraries
Santa Monica, California
Santa Monica City Boundary
Fire Training Academy
Fire Station
Police Station, Fire Administration &
Primary Emergency Operations Center
Hospital/ Medical Center
Library
City Property
Government Building
Secondary Emergency Operations Center
School
Water Tank or Reservoir
Facilities Essential to Government and
Healthcare Response
Facilities Critical to Utility and
Transportation Operations
Public Schools K-12, Community College
Primary Campuses, and Libraries
Southern California Edison
Santa Monica Airport
Metro Facility
Plate H-3
PS/EOC1
EOC2/L2
SMURRF
Bus Yard
PSJHC
SMCY
Metro
SMC3
SMC1
SMC2
UCLA
EOC3
SWIP
MOR
SCE2
SCE3
SCE4
SCE1
CWF
SMA
FS-1
FS-2
FS-5
FS-7
FS-3
ACT
SVR
PPT
BPS
FTA
S10
S11
CH
HP
CC
RR
AS
S6
S1
S8
S9
S2
S3
S4
S7
S5
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
0 2,500 5,000 ft
S Beverly Glen Blvd
W Washington Blvd
W San Vicente Blvd
W San Vicente Blvd
W San Vicente Blvd
Santa Monica Blvd
Santa Monica Blvd
Santa Monica Blvd
Pacific Coast Hwy
Chautauqua Blvd
Washington Blvd
S Barrington Ave
San Vicente Blvd
Ocean Park Blvd
Westwood Blvd
Sepulveda Blvd
Sepulveda Blvd
Sepulveda Blvd
Centenilla Ave
Washington Pl
Overland Ave
National Blvd
Olympic Blvd
Olympic Blvd
Sawtelle Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Montana Ave
Montana Ave
Lincoln Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
W Pico Blvd
Venice Blvd
Venice Blvd
Culver Blvd
Federal Ave
Sunset Blvd
Sunset Blvd
Sunset Blvd
S Bundy Dr
S Bundy Dr
Entrada Dr
Ocean Ave
Ocean Ave
Pacific Ave
Idaho Ave
7th Street
Short Ave
Bundy Dr
Pico Blvd
ico Blvd
Main St
11th St
14th St
20th St
17th St
11th St
26th St
26th St
20th St
14th St
26th St
20th St
2nd St
P
This map is intended for general land use planning only.

Earth Consultants International (ECI) and the City of Santa Monica (City) make no representations or warranties the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived.

ECI and City shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.
.

NOTES:

Earthquake Fault Zones of
Required Investigation
In and Near
Santa Monica, California
NOTES:

Sources: Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones mapped by the California Geological Survey (CGS); Official Maps for Beverly Hills and Topanga Quadrangles issued on January 2018.

Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Feet
Scale: 1:10,000
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-4
Explanation
Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault; dashed where location
is approximate. These are fault traces considered to be Holocene-active (meaning that they have displaced the
ground surface in the last 11,700 years, during the
Holocene epoch).

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone. Site-specific
investigations are required for certain developments
within these zones and, if the potential for the hazard is found to exist, plans to mitigate the hazard must be
provided prior to the City, or the appropriate regulatory agency, issuing a permit for construction.

Santa Monica City Boundary
This map is intended for general land use planning only. Information on this map is not sufficient to serve as a substitute for detailed geologic investigations of individual sites, nor does it satisfy the evaluation requirements set forth in geologic hazard regulations. This map may not show all faults that have the potential for surface fault rupture, either within the Earthquake Fault Zones (EFZs) or outside their boundaries. The faults shown are the basis for establishing the boundaries of the EFZs.

The identification and location of these faults by the State are based on the best available data at the time the maps were created. However, the quality of the data used is varied. Traces were depicted as accurately as possible at a map scale of 1:24,000. In zoomed-in maps like this one, the location of the fault may be off by tens of feet relative to the original 1:24,000-scale map.

Thus, fault lines on the map are used solely to approximate the fault location. The width and location of the faults should not be used in lieu of site-specific investigations, evaluation, and design. Detailed geologic investigations, including trenching studies, may make it possible to refine the location and activity status of a fault.

Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

San Vicente Blvd
California Ave
Arizona Ave
Stanford St
Franklin St
Washington Ave
Idaho Ave
Montana Ave
Marguerita Ave
Carlyle Ave
Georgina Ave
Harvard St
Wilshire Blvd.

San Vicente Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
I-405
Sepulveda Blvd
I-405
PCH
Venice Blvd
Santa Monica Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Seismic Hazard Zones Map
Santa Monica, California
This map is intended for general land use planning only. Information on this map is not sufficient to serve as a substitute for detailed geologic investigations of individual sites, nor does it satisfy the evaluation requirements set forth in geologic hazard regulations.

Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

NOTES:

Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Sources: California Department of Conservation, California Geological Survey: Seismic Hazard Zones, Beverly Hills (2002), Topanga (1997), and Venice (1999) Quadrangles.

Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-5
Santa Monica City Boundary
Feet
Areas where historic occurrence of liquefaction, or
local geological, geotechnical and groundwater
conditions indicate a potential for permanent ground
displacements such that mitigation as defined in Public Resources code Section 2693c would be required.

Areas where historic occurrence of landslide movement,
or local topographic, geological, geotechnical and
groundwater conditions indicate a potential for
permanent ground displacements such that mitigation as
defined in Public Resources code Section 2693c would
be required.

EXPLANATION
0 2,000 4,000
Quadrangle boundary
Topanga
Venice
Beverly Hills
Olympic Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-6
Explanation
Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019 and Google Satillite.

Sources: Modified from 2020 Census Tract Data
Census Tracts used in the
HazUS Analyses
Santa Monica, California
Santa Monica City Boundary
Scale: 1:24,000
feet
San Vicente Blvd
Olympic Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
Sepulveda Blvd
I-10
PCH
Venice Blvd
I-405
Santa Monica Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

NOTES:
06037701201
06037701202
06037701802
06037701702
06037701502
06037701501
06037701402
06037701302
06037701304
06037701601
06037701701
06037701602
06037701801
06037702202
06037702201
06037702300
06037701902
06037702002
06037702102
06037702300 Census Tract Boundaries with
Census Tract Number
M7.4 Santa Monica Earthquake Scenario

5.01% - 7.46%

7.47% - 10.0%

5.89 %

6.73 %

5.79 %

8.54 %

8.97 %

7.54 %

8.81 %

8.09 %

8.55%

8.78 %

9.15 %

8.62 %

8.78 %

6.54 %

5.62 %

6.93 %

7.54 %

9.51 %

9.18 %
M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario

0.0% - 2.50%

2.51% - 5.0%

1.84 %

2.01 %

2.18 %

2.38 %

2.9 %

2.35 %

2.25 % 2.42 %

2.66 %

2.97 %

3.0 %

3.17 %

3.34 %

2.94 %

2.7 %

2.4 %

2.34 %

2.55 % 2.73 %
M7.8 San Andreas ShakeOut Earthquake Scenario

0.0% - 2.50%

0.063%

0.068%

0.069%

0.063%

0.071%

0.081%

0.105%

0.115%

0.061%

0.056%

0.063%

0.082%

0.057%

0.059% 0.068%

0.092%

0.111%

0.115%

0.098%
M7.7 Palos Verdes Earthquake Scenario

0.0% - 2.50%

2.51% - 5.0%

3.16% 3.46%

3.65%

3.42%

3.86%

2.96%

3.05%

4.15%

3.18%

2.77%

2.62%

4.28%

4.07%

5.01% - 7.46%
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-7
Total Residential Building-Related
Losses as a Percentage of Total
Residential Building Exposure
Based on Four Large (M>7)
Earthquake Scenarios
Santa Monica, California
These maps for Santa Monica were created from the results obtained from running four separate earthquake scenario analyses using FEMA’s Hazus (Version 6.0) Loss Estimation Methodology software, with the results presented at the census-tract level.

Hazus calculates building-related losses using functions that relate the intensity of an earthquake to the degree of damage for different types of buildings, with the losses presented in U.S. dollars. The building inventory data is based on the 2022 National Structure Inventory, which includes building counts, values, and square footage at the census block and tract levels. Building losses are broken into two categories:
(1) direct building losses and (2) business interruption losses, with building losses including both structural and nonstructural components.

These maps present the estimated total building-related losses for residential structures at the census tract level as a percentage of the estimated total exposure of residential structures in that census tract. Both the losses and the exposure values are in U.S. dollars.

Darker shades represent higher total residential building losses as a percentage of the total residential building inventory for each census tract.

For additional information, refer to Section 6 - Earthquakes.

2.31%

2.39 %
M7.7 Palos Verdes Earthquake Scenario

8.59%

9.52%

9.48%

8.06%

11.06%

11.01%

10.01% - 12.3%

6.99%
M7.8 San Andreas ShakeOut Earthquake Scenario

0.0% - 2.50%

0.141%

0.142%

0.136%

0.131%

0.122%

0.147%

0.105%

0.227%

0.128%

0.109%

0.119%

0.131%

0.103%

0.111% 0.131%

0.157%

0.198%

0.205%

0.192%
M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario

5.01% - 7.46%

2.51% - 5.0%

3.27 %

3.92 %

3.54 %

4.64 %

5.01 %

4.24 %

3.77 % 4.14 %

4.49 %

5.01 %

5.11 %

5.67 %

5.67 %

5.61 %

5.42 %

4.15 %

3.97 %

3.76 % 4.94 %
M7.4 Santa Monica Earthquake Scenario

17.21% - 20.0%

20.01% - 25.0%

12.95 %

20.01 %

12.10 %

15.01 %

19.73 %

19.92 %

20.45 %

20.15 %

20.25%

19.18 %

19.66 %

18.0 %

18.06 %

15.4 %

15.06 %

17.54 %

21.71 %

21.72 %

20.86 %

15.01% - 17.20%

12.31% - 15.0%

10.01% - 12.3%
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-8
Total Commercial BuildingRelated Losses as a Percentage of Total Commercial Building
Exposure Based on Four Large
(M>7) Earthquake Scenarios
Santa Monica, California
These maps for Santa Monica were created from the results obtained from running four separate earthquake scenario analyses using FEMA’s Hazus (Version 6.0) Loss Estimation Methodology software, with the results presented at the census-tract level.

Hazus calculates building-related losses using functions that relate the intensity of an earthquake to the degree of damage for different types of buildings, with the losses presented in U.S. dollars. The building inventory data is based on the 2022 National Structure Inventory, which includes building counts, values, and square footage at the census block and tract levels. Building losses are broken into two categories:
(1) direct building losses and (2) business interruption losses, with building losses including both structural and nonstructural components.

These maps present the estimated total building-related losses for commercial structures at the census tract level as a percentage of the estimated total exposure of commercial structures in that census tract. Both the losses and the exposure values are in U.S. dollars.

Darker shades represent higher total commercial building losses as a percentage of the total commercial building inventory for each census tract.

For additional information, refer to Section 6 - Earthquakes.

City of Santa Monica Boundary
Los Angeles County Tsunami Hazard Area
(California Department of Conservation, Los Angeles County, Tsunami Hazard Areas, https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/ tsunami/maps/los-angeles)
Santa Monica, California
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-9
Explanation
Tsunami Hazards Map
NOTE: This map is intended for general land use planning only. Information on this map is not sufficient to serve as a substitute for detailed geologic investigations of individual sites, nor does it satisfy the evaluation requirements set forth in geologic hazard regulations. Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

Walk Neilson WayBarnard Way
Ocean Front Walk
V
E
AE
X
A
X
AE
A
X
X
X
AE
VE
AE
VE
X
X
AH
X
X
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-10
Scale: 1:24,000
This map is intended for general land use planning only. Earth Consultants International (ECI) and the City of Santa Monica make no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

NOTES:

Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Sources: Federal Emergency Management Agency, downloaded 2/2023, Los Angeles County and City of Santa Monica
Flood Hazard Map
Santa Monica, California
Explanation
Zone A: The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1% annual chance floodplains. No base (1% annual chance) flood elevations (BFEs) or depths are shown within this zone.

Zone AE: The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1% annual chance floodplains. Base flood elevations derived from the hydraulic analyses are shown within this zone, either at cross section locations or as static whole-foot elevations that apply throughout the zone.

Zone AH: The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the areas of 1% annual chance shallow flooding (usually areas of ponding) where average depths are between 1 and 3 feet. Whole-foot BFEs derived from the hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone.

Unshaded Zone X: Areas of minimal flood hazard.

Other Areas of Flood Hazard
Shaded Zone X: Areas of 0.2% annual chance flood hazards and areas of 1% annual chance flood hazards with average depths of less than 1 foot or with drainage areas less than 1 square mile.

AAE AO Zone AO: The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the areas of 1% annual chance shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between 1 and 3 feet. Average whole-foot depths derived from the hydraulic analyses are shown within this zone.

AHXXVE
Zone VE: The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1% annual chance coastal floodplains that have additional hazards associated with storm waves. Base flood elevations derived from the coastal analyses are shown within this zone as static whole-foot elevations that apply throughout the zone.
* See FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps and FEMA Flood
Insurance Study for Los Angeles County for Base Flood
Elevations.

FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Zones
Feet
Santa Monica City Boundary
High Risk Areas (Special Flood Hazard Areas)
San Vicente Blvd
Olympic Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
I-405
Sepulveda Blvd
PCH
I-10
Venice Blvd
Santa Monica Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
0 2,000 4,000
Stone Canyon Dam
Riviera Reservoir
Dam Inundation Map
Santa Monica, California
Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Sources: Modified from https://fmds.water.ca.gov/maps/damim. Riviera Dam Inundation Limits file generated 10/31/2019, Stone Canyon Dam Inundation Limits file generated 5/1/2019.

Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-11
Feet
Scale: 1:50,000
Stone Canyon Dam Inundation Limits
Riviera Dam Inundation Limits
NOTES:

This map is intended for general land use planning only. Earth Consultants International (ECI) and the City of Santa Monica make no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circum- stances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or conse- quential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

Santa Monica City Boundary
Lake or open water
Explanation
San Vicente Blvd
Olympic Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
I-405
Sepulveda Blvd
I-10
I-405
PCH
Venice Blvd
I-405
Santa Monica Blvd
Venice Blvd
LAX
Wilshire Blvd
Anticipated Damage in
Santa Monica as a Result of a
Stone Canyon Dam Failure Scenario Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-12
NOTE:

This map is intended for general land use planning only. Earth Consultants International (ECI) and the City of Santa Monica make no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

Commercial Building Loss in Thousands of $
$0.00 to $9.00
$9.01 to $69.00
$69.01 to $378.00
$378.01 to $1,155.00
$1,155.01 to $3,590.00
Water Depth in Feet
High: 12.81
Low: 0.00
Census Blocks
Study Region Boundary
Residential Building Loss in Thousands of $
$0.00 to $233.00
$233.01 to $916.00
$916.01 to $2,573.00
$2,573.01 to $5,135.00
5,135.01 to $10,509.00
Water Depth in Feet
High: 12.81
Low: 0.00
Census Blocks
Study Region Boundary
Residential and Commercial Building Losses in Santa Monica as a Result of a Hypothetical Failure of Stone Canyon Dam Note that the same color distribution means significantly different dollar amounts depending on building type (residential vs. commercial). Based on a “user-supplied” HazUS flood model analysis that considered the flooded area and water depths calculated by Genterra Consultants, Inc. (2019) for a “sunny day” dam failure scenario for Stone Canyon Dam. 0 2000 4000
Fault; solid where location known, dashed where
approximate, dotted where concealed. (For more
information refer to Figures 6-13 and 6-14).

Symbols
Approximate Contact between Geologic Units
Santa Monica City Boundary
Geologic Map
of Santa Monica, California
and Vicinity
This map is intended for general land use planning only. Information on this map is not sufficient to serve as a substitute for detailed geologic investigations of individual sites, nor does it satisfy the evaluation requirements set forth in geologic hazard regulations.

Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

NOTES:

Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Sources: Modified from Campbell et al., 2014 and Saucedo et al., 2016.

For Geologic Unit Descriptions
see Plate H-13b
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-13a
Feet
Scale: 1:24,000
QTp
Tm
Qoa
Qof
Qoa
Qoa
Qf
QTp
Tm
Af
Qof
Af
Qof
Qb
Af
Qya
Qya
Qa
Qb
Qom?
San Vicente Blvd
Olympic Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
I-405
Sepulveda Blvd
I-10
I-405
PCH
Venice Blvd
Santa Monica Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Af
Af
Tss
Afc
Afc
Afc
Afc
Tm
Ktc
Kte Ktd
Ti
Qof
Qya
Kt
Qya
Ktc
Ttc
Tss Qoa
Qf
Qf
Qya
Qof
Qof
Qof
Qe
Qom?
Qb
Qe
Qof
Qls
Qls
Tm
Qya
Qya
Qya
Afc
QTp
Pico Formation (Pliocene) — Soft, olive gray, marine clayey siltstone and sandy siltstone with very fine-grained sandstone interbeds. Siltstone beds often contain fossils of foraminifera and well cemented-invertebrate shells.

Alluvial fan deposits (Holocene)— Sediments ranging in size from boulders to silt. Aside from on active and recently active alluvial fans, these deposits can be found in the headward sections of channels.

Qa Alluvium (late Holocene) ) — Unconsolidated sands, silts, and clays that have accumulated on canyon floors.

Plate H-13b
Geologic Unit Descriptions
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2024
Geologic Unit Descriptions to Accompany Geologic Map
Kt
Qb
Qe
Qf
Qoa
Qof
Qom
Qya
Tm
Ttc
Beach deposits (Historical and late Holocene) — light gray to tan, loose, fine- and medium-grained sand forming a narrow strandline along the western edge of the city; typically slope gently towards the ocean.

Eolian deposits (late Holocene) — Loose, fine- to medium- grained sand, silty sand and silt. The deposition of these sediments forms temporary dunes against beach-facing cliffs.

Young alluvium, undivided (Holocene and latest Pleistocene) — Predominately friable, unconsolidated, gravel-rich fluvial silt, sand, and gravel deposited in the floodplain at the base of the Santa Monica Mountains. These sediments can be found in stream beds and alluvial fans as well. Upper sections of these deposits are locally capped by slightly to moderately developed soils.

Old alluvium undivided — Unconsolidated to moderately consolidated (indurated) gravel, sand and silt deposited on flood plains. Deposits have been uplifted or removed from their sedimentation source. Surfaces have been dissected and show signs of pedogenic (soil) development. Preserved paleo-surfaces are indicated by the presence of a moderately to well-developed “B” soil horizon.

Old fan deposits, undivided — Slightly to moderately consolidated silt, sand and gravel deposited in alluvial fans.

Deposits have been uplifted or removed from their sedimentation source. Fluvial deposits present within the fan deposits consist of subangular to rounded gravels, with Santa Monica slate being the most common lithology. Fan deposits can exhibit signs of pedogenic development by the presence of moderately to well-developed soils.

Old shallow marine deposits on wave-cut surface — Unconsolidated, but locally calcite-cemented, sand, silty sand and gravel. Typically overlie wave-cut bedrock platforms located at two or more elevations above present-day sea level. Paleo-surfaces indicated by soil development. Late Pleistocene molluscan fauna fossils are found locally within this unit.

Modelo Formation, undivided (late Miocene) — Thinly bedded, gray to brown mudstone, shale or siltstone. Interbeds of very fine- to coarse-grained sandstone are present as well. While the thickness of these sections of sandstone can be prominent, the sections are not laterally continuous.

Topanga Group, undivided (middle Miocene) — Volcanic and sedimentary rocks. More specifically, these various deposits can be split up into three different subunits. The lowest stratigraphic subunit, sometimes referred to as the Lower Topanga Formation or the Topanga Canyon Formation, consists of near-shore marine, shoreline deposits, along with sandstone and siltstone that were deposited in an estuary-like environment. Intrusions associated with the overlying subunit cut through these deposits. The middle subunit, which has been referred to as the Middle Topanga Formation or the Conejo Volcanics, consists predominately of basaltic and andesitic extrusive volcanics that were typically deposited in a marine environment. Above these volcanics is a deep marine facies that includes submarine turbidite sandstone with shale interbeds. This upper section of the Topanga Group has been referred to as the Upper Topanga Formation and the Calabasas Formation.

Tuna Canyon Formation, undivided (late Cretaceous) — Marine deposits that consist of bedded sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate. Ammonite and foraminifera fossils are often found in this formation. The Tuna Canyon Formation has been subdivided into four informal members; three of these have been mapped in the area covered on Plate H-3a. From youngest to oldest these include:

Kce - informal member “c” consists of greenish-gray shale with coarse-grained sandstone interbeds in the upper part.

Ktd - informal member “d” consists of fine-grained, thick-bedded, fossiliferous sandstone.

Kte - informal member “e” consists predominantly of pebble-cobble conglomerate and minor sandstone.

Young Surficial Deposits
Holocene and latest Pleistocene (?) sedimentary deposits including landslide deposits and young alluvium.

Old Surficial Deposits
Late to middle Pleistocene non-marine and possible marine (or paralic) sedimentary deposits.

Sedimentary and Volcanic Bedrock Units (exposed to the north and northwest of the city) Several different bedrock types and lithologies crop out in the Santa Monica Mountains to the north of the city of Santa Monica.

Ages of these units vary as well, ranging from Pliocene (~2.6 million years old) to late Cretaceous (~150 million years old).

These bedrock units are not present at the surface within city limits, but clasts and grains eroded from these units comprise the bulk of the alluvial deposits in the foothills, alluvial fan surfaces and alluvial deposits that mantle the city. Only the formational units that crop out in the area included in Plate H-13a are included here.

Modern Surficial Deposits
Historical and late Holocene deposits generally underlying the coastal areas, as well as farther inland, where stream channels once flowed, depositing sediments eroded from the mountains onto the low-lying flat regions to the south. Includes artificial fill.

Af
Artificial fill and areas surrounding the Clay Pits
and Landfills where shallow fills, debris, and
disturbed ground are anticipated. Includes
compacted fill related to major roads.

Approximate limits of Former Clay Pits and Landfills;
debris and potentially explosive gases may occur in
these areas.

Ti
Ts Sespe Formation, undivided (early Miocene, Oligocene, and late Eocene) — A nonmarine “red bed” sequence of sandstone, pebbly sandstone, varicolored mudstone, and pebble-cobble conglomerate; sandstone beds commonly very thick to massive, with strong internal cross lamination; and rare thin interbeds varicolored reddish, greenish and grayish mudstone.

Ktc
Ktd
Kte
Intrusive rocks, undivided (middle Miocene) — Dikes, sills and irregularly shaped intrusive bodies of diabase, basalt and andesite; commonly pervasively altered and easily eroded, undercutting slopes and thus commonly associated with the toes of landslides. In the western Santa Monica Mountains, related to the Conejo Volcanics (see description of the Topanga Group below).

Qls
Landslide deposits (Holocene and late Pleistocene?) — Detritus from bedrock and surficial materials deposited by landslide processes. The deposits range from relatively coherent large blocks to disaggregated small fragments. Only large landslides are shown on Plate H-13a. Typically comprised of adjacent bedrock units shown on map. Qls/Tm means landslide comprised of Modelo Formation materials. degrees
Slope Distribution Map
Santa Monica, California
Plate H-14
Base Map: USGS Topographic Map from Sure!MAPS RASTER (1997) Source: Derived from 2002/2003 IfSAR data for Southern California:
3m Digital Elevation Model (NAVD88)
Explanation
Slope (in degrees)
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Feet
Scale: 1:25,000
10 to 26
0 to 10
26 to 40
40 and greater
San Vicente Blvd
Olympic Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
I-405
Sepulveda Blvd
I-10
I-405
PCH
Venice Blvd
I-405
Santa Monica Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
City of Santa Monica Boundary
This map is intended for general land use planning only. Information on this map is not sufficient to serve as a substitute for detailed geologic investigations of individual sites, nor does it satisfy the evaluation requirements set forth in geologic hazard regulations.

Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

NOTES:

Slope Instability Map
Santa Monica, California
Plate H-15
This map is intended for general land use planning only. Information on this map is not sufficient to serve as a substitute for detailed geologic investigations of individual sites, nor does it satisfy the evaluation requirements set forth in geologic hazard regulations.

Earth Consultants International (ECI) and the City of Santa Monica (City) make no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

NOTES:

Sources: Slope data derived from LA County 2016 lidar and City-provided topographic data, combined with a “drive-by” visual analysis of slopes using the GoogleEarth Street View function. For a description of the geologic hazards addressed herein and additional sources, refer to the text.

Explanation
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Feet
Scale: 1:25,000
Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

San Vicente Blvd
Olympic Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
I-405
Sepulveda Blvd
I-10
I-405
PCH
Venice Blvd
Santa Monica Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
City of Santa Monica Boundary
Gross Slope Instability Area - Steep slopes more than
50 feet high that could slide or topple in response to
intense precipitation, strong ground shaking, coastal
or stream erosion at or near their base, or as a result of human activity.

City-defined Area of Runoff Consideration: Area
where runoff is to be diverted away from the coastal
bluffs, to decrease erosion.

Surficial Slope Instability Area - Slopes generally less than 50 feet high, with sections steeper than 26
degrees (see Plate H-14), that could fail surficially
(see text) as a result of intense or continuous rainfall, overwatering, and/or burrowing animal or human
activity. Many backyard areas that meet these criteria
are not included here.

Wilshire Blvd
Santa Monica Blvd
I-405
Venice Blvd
PCH
I-405
I-10
Sepulveda Blvd
I-405
Lincoln Blvd
Pico Blvd
I-10
Olympic Blvd
San Vicente Blvd
Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

NOTE:
1930 - 1940
1920 - 1930
1940 - 1950
1950 - 1960
1960 - 1970
1970 - 1980
1980 - 1990
1990 - 2000
2000 - 2010
2010 - 2020
Explanation
Year of Last Burn
Santa Monica City Boundary
Fire Stations in Santa Monica Stati ns
CAL FIRE Facilities for Wildland
Fire Protection
2025 Palisades Fire
feet
5000 10000
Scale: 1:50,000
Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Source: California Fire and Resource Assessment Program (FRAP) @ http://frap.fire.ca.gov/mapping/gis-data
Plate H-16
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Historical Wildland Fires
(1930-2025)
Near Santa Monica, California
San Vicente Blvd
Olympic Blvd
I-10
Pico Blvd
Lincoln Blvd
I-405
Sepulveda Blvd
I-10
I-405
PCH
Venice Blvd
I-405
Santa Monica Blvd
Wilshire Blvd
Explanation
Base Map: Extracted from CloudMade data, derived from OpenStreetMap community (www.openstreetmap.org) and downloaded from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com) on 1/08/2019.

Sources: Modified from California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE); https://egis.fire.ca.gov/FHSZ/
Fire Hazard Severity Zones
In and Near
Santa Monica, California
Scale: 1:40,000
t
0 5,000 10,000
fee
Plate H-17
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Very High Hazard in a Local
Responsibility Area
High Hazard in a Local
Responsibility Area
Moderate Hazard in a Local
Responsibility Area
Fire Stations in Santa Monica
City of Santa Monica Boundary
CAL FIRE Facilities for Wildland Fire
Protection
California Fire Hazard Severity Zones (FHSZ)
This map is intended for general land use planning only.

NOTES:

Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

Intermediate-High Scenario (4.9 ft)
Intermediate Scenario (3.3 ft)
High Scenario (6.6 ft)
100-Year Storm Flooding
High Scenario (6.6 ft)
Intermediate Scenario (3.3 ft)
Intermediate-High Scenario (4.9 ft)
Annual Storm Flooding Extent
by 2100
Flood Extent by 2100 Under
Three Sea-Level Rise Scenarios
100-Year Storm Flooding Extent
by 2100
Annual Storm Flooding
Project Number: 4306 Date: 2025
Plate H-18
High Scenario (6.6 ft)
Intermediate Scenario (3.3 ft)
Intermediate-High Scenario (4.9 ft)
Sources:

Esri, Airbus DS, USGS, NGA, NASA, CGIAR, N Robinson , NCEAS, NLS OS, NMA, Geodatastyrelsen, Rijkswaterstaat, GSA, Geoland, FEMA, Intermap and the GIS user community, County of Los Angeles, California State Parks, Esri, TomTom, Garmin, SafeGraph, GeoTechnologies, Inc., METI/NASA, USGS, Bureau of Land Management, EPA, NPS, US Census Bureau, USDA, USFWS.

Santa Monica Coastline
City Boundary
Sea-Level Rise Forecasts Through 2100 for Santa Monica
N
Projection and Scale: WGS84, 1:18,000
Basemap Source: Google Earth Satellite ImageryandRoads Ocean Front Walk Ocean Front Walk AE Zone AE: Flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1% annual chance floodplains
VE Zone VE: Flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1% annual chance coastal floodplains
Land Disposal Site - now closed (refer to Figure 9-2 and Plates H-13a & 13b)
Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Site - Open cases Permitted Underground Storage Tank (UST) Site
Waste Discharge Requirements Site: Sites regulated by the DWR Program that discharge domestic or municipal wastewater, foodprocessing related wastewater, and industrial wastewater.

Cleanup Program Site - Open cases
Non-RCRA Large Quantity Generator of hazardous waste. These sites produce, store or transport wastes that cause no harm to human or environmental health.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Large Quantity Generator (LQG) of hazardous waste
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Site
Sources: https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program; https://siteportal.calepa.ca.gov/nsite/map/help;
https://www.santamonica.gov/programs/certified-unified-program-agency-cupa; https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/); City of Santa Monica CUPA.

Fire Station 5
Santa Monica, California
Project Number: 4306
Date: 2025
Plate H-19
Explanation
Hazardous Materials Sites
NOTE: This map is intended for general land use planning only. Information on this map is not sufficient to serve as a substitute for detailed investigations of individual sites, nor does it satisfy the evaluation requirements set forth in geologic hazard regulations. Earth Consultants International (ECI) makes no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy of the data from which these maps were derived. ECI and the City of Santa Monica shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to any claim by any user or third party on account of, or arising from, the use of this map.

Zone A: The flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1% annual chance floodplains. No base (1% annual chance) flood elevations (BFEs) or depths are shown within this zone.

A
Hazardous Materials Sites
Selected Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Flood Zones and Faults
Alquist-Priolo Zoned Faults
Fire Stations
(HazMat unit at Station 5)
City of Santa Monica Boundary
Hospitals
Crude Oil Pipeline Roads
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Appendix I
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 References Page I - 1
APPENDIX I: REFERENCES
Allen, M.R., Dube, O.P., Solecki, W., Aragón-Durand, F., Cramer, W., Humphreys, S., Kainuma, M., Kala, J., Mahowald, N., Mulugetta, Y., Perez, R., Wairiu, M., and Zickfeld, K., 2018, Framing and Context; in Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J.B.R., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M.I., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M. and Waterfield, T. (editors), Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above PreIndustrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 49-92, doi:10.1017/9781009157940.003.

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act and guidelines prepared by the California Geological Survey (CGS) – previously known as the California Division of Mines and Geology – in their Special Publication 42, most recently updated in 2018. [see CGS, 2018a below] Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. (Amec Foster Wheeler), 2018, Proposed Airport Park Expansion Project Final Environmental Impact Report, SCH# 217031024; report prepared for the City of Santa Monica Planning and Community Development Department, dated January 2018; available from https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/PCD/EnvironmentalReports/Airport%20Park%20Final%20EIR%20FOR%20PRINTING.pdf.

American Red Cross, 1994, Your Guide to Home Chemical Safety and Emergency Procedures, 24p.

Anagnos, T., Comerio, M.C., and J. P. Stewart, P., 2016, Earthquake loss estimates and policy implications for nonductile concrete buildings in Los Angeles: Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 1951– 1973; doi:10.1193/060415EQS088M.

Anbar, M., Guttmann, S., and Lewitus, Z., 1959, The mode of action of perchlorate ions on the iodine uptake of the thyroid gland: International Journal on Application of Radiating Isotopes, Vol. 7, pp. 87-96.

Anderson, M.K., 2005, Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California’s Natural Resources: University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 526p.

Anderson, K., 2006, The Use of Fire by Native Americans in California; in Sugihara, N.G., van Wagtendonk, J.W., Shaffer, K.E., Fites-Kaufman, J., and Thode, A.E., (editors), 2006, Fire in California’s Ecosystems: University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, pp. 417-430.

Anhorn, J. and Khazai, B., 2015, Open space suitability analysis for emergency shelter after an earthquake:

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 15, pp. 789-803, doi:10.1594/nhess-15-789- 2015.

Arcadis US, Inc. (Arcadis), 2024, Domestic Water Master Plan; report prepared for the City of Santa Monica Water Resources Division, dated January 2024.

Arcas, D., 2015, A Tsunami Forecast Model for Santa Monica, California: NOAA Center for Tsunami Research (NCTR) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), PMEL Tsunami Forecast Series:

Vol. 9, NOAA OAR Special Report, 140 p., doi:10.7289/V5D50KX8.

Army Corp of Engineers (ACOE), 1982, Interim Feasibility Report for Ballona Creek and Tributaries: U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles, December.

Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG), 1990, Appendices 1 and 2: Known Hazardous Materials Releases due to the Loma Prieta Earthquake; in Van Anne, C. and Scawthorn, C. (editors), The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989—Fire, Police, Transportation, and Hazardous Materials: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1553-C, pp. C36-C38.

Barberopoulou, A., Qamar, A., Pratt, T.L., Creager, K.C., and Steele, W.P., 2004, Local amplification of seismic waves from the Denali earthquake and damaging seiches in Lake Union, Seattle, Washington: Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, L03607; doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018569.

Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix I
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 References Page I - 2
Barrows, A.G., 1974, A Review of the Geology and Earthquake History of the Newport-Inglewood Structural Zone, Southern California: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report 114, 115p.

Barrows, A.G., Irvine, P.J., and Tan, S.S, 1995, Geologic Surface Effects Triggered by the Northridge Earthquake; in Woods, M.C., and Seiple, W.R. (editors), The Northridge, California, Earthquake of 17 January 1994: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 116, pp 65-88.

Barrows, A.G., Tan, S.S., and Irvine, P.J., 1994, Investigation of Surface Geologic Effects and Related Land Movement in the City of Simi Valley Resulting from the Northridge Earthquake of January 14, 1994: California Division of Mines and Geology Open File Report 94-09, 41p., 1 plate.

Basner, M., Clark, C., Hansell, A., Hileman, J.I., Janssen, S., Shepherd, K., and Sparrow, V., 2017, Aviation noise impacts: State of the science: Noise Health, Vol. 19, No. 87, pp. 41-50, doi:10.4103/nah.NAH_104_16.

Basu, R. and Malig, B., 2011, High ambient temperature and mortality in California: Exploring the roles of age, disease, and mortality displacement: Environmental Research, Vol. 111, No. 8, pp. 1286- 1292.

Bausch, D.B., and Gonzalez, T., 1994, Damage pattern in Santa Monica as a result of the Mw 6.7 Northridge earthquake; in Seismological Society of America, Program of Northridge Abstracts, 5-7 April 1994, Pasadena, California, p. 28.

Becker, Graehl, N., Zuzak, C., LaDuke, Y., Wilson, R., Patton, J., Bott, J., Palmer, M., and Hoang, K., 2023, Assessment of tsunami risk and exposure to California’s coastal communities using FEMA’s Hazus Tsunami model and ESRI demographic data: Poster presentation for the 2023 American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California; Poster No. NH51D-05.

Bedsworth, L., Cayan, D., Guido, F., Fisher, L. and Ziaja, S., 2018, Statewide Summary Report-California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment: A project of the California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California Energy Commission, and California Public Utilities Commission, Publication No.: SUM-CCCA4-2018-013.

Belleri, A., and Marini, A., 2016, Does seismic risk affect the environmental impact of existing buildings?:

Energy Build, Vol. 110 (Jan), pp. 149–158; doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.048.

Bolt, Bruce A., 1999, Earthquakes: W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, Fourth Edition, 320p.

Bondevik, S., Gjevik, B. and Sørensen, M. B., 2013, Norwegian seiches from the giant 2011 Tohoku earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, pp. 3374–3378; doi.org/10.1002/grl.50639.

Borchardt, G., and Kennedy, M.P., 1979, Liquefaction Potential in Urban San Diego–A Pilot Study:

California Geology, Vol. 32, pp. 217-221.

Borchers, J.W., Kretsinger Grabert, V., Carpenter M., Dalgish, B., and Cannon, D., 2014, Land Subsidence from Groundwater use in California: Full Report of Findings prepared by Luhdorff & Scalmanini Consulting Engineers for the California Water Foundation, April, 193p., available from https://cawaterlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/1397858208- SUBSIDENCEFULLREPORT_FINAL.pdf.

Borrero, J., Dolan J., Synolakis, C.E., 2001, Tsunami sources within the Eastern Santa Barbara Channel:

Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, pp. 643-647.

Borrero, J.C., Legg, M.R., and Synolakis, C.E., 2004, Tsunami sources in the southern California bight:

Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, pp. L13211-L13215.

Brandsma, M., Divoky, d., and Hwang, L.S., 1978, Circumpacific variation of computed tsunami features in Tsunami Symposium: Ottawa, Canada, Marine Sciences Directorate, Department of Fisheries and Environment Manuscript Report Series 48, pp. 132-151.

Branum, D., Chen, R., Petersen, M., and Wills, C., 2016, Earthquake Shaking Potential for California:

California Geological Survey Map Sheet 48; available from https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/documents/publications/map-sheets/MS_048.pdf.

Bray, J.D., 2001, Developing Mitigation Measures for the Hazards Associated with Earthquake Surface Fault Rupture; in A Workshop on Seismic Fault-Induced Failures–Possible Remedies for Damage to Local Hazards Mitigation Plan Appendix I
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 References Page I - 3
Urban Facilities: Research Project 2000 Grant -in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 12355020), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Workshop Leader, Kazuo Konagai, University of Tokyo, Japan, pp. 55-79, January 11-12, 2001.

Brewer, L., 1992, Preliminary damage and intensity survey: Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 219-226.

Brown, R.D., Jr., 1990, Quaternary Deformation; in Wallace, R.E. (editor), The San Andreas Fault System, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515, pp. 83-113.

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California Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG), 1998b, Seismic Hazard Zone Report for the Venice

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Dibblee, T.W., Jr., 1992, Geologic Map of the Topanga and Canoga Park (South ½) Quadrangles, Los Angeles County, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation Map #DF-35, dated June 1992, edited by H.E. Ehrenspeck, scale: 1:24,000.

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2025 City Council Resolution PAGE J - i
APPENDIX J: ADOPTION
City of Santa Monica, California
2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
City Council Adoption Resolution