October 31, 2025
Dive Inspection Video
Cut and paste the external link: https://photos.app.goo.gl/vo2AV9Ku2yugo5tK6 Discussion
In general, the exterior paint system on the tank is aged, relatively thin, and exhibits moderate chalking with satisfactory adhesion between the finish coat and the primer in all areas tested. There are few areas of pinpoint and spot rusting within the paint system upon the roof, primarily at plate depressions where water tends to pond and immerse the paint system for long periods of time. Although the shell surfaces have some isolated spot rust, the paint system was providing general corrosion protection, at this time. The paint will likely continue to provide protection of the steel for a few more years, but it will continue to oxidize and degrade.
Chalking is the term for the powdery characteristic of an aged coating that may also have a faded finish. Chalking is a result of the natural breakdown of a paint system's binder when it is exposed to sunlight. The binder (or resin) degrades in ultraviolet light, which leaves behind the unbound pigment or chalk. Aside from a faded appearance, chalking can result in corrosion as the film weathers (thins) away through cycles of wind and rain. As the paint endures years of direct sunlight, it begins to weather away, which results in the paint no longer providing enough barrier protection from corrosion.
Rust is a result of ferrous metal essentially converting itself back to its original state, iron ore. It takes a tremendous amount of energy to convert an ore into a usable metal.
These metals then try to naturally release this energy through the development of rust.
Corrosion is a more generic term for a condition that has resulted in a substrate that has reacted with its environment. With respect to the stages of the rust or corrosion of steel, the process initiates itself as light colored orange surface rust. As the corrosion process 955
Final Report - Maintenance Inspection
City of Santa Paula – Peck Reservoir
MKN Associates
October 31, 2025
continues, the rust becomes darker in color until it eventually results in advancing forms of metal loss. Metal loss can take the form of pitting, which is a localized corrosion cell that results in cavities or holes developing in the metal.
The tank roof has localized areas where atmospheric water tends to collect to develop ponds at plate depressions. The paint applied to the exterior of the tank was not designed for immersion service. As a result, the paint in many of these areas has degraded to form flaking and corrosion.
Generally speaking, there are four possible approaches to maintenance painting. The coatings can be either completely removed and replaced (repainted), spot repaired, spot repaired and overcoated, or simply overcoated. In evaluating the condition of a coating to determine the best painting approach there are a number of different factors to consider. The first set of factors includes the determination of the coating's ability to withstand the added stress of an additional coat(s). Attributes impacting this decision include film thickness and adhesion. If the paint film is too thick or has poor adhesion, the tension from the curing stresses and/or weight of the additional paint can cause the existing system to disbond. The second set of factors to consider when determining what painting approach to take is the amount of surface area requiring repair, the overall difficulty in providing access to the structure, and whether the coating system contains heavy metals (i.e. lead, cadmium, and chromium). The final factor is the condition of the substrate.
When considering whether a spot repair approach is a viable option, a good rule of thumb is that spot repair, with or without overcoat, makes sense with up to 10 percent of the surface area requiring repairs. With more than 10% in disrepair, making spot repairs and overcoating becomes a diminishing return. With 10 percent rusting, overcoating may be an option if the adhesion is better than fair. If there is more than 10 percent rusting and the substrate is free of mill scale, overcoating may be considered an option if the adhesion is excellent. Once the amount of surface area in need of repair exceeds this range, the cost of cleaning and coating the individual rust spots approaches (or exceeds) the total cost of removal and replacement.
On this basis, and due to the satisfactory adhesion observed at the roof and shell, the tank exterior paint should be spot repaired at the next maintenance interval.
Overall, the tank interior coatings are in good condition in the area above the highest water level (HWL), and in good condition below the HWL. The lining on the underwater areas of the tank is mostly free of widespread corrosion, but there are localized areas of spot rust, including the beginning stages of exfoliation at irregular surfaces such as the ladder, dollar plate, rafter flanges, shell penetrations for accessories, and rough welds. 956
Final Report - Maintenance Inspection
City of Santa Paula – Peck Reservoir
MKN Associates
October 31, 2025
A tank roof, including its roof support structure has many open, unsealed areas by design. These open areas are primarily at the inaccessible crevices that are between the top of the roof beam flanges and the roof plate. The cost of properly sealing these areas becomes a diminishing return, notably when one considers that small crevice areas often develop into dead-air space. The minor amount of rust staining is simply a result of some areas not being completely sealed by coatings.
The design and fabrication of a water storage tank is critical relative to the performance of the lining. For instance, tank and vessel internal surfaces to be lined should not be marred by gouges, handling marks, deep scratches, metal stamp marks, slivered steel, or other surface flaws. All rough welds should be ground to remove sharp edges and weld spatter removed. Flaws should be repaired by welding or grinding, as appropriate.
The corrosion at edges is likely simply a result of the coating not having enough barrier protection at the edges. All coatings tend to thin at edges, which often results in these locations showing signs of rust years before the barrier protection breaks down on flat surfaces. Surface tension results in coatings separating away from edges as they are applied. It is not clear if the installation of the coating system involved special brush work at the roof edges (i.e. strip coat), but strip coating would have helped prevent this type of defect.
It is not clear what caused the blisters to develop, but their locations and pattern is similar to coating symptoms that would be seen from with an improperly functioning cathodic protection (CP) system. The tell-tale sign of an over energized CP system are circular patches of blisters in areas adjacent to the CP anodes. This indicates that the CP system may not be properly operating and may be damaging the coating. This defect from cathodic disbondment can result in blistering as the over-energized CP generates hydrogen under the coating, creating blisters. No significant corrosion is associated with the condition. As a result, the only recommendation with respect to the blistering issue is to evaluate the proper operation of the CP system to avoid the continued damage to the coating.
The paint on the exterior satisfactory condition and should continue to provide proper performance for more than 5 years, and the only need for paint work at this time would be based on aesthetics. Likewise, the interior lining is also in satisfactory condition. The lining has negligible rusts spots in many areas of the tank, but these areas do not involve any significant corrosion that requires repair. It is recommended that the tank should be placed back on a 3 to 5-year maintenance inspection cycle as recommended by AWWA with a plan to also make some underwater maintenance repairs during that inspection.
The tank ventilation was found to have screening installed without gaps or penetrations. 957
Final Report - Maintenance Inspection
City of Santa Paula – Peck Reservoir
MKN Associates
October 31, 2025
Recommendations
The following activities are recommended for remedial work:
Exterior:
1) No coatings work is required at this time. Plan on a future spot repair and overcoat of the paint system in conjunction with any future relining to best amortize costs.
Interior:
2) No coatings work is required at this time. It is recommended that the tank should be placed back on a 3 to 5-year maintenance inspection cycle as recommended by AWWA with a plan to also make some underwater maintenance repairs during that inspection.
3) Engage the services of a cathodic protection systems professional to evaluate the operation of the sacrificial anode CP system.
NOTICE: This report represents the opinion of CSI Services, Inc. This report is issued in conformance with generally acceptable industry practices. While customary precautions were taken to ensure that the information gathered and presented is accurate, complete, and technically correct, it is based on the information, data, time, and materials obtained and does not guarantee a leak proof tank. 958
12 in
Shell
Caulking Roof No Columns
Two Shell Manways
Unibolt
Square Shoe Box
Near Edge
No. & Type Roof Access
Yes
No
Tank Foundation
Two Screen Air Gap
N/A
Tank Piping
Ext Ladder Fall Prevent
Ext Ladder Satisfactory
Yes
Yes
One
Hatch Design
No. Roof Vents/Location
Shell Inlet and Outlet
20 in 12 in
YEs
Overflow Exterior Design
Drain Location
Water Level Indicator
12 in
24 in
Tank Type
Contract No.
Erection Year
Roof Design
Height of Each Course
No. Roof Hatches/Location
Size of Roof Hatch
Three
Center
Scope
No
Number of Courses
Site Information
Diameter (feet) Yes
Client Contact:
Tank Owner/Client:
Tank Name:
City of Santa Paula
Peck
Rob Lepore
Dive Supervisor:
Steven Metcalf Jr
Josh Servera
Stub
Yes
Yes
Yes
Item Notes
Date of Last Inspection
Ladder
20 in
Sacraficial Annode
No
Steven Metcalf
Dive Tender
Dive Leader:
1 of
Completed By Metcalf
1 CSI Job No.
Page
240243
08/19/25 Tuesday
N/A
P.O. Box 801357, Santa Clarita, CA 91380
Water Agitator
Yes
Phone: 877.274.2422 (toll free) Date
Fax: 661.755.7628
www.CSIServices.biz
Field Water Tank Dive Inspection Report
Description
Interior Structural Characteristics
Roof Accessible
Overhead Power Lines
Water Depth
No
Tank Geometry
Pitched Roof with Drip Ring
No. of Columns
None
16 ft
Item
GPS Coordinates
Cross Street
Tank Location
Surrounding Site Dirt
Nearest Structures
N Peck Rd
675 N Peck Rd, Santa Paula CA
34.35232, -119.09596
Roof Structure Rafters and Center Column
Pipe
Item
Column Design
No
Yes
N/A
No. Interior Ladder
Outlet Design
Perimeter Fencing
Site secured on arrival
Data
Antenna on Tank
One
Item Data
No
Stub
Connections
Column Base Design
Bolted
Free Plate
Upper Center Column Dollar Plate CP System/Type
Inlet Interior Design
Overflow Design An Upper Funnel Barrier Walls
Capacity (gallons)
Exterior Structural Characteristics
500,000
Lining Type/Original
Item
Epoxy
Item Data Data
on grade
Overflow Pipe Diameter
Flexible Pipe Coupling
Outlet Diameter
Inlet Diameter
8 Roof Rail Satisfactory
Height (feet) Roof Rail System
Center Roof Vent Size
Tank Profile
60 24
Roof Vent Sealed
Rail Location At Hatch
Type of Manways
No. Shell Manways
Diameter of Manways
Manway Cover Design
Welded Steel One
Round
Cylinder
Yes
Yes
One
Roof Tie-Off Present
Polyurethane
Tank Type Potable
N/A
Yes
Gravel
Exterior Vandal Deterrent
Miscellaneous Notes
Round Hood
Construction Co. No
Maintenance Inspection
One Column
Roof Vent Design
Lining Type/Original
959
© Copyright CSI Services 2023
The information reported was obtained using visual observations and testing believed to be accurate. The information reported represents the data obtained from the specific representative areas inspected, tested, and/or verified. This document shall only be produced in its entirety. 960
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© Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 1 - Condition Rating The table below gives a basic description of the four different categories that CSI Services, Inc. uses to provide a general depiction of the condition of each defined area of a structure. The categories are Poor, Fair, Good, or Excellent. The development of these categories is based on historical knowledge and experience of various paint and lining systems over given periods of time in certain service environments. Basically, the rating is determined based on what should be expected of the paint or lining system at that point in its life cycle. As a result, different determinations are made for maintenance inspection versus warranty inspections. A detailed description of each rating with relative consideration addressed follows:
General Description of Conditions Rating Maintenance Inspection Warranty Inspection Poor
This condition is usually prioritized for
rework in the short-term. Typically, these
surfaces have considerably more coating
defects and/or corrosion than what is
expected for the age of the system.
This condition identifies an area with
wholesale coating defects or corrosion
concerns that will typically require
significant removal and replacement of
the coatings in the area.
Fair
Typically, these surfaces have a level of
coating defects and/or corrosion that is
slightly worse than what should be
expected for the age of the system. This
condition is placed on a short-term
monitoring schedule.
This condition identifies an area with
partial coating defects or corrosion
concerns that will require significant
rework.
Good
This condition is rated for areas without
any considerable coating defects or
corrosion. These surfaces are in a
condition that is typical for the age of the
coating system.
This condition identifies areas with
coating defects or corrosion that is
typically seen in one-year warranty
inspections. Typically, only minor spot
repairs are required.
Excellent
This condition is for areas without any
considerable coating defects or corrosion.
Typically, these surfaces are in a
condition that is better than expected for
the age of the system.
This condition identified areas that
typically are in perfect condition and
require no repair work.
1004
Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 2 -Rust Grade The black and white figures below depict the standards referenced in ASTM D610 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Surfaces.” Below each standard is a photographic depiction of each level of corrosion, as used by CSI Services, Inc. The standards depict the percentage of rust on a scale from 0 to 10, with 10 having no rust and 0 having complete rust.
Rust Grade 10 Rust Grade 9 Rust Grade 8 Rust Grade 7 Rust Grade 6 Rust Grade 5 Rust Grade 4 Rust Grade 3 Rust Grade 2 Rust Grade 1 Rust Grade 0
Rust Grade Description
10 No rusting or less than 0.01% of surface rusted
9 Minute rusting, less than 0.03% of surface rusted
8 Few isolated rust spots, less than 0.1% of surface rusted 7 Less than 0.3% of surface rusted
6 Excessive rust spots, but less than1% of surface rusted 5 Rusting to the extent of 3% of surface rusted
4 Rusting to the extent of 10% of surface rusted
3 Approximately one-sixth of the surface rusted
2 Approximately one-third of the surface rusted
1 Approximately one-half of the surface rusted
0 Approximately 100% of the surface rusted
1005
© Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 3 - Corrosion Grade The figure below depicts the photographic standards referenced by CSI Services, Inc. in the determination of the characteristics and stages of corrosion progression. This standard is used to better quantify the level of corrosion once it has progressed to Rust Grades 3, 2, 1, or 0 (see Chart 2). When applicable, CSI classifies an area as one or more of the five different Corrosion Grades. Corrosion Grades 1 through 5 are described below:
Grade Description Photo Examples
1 Light Rust - This
condition involves
relatively light colored
rust that does not
have any significant
metal loss.
2 Dark Rust -This
condition involves
relatively dark
colored, thicker rust
that is progressing
towards the next
phase, significant
metal loss.
3 Pitting - This
condition involves
isolated or
widespread deep
spot corrosion
(pitting).
4 Scale - Also known
as lamellar or
exfoliation corrosion.
The edges of the
affected area are leaf
like and resemble the
separated pages of a
wetted book.
5 Structural Loss - This
condition involves
metal loss or failure
where components
will require structural
consideration
The photos depicted are examples and were not taken on this project. 1006
© Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 4 - Chalking The figure below depicts the photographic standards referenced in ASTM D4214 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films,” Method D659, Method C. Generally speaking, chalking is the degradation of a paint’s binder leaving behind loose pigments as the binder reacts with the environment, primarily ultraviolet light and oxygen. Evaluating chalking is a means to measure the performance of a coating system and its life cycle projection. It is also important to quantify for consideration of future overcoating options. This test uses these pictorial standards to quantify the amount of chalking present on paint films. The depictions below represent the mount of colored chalk removed onto a cloth during the test. The scale ranges from 2 to 8 with the rating 2 having the most chalk.
Light Colored Paints
No .8 No. 6 No .4 No. 2
Dark Colored Paints
No .8 No. 6 No .4 No. 2
1007
© Copyright CSI Services 2004
Chart 5 - Adhesion Rating The figures below depict the photographic standards and criteria referenced in ASTM D3359 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Tape Test” and ASTM D6677 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Knife.” Both Standards are used to assess the condition of a paint system for life-cycle projections. It is also used to evaluate an existing paint system’s ability to withstand the added stress that any overcoating strategies can create. Depending upon the thickness of the paint system, ASTM D3359 has two different test methods. The rating criteria for both standards follow:
ASTM D3359
Method A Method B
Rating Observation
Surface of X-cut from
which flaking/peeling has
occurred
Rating Percent Area
Removed
Surface of cross-cut area from
which flaking has occurred for
six parallel cuts and adhesion
range by percent
5A
No peeling or
removal None 5B 0% none
4A
Trace peeling or
removal along
incisions or their
intersection
4B Less than
5%
3A
Jagged Removal
along incisions up
to 1/16” on either
side
3B 5 – 15%
2A
Jagged removal
along most of
incisions up to 1/8”
on either side
2B 15 – 35%
1A
Removal from most
of the area of the X
under the tape 1B 35-65%
0A
Removal beyond
the area of the X 0B Greater than
65%
ASTM D6677
Rating Description
10 Fragments no larger than ” x ” can be removed with difficulty 8 Chips up to ” x ” can be removed with difficulty
6 Chips up to ” x ” can be removed with slight difficulty 4 Chips larger than ” x ” can be removed with slight pressure 2 Once coating removal is initiated by knife, it can be peeled at least ” 0 Coating can be peeled easily to length greater than ” 1008
© Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 6 – Blistering Rating The figure below depicts the photographic standards referenced in ASTM D714 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints”. This test uses these pictorial standards to quantify both the size and density of blisters that may develop in linings. Although the standard uses a blister size scale of 0 to 10 this chart uses the most common sizes of blisters found in the field. The standard does not use a reference for the size of each of the blisters depicted. CSI used this scale as a means for further quantification by qualifying the largest blister depicted as being 1 inch in width (Blister Size No. 2) and the smallest blister being 1/32 of an inch in width (Blister Size No. 8).
Few Medium Medium Dense Dense
Blister
Size No. 2
Blister
Size No. 4
Blister
Size No. 6
Blister
Size No. 8
1009
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© Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 1 - Condition Rating The table below gives a basic description of the four different categories that CSI Services, Inc. uses to provide a general depiction of the condition of each defined area of a structure. The categories are Poor, Fair, Good, or Excellent. The development of these categories is based on historical knowledge and experience of various paint and lining systems over given periods of time in certain service environments. Basically, the rating is determined based on what should be expected of the paint or lining system at that point in its life cycle. As a result, different determinations are made for maintenance inspection versus warranty inspections. A detailed description of each rating with relative consideration addressed follows:
General Description of Conditions Rating Maintenance Inspection Warranty Inspection Poor
This condition is usually prioritized for
rework in the short-term. Typically, these
surfaces have considerably more coating
defects and/or corrosion than what is
expected for the age of the system.
This condition identifies an area with
wholesale coating defects or corrosion
concerns that will typically require
significant removal and replacement of
the coatings in the area.
Fair
Typically, these surfaces have a level of
coating defects and/or corrosion that is
slightly worse than what should be
expected for the age of the system. This
condition is placed on a short-term
monitoring schedule.
This condition identifies an area with
partial coating defects or corrosion
concerns that will require significant
rework.
Good
This condition is rated for areas without
any considerable coating defects or
corrosion. These surfaces are in a
condition that is typical for the age of the
coating system.
This condition identifies areas with
coating defects or corrosion that is
typically seen in one-year warranty
inspections. Typically, only minor spot
repairs are required.
Excellent
This condition is for areas without any
considerable coating defects or corrosion.
Typically, these surfaces are in a
condition that is better than expected for
the age of the system.
This condition identified areas that
typically are in perfect condition and
require no repair work.
1053
Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 2 -Rust Grade The black and white figures below depict the standards referenced in ASTM D610 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Surfaces.” Below each standard is a photographic depiction of each level of corrosion, as used by CSI Services, Inc. The standards depict the percentage of rust on a scale from 0 to 10, with 10 having no rust and 0 having complete rust.
Rust Grade 10 Rust Grade 9 Rust Grade 8 Rust Grade 7 Rust Grade 6 Rust Grade 5 Rust Grade 4 Rust Grade 3 Rust Grade 2 Rust Grade 1 Rust Grade 0
Rust Grade Description
10 No rusting or less than 0.01% of surface rusted
9 Minute rusting, less than 0.03% of surface rusted
8 Few isolated rust spots, less than 0.1% of surface rusted 7 Less than 0.3% of surface rusted
6 Excessive rust spots, but less than1% of surface rusted 5 Rusting to the extent of 3% of surface rusted
4 Rusting to the extent of 10% of surface rusted
3 Approximately one-sixth of the surface rusted
2 Approximately one-third of the surface rusted
1 Approximately one-half of the surface rusted
0 Approximately 100% of the surface rusted
1054
© Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 3 - Corrosion Grade The figure below depicts the photographic standards referenced by CSI Services, Inc. in the determination of the characteristics and stages of corrosion progression. This standard is used to better quantify the level of corrosion once it has progressed to Rust Grades 3, 2, 1, or 0 (see Chart 2). When applicable, CSI classifies an area as one or more of the five different Corrosion Grades. Corrosion Grades 1 through 5 are described below:
Grade Description Photo Examples
1 Light Rust - This
condition involves
relatively light colored
rust that does not
have any significant
metal loss.
2 Dark Rust -This
condition involves
relatively dark
colored, thicker rust
that is progressing
towards the next
phase, significant
metal loss.
3 Pitting - This
condition involves
isolated or
widespread deep
spot corrosion
(pitting).
4 Scale - Also known
as lamellar or
exfoliation corrosion.
The edges of the
affected area are leaf
like and resemble the
separated pages of a
wetted book.
5 Structural Loss - This
condition involves
metal loss or failure
where components
will require structural
consideration
The photos depicted are examples and were not taken on this project. 1055
© Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 4 - Chalking The figure below depicts the photographic standards referenced in ASTM D4214 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films,” Method D659, Method C. Generally speaking, chalking is the degradation of a paint’s binder leaving behind loose pigments as the binder reacts with the environment, primarily ultraviolet light and oxygen. Evaluating chalking is a means to measure the performance of a coating system and its life cycle projection. It is also important to quantify for consideration of future overcoating options. This test uses these pictorial standards to quantify the amount of chalking present on paint films. The depictions below represent the mount of colored chalk removed onto a cloth during the test. The scale ranges from 2 to 8 with the rating 2 having the most chalk.
Light Colored Paints
No .8 No. 6 No .4 No. 2
Dark Colored Paints
No .8 No. 6 No .4 No. 2
1056
© Copyright CSI Services 2004
Chart 5 - Adhesion Rating The figures below depict the photographic standards and criteria referenced in ASTM D3359 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Tape Test” and ASTM D6677 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Knife.” Both Standards are used to assess the condition of a paint system for life-cycle projections. It is also used to evaluate an existing paint system’s ability to withstand the added stress that any overcoating strategies can create. Depending upon the thickness of the paint system, ASTM D3359 has two different test methods. The rating criteria for both standards follow:
ASTM D3359
Method A Method B
Rating Observation
Surface of X-cut from
which flaking/peeling has
occurred
Rating Percent Area
Removed
Surface of cross-cut area from
which flaking has occurred for
six parallel cuts and adhesion
range by percent
5A
No peeling or
removal None 5B 0% none
4A
Trace peeling or
removal along
incisions or their
intersection
4B Less than
5%
3A
Jagged Removal
along incisions up
to 1/16” on either
side
3B 5 – 15%
2A
Jagged removal
along most of
incisions up to 1/8”
on either side
2B 15 – 35%
1A
Removal from most
of the area of the X
under the tape 1B 35-65%
0A
Removal beyond
the area of the X 0B Greater than
65%
ASTM D6677
Rating Description
10 Fragments no larger than ” x ” can be removed with difficulty 8 Chips up to ” x ” can be removed with difficulty
6 Chips up to ” x ” can be removed with slight difficulty 4 Chips larger than ” x ” can be removed with slight pressure 2 Once coating removal is initiated by knife, it can be peeled at least ” 0 Coating can be peeled easily to length greater than ” 1057
© Copyright CSI Services, Inc. 2004
Chart 6 – Blistering Rating The figure below depicts the photographic standards referenced in ASTM D714 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints”. This test uses these pictorial standards to quantify both the size and density of blisters that may develop in linings. Although the standard uses a blister size scale of 0 to 10 this chart uses the most common sizes of blisters found in the field. The standard does not use a reference for the size of each of the blisters depicted. CSI used this scale as a means for further quantification by qualifying the largest blister depicted as being 1 inch in width (Blister Size No. 2) and the smallest blister being 1/32 of an inch in width (Blister Size No. 8).
Few Medium Medium Dense Dense
Blister
Size No. 2
Blister
Size No. 4
Blister
Size No. 6
Blister
Size No. 8
1058