Att A - Contract Services Agreement — Signal Hill City Council, November 14, 2023

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664

AGREEMENT FOR ANIMAL CONTROL

SERVICES BETWEEN THE CITY OF LONG BEACH

AND THE CITY OF SIGNAL HILL
THIS AGREEMENT is made and entered, in duplicate, as of June 28, 2023, for reference purposes only, pursuant to a minute order of the City Council of the City of Long Beach at its meeting held October 11, 2022, and a minute order of the City Council of the City of Contracted City at its meeting held on ____________________, 2023, by and between the CITY OF LONG BEACH (hereinafter “Long Beach”), and the CITY OF SIGNAL HILL (hereinafter “Contracted City”).

RECITALS
WHEREAS, Contracted City is a charter city authorized to provide animal control services to its residents; and
WHEREAS, Contracted City has contracted with Long Beach for animal control services for over 30 years; and
WHEREAS, Contracted City desires to continue to contract for these services with Long Beach; and
WHEREAS, the Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau is able and willing to provide said services for Contracted City, and as a charter city, Long Beach is authorized by Section 111 of its Charter to provide the services described herein to Contracted City; WHEREAS, in 2019, Long Beach incorporated a Compassion Saves model for the Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau, with the goal to save every healthy and/or treatable animal who may have otherwise been euthanatized. The Compassion Saves model includes various types of veterinary care and behavioral training intended to increase adoption rates.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual terms and conditions contained herein, the parties agree as follows:

1. TERM. This Agreement shall commence at midnight on July 1, 2022, 2 AL;kd A22-03725 (6-28-23)
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664
and shall terminate at 11:59 p.m. on June 30, 2024, unless sooner terminated as provided herein. Contracted City may extend this Agreement for two (2) consecutive additional periods of two (2) years each by giving notice of its desire to extend to Long Beach sixty (60) days prior to the end of the term or any individual extension period. Upon mutual agreement of the parties to the terms of the extension, the parties shall execute an amendment to this Agreement.

2. SERVICES.

A. Long Beach shall perform animal control services for Contracted City within its corporate limits and perform the functions of a Department of Animal Control under a Compassion Saves model. In performing said services and functions, Long Beach shall have all of the powers of Contracted City as if Contracted City were performing same. Long Beach agrees to provide such services to Contracted City at the same level that it provides to the residents of Long Beach.

B. In performing the functions of a Department of Animal Control, the Long Beach Bureau of Animal Care Services shall serve as Director of Animal Control Services for Contracted City and shall have the following duties:
i. To enforce all applicable State statutes and ordinances, with respect to the keeping, harboring and disposition of animals, where local ordinances do not exist.
ii. To enforce all applicable standards for animal care. iii. To operate an animal care facility. Long Beach will provide shelter services for stray and abandoned domestic animals, and sick or injured wildlife to Contracted City, when in violation of Title 6 of the Long Beach Municipal Code.
iv. To pick up and impound strays. Upon request from an authorized representative of a Contracted City or any resident of a Contracted City, Long Beach Animal Care Services will pick up in a timely 3 AL;kd A22-03725 (6-28-23)
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664
manner and impound stray animals that are sick, injured, or found to be at large, loose and/or unattended on public streets and private property within Contracted City' city limits when in violation of Title 6 of the Long Beach Municipal Code, and in accordance with set priorities servicing emergency calls for service.
v. To respond to emergency service calls. Emergency
services for sick and injured animals will be provided twenty-four (24) hours per day, seven (7) days per week. Long Beach will maintain a telephone with a listed number which will be answered twenty-four (24) hours, seven (7) days a week.
vi. To respond to non-emergency service calls. Response to non-emergency services may be affected by high service demands, proximity of Long Beach animal control staff to Contracted City, and other factors beyond the control of Long Beach. In those situations, Long Beach may call the individual at Contracted City who requested service to provide an estimated time for arrival of the staff.
vii. To provide services and materials to Contracted City for licensing services. With advanced notice and availability, Long Beach may conduct rabies clinics and other events organized by Contracted City. In the event that supplies, stationery, forms, decals, notices, citations, or other materials must be used that carries the name of the Contracted City, the Contracted City shall supply at its own cost and expense.

C. Additional services may be performed by the Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau if requested in writing by Contracted City, and Long Beach determines that such additional services will not interfere with the quality or level of the animal control services provided elsewhere by the Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau. Contracted City will pay for such additional services in such amounts as are agreed to by Long Beach and Contracted City. 4 AL;kd A22-03725 (6-28-23)
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664
D. With regards to coyotes, Long Beach Animal Care Services will respond in accordance to the City of Long Beach Coyote Management Plan (Exhibit A – City of Long Beach Coyote Management Plan).

3. INDEMNIFICATION. Long Beach agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Contracted City, its agents, employees and officials against any and all claims, demands, damages, liabilities, costs, suits, or expenses arising out of any act or omission of any officer, agent or employee of Long Beach arising from performance pursuant to this Agreement. Contracted City agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Long Beach, its agents, employees and officials against any and all claims, demands, damages, liabilities, costs, suits or expenses arising out of any act or omission of any officer or employee of Contracted City arising from performance pursuant to this Agreement.

4. FEES.

A. For and in consideration of the rendition of services pursuant to this Agreement, Long Beach shall be entitled to and shall retain any and all animal license fees and other fees relating to animal control, of which animal license fees shall be set forth in the Contracted City Schedule of Fees and Charges, as periodically established and amended by resolution of the Contracted City’s City Council and provided in writing to the Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau. If Long Beach is performing services for pet licensing, Contracted City is required to match and adopt the applicable City of Long Beach fee schedules for the actual costs of the service, since Long Beach is performing the actual service. Where a fee for an animal license or other service to be provided under this Agreement has not been adopted by resolution of the Contracted City’s City Council and provided in writing to the Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau, the fee for said animal license or other service shall be as set forth in the City of Long Beach Schedule of Fees and Charges, as periodically established and amended by resolution and as approved by the Long Beach City Council. In addition, Long Beach shall be entitled to and shall retain all monies that it collects for the impounding, boarding, veterinary 5 AL;kd A22-03725 (6-28-23)
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664
care and placement of animals. All fees other than animal licensing fees shall be those set forth in Long Beach’s fee resolution, as periodically amended, and as adopted by the Long Beach City Council.

B. Compensation Schedule.
i. Contract No. 34338 Compensation Model: From the
period of June 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023, the Contracted City and Long Beach shall follow the Compensation Schedule as provided in Contract Number 34338, incorporated herein by reference. Annual Compensation shall be adjusted by the percent change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for All Urban Consumers, All Items, Base Period 1982-84=100, for the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Area (February 2020 to February 2021), as published by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (CUURS49ASA0), which shall not be less than zero (0) and shall not exceed eight percent (8%) (“Adjusted Annual Compensation”). In the event and to the extent that the total amount of any and all fees retained by Long Beach does not equal or exceed Adjusted Annual Compensation on June 30 of the second year period of July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023, then Contracted City shall pay to Long Beach the difference between the total fees as set forth in Section 4.A and Adjusted Annual Compensation. Payment of the difference shall be made on or before July 31 of that same year. In the event and to the extent that the total amount of any and all fees retained by Long Beach exceeds Adjusted Annual Compensation on June 30 of that same year, then the excess shall be divided equally between Long Beach and Signal Hill.” ii. Compassion Saves Model Year One (1). In the event
and to the extent that the total amount of any and all fees retained by Long Beach does not equal or exceed One Hundred Forty Seven Thousand Six Hundred Eighty-Three Dollars ($147,683.00) (“Annual Compensation”) on June 30 of the first year period of July 1, 2023 through June 30, 2024, then Contracted City shall pay to Long Beach the difference between the total 6 AL;kd A22-03725 (6-28-23)
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664
fees set forth in Section 4.A. and Annual Compensation. Payment of the difference shall be made on or before July 31 of that same year. In the event and to the extent that the total amount of all fees retained by Long Beach exceeds Annual Compensation on June 30 of that same year, then the excess shall be refunded back to the Contracted City.

C. Compensation in the Event of Termination. In the event of termination of this Agreement pursuant to Section 8, Long Beach shall retain fees as compensation for services provided by Long Beach through the effective date of the termination.
i. Contract No. 34338 Compensation Model: In the event
and to the extent that the total amount of any and all fees retained by Long Beach to the effective date of termination but prior to June 30, 2022, does not equal or exceed Adjusted Annual Compensation for each month that the Agreement has been in effect until June 30, 2022, then Contracted City shall pay to Long Beach the difference between the total fees as set forth in Section 4.A to the effective date of termination and the dollar figure obtained by multiplying Adjusted Annual Compensation times the number of months the Agreement was in effect between July 1, 2022 and June 30, 2023. A partial month shall be deemed a full month. Payment of the difference shall be made within thirty (30) days of the effective date of termination. Any excess fees shall be paid to Contracted City.
ii. Compassion Saves Model Year One (1). In the event
and to the extent that the total amount of any and all fees retained by Long Beach to the effective date of termination does not equal or exceed Annual Compensation for each month that the Agreement has been in effect until June 30, 2024, then Contracted City shall pay to Long Beach the difference between the total fees as set forth in Section 4.A. to the effective date of termination and the dollar figure obtained by multiplying Annual 7 AL;kd A22-03725 (6-28-23)
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664
Compensation times the number of months the Agreement was in effect between July 1, 2023 through June 30, 2024. A partial month shall be deemed a full month. Payment of the difference shall be made within thirty (30) days of the effective date of termination. Any excess fees shall be paid to Contracted City.

D. Payments. Long Beach shall prepare and submit a bill to Contracted City every quarter, the first quarterly bill being submitted to Contracted City on or about October 1, 2023. Upon receipt of these quarterly bills, Contracted City agrees to make timely payments to Long Beach. In like manner, Long Beach agrees to make timely payments to Contracted City upon receipt of its bill for any amounts owed to it as part of this Agreement.

5. ORDINANCES. Contracted City shall cooperate with Long Beach to the fullest extent possible to enforce all Contracted City ordinances relating to animal control and to enable Long Beach to collect the fees due to Long Beach pursuant to this Agreement. Contracted City shall adopt by reference (in the form of an Ordinance) Title 6 of the Long Beach Municipal Code concerning animals to be the animal control ordinance of the Contracted City. Subsequent changes, amendments, additions, deletions, or revisions to the Long Beach Municipal Code regulating animals will have no force or effect on the animal control ordinances of the Contracted City without action by the Contracted City’s City Council or governing body. If the animal control Ordinances of the Contracted City are amended during the term of the agreement, the Contracted City shall give notice of the proposed change to Long Beach within one hundred and twenty (120) days of the Ordinance being approved by the Contracted City’s City Council or governing body. Long Beach shall notify the Contracted City of any objections to the amendments within ten (10) days of receiving the notice. If the Contracted City and Long Beach cannot come to a mutually acceptable agreement concerning the amendment, Long Beach shall have the right to terminate the Agreement by giving sixty (60) days' notice to the Contracted City.

6. FACILITIES. Long Beach will maintain its animal care facility and 8 AL;kd A22-03725 (6-28-23)
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664
animals in its care in accordance with local, state, and federal law, where applicable. Long Beach does not knowingly sell animals for medical research.

7. REPORTS. Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau will maintain records pertaining to licensing, impoundment, and fees, and will provide upon request a report of such to Contracted City.

A. Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau will maintain records pertaining to licensing, impoundment, and fees, and will provide upon request a report of such to Contracted City.

B. Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau will maintain a record of all complaints and provide a monthly report to the Contract City detailing the way the complaints were handled.

8. TERMINATION. Either party may terminate this Agreement by giving the other party sixty (60) days prior notice.

9. NOTICE. Any notice required hereunder or desired to be given by either party shall be in writing and personally served or deposited in the U.S. Postal Service, first class, postage prepaid, addressed to City of Long Beach at 411 West Ocean Boulevard, 10th Floor, Long Beach, California 90802 Attention: Long Beach Animal Care Services Bureau and to City of Signal Hill at Civic Center, 2175 Cherry Avenue, Signal Hill, California 90755 Attention: Director of Community and Safety Services. Notice shall be deemed given on the date deposited in the mail or on the date personal service is obtained, whichever first occurs.

10. AMENDMENT. This Agreement shall not be amended, nor any provision or breach hereof waived, except in writing signed by the parties which expressly refers to this Agreement.

11. ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding between the parties and supersedes all other agreements, whether oral or written, with respect to the subject matter herein.
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
DAWN MCINTOSH, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused these presents to be duly executed with all the formalities required by law on the respective dates set forth opposite their signatures.

CITY OF SIGNAL HILL, a municipal
corporation
_________________________, 2023 By________________________________ Mayor
“Contracted City”
This Agreement is hereby approved as to form on ______________, 2023.

By ________________________________
City Attorney
CITY OF LONG BEACH, a municipal
corporation
_________________________, 2023 By________________________________ City Manager
“Long Beach”
This Agreement is hereby approved as to form on ______________, 2023.

DAWN MCINTOSH City Attorney
By ________________________________
Deputy
EXHIBIT “A”

COYOTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
City of Long Beach
Department of Parks, Recreation and Marine
Animal Care Services Bureau
2760 East Studebaker Road
Long Beach, CA 90815
(562) 570-3100
November 3, 2015
Exhibit A
Page | 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page(s)
Executive Summary 2-3
Coyote Management Plan
Background 4
Difficulties Managing Wildlife 4
What Role Do Coyotes Play in the Environment? 5
How Do Humans Perceive Coyotes? 5
How Many Coyotes Are There in Long Beach? 5
Monitoring and Collecting Data 6
Public Education and Outreach 6
Hazing and Behavioral Change 7
Coyote Attractants in Urban Areas 7-9
Enforcement 9
Response Plan 10
Threat Level Tiered Response 10
Appendices
A Definitions of Encounters with Coyotes 11-12
B Coyote Behavior, Behavior Classification and Recommended Response 13 C Hazing Program and Training Plan 14-17
Hazing and Behavioral Change 14
Foundations of Hazing 14
Goals of Hazing 14
General Considerations 15-16
Training Program 16
Creating a Volunteer Hazing Team 17
Summary of Hazing 17
D Yard Audit Checklist 18
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The intent of this plan is to provide guidance for City staff in managing coyotes in Long Beach, as our local guidelines and provisions must fall within the parameters of, and adhere to federal, state and county regulations and policies. Provisions of this plan maintain the legal rights of Long Beach residents, businesses, and/or homeowners’ associations in protecting private property relative to coyote management practices.

Management Strategy
The City’s strategy for managing coyotes is based on balancing respect for, and protection of wildlife and their habitats, while prioritizing public safety. This strategy is comprised of a three-pronged approach consisting of the following:
(1) Public education designed around co-existence with coyotes; (2) Enforcement of laws and regulations prohibiting the feeding of wildlife; and (3) Ensuring public safety by implementing appropriate tiered responses to coyote behavior.

This plan requires active participation on the part of the entire community including residents, homeowners’ associations, volunteers and City personnel.

Education
Education is key to residents making appropriate decisions regarding their safety, and that of their property and pets, by decreasing attractants, reshaping coyote behavior through hazing, and creating reasonable expectations of normal coyote behavior. Dissemination of information to residents, businesses and schools will be accomplished through the use of the City and Animal Care Services (ACS) websites, LBTV, social media, local press, mailers, flyers and handouts, etc.

Enforcement
The act of feeding wildlife substantially increases the likelihood of coyote activity in an area, thereby creating a habituated coyote(s) presence resulting in increased coyote and human interactions.

California law(s) prohibits feeding wildlife, and Long Beach Animal Control Officers enforce these applicable state statutes.

Response Plan
A tiered response plan has been developed to provide a mechanism for identifying and classifying different levels of coyote aggression. Appendix A lists the definitions of coyote encounters, while Appendix B charts coyote behavior, behavior classification and recommended responses.

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LEVEL GENERAL OVERVIEW
BLUE
- Coyote seen or heard in an area.
- Sighting may be during the day or night.
- Coyote may be seen moving through an area or resting in one place. - Education and hazing recommended.

YELLOW
- Coyote frequents an area with humans or human-related food sources, and exhibits little wariness of human presence, and/or is involved with an unattended domestic animal loss incident.
- Coyote is seen during the day resting or continuously moving through an area frequented by people.
- Education and aggressive hazing necessitated, and increased response and patrols by Animal Control Officers may be implemented.

ORANGE
- Coyote involved in an incident where there is an attended domestic animal loss, where it enters a dwelling or yard in which people are present, or where it acts aggressively toward people.
- Multiple incidents of this level, occurring within relative proximity of one another, may indicate the presence of a habituated coyote(s). - Education and aggressive hazing necessitated, increased response and patrols by Animal Control Officers to be implemented, and circumstances to be discussed by department management.
- If three investigated and confirmed level orange incidents have occurred in the same general area within a timespan of two weeks, targeted lethal removal may be implemented.
- Lethal removal may be employed at the discretion of the Director of Animal Care Services in cases involving extreme instances of aggression towards humans.

RED
- Coyote involved in an investigated and documented attack, either provoked or unprovoked, on a human.
- City staff will notify California Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW), which assumes the role of lead agency, and will work with DFW to locate and eliminate the responsible coyote(s).

The following comprehensive coyote management plan provides guidelines for the implementation of that which is noted above and establishes a framework for community education, enforcement and enactment of a tiered response to aggressive coyote behavior.

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COYOTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
Background
The City of Long Beach does not own or have any control of wild animals found within its boundaries, nor is the City responsible for the actions or damage caused by them. These animals are a common and integral part of our ecosystem, biosphere and the circle of life. The Bureau of Animal Care Services (formerly Animal Control Services) was originally created to deal with problems arising from stray dogs and to enforce laws pertaining to them. To a small degree, wildlife has been included in the scope of ACS services, as needs have arisen, primarily due to the proximity of natural habitat; which has resulted in wild animals’ involvement in distressed situations in which they require rescue.

Although Long Beach Animal Control Officers do not respond to calls for service for normal coyote behavior, such as sightings, these calls are recorded and documented. However, ACS Officers do respond to calls involving a sick or injured coyote(s), and to calls involving a public safety issue; for instance, a coyote(s) threatening people or lingering in an area frequented by people, such as a yard, park, playground, school, etc.

Difficulties Managing Wildlife
Although Long Beach places a high value on its wildlife, some species that have adapted to urban environments have the potential to cause problems and/or conflicts in specific situations. In addressing such, the City promotes policies supporting prevention and implementation of remedial measures that do not harm the wildlife or their habitats. A wildlife problem is defined as any situation that causes a health or safety risk to residents. In cases where problems with wildlife are associated with human behavior, such as leaving garbage exposed or intentionally feeding wildlife, ordinances and enforcement may be enacted to minimize conflict.

In some cases, particular or traditional management tools are ineffective. For example, the relocation of animals is not ecologically sound and is not allowed in California without permission from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW). Generally, relocated animals do not survive the transfer, and if they do, they rarely stay in the relocation area and tend to disperse to other locations where they may cause problems, be involved in territorial disputes or introduce disease. The dispersed wildlife, especially coyotes, may go to great lengths in some instances to return to their previous territory or may adversely affect residents as a result. For these reasons, the DFW rarely allows relocation of wildlife.

It is not economically or ecologically efficient to attempt to remove all coyotes from the urban ecosystem. Attempts made by local, state and federal agencies, as well as private organizations, over the past century to eradicate coyotes have proven to be ineffective, as coyotes have expanded their territories across the United States. As a last resort, lethal control measures, when employed, can be controversial and non-selective; therefore, if they are used, they must be humane and in compliance with federal and state laws.

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What Role Do Coyotes Play in the Environment?
Coyotes play an important role in the urban ecosystem as predators of rats, mice, squirrels, rabbits, gophers, geese, ducks and other small animals, with rodents making up a majority of their diet.

How Do Humans Perceive Coyotes?
People respond to coyotes in various ways: some observe them with enjoyment, others with indifference, and some with fear or concern. Personal, past experiences with coyotes may influence people’s perceptions and can range from animal sightings without incident to observation of coyote stalking, killing of pets or, at the extreme, an attack on a person.

As wild animals may conjure up fear among the public, sightings may become misconstrued (see Appendix A for descriptions of coyote encounters), resulting in a wide range of perceptions by residents about urban coyotes. Therefore, consistent messages and educational material are necessary to clarify what management techniques are available for the community to employ.

How Many Coyotes Are There in Long Beach?
It is difficult to ascertain how many coyotes there are in a particular area without tracking and updating reports on a real-time basis; however, what is known is that coyotes can become habituated if they are intentionally or unintentionally fed by humans, which can lead to bolder behavior, especially when coyotes lose their fear of people.

In general, urban coyotes regularly roam an area of about two (2) to five (5)square miles or whatever distance it takes to get enough food for the pack members. Normally, each pack is a territorial family group that varies in number from two (2) to ten (10), and a portion of the area the pack inhabits is the pack’s territory, which they defend from other coyotes. The number of mature coyotes in the pack is linked to the amount of food resources in the territory.

A coyote pack usually has one (1) breeding (or alpha) female who produces more pups than are ultimately desired. Young coyotes may leave the pack at about nine (9) to eleven (11) months of age, but dispersal patterns are highly variable, and as a result, these coyotes become transients. Other types of transients include older coyotes who leave the pack when they can no longer defend their role as upper level pack members.

Transient coyotes migrate all over in narrow, undefended zones that exist between pack territories and search for an open habitat to occupy. It is largely because of these transients that coyote eradication programs are often unsuccessful. Ultimately, removing a group of territorial coyotes will create an undefended area into which transient coyotes will flow. At all times of the year, numbers of transient coyotes are immediately available to replenish any voids created by killing the resident coyotes. Further, if either the alpha male or alpha female in a pack is killed, the resulting effect may be ovulation in other breeding-age females in the pack, and an increase in the number of litters as well as the number of pups per litter.

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Monitoring and Collecting Data
Monitoring and collecting data are critical components of an effective coyote management plan, which is best accomplished when input from both residents and City officials is taken into account.

ACS records and tracks coyote sightings and incidents (see Appendix A for definitions), which can be reported using the online form at www.longbeach.gov/acs/wildlife/coyote-report, by emailing [email protected] or by calling (562) 570-7387.

The purpose of monitoring human-coyote interactions is to document where coyotes are frequently seen and to identify conflict hotspots. Gathering specific data on incidents allows for the targeting of educational campaigns and conflict mitigation efforts, as well as the ability to measure success in reducing conflicts over time.

Public Education and Outreach
Education is key to residents making appropriate decisions regarding their safety, and that of their property and pets, by decreasing attractants and by creating reasonable expectations of normal coyote behavior.

Coyote educational classes are periodically offered by ACS, with locations chosen based on data accumulated from the public on coyote activity in specific neighborhoods, parks and open spaces, or when proactively requested by neighborhood, community or volunteer groups. These sessions, which are free to the public, entail basic background training, coyote ecology information, and an overview of hazing. Supplementary materials typically include handouts, contact information and resources for when questions, comments and concerns arise.

Learning how to respond to a coyote encounter empowers residents and supports reshaping undesired coyote behavior. The public should understand what normal (vs. abnormal) coyote behavior is when living in close proximity to wildlife and should be aware of realistic expectations relative to consistent management responses to coyotes. For example, vocalization is normal, acceptable behavior and does not indicate aggression. Education and outreach material, along with potential mechanisms and strategies include:

Understanding human and pet safety, coyote
attractants, deterrents to coyotes on private
property (including appropriate fencing and
exclusion techniques), “what to do” tips, and
appropriate hazing techniques.

Developing a common language for and
awareness of normal versus abnormal behavior
when discussing coyote encounters (see
definitions in Appendix A).

Disseminating information to residents,
businesses and schools through the City and
ACS websites, LBTV, social media, local press,
mailers, flyers and other handouts, etc.

Cooperating with non-profit organizations like
the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS)
and the California Department of Fish and
Wildlife (DFW) that provide public education
materials, programs, and expertise.

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Hazing and Behavioral Change
Some urban coyotes have become too comfortable in close proximity to people, and to safely coexist it’s important to modify this behavior and attitude in resident coyote populations. Habituated coyote behavior needs to be reshaped to encourage coyotes to avoid contact with humans and pets.

Behavioral change also involves human activities, such as identifying and removing attractants and responsibly protecting pets (See Appendix C: Hazing Program and Training Plan).

Hazing, also known as “fear conditioning”, is the process that facilitates this change and is by necessity a community response to negative encounters with coyotes. The more often an individual animal (coyote) is hazed, the more effective hazing is in changing that animal’s (coyote’s) behavior.

Hazing requires community involvement, understanding, and support; and residents are best equipped to respond consistently and at the most opportune times in their own neighborhoods, parks and open spaces.

Hazing employs immediate use of deterrents - such as loud noises, spraying water, bright lights, throwing objects, shouting, etc. - to move an animal out of an area or discourage undesirable behavior or activity. Hazing can help maintain a coyote’s fear of humans and discourage the animal from entering neighborhoods along with backyards and play areas. It is important to note that hazing does not harm or damage animals, humans or property when implemented correctly.

Coyote Attractants in Urban Areas
Coyotes are often drawn to urban and suburban areas for the following reasons:

FOOD Urban areas provide a bounty of natural food choices for coyotes that primarily eat rodents such as mice and rats, while suburban neighborhoods offer a variety of human-associated food such as pet food, unsecured compost or trash, and fallen fruit in yards. Intentional and unintentional feeding can lead coyotes to associate humans with sources of food, likely resulting in negative interactions between coyotes, people and pets.

To reduce food attractants in urban and suburban areas:
a. Never hand-feed or otherwise deliberately feed a coyote. b. Avoid feeding pets outside. Remove sources of pet food. If feeding pets outside is necessary, remove the bowl and any leftover food promptly. c. Never compost any meat or dairy (unless the compost is fully secured). d. Maintain good housekeeping, such as regularly raking areas around bird feeders, to help discourage coyote activity near residences. e. Remove fallen fruit from the ground.
f. Keep trash in high-quality containers with tight-fitting lids. Only place the cans curbside the morning of collection, as trash cans are more likely to be tipped over and broken into if left out overnight.
g. Bag attractive food wastes such as meat scraps or leftover pet food. If it is several days before garbage will be picked up, temporarily freeze or take the items to a dumpster or other nearby secure storage container.

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WATER Urban areas provide a year-round supply of water in the form of storm water impoundments and channels, artificial lakes, irrigation, water fountains and pet water dishes, among others, that support both coyotes and their prey.

ACCESS TO

SHELTER
Parks, greenbelts, open spaces, golf courses, buildings, sheds, decks, crawl spaces, and overgrown landscaping increase the amount and variability of cover for coyotes to safely and easily remain close to people, pets, homes and businesses without detection.
a. In the spring, when coyotes give birth and begin to raise their young, they concentrate their activities around dens or burrows for shelter. Coyotes may take advantage of available spaces under houses, sheds or decks for use as a den, bringing them into close contact with people and pets. b. Residents should limit access to crawl spaces under homes and decks and keep landscaping trimmed.

UNATTENDED
PETS
Coyotes may consider pets, which are a normal part of the urban landscape, as potential prey or competitors within their territory.

FreeRoaming
Pets
These pets, particularly cats and sometimes small dogs, may attract coyotes into neighborhoods. The best way to minimize risk to pets is to not leave them outside unattended, especially between dusk and dawn.

Cats Coyotes primarily eat small mammals such as mice and rats, but they will also prey on slightly larger mammals such as rabbits, opossums and raccoons.

Approximately the same size as an opossum or rabbit, free-roaming outdoor cats may also be seen as eligible prey by coyotes. It is important to note that attacks on cats are normal coyote behavior and do not indicate a danger for people. The only way to protect cats from coyotes (and the other dangers of outdoor life such as cars, disease, dogs and other wildlife) is to keep cats indoors or only let them outside in a secure enclosure or when accompanied by a person and under the control of a leash and harness.

Feral
Cats
People who feed feral/community cats are often concerned that coyotes might prey on the cats, which is well founded as coyotes can be attracted to the outdoor pet food. Although there is no guaranteed way to protect feral/community cats from coyotes, the following tips can be helpful:
a. Feed cats only during the day and at a set time, picking up any leftovers immediately after.
b. Provide escape routes for cats.
c. Haze coyotes seen on the property (see Appendix C), as making them feel uncomfortable will encourage them to stay out of the area.

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Dogs Dogs are also vulnerable to coyote confrontations, and these incidents generally involve coyotes that are accustomed or habituated to people, usually due to wildlife feeding or lack of effective hazing, or coyotes that are protecting their territory and pups, usually during breeding season.
a. Small dogs that are unattended may be seen as potential prey for coyotes.

It is important to either keep dogs on a leash six feet or shorter in length when outdoors or to stay within six feet of the dogs when outside. Attacks on unattended small dogs are normal coyote behavior and do not necessarily indicate a danger for people. Note: Coyotes may view a dog on a leash longer than six feet as an unattended pet.
b. Although attacks on larger dogs are rare, coyotes will sometimes go after a large dog when they feel that their territory is being threatened. This generally occurs during coyote breeding season, which takes place from December through March. During this time, it is especially important not to let dogs outside unattended and to keep them on leashes six feet or less in length when in public areas.

Other
Domestic
Animals
Animals often kept outside, such as chickens, pygmy goats and rabbits, may also be viewed as prey by coyotes. Protect poultry or other outdoor animals from coyotes (and other predators) with protective fencing and by ensuring that they are confined in sturdy cages or pens each evening.

Residents are encouraged to use the Yard Audit Checklist (Appendix D) as a tool to help recognize and remove attractants in their backyards and neighborhoods. While attacks on humans are very rare, urban landscape development, habituation through intentional and unintentional feeding, and free roaming pets have seemingly led to an increase in coyote encounters. Steps must be taken to address public safety concerns, and sometimes misconceptions, as well as to devise appropriate responses to potential coyote threats to human safety. It’s important to keep in mind that coyotes have been in and around Long Beach, and certainly other parts of Southern California, for a very long time.

Enforcement
The act of feeding wildlife can attract coyotes and their prey to an area, leading to the increased likelihood of creating a habituated coyote(s) presence and increased coyote and human interactions.

California law prohibits feeding wildlife, and Long Beach Animal Control Officers strictly enforce applicable state statute(s) pertaining to this activity.

CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS TITLE 14. Section 251.1. Harassment of Animals.

Except as otherwise authorized in these regulations or in the Fish and Game Code, no person shall harass, herd or drive any game or nongame bird or mammal or furbearing mammal. For the purposes of this section, harass is defined as an intentional act which disrupts an animal's normal behavior patterns, which includes, but is not limited to, breeding, feeding or sheltering.

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Response Plan
A detailed tiered response plan has been developed to provide a mechanism for identifying and classifying different levels of human and coyote interactions. Definitions of coyote encounters are listed in Appendix A, and Appendix B provides a chart detailing coyote behavior, behavior classification and recommended ACS responses.

Threat Level Tiered Response

YELLOW
- Coyote frequents an area with humans or human related food sources, and exhibits little wariness of human presence, and/or involved with an unattended domestic animal loss incident.
- Coyote is seen during the day resting or continuously moving through an area frequented by people.
- Education and aggressive hazing necessitated, and increased response and patrols by Animal Control Officers may be implemented.

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APPENDIX A:

DEFINITIONS OF ENCOUNTERS WITH COYOTES
Active Coexistence Humans and coyotes exist together, whereby communities decide on open, public space where coyotes are appropriate and do not haze, feed or interact with them in these areas. Humans take an active role in keeping coyotes in their community wild by learning about coyote ecology and behavior, removing attractants, taking responsibility for pet safety, and hazing coyotes in neighborhood or community spaces (except for predetermined coyote appropriate areas).

Attack A human is injured or killed by a coyote.

Provoked
A human-provoked attack or incident where the human involved encourages the coyote to engage; for example, when a human intentionally approaches or feeds the coyote.

Unprovoked An unprovoked attack or incident where the human involved does not encourage the coyote to engage.

Pet Attack A domestic animal is injured or killed by a coyote.

Attended
animal loss
or injury
When a person is within six feet of the pet and the pet is on a leash and is attacked and injured by a coyote.

Unattended
animal loss
or injury
A coyote injures or kills a pet without the owner being present, or when the owner is further than six feet from the coyote, or when the pet is on a leash longer than six feet. Also includes “depredation” - predation on domestic pets or livestock. Note: A pet attack, of an unattended animal loss or injury, is normal behavior by a coyote.

Suspected Pet Attack Remains may be found and indicate that an animal was attacked by a coyote, and in cases where Animal Control Officers respond to these calls without knowledge of an actual attack, the incident will be recorded as a suspected attack. Note: A coyote is an opportunistic feeder and may feed on animals, especially cats, which were previously killed by cars or other means.

Encounter An unexpected, direct meeting between a human and a coyote that is without incident.

Feeding -
Intentional
A resident or business actively and intentionally feeds coyotes, including intentionally providing food for animals in the coyote food chain.

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Feeding -
Unintentional
A resident or business unintentionally provides access to food, such as accessible compost, fallen fruit from trees, left open sheds and doors, pet food left outdoors, etc.

Feeding -
Unintentional -
Bird Feeders
A resident or business with bird feeders that may provide a food source for coyotes, such as bird foods, birds, rodents, squirrels. Bird feeders must be kept high enough from the ground so a coyote is unable to reach the feeding animals, and the area under the bird feeder must be kept clean and free of residual bird food.

Hazing Training method that employs immediate use of deterrents to move an animal out of an area or discourage an undesirable behavior or activity. Hazing techniques include loud noises, spraying water, bright lights, throwing objects, and shouting. Hazing can help maintain coyotes’ fear of humans and deter them from neighborhood spaces such as backyards and play areas. Hazing does not damage animals, humans or property.

Threat Incident A conflict between a human and a coyote where the coyote exhibits the following behavior - approaches a human and growls, bares teeth or lunges, and/or injures or kills an attended domestic animal - but where a human is not injured.

Stalking incident A conflict between a human and a coyote where the coyote exhibits the following behavior - follows a person with or without an attended pet on leash - but a human is not injured.

Observation The act of noticing or taking note of tracks, scat or vocalizations.

Sighting A visual observation of a coyote(s). Note: A sighting may occur at any time of the day or night.

Unsecured Trash Trash that is accessible to wildlife, such as overflowing garbage cans, open trash bags, uncovered dumpsters or where debris is scattered outside the receptacle.

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APPENDIX B:

COYOTE BEHAVIOR, BEHAVIOR CLASSIFICATION AND RECOMMENDED RESPONSE Coyote Action Level ACS Response
- Coyote heard or seen moving in an
area frequented by people. Blue - Provide educational materials and information on normal coyote behavior.
- Coyote seen resting in an area;
- Coyote following or approaching
(stalking) person without a pet;
- Coyote following or approaching
(stalking) person and pet;
- Coyote entering a yard without
people or pets;
- Coyote entering a yard with pets, but
with no injury occurring; and/or
- Coyote biting or injuring an
unattended pet.

Yellow
- If area frequented by people, educate them on
normal coyote behavior and hazing techniques to
encourage the animal to leave, and look for and
eliminate attractants.
- Provide information on coyote hazing and pet
safety protocols and “what to do” tips when being
followed by a coyote.
- Educate residents on coyote attractants,
yard/neighborhood audits, and provide additional
hazing resources.
- Gather information on specific animals involved
and document and report circumstances
surrounding incident.
- Coyote entering yard and injuring or
killing pet without people present;
- Coyote entering yard with people and
pets, with no injury occurring;
- Coyote biting or injuring attended pet
or pet on leash less than six feet in
length;
- Coyote entering interior of dwelling;
and/or
- Coyote acting aggressive, showing
teeth, back fur raised or lunging.

Orange
- Gather information on specific animals involved,
and document, map and report on circumstances
of incident.
- Educate residents about identifying and
eliminating coyote attractants.
- Conduct yard and neighborhood audits and enact
pet safety protocols.
- Employ aggressive hazing techniques and
organized community-based hazing program
response by volunteers.
- Targeted lethal removal including trapping will be
considered and may be implemented.
- Coyote biting or injuring person Red
- City staff informs the California Department of
Fish and Wildlife (DFW) for elimination of the
responsible coyote(s).
- City staff identifies and gathers information on
specific animal involved and reports
circumstances of the incident to DFW.

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APPENDIX C:

HAZING PROGRAM AND TRAINING PLAN
Coexistence is not a passive undertaking. Long Beach’s guiding principles are to coexist with wildlife.

Hazing and Behavioral Change
Some urban coyotes have become comfortable in close proximity to people; therefore, in such cases, urban coyote behavior needs to be reshaped to encourage them to avoid contact with humans and pets. To safely coexist, it’s important to modify this behavior and attitude in resident coyote populations. Hazing is the process that facilitates this change and is by necessity a community response to encounters with coyotes. The more often an individual animal is hazed, the more effective hazing is in changing coyote behavior.

Hazing employs immediate use of deterrents to move an animal out of an area or discourage undesirable behavior or activity. Deterrents include loud noises, spraying water, bright lights, throwing objects, shouting. Hazing can help maintain a coyote’s fear of humans and discourage them from neighborhoods such as backyards and play areas. Hazing does not harm or damage animals, humans or property. Behavioral change also involves human activities such as how to identify and remove attractants and how to responsibly protect pets.

Foundations of Hazing

1. It is not economically, ecologically or in other ways efficient to try to remove all coyotes from the urban ecosystem.

2. Hazing is one piece of a long-term plan in creating safe and acceptable living situations, increasing understanding and reducing conflict between coyotes and people.

Goals of Hazing

1. To reshape coyote behavior, causing them to avoid human contact in an urban setting, and to educate people living in close proximity to coyotes about how to best remove wildlife attractants, identify potentially dangerous situations for pets and personal property, and respond in a manner designed to alter coyote behavior.

2. To provide residents with information and tools to actively engage in reshaping coyote behavior and to support safety measures in parks and neighborhoods, which can be accomplished through the teaching and practice of hazing techniques.

3. To model appropriate hazing behavior and to share accurate information about coyotes with residents, friends and family.

4. To develop long-term community-based hazing programs implemented by volunteers.

5. To monitor hazing by volunteers, to assess program effectiveness, and to determine if further action or more aggressive hazing is needed.

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General Considerations

1. Levels of hazing need to be appropriately relevant to coyote activity. a. Coyotes live in open spaces and the best practice is to leave them alone and educate the public on personal safety when visiting open space in natural habitat. b. Coyotes are often out late at night when few people are present, as this is normal coyote behavior. Hazing may not be necessary, unless the coyote is in an undesirable area. c. Coyotes that associate danger with the presence of people, under all circumstances, will be reinforced to avoid human contact; yet, the early stages of hazing programs should still engage animal.

2. Hazing must be more exaggerated, aggressive and consistent early in the process, as without a history of hazing coyotes do not have the relevant context to respond in the desired outcome (i.e., to leave the area). Over time, it takes less effort from hazers as it is extremely common for coyotes to “learn” appropriate responses.

3. Techniques and tools can be used in the same manner for one or multiple animals, as usually there is a dominant animal in a group who will respond for others to follow its lead. DO NOT ignore, turn your back on or avoid hazing a coyote because there are multiple animals (a pack for instance) involved instead of just one.

4. The more often an individual coyote is hazed by a variety of tools and techniques, and by a variety of people, the more effective hazing will be in changing that animal’s future behavior.

5. Hazing must be directly associated with the person involved in the hazing actions, and the coyote must be aware of where and from whom the potential threat is coming from.

6. Coyotes can and do recognize individual people and animals in their territories, and they can learn to avoid or harass specific individuals in response to behavior of that person and/or pet.

7. Coyotes can be routine in habit, and identifying their normal patterns of behavior can help in targeting those which can be deterred. For example, a coyote may patrol the same bike path, at the same time in the morning, up to three to five days a week. In this scenario, hazers should concentrate on that specific time and place to encourage the animal to adapt its routine and to decrease contact with people.

8. Certain levels of hazing must always be maintained so that future generations of coyotes do not learn or return to unacceptable behavior related to habituation with people.

9. Human behavior must change to support hazing and activities that identify and, if necessary, remove possible attractants.

10. Education about exclusion techniques, personal responsibility in pet safety and reasonable expectations in managing coyotes are critical parts of a hazing plan.

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11. Coyotes are skittish by nature, and as a rule DO NOT act aggressively towards aggressive people. Habituated coyote behavior is learned and reinforced by human activity, with the exception being a sick or injured animal that may respond unpredictably when engaged.

Under these circumstances, residents should remove themselves from the situation and immediately contact ACS at (562) 570-7387.

12. Individuals involved with and practicing hazing need to be trained to explain the concept of hazing to others who witness the process, clarifying the difference between hazing and harassment of wildlife, and elucidating goals of appropriate behavior for coexistence.

Training Program
Hazing requires community involvement and support given that residents are best equipped to respond consistently and at the most opportune times in their own neighborhoods, parks and open spaces. With the right knowledge, information and expectations of normal versus abnormal coyote behavior, neighbors can collectively have a tremendous impact through hazing programs.

Free coyote educational classes, information sessions and training seminars are periodically offered by ACS when requested by neighborhood, community or volunteer groups. Information provided, topics covered and questions or concerns addressed typically include but are not limited to:

1. Basic coyote information;

2. Discussion on why coyotes are in the city;

3. Normal and abnormal coyote behavior;

4. Seasonal behavior changes, breeding timeframes for pups, and denning behavior;

5. Reality of dangers towards people versus danger towards pets;

6. Children and coyotes;

7. How human behavior influences coyote behavior;

8. Attractants;

9. Tips on deterring animals from entering private property;

10. Appropriate response when encountering a coyote;

11. What comprises hazing, goals of hazing, and how to engage;

12. Appropriate hazing techniques and tools; and

13. Pet safety tips.

Interested individuals, groups and participants can contact ACS and request copies of flyers to distribute to their neighborhoods and/or community associations.

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Creating a Volunteer Hazing Team
A group of volunteers trained in coyote hazing techniques can be extremely useful in responding to coyote conflicts in public areas such as neighborhoods, parks, playgrounds, etc. The following guidelines are suggested for establishing and sustaining a volunteer hazing team:

1. Volunteers should be trained in proper coyote hazing techniques as discussed herein;

2. Volunteers should be added to a Community Citizen Volunteer email and/or phone list from which they will be notified of “hot spots” and asked to haze in the area;

3. Volunteers should be provided updates, flyers/handouts and additional informational material through the Community Citizen Volunteer group to disseminate to the public; and

4. Volunteers should regularly report on their hazing activity.

Summary of Hazing
Hazing Process whereby individuals and volunteers respond in like manner to make a coyote uncomfortable enough to leave a situation based on an unwanted presence.

Basic
Hazing
Consists of standing one’s ground, never ignoring or turning one’s back to a coyote(s), yelling and making unpleasant and frightening noises until the animal(s) leaves.

More
Aggressive
Hazing
Consists of approaching an animal quickly and aggressively, throwing projectiles, spraying with a hose or water gun, or creating fear of contact so the animal leaves the situation. Note: Many projectiles including but not limited to slingshots, paintballs, guns and pepper balls are not legal for use in hazing. • Hazing must continue, once begun, until the animal leaves the area; otherwise, the coyote will learn to wait until the person gives up and this can create a situation in which the animal is more resistant to hazing instead of reinforcing the image that people are to be feared. • Hazing should never injure the animal, as an injured animal becomes less predictable than a normal, healthy one who responds in a consistent and predictable manner. • Hazing should be conducted in a manner that allows the coyote to return to its normal habitat, minimizing harm to the animal, and performed in a direction away from other houses and busy streets, if possible.
• Hazing uses a variety of techniques and tools, which is critical as coyotes become familiar with and use to items and sounds if relied upon too frequently.

Noisemaker: Voice, whistles, air horns, bells, “shaker” cans, pots, and pie pans.

Projectiles: Sticks, small rocks, cans, tennis balls, and rubber balls.

Deterrents: Hoses, (vinegar) spray bottles, pepper spray, bear repellant, and walking sticks.

Additional hazing tips can be found online at www.longbeach.gov/acs/wildlife Page | 18
APPENDIX D:

YARD AUDIT CHECKLIST
For Municipal or Homeowner Use

OK FIX WAYS TO MITIGATE
FOOD NEVER intentionally (hand-) feed a coyote!
Pet Food Never feed pets outdoors; store all pet food securely indoors.

Water Sources Remove water attractants (such as fountains) in dry climates.

Bird Feeders Remove bird feeders or clean fallen seed to reduce the presence of small mammals that coyotes prefer to eat.

Fallen Fruit Clean up fallen fruit around trees.

Compost Do not include meat or dairy among compost contents unless fully enclosed.

BBQ Grills Clean up food around barbeque grills after each use.

Trash Secure all trash containers with locking lids and place curbside the morning of trash pickup. Periodically clean cans to reduce residual odors.

LANDSCAPING Trim vegetation to reduce hiding places and potential denning sites.

STRUCTURES &

OUTBUILDINGS
Restrict access under decks and sheds, around woodpiles, or any other structure that can provide cover or denning sites for coyotes or their prey.

FENCING* Enclose property with an 8-foot fence (or a 6-foot fence with an additional extension or roller-top) to deter coyotes. Ensure that there are no gaps and that the bottom of the fence extends underground six (6) inches or is fitted with a mesh apron to deter coyotes from digging underneath. *Must comply with Long Beach Municipal Code(s).

PETS Never leave pets unattended outside.

Never allow pets to “play” with coyotes.

Fully enclose outdoor pet kennels.

Walk pets on a leash no longer than 6 feet in length.

Residents are encouraged to take steps to eliminate attractants on their property and to share this information with friends and neighbors, as minimizing conflicts with coyotes is most effective when the entire neighborhood works together.

Signal Hill City CouncilNovember 14, 2023

Signal Hill City Council
November 14, 2023