Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Agenda October 09, 2024 Page 1 of 6
CITY OF SOLANA BEACH
SOLANA BEACH CITY COUNCIL, SUCCESSOR AGENCY TO THE REDEVELOPMENT
AGENCY, PUBLIC FINANCING AUTHORITY, & HOUSING AUTHORITY AGENDA
Joint REGULAR Meeting
Wednesday, October 09, 2024 * 6:00 p.m.
City Hall / Council Chambers, 635 S. Highway 101, Solana Beach, California ➢ City Council meetings are video recorded and archived as a permanent record. The video recording captures the complete proceedings of the meeting and is available for viewing on the City's website. ➢ Posted Reports & Supplemental Docs contain records up to the cut off time prior to meetings for processing new submittals. Complete records containing meeting handouts, PowerPoints, etc. can be obtained through a Records Request.
PUBLIC MEETING ACCESS
The Regular Meetings of the City Council are scheduled for the 2nd and 4th Wednesdays and are broadcast live. The video taping of meetings are maintained as a permanent record and contain a detailed account of the proceedings. Council meeting tapings are archived and available for viewing on the City’s Public Meetings webpage.
WATCH THE MEETING
• Live web-streaming: Meetings web-stream live on the City’s website on the City’s Public Meetings webpage. Find the large Live Meeting button.
• Live Broadcast on Local Govt. Channel: Meetings are broadcast live on Cox Communications - Channel 19 / Spectrum (Time Warner)-Channel 24 / AT&T U-verse Channel 99. • Archived videos online: The video taping of meetings are maintained as a permanent record and contain a detailed account of the proceedings. Council meeting tapings are archived and available for viewing on the City’s Public Meetings webpage.
AGENDA MATERIALS
A full City Council agenda packet including relative supporting documentation is available at City Hall, the Solana Beach Branch Library (157 Stevens Ave.), La Colonia Community Ctr., and online www.cityofsolanabeach.org. Agendas are posted at least 72 hours prior to regular meetings and at least 24 hours prior to special meetings. Writings and documents regarding an agenda of an open session meeting, received after the official posting, and distributed to the Council for consideration, will be made available for public viewing at the same time. In addition, items received at least 1 hour 30 minutes prior to the meeting time will be uploaded online with the agenda posting. Materials submitted for consideration should be forwarded to the City Clerk’s department 858-720-2400. The designated location for viewing of hard copies is the City Clerk’s office at City Hall during normal business hours.
PUBLIC COMMENTS
Written correspondence (supplemental items) regarding an agenda item at an open session meeting should be submitted to the City Clerk’s Office at [email protected] with a) Subject line to include the meeting date b) Include the Agenda Item # as listed on the Agenda. o Correspondence received after the official posting of the agenda, but two hours prior to the meeting start time, on the meeting day, will be distributed to Council and made available online along with the agenda posting. All submittals received before the start of the meeting will be made part of the record. o Written submittals will be added to the record and not read out loud.
And/Or
Verbal Comment Participation:
Please submit a speaker slip to the City Clerk prior to the meeting, or the announcement of the Section/Item, to provide public comment. Allotted times for speaking are outlined on the speaker’s slip for each agenda section: Oral Communications, Consent, Public Hearings and Staff Reports.
Public speakers have 3 minutes each to speak on each topic. Time may be donated by another Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Agenda October 09, 2024 Page 2 of 6 individual who is present at the meeting to allow an individual up to 6 minutes to speak. Group: Time may be donated by two individuals who are present at the meeting allowing an individual up to 10 minutes to speak. Group Hearings: For public hearings only, time may be donated by two individuals who are present at the meeting allowing an individual up to 15 minutes to speak.
COUNCIL DISCLOSURE
Pursuant to the Levine Act (Gov’t Code Section 84308), any party to a permit, license, contract (other than competitively bid, labor or personal employment contracts) or other entitlement before the Council is required to disclose on the record any contribution, including aggregated contributions, of more than $250 made by the party or the party’s agents within the preceding 12 months to any Council Member. Participants and agents are requested to make this disclosure as well. The disclosure must include the name of the party or participant and any other person making the contribution, the name of the recipient, the amount of the contribution, and the date the contribution was made.
SPECIAL ASSISTANCE NEEDED
In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, persons with a disability may request an agenda in appropriate alternative formats as required by Section 202. Any person with a disability who requires a modification or accommodation in order to participate in a meeting should direct such request to the City Clerk’s office (858) 720-2400 at least 72 hours prior to the meeting.
As a courtesy to all meeting attendees, please set all electronic devices to silent mode and engage in conversations outside the Council Chambers.
CITY COUNCILMEMBERS
Lesa Heebner
Mayor
Jewel Edson
Deputy Mayor / Councilmember District 3
Kristi Becker
Councilmember District 2
Jill MacDonald
Councilmember District 4
David A. Zito
Councilmember District 1
Alyssa Muto
City Manager
Johanna Canlas
City Attorney
Angela Ivey
City Clerk
SPEAKERS:
Please submit your speaker slip to the City Clerk prior to the meeting or the announcement of the Item. Allotted times for speaking are outlined on the speaker’s slip for Oral Communications, Consent, Public Hearings and Staff Reports.
READING OF ORDINANCES AND RESOLUTIONS:
Pursuant to Solana Beach Municipal Code Section 2.04.460, at the time of introduction or adoption of an ordinance or adoption of a resolution, the same shall not be read in full unless after the reading of the title, further reading is requested by a member of the Council. If any Councilmember so requests, the ordinance or resolution shall be read in full. In the absence of such a request, this section shall constitute a waiver by the council of such reading.
CALL TO ORDER AND ROLL CALL:
CLOSED SESSION REPORT:
FLAG SALUTE:
APPROVAL OF AGENDA:
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Agenda October 09, 2024 Page 3 of 6 PROCLAMATIONS/CERTIFICATES: Ceremonial
None at the posting of this agenda
PRESENTATIONS: Ceremonial items that do not contain in-depth discussion and no action/direction.
None at the posting of this agenda
ORAL COMMUNICATIONS:
Comments relating to items on this evening’s agenda are taken at the time the items are heard.
This portion of the agenda provides an opportunity for members of the public to address the City Council on items relating to City business and not appearing on today’s agenda by submitting a speaker slip (located on the back table) to the City Clerk. Pursuant to the Brown Act, no action shall be taken by the City Council on public comment items. Council may refer items to the City Manager for placement on a future agenda. The maximum time allotted for each presentation is THREE MINUTES. No donations of time are permitted (SBMC 2.04.190). Please be aware of the timer light on the Council Dais.
CITY COUNCIL COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS - COMMENTARY:
An opportunity for City Council to make brief announcements or report on various activities. These items are not agendized for official City business with no action or substantive discussion.
CITY MANAGER / CITY ATTORNEY REPORTS:
An opportunity for the City Manager and City Attorney to make brief announcements or report on various activities. These items are not agendized for official City business with no action or substantive discussion.
A. CONSENT CALENDAR: (Action Items) (A.1. - A.3.)
Items listed on the Consent Calendar are to be acted in a single action of the City Council unless pulled for discussion. Any member of the public may address the City Council on an item of concern by submitting to the City Clerk a speaker slip (located on the back table) before the Consent Calendar is addressed. Those items removed from the Consent Calendar by a member of the Council will be trailed to the end of the agenda, while Consent Calendar items removed by the public will be heard immediately after approval of the Consent Calendar to hear the public speaker.
All speakers should refer to the public comment section at the beginning of the agenda for details.
Please be aware of the timer light on the Council Dais.
A.1. Minutes of the City Council.
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Approve the Minutes of the City Council meetings held on September 11, 2024.
Item A.1. Report (click here)
Posted Reports & Supplemental Docs contain records up to the cut off time, prior to the start of the meeting, for processing new submittals. The final official record containing handouts, PowerPoints, etc. can be obtained through a Records Request to the City Clerk’s Office.
A.2. Register Of Demands. (File 0300-30)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Ratify the list of demands for September 07, 2024 – September 20, 2024.
Item A.2. Report (click here)
Posted Reports & Supplemental Docs contain records up to the cut off time, prior to the start of the meeting, for processing new submittals. The final official record containing handouts, PowerPoints, etc. can be obtained through a Records Request to the City Clerk’s Office.
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Agenda October 09, 2024 Page 4 of 6 A.3. Purchase of Air Purifiers for South Bay Coastal Communities. (File 0230-20) Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Approve Resolution 2024-102:
a. Joining the North Coastal Clean Air Partnership and allocating $10,000 for the purchase of air purifiers for South Bay coastal communities. b. Approving a budget amendment of $10,000.
c. Authorizing the City Treasurer to amend the FY 2024/25 Adopted Budget accordingly.
Item A.3. Report (click here)
Posted Reports & Supplemental Docs contain records up to the cut off time, prior to the start of the meeting, for processing new submittals. The final official record containing handouts, PowerPoints, etc. can be obtained through a Records Request to the City Clerk’s Office.
NOTE: The City Council shall not begin a new agenda item after 10:30 p.m. unless approved by a unanimous vote of all members present. (SBMC 2.04.070) C. STAFF REPORTS: (C.1. – C.2.)
Submit speaker slips to the City Clerk.
All speakers should refer to the public comment section at the beginning of the agenda for time allotments. Please be aware of the timer light on the Council Dais.
C.1. Climate Action Plan Update. (File 0410-05)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-099 adopting the Climate Action Plan Update.
Item C.1. Report (click here)
Posted Reports & Supplemental Docs contain records up to the cut off time, prior to the start of the meeting, for processing new submittals. The final official record containing handouts, PowerPoints, etc. can be obtained through a Records Request to the City Clerk’s Office.
C.2. City Council Monthly Compensation Consideration - Ordinance 535 Introduction (1st Reading). (File 0520-10)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Discuss and consider changes, if any, to Councilmember and Mayoral compensation.
2. If desired, introduce Ordinance 535 amending Solana Beach Municipal Code (SBMC) section 2.04.020 to reflect the compensation adjustment to take effect when a new term of office commences in December 2024.
Item C.2. Report (click here)
Posted Reports & Supplemental Docs contain records up to the cut off time, prior to the start of the meeting, for processing new submittals. The final official record containing handouts, PowerPoints, etc. can be obtained through a Records Request to the City Clerk’s Office.
WORK PLAN COMMENTS:
Adopted June 26, 2024
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Agenda October 09, 2024 Page 5 of 6 COMPENSATION & REIMBURSEMENT DISCLOSURE:
GC: Article 2.3. Compensation: 53232.3. (a) Reimbursable expenses shall include, but not be limited to, meals, lodging, and travel. 53232.3 (d) Members of a legislative body shall provide brief reports on meetings attended at the expense of the local agency “City” at the next regular meeting of the legislative body.
COUNCIL COMMITTEE REPORTS: Council Committees
REGIONAL COMMITTEES: (outside agencies, appointed by this Council) a. City Selection Committee (meets twice a year) Primary-Heebner, Alternate-Edson b. Clean Energy Alliance (CEA) JPA: Primary-Becker, Alternate-Zito c. County Service Area 17: Primary-MacDonald, Alternate-Edson d. Escondido Creek Watershed Authority: Becker / Staff (no alternate). e. League of Ca. Cities’ San Diego County Executive Committee: Primary-MacDonald, Alternate-Becker. Subcommittees determined by its members. f. League of Ca. Cities’ Local Legislative Committee: Primary-MacDonald, AlternateBecker g. League of Ca. Cities’ Coastal Cities Issues Group (CCIG): Primary-MacDonald, Alternate-Becker
h. North County Dispatch JPA: Primary-MacDonald, Alternate-Becker i. North County Transit District: Primary-Edson, Alternate-MacDonald j. Regional Solid Waste Association (RSWA): Primary-Zito, Alternate-MacDonald k. SANDAG: Primary-Heebner, 1st Alternate-Zito, 2nd Alternate-Edson. Subcommittees determined by its members.
l. SANDAG Shoreline Preservation Committee: Primary-Becker, Alternate-Zito m. San Dieguito River Valley JPA: Primary-MacDonald, Alternate-Becker n. San Elijo JPA: Primary-Zito, Primary-Becker, Alternate-City Manager o. 22nd Agricultural District Association Community Relations Committee: Primary-Edson, Primary-Heebner
STANDING COMMITTEES: (All Primary Members) (Permanent Committees) a. Business Liaison Committee – Zito, Edson
b. Fire Dept. Management Governance & Organizational Evaluation – Edson, MacDonald
c. Highway 101 / Cedros Ave. Development Committee – Heebner, Edson d. Parks and Recreation Committee – Zito, Edson
e. Public Arts Committee – Edson, Heebner
f. School Relations Committee – Becker, MacDonald
g. Solana Beach-Del Mar Relations Committee – Heebner, Edson
CITIZEN COMMISSION(S)
a. Climate Action Commission – Zito, Becker
ADJOURN:
Next Regularly Scheduled Meeting is October 23, 2024
Always refer to the City’s website Event Calendar for an updated schedule or contact City Hall. www.cityofsolanabeach.org 858-720-2400
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Agenda October 09, 2024 Page 6 of 6
AFFIDAVIT OF POSTING
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO
CITY OF SOLANA BEACH
§
I, Angela Ivey, City Clerk of the City of Solana Beach, do hereby certify that this Agenda for the October 09, 2024 Council Meeting was called by City Council, Successor Agency to the Redevelopment Agency, Public Financing Authority, and the Housing Authority of the City of Solana Beach, California, was provided and posted on October 03, 2024 at 12:55 p.m. on the City Bulletin Board at the entrance to the City Council Chambers. Said meeting is held at 6:00 p.m., October 09, 2024, in the Council Chambers, at City Hall, 635 S. Highway 101, Solana Beach, California.
Angela Ivey, City Clerk
City of Solana Beach, CA
UPCOMING CITIZEN CITY COMMISSION AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS:
Regularly Scheduled, or Special Meetings that have been announced, are posted on each Citizen Commission’s Agenda webpage. See the Citizen Commission’s Agenda webpages or the City’s Events Calendar for updates.
o Budget & Finance Commission
o Climate Action Commission
o Parks & Recreation Commission
o Public Arts Commission
o View Assessment Commission
}
Solana Beach City Council Closed Session Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 1 of 2
CITY OF SOLANA BEACH
SOLANA BEACH CITY COUNCIL, SUCCESSOR AGENCY TO THE REDEVELOPMENT
AGENCY, PUBLIC FINANCING AUTHORITY, & HOUSING AUTHORITY
MINUTES
Joint Meeting - Closed Session
Wednesday, September 11, 2024 5:00 p.m.
City Hall / Council Chambers, 635 S. Highway 101, Solana Beach, California
CITY COUNCILMEMBERS
Lesa Heebner
Mayor
Jewel Edson
Deputy Mayor / Councilmember District 3
Kristi Becker
Councilmember District 2
Jill MacDonald
Councilmember District 4
David A. Zito
Councilmember District 1
Alyssa Muto
City Manager
Johanna Canlas
City Attorney
Angela Ivey
City Clerk
CALL TO ORDER AND ROLL CALL:
Mayor Heebner called the meeting to order at 5:01 p.m.
Present: Lesa Heebner, Jewel Edson, Kristi Becker, Jill MacDonald, David A. Zito
Absent: None
Also Present: Alyssa Muto, City Manager
Johanna Canlas, City Attorney
PUBLIC COMMENT ON CLOSED SESSION ITEMS (ONLY): None
CLOSED SESSION:
1. CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL – EXISTING LITIGATION
Pursuant to Government Code Section 54956.9(d)(1)
- MacDonald v. City of Solana Beach (37-2023-00038867-CU-PO-CTL)
2. CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL – ANTICIPATED LITIGATION Pursuant to Government Code Section 54956.9(d)(2)
Two (2) Potential cases.
3. CONFERENCE WITH REAL PROPERTY NEGOTIATOR
Pursuant to Government Code section 54956.8
Property: APN: 263-352-03,04,05,06 and 07 and 263-342-02 City Negotiators: City Manager Alyssa Muto and City Attorney Johanna Canlas Negotiating Parties: Tracy Foster, North County Transit District Under negotiation: Purchase Price and Terms
No reportable action.
Solana Beach City Council Closed Session Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 2 of 2 ADJOURN:
Mayor Heebner adjourned the meeting at 6:05 p.m.
Angela Ivey, City Clerk Approved:
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 1 of 9
CITY OF SOLANA BEACH
SOLANA BEACH CITY COUNCIL, SUCCESSOR AGENCY TO THE REDEVELOPMENT
AGENCY, PUBLIC FINANCING AUTHORITY, & HOUSING AUTHORITY
MINUTES
Joint REGULAR Meeting
Wednesday, September 11, 2024 * 6:00 p.m.
City Hall / Council Chambers, 635 S. Highway 101, Solana Beach, California ➢ City Council meetings are video recorded and archived as a permanent record. The video recording captures the complete proceedings of the meeting and is available for viewing on the City's website. ➢ Posted Reports & Supplemental Docs contain records up to the cut off time prior to meetings for processing new submittals. Complete records containing meeting handouts, PowerPoints, etc. can be obtained through a Records Request.
CITY COUNCILMEMBERS
Lesa Heebner
Mayor
Jewel Edson
Deputy Mayor / Councilmember District 3
Kristi Becker
Councilmember District 2
Jill MacDonald
Councilmember District 4
David A. Zito
Councilmember District 1
Alyssa Muto
City Manager
Johanna Canlas
City Attorney
Angela Ivey
City Clerk
SPEAKERS:
Please submit your speaker slip to the City Clerk prior to the meeting or the announcement of the Item. Allotted times for speaking are outlined on the speaker’s slip for Oral Communications, Consent, Public Hearings and Staff Reports.
READING OF ORDINANCES AND RESOLUTIONS:
Pursuant to Solana Beach Municipal Code Section 2.04.460, at the time of introduction or adoption of an ordinance or adoption of a resolution, the same shall not be read in full unless after the reading of the title, further reading is requested by a member of the Council. If any Councilmember so requests, the ordinance or resolution shall be read in full. In the absence of such a request, this section shall constitute a waiver by the council of such reading.
CALL TO ORDER AND ROLL CALL:
Mayor Heebner called the meeting to order at 6:00 pm
Present: Lesa Heebner, Jewel Edson, Kristi Becker, Jill MacDonald, David A. Zito
Absent: None
Also
Present:
Alyssa Muto, City Manager
Johanna Canlas, City Attorney
Angela Ivey, City Clerk
Dan King, Deputy City Manager
Mo Sammak, City Engineer/Public Works Dir.
Rachel Jacobs, Finance Dir.
Joseph Lim, Community Development Dir.
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 2 of 9 CLOSED SESSION REPORT: None
FLAG SALUTE:
APPROVAL OF AGENDA:
Motion: Moved by Councilmember Becker and second by Councilmember Zito to approve. Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None.
Motion carried unanimously.
PRESENTATIONS: Ceremonial items that do not contain in-depth discussion and no action/direction.
CEA (Clean Energy Alliance)
Kaitlin McGee presented a PowerPoint (on file) reviewing the organization's operations, customer programs, and adopted budget for the fiscal year including the new fiscal year’s 25% increase in administrative costs and $600,000 allocated for unspecified programs.
She said that energy costs accounted for 97% of the budget, that there were plans to increase rates by 5% starting November 2024, the first increase since February 2023, and noted that customers had generally saved money compared to San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) over the past few years. She said that CEA serves seven member cities, including Carlsbad, Del Mar, Solana Beach, Escondido, San Marcos, Oceanside, and Vista, and aims to help these cities meet their climate action goals, promote renewable energy, and foster consumer choice. Solana Beach has a 91% participation rate in CEA, with most customers using the Clean Impact Plus product, which provides 75% carbon-free electricity. She highlighted CEA's suite of customer programs, including the Solar Plus program and initiatives such as Local Solar, partnerships with Ohm Connect, and the Green Impact Champions program.
Council and speakers discussed participation rates, future plans to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2035, and the use of the $600,000 budget for new programs, such as battery storage for existing solar customers and energy efficiency incentives for businesses. Ms. McGee assured that CEA is on track to meet its renewable energy goals while maintaining affordable rates.
Council members expressed appreciation for CEA’s outreach efforts and success in engaging new member cities, as well as excitement about future programs.
ORAL COMMUNICATIONS:
Comments relating to items on this evening’s agenda are taken at the time the items are heard.
This portion of the agenda provides an opportunity for members of the public to address the City Council on items relating to City business and not appearing on today’s agenda by submitting a speaker slip (located on the back table) to the City Clerk. Pursuant to the Brown Act, no action shall be taken by the City Council on public comment items. Council may refer items to the City Manager for placement on a future agenda. The maximum time allotted for each presentation is THREE MINUTES. No donations of time are permitted (SBMC 2.04.190). Please be aware of the timer light on the Council Dais.
Stan Bergum spoke about trash and recycling at the beach, improving trash and recycling systems at local beaches, his research among various city officials and EDCO, his survey on Nextdoor, where 6,000 respondents weighed in on beach cleanup and recycling Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 3 of 9 indicating that 58% supported public education on the issue, 17% agreed on removing trash and recycling from the beach, and 25% wanted more recycling options. He shared his experience participating in a beach cleanup with a local nonprofit where 12 volunteers collected 90 pounds of trash in just two hours, highlighting the ongoing issue with plastics and its dangers to wildlife and urged Council to form a task force or take action to improve the current beach waste management system, aiming for better protection of both the beaches and wildlife.
Matt Linnik spoke about improving the signage and garbage management at the beach and said that the current signage at the bottom of the ramp, featuring a large image of a German Shepherd with a "No Dogs" warning, and 12 garbage cans, creates a negative impression, describing it as looking like a "junkyard" and "ghetto." He suggested that this setup detracts from the beauty of the beaches and proposed a shift in approach, referencing the National Park Service's "pack in, pack out" method, where visitors are encouraged to take their trash with them, as a possible solution and asked that Council consider updating the signage and transitioning from a system where trash is left at the beach to one that encourages personal responsibility for removing waste.
Council discussion revolved around the need to improve trash and recycling management at the beaches, with appreciation expressed for the speaker’s participation and ideas, support for the initiative, acknowledging the upcoming slow season as an opportunity to prepare new solutions before next summer. Discussion continued regarding the desire to set a timeline and develop a plan for trash management improvements, particularly focusing on signage and reducing the number of garbage cans on the beach, implementing a "pack in, pack out" approach to encourage personal responsibility for waste removal, illegal beach fires and the City's current enforcement efforts, with a potential review of the fire policy, and additional outreach efforts and further conversations planned for the fall months.
Skipp Hammann stated that he represented the United Sovereign Americans, a volunteer organization, and spoke of concerns about the integrity of California's voter roll database during the 2022 election, the extensive research by qualified data teams revealed compliance issues with federal law, leading to doubts about the accuracy of votes cast, counted, and certified. He stated that no blame was being placed on any elected officials or candidates, nor was there any call to overturn past elections, but that the group request was for the Council to add a resolution to a future agenda demanding improved election accuracy and transparency.
Ann Matchinske read the first part of the "USA Resolution for a Legally Valid 2024 General Election" proposed resolution emphasizing the importance of free and fair elections, highlighting the importance of voter rolls being accurate, that only eligible votes should be counted, the number of votes must match voters, and voting systems must meet strict error standards. She stated that findings from the 2022 California election showed 5.8 million registration violations, over 2.7 million votes cast by ineligible or uncertain voters, that there were discrepancies between the number of votes and voters, and that these issues allegedly violate federal and state laws, casting doubt on the election's certification.
Michele Killman continued reading the proclamation that included 2.8 million voting violations in the 2022 California election and alleging that its certification was fraudulent, that these inaccuracies violated legal standards and invalidated the election, depriving Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 4 of 9 citizens of their natural rights and causing harm to the country, and that there should be requirements for proof of citizenship and eligibility to register and vote, voter rolls available for public review and challenge, hand-marked secure ballots with verifiable security features, compliance with federal law regarding fraud prevention in voting systems, and full observation rights and adjudication sign-off by party, candidate, and trained witnesses.
Yasmin Yates continued reading the resolution stating demands to ensure election integrity for 2024, a secure, end-to-end chain of custody for ballots from voter to vote count, with auditable transfers, a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)- compliant audit with a 95% confidence level, conducted by independent auditors, that discrepancies exceed 10% of the margin of victory, a new election must be held unless proven resolvable through a manual count, and that no waivers of requirements be allowed, ensuring strict compliance from voter registration to certification.
Barbara Carnahan concluded remarks regarding the resolution request by summarizing the resolution's importance, which outlined significant inaccuracies in the 2022 election and proposed remedies to ensure the 2024 election's integrity, that resolving these issues was critical to securing liberty and urged the Council to put the resolution on the agenda for the next meeting. She referenced legal precedents supporting these actions and encouraged the Council and public to visit unite4freedom.com for more information.
COUNCIL COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS / COMMENTARY:
An opportunity for City Council to make brief announcements or report on their activities. These items are not agendized for official City business with no action or substantive discussion.
A. CONSENT CALENDAR: (Action Items) (A.1. - A.12.)
Items listed on the Consent Calendar are to be acted in a single action of the City Council unless pulled for discussion. Any member of the public may address the City Council on an item of concern by submitting to the City Clerk a speaker slip (located on the back table) before the Consent Calendar is addressed. Those items removed from the Consent Calendar by a member of the Council will be trailed to the end of the agenda, while Consent Calendar items removed by the public will be heard immediately after approval of the Consent Calendar to hear the public speaker.
All speakers should refer to the public comment section at the beginning of the agenda for details.
Please be aware of the timer light on the Council Dais.
A.1. Minutes of the City Council.
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Approve the Minutes of the City Council meetings held on June 26, 2024, July 10, 2024, and August 21, 2024.
Approved Minutes https://www.cityofsolanabeach.org/en/government/public-meetings/agendas-minutesvideos Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 5 of 9 A.2. Register Of Demands. (File 0300-30)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Ratify the list of demands for June 22, 2024 – August 16, 2024.
Item A.2. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
A.3. Quarterly Investment Report. (File 0350-44)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Accept and file the Cash and Investment Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2024.
Item A.3. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
A.4. Climate Action Plan Update Services. (File 0220-15) Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-089 authorizing the City Manager to execute the Agreement for Climate Action Plan Update Services between the City of Solana Beach and Energy Policy Initiative Center for an 18-month term from July 13, 2023 through January 12, 2025.
Item A.4. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
A.5. Conflict of Interest Code Required Update. (File 0440-00) Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-091 adopting an amended Solana Beach Conflict of Interest Code.
Item A.5. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 6 of 9 A.6. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) Unit Replacement Services. (File 0700-25)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-093 authorizing the City Manager to execute an Amendment to the Professional Services Agreement with Seaside Heating and Air for Fiscal Year 2024/25 that would include a one-time purchase and installation of two rooftop HVAC units at City Hall, one rooftop HVAC unit at the La Colonia Community Center, and one mini-split unit for at the Public Works Maintenance Facility, at an amount of $50,780, and a $5,000 contingency for unforeseen costs associated with the rooftop installations, which will be added to the current contract amount of $11,460 for a total not to exceed amount of $67,240 for FY 2024/25.
Item A.6. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
A.7. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) Unit Replacements and Repairs Project – Notice of Completion. (File 0700-25)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-096:
a. Authorizing the City Council to accept, as complete, the HVAC Unit Replacements.
b. Authorizing the City Clerk to file a Notice of Completion.
Item A.7. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
A.8. Fletcher Cove Community Center and Marine Safety Center Roof Replacement Project – Notice of Completion. (File 0700-25) Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-094:
a. Authorizing the City Council to accept as complete the Fletcher Cove Community Center and Marine Safety Center Roof Replacement Project, Bid No. 2022-008, performed by Preman Roofing.
b. Authorizing the City Clerk to file a Notice of Completion.
Item A.8. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 7 of 9 A.9. Fire and Burglary Alarm Systems Upgrade and Alarm Monitoring Services. (File 0700-40)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-092:
a. Authorizing the City Manager to execute Amendment No.1 to the Professional Services Agreement with Rancho Santa Fe Security for fire and burglary alarm system upgrade in Fiscal Year 2024/25 in an amount of $5,799, and a recommended contingency amount of $1,000, for a total amount of $6,799 for Fiscal Year 2024/25 to be charged to Facilities CIP.
b. Authorizing the City Manager to increase the PSA contract amount by $1,324.80 for alarm monitoring services, for each year of the contract.
Item A.9. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
A.10. City’s Safety Element Update. (File 0610-10)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-097 authorizing the City Manager to extend the Professional Services Agreement with Kimley-Horn and Associates Inc. through September 30, 2024.
Item A.10. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
A.11. League of California Cities’ 2024 Annual Business Meeting Voting Delegates Designees. (File 0140-10)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Appoint Councilmember MacDonald, primary voting delegate, and City Manager Alyssa Muto, alternate, as the voting delegates for the 2024 Annual Business Meeting of the League of California Cities Annual Conference.
2. Authorize the City Clerk to attest to the appointments and submit the Official Voting Form to the League of California Cities.
Item A.11. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 8 of 9 A.12. Crossing Guard Services. (File 0860-35)
Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Adopt Resolution 2024-090 authorizing the City Manager to sign a Memorandum of Understanding with the Solana Beach School District and the San Dieguito Union High School District for crossing guard services.
Item A.12. Report (click here)
Motion: Moved by Deputy Mayor Edson and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
C. STAFF REPORTS: (C.1.)
Submit speaker slips to the City Clerk.
All speakers should refer to the public comment section at the beginning of the agenda for time allotments. Please be aware of the timer light on the Council Dais.
C.1. Joint Resolution (Solana Beach, Del Mar, San Diego, 22nd District Agricultural Association) – LOSSAN Rail Realignment. (File 0820-48) Recommendation: That the City Council
1. Consider adoption of the joint Resolution 2024-098 between the cities of Del Mar, Solana Beach, San Diego and the 22nd District Agricultural Association regarding the San Diego Association of Governments LOSSAN Rail Realignment Project.
Item C.1. Report (click here)
Alyssa Muto, City Manager, presented a PowerPoint (on file) reviewing the background and proposed alternatives, the public feedback and the proposed joint resolution.
Motion: Moved by Mayor Heebner and second by Councilmember Zito to approve.
Approved 5/0. Ayes: Heebner, Edson, Becker, MacDonald, Zito. Noes: None. Motion carried unanimously.
WORK PLAN COMMENTS:
Adopted June 26, 2024
COMPENSATION & REIMBURSEMENT DISCLOSURE:
GC: Article 2.3. Compensation: 53232.3. (a) Reimbursable expenses shall include, but not be limited to, meals, lodging, and travel. 53232.3 (d) Members of a legislative body shall provide brief reports on meetings attended at the expense of the local agency “City” at the next regular meeting of the legislative body.
COUNCIL COMMITTEE REPORTS: Council Committees
REGIONAL COMMITTEES: (outside agencies, appointed by this Council) STANDING COMMITTEES: (All Primary Members) (Permanent Committees)
CITIZEN COMMISSION(S)
Solana Beach City Council Regular Meeting Minutes September 11, 2024 Page 9 of 9 ADJOURN:
Mayor Heebner adjourned the meeting at 7:13 pm
Angela Ivey, City Clerk Approved: _____________________ CITY COUNCIL ACTION: ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ AGENDA ITEM # A.2.
STAFF REPORT
CITY OF SOLANA BEACH
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Councilmembers
FROM: Alyssa Muto, City Manager
MEETING DATE: October 9, 2024
ORIGINATING DEPT: Finance – Rachel Jacobs, Finance Director SUBJECT: Register of Demands
BACKGROUND:
Section 3.04.020 of the Solana Beach Municipal Code requires that the City Council ratify a register of demands which represents all financial demands made upon the City for the applicable period.
DISCUSSION:
Staff certifies that the register of demands has been reviewed for accuracy, that funds are available to pay the above demands, and that the demands comply with the adopted budget.
CEQA COMPLIANCE STATEMENT:
Not a project as defined by CEQA.
FISCAL IMPACT:
The register of demands for September 7, 2024, through September 20, 2024, reflects total expenditures of $742,278.84 from various City sources.
WORK PLAN: N/A
OPTIONS:
• Ratify the register of demands.
• Do not ratify and provide direction.
Register of Demands: 09/07/2024 through 09/20/2024
Check Register - Disbursement Fund (Attachment 1) $ 509,917.24 Net Payroll Council September 12, 2024 4,252.18
Net Payroll Staff P06 September 13, 2024 228,109.42
TOTAL $ 742,278.84
October 9, 2024
Register of Demands
CITY STAFF RECOMMENDATION:
Staff recommends that the City Council ratify the above register of demands. _______________________
Alyssa Muto, City Manager
Attachments:
1. Check Register – Disbursement Fund
Page: 1 of 5
City of Solana Beach
Register of Demands
9/7/2024 - 9/20/2024
Department
Vendor Description Date
Check/EFT
Number Amount
100 - GENERAL FUND
MISSION SQUARE PLAN 302817 Payroll Run 1 - Warrant P06 09/12/2024 9001674 $12,212.09 MISSION SQUARE PLAN 302817 Payroll Run 2 - Warrant PC3 09/12/2024 9001674 $3,283.93 SOLANA BEACH FIREFIGHTERS ASSOC Payroll Run 1 - Warrant P06 09/12/2024 9001677 $900.00 DYJAK DESIGN BUILD RFND: DRP21-008/SDP21-009 09/12/2024 107238 $106.14 KAREN NICHOLAS RFND: SBGR-381 09/12/2024 107242 $20,531.39 CALPERS PC03 457 CONTRIBUTION 09/11/2024 990120321 $1,358.00 CALPERS P06 457 CONTRIBUTION 09/11/2024 990120322 $3,783.61 CALPERS P05 08/30/24 PD (09/12/24 PERS) 09/12/2024 9091224 $67,072.03 CALPERS P06 09/13/24 PD (09/19/24 PERS) 09/19/2024 9091924 $65,636.11 ANDREW HEMMERICH & KATYA MEYERS RFND: SBGR-389/412 N ACACIA 09/18/2024 107252 $7,243.35 STERLING HEALTH SERVICES, INC. PC03 FSA CONTRIBUTION 09/18/2024 9001687 $266.67 STERLING HEALTH SERVICES, INC. P06 FSA/DCA CONTRIBUTIONS 09/18/2024 9001687 $2,106.98 STERLING HEALTH SERVICES, INC. P06 FSA/DCA CONTRIBUTIONS 09/18/2024 9001687 $1,825.04 ALLIANT INSURANCE SVCS INC CY24 QTR2 SPECIAL EVENT CERTS ISSUED 09/12/2024 107228 $1,660.96 IAFF-MERP JULY 24 FF TRUST CONTRIBUTIONS 09/18/2024 9001688 $4,975.00 IAFF-MERP AUG 24 FF TRUST PAYMENT 09/12/2024 9001682 $4,975.00 SANTA FE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS RFND: SBGR-331/SBGR-395/GRD20-0006 09/12/2024 107246 $23,129.00 SANTA FE CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS RFND: SBGR-331/SBGR-395/GRD20-0006 09/12/2024 107246 $40,560.70 GERALD DUPREZ RFND:SB0644884 09/18/2024 107254 $42.50
ROGER & KRISTIN BRINNER RFND: SBGR-358/246 BARBARA AVE. 09/18/2024 107257 $41,354.00 TOTAL GENERAL FUND $303,022.50
1005100 - CITY COUNCIL
SOLANA BEACH COMMUNITY THEATER FY 25 COMMUNITY GRANT 09/12/2024 107249 $3,000.00 TOTAL CITY COUNCIL $3,000.00
1005150 - CITY CLERK
IRON MOUNTAIN SHREDDING - 07/24/24-08/27/24 09/18/2024 107256 $357.42 DEL MAR BLUE PRINT COMPANY, INC. RR-3538 - 2 SETS 09/18/2024 107253 $57.96 UT SAN DIEGO - NRTH COUNTY CERT OF FACTS NOV 2024 ELECTION 09/18/2024 107259 $491.48 PITNEY BOWES GLOBAL FINANCIAL SVC LEASE 07/30/24-10/29/24 09/18/2024 9001686 $794.45 TOTAL CITY CLERK $1,701.31
1005300 - FINANCE
HDL-HINDERLITER, DE LLAMAS & ASSOC Q3 CY SALES TAX AUDIT & CONTRACT 09/18/2024 107255 $2,186.83 WILLDAN AUG 24-USER FEE STUDY & COST ALLOCATION PLAN 09/12/2024 9001681 $1,250.00 TYLER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. FY25 ANNUAL MAINTENANCE 09/18/2024 107258 $6,383.06 FOSTER & FOSTER CONSULTING ACTUARIES, FY 24-GASBS 68 09/12/2024 107240 $2,100.00 TOTAL FINANCE $11,919.89
1005350 - SUPPORT SERVICES
XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX FIERY - CLERK 09/18/2024 107260 $122.84 XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX FIERY - UPSTAIRS 09/18/2024 107260 $132.61 XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX FIERY - PLANNING 09/18/2024 107260 $132.61 XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX - UPSTAIRS 09/18/2024 107260 $64.39 XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX - UPSTAIRS 09/18/2024 107260 $298.25 Page: 2 of 5
XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX - PLANNING 09/18/2024 107260 $49.36 XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX - PLANNING 09/18/2024 107260 $546.78 XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX - CLERK 09/18/2024 107260 $67.02 XEROX CORPORATION AUG-XEROX - CLERK 09/18/2024 107260 $271.68 TOTAL SUPPORT SERVICES $1,685.54
1005400 - HUMAN RESOURCES
COASTAL LIVE SCAN AND INSURANCE AUG 24-FINGERPRINT APP 09/12/2024 107236 $30.00 TOTAL HUMAN RESOURCES $30.00
1005550 - PLANNING
CENTRAL SQUARE AUG 24-ETRAKIT CITIZEN PORTAL 09/12/2024 9001672 $990.00 UT SAN DIEGO - NRTH COUNTY PH NOTICE - MOD24-001 09/18/2024 107259 $614.16 TOTAL PLANNING $1,604.16
1005560 - BUILDING SERVICES
ESGIL CORPORATION JUL 24-BUILDING 09/12/2024 107239 $45,206.31 ESGIL CORPORATION AUG 24-BUILDING 09/12/2024 107239 $25,043.38 TOTAL BUILDING SERVICES $70,249.69
1005590 - CODE ENFORCEMENT
VERIZON WIRELESS-SD 442224168-07/24/24-08/23/24 09/12/2024 107250 $141.29 1 STOP TONER & INKJET, LLC TONER 09/12/2024 9001675 $119.58 1 STOP TONER & INKJET, LLC TONER 09/12/2024 9001675 $102.73 WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $80.04 TOTAL CODE ENFORCEMENT $443.64
1006120 - FIRE DEPARTMENT
WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $113.22 TOTAL FIRE DEPARTMENT $113.22
1006150 - CIVIL DEFENSE
AT&T CALNET 3 9391012275-03/24/24-04/23/24 - FY24 09/12/2024 107229 $155.55 AT&T CALNET 3 9391012275-02/24/24-03/23/24 - FY24 09/12/2024 107230 $155.55 AT&T CALNET 3 9391012275-04/24/24-05/23/24 - FY24 09/12/2024 107231 $155.55 AT&T CALNET 3 9391012275-05/24/24-06/23/24 - FY24 09/12/2024 107232 $155.55 TOTAL CIVIL DEFENSE $622.20
1006170 - MARINE SAFETY
WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $1,190.86 TOTAL MARINE SAFETY $1,190.86
1006510 - ENGINEERING
UNDERGROUND SVC ALERT OF SOCAL INC AUG 24-DIG ALERT 09/12/2024 9001679 $98.80 WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $171.05 TOTAL ENGINEERING $269.85
1006520 - ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
MISSION LINEN & UNIFORM INC FY25 UNIFORM SERVICES FOR PUBLIC WORKS 09/12/2024 107243 $14.80 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-014-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $215.64 IDRAINS LLC H-STORMDRAIN MAINT 09/12/2024 107227 $1,700.00 WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $497.59 TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES $2,428.03
1006530 - STREET MAINTENANCE
MISSION LINEN & UNIFORM INC FY25 UNIFORM SERVICES FOR PUBLIC WORKS 09/12/2024 107243 $24.07 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 011695-000-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $91.05 WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $450.96 TOTAL STREET MAINTENANCE $566.08
Page: 3 of 5
1006540 - TRAFFIC SAFETY
ALL CITY MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC CROSSING GUARDS-08/04-08/17 09/18/2024 9001684 $5,980.00 ALL CITY MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC CROSSING GUARDS-08/18-08/31 09/18/2024 9001684 $12,361.25 YUNEX LLC JUL 24- TRAFFIC SIGNAL CALL OUTS 09/12/2024 9001683 $3,356.90 TOTAL TRAFFIC SAFETY $21,698.15
1006550 - STREET CLEANING
SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 011695-000-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $53.48 PRIDE INDUSTRIES JUL 24-TRASH ABATEMENT SERVICES 09/12/2024 107245 $1,575.50 TOTAL STREET CLEANING $1,628.98
1006560 - PARK MAINTENANCE
MISSION LINEN & UNIFORM INC FY25 UNIFORM SERVICES FOR PUBLIC WORKS 09/12/2024 107243 $17.59 DIXIELINE LUMBER CO INC PVC GLUE 09/12/2024 107237 $9.23 DIXIELINE LUMBER CO INC GLOVES/HAMMER 09/12/2024 107237 $114.46 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-000 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $313.11 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-001 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $98.51 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-002 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $516.37 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-004 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $98.51 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-005 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $267.31 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-006 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $157.11 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-007 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $133.01 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-009 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $98.51 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-010 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $409.01 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-011 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $389.87 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-013 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $253.76 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 012448-000 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $157.11 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 012448-001 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $103.53 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-012 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $2,850.87 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-018-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $309.11 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-019-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $144.53 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-021-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $2,268.28 COAST RECREATION, INC BELL/GROMMETS/WASHERS-FC 09/12/2024 107235 $959.22 WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $93.29 BJS&T ENTERPRISES, INC. POWDER COAT BENCHES 09/12/2024 9001676 $1,414.22 TOTAL PARK MAINTENANCE $11,176.52
1006570 - PUBLIC FACILITIES
SEASIDE HEATING & AIR CONDITIONING FY 24- HVAC SERVICES AT CITY FACILITIES-JUNE 24 09/12/2024 107248 $120.00 DIXIELINE LUMBER CO INC HOLE SAW BLADE/HOLE SAW SHANK 09/12/2024 107237 $86.54 DIXIELINE LUMBER CO INC BLOW OFF DUSTER CAN/ADHESIVE/DRY CAULK 09/12/2024 107237 $20.62 DIXIELINE LUMBER CO INC TAPE 09/12/2024 107237 $45.99
DIXIELINE LUMBER CO INC PAINT ROLLERS 09/12/2024 107237 $6.16 DIXIELINE LUMBER CO INC PAINT BRUSH 09/12/2024 107237 $5.86 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-008 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $550.87 NAPA AUTO PARTS INC REFRIGERANT 09/12/2024 107244 $129.27 HABITAT PROTECTION, INC AUG 24- PEST/RODENT CONTROL-CH 09/12/2024 9001673 $57.00 HABITAT PROTECTION, INC AUG 24- PEST/RODENT CONTROL-FCCC 09/12/2024 9001673 $39.00 HABITAT PROTECTION, INC AUG 24- PEST/RODENT CONTROL-LCCC 09/12/2024 9001673 $71.00 HABITAT PROTECTION, INC AUG 24- PEST/RODENT CONTROL-MS 09/12/2024 9001673 $71.00 HABITAT PROTECTION, INC AUG 24-PEST/RODENT CONTROL-FS 09/12/2024 9001673 $42.00 HABITAT PROTECTION, INC AUG 24- PEST/RODENT CONTROL-TPBA 09/12/2024 9001673 $65.00 HABITAT PROTECTION, INC AUG 24- PEST/RODENT CONTROL-FC 09/12/2024 9001673 $43.00 HABITAT PROTECTION, INC AUG 24-PEST/RODENT CONTROL-SSBC 09/12/2024 9001673 $43.00 Page: 4 of 5
JOHNSON CONTROLS FIRE PROTECTION LP EXTINGUISHER INSPECTION/REPLACEMENTS 09/12/2024 107241 $1,904.57 CALIFORNIA OFFICE CLEANING, INC AUG 24- JANITORIAL/CUSTODIAL SVC 09/12/2024 9001671 $8,990.00 PRIDE INDUSTRIES JUL 24-TRASH ABATEMENT SERVICES 09/12/2024 107245 $1,575.50 WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $155.50 TOTAL PUBLIC FACILITIES $14,021.88
1007100 - COMMUNITY SERVICES
SAN DIEGO COUNTY BICYCLE COALITION BIKE EDUCATION PROGRAM 09/12/2024 107233 $3,400.00 CALIFORNIA ASSN OF PUBLIC INFORMATION FY 25-MEMBERSHIP RENEWAL 09/12/2024 107234 $275.00 TOTAL COMMUNITY SERVICES $3,675.00
1105900 - MEASURE S - 1% TRANSACTION TAX
HDL-HINDERLITER, DE LLAMAS & ASSOC Q3 CY MEASURE S TAX-CONTRACT/AUDIT 09/18/2024 107255 $600.00 TOTAL MEASURE S - 1% TRANSACTION TAX $600.00
1205460 - SELF INSURANCE RETENTION
KANE HANDEL CASE NO. 37-2023-00038867-CU-PO-CTL 09/20/2024 107261 $25,000.00 TOTAL SELF INSURANCE RETENTION $25,000.00
2037510 - HIGHWAY 101 LANDSC #33
SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-000 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $557.31 TOTAL HIGHWAY 101 LANDSC #33 $557.31
2047520 - MID 9C SANTA FE HILLS
SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-014-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $1,144.67 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-015-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $663.59 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-016-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $710.01 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-017-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $48.81 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-018-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $175.41 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-019-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $563.65 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-020-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $975.87 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-021-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $1,832.53 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-022-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $1,773.45 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-023-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $1,288.15 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-024-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $1,136.23 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-025-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $845.05 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005979-026-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $1,077.15 TOTAL MID 9C SANTA FE HILLS $12,234.57
2087580 - COASTAL RAIL TRAIL MAINT
SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-003 07/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $157.11 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-020-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $2,381.88 TOTAL COASTAL RAIL TRAIL MAINT $2,538.99
2117600 - STREET LIGHTING DISTRICT
YUNEX LLC JUL 24- STREETLIGHT MAINTENANCE/REPAIRS 09/12/2024 9001683 $2,128.02 TOTAL STREET LIGHTING DISTRICT $2,128.02
213 - DEVELOPER PASSTHRU
DYJAK DESIGN BUILD RFND: DRP21-008/SDP21-009 09/12/2024 107238 $707.57 TOTAL DEVELOPER PASSTHRU $707.57
2135550 - DEVELOPER PASS-THRU- PLANNING
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $306.25
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $612.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $87.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND 09/18/2024 9001685 $87.50 Page: 5 of 5
INSPECTIONS
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $87.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $87.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $87.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $525.00
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $437.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $350.00
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $43.75
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $131.25
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $87.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $87.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $481.25
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $237.50
LAURIE LEVINE THIRD PARTY LANDSCAPE PLAN REVIEW AND
INSPECTIONS
09/18/2024 9001685 $375.00
TOTAL DEVELOPER PASS-THRU- PLANNING $4,112.50
4506190 - SAND REPLNSHMNT/RETENTION
WARWICK GROUP CONSULTANTS, LLC AUG 24- CONSULTING SERVICES 09/12/2024 9001680 $5,833.00 SUMMIT ENVIROMENTAL GROUP, INC. AUG 24-9926-PROF SVC 09/12/2024 9001678 $3,640.00 TOTAL SAND REPLNSHMNT/RETENTION $9,473.00
5097700 - SANITATION
MISSION LINEN & UNIFORM INC FY25 UNIFORM SERVICES FOR PUBLIC WORKS 09/12/2024 107243 $9.26 SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT 005506-014-08/02/24-09/03/24 09/12/2024 107247 $646.92 IDRAINS LLC J- SEWER CLEANING 09/12/2024 107227 $675.00 WEX FLEET UNIVERSAL 08/08/24-09/07/24-AUTO FUEL 09/12/2024 107251 $186.60 TOTAL SANITATION $1,517.78
REPORT TOTAL: $509,917.24
COUNCIL ACTION:
______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ AGENDA ITEM # A.3.
STAFF REPORT
CITY OF SOLANA BEACH
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Councilmembers
FROM: Alyssa Muto, City Manager
MEETING DATE: October 9, 2024
ORIGINATING DEPT: City Manager’s – Alyssa Muto, City Manager SUBJECT: City Council Consideration of Funding the Purchase of Air Purifiers for South Bay Coastal Communities
BACKGROUND:
Supervisor Terra Lawson-Remer reached out to coastal cities within her district to consider joining the North Coastal Clean Air Partnership to help fund the purchase of air purifiers for South Bay coastal communities affected by the Tijuana sewage crisis. In September, the County of San Diego committed $100,000 to distribute 400 air filters, but the demand far exceeds this initial allocation. Supervisor Lawson-Remer’s office has committed to matching any contributions from cities on a 1:1 basis to enhance the impact of this initiative.
This item is before the City Council to consider Resolution 2024-102 (Attachment 1) joining the North Coastal Clean Air Partnership and allocating $10,000 for the purchase of air purifiers for South Bay coastal communities.
DISCUSSION:
According to the letter (Attachment 2) from the Supervisor’s office, the ongoing Tijuana sewage crisis sees approximately 50 million gallons of untreated sewage, chemicals and pollutants flowing into the South Bay waterways daily, severely compromising water quality and public health. Harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are also being released, posing potentially serious public health risks at higher concentrations including respiratory issues, nausea, and neurological harm. Air purifiers are a critical stopgap measure to protect public health while long-term infrastructure improvements are implemented.
The City has been engaged in this issue for many years. Last year, Mayor Heebner, on behalf of the City, signed a letter of support (Attachment 3) urging our federal October 9, 2024
Purchase of Air Purifiers
Congressional leaders to include $310 million dollars in the emergency supplemental bill to modernize infrastructure needed to address and treat raw sewage spilling across the border from Mexico into Southern California. More recently, in June 2024, the Mayor, on behalf of the City, signed onto a Request for a State of Emergency and Intervention from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for Pollution Crisis in the Tijuana River (Attachment 4). This request was signed by the Mayors of all 18 cities in San Diego County and was sent to Governor Newsom requesting State intervention by requesting the CDC intervene and assist in the health monitoring and assessment of the residents in the South Bay. The letter also requested a declaration of an emergency from the State for the pollution crisis in the Tijuana River, or at minimum, request the Biden Administration declare one in South Bay. The City recognizes that pollution and public health concerns do not respect jurisdictional boundaries, and the health and well-being of all residents of San Diego County, especially those in disadvantaged communities most impacted by the Tijuana River pollution, is of paramount importance for this community.
CEQA COMPLIANCE STATEMENT:
This action is not a “project” as defined by CEQA, as it will not have a direct or reasonably foreseeable indirect physical impact on the environment.
FISCAL IMPACT:
As stated in the Staff Report, the request of City Council is to consider joining the North Coastal Clean Air Partnership and committing $10,000 to purchase air purifiers for South Bay coastal communities affected by the Tijuana Sewage Crisis. If approved, a budget amendment would be needed in Council – Contributions to Agencies, account number 1005100-65320 to fund the purchases.
WORK PLAN: Under the City of Kindness initiative within the Work Plan, this financial contribution promotes kindness and make a positive difference for others within our region.
OPTIONS:
• Approve Staff recommendation.
• Approve Staff recommendation with alternative amendments / modifications. • Deny Staff recommendation and provide further direction to Staff.
CITY STAFF RECOMMENDATION:
Staff recommends that the City Council approve Resolution 2024-102:
1. Joining the North Coastal Clean Air Partnership and allocating $10,000 for the purchase of air purifiers for South Bay coastal communities.
2. Approving a budget amendment of $10,000 to 1005100-65320.
October 9, 2024
Purchase of Air Purifiers
3. Authorizing the City Treasurer to amend the FY 2024/25 Adopted Budget accordingly.
________________________
Alyssa Muto, City Manager
Attachments:
1. Resolution 2024-102
2. Supervisor Terra Lawson-Remer Letter
3. Federal Assistance Letter of Support
4. State Assistance Letter of Support
RESOLUTION 2024-102
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
SOLANA BEACH, CALIFORNIA, FUNDING THE
PURCHASE OF AIR PURIFIERS FOR SOUTH BAY
COASTAL COMMUNITIES
WHEREAS, the City received a request from Supervisor Terra Lawson-Remer to consider joining the North Coastal Clean Air Partnership to help fund the purchase of air purifiers for South Bay coastal communities affected by the Tijuana sewage crisis; and WHEREAS, in September, the County of San Diego committed $100,000 to distribute 400 air filters, but the demand far exceeds this initial allocation; and WHEREAS, the ongoing Tijuana sewage crisis sees approximately 50 million gallons of untreated sewage, chemicals and pollutants flowing into the South Bay waterways daily, severely compromising water quality and public health; and
WHEREAS, the City has been engaged in this issue for many years. Last year, the Mayor, on behalf of the City, signed a letter of support urging our federal Congressional leaders to include $310 million dollars in the emergency supplemental bill to modernize infrastructure needed to address and treat raw sewage spilling across the border from Mexico into Southern California; and
WHEREAS, more recently, in June 2024, Mayor Heebner, on behalf of the City, signed onto a Request for a State of Emergency and Intervention from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for Pollution Crisis in the Tijuana River; and
WHEREAS, this relatively small allocation of funds demonstrates the City’s commitment to helping those in need in alignment with our designation as a City of Kindness.
NOW, THEREFORE, the City Council of the City of Solana Beach, California, does resolve as follows:
1. That the above recitations are true and correct.
2. Approving joining the North Coastal Clean Air Partnership and allocating $10,000 for the purchase of air purifiers for South Bay coastal communities.
3. Approving a budget amendment of $10,000 to 1005100-65320.
4. Authorizing the City Treasurer to amend the FY 2024/25 Adopted Budget accordingly.
Resolution 2024-102
Purchase of Air Purifiers
PASSED AND ADOPTED this 9th day of October 2024, at a regularly scheduled meeting of the City Council of the City of Solana Beach, California by the following vote:
AYES: Councilmembers –
NOES: Councilmembers –
ABSTAIN: Councilmembers –
ABSENT: Councilmembers –
______________________________
LESA HEEBNER, Mayor
APPROVED AS TO FORM: ATTEST:
____________________________ _______________________________ JOHANNA N. CANLAS, City Attorney ANGELA IVEY, City Clerk
TERRA LAWSON-REMER
SUPERVISOR THIRD DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
1600 PACIFIC HIGHWAY, ROOM 335, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92101-2471 PHONE (619) 531-5533
www.SupervisorTerraLawsonRemer.com
September 24, 2024
Honorable Lesa Heebner
Mayor of Solana Beach
635 S. Highway 101
Solana Beach, CA 92075
RE: Join the North Coastal Clean Air Partnership: Funding Air Purifiers for South Bay Coastal Communities Affected by the Tijuana Sewage Crisis
Dear Mayor Heebner,
I am reaching out to invite you to join a North Coastal partnership aimed at supporting our South Bay coastal community neighbors urgently in need of additional air purifiers due to the Tijuana sewage crisis.
We all know that air and ocean water know no boundaries, and as North coastal residents, we can empathize with the impacts a crisis like this would have on our lives. In an effort to share in our commitment to clean air and a clean environment, my office will match any contributions from your city on a 1:1 basis to enhance the impact of this initiative.
San Diegans have a strong commitment to protecting clean air and water along our beautiful coastlines.
However, the ongoing Tijuana sewage crisis sees approximately 50 million gallons of untreated sewage, chemicals, and pollutants flowing into our waterways daily, severely compromising water quality and public health. Recent data shows that harmful gasses such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are also being released, posing serious public health risks at higher concentrations including respiratory issues, nausea, and even neurological harm. Air purifiers are a critical stopgap measure to protect public health while we push for long-term infrastructure solutions.
In September, the County of San Diego committed $100,000 to distribute 400 air filters, but the demand far exceeds this initial allocation. I invite your city to help me expand this urgent initiative by pledging funding contributions. My office will provide a 1:1 match, ensuring that every dollar goes twice as far in protecting the public from these pollutants.
Let us unite as coastal communities, demonstrating our shared commitment to environmental justice and public health. Please feel free to reach out for more details or to discuss how your city can contribute.
Thank you for your partnership and leadership.
Sincerely,
TERRA LAWSON-REMER
SUPERVISOR THIRD DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
1600 PACIFIC HIGHWAY, ROOM 335, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92101-2471 PHONE (619) 531-5533
www.SupervisorTerraLawsonRemer.com
Terra Lawson-Remer
County Supervisor, Third District
CC: Solana Beach City Manager Alyssa Muto
September 13, 2023
The Honorable Kevin McCarthy
Speaker
U.S. House of Representatives
2468 Rayburn House Office Building
Washington, DC 20515
The Honorable Hakeem Jeffries
Minority Leader
U.S. House of Representatives
2433 Rayburn House Office Building
Washington, DC 20515
The Honorable Chuck Schumer
Majority Leader
U.S. Senate
322 Hart Senate Office Building
Washington, D.C. 20510
The Honorable Mitch McConnell
Republican Leader
U.S. Senate
317 Russell Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
Dear Congressional Leader:
As Mayor of the City of Solana Beach, I respectfully write to request your consideration for including $310 million in the emergency supplemental bill to modernize infrastructure needed to address and treat raw sewage spilling across the border from Mexico into Southern California. The ongoing transboundary pollution and sewage crisis in the Tijuana River Valley is impacting beach water quality across multiple shorelines in our region, from the international border northward, through multiple coastal communities in our region.
San Diego County is home to some of the most beautiful coastline and beaches in the United States, which are a central economic engine to our County, provide unmatched outdoor recreation and exploration opportunities to our residents and visitors, and provide training for the military on vital national security objectives. Tragically, for decades, our beaches and coastal waters have been, and continue to be, polluted by sewage runoff from the Tijuana River due to the failure of infrastructure from wastewater treatment plants across the border.
The U.S. International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) has documented 100 billion gallons of toxic effluent entering the U.S. through the Tijuana River since 2018, and 35 billion gallons since December 2022. As a result, some of our beaches have been closed for over 635 consecutive days due to the unsafe levels of pollutants in the water.
These closures not only impact access to San Diego’s beaches for our residents, but also have downstream economic impacts for tourism and local businesses that cater to locals and tourists alike. This environmental disaster has further implication for national security impacts related to U.S. Navy readiness and to the health of U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents and U.S. Coast Guardsmen who train along this coastline.
CITY OF SOLANA BEACH www.cityofsolanabeach.org
635 SOUlH HIGHWAY 101 • SOLANA BEACH, CA 92075 • (858) 720-2400 • Fax (858) 720-2455 Tijuana River Valley Advocacy
September 13, 2023
Furthermore, the burden of this environmental crisis also disproportionately falls on some of the county’s most underserved communities of color, furthering a long history of environmental and economic injustice.
In 2019, the region secured $300 million in the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement to expand the South Bay International Wastewater Treatment Plant (SBIWTP) from 25 million gallons-per-day to 50 million gallons-per-day, to alleviate the pollution burden.
However, the IBWC and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have identified urgent repairs to SBIWTP that must be undertaken before capacity can be expanded. The request for $310 million will allow for the expansion of SBIWTP to be completed so that it has the capacity to treat all wastewater before it enters the Tijuana River.
I thank California Senators Padilla and Feinstein, as well as Congressman Scott Peters, Congressman Juan Vargas, and the San Diego County Congressional Delegation, for requesting the $310 million in the supplemental package and supporting our efforts and for leadership on this important issue. This funding request is critically important to stop the ongoing harmful discharges into the marine environment that are impacting ecosystems, species, and public health in coastal communities across San Diego County.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I appreciate your consideration of including the $310 million for the Tijuana River Valley crisis in the emergency supplemental bill and look forward to your response.
Sincerely,
Lesa Heebner
Mayor
City of Solana Beach
June 4, 2024
Governor Gavin Newsom
1021 O Street, Suite 9000
Sacramento, CA 95814
Subject: Request State of Emergency and Intervention from the Centers for Disease Control for Pollution Crisis in the Tijuana River
Dear Governor Newsom,
As Mayors in San Diego County, the fifth largest county in the nation, we are once again compelled to address the urgent and escalating public health emergency related to the Tijuana River, which is severely impacting the communities and coastal waters of south San Diego County. Over one billion gallons of untreated wastewater pour into this region each month, resulting in the closure of Imperial Beach's shoreline for more than 900 consecutive days. Additionally, Coronado beaches have been closed more than 50% of the time over the past two years. The resulting pollution is also impacting the air quality of the communities of Imperial Beach, Nestor, San Ysidro, Tijuana River Valley, Egger Highlands, South Chula Vista, and Otay Mesa West. This environmental disaster is causing profound social, economic, public health, and ecological damage. The magnitude of this crisis continues to escalate and demands the full mobilization of state resources to bring greater accountability and expedited solutions to this ongoing disaster. We are reaching out once again to request State intervention by requesting the Centers for Disease Control intervene and assist in the health monitoring and assessment of the residents in these communities. Furthermore, we renew our request for a declaration of an emergency from the State of California for the pollution crisis in the Tijuana River, or at minimum request the Biden Administration declare one.
The coastal communities of south San Diego County are grappling with an unprecedented public health crisis along the border as documented in a recent San Diego State University White Paper.1 The community is rightfully concerned about long-term exposure to pollution from the Tijuana River and the ever-present odors that are a daily reminder of the hazards of living and working in the area.
The contamination in and around the Tijuana River and Estuary include high levels of metals, pesticides, herbicides, volatile organic carbons, and semi-volatile organic compounds. Local researchers and government agencies have identified 392 organic chemical and inorganic elements, many of which are known to be persistent, bio-accumulative, carcinogenic, toxic, and can be resuspended in water and air during weather events both in the wet and dry seasons, exposing nearby communities. This past month, the California Congressional delegation sent a letter to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to investigate the public health impacts of wastewater contamination in the Tijuana River. We strongly urge your oƯice to provide a similar request to the 1 https://www.sdsu.edu/_files/tijuana-sewage-contamination-public-health-crisis-white-paper-021424.pdf ~If?..
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8 CDC and to direct existing State resources under the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) to provide expert guidance and response to the public health concerns of the community.
Specifically, the State Water Resources Control Board, Department of Toxic Substances Control, State Department of Public Health, and the California-Mexico Border Relations Council are strategically positioned to help address and respond to the public health concerns being raised in the community.
Solving the Tijuana River pollution crisis requires working on multiple fronts with binational projects on both sides of the border. The Environmental Protection Agency’s comprehensive solution identifies essential projects such as modernizing the wastewater treatment system for the Tijuana border region, constructing a U.S. side river diversion to capture and treat contaminated dry weather flows, implementing water recycling projects, installing trash control measures, and managing sediment for flood control. These projects require sustained federal support, binational policy development through the IBWC treaty minute process, funding for construction and long-term maintenance, and the political will to foster sustainable economic development along the border.
The State of California has the responsibility to accelerate and prioritize these major infrastructure solutions along the border and finally end the continuous inundation of cross-border pollution into south San Diego County, by prioritizing this crisis. Furthermore, the State can now financially contribute to these infrastructure projects per the FY’24 congressional minibus adopted this year by congress (see Sec. 7074 on page 1001) which states that: “amounts may be accepted from Federal or non-Federal entities and deposited in any account under the heading ‘‘International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico’’ to study, design, construct, operate, and maintain treatment and flood control works and related structures, consistent with the functions of the United States Section.”2
To complement those eƯorts, we renew our request for the Governor to declare a state of emergency.
The reprehensible conditions in the Tijuana River Valley fall squarely within the definition of a “state of emergency” under the Emergency Services Act: “conditions of disaster or of extreme peril to the safety of persons and property within the state . . . which, by reason of their magnitude, are or are likely to be beyond the control of the services, personnel, equipment, and facilities of any single county, city and county, or city and require the combined forces of a mutual aid region or regions to combat.” Gov. Code § 8558(b).
We are aware of the Governor’s position on an emergency declaration as set forth in an October 10, 2023, letter to the Coastal Commission declaring that conditions in the River Valley are a “crisis,” but not worthy of an emergency declaration. But, as discussed in that letter, suspension of state law is not the only justification for declaring an emergency. A declaration would provide the Governor with additional, critical tools that could provide a significant measure of relief to the residents of San Diego County and the State’s property and resources. For instance, the Governor could “use and employ [the State’s] property, services and resources” to mitigate the eƯects of the Tijuana River crisis, including by deploying medical staƯ to serve the impacted communities and cleaning up polluted state property in the Tijuana River Valley and Border Fields State Park; or he could “ascertain the requirements” of our communities to avoid preventable disease and property damage stemming from this pollution. Id. §§ 8570(a), (c).
2 https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20240318/WDI39597.PDF In parallel with declaring its own emergency, we ask the Governor to demand a federal emergency declaration. As the Governor’s oƯice acknowledged in the October 10th letter, the main drivers of conditions in the Tijuana River Valley are federal facilities and transboundary waters under federal jurisdiction. We ask the Governor to champion Southern California’s dire need for a federal emergency declaration to free up additional funding sources and flexibility within President Biden’s administration to accelerate its response.
It is also important to underscore the legal and moral obligation of the State to act in this matter.
Governor Newsom and Attorney General Bonta are avowed champions of environmental justice: “the fair treatment of people of all races, cultures, and incomes with respect to the development, adoption, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.” Gov.
Code, § 65040.12(e). The state of California has a duty to protect the health and well-being of its residents—especially in the disadvantaged communities most impacted by the Tijuana River pollution—and to preserve its natural resources. The pollution crisis in the Tijuana River violates both state and federal environmental laws, and it is incumbent upon the State to implement and enforce these laws vigorously.
As elected oƯicials in San Diego County, we call upon the state to fully engage its enforcement authority and political influence to accelerate the actions of U.S. and Mexican agencies to implementing a comprehensive solution to this crisis. The State must strategically fund projects, mobilize and deploy resources under CalEPA, respond to the unprecedented public health crisis along the border, and support our requests for a State and Federal declaration of emergency.
Respecƞully,
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Mayor of Carlsbad Mayor of Chula Vista :.;~o ~ A. JlJ.-- ci:M~ i T (1c1 Mayor of Del Mar Mayor of El Cajon Mayor of Encinitas
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CC:
California Coastal Commission
California Department of Public Health
California Environmental Protection Agency
California State Water Board
Air Resources Control Board
Office of State Public Health Officer
Department of Toxic Substances Control
World Health Organization
CITY COUNCIL ACTION:
______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ AGENDA ITEM # C.1.
STAFF REPORT
CITY OF SOLANA BEACH
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Councilmembers
FROM: Alyssa Muto, City Manager
MEETING DATE: October 9, 2024
ORIGINATING DEPT: City Manager’s Department – Nicole Grucky, Senior Management Analyst
SUBJECT: Council Consideration Adopting the Climate Action Plan Update
BACKGROUND:
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century and is already impacting the City of Solana Beach (City). Without concerted actions, conditions will worsen and the effects of climate change on the City may be severe. Impacts that could potentially worsen in the future include sea-level rise, increased annual average temperatures, prolonged droughts, and increased unpredictable weather patterns. The effects of climate change, among other climate-related stressors, not only pose a serious threat to the region’s natural resources, but also to jobs, health, safety, economic prosperity, and provision of basic services. However, climate change also presents a major opportunity to transition to a low-carbon economy in a way that maximizes cobenefits and provides cost savings.
In 2017, the City was among the first cities in the region to adopt a Climate Action Plan (CAP). The adopted CAP provides that an update be conducted every five years, as legislation, research, technologies, and markets can change. The Climate Action Plan Update (CAP Update) (Attachment 1) serves as this update and provides a comprehensive roadmap to address the challenges of climate change in the City. This CAP Update builds upon the progress of the 2017 CAP and incorporates new and revised GHG reduction measures, using the best information, research, and techniques available today. As with the 2017 CAP, strategies identified in the CAP Update with time may become obsolete considering the rapid development of new sustainable and carbonreducing technologies, and new State and federal laws that may pre-emptively address emissions in the future. The overarching goals of the CAP Update, however, remain the same: to reduce GHG emissions, and prepare for, mitigate where possible, and adapt to, climate change.
October 9, 2024
Climate Action Plan Update
This item is before the City Council to review the Climate Action Plan Update (Attachment 1) and consider adopting Resolution 2024-099 (Attachment 2).
DISCUSSION:
In 2006, California (State) passed Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32), which established a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 1990 levels by 2020 (equivalent to a 15% reduction below 2010 levels by 2020). In addition, Senate Bill 32 (SB 32) codified into statute the mid-term 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2050. In 2017, the City adopted a Climate Action Plan (CAP) that outlined local actions that would reduce GHG emissions to meet the State’s goals, as outlined in AB 32 and SB
32. The 2017 CAP also provided that the CAP should be updated every five years. The City began the CAP Update process in 2022. In 2022, California passed Assembly Bill 1279 (AB 1279), which set the State’s 2045 target to reduce emissions by 85% below 1990 levels, with net-zero emissions. The 2024 CAP Update establishes new GHG emission reduction targets consistent with AB 1279 and other State legislation and identifies GHG emission reduction pathways, measures, and actions to help the City achieve its emission reduction targets and further reduce near-term emissions.
CAP Summary
The entire CAP Update is included in this Staff Report as Attachment 1. However, the following is a brief summary of the significant components of the CAP.
1. A baseline GHG emission inventory was prepared for 2016, which found:
• Approximately 106,100 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) were emitted by community-wide sources in the City in 2016. • The largest source of emissions was the transportation sector, which accounted for 64% of the inventory, while the electricity sector accounted for 19% of the inventory.
2. GHG emissions forecasts and reduction targets were identified for 2035 and 2045, consistent with the targets recommended by SB 32 and AB 1279. • Taking business-as-usual (BAU) conditions and legislative reductions into account, emissions are projected to decrease and meet the State’s 2035 goals without any further action. However, the reductions in emissions are not, in and of themselves, enough to meet the State’s more stringent 2045 goals.
• GHG emission reduction targets for the CAP Update were established to be consistent with State legislation:
50% below 2016 levels by 2035 (aligned with and extrapolated from the 2030 target in SB 32); and
October 9, 2024
Climate Action Plan Update
85% below 2016 levels by 2045 (aligned with the 2045 target in AB 1279).
• Achieving the 2045 target will require local action to help close the gap between legislative-adjusted emissions forecasts and the emissions limits established by the CAP Update’s targets.
3. Local GHG emissions reduction pathways, measures, and actions were identified to help the City achieve the 2035 and 2045 GHG reduction targets. • To align with regional decarbonization policy initiatives, the GHG reduction pathways of the CAP Update include:
Decarbonize Transportation,
Decarbonize Electric Supply,
Decarbonize Buildings,
Land Use and Natural Climate Solutions, and
Food Systems and Circular Economy.
• The top five measures in the CAP that will achieve the most local GHG emission reductions include:
Measure E-2: Increase installation of photovoltaic and battery storage. Estimated reduction of 2,688 MTCO2e by 2035.
Measure B-3: Incentivize replacement of gas appliances at endof-life with electric appliances. Estimated reduction of 2,275 MTCO2e by 2035.
Measure W-1: Divert solid waste from the landfill. Estimated reduction of 2,258 MTCO2e by 2035.
Measure B-1: Implement energy efficiency measures. Estimated reduction of 1,064 MTCO2e by 2035.
Measure E-1: Increase to 100% renewable electricity citywide.
Estimated reduction of 1,029 MTCO2e by 2035.
• While the measures included in the CAP Update are generally geared towards reducing GHG emissions, many will also result in co-benefits, such as improved environmental conditions, long-term cost savings, conserved resources, strengthened economy, and greater quality of life.
The following tables from the CAP Update show the GHG reductions from the proposed reduction pathways, measures, and actions (Table 3-1) and the effect of the CAP measures on the City’s emissions and targets (Table 3-2).
October 9, 2024
Climate Action Plan Update
Table 3-1 GHG Reductions from Proposed CAP Update Reduction Pathways (MTCO2e) Pathway 2035 2045
Decarbonize Transportation 1,475 1,672
Decarbonize Electric Supply 3,718 5,468
Decarbonize Buildings 3,339 6,660
Circular Economy & Food System 2,258 2,678
Land Use and Natural Solutions 964 1,021
Total Reductions from Proposed CAP Update Pathways 11,800 17,500 Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
GHG = greenhouse gas emissions
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: EPIC 2024.
Table 3-2 Effect of CAP Update Measures on City of Solana Beach Emissions and Targets (MTCO2e) Emissions 2035 2045
Baseline Emissions (2016) 106,100 106,100
BAU Emissions Forecast 79,800 80,100
Reductions from Federal and State Regulations -36,500 -52,300 Legislative-Adjusted BAU Emissions Forecast (BAU Forecast – Legislative Reductions)
43,300 27,800
Reductions from CAP Update Measures -11,800 -17,500
City of Solana Beach Emissions with CAP Update (Legislative-Adjusted BAU – CAP Reductions) 31,500 10,300
Estimated Percent Reduction (Percent below 2016) 70% 87% City of Solana Beach GHG Reduction Target (Percent below 2016) 50% 85% Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
BAU = Business-As-Usual
CAP Update = Climate Action Plan Update
GHG = greenhouse gas emissions
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: EPIC 2024.
Successful implementation of the CAP Update will require a coordinated, multi-pronged approach between actions the City itself can take, along with actions that are recommended for residents, local businesses and organizations. While successful implementation of CAP Update measures where the City is the lead actor will result in some level of GHG emissions reductions, much of the local reductions will need to come from voluntary actions taken by the community. To meet the 2045 GHG emission reduction target, it will be necessary and essential for the City to provide resources, education, and community outreach that empower residents and businesses to take action.
October 9, 2024
Climate Action Plan Update
GHG Reduction Measure Selection Process & Public Participation The process to select, analyze, and ultimately choose which GHG reduction measures to incorporate into the CAP Update was an extensive process, which included input from the public. The City and Climate Action Commission held two public CAP Update Workshops in April and November 2023, engaging the community and presenting the CAP Update methodology, GHG reduction targets, and proposed reduction measures.
During these workshops, the City received valuable input on what community members would like to see included in the CAP Update and how the community could be best supported by the City and other entities to take the voluntary actions needed to meet GHG reduction targets. The Draft CAP Update was circulated for public review from April 17th, to May 24th, 2024. Public comments (Attachment 3) were received, reviewed, and discussed at the Climate Action Commission meetings on April 17th, and May 15th, 2024.
As a result of the public review period, changes were made to the CAP Update, including modifying the language and adding a new action under Measure B-2 (Build ElectricReady New Construction) and prioritizing potable water reuse over gray water and recycled water infrastructure based on current technology advancements within the Adaptation Chapter. The City will continue to engage the community during and after CAP Update adoption.
Social Equity
The City is committed to implementing the actions in the CAP Update to advance equity and reduce disparities, such as income, age, and homeownership. The equity strategies are also designed to protect residents who are most vulnerable to higher temperatures, poor air quality, and extreme weather events. Eleven supporting equity strategies have been identified (Appendix C within the CAP Update). The equity strategies ensure low income, fixed income, renters, and senior residents are prioritized and any unintentional burdens are mitigated when implementing the CAP Update. These equity strategies are mapped to the CAP Update actions within the Implementation Matrix (Appendix B). For example, Equity Strategy 8 prioritizes tree plantings and increasing the urban tree-canopy in low-income neighborhoods, which is mapped to Actions CS-1.2 and CS-1.4. This equity strategy was identified because studies have shown that, on-average, low-income blocks have less tree coverage and are warmer than high-income blocks. Therefore, when the City is selecting locations to increase the urban tree canopy, low-income and historically disinvested communities within Solana Beach will be prioritized.
Implementation Plan
Implementation of the CAP Update will require ongoing funding, management, oversight, and staffing. Ensuring that the measures translate to on-the-ground results and reductions in GHG emissions is critical to the success of the CAP Update. Additionally, success will depend on the participation of the City’s residents, businesses, and regional partners. As a part of the CAP Update, an Implementation Matrix has been developed to October 9, 2024
Climate Action Plan Update
provide a detailed path forward for actions the City will take to implement GHG reduction measures and monitor implementation progress.
CEQA COMPLIANCE STATEMENT:
The proposed CAP Update is categorically exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) pursuant to Section 15308, Class 8, Actions by Regulatory Agencies for Protection of the Environment, which states that actions taken to assure the enhancement or protection of the environment are exempt from CEQA review. Any future specific projects as defined by CEQA to implement the CAP would be subject to further review at that time.
FISCAL IMPACT:
There is no immediate fiscal impact to the City as a result of this report. Any actions recommended to implement from the CAP will be brought before Council for direction or to be included in the Council Work Plan. The fiscal impacts will be considered at these times. However, in anticipation of the adoption of the CAP Update in FY 2025, $100,000 was included in the Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) Budget to begin CAP implementation.
WORK PLAN:
Item A.1 of the Environmental Sustainability Priorities of the FY 2024/25 Work Plan.
OPTIONS:
• Approve Staff recommendations.
• Approve Staff recommendation with alternative amendments/modifications. • Deny Staff recommendation and provide direction
CITY STAFF RECOMMENDATION:
Staff recommends that the City Council adopt Resolution 2024-099 adopting the Climate Action Plan Update.
_________________________
Alyssa Muto, City Manager
Attachments:
1. 2024 Climate Action Plan Update
2. Resolution 2024-099
3. Public Comments
City of Solana Beach
Climate Action Plan Update
Prepared for:
City of Solana Beach
635 S. Highway 101
Solana Beach, California 92075
Prepared by:
1230 Colombia St., Suite 440
San Diego, California 92101
5998 Alcalá Park
San Diego, California 92110
SEPTEMBER 2024
~EPIC
ENERGY POLICY INITIATIVES CENTER
UNIVERSITY OF SAN DIEGO SCHOOL OF LAW
Credits and Acknowledgements
City of Solana Beach
City Council
Lesa Heebner, Mayor
Jewel Edson, Deputy Mayor
Kristi Becker, City Councilmember
Jill MacDonald, City Councilmember
David A. Zito, City Councilmember
Climate Action Commission
Michael McClune, Chair
Mika Nagamine, Vice Chair
Michelle Buchanan
Greg Coleson
Heidi Dewar
Ken Flagg
John Kellogg
Lane Sharman
David A. Zito, City Councilmember
City Staff
Alyssa Muto, City Manager
Dan King, Assistant City Manager
Joseph Lim, Community Development Director Tiffany
Wade, Associate Planner
Nicole Grucky, Senior Management Analyst
Rimga Viskanta, Senior Management Analyst
Ascent Environmental
Poonam Boparai, Principal
Andrew Beecher, Sr. Climate Change Specialist
John Steponick, Climate Change Analyst
Corey Alling, Communications Specialist
Michele Mattei, Publishing Specialist
Riley Smith, Publishing Specialist
Gayiety Lane, Publishing Specialist
Energy Policy Initiatives
Center (EPIC) –
University of San Diego
Scott Anders, Director
Nilmini Silva-Send, PhD, Assistant Director/Adjunct
Professor
Yichao Gu, Technical Policy Analyst
San Diego Association of
Governments (SANDAG)
San Diego Gas & Electric
Company (SDG&E)
Table of Contents
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan i
Table of Contents
Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................ES-1 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1 Supporting Regional Decarbonization.......................................................................................... 1-2
1.2 Climate Change Science .............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.3 Regulatory Background ................................................................................................................ 1-4
1.3.1 California.......................................................................................................................... 1-4
1.3.2 City of Solana Beach ....................................................................................................... 1-7
1.4 Climate Action Plan Purpose and Objectives............................................................................... 1-9
1.5 Co-Benefits ................................................................................................................................. 1-10
1.6 Community Action and Public Involvement ................................................................................ 1-10
1.6.1 Community Action ......................................................................................................... 1-10
1.6.2 Summary of Public Involvement.................................................................................... 1-11 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets ...................................... 2-1
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Why Prepare a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory?................................................. 2-1
2.2 Inventory ....................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2.1 City of Solana Beach 2016 GHG Emissions ................................................................... 2-3
2.3 GHG Emissions Forecast ............................................................................................................. 2-4
2.3.1 Demographic Trends ....................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.2 BAU GHG Emissions Forecasts with Legislative Reductions ......................................... 2-5
2.4 Reduction Targets ........................................................................................................................ 2-6 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures ....................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Summary of Greenhouse Gas Reductions................................................................................... 3-1
3.3 Decarbonization Pathways, Strategies, and Measures................................................................ 3-2
3.3.1 Decarbonize Transportation Pathway ............................................................................. 3-5
3.3.2 Decarbonize Buildings Pathway.................................................................................... 3-10
3.3.3 Decarbonize Electric Supply Pathway........................................................................... 3-13
3.3.4 Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions Pathway ........................................................... 3-16
3.3.5 Circular Economy & Food Systems Pathway................................................................ 3-18 4 Adaptation................................................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Climate Effects and Solana Beach Adaptation Strategies ........................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Increase in Temperatures and Extreme Heat ................................................................. 4-3
4.2.2 Variable Water Supplies .................................................................................................. 4-5 Table of Contents
ii City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan
4.2.3 Increased Risk of Wildfire................................................................................................ 4-6
4.2.4 Coastal Erosion and Sea Level Rise............................................................................... 4-7
4.2.5 Flooding........................................................................................................................... 4-9
4.2.6 Increased Energy System Demand............................................................................... 4-10
4.2.7 Coastal Habitat .............................................................................................................. 4-11
4.2.8 Threats to Public Health and Safety.............................................................................. 4-12
4.3 California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment – Highlights from the San Diego Region ...... 4-15 5 Implementation and Monitoring............................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Implementation Strategy............................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2.1 Measure Implementation................................................................................................. 5-2
5.2.2 Implementation Cost........................................................................................................ 5-2
5.3 Monitoring and Updates ............................................................................................................... 5-4
5.4 Ongoing Community Engagement and Participation ................................................................... 5-6 6 References ............................................................................................................................................... 6-1 Appendices
A Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emissions Reductions B Implementation Matrix
C Social Equity
Table of Contents
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan iii
Figures
Figure 1-1 The Greenhouse Effect ................................................................................................................ 1-3 Figure 2-1 City of Solana Beach 2016 GHG Emissions ................................................................................ 2-3 Figure 2-2 City of Solana Beach Business-as-Usual GHG Emissions Forecasts and Targets..................... 2-7 Figure 3-1 GHG Emissions Reductions by Pathway .................................................................................... 3-3 Figure 3-2 GHG Emissions Reductions by Actor........................................................................................... 3-4 Figure 4-1 Future Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) Scenarios used in Cal-Adapt................ 4-1 Figure 4-2 A Map Showing the Average Tmax Increase at Early, Mid and End of Century Relative to 1976-2005 Climatology for RCP 4.5 (top) and RCP 8.5 (bottom)................................................ 4-3 Figure 4-3 Bluff Collapse in Solana Beach September 13, 2019 .................................................................. 4-8 Figure 4-4 Human Health Impacts of Climate Change. ............................................................................... 4-12 Figure 4-5 Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. ........................................................................................ 4-14 Table of Contents
iv City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan
Tables
Table 1-1 Relevant Federal and State Regulations...................................................................................... 1-6 Table 1-2 Climate-focused General Plan Policies ........................................................................................ 1-9 Table 2-1 2016 City of Solana Beach Greenhouse Gas Inventory .............................................................. 2-4 Table 2-2 City of Solana Beach Emissions Forecasts (MTCO2e/year) ........................................................ 2-5 Table 3-1 GHG Reductions from Proposed CAP Update Reduction Pathways (MTCO2e) ......................... 3-1 Table 3-2 Effect of CAP Update Measures on City of Solana Beach Emissions and Targets (MTCO2e) ..................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Table 3-3 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Decarbonize Transportation Pathway ....................... 3-5 Table 3-4 Actions Under Measure T-1: Adopt a Hybrid Work Schedule/Virtual Meeting Policy .................. 3-6 Table 3-5 Actions Under Measure T-2: Use Alternative Modes for Non-Work Trips ................................... 3-7 Table 3-6 Actions Under Measure T-3: Provide Intra-City Electric Shuttle Covering Destinations and Schools in the City........................................................................................................................ 3-7 Table 3-7 Actions Under Measure T-4: Electrify School Buses.................................................................... 3-8 Table 3-8 Actions Under Measure T-5: Increase Electric Vehicles and Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure................................................................................................................................. 3-9 Table 3-9 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Decarbonize Buildings Pathway.............................. 3-10 Table 3-10 Actions Under Measure B-1: Implement Energy Efficiency Measures....................................... 3-11 Table 3-11 Actions Under Measure B-2: Build Electric-ready New Construction......................................... 3-12 Table 3-12 Actions Under Measure B-3: Incentivize Replacement of Gas Appliances at End-of-Life with Electric Appliances.............................................................................................................. 3-12 Table 3-13 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Decarbonize Electric Supply Pathway..................... 3-13 Table 3-14 Actions Under Measure E-1: Increase to 100% Renewable Electricity Citywide....................... 3-14 Table 3-15 Actions Under Measure E-2: Increase Installation of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage ........... 3-15 Table 3-16 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions Pathway ..... 3-16 Table 3-17 Actions Under Measure CS-1: Increase Urban Canopy Cover.................................................. 3-17 Table 3-18 Actions Under Measure CS-2: Use Native or Drought Tolerant Species at Landscape Areas .......................................................................................................................................... 3-17 Table 3-19 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Circular Economy & Food Systems Pathway.......... 3-18 Table 3-20 Actions Under Measure W-1: Divert Solid Waste from Landfill.................................................. 3-19 Table 5-1 Potential Funding Sources to Support GHG Reduction Measures .............................................. 5-3 Table 5-2 Actions Under Measure CCR-1: CAP Coordination and Reporting ............................................. 5-5 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan v
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ºC degrees Celsius
ºF degrees Fahrenheit
% percent
AB Assembly Bill
AFV alternative fuel vehicle
ARB California Air Resources Board
BAU business-as-usual
BRT Bus Rapid Transit
CA LCP California Landscape Conversation Partnership
CAA Clean Air Act
CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy
CAL FIRE California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Cal OES California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services CalGreen California Building Standards Code
CAP Climate Action Plan
CCA community choice aggregation
CCC California Coastal Commission
CDFW California Department of Fish and Wildlife
CEA Clean Energy Alliance
CEC California Energy Commission
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CERT Community Emergency Response Team
CFCs chlorofluorocarbons
CH4 methane
City City of Solana Beach
CNRA California Natural Resources Agency
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent
CPUC California Public Utilities Commission
CSI California Solar Initiatives
DOC Department of Conservation
Acronyms and Abbreviations
vi City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan
EEM Energy Efficient Mortgages
EO Executive Order
EPIC Energy Policy Initiatives Center
ESHA Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas
EV electric vehicle
ft feet
GHG greenhouse gas
GWP global warming potential
HERO Home Energy Renovation Opportunity
HFC hydrofluorocarbon
ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
JPA Joint Powers Agreement
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LCP Local Coastal Program
LCP-LUP Local Coastal Program – Land Use Plan
LED Light-emitting diode
LGC Local Government Commission
LOCA Localized Constructed Analogs
LUP Land Use Plan
M meter
MMT million metric ton
MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization
MT metric ton
MTS San Diego Metropolitan Transit System
MW megawatt
MWDSC Metropolitan Water District of Southern California N2O nitrous oxide
NCTD North County Transit District
Acronyms and Abbreviations
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan vii
O3 ozone
OBF On-Bill Financing
OPC Ocean Protection Council
PACE Property Assessed Clean Energy
PED Planning, Engineering & Design
PFCs perfluorocarbons
PPA Power Purchase Agreements
ppm parts per million
PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PV photovoltaic
RA Resource Adequacy
RCP Representative Concentration Pathway
RTP Regional Transportation Plan
SANDAG San Diego Association of Governments
SB Senate Bill
SCS Sustainable Communities Strategy
SDCWA San Diego County Water Authority
SDG&E San Diego Gas & Electric
SEJPA San Elijo Joint Power Authority
SEWRP San Elijo Water Reclamation Project
SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
SFID Santa Fe Irrigation District
SGC Strategic Growth Council
SHW solar hot water heater
TDM Transportation Demand Management
TOU Time-Of-Use
USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service
USGS United States Geological Survey
VCP Vector Control Program
VMT vehicle miles traveled
WUI wildland-urban interface
ZEV zero emission vehicle
Acronyms and Abbreviations
viii City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan
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City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update ES-1
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
In 2017, the City of Solana Beach (City) was among the first cities in the region to adopt a Climate Action Plan (CAP). This Climate Action Plan Update (CAP Update), which serves as an update to the original CAP, provides a comprehensive roadmap to address the challenges of climate change in the city. Acting on climate change means both reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from activities within the City and helping the community adapt to climate change and improve its resilience over the long term. The City takes the effects of climate change seriously and has dedicated resources to create a CAP Update that strives to achieve GHG reductions in alignment with State goals. On August 26, 2022, the Solana Beach City Council declared a Climate Emergency, which memorialized the City’s commitment to addressing the threat of climate change head-on. The City is undertaking preparation of this CAP Update to keep its commitment of regularly updating its original 2017 CAP every five years.
Significant reductions in human caused GHG emissions are needed by the mid-21st century to prevent the most catastrophic effects of climate change. To this end, in 2006, the California Global Warming Solutions Act (Assembly Bill [AB] 32) established the State’s first target to reduce GHG emissions, which established a goal of lowering emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. In 2016, California officially met the AB 32 target of reducing GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 (CARB 2019).
In 2016, Governor Brown signed Senate Bill (SB) 32 into law, which established a new mid-term GHG reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. This target aligns with those of leading international governments such as the 28-nation European Union which adopted the same target in October 2014. In 2022, California formally adopted a long-term GHG reduction target of reaching netzero GHG emissions by 2045 with the signing of Assembly Bill (AB) 1279 into law. The State’s 2045 target includes an 85 percent reduction in anthropogenic GHG emissions below 1990 levels, with net-zero emissions being achieved with carbon dioxide removal through carbon sequestration in natural and working lands and mechanical capture and storage technology.
Over the last two decades, the City has taken several steps to begin addressing climate change and achieving reductions in GHG emissions, both in the City’s operations as well as in the broader community.
Dating as far back as 2005, the City has been involved in various efforts to quantify GHG emissions sources and formulate reduction strategies at both a City-specific and larger, regional level, such as establishing the Climate Action Commission, creating a Community Choice Aggregation Program, and adopting the first single-use plastic bag ban in the County. To respond to the continued research and reporting on the climate crisis, the City committed to updating the Climate Action Plan every five years, resulting in a two-pronged technical and community outreach process
The key components of this climate action planning process represented in this CAP Update are briefly summarized below:
1. A baseline GHG emissions inventory was prepared for 2016. Approximately 106,100 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) were emitted by communitywide sources in the City in 2016. The term CO2e accounts for contributions from carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide based on their varying global warming potentials.
As directed by SB 32 and AB 1279, the State
aims to reduce annual GHG emissions to:
40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030; and
85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045,
with net-zero emissions achieved through
carbon dioxide removal.
The CAP Update aims to address
climate change by reducing GHG
emissions from activities within the
City, and by identifying threats and
developing strategies for adapting
to future environmental conditions
caused by climate change.
Executive Summary
ES-2 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
The largest source of emissions was
the transportation sector, which
accounted for 64 percent of the
annual GHG emissions as
determined from the annual
inventory; while the electricity
sector accounted for approximately
19 percent.
2. GHG emissions forecasts and reduction
targets were identified for 2035 and
2045. The 2017 CAP included a 2035
target consistent with the targets
recommended by the 2008 California Air
Resources Board (CARB) AB 32 Scoping
Plan and with the State targets. The
City’s 2035 target in this CAP Update
was retained to align with the existing
CAP, and a new long-term target was
identified for the year 2045.
Local GHG emissions reduction targets for the CAP Update were established to be consistent with State legislation, SB 32 and AB 1279:
• 50 percent below 2016 levels by 2035; and
• 85 percent below 2016 levels by 2045.
Without any future
actions (i.e., “businessas-usual” conditions),
GHG emissions are
expected to decrease
below 2016 levels
through 2035 and then
level-off until 2045,
due to the moderate
growth expected in
Solana Beach and the
actions the State and
the City have already
taken.
Legislative actions by
State or federal
agencies help to
reduce future
emissions below the
2035 target, but are
not enough to achieve the 2045 target.
Achieving the 2045 target will require local action to help close the gap between legislative-adjusted emissions forecasts and the emissions limits established by the CAP Update’s targets.
Solid Was;L
~ ~ ___.--fvvastewaj
3% I~ ~ L o.6%
Percentage may not add to totals due to rounding.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 - Wastewater - Water
- Sol id Waste - Natural Gas
- Electricity - Transportation
-+ BAU Forecast -+ GHG Reduction Targets
GHG emissions sectors presented in this figure show the sector specific GHG emissions levels that are expected without the innuence of State and fede ral legislation after 2020.
Energy and Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Executive Summary
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update ES-3
3. Local GHG emissions reduction strategies and measures were identified to help the City achieve the 2045 target, and further reduce near-term emissions.
Engaging community members is key to the success of the CAP Update and reaching long-term GHG reduction targets. The CAP Update was developed with the input of community members through workshops, surveys, and the Climate Action Commission. To align with regional decarbonization policy initiatives the GHG reduction strategies of the CAP Update include:
• Decarbonize Transportation,
• Decarbonize Electric Supply,
• Decarbonize Buildings,
• Land Use and Natural Climate Solutions, and
• Food Systems and Circular Economy.
Under each pathway are strategies for reducing GHG emissions, with each strategy having at least one GHG reduction measure and associated actions that will be implemented to reduce local emissions.
Successful implementation of the GHG reduction measures included in the CAP Update relies on participation from both the City and community members. Actions under GHG reduction measures are categorized by “actor”, such that the ways residents and businesses can contribute to decarbonization through voluntary actions are clearly identified.
The City will continue to engage community members through its various media outlets, public meetings, and events as implementation of the CAP Update continues.
While the measures included in the CAP Update are generally geared towards reducing GHG emissions, many will also result in co-benefits related to health and quality of life, environmental, or economic.
4. Climate change vulnerability is addressed through climate adaptation measures to improve community resilience in the face of climate stressors:
Specific adaptation measures are included in Chapter 4 to address these effects. Many of the measures require the City and other partnering agencies to address climate-related risks as part of existing planning processes, as well as to move towards incremental changes in the way that City services and infrastructure are maintained and operated. Community education and awarenessbuilding are also important components of the adaptation strategies.
5. Implementation and monitoring mechanisms are identified that will help the City to ensure that the measures and targets are achieved.
Implementation of the measures in the CAP Update will require the City to develop and implement new ordinances, programs, and projects, or modify existing ones. As detailed in Chapter 5, this will require careful consideration of the operational and capital resources needed, as well as the timing and phasing of implementation.
Monitoring is an important aspect of the CAP Update to ensure that the City is on track to achieve the GHG reduction targets and desired outcomes for increasing resilience in the face of a changing Co-benefits are the collateral positive
side effects that result from strategies
and measures identified in the CAP.
The CAP Update contains a total of 13
local GHG reduction measures.
Implementation of all measures, in
addition to reductions that will be
achieved by state legislation and
regulations, will contribute towards
achieving the 2035 and 2045 targets.
Executive Summary
ES-4 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
climate. To this end, the City will need to review and update the GHG emissions inventory periodically (every two years), track the City’s progress on the implementation status of each measure in the CAP Update, and continue to update the plan periodically (every five years).
Local action on climate change cannot be addressed insularly by one agency or community, but requires active and ongoing partnerships between residents, businesses, the City, and other agencies and organizations in the region. On a community-wide level, individuals and businesses can play an important role in combating climate change. By changing habits to consume less energy; producing less waste through recycling, organics processing, and conserving water; and driving less by choosing to carpool, take transit, or walk and bike more frequently, individuals and businesses can work towards reducing their carbon footprint. The City is committed to supporting community members in these efforts, which can lead to better outcomes for the environment and the City.
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 1-1
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century and is already negatively impacting the City. Without concerted actions, conditions will worsen and the effects of climate change on the City may be severe. Possible impacts include sea-level rise between 2.4 and 6.9 feet by 2100, increased annual average temperatures up to 10 degrees Farenheit (ºF) by 2090, prolonged droughts, and increased unpredictable weather patterns. These effects of climate change, among other climate-related stressors, not only pose a serious threat to the region’s natural resources, but also to jobs, health, safety, economic prosperity, and provision of basic services. However, climate change also presents a major opportunity to transition to a lowcarbon economy in a way that maximizes co-benefits and provides cost savings.
The City of Solana Beach (City) has a long history of environmental stewardship and planning for a sustainable future for all persons living and working here. For example, the City was the first in San Diego County (County) to ban single-use plastic bags and polystyrene containers because of their lasting adverse environmental effects. The City has also been working directly with stakeholders and residents on ways to reduce its contribution towards climate change, as well as to adapt to future climate change impacts, such as through implementation of organics recycling and reuse programs. The City Council authorized the City to sign onto the U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement committing to 12 steps for environmental sustainability in 2007. In November 2015, the Solana Beach Climate Action Commission was established to support development of the City’s first Climate Action Plan and continues to play an important role in guiding how implementation of the plan is prioritized. On November 18, 2015, the City signed onto the Compact of Mayors (Compact), which was launched at the 2014 United Nations Climate Summit. The Compact is a global coalition of mayors and city officials committing to reduce local greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, enhance resilience to climate change, and track their progress publicly. In 2017, the City was among the first in the region to adopt a Climate Action Plan (CAP), which included ambitious GHG reduction targets. More recently in 2020, the City Council declared a Climate Emergency, which memorialized the City’s commitment to addressing the threat of climate change head-on.
This update to the Climate Action Plan (CAP Update) builds upon past and current City efforts in combating global climate change. The 2017 CAP, which forms the primary basis for this CAP Update, included numerous GHG reduction measures for the City to implement in order to reduce local GHG emissions in line with the State legislative targets of Assembly Bill (AB) 32 and Senate Bill (SB) 32. The 2017 CAP called for regular monitoring and a comprehensive update every five years after adoption to keep the City’s sustainability efforts aligned with the most recent technology, policy best practices, and State legislation.
This CAP Update is intended to build upon the progress of the 2017 CAP and incorporate new and revised GHG reduction measures to align the City’s GHG emissions with the most recent State legislation.
The CAP Update enables the City to meet State legislative and regulatory mandates. The City takes issues related to climate change and the effects of climate change seriously and has dedicated resources to develop a CAP Update that strives to achieve ambitious GHG reductions through collective action, specifically empowering local residents and businesses to play a major role in working towards a more sustainable future.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
The CAP Update provides the City with
a roadmap to address two climate
change challenges: to reduce GHG
emissions from activities within the
City and to improve its resilience to
climate change over the long term.
Chapter 1 Introduction
Update City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan 1-2
uses the best information, research, and techniques available today, technologies Update CAP While the may Update CAP e strategies identified in th , As with the 2017 CAP and markets are constantly changing. the development of new technologies considering become obsolete that are enacted in laws ederal r new State and f o do not yet exist, that however, remain , Update CAP e of th s The overarching goal . the future , and adapt to , and prepare for , the same: to reduce GHG emissions climate change.
Supporting Regional Decarbonization 1.1
In 2021, the County of San Diego partnered with UC San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy, the to conduct University of San Diego (USD) Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), and Inclusive Economics provided a regional The outcomes of the technical analyses technical analysis on regional decarbonization. this CAP Update. into reviewed and incorporated decarbonization framework that the City of Solana Beach The Technical Report is a – Technical Report
scientific report prepared by experts to assess how
tI the region can get to zero carbon emissions.
shows ways to achieve regional GHG emissions
- offs, co - goals in multiple sectors to highlight trade benefits, decision points, risks, and synergies. The
analyses and pathways should be updated as
technologies evolve, or uncertainties are resolved or
a). (County of San Diego 2022 clarified
This study, titled – Workforce Development Study
Putting San Diego County on the High Road:
Climate Workforce Recommendations for 2030 and
, explores the ways in which actions to lower 2050
GHG emissions in the region’s industries can
do so in ways that support the region’s workers.
The Implementation Playbook is a menu of actions to reduce GHG – Implementation Playbook emissions that can be taken by organizations, local governments and agencies, and anyone in the region The City of Solana Beach recognizes that regional who wants to reduce their carbon footprint. and is committed to working with all collaboration is required to reduce GHG emissions in the County regional partners and stakeholders to achieve common objectives. To facilitate regional collaboration, the into this CAP Update to identify actions the City can take that will ing decarbonization City is incorporat contribute toward the region’s decarbonization efforts.
To align with regional decarbonization policy initiatives, the GHG reduction strategies of the CAP Update : include
ransportation, Decarbonize T
, Supply lectricity Decarbonize E
uildings, Decarbonize B
olutions, and S limate C atural N se and U and L
conomy. E ircular C ystems and S ood F
n relation to the CAP Update are discussed further in Chapter 3. i These pathways . Solana Beach City of Source:
The City will monitor, review, and
the s to update continue to perform
to ensure continued effectiveness CAP
and relevance of the document.
~ .
. , I 111:tilei . -j ~i;_· • .., _ ... - ... ,,. ~--· (~ \;r,,,,~ ·- 1!~._, • , ', "'.,_~~ ,:._ -- --~~ _ ...... •,· , ~•·· ~, - ·: ~~;; - M -• -
Chapter 1 Introduction
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 1-3
1.2 Climate Change Science
The science behind climate change is largely based on the greenhouse effect, which is illustrated in Figure 1-1. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that insulates the Earth and helps regulate its temperature.
After absorbing sunlight, the Earth emits heat in the form of infrared radiation. This radiation is then absorbed by a collection of naturally occurring atmospheric GHGs. These gases, which mainly consist of water vapor, CO2, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone (O3), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), all act as effective global insulators by absorbing some of the infrared radiation that is emitted by Earth and re-emitting it back down towards the planet. This process, where some heat is prevented from escaping out of the atmosphere, is what keeps temperatures on Earth conducive to life. Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would not be able to support life as we know it.
Figure 1-1 The Greenhouse Effect
Source: IPCC 2007; modified by Ascent in 2024.
The combustion of fossil fuels and other anthropogenic (i.e., human-caused) activities that have been occurring since the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century have introduced GHGs into the atmosphere at an increasingly accelerated rate. These significantly elevated levels of GHGs above natural ambient concentrations have intensified the greenhouse effect, causing the Earth’s climate to warm at an unprecedented and unnatural rate. This effect, known as climate change, is the driver behind changes in more extreme weather patterns, the rapid melting of the polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and other impacts on humans, the natural environment, and the ecosystem services and human-made assets essential to environmental and human health and well-being.
There is overwhelming data and scientific research that document increases in atmospheric GHG concentrations and the consequential warming of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land are linked to human activities and influence, such as the burning of fossil fuels for transportation and energy. Human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 2 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) of warming across the globe compared to pre-industrial era levels (i.e., prior to the year 1900), and global average temperature is expected to increase by up to Chapter 1 Introduction
1-4 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
approximately 8°F by the end of the century unless additional efforts to reduce GHG emissions are made (IPCC 2021). The GHG emissions that have created this warming—those
released between the pre-industrial era and the present—will persist for hundreds to thousands of years and create further long-term impacts to the climate system (IPCC 2018).
For decades, the world’s nations have recognized that
climate change is a global problem and can lead to significant fluctuations in regional climates. While there is consensus that global climate change is occurring, and is influenced by human activity, there is less certainty as to the timing, severity, and potential consequences of climate change
phenomena, particularly at specific locations.
The CAP Update the City’s commitment to reduce our contribution of GHG emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change.
1.3 Regulatory Background
In response to the threat of global climate change, the State and City have already taken several steps to both reduce GHG emissions and adapt to climate change. These efforts, briefly summarized below, provide important policy direction and context for the CAP Update.
Virtually every nation signed the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, to limit global temperature rise to a maximum of 2 degrees Celsius (ºC), or 3.7 ºF, from pre-industrial levels. A further reduction to a maximum increase of 1.5 ºC was determined to be needed and desirable given the severity of climate change impacts being experienced across the globe. On June 1, 2017, President Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement. Since then, over 1,200 governors, mayors, businesses, investors and colleges and universities from across the U.S. declared their intent to continue to ensure the U.S. remains a global leader in reducing carbon emissions. The Solana Beach City Council officially confirmed its commitment to the Paris Climate Agreement on June 28, 2017, and eventually, the U.S. formally rejoined the Paris Climate Agreement under President Biden on February 19, 2021.
1.3.1 California
In 2005, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed
Executive Order S-3-05, which directed California to reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, and to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. A year later, in 2006, the Global Warming Solutions Act (Assembly Bill [AB] 32) was passed, establishing regulatory, reporting, and market mechanisms to achieve quantifiable reductions in GHG emissions. AB 32 put a cap on GHG emissions, setting a target of reducing GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. As part of its
implementation of AB 32 and Executive Order S-3-05, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) developed a
Scoping Plan in 2008. The Scoping Plan, along with its
Update in 2014, describes the approach California will take to reduce GHGs to achieve reduction targets and goals. In 2016, California officially met the AB 32 target of reducing GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 (CARB 2019).
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 1 Introduction
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 1-5
On April 20, 2015, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. signed Executive Order B-30-15, establishing a new GHG emissions reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. This target aligns with those of leading international governments such as the 28-nation European Union which adopted the same target in October 2014. Executive Order B-30-15 also directed CARB to update the AB 32 Scoping Plan to reflect the path to achieving the 2030 target. In September 2016, Governor Brown signed SB 32, which codified into statute the mid-term 2030 target established by Executive Order B-30-15. The new 2030 GHG emissions reduction target places California on a trajectory towards meeting the goal of reducing statewide emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.
On January 20, 2017, CARB released The 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan Update (proposed 2017 Scoping Plan Update), which lays out the framework for achieving the 2030 reductions as established in Executive Order B-30-15 and SB 32. The proposed 2017 Scoping Plan Update identifies GHG reductions by emissions sector to achieve a statewide emissions level that is 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.
The most recent and significant statewide GHG reduction target was established by AB 1279 of 2022, the California Climate Crisis Act, which codifies the state’s long-term target of reaching net-zero emissions by 2045 through an 85% reduction in anthropogenic emissions below 1990 levels by 2045. Statewide carbon neutrality by 2045 was initially introduced through Executive Order B-55-18. The signing of AB 1279 into law now establishes the requirement of meeting this target for the State, and supersedes the long-term target established by Executive Order S-3-05. CARB released a subsequent Scoping Plan update in 2022, the 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality. This most recent Scoping Plan establishes the State’s strategy for the deep decarbonization needed to meet net-zero emissions.
In addition to legislation setting statewide GHG reduction targets, SB 375, signed by Governor Schwarzenegger in 2008, better aligned regional transportation planning efforts, regional GHG emissions reduction targets, and land use and housing allocations. SB 375 requires Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) to adopt a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) or Alternative Planning Strategy, showing prescribed land use allocations in each MPO’s Regional Transportation Plan (RTP). CARB, in consultation with the MPOs, provides each affected region with reduction targets for GHGs emitted by passenger cars and light trucks in their respective regions for 2020 and 2035. SANDAG adopted San Diego Forward: The Regional Plan that integrates the RTP and SCS in October 2015. SANDAG adopted a subsequent update to the plan in December 2021 with the Final 2021 Regional Plan.
To effectively address the challenges that a changing climate will bring, the State also prepared the 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy, which highlights climate risks and outlines possible solutions that can be implemented throughout the state. This Strategy was updated in 2014 and rebranded as Safeguarding California, and again updated in 2021 as California’s Climate Adaptation Strategy. The 2021 Strategy integrates key elements of the latest sector-specific plans, such as the Natural and Working Lands Climate Smart Strategy, Wildfire and Forest Resilience Action Plan, Climate Action Plan for Transportation Infrastructure, and Water Resilience Portfolio.
Other relevant federal and State regulations relevant to the CAP Update are identified in Table 1-1.
As directed by SB 32 and AB 1279, the
State aims to reduce annual GHG
emissions to:
40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030;
and
85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045,
with net-zero emissions achieved
through carbon dioxide removal.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1-6 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Table 1-1 Relevant Federal and State Regulations
Federal Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that CO2 is an air pollutant as defined under the CAA, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has the authority to regulate emissions of GHG.
Federal Corporate Average Fuel
Economy (CAFE) Standards
The federal CAFE Standards determine the fuel efficiency of certain vehicle classes in the U.S.
State SB 97 The State Office of Planning and Research prepared and the Natural Resources Agency adopted amendments to the State California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines for the feasible mitigation of GHG emissions or the effects of GHG emissions. Effective as of March 2010, the revisions to the CEQA Environmental Checklist Form (Appendix G) and the Energy Conservation Appendix (Appendix F) provide a framework to address global climate change impacts in the CEQA process; State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.4 was also added to provide an approach to assessing impacts from GHGs.
State Low Carbon Fuel Standards
Program
The Low Carbon Fuel Standards Program was created by CARB as an outcome of AB 32, which establishes a credit trading program to reduce the life cycle carbon intensity of the statewide fuel supply. The program establishes a carbon intensity benchmark which reduces the carbon intensity of transportation fuels used in the state to 20% below 2010 levels by 2030.
State California Building Efficiency
Standards Title 24 Part 6
The California Code of Regulations Title 24 Part 6: California’s Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings are updated periodically to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy efficiency technologies and methods.
State AB 1493 AB 1493 (Pavley) required CARB to develop and adopt regulations that reduce GHGs emitted by passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks.
State AB 197 AB 197 creates a legislative committee to oversee CARB and requires CARB to take specific actions when adopting plans and regulations pursuant to SB 32 related to disadvantaged communities, identification of specific information regarding reduction measures, and information regarding existing GHGs at the local level.
State SB 350, SB 100 and SB
1020
SB 350 requires the State to set GHG emission reduction targets for the load serving entities through Integrated Resource Planning. SB 350 requires an increase in the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) such that 50 percent of retail electricity sales statewide are GHG-free by 2030 and doubling energy savings in electricity and natural gas end uses. The RPS target of SB 350 was expanded upon with SB 100, which established a 100 percent RPS target by 2045. SB 1020 accelerates the pace of reaching the target set by SB 100, establishing interim RPS targets of 90% by 2035 and 95% by 2040.
State Advanced Clean Cars I and
Advanced Clean Cars II
In January 2012, CARB approved the Advanced Clean Cars I regulation, which combines the control of GHG emissions and criteria air pollutants, as well as requirements for greater numbers of zero-emission vehicles, into a single package of standards for vehicle model years 2017 through 2025. In 2022, the Advanced Clean Cars II regulation was adopted, which requires that by 2035, all new passenger cars, trucks and SUVs sold in California will be zero emissions.
Chapter 1 Introduction
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 1-7
1.3.2 City of Solana Beach
Over the past couple decades, the City, with the assistance of community volunteer groups, has taken several steps to begin addressing climate change, improving sustainability, and reducing GHG emissions. Dating as far back as 2005, the City has been involved in various efforts to quantify GHG emissions sources and formulate reduction strategies at both a municipal and community level. These efforts were accelerated with adoption of the 2017 CAP, which set sustainability initiatives as official City policy. This CAP Update consolidates these past efforts by establishing a new baseline GHG inventory for 2016 and forecasting emissions to 2035 and 2045 to comply with State goals. Other notable City efforts are highlighted below. The City’s General Plan outlines steps to
become a more sustainable community by
furthering the use of green technology,
reducing GHG emissions, improving water
quality, promoting alternative modes of
transportation, reducing energy and water
consumption, and increasing energy efficiency
and availability of renewable resources.
In 2007, the City Council authorized the City
to sign onto the U.S. Mayors Climate
Protection Agreement committing to 12
steps for environmental sustainability. This
agreement was launched in the United States on February 16, 2005 as a direct result of the Kyoto Protocol, the international agreement to address climate disruption. The Kyoto Protocol became law for the 192 parties that have ratified it to date.
Created in 2007, the City’s Clean and Green Team, comprised of local residents and business owners, worked to help preserve the City’s environment through coastal cleanups, support of a mandatory construction and demolition debris recycling ordinance, and participation in the GHG emissions inventory process. In 2015, the Clean and Green Team spearheaded the formation and transition to the Climate Action Commission. The Commission is comprised of eight appointed members (i.e., 6 residents and 2 professionals) and one Councilmember, with the goal of assisting with the implementation of the Climate Action Plan and meets monthly.
City staff and the Commission, and the Clean and Green Team previously, have engaged in public outreach and education to help implement the City’s ban on single-use plastic bags and food-related polystyrene initiatives. Throughout development of the CAP Update, the Climate Action Commission has provided input and comments on recommended implementation and adaptation measures to meet the goals of the City.
In 2015, the City became the first in the County to explore the feasibility of creating a Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) program with the initiation of a feasibility study. The City officially launched the first CCA in the County (and within San Diego Gas and Electric territory), called the Solana Energy Alliance (SEA) in 2018, with the stated goal of growing into a larger, regional Joint Powers Authority (JPA). The City Council, in its role as the SEA Board, set the minimum renewable percentage of procured energy at 50%, and 75% carbon-free energy. In November 2019, the City of Solana Beach partnered with the cities of Del Mar and Carlsbad to form one of the region’s first Community Choice Aggregation JPAs for procuring electricity with a higher renewable source mix, the Clean Energy Alliance (CEA). CEA began delivering electricity to electricity accounts in the City in 2021 with a minimum of 50 percent of the electricity delivered generated from renewable energy sources.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1-8 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
On August 26, 2020, the Solana Beach City Council
declared a Climate Emergency, which memorialized the
City’s commitment to addressing the threat of climate
change head-on. The Resolution commits that the City
will consider decisions through the lens of climate
change, and dedicate resources as available to
implementing the City’s CAP. The Resolution focuses on
taking a holistic approach to decarbonization and
prioritizing infrastructure that can help both reduce GHG emissions and protect against climate change impacts.
Other notable City regulatory amendments and actions
to implement climate policy:
Adoption of Green Building Codes;
Streamlined online permitting for rooftop solar photovoltaic and solar hot water heating; Adoption of mandatory Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling ordinance; Adoption of Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance to promote water conservation; First in the County to install and convert all City-owned streetlights to LEDs and to be approved by San Diego Gas & Electric for corresponding rate reductions; Implementation of a City employee Commuter Incentive Program that provides monetary incentives for employees to use alternative modes of transportation (bike, walk, public transit, electric vehicles, etc.) or carpool to get to work;
Installed three electric vehicle charging stations at City Hall in 2011; Energy efficiency retrofits to all City facilities;
Adoption of a comprehensive single-use plastic utensils ban; Joined the Mayors’ Monarch Pledge and planted the City’s first pollinator park at La Colonia in 2024; Upgraded all municipal accounts to a 100 percent renewable energy electricity option in 2023; and Replenished the beach areas with 700,000 cubic yards of sand to reduce coastal storm damages and reduce coastal erosion in 2024.
The City of Solana Beach General Plan includes goals, objectives, and policies that address climate change, sustainability, and GHG reduction efforts, such as those included in Table 1-2.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 1 Introduction
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 1-9
Table 1-2 Climate-focused General Plan Policies
Land Use Element
Goal LU-3.0 To be a leader in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Policy LU-3.2 Enable residents to reduce their commutes by allowing and encouraging the creation of live/work units for artists, craftspeople, and other professions, promoting home occupations and telecommuting, and supporting other means of achieving jobs/housing balance.
Policy LU-3.5 Reduce urban heat island effect through sustainable design and building practices, cool roofs, green roofs, light colored pavement, shade trees, shading, and other means.
Policy LU-3.6 Promote the use of solar panels, solar hot water heaters, and other green energy sources in conjunction with new development and retrofits to existing structures.
Conservation and Open Space Element
Objective 2.0 Establish a master plan of hiking/jogging, bicycle, and equestrian trails.
Policy 2.a The city shall adopt a master plan of trails and shall develop at least one mile of trails annually until completion of the planned system. This trail system shall link the city’s greenbelts, parks, and open space to the greatest extent possible.
1.4 Climate Action Plan Purpose and Objectives
The CAP Update outlines a course of action for the City to reduce community-wide GHG emissions, as well as prepare for and adapt to climate change. Goals for addressing climate change were developed in consideration of the built-out nature of the City and the limited potential for new development. The overarching goals for the City’s CAP Update are to:
Reduce GHG emissions; and
Identify adaptation measures for City government, businesses, and residential sustainability.
The GHG reduction targets for the City are established based on State goals embodied in SB 32 and AB 1279 (i.e., reduce annual statewide GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and 85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045, with net-zero emissions achieved through CO2 removal). The CAP Update aims to achieve the following local community wide GHG reduction targets:
50 percent below 2016 levels by 2035 (aligned with and extrapolated from SB 32); and
85 percent below 2016 levels by 2045 (aligned with AB 1279).
To achieve these objectives, the CAP Update identifies the following:
A summary of baseline (i.e., 2016) GHG emissions and the potential growth of these emissions over time; The expected climate change effects on the City;
GHG emissions reduction targets and goals to reduce the community’s contribution to climate change; and Identification and evaluation of strategies and specific measures to comply with statewide GHG reduction targets and goals, along with measures to help the community adapt to climate change impacts.
SB 32 and AB 1279 use 1990 levels as a
benchmark to identify statewide
reduction targets. Because the City’s
1990 emissions level were not
estimated, proportional targets for the
City’s CAP were developed for 2016.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1-10 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
As part of CAP Update implementation, each strategy and measure should be continually assessed and monitored. Reporting on the status of implementation of these strategies, periodic updates to the GHG emissions inventory, and other monitoring activities will help to ensure that the CAP Update is making progress. See Chapter 5 for more information on administering, implementing, and monitoring the CAP Update.
1.5 Co-Benefits
While the measures included in the CAP Update are generally geared towards reducing GHG emissions, many will also result in environmental or economic “co-benefits.” Environmental co-benefits include improvements to air quality, water supplies, and biological resources, and public health outcomes. For example, a significant cobenefit of implementing CAP Update measures related to reductions in motor vehicle use and associated fuel combustion will result in fewer toxic air contaminants, leading to better air quality and improved health for everyone. Other strategies focus on improving energy and water-use efficiency in new and existing buildings, lowering overall housing and operation costs for residents and businesses.
The benefits of the CAP Update include:
Local Control. The CAP Update allows the City to maintain control over GHG reduction strategies that are most advantageous to the City, while promoting economic competitiveness and prepositioning to obtain funding for CAP Update implementation.
Energy and Resource Efficiency. Increased energy efficiency reduces energy consumption and GHG emissions. Renewable energy technology reduces fossil fuel reliance by using alternative sustainable sources of energy to reduce GHG emissions.
Improved Public Health. Several reduction measures encourage alternative commuting transportation modes that allow people to drive less, save money, and enjoy a better quality of life. Demonstrating Consistency with State GHG Reduction Targets. The CAP Update demonstrates that the City is aligned with the State targets for reducing GHG emissions.
1.6 Community Action and Public Involvement
1.6.1 Community Action
While global climate change is happening worldwide, local efforts to reduce human-induced GHG emissions and build resilience in the face of adverse climate change effects can make a difference. Local action on climate change cannot be addressed insularly by one agency or community, but requires active and ongoing partnerships between residents, businesses, the City, and regional agencies and organizations . By planning now and engaging in more sustainable practices, communities will be better suited to adapt to climate change and be more resilient in the future.
At the regional and local scale, individuals and businesses can play an important role in combating climate change. By changing habits to consume less energy, producing less waste through recycling, conserving water, composting, and driving less by choosing to carpool, take transit, or walk and bike more frequently, individuals and businesses can work towards reducing their carbon footprint. The combination of these small efforts can lead to better outcomes for the environment and the City.
Co-benefits that can be achieved from
GHG reduction measures:
Improved Air Quality
Improved Public Health
Increased Non-Motorized
Transportation
Reduced Fossil Fuel Reliance
Energy Efficiency/Reduced Energy
Demand
Increased Renewable Energy
Water Conservation
Increased Resiliency
Co-benefits are the complementary,
positive side effects that result from
strategies and measures identified in
the CAP Update.
Chapter 1 Introduction
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 1-11
Effective and long-term climate action and resiliency in the City can only be achieved through efforts that continue to change the way individuals interact with the environment. The CAP Update, building off the original CAP, serves as a resource and starting point to support long term sustainability efforts. The City is committed to implementing the actions in the CAP Update to advance equity and reduce disparities.
Appendix C provides detail on local and regional strategies that will benefit all residents. Opportunities to participate and share the benefits of the City’s actions will be inclusive of all City residents.
1.6.2 Summary of Public Involvement
The CAP Update was developed with input from community members and the City’s Climate Action Commission. The Climate Action Commission meets monthly to discuss the City’s GHG emissions inventory, set emission reduction targets, explore reduction measures, and review periodic monitoring and evaluations, including providing feedback on the CAP Update. The Commission was formed by City Council action in November 2015, held its first meeting in March 2016, and has held regular monthly meetings since.
The City and the Climate Action Commission held two public CAP Update Workshops in April 2023 and November 2023, engaging the community and presenting the CAP Update methodology, GHG reduction targets, and proposed reduction measures to assist the City in achieving the State GHG reduction targets. These community workshops were advertised through the City’s various media outlets, including social media and email list serves. During these workshops, the City received
valuable input on what community members would like
to see included in the CAP Update and how the
community could be best supported to take the voluntary actions needed to meet GHG reduction targets.
An online survey was also developed to solicit more
targeted input on the proposed GHG reductions
measure of the CAP Update. The survey was released
in November 2023 to provide further engagement
opportunities for community members that were unable
to attend the in-person community workshop, or
wanted to provide additional feedback on the proposed
GHG reduction measures. Thirty (30) total responses
were received for the online survey between
November 14 and December 16, 2023.
The Draft CAP Update was circulated for public review from April 17 to May 24, 2024. Public comments were received, reviewed, and discussed at a City Council Meeting on October 9, 2024 and the Climate Action Commission meetings on April 17 and May 15, 2024. The City will continue to engage the community during and after CAP Update adoption.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1-12 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
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Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 2-1
2.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the community’s contribution to global warming by offering a detailed accounting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the City of Solana Beach (City). It includes a discussion of the primary sources and annual levels of GHG emissions from 2016 (i.e., baseline inventory), describes likely trends if emissions are not reduced for 2035 and 2045 (i.e., forecasts), and sets a path forward to reduce emissions to meet the proposed targets.
2.1.1 Why Prepare a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory? Recent changes in global weather patterns and temperatures are highly correlated with elevated GHG emissions resulting from human activities. Per the scientific community, to avoid “dangerous climate change” in the Earth’s climate system, GHG emissions will need to be stabilized so that global temperatures remain well below 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (º
F) (2 degrees Celsius [
º
C]) above pre-industrial
levels, and that efforts should aim to achieve a warming limit of 2.7 º F (1.5 ºC).
One of the main objectives of this Climate
Action Plan Update (CAP Update) is to
identify and reduce local contributions to
global GHG emissions. This chapter is
intended to serve as a foundation for the
pathways, strategies, measures, and
actions that will implement the commitment of the City to reducing GHG emissions.
Measuring GHG emissions is a critical first step in developing the CAP Update for several reasons. First, the GHG inventory identifies major sources and quantities of GHG emissions associated with the activities and choices currently made by residents, businesses, and public institutions. Second, the inventory provides the baseline that is used to forecast emissions trends and to develop an accurate near-term reduction target and interim goals consistent with State objectives. Finally, the inventory sets the baseline for the City to develop, evaluate, and implement strategies and measures to achieve its near-term targets.
The GHG emissions inventory also plays a role in ensuring that the City stays on course to meet the GHG reduction targets. After the CAP Update is adopted, the City will prepare regularly updated GHG emissions inventories that will be compared to the baseline inventory and be used to track progress in reducing emissions as CAP Update measures and actions are implemented.
The City’s previous CAP established 2010 as the baseline year from which the City determines GHG reduction targets. This original baseline year has been updated to a new baseline year of 2016 for this CAP Update.
2.2 Inventory
The first step in the City’s climate action planning process is to understand the sources and amounts of GHG emissions generated from activities within the city. A GHG emissions inventory is an estimate of a defined set of gases (e.g., CO2, methane [CH4], nitrous oxide [N2O]) that contribute to climate change. The emissions inventory prepared for this CAP Update is limited to emissions that are generated due to activities within the city from a defined set of sources (e.g., transportation, electricity use, waste). These include emissions that The inventory baseline is used to:
forecast emissions;
identify reduction targets; and
develop, evaluate, and implement
strategies to achieve the targets.
The emissions inventory is limited to
gases that are generated by activities in
the city from a defined set of sources
(e.g., transportation, electricity use,
waste) that can be readily monitored
and reduced through City actions.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets 2-2 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
The City’s 2016 GHG Emissions
Inventory has Six Sectors:
1.Transportation
2.Electricity
3.Natural Gas
4.Solid Waste
5.Water
6.Wastewater
can be readily estimated, monitored and reduced by City measures that support the efforts of residents and businesses, and are within local jurisdictional control or influence.
The City’s 2016 inventory of GHG emissions is organized into the following sectors, shown in decreasing order by level of contribution:
Transportation: On-road transportation emissions associated with gasoline and diesel consumption from driving that occurred on roadways with a start or end point within the City. Trips categorized as pass through with no start or end point in the City are excluded. Electricity: Building energy use emissions associated with electricity use in residential and commercial buildings, as well as electric vehicle charging.
Natural Gas: Building energy use emissions associated with combustion of natural gas in residential and commercial buildings. Solid Waste: Waste emissions associated with the disposal of organic waste in landfills and community-generated mixed waste generated by residents and businesses in the city. Water: Emissions associated with the water supplied, conveyed, distributed, and treated to residents and businesses within the city.
Wastewater: Wastewater treatment emissions associated with both the energy consumed during treatment and fugitive emissions resulting from the treatment process for domestic sewage.
Further details on the methodology for the inventory can be found in Appendix A.
It should be noted that residents, businesses, and organizations make choices daily that produce GHG emissions that may be beyond the influence of the City and the CAP Update. This does not mean that individual residents or businesses in the city should feel limited to only those measures and actions identified in this CAP Update, which are focused primarily on the City’s inventoried emissions. Rather, members of the community can still make climate-friendly choices, such as buying locally-grown foods and locally manufactured products that reduce electricity and energy use, to further reduce the local carbon footprint and further contribute to helping reverse warming trends on a global scale.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
I
Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 2-3
2.2.1 City of Solana Beach 2016 GHG Emissions
An important aspect of GHG accounting is the unit of measurement used to inventory and estimate emissions. CO2 is the largest contributor to global warming and the most recognized GHG; however, there are five other primary GHGs that must be addressed to meet State reduction targets, including: CH4, N2O, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). To simplify discussion and comparison of these emissions collectively, climate action plans use a measurement known as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
CO2e measurement translates each GHG to an equivalent volume of CO2 by weighting it by its relative global warming potential (GWP). For example, per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), CH4 and N2O are 25 and 298 times more potent, respectively, than CO2 in their ability to trap heat in the atmosphere (IPCC 2007). Converting these gases into “carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e)” allows consideration of all the gases in comparable terms and makes it easier to communicate how various sources and types of GHG emissions contribute to global warming. A metric ton of CO2e (MTCO2e) is the standard measurement of the amount of GHG emissions produced and released into the atmosphere.
In 2016, activities in Solana Beach accounted for 106,100 MTCO2e. A large proportion of emissions were due to on-road vehicle activity and building energy use. Specifically, emissions from gasoline and diesel consumption related to vehicles on local and regional roads accounted for 64 percent of emissions in 2016, while electricity consumption accounted for 19 percent of the emissions.
To put these emissions into perspective, 106,100 MTCO2e is equivalent to combusting 11.9 million gallons of gasoline; combusting 59,000 tons of coal; or a year’s worth of carbon sequestration from 127,000 acres of U.S. forests. Assuming an average car gets about 25 miles to the gallon, the 2016 emissions are the same as a single car driving 272 million miles, or driving to the moon and back 569 times (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2024).
Figure 2-1 City of Solana Beach 2016 GHG Emissions
The 2016 emissions are equal to the
emissions of a car driving 272 million
miles or driving to the moon and back
569 times.
Percentage may not add to totals due to rounding.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets 2-4 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Additional details related to the specific emission sectors, data sources, assumptions, and methodology can be found in Appendix A. Figure 2-1 above and Table 2-1 below show the breakdown of GHG emissions in 2016.
Table 2-1 2016 City of Solana Beach Greenhouse Gas Inventory Emissions Sector MTCO2e Percent (%)
Transportation 68,400 64
Electricity 20,000 19
Natural Gas 13,100 12
Solid Waste 3,200 3
Water 900 1
Wastewater 600 <1
Total 106,100 100
Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: EPIC 2023.
2.3 GHG Emissions Forecasts
GHG emissions forecasts provide an estimate of future emission levels based on a continuation of current trends in activity, while also accounting for known regulatory actions by State or federal agencies (i.e., “legislative” actions) that could reduce emissions in the future. Forecasts provide insights into the scale of local reductions needed to achieve the GHG emissions reduction targets, in addition to legislative actions.
The first step in preparing GHG emissions forecasts is the preparation of a “business-as-usual” (BAU) forecast, which assumes that no additional efforts or legislative actions beyond what have already been adopted will be made to reduce GHG emissions in the future. The BAU forecast also assumes that population, housing, employment, and transportation activity will grow over time, consistent with City projections. Finally, the BAU forecast does not account for GHG emissions reductions associated with implementation of the CAP Update or legislative actions.
Details on the forecast methodology and the indicators used to estimate each sector can be found in Appendix A.
2.3.1 Demographic Trends
GHG emissions forecasts were estimated for 2035 and 2045 using City-specific demographic and vehicle activity projections through 2045 from the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) Series 14.
In general, the City is anticipated to experience modest growth until 2035 and leveling-off by 2045, as reflected in the emissions forecasts.
Based on data used by the Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC) to estimate projections, the City’s population is expected to increase by 10 percent by 2035 and an additional 1% from 2034 to 2045 from 2016 levels. Total housing units are expected to increase by 13 percent by 2035 from 2016 levels and remain the same through 2045. Furthermore, employment is expected to increase by 6 percent in 2035 and 9 percent by 2045 from 2016 levels. Further details on the underlying SANDAG data used for emissions forecasts can be found in Appendix A.
The BAU GHG emissions forecasts in
the CAP Update assume a continued
increase in population, housing units,
employment, and vehicle activity.
From 2016 levels, population in the
City is expected to increase by:
10 % by 2035, and
11 % by 2045.
Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 2-5
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Legislative Reductions
The City’s GHG forecasts account for a variety of legislative actions that will reduce future emissions in the City, without any additional local government action called for in this CAP Update.
The applied legislative reductions include:
Federal and State Vehicle Efficiency Standards;
California Renewables Portfolio Standards;
California Solar Policies and Programs; and
California Utility Energy Efficiency Program.
A detailed description and analysis of how specific legislative reductions are included in the City’s BAU GHG emissions inventory and forecast can be found in Appendix A. Table 2-2 and Figure 2-2 below show the summary of the City’s forecasted BAU GHG emissions.
Table 2-2 City of Solana Beach Emissions Forecasts (MTCO2e/year) Emissions Sector 2016
2035 2045
BAU Forecast Legislative-Adjusted
Forecast BAU Forecast Legislative-Adjusted Forecast
Transportation 68,400 54,000 19,800 54,000 2,800
Electricity 20,000 6,000 4,200 6,100 5,500
Natural Gas 13,100 15,100 14,600 15,300 14,800
Solid Waste 3,200 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100
Water 900 900 900 900 900
Wastewater 600 700 700 700 700
Total 106,100 79,800 43,300 80,100 27,800
Percent change from 2016 (%) - -25 -59 -24 -74
Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
BAU = business as usual
GHG = greenhouse gas emissions
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: EPIC 2023.
2.3.2 BAU GHG Emissions Forecasts with Legislative
Reductions
The legislative actions listed above will help to lower GHG emissions in the city, as shown in Table 2-2. By 2035, total emissions will decrease by 59 percent below 2016 levels. The overall decrease in emissions is primarily due to State and federal policies in place in 2023. Furthermore, emissions will decrease by 74 percent in 2045 from 2016 levels.
Taking legislative reductions into account,
emissions are projected to decrease in the BAU
forecast in 2035 to meet the State goals.
Legislative actions are expected to further reduce
the BAU forecast in 2045; however, reductions in
emissions in 2045 are not, in and of themselves,
enough to meet State goals.
Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets 2-6 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
2.4 Reduction Targets
This CAP focuses on reducing emissions by 50 percent below 2016 levels by 2035 and 85 percent below 2016 levels by 2045 to align with the State’s legislative GHG emissions targets.
As directed in Senate Bill (SB) 32 and Assembly Bill (AB) 1279, the State aims to reduce annual statewide GHG emissions to:
40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and
85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045, with net-zero emissions achieved through carbon dioxide removal.
While State legislative targets are based on 1990
statewide GHG emissions levels, Solana Beach, like
most jurisdictions in California, does not have an
emissions inventory from the year 1990 and must
equate a more recent inventory to 1990 levels using
statewide GHG emissions data. In 2016, the State’s
GHG emissions inventory showed that total statewide
GHG emissions levels were nearly equivalent to 1990
levels (CARB 2019). As such, it is reasonable to
assume that local GHG emissions have evolved on a
similar trend, and Solana Beach’s 1990 total GHG
emissions levels may be similar to those estimated in
the 2016 community GHG inventory. Additionally,
because Solana Beach uses a 2035 target year
instead of 2030, a 2035 target is established for the
City by extrapolating from the SB 32 target year of 2030. Estimating equivalent reductions needed from the 2016 baseline, the City aims to reduce emissions to:
50 percent below 2016 levels by 2035 (aligned with and extrapolated from the 2030 target in SB 32), and
85 percent below 2016 levels by 2045 (aligned with the 2045 target in AB 1279).
A net-zero GHG reduction target is not considered economically feasible for Solana Beach for the year 2045.
The State’s strategy for meeting the AB 1279 target, as outlined in the 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan, indicates that reaching net-zero emissions by 2045 can only be economically feasible with deployment of carbon dioxide removal through both carbon sequestration in natural lands and mechanical carbon capture and storage technologies (CARB 2022). As Solana Beach does not have the ability to substantially increase carbon sequestration on natural lands to the levels required to offset all emissions and does not have the geologic conditions needed for geologic carbon storage (CGS ND), a net-zero GHG emissions target is currently not feasible by 2045.
Attaining a 50 percent reduction in GHG emissions will require that emissions be reduced to approximately 53,100 MTCO2e/year in 2035, which is about 53,100 MTCO2e/year lower than 2016 levels. To achieve longterm GHG reductions by 2045, the community will need to reduce emissions to 15,900 MTCO2e/year by 2045, or about 90,200 MTCO2e (85 percent) below 2016 GHG emissions levels. The City achieves the 2035 target through State and federal legislative measures; however, reductions in emissions in 2045 are not, in and of themselves, enough to meet the reduction target consistent with State goals, and further, City strategies, To meet reduction targets, the City will
need to reduce emissions to:
53,100 MTCO2e/year in 2035; and
15,900 MTCO2e/year in 2045.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 2-7
programs, and policies are necessary. A detailed technical analysis of the City’s emissions reduction target and goals can be found in Appendix A. Figure 2-2 below shows the GHG reduction targets alongside the breakdown of the City’s emissions over time with the influence of State and federal legislations adopted through 2020, discounting any actions and measures proposed in this CAP Update.
Figure 2-2 City of Solana Beach Business-as-Usual GHG Emissions Forecasts and Targets Notes: GHG emissions sectors presented in this figure show the sector specific GHG emissions levels that are expected without the influence of State and federal legislation after 2020.
Source: EPIC 2023.
Solana Beach’s previous CAP utilized a 2010 GHG emissions inventory for target setting purposes; however, this CAP Update intends to utilize the more recent 2016 GHG emissions inventory for setting reduction targets.
The purpose of using a more recent inventory is to capture more up-to-date conditions and allow for better tracking of GHG emissions over time. Therefore, community GHG reduction targets for the City’s CAP Update are relative to the City’s emissions in 2016.
Cl)
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_g 40,000 ....
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- Solid Waste
- Electricity
~ BAU Forecast
- Water
- Natural Gas
- Transportation
~ GHG Reduction Targets
Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts and Reduction Targets 2-8 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
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Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-1
3.1 Introduction
This chapter outlines the pathways, strategies, and measures to be implemented by the City of Solana Beach (City) to achieve its greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets over the coming decades. They focus on locally based actions to reduce GHG emissions across various sectors as a complement to legislative actions taken by the State and federal governments. The actions include municipal operations actions and community-scale actions to address both public and private responsibility for mitigating climate change.
Through partnerships with and among residents, businesses, and other organizations, successful implementation will provide co-benefits for all community members, such as improved environmental conditions, long-term cost savings, conserved resources, a strengthened economy, and greater quality of life.
This CAP Update acknowledges and accounts for existing plans, programs, and activities that the City has already undertaken to reduce GHG emissions, and in some cases, builds or expands on them.
3.2 Summary of Greenhouse Gas Reductions
As described in Chapter 2, the City has established a 2035 GHG emissions reduction target (50 percent below 2016 levels) and a 2045 target (85 percent below 2016 levels) to reduce annual emissions levels consistent with State goals. Based on anticipated growth in emissions in the City, and after accounting for expected reductions from State and federal legislation, the City is expected to exceed its 2035 GHG reduction target. However, to achieve the 2045 reduction target, the City will need to reduce GHG emissions through local action by approximately 11,900 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) Accounting for the proposed GHG reduction pathways (and the strategies, measures, and actions contained within them; see Section 3.3 for more details), both the 2035 and 2045 reduction targets are expected to be met with the implementation of this CAP Update.
Table 3-1 shows the GHG reductions attributable to the pathways included in this CAP Update, along with reductions from federal and State regulations. Table 3-2 shows how the anticipated reductions will help the City meet its GHG reduction targets. Detailed calculations and descriptions of the calculation methodologies are provided in Appendix A.
Table 3-1 GHG Reductions from Proposed CAP Update Reduction Pathways (MTCO2e) Pathway 2035 2045
Decarbonize Transportation 1,475 1,672
Decarbonize Electric Supply 3,718 5,468
Decarbonize Buildings 3,339 6,660
Circular Economy & Food System 2,258 2,678
Land Use and Natural Solutions 964 1,021
Total Reductions from Proposed CAP Update Pathways 11,800 17,500 Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
GHG = greenhouse gas emissions
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: EPIC 2024.
The City aims to reduce annual GHG
emissions to:
50% below 2016 levels by 2035, and
85% below 2016 levels by 2045.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-2 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Table 3-2 Effect of CAP Update Measures on City of Solana Beach Emissions and Targets (MTCO2e) Emissions 2035 2045
Baseline Emissions (2016) 106,100 106,100
BAU Emissions Forecast 79,800 80,100
Reductions from Federal and State Regulations -36,500 -52,300 Legislative-Adjusted BAU Emissions Forecast (BAU Forecast – Legislative Reductions)
43,300 27,800
Reductions from CAP Update Measures -11,800 -17,500
City of Solana Beach Emissions with CAP Update (Legislative-Adjusted BAU – CAP Reductions) 31,500 10,300
Estimated Percent Reduction (Percent below 2016) 70% 87% City of Solana Beach GHG Reduction Target (Percent below 2016) 50% 85% Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
BAU = Business-As-Usual
CAP Update = Climate Action Plan Update
GHG = greenhouse gas emissions
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: EPIC 2024.
3.3 Decarbonization Pathways, Strategies, and Measures
The way in which GHG reduction efforts are proposed as part of this CAP Update is in the form of a hierarchical framework that includes pathways, strategies, measures, and actions. Pathways at the top of the hierarchical framework are the overarching “sectors” where GHG emissions reductions can be achieved. Each pathway consists of one or two strategies that articulate the highlevel goals related to that pathway, which are then organized further by measures (i.e., more specific expressions of strategies) and actions (i.e., implementation mechanisms to achieve measures). The five pathways for decarbonization and GHG emissions reductions are as follows (the pathways are color-coded to differentiate content throughout the chapter):
Decarbonize Transportation
Decarbonize Buildings
Decarbonize Electric Supply
Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions
Circular Economy & Food System
Successful implementation of the measures identified across each of the five pathways will result in local GHG emissions reductions, in addition to reductions that would be achieved by State legislation and regulations (i.e., legislative adjustments). All these reductions are presented visually in Figure 3-1 and are considered a “best-case scenario” where a sufficient number of community members adopt voluntary actions to help reduce citywide GHG emissions. As shown in the figure, achievement of the 2035 target (i.e., 50 GHG Reduction Pathway Structure
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-3
percent below 2016 levels) will be achieved solely through legislative reductions. However, specific measures and actions within this CAP Update are critical to achieving the 2045 target of 85 percent below 2016 levels (see Section 2.4 for more details on GHG reduction targets). Aside from achieving GHG reduction targets, implementation of CAP Update measures will also result in numerous co-benefits, such as improved public health outcomes, reduced air pollutant emissions, reduced costs, green jobs, and reemphasis of the City’s commitment to long-term sustainability.
Figure 3-1 GHG Emissions Reductions by Pathway
Source: EPIC 2024.
Successful implementation of the measures presented in this CAP Update will require a coordinated, multipronged approach between actions the City itself can take, along with voluntary actions that are recommended to be taken by residents and local businesses and organizations. Figure 3-2 displays the same reductions shown in Figure 3-1 organized by “actor” rather than pathway. As shown in the figure, while successful implementation of CAP Update measures where the City is the actor will result in some level of GHG emissions reductions, much of the local reductions will need to come from voluntary actions taken by residents and local businesses and organizations, which is especially crucial to achieving the 2045 GHG reduction target.
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
202120222023202420252026202720282029203020312032203320342035203620372038203920402041204220432044204520462047204820492050 Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MTCO2e)
State Legislation and Regulations Decarbonize Transportation Decarbonize Electric Supply Decarbonize Buildings Circular Economy & Food System Land Use and Natural Solutions Remaining Emissions CAP Update Targets
85% below 2016
levels by 2045
50% below 2016
levels by 2035
■
■
■
■
■
•
■
■
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-4 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Figure 3-2 GHG Emissions Reductions by Actor
Source: EPIC 2024.
The remainder of this chapter presents all the CAP Update measures and actions, organized by pathway. It should be noted that GHG emissions reductions associated at both the 2035 and 2045 target years were quantified at the action level, summed at the measure level, and are presented in the tables throughout this chapter. Some actions (and overarching measures) that were not technically quantifiable but would still result in some level of GHG emissions reductions are denoted as a “supporting action” or “supporting measure.” Additionally, the actor associated with successful implementation of each action is presented throughout.
Brief, contextual descriptions are provided for each pathway, strategy, and measure presented in the sections. Supporting equity strategies have also been identified (Appendix C). In Appendix B, the Implementation Matrix, the supporting equity strategies have been mapped to the actions described below. -
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
202120222023202420252026202720282029203020312032203320342035203620372038203920402041204220432044204520462047204820492050 Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MTCO2e)
State Legislation and Regulations City Actions for the Community & Municipal Operations Voluntary Actions from Residents and Businesses Remaining Emissions CAP Update Targets
85% below 2016
levels by 2045
50% below 2016
levels by 2035
■
■
•
■
■
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-5
3.3.1 Decarbonize Transportation Pathway
While all pathways presented in this CAP Update are critical to reducing local GHG emissions, the Decarbonize Transportation pathway is arguably the most important. Transportation is the most significant contributor to GHG emissions in the City, accounting for 64 percent of the City’s total GHG emissions in 2016. While State legislation and regulations will significantly reduce transportation-related GHG emissions in the future, the City still has a role to play in further reducing these emissions locally. Table 3-3 displays all the measures and their associated GHG emissions reductions (for 2035 and 2045) for this pathway, organized by strategy.
Table 3-3 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Decarbonize Transportation Pathway Strategy Measure # Measure
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
VMT Reduction
T-1 Adopt a hybrid work schedule/virtual meeting policy. 879 1,002 T-2 Use alternative modes for non-work trips. 596 671
T-3 Provide intra-city electric shuttle to shopping, dining, recreation destinations and schools in the city.
Supporting Measures Low-Carbon
Emission
Vehicles
T-4 Electrify school buses.
T-5 Increase electric vehicles and electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 1,475 1,672
Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
VMT = vehicle miles traveled
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Decarbonize Transportation Vision
• Residents of Solana Beach can chose to purchase or lease an EV. Their EV can be charged at home or at conveniently located public charging stations. • Businesses in the City recognize that EV charging stations are a resource to attract customers to their business.
• Businesses with local employees are willing to accommodate various working styles, including working from home (to reduce commuting), and install EV charging stations for employees and customers who need them at the workplace. • Popular destinations within Solana Beach, such as shopping centers and schools, are easily accessible by electric buses, safe bicycle lanes, and pedestrian pathways.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-6 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
VMT Reduction Strategy
The first strategy within the Decarbonize Transportation pathway is Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Reduction.
VMT is a measure of the demand for vehicle travel on public roadways, and generally, more VMT results in more GHG emissions. Reducing VMT is an important element of minimizing GHG emissions from transportation, and this
outcome is reflected in Measures T-1 through T-3 below.
Measure T-1: Adopt a hybrid work
schedule/virtual meeting policy.
When it comes to work, eliminating the need for mandatory, inperson attendance (where feasible) can be an effective strategy in reducing VMT, and thereby, GHG emissions. The actions under this measure include adopting remote or hybrid work policies and prioritizing virtual meetings, where possible.
Table 3-4 Actions Under Measure T-1: Adopt a Hybrid Work Schedule/Virtual Meeting Policy Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
T-1 OB
Adopt a remote/hybrid work policy for employees that
allows employees to work remotely 2 days a week
(telecommute eligible jobs only).
Organizations and/or
Businesses 537 616
T-1 R Work remotely 2 days a week (Solana Beach residents with telecommutable jobs only). Residents 342 386
T-1.1 Provide incentives to businesses to adopt a telecommute program/remote work policy. City (for Community)
T-1.2 Supporting Actions Adopt a remote/hybrid work policy that allows employees to work remotely one day per week.
City (Municipal
Operations)
T-1.3 Prioritize virtual meetings for regularly scheduled nonpublic meetings.
City (Municipal
Operations)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 879 1,002
Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
OB = Organizations/businesses
R = Residents
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Measure T-2: Use alternative modes for non-work trips.
Promoting and boosting alternative modes of transportation within the City, such as biking or walking, is another important tool in reducing VMT and transportation-related GHG emissions, which are reflected in the actions under this measure. The 15-Minute City, where residents can access most daily amenities within a 15-minute walk or bike ride, is a design concept that is another potential tool to reduce VMT.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-7
Table 3-5 Actions Under Measure T-2: Use Alternative Modes for Non-Work Trips Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
T-2 R Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips. Residents 596 671 T-2.1
Promote alternative environmentally friendly transportation such as bicycles, e-bicycles, shuttle services connecting major destinations, residential areas, and schools, to public transit.
City (for Community)
Supporting Actions
T-2.2 Expand pedestrian and bikeway network. City (for Community) T-2.3 Conduct an analysis at the community scale to determine options to employ the 15-Minute City concept. City (for Community) T-2.4
Increase education campaigns to improve motorist
behavior to result in a safer right of way for bicyclists and pedestrians.
City (for Community)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 596 671
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
R = Residents
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Measure T-3: Provide intra-city electric shuttle covering destinations and schools in the city.
In addition to promoting remote work and active transportation, reducing VMT can also result from increasing the number of higher-capacity vehicle options, which can reduce the number of “drive-alone” vehicle trips, or trips where the driver is the only vehicle occupant. The action under Measure T-3 below includes expanding these options, such as e-shuttles, school buses, and other forms of electric vehicle transportation.
Table 3-6 Actions Under Measure T-3: Provide Intra-City Electric Shuttle Covering Destinations and Schools in the City
Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
T-3.1
Expand transportation offerings such as e-shuttles within the community (including schools), and increase
specialized transportation options for older adults.
City (for Community) Supporting Action
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) N/A N/A
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
N/A = not applicable
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-8 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Low-Carbon Emission Vehicles Strategy
The second strategy within the Decarbonize Transportation pathway is Low-Carbon Emission Vehicles.
While reducing VMT plays a vital role in reducing GHG emissions from transportation, it goes hand-in-hand with shifting fuels powering on-road vehicles from fossil fuels to low- or zero-emission fuels. This notion is underscored in Measure T-4 and T-5 below, which is intended to support statewide initiatives to expand zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) adoption and fueling/charging infrastructure.
Measure T-4: Electrify school buses.
Providing safe and low-carbon transportation options for the youth of Solana Beach is a longer-term initiative that will be explored with local school districts. This may include exploring opportunities for reinstating school buses for drop off and pick up of students and facilitating electrification of these buses. The action under Measure T-4 will also include providing educational programs on how students can safely travel to and from school through active transportation modes.
Table 3-7 Actions Under Measure T-4: Electrify School Buses Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
T-4.1
Work with school districts to expand school bus options and provide bike, walk, and e-bike to school education
programs for all students.
City (for Community)
Supporting Actions
T-4.2
Continue to improve key corridors surrounding the City’s schools under the Safe Routes to Schools Program,
providing safe bike and walk options to students.
City (for Community)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) N/A N/A
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
N/A = not applicable
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Measure T-5: Increase electric vehicles and electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
To promote more widespread use of low- or zero-emission vehicles, this measure and its associated actions are related to expanding electric vehicles (EVs) adoption and EV charging infrastructure—the most common form of low- or zero-emission vehicles currently available on the market. GHG emissions reductions for Measure T-5 are not quantified directly as increases in ZEV adoption are already considered in the legislative-adjusted BAU emissions forecast (see Appendix A for more details). However, available and working EV charging infrastructure in cities is a critical component for successful adoption of EVs by residents and businesses.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-9
Table 3-8 Actions Under Measure T-5: Increase Electric Vehicles and Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
T-5 OB1 100% ZEV purchased by 2035. Organizations and/or Businesses
Supporting Actions
T-5 R1 100% ZEV purchased by 2035. Residents
T-5.1 Provide information to the residents on ZEV rebate opportunities (federal and State incentives) City (for Community) T-5.2
Conduct a public electric vehicle charging station inventory and needs assessment to determine how many new
publicly accessible charging stations need to be installed within the community to meet current and future needs.
City (for Community);
Organizations and/or
Businesses
T-5.3
Apply for funding for public chargers and explore
partnerships to increase publicly accessible charging
stations within the community.
City (for Community)
T-5.4
Work with SDG&E/CEA to identify the areas that need
updated infrastructure for supplying enough electricity for charging stations.
City (for Community)
T-5.52 50% ZEVs purchased by 2025; 100% ZEVs purchased by 2027.
City (Municipal
Operations)
T-5.6 Develop a fleet electrification transition plan. City (Municipal Operations)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) N/A N/A
1 Supports State Advanced Clean Car II Regulations 2 Supports State Advanced Clean Fleets Regulation MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
CEA = Clean Energy Alliance
DC = direct current
N/A = not applicable
NEVI = National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Formula Program OB = Organizations/businesses
R = Residents
SDG&E = San Diego Gas and Electric
ZEV = zero-emission vehicle.
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-10 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
3.3.2 Decarbonize Buildings Pathway
Decarbonize Buildings is another important pathway in this CAP Update because, similar to transportation, building energy is a significant contributor to GHG emissions within the City. Specifically, emissions from electricity and natural gas sources accounted for 32 percent of the City’s total GHG emissions in 2016. While State legislation and regulations have, and will continue, to reduce building energy related GHG emissions in the future, the City still has a role to play in further reducing these emissions locally. Table 3-9 below displays all the measures and their associated GHG emissions reductions (for 2035 and 2045) for this pathway, organized by strategy.
Table 3-9 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Decarbonize Buildings Pathway Strategy Measure # Measure
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
Increase
Energy
Efficiency
B-1 Implement energy efficiency measures. 1,064 2,124
Electrify
Appliances &
Equipment
B-2 Build electric-ready new construction. N/A N/A
B-3 Incentivize replacement of gas appliances at end-of-life with electric appliances. 2,275 4,536
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 3,339 6,660
Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Increase Energy Efficiency Strategy
The first strategy within the Decarbonize Buildings pathway is Increase Energy Efficiency. Increasing energy efficiency will reduce grid energy demand during peak hours and the amount of fossil fuels used to power buildings that rely on them, thereby reducing GHG emissions and energy costs for community members.
Measure B-1 includes actions aimed at increasing energy efficiency in buildings.
Measure B-1: Implement energy efficiency measures.
The City intends to provide residents with the means to improve energy efficiency of their homes and businesses by sharing information about available rebates and incentives and implementing structural change to influence energy conservation actions. The City will also explore development of energy and water building benchmarking and performance standards for existing buildings. These concepts are reflected in the actions below.
Decarbonize Buildings Vision
• Commercial and residential appliances are able to be converted to electric and/or energy efficient options.
• Homeowners and businesses are able to adequately afford and take advantage of new electrification and energy efficiency improvement opportunities. • All new residential and nonresidential construction within Solana Beach can be fully electric.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-11
Table 3-10 Actions Under Measure B-1: Implement Energy Efficiency Measures Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
B-1 OB Replace 50% commercial appliances at end-of-life with more energy efficient and EnergyStar appliances.
Organizations and/or
Businesses 44 87
B-1 R Replace 50% residential appliances at end-of-life with more energy efficient and EnergyStar appliances Residents 1,020 2,037 B-1.1 Develop Energy and Water Building Benchmarking and Performance Standards for existing buildings. City (for Community) Supporting Actions
B-1.2
Promote incentives to improve the efficiency of electricity consumption (e.g., smart load management, energy
monitoring devices, LED lighting).
City (for Community)
B-1.3 Promote rate structures that incentivize shifting of loads to reduce grid impacts (e.g., dynamic pricing). City (for Community) B-1.4
Identify programs with SDG&E/CEA for residential
weatherization retrofits, prioritizing residents with health concerns and seniors.
City (for Community)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 1,064 2,124
Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
LED = light-emitting diode
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
OB = Organizations/businesses
R = Residents
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Electrify Appliances & Equipment Strategy
The second strategy within the Decarbonize Buildings pathway is Electrify Appliances & Equipment. The City has included measures to support the State’s Green Building Code and construction of electric-ready new buildings. Additionally, the City has included actions to incentivize replacing gas appliances with electric appliances ,at the end of useful and efficient life. Successful implementation of these measures would meaningfully reduce GHG emissions from building energy use.
Measure B-2: Build electric-ready new construction.
Ensuring that new construction—both residential and nonresidential—is built to be electric-ready is crucial in reducing GHG emissions from building energy use. Fossil fuel infrastructure is still common in many buildings for basic necessities, such as cooking or heating, so disincentivizing future use of fossil-fuel appliances in favor of all-electric alternatives would result in significant GHG reductions.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-12 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Table 3-11 Actions Under Measure B-2: Build Electric-ready New Construction Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
B-2.1
Implement Building Electrification Ordinances 528 and
529 for new construction related to EV charging and solar requirements.
City (for Community) N/A N/A
B-2.2
Starting January 1, 2026, implement the 2025 California Building Code. Consider electrification codes/ordinances, such as Building Performance Standards, if necessary, to provide electrification options.
City (for Community) Supporting Action
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) N/A N/A
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Measure B-3: Incentivize replacement of gas appliances at end-of-life with electric appliances.
This measure and its associated actions are aimed at replacing fossil-fueled powered appliances and equipment, which release GHGs, with electric alternatives, such as heat pumps, which do not produce GHG emissions when used.
Table 3-12 Actions Under Measure B-3: Incentivize Replacement of Gas Appliances at End-of-Life with Electric Appliances
Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
B-3 OB Incentivize replacement of 50% of gas appliances at endof-life with electric appliances.
Organizations and/or
Businesses Supporting Actions
B-3 R Incentivize replacement of 50% of residential gas appliances (at end-of-life with electric appliances. Residents 2,275 4,536 B-3.1
Identify and cultivate programs, financing, and technologies which will promote the replacement of methane gas with
electricity.
City (for Community)
Supporting Actions
B-3.2 Promote incentives to electrify gas appliances and equipment. City (for Community)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 2,275 4,536
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
OB = Organizations/businesses
R = Residents
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-13
3.3.3 Decarbonize Electric Supply Pathway
In tandem with decarbonizing buildings through new construction or replacing appliances at the end of life, the Decarbonize Electric Supply pathway involves replacing electric service options with lower- or zerocarbon options to ensure that the source of the electricity produces minimal GHG emissions. In 2018, the City created the first CCA in San Diego County, Solana Energy Alliance, now known as Clean Energy Alliance (CEA). Solana Beach residents and businesses were automatically moved to CEA’s 50% renewable energy and 75% carbon-free product. Customers have the option to opt-up to 100% renewable energy or opt-out and return to SDG&E. In 2023, the City opted-up all municipal accounts to the 100% renewable energy product. Table 3-13 displays all the measures and their associated GHG emissions reductions (for 2035 and 2045) for this pathway, organized by strategy.
Table 3-13 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Decarbonize Electric Supply Pathway Strategy Measure # Measure
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
Increase Renewable
Energy Sources E-1 Increase to 100% renewable electricity citywide. 1,029 N/A Increase PV Capacity and
Decentralize Energy
Storage Capacity
E-2 Increase installation of photovoltaic and battery storage. 2,688 5,468 Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 3,718 5,468
Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
N/A = not applicable
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Increase Renewable Energy Sources Strategy
The first strategy within the Decarbonize Electric Supply pathway is Increase Renewable Energy Sources.
Ensuring that electricity is produced and delivered by renewable energy sources, rather than by fossil fuels, is an important component in reducing GHG emissions within the city. Measure E-1 directly reflects the idea of increasing renewable energy sources.
Decarbonize Electric Supply Vision
• Every resident and business chooses to purchase 100% renewable electricity through Clean Energy Alliance.
• Carbon-free electricity generated through on-site solar makes up more than half of the Solana Beach's electricity supply.
• Residents and businesses are confident knowing grid reliability will rarely be an issue through deployment of solar, battery storage, and microgrids.
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Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-14 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Measure E-1: Increase to 100% renewable electricity citywide.
Equally as important as physical electrification efforts throughout the city (e.g., as described in the Decarbonize Buildings pathway) are efforts to ensure that the electricity being used within the city is produced and delivered by renewable sources that do not produce GHG emissions. These efforts, with the ultimate goal of increasing to 100 percent renewable electricity citywide, are described further in the actions under this measure.
Table 3-14 Actions Under Measure E-1: Increase to 100% Renewable Electricity Citywide Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
E-1 OB Achieve 97% participation in CEA default option. Organizations and/or Businesses
985 N/A E-1 R Achieve 97% participation in CEA's default option. Residents E-1.1
Make CEA’s 100 percent renewable/carbon free electricity option the default option for Solana Beach by 2035, or as soon as CEA deems possible
City (for Community)
E-1.2 Enroll all municipal electricity accounts to CEA's 100% renewable/carbon free option by 2025.
City (Municipal
Operations) 44 N/A
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 1,029 N/A
Notes: Columns may not add to totals due to rounding.
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
N/A = not applicable
OB = Organizations/businesses
R = Residents
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Increase Photovoltaic Capacity and Decentralize Energy Storage Capacity Strategy
The second strategy within the Decarbonize Electric Supply pathway is Increase Photovoltaic (PV) Capacity and Decentralize Energy Storage Capacity. Increasing the amount of local solar power that is produced, along with expanding the use of decentralized, clean energy storage, can simultaneously reduce GHG emissions and build longer-term resilience to potential planned or unplanned grid outages. Measure E-2 directly reflects this goal.
Measure E-2: Increase installation of photovoltaic and battery storage.
The actions under Measure E-2 outline more specific ways in which PV capacity can be increased and energy storage capacity can be decentralized within the city, including promoting the growth of rooftop PV, identifying sites for community solar, incentivizing energy storage, and further considering microgrids installation in the city.
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Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-15
Table 3-15 Actions Under Measure E-2: Increase Installation of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
E-2 OB Achieve total 43 MW PV capacity (approximately equivalent to 50% electric self-sufficiency in the city).
Organizations and/or
Businesses
2,688 5,468
E-2 R Achieve total 43 MW PV capacity (approximately equivalent to 50% electric self-sufficiency in the city). Residents E-2.1
Identify sites suitable for Community Solar (including over parking lots) to meet the City’s electric demand that is not met by rooftop PV.
City (for Community)
Supporting Actions
E-2.2
Promote the growth of rooftop PV in Solana Beach toward what is needed for greater than 50% electric selfsufficiency.
City (for Community)
E-2.3 Promote local incentives for energy storage (including cars and buses). City (for Community)
E-2.4 Consider third-party microgrid(s) in Solana Beach. City (for Community) E-2.5
Complete an analysis to identify and evaluate opportunities to install renewable energy generation and energy storage projects at municipal facilities, including parking lots.
City (Municipal
Operations)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 2,688 5,468
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
MW = megawatt
OB = Organizations/businesses
PV = photovoltaic
R = Residents
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent. l
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Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-16 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
3.3.4 Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions Pathway
The Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions pathway is unlike the other pathways presented in this chapter because instead of reducing GHG emissions from existing inventory sectors like the other pathways, it is focused on removing GHGs from the atmosphere through expanding trees and vegetation throughout the City. This can ultimately be equated as GHG emissions reductions, as shown in Table 3-16 below, but technically is not. The table below displays the two measures and their associated GHG emissions reductions (for 2035 and 2045) for this pathway, organized by strategy.
Table 3-16 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions Pathway Strategy Measure # Measure
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
Restore and
Enhance Natural
and Working
Lands
CS-1 Increase urban canopy cover. 964 1,021
CS-2 Use native or drought tolerant species at landscape areas. Supporting Measure Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 964 1,021
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Restore and Enhance Natural and Working Lands Strategy
To help promote land use and natural climate solutions, the sole strategy for this pathway is Restore and Enhance Natural and Working Lands. If planted and responsibly maintained on a broad scale, trees and vegetation can capture and store extraordinary amounts of carbon from the atmosphere and can also result in a wide array of co-benefits. Related to this, Measures CS-1, CS-2, and their associated actions are presented below.
Measure CS-1: Increase urban canopy cover.
This measure and its associated actions are intended to significantly expand vegetation and the urban tree canopy within the city. While trees and vegetation do not reduce GHG emissions in the traditional sense, they do capture and remove carbon from the atmosphere, which can be equated to “reductions” based on the scale of tree and vegetation expansion.
Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions Vision
• All residents and visitors can enjoy the abundance of trees and greenery Solana Beach has to offer, while taking advantage of the numerous co-benefits they will provide, such as improved air quality and shade on hot, sunny days.
• All vegetation in the city is able to thrive and be resilient when exposed to climate stressors, such as high heat, dry spells, or heavy precipitation.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-17
Table 3-17 Actions Under Measure CS-1: Increase Urban Canopy Cover Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
CS-1 OB
Increase urban canopy cover to 30% of developed land
(now 22%). Use native, climate-appropriate, low-water, and non-invasive trees and shrubs in landscaping.
Organizations and/or
Businesses
964 1,021
CS-1 R
Increase urban canopy cover to 30% of developed land
(now 22%). Use native, climate-appropriate, low-water, and non-invasive trees and shrubs in landscaping.
Residents
CS-1.1 Conduct an inventory to assess tree cover in the city. City (for Community) Supporting Actions
CS-1.2 Provide free trees or incentives for trees for residents and commercial developments. City (for Community)
CS-1.3 Develop a comprehensive communitywide urban forestry plan and adopt a tree canopy coverage percentage target. City (for Community) CS-1.4
Increase plantings of climate-appropriate trees, shrubs, and low-water non-invasive shade trees in public parks and
spaces.
City (Municipal
Operations)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 964 1,021
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
OB = Organizations/businesses
R = Residents
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Measure CS-2: Use native or drought tolerant species at landscape areas.
Measure CS-2 aims to encourage community members that manage landscaped areas to plant drought tolerant and low-water use vegetation through consideration of a water benchmarking program. This program could take various forms with the overall goal of making community members more aware of the amount of water used for landscaping and urge them to replace high water-consuming landscaped areas with more climate friendly options.
Table 3-18 Actions Under Measure CS-2: Use Native or Drought Tolerant Species at Landscape Areas Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
CS-2 Consider Energy and Water Building Benchmarking and Performance Standards for existing buildings. City (for Community) Supporting Action Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) N/A N/A
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
N/A = not applicable
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-18 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
3.3.5 Circular Economy & Food Systems Pathway
In general, a circular economy refers to a sustainable model of resource production and consumption. For this CAP Update specifically, the Circular Economy & Food System pathway is related to reducing solid waste through landfill diversion, organic materials source reduction, reuse, upcycling, and recycling, and reducing food waste. Solid waste accounted for 3 percent of the City’s total GHG emissions in 2016, and successfully implementing the measure presented in Table 3-18 below could help meaningfully reduce solid waste emissions in the City, as shown with the associated GHG emissions reductions for 2035 and 2045.
Table 3-19 Summary of GHG Reduction Measures – Circular Economy & Food Systems Pathway Strategy Measure # Measure
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
Waste
Reduction
W-1 Divert solid waste from landfill. 2,258 2,678
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 2,258 2,678
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent.
Waste Reduction Strategy
To help promote a circular economy and food system, the sole strategy for this pathway is Waste Reduction.
Reducing waste and promoting sustainability through waste-related processes (e.g., recovery of food waste) can provide major contributions to GHG reduction. Measure W-1 and its associated actions directly reflect this goal.
Measure W-1: Divert solid waste from landfill.
The actions under Measure W-1 are primarily geared towards diverting solid waste from landfills and educating the community on organic materials source reduction, reuse, upcycling, and recycling, and food waste and recovery. Diverting organic waste from landfills directly avoids methane emissions from waste decomposition.
Circular Economy & Food Systems Vision
• All residents are educated and conscious of the core principles of waste reduction, including reduction, reuse, upcycling, and recycling.
• 90% of waste generated in Solana Beach is diverted from landfills for more beneficial reuse.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 3-19
Table 3-20 Actions Under Measure W-1: Divert Solid Waste from Landfill Action # Action Description Actor
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2035 2045
W-1 OB
Divert 90% waste from landfill by 2045 (equivalent to
achieving 1.8 lbs per capita per day waste disposal, today
4.6 Ibs/day1).
Organizations and/or
Businesses
2,258 2,678
W-1 R
Divert 90% waste from landfill by 2045 (equivalent to
achieving 1.8 lbs per capita per day waste disposal, today
4.6 Ibs/day).
Residents
W-1.1
Develop an education program to raise awareness about
organic materials source reduction, reuse, upcycling,
recycling, and composting.
City (for Community)
Supporting Actions W-1.2
Develop a communitywide, coordinated education
campaign to raise awareness about food waste and
recovery.
City (for Community)
W-1.3
Increase enforcement presence to ensure compliance with recently modified City Recycling Ordinance and increase waste diversion (in alignment with SB1383).
City (for Community)
Total GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO2e) 2,258 2,678
lbs = pounds
MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
OB = Organizations/businesses
R = Residents
Source: Calculations conducted by EPIC; table compiled by Ascent. 1 Calculated by EPIC using Cal Recycle Jurisdictional waste data and Census population estimates.
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures 3-20 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
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Chapter 4 Climate Adaptation
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 4-1
4.1 Introduction
Climate change is a global phenomenon that over the long-term has the potential for a wide variety of impacts on human health and safety, economic continuity, water supply, ecosystem function, and the provision of basic services. Locally, climate change is already affecting and will continue to affect the physical environment throughout California, the San Diego region, and the City of Solana Beach (City). As a result of Executive Order (EO) S-13-08, the California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA) developed the Safeguarding California Plan (CRNA 2018a), which integrates the State’s climate adaptation strategy with public and private entities at the local, regional, state and federal levels. However, because impacts of climate change vary by location due to physical, social, and economic characteristics, it is important to identify the projected severity these impacts could have in the City.
Periodic scientific examinations of the potential impacts of climate change in California are carried out by statewide climate change assessments. The fourth and most recent assessment—California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment—includes findings for nine regions and different communities, including the San Diego Region and Coast and Ocean Communities. For the San Diego region, these key findings are summarized in Section 4.3.
Some of the climate change effects in this report refer to this Fourth California Climate Change Assessment (CRNA 2018b) and references therein. Additional references are as noted. Furthermore, Cal-Adapt (Cal-Adapt 2019) a climate change scenario planning tool, was used to acquire city and location specific information which was not available in the Assessment. Using Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA), Cal-Adapt downscales global climate simulation model data to local and regional resolution for two possible climate change projections, one in which emissions peak around 2040 and then decline (Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] 4.5) and another in which emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century (RCP 8.5) in a business-as-usual scenario. Figure 4-1 provides an overview of the global carbon dioxide emissions scenarios under RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5. Within the CAP Update, the City has referenced both for informational purposes.
Figure 4-1 Future Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) Scenarios used in Cal-Adapt Source: Meinshausen, M., Smith, S., et al. 2011.
0 5
10 15
20 25
30 35
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Annual Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions
(Gigatons CO2)
Year
RCP 4.5 RCP 8.5
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 4 Climate Adaptation
4-2 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
4.2 Climate Effects and Solana Beach Adaptation
Strategies
This section describes how the regional climate change effects highlighted in Section 4.3 could be felt locally. It also defines the specific steps necessary to prepare for the future effects of a changing climate and ensuring equity throughout implementation. These adaptation strategies build upon current efforts to be proactive, more sustainable, resilient, and equitable. It is important to note that many of these strategies also have the potential to provide other important co-benefits to the community. The City’s General Plan already contains a number of policies aimed at maintaining balanced land use throughout the City; promoting the protection, maintenance, and use of natural resources; preserving and rehabilitating neighborhoods and commercial areas; and achieving and sustaining a high quality of life for citizens and visitors.
The City’s climate adaptation strategies are grouped into the eight categories listed below. The effect of these categories on public health and safety will be collectively described in the Public Health section.
Additionally, the City has identified three Climate Justice strategies (see below) that can be applied to all of the City’s climate adaptation strategies.
Increase in Temperatures and Extreme Heat;
Variable Water Supplies;
Increased Risk of Wildfire;
Coastal Erosion and Sea Level Rise;
Flooding;
Increased Energy System Demand;
Threats to Coastal Habitat; and
Threats to Public Health.
Equity and more specifically, climate justice, embrace “the concept that no group of people should disproportionately bear the burden of climate impacts or the costs of mitigation and adaptation” (Cooley, et al. 2012) (Roos 2018). This is especially true since people who are the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change and have the fewest resources to adapt are also the least responsible for the world’s increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Below are overarching strategies that should be applied throughout the implementation of Chapter 4.
Strategy 1: Identify at-risk populations. Determine which individuals or populations in Solana Beach would be sensitive to, and, therefore, vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Coordinate with groups currently engaging these populations.
Strategy 2: Target efforts towards at-risk populations. Ensure that vulnerable individuals have the means to respond in threatening climate-driven situations such as being able to evacuate in case of flooding or fires; and/or have the means to protect their respiratory health if a nearby wildfire degrades air quality.
Strategy 3: Perform more education and outreach. Emphasize the benefits and harm of local actions to vulnerable communities worldwide.
Chapter 4 Climate Adaptation
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 4-3
4.2.1 Increase in Temperatures and Extreme Heat
Climate change will impact regional temperatures in a number of ways including average temperatures, highs and lows, geographic patterns and extreme heat events. Annual temperatures in the San Diego region are projected to climb steadily over the next 50-75 years (Figure 4-2). By the end of the century, yearly average temperatures are expected to increase by 4 to 6 ºF (~2.2 to 3.3 ºC) under RCP 4.5, the low emissions scenario, and by 7 to 10 ºF (3.6 to 5.8 ºC) under RCP 8.5, the high emissions scenario.
Figure 4-2 A Map Showing the Average Tmax Increase at Early, Mid and End of Century Relative to 1976- 2005 Climatology for RCP 4.5 (top) and RCP 8.5 (bottom) Source: Kalansky, et al. 2018.
Increase in lows and highs. In addition to the average temperature, average annual low and high temperatures are also projected to increase, with lows typically associated with nighttime temperatures.
Average historical low and high temperatures for Solana Beach over the period of 1961 to 1990 are 53.4 ºF and 73.4 ºF, respectively. Cal-Adapt calculations for the period of 2070 to 2099 projects an annual average increase in low temperatures from 53.4 ºF to 58.1 ºF (RCP 4.5) and 61.2 ºF (RCP 8.5), and an annual average high temperature increase from 73.4 ºF to 77.8 ºF (RCP 4.5) and 80.6 ºF (RCP 8.5), respectively.
Geographic temperature variations. Atmospheric temperatures vary from the coast to inland areas usually because of prevailing winds bringing cooler oceanic air masses and marine cloud layers. As the planet warms, the amount of summer warming in the interior regions of San Diego County is projected to exceed that along the immediate coastal margin by more than 32.9 ºF by mid-21st century. At the end of the century (2070-2100), under RCP 8.5, the average hottest day per year is projected to increase from 90-100 ºF to 100-110 ºF near the coast, and from 105-115 ºF to 110-125 ºF in the deserts (Guirguis, et al. 2018a). 32,5
32.0 yearly avg Tmax change by 2006-2039 rcp45
deg-F
•Eacondfdo
Son Diego
·Tifuono
•EnHnodo
•Solton S
10CAGCMs
- 1185 - 11 80 - 11 75 - 117,0 - 1165 - 116,0 - 11 55
33.5 33,0
32.5 32.0
10 yearly avg Tmax change by 2006-2039 rcp85
•Hemet
•Solton S
deg- F •EnHnado 10CAGCMs
- 11 8,5 - 11 80 - 11 75 - 116,0 - 11 55
10 yearly avg Tmax change by 2040-2069 rcp45
•Hemet
33.0 32 5
32.0 deg-F •Enunado 10CAGCMs
- 1185 - 1180 - 1175 - 1160 - 1155
J4 0
33 5
330
325
32.0 10
yearly avg Tmax change by 2040-2069 rcp85
deg- F
- 1185 - 1180 - 1175
yearly avg Tmax change by 2070-2100 rcp45
34.0 •Hemet
335
33.0 325
32.0 deg-F
- 1185 - 1180 - 11 7,5
yearly avg Tmax change by 2070-2100 rcp85
32.5 32.0 deg-F
- 118.5 - 1180 - 11 75
Chapter 4 Climate Adaptation
4-4 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Increase in extreme heat events and heat waves. Climate change is also expected to result in an increase in extreme heat events (i.e., days per year when the maximum temperature is above the extreme heat threshold of 92.1 °F). Historically, Solana Beach has experienced an average of 5 extreme heat days from 1961 to 1990. Using LOCA downscaling for Solana Beach, Cal-Adapt projections show average number of extreme heat days increasing to 12 and 31 for the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively, over the period between 2070 and 2099. Similarly, the maximum duration or longest stretch of consecutive extreme heat days is also expected to increase.
Four consecutive extreme heat days is considered to be a heat wave. Although the relationship between background warming and probability of a heat wave occurrence is currently not well understood (Guirguis, et al. 2018b), observations indicate that heat waves in the region have become more humid, with warmer nighttime temperatures (Gershunov, et al. 2009) (Gershunov & Guirguis 2012). High humidity can exacerbate the impacts of heat on health. Heat waves, which have historically occurred between late June and mid-October, are also projected to occur both earlier and later in the season.
There are some existing measures in place, regionally, to address the negative impacts of increased temperature. For example, the county has established regional cool zones (County of San Diego 2019) to provide residents a refuge during extreme heat events. The Solana Beach Library is the closest cool zone for residents and is open during typical daytime hours during extreme heat days. As increasingly humid heat waves drive up nighttime temperatures, it will also be important to identify cool zones that may be open at night. A number of other measures relating to human health and energy resources, for example, are addressed in other sections.
Strategies to Prepare for Increase in Temperatures and Extreme Heat Strategy 1: Coordinate response with relevant agencies. Coordinate response with relevant agencies to better plan and prepare emergency services associated with extreme heat events including an influx of visitors to the beach. Efforts should include improving Heat-Health Alert Warning Systems and identifying key vulnerable populations and individuals within the City.
Strategy 2: Reduce urban heating and promote passive cooling. Incorporate green infrastructure strategies into new and existing infrastructure to mitigate the effects of extreme heat events by reducing the area of heat-absorbing paved surfaces and increasing landscaping. Examples include: 1) climate-appropriate landscaping like shade trees; 2) heat-reflective surfaces and materials; and 3) promoting solar carports on new and existing parking lots, which both mitigates heat absorption and increases shaded areas.
Strategy 3: Incentivize energy efficient cooling. Use the California Building Standards Code (CalGreen) voluntary measures for residential and nonresidential buildings to improve energy efficiency (e.g., air sealing improvements, whole house fans, energy efficient air-conditioning units).
Strategy 4: Prepare population for extreme heat events. Educate City residents on the health risks associated with extreme heat events and strategies including advertising local cooling zones. Particular focus should be given to educating vulnerable populations including children, those with pre-existing conditions, and the elderly. The City should identify organizations who already connect with these individuals to facilitate outreach and education.
Strategy 5: Protect worker safety. Work with local and regional employers to ensure worker protection measures are in place for extreme heat events. Measures may include assurance of adequate water, shade, rest breaks, and training on heat risks for all employees working in the City.
Chapter 4 Climate Adaptation
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 4-5
4.2.2 Variable Water Supplies
While projections generally show little change in total annual precipitation in California or the Southwestern United States, climate change is projected to increase temperatures, evapotranspiration and the variability of precipitation in the region leading to periods of prolonged drought and extreme rain events, both of which can have significant negative impacts to the City. A decrease in rain will impact local water supplies, habitat, and an increase in wildfire risk, whereas an increase in rainfall could lead to localized flooding.
Fresh water is supplied to the City by the Santa Fe Irrigation District (SFID). Only a small proportion of this water supply (10 to 20%) comes from local sources which are dependent upon local precipitation and, consequently, is highly variable. The majority of water provided by the SFID comes from the San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA). SDCWA sources most of its water from outside the county, predominantly from the Colorado River. Colorado River water is either provided via the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWDSC) or via water transfer agreements with the Imperial Irrigation District.
Additionally, there is a smaller external supplement to the SDCWA from the Sierra snowpack water through the MWDSC. Consequently, water availability to the City is linked both to local and regional changes in precipitation and weather patterns. All of these natural water supplies are projected to decrease due to a combination of the warmer climate in the region, changes in precipitation patterns, increased evapotranspiration, especially in the Colorado River watershed, changes in river flow timing caused by rainfall instead of snow at higher elevations, especially in the Sierras, and more frequent and severe periods of drought in the region. Future water supplies from the Sierras are also expected to be affected by the CALFED program, which is trying to balance water supplies with environmental goals for the SacramentoSan Joaquin River Delta, as well as the amount, timing, and availability of freshwater associated with the Sierra snowpack. Thus, the City will face increasing challenges providing adequate water supplies and users could face shortages in normal or dry years.
In preparation for a reduced and less predictable water supply, local water authorities are working to find alternative sources and diversify the water supply. In 2015, the Poseidon desalination plant in Carlsbad was opened and is currently producing 50 million gallons of water per day in the San Diego County Water Authority supply, which is about 10% of its total. Local water authorities are also moving towards purifying wastewater for potable reuse. The San Diego County Water Authority aims to increase potable reuse to 17% of the county water supply by 2035. Potable reuse is typically less expensive than desalination and is considered an important drought-proof compliment to a portfolio of water sources.
Some adaptation programs targeting variable water supplies are already in place at the City. Solana Beach and Encinitas operate the San Elijo Water Reclamation Project (SEWRP) through the San Elijo Joint Power Authority (SEJPA). Currently, some of the wastewater stream is processed into recycled (purple pipe) water that can be used for landscaping, agriculture, gardening, etc., by the surrounding communities in place of potable water. Other initiatives include 1) the ability for residents to report water waste to the City online or via the City’s app; 2) City requirements that new homes use drought-tolerant landscape alternatives, and 3) the City prioritizing drought tolerant landscaping on public rights-of-way.
Strategies to Prepare for Variable Water Supplies
Strategy 1: Drought related public education. Educate the public about water conservation programs; methods to report water waste; rainwater catchment systems; and provide resources for the conversion to drought-tolerant landscaping including type of vegetation and low flow irrigation systems.
Strategy 2: Increase local recycled potable water supplies. The SFID purchases recycled water from the SEJPA which is jointly owned by the City and its neighbor Encinitas. The City should advocate for increasing recycled water supplies with specific emphasis on the development of potable reuse.
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4-6 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Strategy 3: Maintain recycled water infrastructure and distribution. Maintain recycled water distribution infrastructure (purple pipes) throughout the City to maximize the use of recycled water that is produced at the SEJPA facility. The City will continue to work with SFID to explore which water strategies are best as technology improves and changes, including potable recycled water.
Strategy 4: Conduct study of stormwater capture and reuse options and costs. Quantify stormwater capture potential and coordinate with SFID and the SEJPA to determine the desirability and feasibility to incorporate rainwater into the City’s water supply. Explore centralized versus distributed stormwater capture possibilities. Evaluate costs/benefits of potential projects.
4.2.3 Increased Risk of Wildfire
Drought conditions and rising temperatures associated with climate change have already increased the likelihood of large wildfires. Wildfires in the San Diego region now occur throughout the year, but primarily during late summer and early fall. An increased incidence of wildfires contributes to property damage, direct injuries and mortality, and indirect health effects from air pollution. One of the main areas of concern is the wildland-urban interface (WUI). In Solana Beach, WUI exists along the northern and eastern edge where the City abuts San Elijo Lagoon, San Dieguito Park, and the unincorporated community of Rancho Santa Fe.
There are a number of entities within and adjacent to the City that have developed strategies to mitigate increased wildfire risk. The Rancho Santa Fe has completed a Forest Health Study and is working with adjacent groups, such as the San Dieguito River Park, as well as its residents to remove dead or dying trees and brush on private property or county land, especially in the river valleys, and replant with more sustainable varieties. The Nature Collective (formerly the San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy), in cooperation with the local Fire Department, works with residents to thin excessive vegetation from areas near homes and maintain defensible space in the WUI.
San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E) maintains a real time county wide meteorological and wildfire monitoring system (see “Everything in Our Power” video on YouTube produced by SDG&E [SDG&E 2019]) to suppress wildfire potential and improve response time to fire initiation (www.alertca.live). They also actively remove or trim the trees and other vegetation in the vicinity of the transmission lines and facilities that are part of its electrical grid. As a last resort, SDG&E can also cut power to communities during high wind or storm events to avoid wildfires. Finally, the Solana Beach Fire Department has a list of strategies and goals to both reduce GHG emissions and address increased wildfire risk.
In January 2009, the City along with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), County of San Diego, and the San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy prepared the San Elijo Lagoon Vegetation Management Plan and signed a second more specific MOU for the purpose of establishing a vegetation management program for the lands in and adjacent to the lagoon (City of Solana Beach 2009). This program maximizes the protection of natural resources and minimizes the risk from wildfire in the City along the San Elijo Lagoon. Fire hazard-related policies are consolidated in Chapter 4 of the City’s Land Use Plan (LUP) (City of Solana Beach 2019).
Strategies to Prepare for Increased Risk of Wildfire
Strategy 1: Increase fire resistance through landscaping and defensible space. Conduct a health survey of trees and vegetation within the City boundaries. Promote the use of fire-resistant landscaping and defensible space, and provide associated educational materials to residents.
Strategy 2: Continue to update the Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MHMP). Update the MHMP (County of San Diego 2020a) every five years as required and work to implement all strategies in the City’s current MHMP.
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Strategy 4: Increase resident participation in the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT).
Promote and encourage residents to enroll in the CERT program which educates citizens about disaster preparedness for hazards and trains them in basic disaster response skills.
Strategy 5: Fire prevention awareness. Educate the public on fire prevention and preparedness including:
1) mitigation strategies to reduce loss of life, property damage, and impacts to natural resources; 2) evacuations and early warning systems; 3) large animal evacuations; 4) fuel/vegetation management; 5) hardening of structures; and 6) ignition source reductions.
4.2.4 Coastal Erosion and Sea Level Rise
One consequence of climate change that will disproportionately impact coastal communities is sea level rise.
Sea level rise is primarily caused by the addition of water from the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers and the expansion of water from warming. While future projections vary, especially because of uncertainties about the rate of ice loss in the major ice sheets of the world, the recent report developed by the California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) projects that by the year 2100, sea levels may rise by approximately 2.4 to 6.9 feet, (0.7 to 2.1 meters) with the potential for an extreme scenario of 10.2 feet of sea level rise caused by more rapid ice sheet loss in Greenland and Antarctica (Ocean Protection Council 2018). While the California coast regularly experiences erosion, flooding, and significant storm events, sea level rise will exacerbate these natural forces, leading to significant social, environmental, and economic impacts. The state encourages the use of the more extreme scenarios for local planning of projects with a lifetime greater than 50 years.
The estuaries that form the northern and southern boundaries of the City are not within city limits; as a result, this section focuses on the issues associated with the beaches and bluffs within city limits. Solana Beach has
1.7 miles of narrow beach, backed by 75-foot-tall bluffs, of which more than 50 percent are protected by some type of shoreline protection device (e.g., seawall) and nearly all have houses or condominiums built on top. While bluff erosion is a natural process, it has accelerated in Solana Beach over the last several decades due, in part to, the damming of rivers and armoring of bluffs which historically contributed to the natural sand supply. Sea level rise is expected to further accelerate this erosion. A 2018 USGS study projects that coastal cliffs from Santa Barbara to San Diego may crumble at more than twice the historical rate by the year 2100 as sea levels rise (Limber, et al. 2018).
In recognition of existing and future bluff erosion as a significant concern, the City has taken a number of steps to manage its actively eroding shoreline (Figure 4-3). For example, it has worked with the California Coastal Commission (CCC) for over a decade to approve its Local Coastal Program (LCP) Land Use Plan (LUP). The City is currently working on the associated Implementation Plan, which is needed before the CCC will certify the LCP. This LUP outlines policies incorporating the best available science to address proposals for improvements to and redevelopment of the existing blufftop homes. These proposals and improvements include long-term shoreline and blufftop development standards that; 1) prevent the complete armoring and hardening of the City’s bluffs, 2) require alternatives analysis and site reassessment when considering any approval or reauthorization of lower, mid or upper bluff protective work, 3) restrict additions and improvements to non-conforming structures that perpetuate an inappropriate line of development in a hazardous location; and 4) clarify what legitimate repair/maintenance activities can continue on nonconforming blufftop residences (City of Solana Beach 2014).
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Figure 4-3 Bluff Collapse in Solana Beach September 13, 2019 In addition, the City and Encinitas have been working for almost two decades as the local sponsors of a 50- year U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Coastal Storm Damage Reduction Project (US Army Corps of Engineers 2020). A full array of structural and non-structural measures including, but not limited to, managed retreat, breakwaters, artificial reefs, and seawalls were evaluated to determine if they met the project objectives and were economically justified given different sea level rise scenarios. The preferred alternatives were then evaluated to determine if implementation would result in environmental impacts. Beach nourishment with sand from offshore borrow sites was determined to be the least environmentally damaging and practical alternative.
The plan and environmental permitting were completed and in February of 2020, it was announced that the USACE would allocate $400,000 in federal funding for the Planning, Engineering & Design (PED) phase of the project. From January to February 2024, 700,000 cubic yards of sand was added to the Solana Beach shoreline from just south of Tide Park public beach stairway to the southern City limits. The sand for the beach was recovered from an offshore sand deposit offshore of the San Dieguito River mouth and was brought via a dredge connected to a pipeline onshore. The project will be repeated approximately every 10 years over the next 50 years for a total sand volume of 2.1 million cubic yards and the creation of almost 25 acres of new beach area for use by the public.
The City recognizes that while beach replenishment is a good option for the short-term, in the long-term other options such as managed retreat will need to be more seriously explored. This is especially true as land reclamation, industrialization, population growth and urbanization also continue to fuel explosive growth in the demand for sand, prompting many to question the sustainability of this valuable global resource (UN Environment Programme 2019).
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Strategies to Prepare for Coastal Erosion and Sea Level Rise Strategy 1: Infrastructure protection. Incorporate the best available coastal research into long- term, capital improvement projects, such as improvements to public access stairways and the Marine Safety Building.
Strategy 2: Beach replenishment. Implement and expand upon the short- and long-term sediment management programs identified in the Solana Beach & Encinitas Coastal Storm Damage Reduction Project to preserve shorelines and coastal habitat through beach replenishment and nourishment to address impacts of sea-level rise on shorelines. As a part of this process both continue to pursue federal funding and examine other funding mechanisms for beach replenishment, e.g., special taxes or bonds.
Strategy 3: Stakeholder education & outreach: Extend efforts to both coastal and inland communities to maximize opportunities for all stakeholders to participate in and inform coastal planning processes that affect public recreational resources. Attempt to warn the maximum number of people about coastal bluff safety.
Inform the City’s residents and businesses about projected sea level rise and the implications of storm surges, etc. For example, use visual presentations and installations, including signs and displays in the coastal parks and beaches that show expected sea levels and possible surges.
Strategy 4: Regional coordination. Join with other coastal cities in the region to share information and collaborate on adaptation measures and simultaneously monitor coastal erosion and sea level rise science, e.g., OPC 2018 sea level rise projections for La Jolla and risk aversion guidance and adaptation options.
4.2.5 Flooding
Climate change in the region is predicted to modify the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme storm events. Extreme rain events may be associated with atmospheric rivers of warm, moist, tropical air masses forming narrow streams of warm, concentrated precipitation often resulting in the deposition of considerable rainfall over a short period of time. Under higher emissions scenarios, the intensity and magnitude of atmospheric rivers are expected to become more severe, resulting in increased regional and localized flooding (Dettinger, et al. 2011) (Gershunov, et al. 2019). Currently, the City experiences localized flooding during heavy rainfall in the area around Stevens Creek due to inadequate drainage.
While flooding in urban areas can occur as a result of the natural topography associated with creeks, rivers or coastal areas, “urban flooding” refers specifically to flooding that occurs in urban areas when unusually high amounts of rainfall, and not an overflowing body of water, overwhelms the local stormwater drainage capacity of a densely populated area. This happens when runoff from extreme rain events is channeled from impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots, buildings, and rooftops to storm drains and into storm sewers that cannot handle the unusually high volume of water. In many places, swales or bioswales are replacing the traditional concrete curbs and gutters for managing stormwater. Swales are gradually sloping depressions or trenches, often lined with gravel and/or planted with vegetation, that allow rainwater to infiltrate the ground and replenish ground water. Other types of green infrastructure to minimize urban flooding might include multilevel parking lots instead of sprawling single level ones, narrower streets and green islands which also beautify the community and other possibilities. Alternative materials and designs should also be considered for building parking lots, driveways, sidewalks, and roads to increase infiltration of rainwater.
Currently, the City is taking several steps to reduce urban runoff. Bioswales are required on new residential developments and the amount of impermeable hardscape is limited. In addition, Solana Beach has incorporated green islands in the redevelopment of roadways on Stevens and Coast Highway and proposed them for portions of Lomas Santa Fe Drive.
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Strategies to Prepare for Flooding
Strategy 1: Assess infrastructure risk. Coordinate with relevant agencies such as Cal OES and the Public Works Department to map and identify all critical facilities and infrastructure that may be compromised by increased flood risk including stormwater and wastewater systems. This should include the Steven’s Creek region. The City should plan accordingly for upgrades to infrastructure and coordinate with the City of Del Mar as needed.
Strategy 2: Mitigate flood risk from extreme rain events. Continue efforts for storm water catchment and water reserve system.
Strategy 3: Incentivize green infrastructure. Explore incentives for private residents, businesses, and schools to implement elements such as cisterns, rain barrels, or create rain gardens and swales that would help clean stormwater runoff and direct it to landscaping or capture basins. The City should implement green infrastructure as part of City projects.
Strategy 4: Increase permeable/pervious pavement surfaces. Where feasible, the City should consider using pervious pavement options for City projects. The City should also encourage the use of pervious pavement options for residential and commercial projects.
4.2.6 Increased Energy System Demand
Changes in temperatures, precipitation patterns, extreme events, wildfire, and sea-level rise have the potential to decrease the efficiency of thermal power plants and substations, decrease the capacity of transmission lines, render hydropower less reliable, and put energy infrastructure at risk of flooding and wildfire. According to a study of SDG&E’s electricity infrastructure, as part of the Fourth Climate Change Assessment (Bruzgul, et al. 2018), thousands of electric substations, transformers, power lines, and other equipment are potentially exposed to damage under scenarios of sea level rise of 0.5 and 2.0 m (1.6 and
6.6 ft.) for both annual and 100-year storm events.
Furthermore, extreme and prolonged high temperatures also threaten local energy supply due to high demand for electricity. A surge in energy use in the City and the San Diego region has the potential to cause brownouts or blackouts. In an effort to mitigate some of these effects, in 2013, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) mandated that all investor-owned utilities switch their customers over to Time-Of-Use (TOU) rate plans, where higher rates are charged during the peak demand hours and lower rates during offpeak (low) demand hours.
On December 13, 2017, the City established a Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) framework to procure its own energy consisting of a higher percentage of renewable energy electricity at lower rates than SDG&E.
This effort was consistent with the City’s Climate Action Plan goals to reduce GHG emissions caused by electrical demand. In the Fall of 2019, the City decided to move beyond a Solana Beach-only CCA to enter into a Joint Powers Agreement (JPA) with other regional cities to create a larger CCA, the Clean Energy Alliance.
Strategies to Prepare for Increased Energy System Demand Strategy 1: Public education. Educate the public on how to become more energy efficient, reduce demand, and optimize time-of-use. Identify and publicize emergency solutions for vulnerable populations and infrastructure during extended power outages.
Strategy 2: Promote local energy generation and storage. Encourage and incentivize solar and battery storage, or other renewable energy sources, to supplement the grid and reduce peak demand.
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4.2.7 Coastal Habitat
San Diego County is rich in biodiversity and is one of the most biodiverse counties in North America. While Solana Beach is bounded by two estuaries, the City itself is almost entirely built out, with only a few pockets of native and/or naturalized vegetation remaining. A detailed description of ecosystems and species within the City, including maps identifying their locations, can be found in Chapter 3 of the City’s Local Coastal Program – Land Use Plan (LCP-LUP) (City of Solana Beach 2011). Much of the information that follows regarding existing conditions comes from that report.
Developed lands in the City account for approximately 1,981 acres, or 90 percent of the City. These lands include paved roadways, residences, commercial buildings, plant nurseries, schools, parks and recreational facilities, landscaped slopes, maintained yards, golf courses, and the railroad.
The largest areas of native vegetation communities occur in the northern portion of the City, in and adjacent to the San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve, as well as on canyon slopes within the golf course and adjacent to San Andres Drive. San Elijo Lagoon is approximately 1,000 acres and is vitally important for birds as a stop on the Pacific Flyway, as nesting and foraging areas for endangered species, and as a fish hatchery.
The San Dieguito coastal area is also a significant scenic resource for residents and visitors in Solana Beach, Del Mar, and San Diego County.
A 3-acre property at the gateway of Solana Beach and Cardiff-by-the-Sea was purchased by a conservation group in conjunction with the Nature Collective (formerly San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy). Named after a major donor, the Harbaugh Seaside Trails property improvements include the removal of invasive plant species for native plantings that will attract pollinators and link the habitat to San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve.
Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas (ESHA) designations were established in the LCP-LUP including lands in the San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve and contiguous areas supporting either functionally intact native vegetation communities or presence of rare species, as well as relatively large areas of southern maritime chaparral and coastal sage scrub communities near and along San Andres Drive.
While not included in the ESHA, both the beaches and developed spaces within the City can provide important wildlife habitat. For example, beach wrack is an important part of the marine ecosystem. Beach wrack refers to the piles of seaweed and plant and animal remains that are washed ashore by waves. While this may be unsightly for some visitors, research has found that it is an important nutrient source and provides micro-habitat for a variety of organisms. Regular grooming of sandy beaches and either excavation or deposition of sand can destroy the wrack and degrade the nearshore habitat. These types of activities can also have negative impacts to grunion that deposit their eggs in the sand during high tides.
Increasing temperature and precipitation extremes due to climate change will negatively impact native ecosystems and vegetation by affecting breeding patterns, moisture availability and other factors important to species generation, maintenance, and migration. Development and expanding human land use can exacerbate climate change impacts by destroying remaining habitat and limiting species migration to and availability of future climate refuge. Detailed climate effects on various coastal Southern California Habitats are outlined in vulnerability assessments and adaptation strategies (EcoAdapt 2020) completed by the California Landscape Conversation Partnership (CA LCP) as overseen by a non-profit group called EcoAdapt.
In addition, while open space in the City is limited, habitat can be created in residential and commercial landscaping in what is not traditionally considered wildlands. There are a number of organizations that promote bird and insect friendly vegetation for landscaping including Xerces (xerces.org) and The National Wildlife Federation (nwf.org). Plant selection, particularly trees, has the added advantage of increasing Chapter 4 Climate Adaptation
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shade and reducing localized temperatures and can also reduce fire risk. One local gardening group, SeaWeeders (seaweedersgardenclub.org), has planting guides to promote native, pollinator gardens. In 2021, the City of Solana Beach signed on to the Mayor’s Monarch Pledge. As a part of the Mayor’s Monarch Pledge, and in partnership with the SeaWeeders, the City planted its first pollinator park in 2021 at La Colonia Community Park.
Strategies to Prepare for Threats to Coastal Habitat
Strategy 1: Landscaping. Encourage the use of native landscaping. Educate the public on the LUP requirements to protect native trees including oak, manzanita, sycamore, cottonwood, willow, and toyon trees.
Strategy 2: Protect and restore native habitat and ecosystem functioning. Increase public knowledge, engagement and cooperation to support climate-informed restoration. Support and explore the possibilities of activities such as restoring habitat along roadways, managing invasive and/or problematic species, and restoring native plant communities. Restore the open portions of the Stevens Creek drainage.
Strategy 3: Enable wildlife movement. Improve wildlife connectivity passages and riparian corridors and plant native plant species to attract local pollinators including bees and butterfly species.
4.2.8 Threats to Public Health
Climate change has been described as the biggest threat to public health this century (Costello, et al. 2009).
In addition to the consequences presented in sections 4.2.1 through 4.2.7, we will face new ecological challenges such as increases in vector- and water-borne diseases and food insecurity (Ebi, et al. 2018).
Figure 4-4 (Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) provides a graphic summary of some of these effects.
Figure 4-4 Human Health Impacts of Climate Change
Source: Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. lmpad of Climate Change on Human Health
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Health
In California, the strongest health impacts from recent heat waves have been found at the coast (Gershunov, et al. 2011) (Guirguis & Gershunov 2014) (Knowlton, et al. 2009). These warming trends will pose challenges for Solana Beach where air conditioning is not in every home (Gershunov & Guirguis 2012). Additionally, as the need for air conditioning increases, the new electricity demand will impact the energy supply demand (as discussed in 4.2.6) Prolonged or intense exposure to high temperatures can impact human health in a number of ways. Heat-related illnesses include heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat strokes. As with physical health, the impacts of climate change affect some communities or individuals more than others. For example, dementia is a risk factor for hospitalization and death during heat waves. Patients with severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia, are at risk during hot weather because their medications may interfere with temperature regulation or even directly cause hyperthermia.
Air quality can worsen during periods of high heat and increase ozone levels and particulate matter concentrations, which can exacerbate pre-existing health conditions, like asthma and shortness of breath These include the young and elderly, as well. Outdoor workers, such as construction and maintenance workers, are also more susceptible due to extended periods of exposure. The 2006 California heat wave resulted in 147 reported deaths, over 1,200 hospitalizations, and over 16,000 emergency room visits (Knowlton, et al. 2009). In addition to effects on overall health, excessive heat has been shown to cause an increase in violent crime and mental illness. Studies have found that those living in microclimates that are hotter and less vegetated have higher risk of morbidity or mortality (Schinasi & De Roos 2018).
Increased risks from wildfires pose both direct and indirect risks to public health. Smoke produced from wildfires can further denigrate the air quality throughout the county and is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular disease. The health impacts of the 2015 California wildfires were greatest among adults 65 years of age and older, indicating that the health effects of climate change impact different population groups differently (Wettstein, et al. 2018).
While most research and communications on the impacts of climate change have emphasized physical health effects, mental health effects are also far-reaching and complex (Clayton, et al. 2017). These range from minimal stress and distress symptoms to clinical disorders, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorders, substance abuse, and suicidal thoughts.
Long-term drought and/or sea-level rise, unlike sudden extreme weather events, have a slow onset and long duration, interacting over time with multiple environmental and social stressors to disrupt lives and individual function. Prolonged drought can have visible and long-term impacts on landscapes and individual and community resilience, causing anxiety, depression, and other mental illnesses.
The loss of property, homes, and lives that occur during natural disasters elicit an increased sense of helplessness, hopelessness, or fatalism. This can be accompanied by a feeling of loss regarding one’s personal or occupational identity when treasured objects or personally important places are destroyed or disrupted by climate change. Research on adults seeking emergency disaster assistance after a wildlandurban interface fire, have found that a large percentage showed signs of PTSD and depression (Marshall, et al. 2007) (Eisenman, et al. 2015).
Environment
Climatic change can also alter the range, biogeography, and growth of insects, microbes and vector- borne diseases. Changes in aquatic environments may result in increases in harmful algal blooms which in turn can lead to increases in foodborne and waterborne illnesses. For California, increased average temperatures can shift infectious diseases typically found in lower latitudes toward the north. Solana Beach is bounded by two Chapter 4 Climate Adaptation
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estuaries, San Elijo Lagoon to the north and San Dieguito Lagoon to the south. These bodies of water can provide breeding grounds for mosquitos such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Figure 4-5).
Figure 4-5 Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
Both these species have the potential to transmit infectious diseases such as chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and the Zika virus and both have been undergoing massive expansion as a result of climate change, human migration, and accelerating urbanization (Messina, et al. 2019).
Temperatures and pooling water are two critical factors in a mosquito’s life cycle and, subsequently, their potential to spread disease. Warmer temperatures accelerate the life cycle of both the mosquito and the viruses they carry. Increased flooding leaves behind pools of water that provide abundant habitat for mosquitos to breed. Rising seawater levels and high tides can also create brackish water habitat in coastal areas in which certain adapted mosquitos can breed. While the relationships are complex, the consensus is that mosquito-borne diseases will increase with climate change (Campbell-Lendrum, et al. 2015).
Researchers (Kraemer, et al. 2019) concluded that by 2050, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus will significantly expand their range, posing a threat to 49 percent of the world’s population (Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies 2019).
There are a number of programs already in place to deal with mosquito borne diseases. San Diego County maintains an active Vector Control Program (County of San Diego 2020b) to mitigate the impacts of vectorborne diseases including spreading larvicide to limit mosquito numbers in critical areas such as San Elijo Lagoon. The County’s Department of Environmental Health also includes an in-house diagnostic laboratory that can provide highly sensitive and rapid disease test results so that informed, data-driven control measures can be quickly established.
In addition to mosquitos, climate change may also cause a range expansion for ticks. Although Lyme disease carried by ticks is rare in San Diego County the CDC has now determined it to be the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States since it was first identified in Connecticut in 1975. As of April 2019, the County has also found several ticks carrying Tularemia, a bacterial disease which can cause serious illness and even death in humans if not treated with antibiotics.
Existing measures and new strategies to address health related concerns associated with increases in temperature and extreme heat events are addressed in Section 4.2.1. Additional options to mitigate increased risk of vector borne diseases are listed below.
Strategies to Prepare for Threats to Public Health
Strategy 1: Education for preventative measures. Educate businesses and residents about actions they can take to reduce mosquito habitat and disease transmission (e.g. elimination of stagnant water, limited irrigation practices).
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Strategy 2: Education for protective measures. Urge people to remember to protect themselves and their pets when hiking by wearing insect repellent, proper clothing, and by using insect control products on their pets that kill fleas and ticks.
Strategy 3: Encourage citizen participation. Mobilize residents to report mosquito breeding sites, increases in mosquito population, and sentinel dead bird species to the County’s Vector Control Program( VCP).
Strategy 4: Coordinate efforts with other agencies. Work closely with local and state health agencies (e.g. County’s Dept. of Environmental Health and Vector Control Program) to mitigate vector-borne diseases.
Strategy 5: Support mental health well-being of individuals and the community. The City will assess and provide the community with information about available mental health resources and communicate about climate-mental health issues in order to build mental health resilience. In addition, the City will endeavor to maintain practices that foster optimism and provide a sense of meaning by providing connectedness to place, culture, and community.
Climate Justice Strategies
Strategy 1: Identify at-risk populations. Determine which individuals or populations in Solana Beach would be sensitive to, and, therefore, vulnerable to extreme weather conditions resulting from climate change.
Coordinate with groups currently engaging these populations.
Strategy 2: Target efforts towards at-risk populations. Ensure that vulnerable individuals have the means to respond in threatening climate-driven situations such as being able to evacuate in case of flooding or fires; and/or have the means to protect their respiratory health if a nearby wildfire degrades air quality.
Strategy 3: Perform more education and outreach. Emphasize the benefits and harm of local actions to vulnerable communities worldwide.
4.3 California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment –
Highlights from the San Diego Region
San Diego County will be increasingly affected by climate change and has begun to prepare on multiple fronts for the panoply of climate related impacts to San Diego’s residents, development, infrastructure, and ecosystems. In future decades, San Diego County and adjacent regions will be confronted with increasingly warmer average temperatures, more frequent and more intense heat waves, more intense droughts, increased heavy rainfall events and floods, and continuing Santa Ana winds and wildfire threats, among other impacts. These impacts will play out in different ways across the complex terrain and differing climates within San Diego County. Communities along San Diego County’s 70 miles of coastline are planning for substantial sea level rise, which will affect beaches, sea cliffs, real estate, infrastructure, and other amenities. The region has many unique characteristics, such as narrow beaches backed by sea cliffs, large percentage of conserved lands, highly populated urban and sub-urban development, small farm-dominated agriculture, and large solar power production. These characteristics, among others, all determine vulnerabilities to climate changes and related adaptation measures. Below are some highlights of climate impacts, adaptations, and gaps.
Temperature is projected to increase substantially, by 5 to 10 °F by the end of the 21st century.
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duration. Marine layer clouds can help to mitigate the impacts of temperature change in the coastal regions, though these clouds are not well represented in climate models, requiring further research. Precipitation will remain highly variable but will change in character, with wetter winters, drier springs, and more frequent and severe droughts punctuated by more intense individual precipitation events.
Effects of an altered precipitation regime on ecosystems, water demand and supply, water quality and flooding emergencies are incompletely known and will benefit from cross-disciplinary investigation. Broadly, wildfire risk will likely increase in the future as climate warms. The risk for large catastrophic wildfires driven by Santa Ana wind events will also likely increase because of drier autumns leading to low antecedent precipitation before the height of the Santa Ana wind season (i.e., December and January). Sea level along the San Diego County coast is expected to rise approximately 1 ft by the middle of the 21st century, and 3 ft or potentially much higher by 2100. For the next several decades, high tides combined with elevated shoreline water levels produced by both locally and distantly generated winddriven waves will drive extreme events. Longer-term sea level will increase rapidly in the second half of the century and will be punctuated by short periods of storm-driven extreme sea levels that will imperil existing infrastructure, structures, and ecosystems with increasing frequency. San Diego is testing adaptation approaches, but sustained and improved observations in combination with physics-based modeling are needed to evaluate these adaptations measures and guide future planning. Development in the San Diego County region is concentrated in the western third of the county with approximately 60% of the land remaining undeveloped. Climate change, along with development and fragmentation, will act as significant stressors to San Diego’s natural lands, which are some of the most biodiverse in the United States. San Diego Association of Governments’ (SANDAG’s) regional planning emphasis on smart growth to concentrate urban development near city and transit centers supports conservation while also mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The San Diego County Water Authority, the region’s water wholesaler, continues to diversify its supply by developing and negotiating local and nearby imported sources, developing more recycled water and encouraging greater water conservation. There are several coordinated efforts in the region to build resilience to climate and holistic water management adaptations are becoming more prevalent throughout communities. Continued science and regional coordination to evaluate climate change impacts on future water supply, demand and quality are needed in order to inform adaptation to future climate changes.
San Diego’s energy supply is rapidly changing with renewable energy sources, mostly photovoltaic arrays, increasing by more than 30% since 2010, which introduces novel sensitivities to weather variation and evolving vulnerability to climate changes. San Diego Gas and Electric has installed a high-density weather station network that provides a more detailed, real time awareness of weather conditions that could damage the energy system and/or produce unusual supply or demand. Recent work in San Diego showed that heat-related health impacts are observed at lower temperatures in the coastal region than in the inland and desert regions. This is in part due to coastal residents being less acclimated to heat and less likely to have air conditioning. Climate changes felt by San Diego County will also occur in northern Baja, Mexico. Binational coordination of climate adaptation measures present potential for significant benefit to communities on both sides of the border. However, to be effective the approaches must navigate the complexity posed by different governance and community structures.
Chapter 5 Implementation and Monitoring
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 5-1
Introduction
This chapter outlines how the City of Solana Beach (City) will implement and monitor the Climate Action Plan Update (CAP Update) strategies, measures, and actions over time to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and adapt to climate change. To achieve the GHG emissions reductions and adaptation
strategies described in Chapters 3 and 4, measures should also be continuously assessed and monitored to ensure that:
(1) the measures are effective; (2) the CAP Update is on track to achieve the GHG reduction targets; and (3) desired
community outcomes are attained.
Implementation Strategy
Implementation of the recommended reduction measures will require ongoing management, oversight, and staffing. Ensuring that the measures translate to on-the-ground results and reductions in GHG emissions is critical to the success of the CAP Update. Additionally, success will depend on the participation of the City’s residents, businesses, and regional partners.
The City will implement strategies and measures of the CAP Update through several types of programs and activities that can be grouped into the following categories:
New Ordinances. Several of the measures in the CAP Update would be implemented through regulations adopted by the City. The City has already adopted Building Electrification Ordinance 529 for new construction; however, at the time of development of the CAP Update the ordinance is not being enforced due to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in California Restaurant Association v. City of Berkeley (9th Cir. 2024) 89 F.4th 1094. The City will continue to monitor and identify legally-feasible opportunities to further building electrification. The CAP Update proposes considering Building Performance Standards, based on public and business engagement. New programs and City ordinances developed through benchmarking, focused on building performance, will ensure that the City requirements are in place to achieve the objectives of the CAP Update. Financing and Incentives. Identifying mechanisms for funding and allocating resources will help ensure that the CAP Update is successfully implemented. This includes grants, partnerships, loans, bonds, City budget, and taxes and fees.
Partnerships. Interagency coordination and partnerships with other organizations are critical to ensuring implementation of certain measures (e.g., collaborate with the San Diego Association of Governments [SANDAG] on active transportation infrastructure improvements) and with other governments, universities, and non-profits in the region.
Education and Outreach. Education efforts about the objectives of the CAP Update will help build support and involve the community in its implementation.
The City has developed detailed implementation schedules for each measure, based on staff requirements and funding opportunities available for implementing the measures outlined in the CAP Update. Key staff in each department will facilitate and oversee action implementation. Priority will be given to measures based on costeffectiveness, GHG reduction potential, available funding, and the ease and length of time for implementation.
This chapter describes how City staff will
implement CAP Update measures, and
how the CAP Update will be updated over
time to ensure continued effectiveness
and relevance of the document.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
5.1 5.2
IL____I
Chapter 5 Implementation and Monitoring
5-2 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
5.2.1 Measure Implementation
As part of the CAP Update, an Implementation Matrix has been developed to provide a detailed path forward for actions the City will take to implement GHG reduction measures and monitor implementation progress.
This matrix, included in Appendix B, identifies the following information for each GHG reduction measure:
• City department responsible for leading implementation (where applicable), • Implementation timeline,
• Quantitative success tracking metrics, and
• Data needed for tracking success.
The information included in the Implementation Matrix will help the City to establish the appropriate framework for both implementing GHG reduction measures and measuring the long-term success of the measures in meeting the CAP Update’s GHG reduction targets and overall community goals.
Appendix C (Social Equity) identified supporting equity strategies to the CAP Update. The supporting equity strategies have been mapped to the CAP Update actions within the Implementation Matrix. The supporting equity strategies were created to ensure the implementation of the CAP Update benefits the diverse community of Solana Beach.
5.2.2 Implementation Cost
The City will incur costs to implement some of the measures outlined in the CAP Update. While some measures will only require funding from public entities, others would result in increased costs for businesses, new construction, and residents. However, most measures provide substantial cost-savings in the long term. To better understand the costs of implementation, an Implementation Cost Analysis is being developed alongside the CAP Update. This analysis will assess the potential costs of implementation for the City of Solana Beach for most of the CAP Update GHG reduction measures. The Implementation Cost Analysis considers the costs that would be incurred by the City for initial start-up, ongoing administration, enforcement, and potential infrastructure improvement.
While the Implementation Cost Analysis provides details on the costs needed for implementation, there are various sources to help fund both City and community member costs for implementation measures of the CAP Update. An overview of some potential funding and financing options is provided in Table 5-1 below.
Funding options are included from a variety of sources including the City, regional agencies such as SANDAG, San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E), and Clean Energy Alliance (CEA). The City will monitor private and public funding sources for new grant and rebate opportunities on an ongoing basis. Leveraging funding opportunities would facilitate successful implementation of the GHG reduction measures.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 5 Implementation and Monitoring
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 5-3
Table 5-1 Potential Funding Sources to Support GHG Reduction Measures Funding Source Description
City
California Department of
Resources Recycling and
Recovery (CalRecycle)
• CalRecycle grant programs allow jurisdictions to assist public and private entities in management of waste streams.
• Incorporated cities and counties in California are eligible for funds.
Program funds are intended to:
• Reduce, reuse, and recycle all waste.
• Encourage development of recycled-content products and markets. • Protect public health and safety and foster environmental sustainability.
California Air Resources
Board (CARB)
• CARB offers several grants, incentives, and credit programs to reduce on-road and off-road transportation emissions. Residents, businesses, and fleet operators can receive funds or incentives depending on the program.
Transportation-Related
Federal and State
Funding
• Coordination with SANDAG can help identify funding for measures related to transit, bicycle, or pedestrian improvements.
New Development Impact
Fees
• These types of fees may have some potential to provide funding for proposed programs and projects, but such fees are best implemented when the real estate market and overall regional economic conditions are strong.
General Obligation Bond • A general obligation bond is a form of long-term borrowing and could be utilized to fund municipal improvements.
Other Funding
Mechanisms for
Implementation
• Grants may be available from the Strategic Growth Council (SGC) or the State Department of Conservation (DOC) to fund sustainable community planning, natural resource conservation, and development, and adoption.
Community
San Diego Gas & Electric
(SDG&E)
• SDG&E participates in a number of energy efficiency and building electrification incentive and rebate programs.
• A variety of rebates are available for existing and new homes. • Single-family homes, commercial development, and affordable housing are eligible.
Energy Upgrade California • Program is intended for home energy upgrades. • Homeowners are connected to home energy professionals. • Rebates, incentives, and financing are available.
Federal Tax Credits for
Energy Efficiency
• Tax credits for energy efficiency can be promoted to residents.
Energy Efficient
Mortgages (EEM)
• An EEM is a mortgage that credits a home’s energy efficiency in the mortgage itself. • Residents can finance energy saving measures as part of a single mortgage. • To verify a home’s energy efficiency, an EEM typically requires a home energy rating of the house by a home energy rater before financing is approved.
• EEMs typically are used to purchase a new home that is already energy efficient, such as an ENERGY STAR® qualified home.
Private Funding • Private equity can be used to finance energy improvements, with returns realized as future cost savings.
• Rent increases can fund retrofits in commercial buildings. • Net energy cost savings can fund retrofits in households.
Chapter 5 Implementation and Monitoring
5-4 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Table 5-1 Potential Funding Sources to Support GHG Reduction Measures Funding Source Description
• Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) involve a private company that purchases, installs, and maintains a renewable energy technology through a contract that typically lasts 15 years. After 15 years, the company would uninstall the technology or sign a new contract. • On-Bill Financing (OBF) can be promoted to businesses for energy-efficiency retrofits. Funding from OBF is a no-interest loan that is paid back through the monthly utility bill. Lighting, refrigeration, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, and light-emitting diode streetlights are all eligible projects.
Clean Energy Alliance
Revenue
• Revenue generated by Clean Energy Alliance may be used to fund or incentivize GHG reduction measures.
Monitoring and Updates
The CAP Update lays out a broad-based strategy to
reduce GHG emissions and improve the sustainability and resilience of the community. However, the CAP Update will need to be updated and maintained if it is to remain
relevant and effective. Thus, City staff will need to evaluate and monitor plan performance over time and make recommendations to alter or amend the plan if it may not achieve the proposed reduction targets. This will include conducting periodic GHG emissions inventory updates and analyzing measure performance.
Upon adoption, the CAP Update’s measures and actions will begin to be implemented by the City, which will build upon the momentum gained from implementation efforts for the 2017 CAP. To track progress, City staff will coordinate updates to the inventory every two years, consistent with SANDAG’s Regional Framework schedule. This will help ensure progress is made towards achieving emissions reduction targets. A 2020 GHG emissions inventory was developed for the City by SANDAG in 2023; however, this inventory may not be the most appropriate for tracking emissions progress due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
In addition to updating the City’s emissions inventory, City staff will also evaluate the GHG emissions
reduction measures’ capacity, cost, effectiveness, and
benefits of each individual measure. Evaluating CAP
Update measure performance entails monitoring the
level of community participation, costs, and barriers to implementation, as well as actual reductions in fuel
consumption, vehicle miles traveled, energy usage,
water usage, landfilled waste, or other activities that result in GHG emissions reductions. By evaluating
whether the implementation of a measure is on track
to achieve its reduction potential, the City can identify successful measures and reevaluate or replace underperforming ones.
The City will:
Coordinate inventory updates every 2 years;
Prepare a CAP update every 5 years starting in 2029.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
5.3 IL_ __ _
---1
Chapter 5 Implementation and Monitoring
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 5-5
City staff, in coordination with the City Council, will evaluate measures every two years beginning in 2026 and will summarize progress toward meeting the GHG reduction target at that time in a report to the City Council that describes:
estimated annual GHG reductions;
participation rates (where applicable);
implementation costs and funding needs;
community benefits realized;
remaining barriers to implementation; and
recommendations for changes to the CAP Update.
Additionally, the City will prepare a subsequent CAP update every five years beginning in 2029, following the second CAP report after adoption of the current CAP Update. The CAP will be updated based on the recommended changes and findings in the CAP report. This commitment to transparent monitoring and reporting is demonstrated with Measure CCR-1, for CAP Coordination and Reporting. The details of Measures CCR-1 are provided in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2 Actions Under Measure CCR-1: CAP Coordination and Reporting Action Number Action Name Description City Lead
Department
Supporting
Department(s) Timeframe
CCR1.2 Conduct GHG
Inventory
Conduct GHG
Inventory City Manger All 2025, 2027
CCR1.3 Monitor
Measures Monitor Measures City Manger All 2024-2028
CCR1.4 Update CAP Update CAP City Manger All 2027-2028
Source: City of Solana Beach.
Chapter 5 Implementation and Monitoring
5-6 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Ongoing Community Engagement and
Participation
As the City continues to implement and monitor progress on the CAP Update, continued engagement with, and
participation by the community is critical. This includes individual residents and businesses, community
organizations, developers, property owners, other local and regional government agencies, and others. While
this CAP Update focuses on measures in which the City
has a role, many of the measures require partnership
and collaboration.
The City is also committed to public education about the important role individuals play in combating climate
change. Effective and long-term climate action and
resiliency in the City can only be achieved through
efforts that continue to change the way individuals interact with the environment. Many of the measures in Chapters 3 and 4 are focused on increasing community awareness and participation in existing programs, or connecting the community with new information, tools, funding or resources to take action. Thus, this CAP Update serves as a resource that supports community-based action.
Source: City of Solana Beach.
5.4 Chapter 6 References
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 6-1
Executive Summary
California Air Resources Board. 2019. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends for 2000 to 2017.
Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/inventory/pubs/reports/2000_2016/ghg_inventory_ trends_00-16.pdf?_ga=2.82380309.2023796967.1709254496-1501861779.1691610620. Accessed February 29, 2024.
CARB. See California Air Resources Board.
Chapter 1, Introduction
California Air Resources Board. 2019. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends for 2000 to 2017.
Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/inventory/pubs/reports/2000_2016/ghg_inventory_ trends_00-16.pdf?_ga=2.82380309.2023796967.1709254496-1501861779.1691610620. Accessed February 29, 2024.
County of San Diego. 2022a. San Diego Regional Decarbonization Framework: Technical Report. Available:
https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/lueg/regional-decarbframeworkfiles/RDF_Technical_Report_FINAL_2022.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2024. ———. 2022b. Putting San Diego County on the High Road: Climate Workforce Recommendations for 2030 and 2050. Available: https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/lueg/regional-decarbframeworkfiles/Putting%20San%20Diego%20County%20on%20the%20High%20Road_June%20202
2.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2024.
———. 2023. Let’s Get There Playbook: A Guide for Collective Climate Action Across our Region. Available:
https://engage.sandiegocounty.gov/rdf. Accessed February 27, 2024.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. What is the Greenhouse Effect? Available:
https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-3.html. Accessed February 27, 2024. ———. 2018. Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C: Summary for Policymakers. Available:
https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/. Accessed February 27, 2024. ———. 2021 (August). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policy Makers.
Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf.
Accessed February 27, 2024.
IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Chapter 2, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets
California Air Resources Board. 2019. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends for 2000 to 2017.
Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/inventory/pubs/reports/2000_2016/ghg_inventory_ trends_00-16.pdf?_ga=2.82380309.2023796967.1709254496-1501861779.1691610620. Accessed February 29, 2024.
Chapter 6 References
6-2 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
———. 2022. 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ourwork/programs/ab-32-climate-change-scoping-plan/2022-scoping-plan-documents. Accessed February 27, 2024.
California Geological Survey. No Date. Geologic Carbon Sequestration in California. Available:
https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/gcs. Accessed February 27, 2024.
CARB. See California Air Resources Board.
CGS. See California Geological Survey.
EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007 (February). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Geneva, Switzerland
IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2024. Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator. Available:
https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator#results. Accessed February 28,2024.
Chapter 3, Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and
Measures
None present.
Chapter 4, Climate Adaptation
Bruzgul, J., Kay, R., Rodehorst, B., Petrow, A., Hendrickson, T., Bruguera, M., . . . Revell, D. (2018). Rising Seas and Electricity Infrastructure: Potential Impacts and Adaptation Options for San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E). California Energy Commission. Available:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-07/Energy_CCCA4-CEC-2018-004.pdf Burke, M., Gonzalez, F., Baylis, P., Heft-Neal, S., Baysan, C., Basu, S., & Hsiang, S. (2018, July 23). Higher temperatures increase suidide rates in the Unitied States and Mexico. Nature Climate Change, 723- 729. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0222-x.
Cal-Adapt. 2019. Exploring California's Climate Change Research. Available: https://cal-adapt.org/.
California Natural Resources Agency. 2018a. SafeGuarding California Plan: 2018 Update. Available:
https://www.slc.ca.gov/sea-level-rise/safeguarding-california-plan-2018-update/.
California Natural Resources Agency. 2018b. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Available:
https://climateassessment.ca.gov/state/overview/.
Campbell-Lendrum, D., Manga, L., Bagayoko, M., & Sommerfeld, J. (2015, April 5). Climate change and vector-borne diseases; what are the implicatiosn for public health research and policy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 370(1665). doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0552.
Chapter 6 References
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 6-3
City of Solana Beach. 2011. Local Coastal Program-Land Use Plan, Available:
https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2011/10/Th12c-10-2011-a1.pdf.
City of Solana Beach. 2014. Land Use Plan Amendment No. SOL-MAJ-1-13. Available:
https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2014/8/W15a-8-2014.pdf.
City of Solana Beach. 2009. San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve Vegetation Management Plan prepared by County of San Diego Parks and Recreation Department, San Elijo Conservancy, and the City of Solana Beach. Available:
https://www.cityofsolanabeach.org/sites/default/files/Solana%20Beach/Community%20Development/ Planning/SAN_ELIJO_-_VEG._MGMT_PLAN.pdf.
Clayton, S., Manning, C., Krygsman, K., & Speiser, M.. 2017. Mental Health and Our Changing Climate:
Impacts, Implications and Guidance. Washington DC: Amercan Psychological Association, and ecoAmerica. Available: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/03/mental- healthclimate.pdf.
CNRA. See California Natural Resources Agency.
Cooley, H., Moore, E., Heberger, M., & Allen, L.. 2012. Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in California.
Pacific Institute. California Energy Commission's California Climate Change Center.
Costello, A., Abbas, M., Allen, A., Ball, S., Bell, S., & Bellamy, R. (2009, May 16). Managing the health effects of climate change. The Lancet, 373(9676), 1693-1733. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(09)60935-1.
County of San Diego. 2019. Cool Zones. Available:
https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/hhsa/programs/ais/cool_zones/.
County of San Diego. 2020a. Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Available:
https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/oes/emergency_management/oes_jl_mitplan.html.
County of San Diego. 2020b. Vector Control Program. Available:
https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/deh/pests/vector_disease.html.
Dettinger, M. D., Ralph, F. M., Das, T., Neiman, P. J., & Cayan, D. R. (2011). Atmospheric Rivers, Floods and the Water Resources of California. Water, 3(2), 445-478. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/w3020445.
Ebi, K. L., Balbus, J. M., Luber, G., Bole, A., Crimmins, G., Glass, G., . . . White-Newsome, J. L. (2018). Human Health: Impacts, Risks and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment.
Washington DC. doi:10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH14
EcoAdapt. 2020, EcoAdapt Library: Vulnerability Assessments. Available: http://ecoadapt.org/library/2/ details/vulnerability-assessments.
Eisenman, D., McCaffrey, S., Donatello, I., & Marshal, G. (2015, December). An Ecosystems and Vulnerable Populations Perspective on Solastalgia and Psychological Distress After a Wildfire. EcoHealth, 12(4), 602-610. doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1052-1.
Gershunov, A., & Guirguis, K. (2012, September). California heat waves in the present and future.
Geophysical Research Letters, 39(18). Available: https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052979.
Chapter 6 References
6-4 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
Gershunov, A., Cayan, D. R., & Iacobellis, S. F. (2009, December). The Great 2006 Heat Wave over California and Nevada: Signal of an Increasing Trend. Journal of Climate. Available:
journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/2009JCLI2465.1.
Gershunov, A., Johnston, Z., Margolis, H. G., & Guirguis, K. (2011). The California heat wave 2006 with impacts on statewide medical emergency. Geography Research Form, 53-59.
Gershunov, A., Shulgina, T., Clemesha, R. E., Guirguis, K., Pierce, D. W., Dettinger, M. D., . . . Ralph, F. M. (2019, July 9). Precipitation regime change in Western North America: The role of Atmoshperic Rivers. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46169-w.
Guirguis, K., & Gershunov, A. (2014, January). The Impact of Recent Heat Waves on Human Health in California. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 53(1), 3-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0130.1
Guirguis, K., Basu, R., Al-Delaimy, W. K., Benmarhnia, T., Clemesha, R. E., Corcos, I., . . . Gershunov, A. (2018a, July). Heat, Disparities, and Health Outcomes in San Diego County's Diverse Climate Zones.
GeoHealth, 2(7), 212-223.
Guirguis, K., Gerhunov, A., Cayan, D. R., & Pierce, D. W. (2018b, May). Heat wave probability in the changing climate of the Southwest US. Climate Dynamics, 50(9-10), 3853-3864.
Hsiang, S. M., Burke, M., & Miguel, E. (2013, September 13). Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict. Science, 341(6151). Doi:10.1126/science.1235367.
Kalansky, J., Cayan, D., Barba, K., Walsh, L., Brouwer, K., & Boudreau, D.. 2018. California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment: San Diego Summary Report. University of California, San Diego.
Knowlton, K., Rotkin-Ellman, M., King, G., Margolis, H. G., Smith, D., Solomon, G., . . . English, P. (2009, January). The 2006 California Heat Wave: Impacts on Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visktis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 61-67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11594 Kraemer, M., Reiner, R., & Brady, O. (2019, March 4). Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Nature Microbiology, 854-863. Available:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0376-y.
Limber, P. W., Barnard, P. L., Vitousek, S., & Erikson, L. H. (2018, July). a Model Ensemble for Projecting Multidecadal Coastal Cliff Retreat During the 21st Century. 1566-1589. doi:10.1029/2017JF004401.
Marshall, G., Schell, T., Elliott, M., Rayburn, N., & Jaycox, L. (2007, April). Psychiatric disorders among adults seeking emergency disaster assistance after a wildland-urban interface fire. Psychiatr Serv, 58(4), 509- 514. doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.4.509.
Meinshausen, M., Smith, S., et al. 2011. "The RCP Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and their extension from 1765 to 2500". Climatic Change (Special Issue on RCPs). Available: https://www.pikpotsdam.de/~mmalte/rcps/.
Messina, J. P., Brady, O. J., Golding, N., Moritz, U., Kraemer, G., Wint, W., & Ray, S. E. (2019, June). The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue. Nature Microbioloty, 1508-1515. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0476-8
Ocean Protection Council. 2018. State of California Sea-Level Rise Guidance: 2018 Update. California Coastal Commission.
Chapter 6 References
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update 6-5
Plante, C., Allen, J., & Anderson, C. (2017, April). Effects of Rapid Climate Change on Violence and Conflict.
Climate Science. Doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.344.
Roos, M. 2018. Climate Justice Summary Report. California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Available:
https://www.healthyworldforall.org/en/pdf/ClimateJustice_v4dg.interactive.pdf San Diego Gas and Electric. 2019. Everything In Our Power Documentary. Available:
https://youtu.be/DdkY3P4JWLc.
Schinasi, L., & De Roos, A. (2018). Modification of the association between high ambient temperature and health by urban microclimate indicators: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Research, 161, 168-180.
SDG&E. See San Diego Gas and Electric.
UN Environment Programme. 2019. Rising demand for sand calls for resource governance. Available:
https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/rising-demand-sand- calls-resourcegovernance.
US Army Corp of Engineers. 2020. San Diego County, CA (formerly known and referred to as Encinitas and Solana Beach Coastal Storm Damage Reduction Project). Available:
https://www.spl.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Projects-Studies/Solana-Encinitas-ShorelineStudy/.
Wettstein, Z., Hoshiko, S., Fahimi, J., Harrison, R., Cascio, W., & Rappold, A. (2018, April 11). Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Emergency Department Visits Associated with Wildfire Smoke Exposure in California in 2015. Journal of American Heart Association, 7(8). Available:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29643111.
Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. (2019, March 5). YaleEnvironment360. Available:
https://e360.yale.edu/digest/climate-change-will-expose-half-of-worlds-population-to-disease- spreadingmosquitoes-by-2050.
Chapter 5, Implementation and Monitoring
California Restaurants Association v. City of Berkeley. 2023. No. 21-16278. URL. Available:
https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2023/04/17/21-16278.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2024.
CRA v. City of Berkeley. See California Restaurants Association v. City of Berkeley.
Chapter 6 References
6-6 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
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Appendix A: Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Emissions Reductions
August 2024
Prepared for the City of Solana Beach
Prepared by the Energy Policy Initiatives Center
~ EPIC
ENERGY POLICY INITIATIVES CENTER
UNIVERSITY OF SAN DIEGO SCHOOL OF LAW
© 2024 University of San Diego. All rights reserved.
About EPIC
The Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC) is a non-profit research center of the University of San Diego School of Law that studies energy policy issues affecting California and the San Diego region. EPIC’s mission is to increase awareness and understanding of energy- and climate-related policy issues by conducting research and analysis to inform decision makers and educate law students.
For more information, please visit the EPIC website at www.sandiego.edu/epic.
The Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC) prepared this Appendix for the City of Solana Beach. This Appendix represents EPIC’s professional judgment based on the data and information available at the time EPIC prepared this Appendix. EPIC relies on data and information from third parties who provide it with no guarantees such as of completeness, accuracy or timeliness. EPIC makes no representations or warranties, whether expressed or implied, and assumes no legal liability for the use of the information in this Appendix; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. Readers of the Appendix are advised that EPIC may periodically update this report or data, information, findings, and opinions and that they assume all liabilities incurred by them, or third parties, as a result of their reliance on the report, data, information, findings and opinions contained in the Appendix.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table of Contents
1 Overview....................................................................................................................................1 2 Background ................................................................................................................................1
2.1 Greenhouse Gases..........................................................................................................................1
2.2 Demographics.................................................................................................................................2 3 Baseline 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ....................................................................2 4 Business-as-usual Emissions Projection........................................................................................4 5 2035 and 2045 Reduction Targets................................................................................................7 6 Summary of Emissions Reduction Estimates ................................................................................7 7 Methods To Estimate Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions.....................................................10
7.1 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating Electricity Emissions Reductions..............10
7.2 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating Natural Gas Emissions Reductions...........13
7.3 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating On-Road Transportation Emissions Reductions ...............................................................................................................................................13
7.4 Federal and State Actions that Reduce GHG Emissions in Solana Beach ....................................15
7.5 Climate Action Plan Update Measures.........................................................................................21 City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Tables
Table 1 Global Warming Potentials...............................................................................................................2 Table 2 Population, Housing, and Jobs Estimates in Solana Beach...............................................................2 Table 3 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Solana Beach............................................................................3 Table 4 Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections .........................................................................................5 Table 5 Method to Project Business-as-usual Emissions...............................................................................6 Table 6 Emissions Projections, Reduction Targets, and Target Emission Level ............................................7 Table 7 2035 and 2045 GHG Emissions Reductions by Pathway...................................................................8 Table 8 2035 and 2045 GHG Emissions Reductions by Measure and Action ...............................................8 Table 9 Solana Beach Citywide Electricity Emission Factors .......................................................................12 Table 10 GHG Emissions Reductions from Actions Increasing Renewable and Zero-Carbon Supply .........13 Table 11 GHG Emissions Reductions by Supply..........................................................................................13 Table 12 Average Vehicle Emission Rate in the San Diego Region..............................................................15 Table 13 Emissions Reductions from California Renewables Portfolio Standard .......................................17 Table 14 Behind-the-meter PV Capacity and Estimated Electricity Generation .........................................18 Table 15 Key Assumptions and Results for California Solar Policies, Programs, and Mandates ................19 Table 16 Estimated Energy Savings from California Energy Efficiency Programs.......................................20 Table 17 Emissions Reductions from California Energy Efficiency Programs..............................................20 Table 18 Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards.....................................................................21 Table 19 Key Assumptions and Results for Action T-1 OB: Adopt a remote/hybrid work policy for employees that allows employee to work remotely 2 days a week (telecommute eligible jobs only) ......22 Table 20 Key Assumptions and Results for Action T-1 R: Work remotely 2 days a week (Solana Beach residents with telecommutable jobs only)..................................................................................................23 Table 21 Key Assumptions and Results for Action T-2 R: Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips (Pedestrian) .........................................................................................................................................24 Table 22 Key Assumptions and Results for Action T-2 R: Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips (Cyclists)...............................................................................................................................................24 Table 23 Results for Action T-2 R: Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips............................25 Table 24 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-1 OB: Replace 50% commercial end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliance – GHG Emissions from Natural Gas Savings .....26 Table 25 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-1 OB: Replace 50% commercial end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliance – GHG Emissions from Electricity Savings.........26 Table 26 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-1 R: Replace 50% residential end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliances - GHG Emissions from Natural Gas Savings.....27 Table 27 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-1 R: Replace 50% residential end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliances - GHG Emissions from Electricity Savings........27 Table 28 Assumptions of Existing Home Appliance Electrification .............................................................29 Table 29 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-3 R: Replace 50% of residential appliances at end-oflife with electric appliances (Natural Gas)...................................................................................................29 Table 30 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-3 R: Replace 50% of residential appliances at end-oflife with electric appliances (Electricity)......................................................................................................29 Table 31 Key Assumptions and Results for Action E-1.1: Make CEA’s 100 percent renewable/carbon free electricity option the default option for Solana Beach by 2035 .................................................................30 Table 32 Key Assumptions and Results for Action E-1.2: Enroll all municipal electricity accounts to CEA's 100% renewable/carbon free option by 2025 ............................................................................................31 Table 33 Key Assumptions and Results for Measure E-2: Increase Installation of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage.........................................................................................................................................................32 City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 34 Key Assumptions and Results for Measure CS-1: Increase Urban Canopy Cover ........................32 Table 35 Key Assumptions and Results for Measure W-1: Divert Solid Waste from Landfill .....................33 Figures
Figure 1 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Solana Beach ..........................................................................4 Figure 2 Example of Business-As-Usual and Legislatively-Adjusted Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections.....................................................................................................................................................5 Figure 3 Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections.....................................6 Figure 4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trend by Pathway (2021–2045) ........................................................10 Figure 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trend by Actor (2021–2045) .............................................................10 Figure 6 ACCII ZEV and PHEV Sales (Adapted from CARB October 2022 Public Workshop for the EMFAC202Y Model, Presentation Slide 28).................................................................................................15 Figure 7 SB 100 and SB 1020 Targets...........................................................................................................16 Figure 8 Behind-the-meter Photovoltaic Historical Capacity and Projections............................................18 City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
1 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego 1 OVERVIEW
This Appendix provides a summary of the 2016 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory for the City of Solana Beach (referred to as “Solana Beach” or “the city”), the business-as-usual (BAU) emissions projections through 2045, and the methods used to calculate the GHG emissions reductions from the measures and actions included in the city’s Climate Action Plan (CAP) Update.
This Appendix includes the following sections:
• Section 2 describes the background sources used for this Appendix; • Section 3 provides the 2016 GHG emissions inventory results summary; • Section 4 provides a summary of the emissions projections for 2035 and 2045, and the methods used to prepare projections for each emissions category; • Section 5 describes this CAP Update’s 2035 and 2045 targets; • Section 6 provides a summary of emissions impacts from federal, State (California), and local CAP pathway; and
• Section 7 details the common data sources and methods used to estimate emissions reductions, and the methods used to estimate emissions reductions from federal, State, regional, and local actions.
Unless stated otherwise, all activity data, GHG emissions, and GHG emissions reductions reported in this Appendix are annual values for the calendar year, and all emission factors reported in this document are annual average values for the calendar year.
Rounding is used for the final GHG values within the tables and figures throughout the document.
Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in any calculation. Because of rounding, some totals may not equal the values summed in any table or figure. 2 BACKGROUND
2.1 Greenhouse Gases
The primary GHGs included in the city’s emissions estimates are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Each GHG has a different capacity to trap heat in the atmosphere, known as its global warming potential (GWP), which is normalized relative to CO2 and expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e). In general, the 100-year GWPs reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are used to estimate GHG emissions. The GWPs used in this inventory are from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4),1 provided in Table 1.
1 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: Direct Global Warming Potentials (2013).
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
2 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 1 Global Warming Potentials
Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1
Methane (CH4) 25
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 298
IPCC 2013.
2.2 Demographics
The San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) estimates and forecasts population, housing, and jobs estimates for all jurisdictions in the San Diego region. The estimates for Solana Beach are provided in Table 2.
2 Table 2 Population, Housing, and Jobs Estimates in Solana Beach Year Population Housing Units Jobs
2016 13,698 6,494 10,064
2035 15,089 7,364 10,648
2045 15,205 7,364 10,928
Housing unit types include single detached units, single attached units, two to four units, five plus or apartment units, and mobile homes.
SANDAG 2021, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 3 BASELINE 2016 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY
SANDAG created the Regional Climate Action Planning Framework (ReCAP) to guide CAP development and support consistent CAP implementation across the San Diego region. 3 SANDAG has supported CAP
implementation monitoring through ReCAP Snapshots, biannual reports of GHG inventory and climate monitoring data. Solana Beach received a 2016 GHG inventory (released in 2019), a 2018 GHG inventory (released in 2021), and a partial 2020 GHG inventory (released in 2023, transportation emissions were omitted due to data availability during the COVID pandemic).4 Data year 2016 was chosen as the CAP Update baseline year, even if more recent GHG inventories are available, e.g., the 2018 GHG inventory, because 2016 has the best available vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data.
The ReCAP Technical Appendix I: GHG Inventories, Projections, and Target Selection document provides the GHG inventory calculation method used for all GHG inventories in the Snapshots, based on U.S.
Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (U.S. Community 2 2016 estimates are from SANDAG: Demographic & Socio-Economic Estimates for Solana Beach (July 23, 2021 Version).
SANDAG Data Surfer, accessed November 1, 2022. The estimates for the same year vary by version. 2035 and 2045 data are based on SANDAG Series 14 2021 Regional Plan Growth Forecast, provided by SANDAG (June 2021). The forecast in the 2021 Regional Plan was based on the Sustainable Communities Strategy land use pattern, which may be different from jurisdiction’s general plan land use pattern.
3 SANDAG: Climate Action Planning Framework for Local Governments. 4 The GHG inventories and CAP monitoring data are in SANDAG Climate Action Data Portal.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
3 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Protocol), developed by ICLEI USA.5 The U.S. Community Protocol requires a minimum of five basic emissions-generating activities to be included in a Protocol-compliant community-scale GHG inventory.
These categories are electricity, natural gas, on-road transportation, water and wastewater, and solid waste. GHG emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data (e.g., kilowatt-hours of electricity) by an emission factor (e.g., pounds of CO2e per unit of electricity). The activity data and emission factors are regional- or city-specific data when available.
A few revisions were made to the original ReCAP 2016 GHG inventory due to newly available data and data sources since 2019: (1) updated vehicle miles emission rates from the latest models and (2) updated water emissions based on latest local water energy intensity data.
The revised GHG emissions from Solana Beach in 2016 were approximately 106,100 metric tons CO2e (MT CO2e), distributed into categories as shown in Table 3 and Figure 1.
Table 3 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Solana Beach
Emissions Category
2016 Inventory
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Distribution
(%)
On-Road Transportation* 68,400 64%
Electricity 20,000 19%
Natural Gas 13,100 12%
Solid Waste 3,200 3%
Water 900 1%
Wastewater 600 0.6%
Total 106,100 100%
Sums may not add up to totals due to rounding. GHG emissions for each category are rounded to the nearest thousand. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 5 SANDAG: Climate Action Planning Framework for Local Governments. ReCAP Technical Appendix I: GHG Inventories, Projections, and Target Selection (Version 1.1: October 2020). ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA: U.S.
Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 1.2 (2019).
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
4 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Figure 1 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Solana Beach
4 BUSINESS-AS-USUAL EMISSIONS PROJECTION
To inform the development of GHG reduction measures within the CAP Update, GHG emissions are projected using the 2016 baseline year GHG inventory, latest available activity data and emission factors, as well as population, housing, and job growth in the city. This is used to develop a BAU projection, which demonstrates emissions growth in the absence of any new policies and programs.
Next, future emissions reductions expected from applicable federal and State policies and programs are applied, creating a legislatively-adjusted BAU. Figure 2 provides an illustrative example of the difference between a BAU and a legislatively-adjusted BAU.
On-Road
Transportation
64%
Electricity
19%
Natural Gas
12%
Solid Waste
3%
Water
1% Wastewater
0.6%
Percentage may not add to totals due to rounding.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
5 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Figure 2 Example of Business-As-Usual and Legislatively-Adjusted Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections The total BAU projected emissions for 2035 and 2045 are presented in Table 4 and Figure 3.
Table 4 Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections
Emissions Category
Projected GHG Emissions (MT CO2e)
2035 2045
On-Road Transportation 54,000 54,000
Electricity 6,000 6,100
Natural Gas 15,100 15,300
Solid Waste 3,100 3,100
Water 900 900
Wastewater 700 700
Total 79,800 80,100
Sum may not add up to totals due to rounding.
Projected GHG emissions for each category are rounded. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Projected GHG
Emissions
(MT C02e)
BAUGHG
Emissions Projection
--- -- --- -- -- --1- --- GHG Emissions Impact of
- - _ Federal and State Policies
--- -- -- -- Legislatively-adjusted --- BAU after Federal and State Policies
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, 2024
Year
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
6 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Figure 3 Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections The projected 2035 and 2045 emissions from electricity use in Solana Beach are significantly lower than those of 2016 and 2018, because the city has switched to a Community Choice Energy program since 2019, first Solana Energy Alliance (SEA) and then Clean Energy Alliance (CEA), providing electricity with renewable content higher than the default electric utility, San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E).
The methods used to project activity level and emission factors for each emissions category are described in Table 5 below.
Table 5 Method to Project Business-as-usual Emissions
Emissions
Category Activity Method to Project Activity Level Emission Factor Method to Project Emission Factor On-Road
Transportation VMT
Direct results from SANDAG
Activity Based Model (ABM 2+
v14.2.2)
Average vehicle
emission factor
All new vehicles have
the same emission
rate as new vehicles
in baseline year
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
2016 2018 2035 2045
GHG Emissions (Metric tons CO2e)
Wastewater
Water
Solid Waste
Natural Gas
Electricity
On-Road
Transportation
Business-as-usual GHG emissions projection with population, jobs, and housing units growth, not including future impacts of adopted federal, state, or regional policies.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Business-as-usual
GHG Projections
GHG
Inventories
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City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
7 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Emissions
Category Activity Method to Project Activity Level Emission Factor Method to Project Emission Factor Electricity Net energy for
load
Residential: Population
increase
Non-Residential: Jobs increase
City-specific
emission factor
Fixed at the latest
year with data
available (2020)
Natural Gas Natural gas enduse
Residential: Population
increase
Non-Residential: Jobs increase
Natural gas
emission factor
0.00545 MT CO2e/
therms
Solid Waste Waste disposal Population Increase Mixed waste emission factor
0.98 MT CO2e/short
ton
Water
Potable and
recycled water
supply
Potable water: Population
increase
Recycled water: Fixed at the
latest year with data available
(2020)
Energy intensity
and electricity
emission factor
Fixed at the latest
year with data
available (2020)
Wastewater Wastewater
generation Population increase
Wastewater
emission factor
1.37 MT CO2e/
million gallon
Method to project business-as-usual emissions only
Population and jobs are provided in Table 2
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 5 2035 AND 2045 REDUCTION TARGETS
Table 6 shows the BAU emissions projections and the 2035 and 2045 reduction targets.
Table 6 Emissions Projections, Reduction Targets, and Target Emission Level Year
Business-as-usual
Projection*
(MT CO2e)
Target Emissions
Level
(% below baseline)
Target
Emissions Level
(MT CO2e)
2016 106,100 - -
2035 79,800 50% 53,100
2045 80,100 85% 15,900
Emissions projections and targets are rounded.
*BAU projection without impact of federal, State, regional, and local CAP Update strategies.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 6 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS REDUCTION ESTIMATES
This section summarizes the GHG emissions reductions identified for each pathway and measure included in the CAP Update. Table 7 below presents a summary of emissions reductions from each strategy, including the reductions from federal and State regulations.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
8 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 7 2035 and 2045 GHG Emissions Reductions by Pathway CAP Pathway
Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 2045
Decarbonize Transportation 1,475 1,672
Decarbonize Electric Supply 3,718 5,468
Decarbonize Buildings 3,339 6,660
Circular Economy & Food System 2,258 2,678
Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions 964 1,021
Total Reduction from Federal and State Regulations 36,518 52,324 Total Reduction (Federal, State and CAP Measures)* 48,000 70,000 *Total emissions reduction values in 2035 and 2045 are rounded. The total includes values from federal, State, regional, and local CAP Update strategies.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Each pathway has several measures and actions. Table 8 presents a detailed summary of the emissions reductions from each CAP measure and action, including the impact from federal and State actions. The supporting actions in the CAP are not presented here.
Table 8 2035 and 2045 GHG Emissions Reductions by Measure and Action CAP Pathway Federal and State Regulations and CAP Measures and Action Emissions Reduction
(MT CO2e)
2035 2045
Decarbonize
Transportation
T-1 R: Work remotely 2 days a week (Solana Beach residents with telecommutable jobs only)
342 386
T-1 OB: Adopt a remote/hybrid work policy for employees that allows employee to work remotely 2 days a week (telecommute eligible jobs only)
537 616
T-2 R: Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips 596 671 Decarbonize Electric
Supply
E-1.1: Make CEA’s 100 percent renewable/carbon free electricity option the default option for Solana Beach by 2035 985 - E-1.2: Increase to 100% renewable electricity at city facilities 44 - E-2: Increase installation of photovoltaics and battery storage 2,688 5,468 Decarbonize
Buildings
B-1 R: Replace 50% residential end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and EnergyStar appliance 1,020 2,037
B-1 OB: Replace 50% commercial end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and EnergyStar appliance 44 87
B-3 R: Replace 50% of residential appliances at end-of-life with electric appliances 2,275 4,536
Circular Economy &
Food System W-1: Divert waste from landfill 2,258 2,678 City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
9 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego CAP Pathway Federal and State Regulations and CAP Measures and Action Emissions Reduction
(MT CO2e)
2035 2045
Land Use & Natural
Climate Solutions CS-1: Increase Urban Canopy Cover 964 1,021 Federal and State
Regulations
Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards (Include Advanced Clean Car Zero-emission Vehicle Regulation) 21,467 35,915 California Energy Efficiency Programs 516 479
Renewables Portfolio Standard 10,797 10,225
California Solar Policy, Programs and Mandates 3,738 5,704 Total Reduction from Federal and State Regulations 36,518 52,324 Total Reduction from CAP Measures 11,754 17,499
Total Reduction (Federal, State and CAP Measures)* 48,000 70,000 *Total emissions reductions values in 2035 and 2045 are rounded. The total includes reductions from federal, State, and CAP Update measures.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Figure 4 provides a visualization of the emissions trends through 2045 by pathway; and Figure 5 provides a visualization of the emissions trends through 2045 by actor. In Figure 4, the colored wedges represent the reduction from each pathway and from federal and State actions. Each wedge represents the cumulative GHG reduction from through 2045. The grey area beneath the colored wedges represents the remaining emissions after all the actions have taken place. -
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 Metric Tons CO2e Federal and California Vehicle
Efficiency Standards Adopted
through 2020
Advanced Clean Car II Adopted in
2022 (Zero-emission Vehicle
Regulation)
California Renewable and Energy
Efficiency Program
Decarbonize Transportation
Decarbonize Electric Supply
Decarbonize Buildings
Circular Economy & Food System
Land Use and Natural Solutions
Remaining Emissions
CAP Update Targets
2045 85% below 2016
50% below 2016 Level
The Impact of the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACCII) Regulation (2022) included here is based only on the projected zero emission vehicle and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle percentage of new light-duty car and light-duty truck sales (model year 2026-2050) and annual fleet turnvoer.
The ACC II Regulation also impacts remaining vehicles with more stringent exhaust standards, which are not estimated.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 ■
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City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
10 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Figure 4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trend by Pathway (2021–2045) Figure 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trend by Actor (2021–2045) 7 METHODS TO ESTIMATE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS The following subsections describe the methods used to estimate GHG emissions reductions:
• Section 7.1 through Section 7.3 discuss a set of common assumptions and sources used to calculate emissions reductions in energy and on-road transportation categories; • Section 7.4 describes the emissions reductions from federal and State actions; and • Section 7.5 describes the emissions reductions from the CAP Update measures.
7.1 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating Electricity Emissions Reductions The following overall assumptions and methods are used in the calculation of emissions reductions related to electricity, including those from federal and State actions as well as CAP Update measures.
7.1.1 GHG Emission Factor for Electricity
The electricity emission factors in Solana Beach (i.e., citywide electricity emission factors) are the weighted average emission factors of gross generation from four sources of supply: (1) SDG&E; (2) the electric retail suppliers for SDG&E’s DA customers; (3) SEA or CEA (the city switched to CEA from SEA after CEA was launched in 2021); and (4) behind-the-meter photovoltaic (PV) systems. The citywide electricity emission factors are different from the emission factors used in the GHG inventory because the electricity generated from behind-the-meter PV systems are assumed to be zero emissions and not accounted for in the GHG inventory. However, all sources are considered to estimate the effects of State actions and CAP measures that increase the grid-supply of renewable and zero-carbon electricity. -
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 Metric Tons CO2e Federal and California Vehicle
Efficiency Standards Adopted through
2020
Advanced Clean Car II Adopted in 2022
(Zero-emission Vehicle Regulation)
California Renewable and Energy
Efficiency Program
City Actions for the Community &
Municipal Operations
Voluntary Actions from Residents and
Businesses
Remaining Emissions
CAP Update Targets
2045 85% below 2016
50% below 2016 Level
The Impact of the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACCII) Regulation (2022) included here is based only on the projected zero emission vehicle and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle percentage of new light-duty car and light-duty truck sales (model year 2026-2050) and annual fleet turnvoer.
The ACC II Regulation also impacts remaining vehicles with more stringent exhaust standards, which are not estimated.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 ■
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City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
11 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Considering behind-the-meter PV as a source that contributes to the citywide electricity emission factor reflects the effects of energy efficiency programs that may reduce behind-the-meter electricity use, or the effects from additional electric vehicle (EV) charging load, which may come from behind-the-meter electricity sources and not just from grid supply.
The citywide electricity emission factor is calculated based on the percentage of renewable content in and the percentage of gross generation from each supply source as described below. This method is applied to 2020 onward when the projection from electricity category starts. As the percentage of renewable and zero-carbon supply in the mix increases, the citywide electricity emission factor decreases.
7.1.1.1 Supply from San Diego Gas & Electric
As of 2020, SDG&E’s bundled power mix is 31% renewable. 6 It is assumed SDG&E will meet the 45%
renewable by 2024, 60% renewable by 2030, 90% renewable and zero-carbon by 2035, and 100% renewable and zero-carbon by 2045 as required by the Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) under SB 100 (de León) and SB 1020 (Laird).
7 Estimates in this Appendix assume that 100% renewable and zerocarbon means supplying every hour of the year with renewable and carbon-free electricity resources.
The legislative mandates are discussed in detail in Section 7.4.1.
7.1.1.2 Supply from Electric Retail Suppliers of San Diego Gas & Electric Direct Access Customers Like SDG&E, electric retail suppliers of SDG&E DA customers are required to meet RPS targets.
7.1.1.3 Supply from Clean Energy Alliance
CEA would increase its renewable and zero-carbon electricity supply beyond the current RPS mandates.
This is discussed in detail in Section 7.5.3.1.1.
Because all of California’s retail electricity suppliers need to meet the RPS requirement, a portion of the emissions reduction from RPS compliance is credited to State actions. The remaining portion of reductions is attributed to CAP Action E-1.1.
7.1.1.4 Supply from Behind-the-Meter Photovoltaic Systems Electricity generation from behind-the-meter PV systems, including residential and non-residential PV, is considered part of the overall electricity supply. Electricity generation from PV is considered 100% zerocarbon (i.e., GHG-free). The State’s solar policies, programs, and mandates are discussed in Section
7.4.1.1. 7.1.1.5 Citywide Electricity Emission Factors
The citywide electricity emission factor is based on the percentage of gross generation from each supply, as well as the percentage of renewable and zero-carbon content in each supply.
Table 9 shows the contribution from each supply to gross generation, its renewable and zero-carbon content, and the overall citywide electricity emission factors for 2020, 2035, and 2045. 6 SDG&E: 2020 Power Content Label.
7 SB 100 (de León) California Renewables Portfolio Standard Program: emissions of greenhouse gases (2017–2018). The interim RPS targets are 44% by 2024 and 52% by 2027 from eligible renewable energy resources. SB 1020 (Laird) Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022 (2021-2022).
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
12 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 9 Solana Beach Citywide Electricity Emission Factors Year 2020 2035 2045
Solana Energy
Alliance/Clean
Energy Alliance
% of Gross Generation Supplied 72% 53% 39%
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 59% 100% 100% Other Electric
Retail Suppliers
% of Gross Generation Supplied 7% 5% 4%
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 33% 90% 100% SDG&E
% of Gross Generation Supplied 9% 7% 5%
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 31% 90% 100% Behind-the-meter
PV
% of Gross Generation Supplied 11% 35% 52%
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 100% 100% 100% Citywide
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 59% 99% 100% Electricity Emission Factor (lbs CO2e/MWh) 382 11 -
The overall citywide emission factors here are different from the emission factors used in the GHG inventories. The emission factors used in GHG inventories do not include behind-the-meter supplies. 2020 is the latest year with utility data available. 2035 and 2045 data are projections based on CAP Update assumptions, current status, and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 In 2020, SEA, SDG&E and other electric retail suppliers supplied 89% of the projected gross generation, and behind-the-meter PV systems supplied the remainder. In 2035, the projected electricity supply from behind-the-meter PV systems is estimated to be 35% of gross generation. To comply with the mandated renewable and zero-carbon targets for 2035, the renewable content in electricity from both SDG&E and other electric retail suppliers will increase to 90%. This Appendix assumes the renewable and zerocarbon supply is fixed at the RPS mandate level to avoid overestimating the emissions reductions from these supplies. Based on the target for CAP Action E-1.1, the city will set CEA’s 100% renewable option as the default option for Solana Beach. Based on these supply contributions, the citywide annual weighted electricity emission factor in 2035 is projected to be 11 lbs CO2e/MWh (99% renewable and zero-carbon) and zero lbs CO2e/MWh in 2045 (100% renewable and zero-carbon).
The citywide electricity emission factors are used to calculate the emissions reductions from electricity savings, as well as State actions and CAP measures that increase renewable supply.
7.1.2 GHG Emissions Reductions from Actions that Increase Renewables in Electricity The projected citywide electricity emission factor is used to estimate the GHG emissions reductions from any actions that increase the overall renewable and zero-carbon supply. The total reduction from State and local CAP measures that increase renewable supply is given in Table 10, calculated using the projected gross generation in target years and the difference in the 2035 and 2045 citywide emissions and BAU emission factors.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
13 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 10 GHG Emissions Reductions from Actions Increasing Renewable and Zero-Carbon Supply Year
Gross
Generation
(GWh)
BAU Projections
Projections with State and Local CAP
Update Actions in Increasing Renewable
and Zero-Carbon Supply
GHG Emissions
Reductions from
Increased
Renewable and
Zero-Carbon
Supply
(MT CO2e)
BAU Electricity
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
BAU Emissions
from Electricity
(MT CO2e)
Projected Electricity
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
Projected Emissions
from Electricity
(MT CO2e)
2035 108 382 18,735 11 526 18,208
2045 123 382 21,397 - - 21,397
The projections with increasing renewable and zero-carbon supply are based on CAP Update assumptions and State policies and programs, including the additional electric load from electric vehicles due to California’s Advanced Clean Cars II regulations.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 The BAU emission factor for 2020 (Table 9) is kept constant through the year 2045. The total emissions reductions from increasing renewable supply, as calculated above (Table 10), is attributed to each supply based on its renewable and zero-carbon content compared to the total renewable and zerocarbon content. This is shown in Table 11.
Table 11 GHG Emissions Reductions by Supply
Year Electricity Supply Total CEA
Other Electric
Retail
Suppliers
SDG&E Behind-themeter PV
2035
% of Gross Generation Supplied by
Renewables Sources 99% 53% 5% 6% 35%
Emissions Reduction from Increased
Renewables Supply (MT CO2e) 18,208 9,851 850 1,081 6,426 2045
% of Gross Generation Supplied by
Renewables Sources 100% 39% 4% 5% 52%
Emissions Reduction from Increased
Renewables Supply (MT CO2e) 21,397 8,389 813 1,023 11,172 CEA: Clean Energy Alliance
2035 and 2045 data are the projections based on CAP Update assumptions and the future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.2 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating Natural Gas Emissions Reductions The default natural gas emission factor of 0.00545 MT CO2e per therm is used for all years to estimate the emissions reductions for the CAP Update measures that reduce natural gas use. The natural gas emission factor is based on the heat content of the fuel and the fuel’s CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions, from the CARB’s statewide inventory.8
7.3 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating On-Road Transportation Emissions Reductions
The following assumptions and methods are used to calculate emissions reductions for strategies related to on-road transportation, including federal and State actions and local CAP measures. 8 CARB: GHG Current California Emission Inventory Data. 2000–2021 GHG Inventory (2023 Edition).
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
14 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego
7.3.1 GHG Emission Factor for On-Road Transportation
The GHG emission factor for on-road transportation is used in several ways throughout the Appendix:
(1) to estimate the effect of federal and State actions that increase the vehicle fuel efficiency standard and increase zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs); and (2) the impact of VMT reduction.
7.3.1.1 Impact of Federal and State Actions on Average Vehicle Emission Rates The latest CARB EMFAC2021 model includes the effects of federal and State regulations related to tailpipe GHG emissions reductions that were adopted by the end of 2020.9In August 2022, CARB adopted the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACCII) regulations that established standards for new post-2026 model year light-duty vehicles. ACCII amended: (1) the low-emission vehicle (LEV) regulations to strengthen standards for light-duty vehicles and trucks to reduce smog-forming emissions; and (2) the ZEV regulations to require an increasing number of ZEVs to meet air quality and climate change emissions standards.10 The ZEV amendments support Governor Newsom’s Executive Order N-79-20 that requires all new passenger vehicles sold in California to be ZEVs by 2035.11 Starting in 2026, ACCII has a significant impact on the percentage of new ZEVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, EMFAC2021 default outputs do not include the effect of ACCII. The pending update of the EMFAC model, EMFAC202Y, will include the impact of ACCII and other light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle regulations passed after the adoption of EMFAC2021.12 Figure 6 shows the differences in projected ZEV and PHEV sales as required by ACCII and in EMFAC2021. 9 CARB: EMFAC2021 Volume III Technical Document, Version 1.0.1 (April 2021). Section 1.3.5 Regulations and Policies includes a list of polices and regulations covered in EMFAC2021.
10 CARB: Advanced Clean Cars II.
11 Id.
12 CARB Presentation EMFAC202Y: An Update to California on-road Mobile Source Emissions Inventory (October 12, 2022). ;:
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ACC II ZEV and PHEV Sales Fractions
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
•------- ------•------•------•------•------- ------- ------•------• •------- ------•------•------•------•------•------•------•------- 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035
Model Year
- ACCII Light-Duty Car (LDA, LDT1) --ACCII Light-Duty Truck (LDT2, MDV) - a- EMFAC2021 light-Duty Car (LDA, LDT1) - • - EMFAC2021 light-Duty Truck (LDT2, MDV) CARS ------ 28
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
15 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Figure 6 ACCII ZEV and PHEV Sales (Adapted from CARB October 2022 Public Workshop for the EMFAC202Y Model, Presentation Slide 28)
To adjust the EMFAC2021 output to account for ACCII i.e., to estimate the impact of ACC off-model, the ACCII ZEV and PHEV sales in Figure 6 are applied to new light-duty cars trucks starting in model year 2026. For example, 45% of new light-duty cars in model and calendar year 2026 will be ZEVs and PHEVs, with the remaining light-duty cars split between gasoline and diesel. 13 Starting with model year 2035,
new light-duty vehicles (both cars and trucks) will be 100% ZEVs or PHEVs.
The average vehicle emission rates (g CO2e/mile) are calculated based on the distribution of VMT in each vehicle class with an ACCII adjustment for light-duty vehicles, as well as the emission rate of each vehicle class. The average vehicle emission rates (Table 12) are used to estimate the GHG emissions reduction impact of federal and State policies that increase vehicle efficiency and ZEVs.
Table 12 Average Vehicle Emission Rate in the San Diego Region Year
EMFAC2021 Default Results
(with the Impact of all Adopted State and
Federal Policies through 2020)
Adjusted EMFAC2021 Default Results with
ACCII ZEV Regulations
Ratio of e-VMT to
Total VMT
(%)
Average Vehicle Emission
Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
Ratio of e-VMT to
Total VMT
(%)
Average Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
2019 1.4% 428 1.4% 428
2035 10% 317 44% 218
2045 13% 296 74% 122
ACCII: Advanced Clean Cars II Regulations
e-VMT: electric vehicle miles traveled
EMFAC2021 includes all key federal and State regulations related to tailpipe GHG emissions reductions that were adopted by the end of 2020. EMFAC2021 results are adjusted to include the ACCII ZEV regulations.
CARB 2021, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 This Appendix assumes that the impact of ACCII in the San Diego region will be the same as its impact statewide due to the lack of regional specific data available. The additional electric load from the ZEVs and PHEVs is included in the projected gross generation in the electricity category.
7.4 Federal and State Actions that Reduce GHG Emissions in Solana Beach In addition to how federal and State regulations affect the emissions factors of electricity and on-road transportation, these same policies lead to significant emissions reductions in Solana Beach through 2045. This section provides a summary of the methods used to estimate and attribute the emissions reductions associated with the following federal and State actions that increase renewable electricity, building energy efficiency, and clean and efficient transportation:
• California RPS – SB 100 and SB 1020
• California Solar Programs, Policies, and Mandates
• California Energy Efficiency Programs
• Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards
13 Based on the EMFAC2021 default gasoline-diesel cars fraction.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
16 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego
7.4.1 California Renewables Portfolio Standard
SB 100, the 100 Percent Clean Energy Act of 2018, adopts a 60% RPS for all of California’s retail electricity suppliers by 2030. SB 100 also provides goals for the intervening years before 2030 and establishes a State policy requiring that zero-carbon resources supply 100% of all retail electricity sales to end-user customers and all State agencies by December 31, 2045.14 SB 1020, the Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022, adopts two interim targets for all retail electricity sales to end-use customers: 90% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2035 and 95% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2040.15 The statewide renewable and zero-carbon targets are shown in Figure 7 below.
Figure 7 SB 100 and SB 1020 Targets
All retail electricity suppliers are required to meet the State’s RPS requirements, including SDG&E, retail electricity suppliers for SDG&E’s DA customers, and CEA. In this Appendix, a conservative approach is taken. It’s assumed all providers for current utility customers, including electricity sales to DA customers, will meet, but not surpass, the RPS requirements. Under this assumption, all emissions reductions from SDG&E and electric retail suppliers reaching 90% renewable and zero-carbon in 2035 are credited to the State under the RPS requirements. In 2045, because all retail electricity suppliers are required to meet the 100% renewable and zero-carbon requirement, all emissions reductions are credited to the State.
For CEA, a portion of the emissions reductions in 2035 from the program will be credited to the State under RPS compliance, and the remaining reduction will be attributed to Action E-1.1, as described in Section 7.5.3.1.1. In addition, the electricity related to bring water down from the State Water Project and the Colorado River also must be renewable or zero-carbon under the mandates. Table 13 shows results from RPS mandates in target years.
14 SB 100 (de León): California Renewables Portfolio Standard Program: emissions of greenhouse gases (2017–2018). The interim RPS targets are 44 percent by 2024 and 52 percent by 2027 from eligible renewable energy resources. 15 SB 1020 (Laird): the Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022 (2021–2022). 2030: 60% RPS
Eligible Renewables
2045: 100%
Zero-Carbon
2024: 44% RPS Eligible
Renewables, Interim
2027: 57% RPS Eligible
Renewables, Interim
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Percentage Renewable/Zero-Carbon Electricity
SB100 and SB1020 targets apply to all retail electricity providers include Direct Access, Community Choice Aggregators and Investor-Owned Utilities
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 2020: 33% RPS
Eligible Renewables
2035: 90%
Zero-Carbon
2040: 95%
Zero-Carbon
• •
•
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
17 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 13 Emissions Reductions from California Renewables Portfolio Standard Year
RPS-Related
Emissions
Reductions from
SDG&E*
(MT CO2e)
RPS-Related
Emissions
Reductions from CEA
(MT CO2e)
All RPS-Related
Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,932 8,866 10,797
2045 1,836 8,389 10,225
CEA: Clean Energy Alliance
*Includes SDG&E and electric retail suppliers of SDG&E DA customers. 2035 and 2045 data are projections under the CAP based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update measures assumptions.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.4.1.1 California Solar Programs, Policies, and Mandates California has several policies and programs to encourage customer-owned, behind-the-meter PV systems, such as the CSI Multifamily Affordable Solar Housing (MASH) Program, Net Energy Metering, and electricity rate structures for solar customers. The California 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, required all newly constructed single-family homes, low-rise multi-family homes, and detached accessory dwelling units (ADUs) to have PV systems installed, unless the building receives an exception.16 The latest California 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards (2022 Code), which went into effect on January 1, 2023, expanded the PV requirement to include non-residential buildings. In addition, the 2022 Code encourages efficient electric heat pumps and establishes electric-ready requirements for new residential construction.17 The California Energy Demand 2021–2035 Forecast, developed by the CEC, has projections for PV capacity from behind-the-meter PV adoption in the SDG&E planning area through 2035, including the impact of the residential and non-residential PV mandates. 18 The baseline PV projection from 2021–
2035 in the SDG&E planning area is used to forecast PV generation in this Appendix. 19 The California Distributed Generation (DG) Statistics database includes capacities of behind-the-meter PV systems interconnected in a jurisdiction in a given year for each of the three Investor-Owned Utility (IOU) planning areas, including SDG&E. This provides a historical record used to determine the capacity in GHG inventory years and the trends in PV installation. 16 CEC: 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards – 2019 Residential Compliance Manual (December 2018). For the requirements on newly constructed single-family and low-rise multi-family homes, see Section 7.2 Prescriptive Requirements for Photovoltaic System. For the requirements on newly constructed and detached ADU, see Section 9.3.5 Accessory Dwelling Units.
17 CEC: 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards.
18 The New Billing Tariff that went into effect in April 2023 and the federal ITC extension announced in August 2022 will have a long term an impact the behind-the-meter PV installation. The Energy Demand Forecasts are updated annually, and the impacts will be assessed in future versions.
19 CEC: California Energy Demand Update 2021-2035 accessed September 16, 2022.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
18 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego A comparison of the estimated capacity and electricity generation from PV systems in Solana Beach and in the SDG&E planning area is given in Table 14.
20 Table 14 Behind-the-meter PV Capacity and Estimated Electricity Generation Year
Solana Beach* SDG&E Planning Area** Historical Solana
Beach to SDG&E
Ratio of Electricity
Generation from PV
PV Capacity
(MW)
Estimated Electricity
Generation
(GWh)
Estimated Electricity
Generation
(GWh)
2019 5.1 8.0 2,085 0.4%
2020 5.7 9.0 2,464 0.4%
2021 6.3 10 2,811 0.4%
MW: megawatt; GWh: gigawatt hour
*Estimated electricity generation based on PV capacity and 20% capacity factor. **California Energy Demand Baseline 2022–2035 Forecast
California DG Statistics 2023, CEC 2023, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 For future years, the electricity generation and capacity of behind-the-meter PV systems in Solana Beach are estimated based on the PV generation in CEC’s baseline forecast for SDG&E’s planning area and the average ratio of PV generation in Solana Beach to that of SDG&E’s planning area from 2019-2021 (0.4%).
Because of California’s solar programs, policies, and mandates, the estimated 2035 PV capacity in Solana Beach is projected to be 13.9 megawatts (MW). The trend of behind-the-meter PV in Solana Beach is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8 Behind-the-meter Photovoltaic Historical Capacity and Projections Because there are no statewide PV projections beyond 2035, this Appendix assumes that the PV capacity from State programs beyond 2035 will have an annual growth rate of 4.1% (the 2034–2035 20 The capacity of all interconnected PV systems in Solana Beach was from the California Distributed Generation Statistics NEM Currently Interconnected Data Set (current as of March 30, 2023), download date: June 3, 2023. National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Residential PV Resources Classes, Mean DC Capacity Factor. 0 2
4 6
8 10
12 14
16 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Solar PV Capacity (MWdc)
Historical PV Capacity
2012-2021
PV Projection 2022-
2035
Source of historical capacity: California Distributed Generation Statistics, 2022.
Source of capacity trend: California Energy Demand 2021-2035 Baseline Forecast in San Diego planning area, mid-demand scenario (Jan 2022 version).
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego, 2022 •
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
19 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego growth rate, or the last year with data available) beyond 2035. The projected 2045 PV capacity from State action is approximately 21 MW.
Through CAP Measure E-2, the city plans to achieve additional 20MW of PV capacity citywide beyond the State requirement by 2045. This brings the projected total PV capacity in the city to 41MW in 2045, which is approximately equivalent to 50% of gross generation in the city.
The emissions reductions from all State and CAP measures that increase behind-the-meter renewable supply would be 6,426 MT CO2e in 2035 and 11,172 MT CO2e in 2045, as shown in Table 11. Total reduction is allocated based on estimated capacity (MW) that would result from each action. The emissions reductions from the State action are shown in Table 15 below.
Table 15 Key Assumptions and Results for California Solar Policies, Programs, and Mandates Year State or City Action Total CAP Measure
E-2
California Solar
Polices,
Programs, and
Mandates*
2035
Projected Behind-the-meter PV Capacity (MW) 24 10 14
Projected Emissions Reduction (MT CO2e) 6,426 2,688 3,738 2045
Projected Behind-the-meter PV Capacity (MW) 41 20 21
Projected Emissions Reduction (MT CO2e) 11,172 5,468 5,704 Solar policies, programs, and mandates include the impact of the PV mandates from the 2019 and 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standard.
The projected capacity and emissions reductions are based on CAP Update assumptions, current status, and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.4.2 California Energy Efficiency Programs
In September 2021, the CPUC adopted energy efficiency goals for ratepayer-funded energy efficiency programs (Decision 21-09-037). The adopted energy saving goals for SDG&E’s service territory are given in the Decision on an annual basis from 2022 to 2032.
21 The sources of the energy savings include, but
are not limited to, rebated technologies, building retrofits, behavior-based initiatives, and codes and standards.22
To evaluate the impact of the energy efficiency programs in Solana Beach, the total energy savings in SDG&E’s service territory by 2032 are allocated to Solana Beach using a ratio of Solana Beach’s natural gas and electricity demand to those of SDG&E’s entire service territory. The average 2016–2020 ratios are 0.4% for electricity and 0.5% for natural gas.23 SDG&E’s energy efficiency goal is not estimated by the CPUC beyond 2032; therefore, it is assumed the annual electricity and natural gas savings from energy efficiency programs post-2032 will be the same as in 2032. SDG&E’s service territory electricity savings 21 CPUC: Decision 21-09-037, Adopting Energy Efficiency Goals for 2022-2032, accessed September 16, 2022. SDG&E’s electricity service territory is larger than San Diego region. 22 Guidehouse: 2021 Energy Efficiency Potential and Goals Study (April 23, 2021), accessed September 16, 2022. Rebated technologies are the energy efficiency technologies from the utility’s historic incentive programs, including equipment and retrofits. Existing and future Codes and Standards included in the Study is discussed in Section 3.9 Codes and Standards. 23 SDG&E’s service territory demand is from California Energy Demand Update 2022-2035 accessed June 3, 2023. 2020 is the latest year with historical data available for both Solana Beach and SDG&E service territory.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
20 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego were allocated accordingly to Solana Beach, as shown in Table 16. 24 Table 16 Estimated Energy Savings from California Energy Efficiency Programs Year
Electricity Savings*
(GWh)
Natural Gas Savings
(million therms)
SDG&E Service
Territory
Allocation of
Savings to Solana
Beach by Demand
SDG&E
Service
Territory
Allocation of
Savings to Solana
Beach by Demand
2032 1,914 7 18 0.1
*Include transmission and distribution losses.
SDG&E service territory savings are the cumulative based on the 2022-2032 annual saving goals in CPUC Decision 21-09-037.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Emissions reductions from electricity savings are calculated by multiplying the electricity savings by the citywide GHG emission factor for electricity, discussed in Section 7.1.1 and shown in Table 9. As the renewable and zero-carbon content in electricity increases, the emissions reductions from the electricity portion of energy efficiency programs decrease. Emissions reductions from natural gas savings were calculated using the natural gas savings amount and the natural gas emission factor discussed in Section
7.2. Table 17 summarizes the energy savings and GHG emissions reductions in the years 2035 and 2045.
Table 17 Emissions Reductions from California Energy Efficiency Programs Year
Electricity Savings Natural Gas Savings
Total GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Electricity
Savings
(GWh)
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
from
Electricity
Savings
(MT CO2e)
Natural Gas
Savings
(million
therms)
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/therm)
GHG Emissions
Reductions
from Natural
Gas Savings
(MT CO2e)
2035 7 11 36 0.1 0.0054 479 516
2045 7 - - 0.1 0.0054 479 479
The emissions reductions are projected based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.4.3 Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards As discussed in Section 7.3, CARB’s EMFAC2021 model includes all key federal and State regulations related to tailpipe GHG emissions reductions for both light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles that were in place by the end of 2020. EMFAC2021 results were adjusted to include ACCII ZEV regulations which require an increasing number of ZEVs for post-2026 model year light-duty vehicles. Table 18 summarizes the key assumptions and results in the years 2035 and 2045. 24 CPUC: Decision 21-09-037, Adopting Energy Efficiency Goals for 2022-2032, accessed September 16, 2022. The 2022 and beyond goals are given on an annual basis for each year from 2022 to 2032.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
21 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 18 Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards Year
Projected
Solana Beach
VMT
(million miles
per year)
BAU Projection With No
Regulatory Impacts
With Impact of Adopted
Regulations Through 2020 and
ACCII ZEV Regulations GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Average
Vehicle
Emission
Rate*
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG Emissions
from On-Road
Transportation
(MT CO2e)
Average
Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG Emissions
from On-Road
Transportation
(MT CO2e)
2035 149 361 53,968 218 32,500 21,467
2045 149 363 53,975 122 18,060 35,915
ACCII: Advanced Clean Cars II Regulation
ZEV: zero-emission vehicles
*Despite the absence of additional policies and programs to increase vehicle efficiency, the BAU average vehicle emission rate decreases with natural fleet turnover as new vehicles replace old vehicles.
The emission rates and emissions reductions are projected based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.5 Climate Action Plan Update Measures
The following section describes the methods used to estimate the GHG reductions from the CAP measures and actions, which are organized into the following five pathways:
• Decarbonize Transportation
• Decarbonize Buildings
• Decarbonize Electric Supply
• Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions
• Circular Economy & Food System
7.5.1 Decarbonize Transportation
7.5.1.1 Measure T-1: Adopt a Hybrid Work Schedule/Virtual Meeting Policy
7.5.1.1.1 Action T-1 OB: Adopt a remote/hybrid work policy for employees that allows employee to work remotely 2 days a week (telecommute eligible jobs only) Under Action T-1 OB, organizations and businesses in Solana Beach will adopt remote or hybrid work policies at their workplace to eliminate the need for mandatory, in-person attendance where feasible.
The specific number of telecommutable jobs in Solana Beach is not available, but for the entire workforce in the San Diego region, roughly 40% of the jobs are telecommutable jobs and currently the telecommute rate is approximately 10%.
25 The policies would be available for all employees in Solana Beach who have telecommutable jobs, assuming 40% of the jobs, the same as the rest of the region, and the policy would allow them to work remotely two days a week. Based on a SANDAG commuting pattern analysis, approximately 5% of the workforce in Solana Beach lives outside the city, therefore, the policy 25 SANDAG: 2021 Regional Plan Appendix D: Sustainable Communities Strategy Documentation and Related Information, accessed September 28, 2023.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
22 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego would reduce commute trips mainly from this workforce.26 The impact of Solana Beach residents telework is discussed under Action T-1 R.
The GHG emissions reductions are based on the number of employees telecommuting, estimated average driving distance avoided, and the average vehicle emission rates. Table 19 summarizes the key assumptions and results.
27 Table 19 Key Assumptions and Results for Action T-1 OB: Adopt a remote/hybrid work policy for employees that allows employee to work remotely 2 days a week (telecommute eligible jobs only) Year
Commuter Miles
Avoided*
(miles/person/year)
Number of
Additional
Employees
Telecommute
Total VMT
Avoided
(miles/year)
Total VMT
Avoided –
Attributed to
Solana
Beach**
(miles/year)
Average Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 3,204 1,517 4,861,557 2,467,063 218 537
2045 3,204 3,114 9,978,794 5,063,875 122 616
*35 miles round-trip per workday, 255 workdays per year, and 2 remote days a work week **Based on the Origin-Destination VMT allocation method, half of the miles from trips with one end at Solana Beach is attribute to the city The emissions reductions are the projection under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.5.1.1.2 Action T-1 R: Work remotely 2 days a week (Solana Beach residents with telecommutable jobs only)
Similar to Action T-1 OB, under Action T-1 R, Solana Beach residents who are employed will work remotely for 2 days a week where feasible. This Action only covers Solana Beach residents who are employed and work outside the city, to avoid counting with Action T-1 OB.
Based on the same SANDAG commuting pattern analysis, Solana Beach has 6,600 civilian employed residents in 2016.
28 Assuming as population increases, the number of employed residents increases, there will be 7,270 employed residents in 2035 and 7,326 employed residents in 2045.
Assuming 40% of the residents have telecommutable jobs, the same as the workforce in the San Diego region, the GHG emissions reductions are based on the number of employed residents telecommuting, estimated average driving distance avoided, and the average vehicle emission rates. Table 20 summarizes the key assumptions and results.
29 26 SANDAG: Commuting Patterns in the San Diego Region (August 2016). 27 The round-trip employee commute (driving) distance for Solana Beach employees is 35.6 miles based on the SANDAG Mode Choice Report.
28 SANDAG: Commuting Patterns in the San Diego Region (August 2016). 29 The round-trip employee commute (driving) distance for Solana Beach residents is 31.6 miles based on the SANDAG Mode Choice Report.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
23 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 20 Key Assumptions and Results for Action T-1 R: Work remotely 2 days a week (Solana Beach residents with telecommutable jobs only)
Year
Commuter Miles
Avoided*
(miles/person/year)
Number of
Additional
Employed
Residents
Telecommute
Total VMT
Avoided
(miles/year)
Total VMT
Avoided –
Attributed to
Solana Beach**
(miles/year)
Average Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 2,844 7,270 3,101,474 1,573,885 218 342
2045 2,844 7,320 5,933,181 3,010,873 122 386
*31.6 miles round-trip per workday, 255 workdays per year, and 2 remote days a work week **Based on the Origin-Destination VMT allocation method, half of the miles from trips with one end at Solana Beach is attribute to the city The emissions reductions are the projection under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.5.1.2 Measure T-2: Use Alternative Modes for Non-work Trips
7.5.1.2.1 Action T-2 R: Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips The goal of Action T-2 R is to increase the walk and bicycle mode share of all Solana Beach residents’ trips to 30% by 2045, with 14% from walking trips and 16% from bicycling trips.
SANDAG projected the walk and bicycle mode share for 2045, as well as the average trip length, with the impact of the 2021 Regional Plan. Theses mode shares and trip length from the 2021 Regional Plan, as shown in Table 21 and Table 22, are used as baseline assumptions. The avoided VMT is converted to GHG emissions reductions using the average vehicle emission rates. The GHG emissions reductions in 2035 and 2045 from each mode are shown in Table 21 and Table 22. 30 30 Mode shares are from based on the SANDAG Mode Choice Report for Solana Beach. The mode choice reports only have data for 2016, 2035, and 2050, the 2045 mode share is interpolated between 2035 and 2050. The walking and bicycling trip lengths are regional averages from CARB: Evaluation of San Diego Association of Governments’ SB375 2021 Sustainable Community Strategy (August 2022), accessed September 29, 2023. B-4.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
24 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 21 Key Assumptions and Results for Action T-2 R: Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips (Pedestrian)
Year
Solana
Beach
Residents
Walk Mode Share Additional
Residents
Who Walk to
Destinations
Trip
Length*
(Miles per
round trip)
VMT Avoided
by Walking**
(Miles per
year)
Average
Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
Emissions
Reduction
Baseline (MT CO2e)
* (%)
Target
(%)
2035 15,089 3% 8% 727 1.5 378,430 218 82
2045 15,205 3% 13% 1,505 1.5 783,506 122 95
*Baseline walk mode share and trip length were model outputs from the SANDAG 2021 Regional Plan default assumption **Assumes 347 weekdays to year and one resident takes one round trip per weekday The emissions reductions are the projection under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Table 22 Key Assumptions and Results for Action T-2 R: Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips (Cyclists)
Year
Solana
Beach
Residents
Bicycle Mode Share Additional
Residents
Bicycling to
Destinations
Trip
Length*
(miles per
round trip)
VMT Avoided
by Bicycling**
(Miles per
year)
Average
Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
Emissions
Reduction
Baseline (MT CO2e)
* (%)
Target
(%)
2030 15,089 3.2% 9.5% 956 7.1 2,362,342 218 514
2035 15,205 3.8% 16% 1,916 7.1 4,733,326 122 575
*Baseline bicycle mode share and trip length were model outputs from the SANDAG 2021 Regional Plan default assumption **Assumes 347 weekdays to year and one resident takes one round trip per weekday The emissions reductions are the projection under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 The total 2035 and 2045 emissions reductions from Action T-2 R both from pedestrian and cyclist, are shown in Table 23.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
25 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 23 Results for Action T-2 R: Increase bike and walk trips to 30% of all daily trips Emissions Reduction from Action T-2
GHG Emissions
Reduction in 2030
(MT CO2e)
GHG Emissions
Reduction in 2035
(MT CO2e)
Emissions Reduction from Increasing Walk Mode Share 82 95 Emissions Reduction from Increasing Bicycle Mode Share 514 575 Total Emissions Reduction 596 671
The emissions reductions are the projection under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.5.2 Decarbonize Buildings
7.5.2.1 Measure B-1: Implement Energy Efficiency Measures
7.5.2.1.1 Action B-1 OB: Replace 50% commercial end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliance
Action B-1 OB assumes organizations and businesses in Solana Beach will replace 50% of appliances at end-of-life with more efficient and ENERGY STAR Appliances.
About 30% of natural gas end-use at commercial buildings is from heating. 31 Installation of a highly
efficient commercial packaged boiler will decrease natural gas use for the same amount of energy output for space heating. Organizations and businesses that install a more efficient gas-fired boiler than required by 2009 or 2020 Conservation Standards for Commercial Packaged Boiler would reduce natural gas use by16%.32
Emissions reductions from natural gas savings were calculated using the percent natural gas saving from highly efficient boilers, percent heating of total commercial natural gas use, and the natural gas emission factor discussed in Section 7.2. The emissions reductions from natural gas savings due to Action B-1 OB are summarized in Table 24.
31 CEC: California Commercial End-Use Survey (2006)., accessed September 24, 2023. Figure 11-4: Natural Gas Usage by End Use.
32 CAPCOA GHG Handbook E-3-B. Require Energy Efficient Commercial Packaged Boilers. Table E-3-B.1. Gas-fired Hot Water Boiler Max Tech.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
26 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 24 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-1 OB: Replace 50% commercial end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliance – GHG Emissions from Natural Gas Savings Year
% Existing
Commercial
Boilers Replaced
With Highly
Efficient Boilers
(%)
Projected Commercial
Natural Gas Use from
Existing Buildings*
(Therms/year)
Projected
Commercial
Natural Gas Use
from Heating**
(Therm/year)
Natural Gas
Reduction
with Highly
Efficient
Boilers***
(Therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission
Factor
(MT
CO2e/therm)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 25% 666,838 199,385 7,975 0.0054 43
2045 50% 666,838 199,385 15,951 0.0054 87
*2016 baseline year commercial natural gas use
**30% natural gas end-use at commercial buildings is from heating ***16% fuel savings with high efficiency boilers compared with minimum requirements The projections are based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 . About 7% of total building electricity is from commercial refrigerators, and ENERGY STAR commercial fridges reduce electricity by 20% compared to conventional ones. 33 and businesses that install ENERGY
STAR-certified commercial refrigerators would reduce electricity use bybe 1%.
Emissions from electricity savings are calculated using existing commercial electricity use, percent of electricity saving, and the citywide electricity emission factor. As the renewable and zero-carbon content in electricity increases, the emissions decrease correspondingly. The emissions reductions from electricity savings due to Action B-1 OB are summarized in Table 25.
Table 25 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-1 OB: Replace 50% commercial end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliance – GHG Emissions from Electricity Savings Year
% Existing Commercial
Refrigerators Replaced
With ENERGY STARcertified
(%)
Projected
Commercial
Electricity Use from
Existing
Developments*
(kWh/year)
Electricity Reduction
with ENERGY STARcertified Commercial
Refrigerators**
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Emission
Factor
(lbs
CO2e/MWh)
GHG Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 25% 32,657,731 113,107 11 1
2045 50% 32,657,731 226,215 - -
*2016 baseline year commercial electricity ** 7% of total building electricity is from commercial fridges, and ENERGY STAR commercial fridges reduces electricity by 20% compared to conventional appliances The projections are based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 The total GHG emissions reductions from Action B-1 OB would be 44 MT CO2e in 2035 and 87 MT CO2e in 2045.
33 CAPCOA GHG Handbook E-2 Require Energy Efficient Appliances. Table E-2.1 through Table E-2.3. Other commercial ENERGY STAR appliances were not evaluated in the Handbook.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
27 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego
7.5.2.1.2 Action B-1 R: Replace 50% residential end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliances
Similarly, Action B-1 R assumes residents in Solana Beach will replace 50% of appliances at end-of-life with more efficient and ENERGY STAR appliances. The impact of residents replacing certain natural gas appliances with electric appliances is discussed under Action B-3 R.
Residents that install highly efficient gas-fired boilers would reduce natural gas use by 115 therms per year compared with standard boilers.
34 Emissions reductions from lower natural gas use were calculated using per boiler natural gas savings, the number of households installing the boilers, and the natural gas emission factor discussed in Section 7.2. The emissions reductions from natural gas savings due to Action B-1 R are summarized in Table 26.
Table 26 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-1 R: Replace 50% residential end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliances - GHG Emissions from Natural Gas Savings Year
% Existing
Households
Replacing
Installing Highly
Efficient Boilers
(%)
Number of
Existing
Households*
(Units)
Number of
Existing
Households with
Highly Efficient
Boilers
(Units)
Natural Gas
Reduction with
Highly Efficient
Boilers**
(Therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/therm)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 25% 6,494 1,624 186,747 0.0054 1,019
2045 50% 6,494 3,247 373,494 0.0054 2,037
*2016 housing units Solana Beach **115 therms fuel savings with highly efficient boilers compared with standard boilers The projections are based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 ENERGY STAR-certified residential refrigerators, cloth washers, dishwaters, and ceiling fans can decrease household electricity use. Residents that install these ENERGY STAR-certified appliances would reduce electricity use by 4% based on the percentage of household electricity from each appliance and reduction of the ENERGY STAR appliances compared to standard appliances.35 Emissions from electricity savings are calculated using the existing residential electricity use, percent electricity savings, and the citywide electricity emission factor. As the renewable and zero-carbon content in electricity increases, the emissions decrease correspondingly. The emissions reductions from electricity savings due to Action B-1 R are summarized in Table 27.
Table 27 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-1 R: Replace 50% residential end-of-life appliances with more energy efficient and ENERGY STAR appliances - GHG Emissions from Electricity Savings Year
% Existing
Residential
Appliances Replaced
With ENERGY STARcertified
(%)
Projected Residential
Electricity Use from
Existing Buildings*
(kWh/year)
Electricity Reduction
with ENERGY STARcertified
Appliances**
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
34 CAPCOA GHG Handbook E-3-A. Require Energy Efficient Residential Boilers. Table E-3-A.1. Gas-fired Hot Water Boiler Max Tech.
35 CAPCOA GHG Handbook E-2 Require Energy Efficient Appliances. Table E-2.1 through Table E-2.3.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
28 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego 2035 25% 35,237,227 335,558 11 2
2045 50% 35,237,227 671,115 - -
*2016 baseline residential electricity use
** 4% reduction in household electricity use from switching to ENERGY STAR-certified refrigerators, cloth washers, dishwaters, and ceiling fans
The projections are based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 The total GHG emissions reductions from Action B-1 R would be 1,020 MT CO2e in 2035 and 2,037 MT CO2e in 2045.
7.5.2.2 Measure B-3: Replace Gas Appliances at End-of-Life With Electric Appliances
7.5.2.2.1 Action B-3 R: Replace 50% of residential appliances at end-of-life with electric appliances In addition to replacing appliances at end-of-life with more efficient and ENERGY STAR appliances (Action B-1 R), Solana Beach residents also can replace end-of-life natural gas appliances with electric appliances. This can include: (1) replacing natural gas-fired furnaces for multi-family and single-family units with high-efficiency heat pumps; (2) replacing natural gas storage tank water heater for multifamily and single-family units with NEEA Tier 3 heat pump water heaters; and (3) replacing natural gas pool heating for single-family units only with all electric (heat pump pool heater with electric resistance plus solar pool heating) pool heating.
Based on the 2022 residential retrofit and 2022 heat pump pool heating cost-effectiveness studies, the reduction in natural gas use and increase in electricity use due to the appliance electrification varies by Climate Zone and by technology. Error! Reference source not found. shows the natural gas reduction a nd the electricity use increase for the technologies identified in Climate Zone 7.36 36 California Energy Codes & Standard Reach Codes Program: 2019 Cost-Effectiveness Study: Existing Single Family Residential Building Updates (August 27, 2021), Table 65, and 2019 Cost-Effectiveness Study: Existing Multifamily Residential Building Updates (March 7, 2022), Table 64. The studies were conducted for the 2019 code but are also applicable for 2022 code, accessed September 25, 2023. 2022 Cost-Effectiveness Study: All Electric and Solar Thermal Pool Heating (June 29, 2023), accessed September 25, 2023. Number of housing units in Solana Beach in each vintage groups are from Cost Effectiveness Explorer Building Estimates for City of Solana Beach, accessed September 25, 2023.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
29 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Table 28 Assumptions of Existing Home Appliance Electrification Technology Energy Impact Single-Family Multi-Family
High-efficient heat pump
at HVAC replacement*
Natural Gas Reduction
(therms per unit) 35 7
Electricity Use Increase
(kWh per unit) 154 52
NEEA Tier 3 Heat pump
water heater at
replacement*
Natural Gas Reduction
(therms per unit) 153 130
Electricity Use Increase
(kWh per unit) 781 675
Heat pump with electric
resistance + solar pool
heating
Natural Gas Reduction
(therms per unit) 951 -
Electricity Use Increase
(kWh per unit) 6,610 -
Based on prototypes in the cost-effectiveness study.
*Weighted average of three housing vintage groups (pre-1978, 1978-1991, and 1992-2010) natural gas savings and electricity added, and the percentage of housing units in Solana Beach in each vintage group California Statewide Reach Codes Program, 2021 and 2023 The emissions reduced from natural gas savings and emissions added from increased electricity use are shown in Table 29.
Table 29 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-3 R: Replace 50% of residential appliances at end-of-life with electric appliances (Natural Gas)
Year Residential
Unit Type
Units with
Fuel
Substitution
(HVAC +
Water
Heater)
Natural Gas
Reduction
from Fuel
Substitution
(HVAC +
Water Heater)
(Therms)
SingleFamily Units
with Fuel
Substitution
(Pools)
Natural Gas
Reduction
from SFH
Fuel
Substitution
(Pool)
(Therms)
Total
Natural
Gas
Reduction
(Therms)
Natural Gas
Emission
Factor
(MT
CO2e/Therm)
Emissions
Reductions
from Natural
Gas Savings
(MT CO2e)
2035
Single-Family 889 167,400 178 169,040
415,857
0.0054
2,268
Multi-Family 578 79,417 - -
2045
Single-Family 1,778 334,799 356 338,081
831,714 4,536
Multi-Family 1,156 158,834 - -
The projected units with fuel substitution and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Table 30 Key Assumptions and Results for Action B-3 R: Replace 50% of residential appliances at end-of-life with electric appliances (Electricity)
Year Residential Unit
Type
# of SFH Units
with Fuel
Substitution
(HVAC +
Water Heater)
Electricity Increase
from Fuel
Substitution (HVAC +
Water Heater)
(kWh/year)
Total
Electricity
Use
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
Emissions
from
Additional
Electricity Use
(MT CO2e)
2035 Single-Family 889 831,501 1,372,269 11 7
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
30 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego Multi-Family 578 540,768
2045
Single-Family 1,778 1,663,002
2,744,539 - -
Multi-Family 1,156 1,081,536
The pool fuel substitution is with heat pump with electric resistance + solar pool heating, so there is no additional grid electricity added.
The projected units with fuel substitution and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 The net GHG emissions reductions from Action B-3 R would be 2,275 MT CO2e in 2035 and 4,536 MT CO2e in 2045.
7.5.3 Decarbonize Electricity Supply
7.5.3.1 Measure E-1: Increase to 100% Renewable Electricity Citywide
7.5.3.1.1 Action E-1.1: Make CEA’s 100 percent renewable/carbon free electricity option the default option for Solana Beach by 2035
As discussed in Section 7.4.1, SB 100 and SB 1020 adopted the 60% RPS by 2030 for California’s retail electricity suppliers, 90% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2035, and 100% renewable and zerocarbon electricity by 2045. Action E-1.1 assumes that the city will make CEA’s Green Impact, the product with 100% renewable energy content, its default option for Solana Beach residents and business by 2035. It is assumed that both Solana Beach businesses (Action E-1 OB) and residents (Action E-1 R) will achieve 97% participation in the default option.
As previously explained in Section 7.4.1, because CEA is required to comply with the State’s RPS mandates, a portion of the total emissions reductions from CEA’s renewable and zero-carbon electricity is credited to the State’s RPS compliance. The remaining emissions reductions beyond RPS compliance are allocated to local Action E-1.1. Table 31 summarizes the key assumptions and results.
Table 31 Key Assumptions and Results for Action E-1.1: Make CEA’s 100 percent renewable/carbon free electricity option the default option for Solana Beach by 2035 Year State or City Action Total for
CEA*
CEA -
Complying
with RPS
CEA - Above
RPS
2035
Projected Renewables and
Zero Carbon (%) 100% 90% 10%
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e) 9,851 8,866 985
2045**
Projected Renewables and
Zero Carbon (%) 100% 100% -
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e) 8,389 8,389 -
CEA: Clean Energy Alliance
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
31 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego *Calculated in Table 11.
** All electric service providers must supply 100% renewable or carbon-free electricity on and after 2045.
The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.5.3.1.2 Action E-1.2: Enroll all municipal electricity accounts to CEA's 100% renewable/carbon free option by 2025
The goals of Action E-1.2 is to enroll all municipal electricity accounts to CEA’s Green Impact (100% renewable electricity by 2025, sooner than the rest of the city. To capture additional electricity demand from potential new city facilities or new city operation electricity use, an annual 0.2–0.3% increase is applied to the 2019 electricity use at city facilities (1,012 MWh), based on the citywide commercial electricity annual rate of increase.37
The emissions reductions from additional renewable electricity are based on the difference between the renewable content of electricity under RPS compliance and the CEA Green Impact product’s renewable content. Table 32 summarizes the key assumptions and results.
Table 32 Key Assumptions and Results for Action E-1.2: Enroll all municipal electricity accounts to CEA's 100% renewable/carbon free option by 2025
Year
City
Facilities
Electricity
Use*
(MWh)
Emissions from
Electricity Use with
RPS-Compliant
Renewable
(MT CO2e)
Emissions from
Electricity
Supplied by CEA
Green Impact
(MT CO2e)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,061 44 - 44
2045 1,089 - - -
CEA: Clean Energy Alliance
*BAU electricity use is projected based on the 2019 city facilities electricity use and 0.2-0.3% annual increase
The electricity supplied by CEA’s Green Impact product is 100% renewable. All electric service providers have to supply 100% renewable or carbon-free electricity on and after 2045.
The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.5.3.2 Measure E-2: Increase Installation of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage The goal of CAP Measure E-2 is to achieve additional 20MW of PV capacity citywide beyond the amount that would result from State policies, programs, and requirement by 2045. This brings the projected total PV capacity in the city to 41MW in 2045, which is approximately equivalent to 50% electric selfsufficiency in the city. Both Solana Beach residents and businesses would contribute to the goal. The city will identify sites suitable for community solar, including coverage at parking lots, and promote incentives for PV and energy storage in the city.
37 2016 to 2019 city facility electricity use were downloaded from SANDAG Climate Action Data Portal.
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
32 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego The emissions reductions from all State and CAP measures that increase behind-the-meter renewable supply would be 6,426 MT CO2e in 2035 and 11,172 MT CO2e in 2045, as shown in Table 11. Total reduction is allocated based on estimated capacity (MW) that would result from each action. The emissions reductions from Measure E-2 are shown in Table 33 below.
Table 33 Key Assumptions and Results for Measure E-2: Increase Installation of Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Year State or City Action Total CAP Measure
E-2
California Solar
Polices,
Programs, and
Mandates
2035
Projected Behind-the-meter PV Capacity (MW) 24 10 14
Projected Emissions Reduction (MT CO2e) 6,426 2,688 3,738 2045
Projected Behind-the-meter PV Capacity (MW) 41 20 21
Projected Emissions Reduction (MT CO2e) 11,172 5,468 5,704 The projected capacity and emissions reductions are based on CAP Update assumptions, current status, and future impact of State policies and programs.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.5.4 Land Use & Natural Climate Solutions
7.5.4.1 Measure CS-1: Increase Urban Canopy Cover
The goal of Measure CS-1 is to increase the urban canopy to 30% of developed land by 2045. The tree canopy cover in the City currently (2015–2019 period) is 22% based on a LiDAR study.38 The carbon sequestration potential is calculated based on the projected canopy cover and the CO2 absorption rate per acre.
39 Table 34 summarizes the key assumptions and results.
Table 34 Key Assumptions and Results for Measure CS-1: Increase Urban Canopy Cover Year Canopy Cover
Target (%)
Targeted Canopy
Cover
(Acres)
CO2 Sequestered
Rate
(MT CO2 per acre)
Carbon
Sequestration
(MT CO2)
2030 28% 618 1.56 964
2035 30% 655 1.56 1,021
Brown et al 2004, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023
7.5.5 Circular Economy & Food Systems
7.5.5.1 Measure W-1: Divert Solid Waste from Landfill
The goal of Measure W-1 is to reduce waste disposed in landfills to 1.9 pounds per person per day (PPD) by 2045, equivalent to a 90% waste diversion rate by 2045. The actions are for both residents and businesses in the city. The city will develop education programs and campaigns to raise awareness about organic waste diversion, and food waste and recover.
38 San Diego County: Urban Tree Canopy Assessment.
39 Solana Beach’s land cover is 2,184 acres based on SANDAG Growth Forecast. Brown, et al.: Baseline Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals for Forest, Range, and Agricultural Lands in California (2004).
City of Solana Beach CAP Update August 23, 2024
33 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego The city has not conducted a waste characterization study, therefore, the 2016 waste composition data (used in the 2016 GHG inventory) from Oceanside are used and held constant through 2045. 40 The
emissions avoided from increasing the waste diversion rate is the difference between the waste category BAU emissions and the solid waste emissions using the target diversion rates and corresponding PPDs. Table 35 summarizes the key assumptions and results.
Table 35 Key Assumptions and Results for Measure W-1: Divert Solid Waste from Landfill Year
Waste Disposed at Landfills from Solana Beach Landfill
Gas
Capture
Rate
GHG Emissions
with Targeted
Diversion Rate
(MT CO2e)
BAU GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
lbs/person/day short
tons/year MT/year
2035 2.5 6,862 6,225 86% 832 3,091 2,258
2045 1.8 4,954 4,494 90% 437 3,115 2,678
Emissions from waste are calculated based on the mixed waste emission factor used in the 2016 GHG inventory and projection, 0.98.
MT CO2e per short ton, an oxidation rate (10%), and the waste capture rates. The projected emissions reductions are based on the CAP Update assumptions.
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 40 Recent State actions include organic waste recycling, which may reduce the mixed waste emission factor in future years.
Action
Number Action Name
Equity
Strategy Description
City Lead
Department
Supporting
Department(s) Timeframe
Key Performance
Indicators
T-1.1 Telecommute
Incentives
E-5 Provide incentives to the
businesses to adopt a
telecommute program/remote
work policy.
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2025-2028 Number of Participating
Businesses
Incentives Provided
T-1.2 Remote/Hybrid Work Adopt a remote/hybrid work
policy that allows employee to
work remotely one day a week.
City (Municipal
Operations)
City Manager 2024-2028 Adoption of Policy
Number of Participating
Employees
T-1.3 Virtual Meetings Prioritize virtual meetings for
regularly scheduled non-public
meetings.
City (Municipal
Operations)
City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Virtual
Meetings Held
T-2.1 Environmentally
Friendly Transportation
Options
E-2, E-11 Promote alternative
environmentally friendly
transportation such as bicycles,
e-bicycles, shuttle services
connecting major destinations,
residential areas, and schools,
to public transit.
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Interventions
Methods Used to
Promote
Number of People Using
Alternative Modes
T-2.2 Bike and Walk
Opportunities
E-4 Expand pedestrian and bikeway
network.
City (for
Community)
Public Works City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Projects
Miles of Bicycle Lanes
Added or Improved
Miles of Sidewalk Added
or Improved
T-2.3 15-Minute City Analysis E-11 Conduct an analysis at the community scale to determine
options to employ the 15-Minute
City concept.
City (for
Community)
Consultant;
Public Works
City Manager 2026 Analysis Completion
T-2.4 Active Transportation
Education
E-6 Increase education campaigns
to improve motorist behavior to
result in a safer right of way for
bicyclists and pedestrians.
City Manager 2025 Methods Used to
Promote
Number of Residents
Reached
PATHWAY: Decarbonize Transportation
STRATEGY: VMT Reduction
Measure T-1 Adopt a hybrid work schedule/virtual meeting policy Measure T-2 Use alternative modes for non-work trips
Action
Number Action Name
Equity
Strategy Description
City Lead
Department
Supporting
Department(s) Timeframe
Key Performance
Indicators
T-3.1 Intra-City Electric
Shuttle
E-2 Expand transportation offerings
such as e-shuttles within the
community (including schools),
and increase specialized
transportation options for older
adults.
City (for
Community)
City Manager Public Works;
Parks and Rec
2024-2028 Develop Options for the
E-Shuttle Programs and
Routes
Number of Offerings
Ridership
T-4.1 Walk and Bike to
School
Work with school districts to
expand school bus options and
provide bike, walk, and e-bike
to school education programs
for all students.
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Options
Adopted
Number of Safe Routes
To School Programs
Number of Education
Programs in
Collaboration with the
School Districts
Ridership
T-4.2 Safe Routes to Schools Continue to improve key
corridors surrounding the City’s
schools under the Safe Routes
to Schools Program, providing
safe bike and walk options to
students.
Public Works City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Projects
Miles of Bicycle Lanes
Added or Improved
Miles of Sidewalk Added
or Improved
T-5.1 ZEV Rebate
Information
E-5, E-6 Provide information to the
residents on ZEV rebate
opportunities (federal and state
incentives).
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2024-2028 Methods Used to
Promote
Number of Residents
Reached
T-5.2 Electric Vehicle
Charging Stations
Analysis
E-1 Conduct a public electric
vehicle charging station
inventory and needs
assessment to determine how
many new publicly accessible
charging stations need to be
installed within the community
to meet current and future
needs.
City (for
Community)
Public Works City Manager 2024-2028 Analysis Completion Measure T-3 Provide intra-city electric shuttle to shopping, dining, recreation destinations and schools in the city Measure T-4 Electrify school buses
STRATEGY: Low-carbon Emissions Vehicles
Measure T-5 Increase electric vehicles and electric vehicle charging infrastructure Action
Number Action Name
Equity
Strategy Description
City Lead
Department
Supporting
Department(s) Timeframe
Key Performance
Indicators
T-5.3 Funding for Public
Electric Vehicle
Chargers
Apply for funding for public
chargers and explore
partnerships to increase
publicly accessible charging
stations within the community.
City (for
Community)
City Manager Public Works 2024-2028 Application Submission Number of Partnerships
T-5.4 Identify Electric
Infrastructure Needs
Work with SDG&E/CEA to
identify the areas that need
updated infrastructure for
supplying enough electricity for
charging stations.
City (for
Community)
City Manager Public Works 2024-2028 Analysis Completion Number of Areas
Identified
T-5.5 Electric Vehicles 50% ZEVs purchased by 2025;
100% ZEVs purchased by
2027.
City (Municipal
Operations)
Public Works City Manager 2025-2028 Number and Types
of Vehicles Purchased
T-5.6 Fleet Electrification
Roadmap
Develop a fleet electrification
transition plan.
Public Works City Manager 2025 Analysis Complete
Measure B-1 Implement energy efficiency measures
B-1.1 Energy and Water
Benchmarking
E-7 Develop an Energy and Water
Building Benchmarking and
Performance Standards for
existing buildings.
City (for
Community)
Community
Development
City Manager 2026-2028 Evaluation Conducted
B-1.2 Energy Efficiency
Incentives
E-5 Promote incentives to improve
the efficiency of electricity
consumption (e.g., smart load
management, energy
monitoring devices, LED
lighting).
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Interventions
Methods Used to
Promote
B-1.3 Dynamic Energy
Pricing
E-6 Promote rate structures that
incentivize shifting of reduce
grid impacts (dynamic pricing).
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Interventions
Methods Used to
Promote
B-1.4 Weatherization E-5 Identify programs with
SDG&E/CEA for residential
weatherization retrofits,
prioritizing residents with health
concerns and seniors.
City Manager 2025-2028 Methods Used to
Promote
Number of Residents
Reached
PATHWAY: Decarbonize Buildings
STRATEGY: Increase Energy Efficiency
Action
Number Action Name
Equity
Strategy Description
City Lead
Department
Supporting
Department(s) Timeframe
Key Performance
Indicators
Measure B-2 Build all-electric new construction
B-2.1 Electrification
Ordinances 528 & 529
E-3 Implement Building
Electrification Ordinances 528
and 529 for new construction
related to EV charging and
solar requirements.
City (for
Community)
Community
Development
City Manager 2024-2028
B-2.2 New Electrification
Ordinance
E-3 Starting January 1, 2026,
implement the 2025 California
Building Code. Consider
electrification
codes/ordinances, such as
Building Performance
Standards, if necessary, to
provide electrification options.
City Manager Community
Development
2024-2026 Adoption of Policy
Measure B-3 Incentivize replacement of gas appliances at end-of-life with electric appliances B-3.1 Financing and
Programs
E-5, E-7 Identify and cultivate programs,
financing and technologies
which will promote the
replacement of methane gas
with electricity.
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2026-2028 Number of Programs
Identified
Methods Used to
Promote
B-3.2 Building Electrification
Incentives
E-5 Promote incentives to electrify
gas appliances & equipment.
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Interventions
Methods Used to
Promote
STRATEGY: Increase Renewable Energy Sources
E-1.1 100% Renewable
Supply (community)
E-6 Make CEA’s 100 percent
renewable/carbon free
electricity option the default
option for Solana Beach by
2035, or as soon as CEA
deems possible.
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2028 Adoption of Policy
E-1.2 100% renewable
supply (municipal
operations)
Enroll all municipal electricity
accounts to CEA's 100%
renewable/carbon free option
by 2025.
City (Municipal
Operations)
City Manager 2024-2028 Enrollment of
Municipal Accounts
Municipal Electricity Use
PATHWAY: Decarbonize Electric Supply
STRATEGY: Electrify Appliances & Equipment
Measure E-1 Increase to 100% renewable electricity citywide Action
Number Action Name
Equity
Strategy Description
City Lead
Department
Supporting
Department(s) Timeframe
Key Performance
Indicators
E-2.1 Community Solar Identify sites suitable for
Community Solar (incl. over
parking lots) to meet the City’s
electric demand that is not met
by rooftop PV.
City (for
Community)
Consultant;
Public Works
City Manager 2026 Evaluation Conducted
Sites Identified
PV Capacity Installed at
the Sites
E-2.2 Rooftop Solar E-6 Promote the growth of rooftop
PV in Solana Beach toward
what is needed for greater than
50% electric self-sufficiency.
City (for
Community)
Community
Development
City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Interventions
Methods Used to
Promote
Number of Residents
Reached
Rooftop PV Capacity
E-2.3 Energy Storage E-5 Promote local incentives for
energy storage (including cars
& buses).
City (for
Community)
City Manager 2024-2028 Number of Interventions
Methods Used to
Promote
Number of Residents
Reached
E-2.4 Microgrids E-10 Consider third-party
microgrid(s) in Solana Beach.
City (for
Community)
City Manager;
Community
Development
Public Works 2028 Evaluation Conducted
E-2.5 Renewables and
Storage on Municipal
Facilities
Complete an analysis to identify
and evaluate opportunities to
install renewable energy
generation and energy storage
projects at municipal facilities,
including parking lots.
City (Municipal
Operations)
Consultant;
Public Works
City Manager;
Community
Development
2025 Analysis Completion
STRATEGY: Increase PV Capacity and Decentralize Energy Storage Capacity Measure E-2 Increase installation of photovoltaic and battery storage Action
Number Action Name
Equity
Strategy Description
City Lead
Department
Supporting
Department(s) Timeframe
Key Performance
Indicators
CS-1.1 Tree Inventory Conduct an inventory to assess
tree cover in the city.
City (for
Community)
Consultant;
Public Works
City Manager 2025 Inventory Completion
CS-1.2 Tree Incentives E-8 Provide free trees or incentives for trees for residents and
commercial developments.
City (for
Community)
Public Works;
City Manager
2026-2028 Number of Trees
and/or Incentives
Provided
CS-1.3 Urban Forestry Plan Develop a comprehensive
communitywide urban forestry
plan and adopt a tree canopy
coverage percentage target.
City (for
Community)
Consultant;
Public Works
City Manager 2026 Plan Completion
Adoption of Target
CS-1.4 Trees in Public Spaces E-8 Increase plantings of climateappropriate trees, shrubs, and low-water non-invasive shade
trees in public parks and
spaces.
City (Municipal
Operations)
Public Works 2024-2028 Number of
Trees Planted
CS-2.1 Energy and Water
Benchmarking
Consider Energy and Water
Building Benchmarking and
Performance Standards for
existing buildings.
City (for
Community)
Community
Development
City Manager 2026-2028 Evaluation Conducted
Measure CS-2 Use native or drought tolerant species at landscape areas Measure CS-1 Increase urban canopy cover
STRATEGY: Restore and Enhance Natural and Working Lands PATHWAY: Circular Economy & Food System
Action
Number Action Name
Equity
Strategy Description
City Lead
Department
Supporting
Department(s) Timeframe
Key Performance
Indicators
W-1.1 Waste Diversion
Education Program
E-6 Develop an education program
to raise awareness about
organic materials source
reduction, reuse, upcycling,
recycling, and composting.
City (for
Community)
Consultant;
City Manager
2024-2028 Program Completion
Number of
Program Participants
W-1.2 Food Waste
Awareness
E-6 Develop a communitywide,
coordinated education
campaign to raise awareness
about food waste and recovery.
City (for
Community)
Consultant;
City Manager
2024-2028 Campaign Completion
Number of Residents
Reached
W-1.3 SB1383 Enforcement Increase enforcement presence
to ensure compliance with
recently modified City Recycling
Ordinance and increase waste
diversion (in alignment with
SB1383)
Consultant;
City Manager
2024-2028 Number of Businesses
Visited
CCR1.2 Conduct GHG
Inventory Conduct GHG Inventory City (Municipal Operations) City Manger All 2025, 2027 CCR1.3 Monitor Measures Monitor Measures City (Municipal Operations) City Manger All 2024-2028
CCR1.4 Update CAP Update CAP City (Municipal
Operations) City Manger All 2027-2028
CAP Coordination and Reporting
PATHWAY: Circular Economy & Food System (Reduce Methane and Other GHG Emitting Activities) STRATEGY: Waste Reduction
Measure W-1 Divert solid waste from landfill
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update C-1
Social Equity
Solana Beach, whose name translates to either “warm wind” or “sunny spot,” encompasses a compact foursquare miles. This vibrant coastal city is known for its walkability and its numerous scenic trails, welcoming surf breaks, and natural tide pools. The community rallied to incorporate in 1986, in large part, to keep what is now known as the Harbaugh Seaside Trails undeveloped and to limit the overdevelopment of the coastal bluffs.
First settled by indigenous populations including the Kumeyaay, who had a community on the southern banks of San Elijio Lagoon, European settlers began settling in the area in the late 1880s followed by the development of the Lake Hodges Dam in 1917-1918. In 1922, Colonel Ed Fletcher purchased 140 acres including what is now known as Fletcher Cove.
The first colonial community in Solana Beach, La Colonia de Eden Gardens (La Colonia), was formed to house the mostly Mexican American workers hired to maintain Rancho Santa Fe’s estates in the 1920s.
Historically consisting of mostly single-level adobe residences, La Colonia is considered the oldest neighborhood in Solana Beach, with many current residents’ direct descendants of the first families. As of 2022, 17% of Solana Beach residents identify as Hispanic1 and 18% of residents speak a language other than English at home.2
As of 20223 the median annual income of Solana Beach residents is almost 50% higher than the County average, at $142,443 vs $97,679. However, over 20% of households in Solana Beach qualify as Very LowIncome or Extremely Low-Income households. In 2017, Solana Beach’s occupied housing was nearly split evenly between owners and renters, with owners making up 58% of occupied housing units.4 According to SANDAG,5 62% of Solana Beach’s population identifies as “Established & Enjoying” (compared to 14% of the Countywide population) meaning overall, individuals who live in Solana Beach are more likely to have older heads of household who are married, have higher household incomes, and are less likely to have children still living at home. Residents are also more likely than average to drive further in their cars and, while a greater proportion work from home than on average, those who commute to work usually travel further distances. The City is approximately 95 percent developed and is undergoing infill reconstruction in a few areas.
These demographics demonstrate a diverse community with large income disparities. Implementation of the CAP should benefit all residents, including those on low fixed incomes and renters. Tables C-1 and C-2 list some of the strategies that will ensure that local and regional actions benefit all residents. 1 https://app.powerbigov.us/view?r=eyJrIjoiOThiOTAyMTItY2JiYy00MjVmLTlkZGQtNDUzN2E4ZTI2NTMyIiwidCI6IjJiYmI1Njg5LWQ5ZDUtND A2Yi04ZDAyLWNmMTAwMmI0NzNlNyJ9 2 https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/solanabeachcitycalifornia,sandiegocountycalifornia/EDU635222 3 https://app.powerbigov.us/view?r=eyJrIjoiOThiOTAyMTItY2JiYy00MjVmLTlkZGQtNDUzN2E4ZTI2NTMyIiwidCI6IjJiYmI1Njg5LWQ5ZDUtND A2Yi04ZDAyLWNmMTAwMmI0NzNlNyJ9 4
https://www.cityofsolanabeach.org/sites/default/files/Solana%20Beach/Community%20Development/Housing%20Element%20Update/Sola na%20Beach%20Housing%20Element%20Update_February2023_Clean.pdf 5 https://opendata.sandag.org/Land-and-People-/Community-Characteristics-Solana-Beach/a2q8-izs5/about_data Appendix C – Social Equity
C-2 City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update
TABLE C-1 Local and Regional Strategies to Ensure Equitable Implementation of the City of Solana Beach CAP Strategy Description
Local Benefits
1 Prioritize public EV chargers near multi-family hubs and the La Colonia neighborhood: The City of Solana Beach has a goal of increasing the number of publicly accessible EV chargers on public and private property. For projects on City owned-property, locations near multi-family complexes and La Colonia will be prioritized. 2 Invest in clean transportation for seniors; e.g., an electric ADA compliant vehicle as a part of a larger micro transit program: In 2023, the City of Solana Beach adopted an Age Friendly Action Plan. Throughout the public engagement process for the Age Friendly Action Plan, seniors expressed a desire for City-sponsored transportation options. City plans to prioritize and/or subsidize the cost to seniors, as a part of a larger clean transportation initiative as outline in the CAP Update. 3 Ensure that newmulti-unit constructionmeets Zero Net Energy (ZNE) standards as soon as the state adopts the ZNE building code: Energy bills are often a large part of the rent in multi-unit dwelling, particularly those with lowincome renters. Making all new buildings more energy efficient will help reduce both energy and heating costs. 4 Accommodate a growing senior population: The City of Solana Beach has prioritized active transportation such as increasing biking and walking as viable modes of transportation in the CAP Update. This may not be feasible for Solana Beach’s growing senior population. City plans to design new incentive programs and infrastructure upgrades to accommodate a growing senior population.
5 Prioritize incentives to hard-to-reach residents: For all proposed incentive programs, City plans to design an incentive structure that prioritizes community members who have the highest barriers to entry and/or implementation.
6 Ensure that outreach about CAP Update implementation is designed to appeal to all residents including seniors, low-income renters, and non-English speakers: Education and outreach are critical to the success of the Solana Beach CAP Update, and special attention needs to be paid to methods of communication that will reach seniors, low-income residents, renters, and non-English speakers. For example, these residentsmay not have computers to access a website, they may be renters inmulti-unit buildings who would not receive a water bill insert, and they may not be able to read fine print. Alternatives like large fontmailings and presentations at Solana Beach Community Connection events should be added to outreach efforts. 7 Mitigate unintentional financial burdens on low-income and fixed income senior homeowners: City plans to research potential programs to ensure low-income and/or fixed income senior homeowners are not priced out of their lifelong homes and forced to move out of Solana Beach due to electrification home upgrades. 8 Prioritize tree plantings and increasing the urban tree canopy in low-income neighborhoods: Studies have shown that, on-average, low-income blocks have less tree coverage and are warmer than high-income blocks. When the City is selecting locations to increase the urban tree canopy, low-income and historically disinvested communities within Solana Beach will be prioritized.
Appendix C – Social Equity
City of Solana Beach Climate Action Plan Update C-3
TABLE C-2 Local and Regional Strategies to Ensure Equitable Implementation of the City of Solana Beach CAP Strategy Description
Regional Benefits
9 Advocate for regional green jobs and job training at SANDAG and the County of San Diego: Our City Council representatives to SANDAG plans to support the growing green economy in San Diego County and the job creation and training that benefits all residents, and thus help to implement the social equity goals adopted in several local CAPs. Where feasible, the City will promote connecting Solana Beach residents with higher paying job green opportunities.
Local & Regional Benefits
10 Partner with local organizations for solar installation and training of local workforce: The City plans to partner with nonprofit organizations, like GRID Alternatives, who install solar panels on homes of low-income homeowneroccupied housing and also train local residents in solar installation and maintenance, creating new green jobs that benefit the local and regional economy.
11 Work with local transit agencies to increase the frequency and accessibility of bus and light rail transportation:
More frequent and accessible transit options havemajor benefits in both GHG reduction and providing inexpensive transportation to low- income and senior residents. City plans to advocate for these options at NCTD and SANDAG.
These steps will help ensure that measures to adapt to climate change will benefit all of our residents, including those who are most vulnerable to higher temperatures, poor air quality, and extreme weather events.
RESOLUTION 2024-099
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
SOLANA BEACH, CALIFORNIA, APPROVING THE SOLANA
BEACH CLIMATE ACTION PLAN UPDATE
WHEREAS, California is at the forefront of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction laws, starting with the landmark passing of Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32), the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, that established a GHG reduction target of reducing emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. In addition, Senate Bill 32 (SB 32) codified into statute the mid-term 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2050. In 2022, California passed Assembly Bill 1279 (AB 1279), which set California’s 2045 target to reduce emissions by 85% below 1990 levels, with net-zero emissions. Many cities have since developed Climate Action Plans to set targets in alignment with California law and implement quantifiable measures to meet those targets; and
WHEREAS, the City Council adopted its first Climate Action Plan (CAP) in 2017 with the intention to update the plan in five years; and WHEREAS, the City Council acknowledges that climate change is an existential threat, declaring a Climate Emergency on August 26, 2020; and WHEREAS, the City Council desires to update its Climate Action Plan (CAP), which includes updating the City’s GHG Inventory, setting GHG reduction targets, and implementing appropriate, quantifiable mitigation and adaptation strategies to meet those targets; and
WHEREAS, Staff and the Climate Action Commission (CAC) hosted two public meetings and incorporated social equity considerations into the CAP Update development process based on feedback received at the public meetings; and WHEREAS, numerous public comments received on the Draft CAP Update were considered by the CAC and recommendations resulting therefrom were incorporated into the CAP Update to the extent feasible; and
WHEREAS, the proposed CAP Update is categorically exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) pursuant to Section 15308, Class 8, Actions by Regulatory Agencies for Protection of the Environment, which states that actions taken by agencies to assure the maintenance, restoration, enhancement, or protection of the environment are exempt from CEQA review. Any future specific projects as defined by CEQA to implement the CAP would be subject to further review at that time; and NOW, THEREFORE, the City Council of the City of Solana Beach, California, does resolve as follows:
Resolution 2024-099
Climate Action Plan Update Adoption