4/4/2023
Item 11.A.
City of
Thousand Oaks
1 Municipal Code Amendment
MCA-2023-70002
Repeal Residential Resale
Requirements
City Council
April 4, 2023
Ciry of
Thousand LOaks
1 4/4/2023
Recommendation
1. Find that this Thousand Oaks Municipal Code Amendment is exempt from the provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) pursuant to California Government Code Section 15061(b) (3).
2. Read ordinance in title only, waive further reading, and if no objection, introduce ordinance to approve MCA-2023-70002 amending the Thousand Oaks Municipal Code (TOMC).
Ciry of
Thousand Oaks
3 Summary
The City of Thousand Oaks Municipal Code requires residential sellers to provide the buyer with a report of residential building records for the property.
• The City's new Land Management System allows this information to be gathered on-line, at no charge, with no wait time, and with no staff resources.
Thousand Oaks
4 2
4/4/2023
Background
• August 10, 1971 - City Council adopted Ordinance No. 223-NS, adding Chapter 12 to Title 8 (amended in 1986 to remove mandatory inspections) • Intent: To assure that the purchaser of a residential building is advised of the authorized use, occupancy, and zoning classification of real property prior to its acquisition.
City of
Thousand Oaks
5 Background (cont.)
November 14, 2022 - The City launched its new enhanced and integrated virtual land management service system, TO/24
Allows the public to instantly access on-line the information required at no charge and with no wait time.
Thousand Oaks
6 3
4/4/2023
Analysis
• Current access to information U Proposed access to information > Application fee: $82 (report only) • No cost to resident > Wait time: up to 10 business days > Instant access
City of
Thousand Oaks
7 Recommendation
1. Find that this Thousand Oaks Municipal Code Amendment is exempt from the provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) pursuant to California Government Code Section 15061(b) (3).
2. Read ordinance in title only, waive further reading, and if no objection, introduce ordinance to approve MCA-2023-70002 amending the Thousand Oaks Municipal Code (TOMC).
City of
Thousand LOaks
8 4
4/4/2023
Item 11.B.
City of
Thousand LOaks
1 Arroyo Villa Apartments
Expansion Project
Rancho Conejo Boulevard
City Council
April 04, 2023
Thousan
2 1
4/4/2023
Recommendation
Accept the Planning Commission recommendation
to adopt Negative Declaration (ND) 2021-70893 in
accordance with the California Environmental
Quality Act, and adopt resolution approving the
following:
1. General Plan Amendment (LU) 2020-
70026: Industrial to High-Density
Residential;
2. Development Agreement (DAGR) 2022-
70511: Establish specific standards and
community benefits for the construction of
Subject
Property the proposed multi-family residential
North
apartment complex expansion;
City of
Thousand Oaks
3 Recommendation - continued
3. Residential Planned Development
Permit (RPD) 2021-70019:
Construction of 27 total apartment
units contained in three buildings;
4. Specific Plan (SP) Amendment
(SPA) 2020-70027: Amend SP-07
and-use map to assign
esidential land-use category t
the site (currently Industrial).;
L2
housand
2 4/4/2023
Recommendation - continued
5. Protected Tree Permit (PTP) 2022-
70626: Allow minor encroachment
within the protected zone of one (1)
coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and
two (2) California sycamore (Platanus
racemosa) trees;
200019090
City of
Thousand LOaks
5 Background
• Physical Site:
• 1.57-acre parcel located at Rancho Conejo Boulevard and Corporate Center Drive adjacent to and north of 1300 Rancho Conejo; Currently undeveloped; however, previously graded.
• Topography:
• The site is relatively flat and unimproved;
Site sits level with Rancho Conejo Boulevard and the adjacent Arroyo Apartment complex to the north .
Ghousand Oaks
6 3
4/4/2023
Background - continued
• History of Project:
2020, January 28th
General Plan Amendment 2020-70026 was initiated by City Council Allocated 47 units to accommodate a 27-unit apartment project • Allowed formal application process
2020, May 28th
• Applicant began submitting formal applications.
2023, February 27th
• Planning Commission Hearing - (Voted to Recommend Approval) City of
Thousand Oaks
7 Background - continued
Project Process:
• Pre-screen Procedure - City Council Approved concept
(January 2020);
Formal Applications must be applied for (May 2020).
All requisite steps having been satisfied; the Planning Commission has made a recommendation of Approval to the City Council.
Ghousand Oaks
8 4
4/4/2023
Surrounding Land Uses
Residential
Rancho
Industrial (E) Arroyo Apartments
Cone
Conejo Bivd
SITE
Industrial
Residential
Industrial
City of
Thousand Oaks
9 EVALUATION
(Existing Arroyo Village Apartments) Project Summary:
• Three (3), two-story Apartment
Buildings
030000. 27 Total units
• 51 Total Parking Spaces
909 (perTOMC requirement)
Proposed Arroyo Villa Expansion • Parcel Merger with adjacent Apartments to the north
Site Size = 1.57-acres (Residential) (conditional)
Ciry of
Thousand
10 5
4/4/2023
EVALUATION
Project Summary: (Typical Elevation)
Architecture: Mediterranean Revival Style
(Materials)
• Smooth texture, plaster
• Enhanced Trim around openings
EARL
Two (2) levels of Living Area with "Tuck-under" Parking at back.........Front (West) Elevation City of
Thousand LOaks
11 EVALUATION
Project Summary:
• Unit mix contribution toward RHNA Requirement:
11 (1-Bed) 12 (2-Bed) 4 (3-Bed) = (27 new units)
Front (West) Elevation
Ciry of
Thousand 1 Oaks
12 6
4/4/2023
EVALUATION
Project Summary:
Income Categories
RHNA Requirement:
Very Low Moderate Above Moderate
RHNA 6th Cycle 735 494 532 860 2,621
Proposed 4 affordable units to go towards fulfilling Moderate category 11 Ghousand LOaks
13 Project Summary: EVALUATION
Private Usable Open Space by Unit Type
Number of Units Unit Type Private Balcony/Terrace Size (s.f.) 11 1-Bedroom 66
12 2-Bedroom 66-70
4 3-Bedroom 77
Proposed Waivers: 1). 100 Min S.F. to 66 S.F. Minimum
2). 7-foot Minimum dimension to 6-foot Minimum
12 (thousand Oaks
14 7
4/4/2023
Project Summary: EVALUATION
Private Usable Open Space - Typical Layout
P1.0
Nizar Slim ([email protected]) is signed in
Ground Unit Patio:
77 SF with a 7'-7" minimum dimension.
Thousand Oaks
15 Project Summary: EVALUATION
Private Usable Open Space - Typical Layout
Upper Floor Unit Balcony:
66 SF with a 6'-6" minimum dimension. P1.0
1010-
Thousand Y Oaks
16 8
4/4/2023
EVALUATION
Project Summary:
On-site Common Open Space
• Access to Arroyo Villa Apartments.
• Amenities:
• Pool Area
LN IT= 689.5 10-68 N
1. ET-08050 • Fitness center
BBQ and Outdoor Picnic Area • Entry Court
15 Thousand Oaks
17 EVALUATION
Parking:
REQUIRED RESIDENTIAL PARKING
UNIT TYPE PARKING / DWELLING NO. OF UNITS STALLS STALLS
UNIT REQUIRED PROVIDED
1 BEDROOM 1.0 11 11 11
2 BEDROOM 1.5 18
3 BEDROOM 2.0 4 8 8
GUEST 0.5 27 14 14
TOTAL RESIDENTIAL PARKING REQUIRED 51
51 TOTAL RESIDENTIAL PARKING PROVIDED
(3) ADDITIONAL PARKING SPACES PROVIDED (To Allow for Connecting Drive Aisle and Replacement Spaces for the (E) Arroyo Villa Apartments) - NO PARKING CONCESSIONS REQUESTED
16 Thousand Y Oaks
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4/4/2023
EVALUATION
Protected Trees on Site
Number of Trees Removals Preservation Number of
Encroached Trees
One (1) (1) Tree Total
OAK CA Coast Live Oak Coast Live Oaks
TREES (Quercus agrifolia) None All (protected by
encing and
nonitoring
CA Sycamores Two (2) None All
(Landmark) CA Sycamores
(Platanus racemosa)
fencing and
monitoring)
City of
Thousand LOaks
19 EVALUATION
Tree Protection
being prected rees are
CA Sycamores
• Those nearest to the
development will be
protected with fencing and
be monitored by Certified
Oak
Tree Arborist.
Fallen Conifer
(3) Encroachments into
Preserved Trees
Ciry of
Thousand
20 10
4/4/2023
EVALUATION
Community Benefit
• 4 Affordable Units in the
Moderate-Income range
• (120 percent of Ventura
County median income);
• 15% of 27 Base Units
(leaving 23 market rate units)
City of
Thousand Oaks
21 AMENDED SPECIFIC PLAN 07 MAP
ROPOSE CIA PIANO E
XHIBIT-
Ciculation
Sad Seconday
Collector Roa
!
art:
Rancho Conejo
20 City of
Thousand 1 Oaks
22 11
4/4/2023
AMENDED SPECIFIC PLAN 07 MAP
Planning Unit Gross Area Estimated Net Area Demited hits Gross Density Estimated Net Density Proposed Map
Amendment from 'U'
(Employment Park) to Residental.
'E' (Apartments)
Modium
Apartments
Suo Total
E
CURRENT: Planned Unit 'U to AMENDED: Planned Unit 'E'
City of
Thousand LOaks
23 STAFF RECOMMENDATION
Accept the Planning Commission recommendation to approve the project and;
• Adopt, Accept and Approve as appropriate, the Applications, Agreements, CEQA Clearance, DA Ordinance and Resolutions stated at the beginning of the presentation and in reference to attachments; based on the Staff Report findings, and subject to the conditions of approval in the attached Resolution
(Attachments #6).
22 Ghousand Oaks
24 12
Item 12.A
Proposed FYs 2023-2025
CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAM (CIP)
Budget Study Session
Jaime Boscarino, Finance Director
April 4, 2023
Thousan
FYs 2023-2025 Budget Process
MARCH 14, 2023
User Fees Study Session
APRIL 4, 2023
2 Capital Improvement Program (CIP)]
Study Session
APRIL 25, 2023
Budget 3
User Fees Public Hearing
Process
MAY 9, 2023
4 Operating Budget Study Session
JUNE 6, 2023
5 Operating Budget and CIP Public Hearing
and Adoption
housan
2 Community Engagement
$ YOUR CITY
Engage Budget Bites Contact Us
Español YOUR PRIORITIES
THOUSAND OAKS BUDGET
The Budget Process is
Rooted in Community
Click here to provide your feedback on the City's Budget and share what community means to you! www.tobudget.org
City of
Thousand YOaks
3 City of Thousand Oaks, California
Background - CIP Budget CAPITAL
IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAM
• Strategic Five-Year Planning document
BUDGET
• Funding based on available Fund
Fiscal Years
Balance/Net Position 2021-22 &
2022-23
• CIP Projects can be Multi-Funded
• FYs 2023-2025:
~ $126.9M, 152 Total Projects
City of Moving TOward
Thousand 1 Oaks
Thousand
4 CIP BUDGET FORMAT
SUMMARIES
• 5-Year Summary by Category
• 5-Year Summary by Fund
• 5-Year Revenue Summary by Fund
•Deferred Requirements Summary
CIP PROJECTS BY CATEGORY
CIP PROJECTS BY FUND
CIP PROJECTS INDEX
Thousand Yorks
5 City Council CIP Priorities
City Council established guidance for prioritizing capital projects in February 2009 & updated in April 2015 to add "Top City Council Priority" to Priority 1
Priority 1- Address Health & Safety, Legal, and
Regulatory Requirements or a Top City Council Priority
Priority 2- Necessary, but not essential, and there
could be consequences, if deferred
Priority 3 - Nice to do and would contribute to
quality of life, but not essential
*housand YOaks
City Council Top Priorities FY 2022-23
• Homelessness
• Water Conservation
• Affordable Housing
• Environmental Sustainability
• Economic Development
• Infrastructure Investments
• Campus Master Plan
City of
Thousand Oaks
7 City of Thousand Caks FY 202430242024-2025 CP BUSS
Capital Improvement Program
Project Detail Sheets Facility Project
Municipal Servico Center Es Alarm & System Upgrade
Description: Centeceupgrade fre alam system at oro Munlipal Sonico Description
Project Manager
Justification
Project Manager: Liz Perez
Comments
City Council Goal
General Plan Consistency Conaments:
svetem le rectimed to pretent the server room
Operations Impact City Council Goal: F - Essental Infrastructure General Plan Consistency: Public Buidings Element
City Council CIP Priority Operationa Impact: An schedule yid re reparal, rode an e 2039a0 got , Funding Begin Date: Spring 2021 Carryover: Yes
and Date: Fal 2024 Priority: One
Picture sled Breck
For Nevi
MERE RI
"housand
8 Proposed FYs 2023-2025 CIP Budget
No. Category FY 2023-24 FY 2024-25 Total Carryover
1 Water $ 14,850,000 $ 14,720,000 $ 29,570,000 $ 11,535,225 Wastewater 15,804,000 9,800,000 25,604,000 16,148,000
3 Street * 7,872,540 13,142,000 21,014,540 3,886,123
4 Transportation/Traffic 10,435,230 9,933,570 20,368,800 994,000 5 Facility 7,322,000 4,825,000 12,147,000 9,838,419
Stormwater 6,347,250 4,400,000 10,747,250 806,750
Landscape/Streetscape 800,000 2,580,000 3,380,000 1,116,000 8 Library 250,000 3,100,000 3,350,000 1,067,018
Open Space 290,000 90,000 380,000 823,223
10 Undergrounding 200,000 175,000 375,000 -
11 Housing i - 4,574,550
Total $ 64,171,020 $ 62,765,570 $ 126,936,590 $ 50,789,308 City of
Thousand LOaks
9 FY's 2023-25 CIP Funding Sources - $126.9M
• FY 2023-24 • FY 2024-25
Water, 24.11%
Wastewater, 21.49%
Gas Tax, 13.33%
Transportation, 11.12%
General Fund, 9.61%
State & Federal Grants, 7.99%
Lighting & Landscape, 4.12%
Stormwater, 3.23%
Capital Projects/Developer Fees, 2.88%
Library, 0.97%
Solid Waste, 0.61%
Golf Course, 0.43%
Cable Television (PEG), 0.08%
$- $2 $4 $6 $8 $10 $12 $14 $16 $18 $20 $22 $24 $26 $28 $30 $32
MILLIONS
Thousand Y Oaks
10 10-Year CIP Budget History
$150.0 160
$126.9
150
$125.0
$111.0 152
140
$100.0 $94.5
132 130 ₴
$75.0 $59.8 125 120 à
$59.8
Millions 104 115 110 #
$50.0
100
$25.0 90
$- 80
FYs 2015-2017 FYs 2017-2019 FYs 2019-2021 FYs 2021-2023 FYS 2023-2025 • Housing Undergrounding Open Space - Library
• Stormwater Facility 1 Transportation/Traffic Landscape/Streetscape l • Wastewater Streets • Water -Total Projects
City of
Thousand LOaks
11 Location Map of CIP Projects
FYS 2023 - 2025
Capital imerovement Preiects
Legend
City of
Thousan
12 Top Ten CIP Projects By Budget
FY FY
No. Project Title Carryover Total
2023-24 2024-25
1 Pavement Overlay FY 2023-25 $ 50,000 $ 5,858,000 $ 7,492,000 $ 13,400,000 Groundwater Utilization Project 9,000,000 9,000,000
Prefabricated Solar System at Various City 6,001,582 6,001,582 Facilities ...
4 Battery Energy Storage at Pump Stations 6,000,000 6,000,000 5 Electric Vehicle (EV) Bus Purchase FY 2023-25 2,500,000 2,500,000 5,000,000 Thousand Oaks Blvd Wastewater Pipe & 4,650,000
6 4,650,000 -
Maintenance Hole Lining
7 Housing Assistance Support 4,574,550 4,574,550
Fats, Oils, and Grease Station 4,300,000 100,000 : 4,400,000 8 Hill Canyon Treatment Plant Tertiary Filters 3,200,000 9 290,000 330,000 3,820,000
Rehabilitation
10 Cogeneration Facility Upgrade 2,430,000 1,200,000 3,630,000 $ 26,646,132 $ 14,638,000 $ 19,192,000 $ 60,476,132
Thousand Oaks
13 General Fund
• FY 2023-2025 CIP Budget $12.2M
• Carryover $7.8M Streets Water
$450,389 Open Space $50,000
3.7%. $330,000
0.4%
• Discretionary funding Transportation/Traffic
Stormwater
$1,324,684 $5,055,000
• General Fund capital reserves 10.9% 41.4%
• Stormwater support
Facilities
$4,992,550
40.9%
Thousand
14 General Fund FY 2023-25 Budget $12.2 million
Carryover $7.8 million
Project Highlights
Electric Vehicle (EV)
Compressed Natural Gas
Charging Stations
Station Upgrade $702,550
$900,000
Climate and
Environmental
ITY OF THOUSAND OAKS
Action Plan
Climate& $100,000
Storm Drain System
Master Plan Environmental
$750,000
ACTION PLAN
City of
Thousand LOaks
15 Library Fund FY 2023-25 Budget $1.2 million
Project Highlights Carryover $3.7 million
A ME
Grant R Brimhall Library
Interior Remodel
$550,000 carryover
Newbury Park Library
Interior Remodel
$300,000 carryover
Prefabricated Solar
System at Libraries
$2,629,968 carryover
City of
Thousand
16 Pavement Maintenance Needs
Street Improvements Revenue History and Projections
$14.0
• RMRA
$12.0
•Gen Fund
$10.0
mOther
$8.0 M/Year
$8.0 $6.5 M/Year
Millions
$6.0 $4.5 M/Year
$4.0
$2.0
$0.0
Prol, FY 22-23 Prop. FY23-24 Prop. FY 24-25
Thousand Oaks
17 Gas Tax Funds FY 2023-25 Budget $16.9 million
Project Highlights Carryover $0.4 million
Curb Ramps Citywide
Pavement Overlay Program FY 2023-25
FY 2023-25 $1,000,000
$12,350,000
Pavement Slurry Program Citywide Sidewalk
FY 2023-25 Replacement & Repair
$1,948,000 FY 2023-25
$500,000
Pur Sirens
EV O
Thousand
18 Capital Project/ FY 2023-25 Budget $3.7 million
Developer Impact Fees Funds Carryover $0.3 million
Project Highlights
Moorpark Road
Hampshire Westlake Bivd Sidewalk
$209,611
Agoura Road / Agoura Rd
Westlake Blvd Widening
$1,825,000
City of
Thousand LOaks
19 Lighting & Landscape Funds FY 2023-25 Budget $5.2 million Project Highlights Carryover $0.2 million
Traffic Signal
Upgrade Projects
$400,000 Thousand Oaks Blvd
Landscape Improvements
$2,400,000
Woodcrete Fence
Replacement
FY 2023-25
$500,000
Thousand
20 Stormwater Fund FY 2023-25 Budget $4.1 million
Project Highlights Carryover $0
Watershed Management Plan
Implementation Program
$1,900,000
→ Melon Crock 190592e0(79,120 e
0-- Stormwater to Sewer
Diversion Project -
Malibu Creek
$2,000,000
City of
Thousand LOaks
21 State & Federal Grants Fund FY 2023-25 Budget $10.1 million Project Highlights Carryover $4.1 million
TESLA Hillcrest Drive Bike Lanes
Pedestrian Improvements
$2,783,797
Lynn Rd. Class IV Bike lane &
Battery Energy Storage at Pedestrian Improvements
City Facilities $721,519
$3,350,000
City of
Thousand
22 Water Fund FY 2023-25 Budget $30.6 million
Carryover $12.7 million
Project Highlights
Groundwater Utilization Automated Meter
$9,000,000 carryover Replacement Program
FY 2023-25
$3,000,000
La Granada
Battery Energy Reservoir
Storage at Improvements
Pump Stations $1,450,000
$6,000,000 $1,385,225 carryover
Thousand Oaks
23 Wastewater Fund FY 2023-25 Budget $27.3 million
Project Highlights Carryover $17.2 million
Thousand Oaks Boulevard
Wastewater Pipe and Electrical Classification &
Maintenance Hole Lining
$4,650,000 Compliance Upgrades
$3,000,000
Hill Canyon Treatment
Plant Tertiary Filters
Rehabilitation
$3,530,000
$290,000 carryover
City of
Thousand
24 Transportation FY 2023-25 Budget $14.1 million
Project Highlights Carryover $1.0 million
Electric Vehicle Electric Vehicle Electric Vehicle
Bus Purchase Charging Dial-a-Ride
FY 2023-25 Infrastructure Vans
$5,000,000 $2,250,000 $1,500,000
City of
Thousand LOaks
25 Other Enterprise Funds
Project Highlights
Golf Course Fund Solid Waste Fund
Food Recovery and Storage Facility
FY 2023-25 Budget $550,000 FY 2023-25 Budget $780,000
Carryover $0 Carryover $25,000
City of
Thousand Oaks
26 Housing Trust Fund FY 2023-25 Budget $0 million
Carryover $3.4 million
A HOUSING
L IS KEY
City of
Thousand LOaks
27 Summary
• Proposed FY 2023-2025 CIP Budget $126.9M, 152 Projects • Focus on:
›Environmental sustainability
›Infrastructure maintenance
> Continued homelessness/affordable housing efforts
> Traffic circulation improvements
> Bike Lanes
• Investment in maintaining City assets key to long-term financial health
Thousand
28 Recommendations
1. Receive information on Proposed FY 2023-24 and FY 2024-25 Capital Improvement Program (CIP) Budget.
2. Schedule a Public Hearing for June 6, 2023.
3. Find that this action is not a project as defined under CEQA.
City of
Thousand 1 Oaks
29 Discussion
CIT
HALL
Thousan
30 Item 13.A
Transition to
District-Based
Elections
April 4, 2023
City Council Meeting
Thousand Oaks
2 Attorney Letter
• Received by City Clerk on March 15, 2023
• From attorney Jason Dominguez (Radcliff
Mayes, LLP)
• On behalf of resident Chaise Rasheed
• Alleges City's at-large elections violate the
California Voting Rights Act
• Demands that the City transition to district-
based elections
• Triggers very short timeline for City to
implement districts or face fines/fees
City of
Thousand
3 California Voting Rights Act (CVRA)
• Enacted in 2001 (CA Elections Code Section 14025 et seq.) • Recognizes lack of representation chosen by minorities and other members of protected classes due to issues with at-large local elections • Allows legal challenge if election impairs the ability of a protected class to elect candidates of its choice or its ability to influence the outcome of the election At-large vs. District-based Elections
• At-large elections: Voters of the entire City elect all five members of the City Council • District-based. each is oresides in that separate distichosen presenterters or that district.
Thousand Yorks
4 Deadlines
Proposed Date/ 135-day Timeline
Deadline Description
March 15, 2023 Letter received / 45-day Safe Harbor begins April 29, 2023 Deadline to adopt Resolution of Intention / 90-day Safe Harbor begins May 2023 Hold two public hearings within 30 days of each other to discuss composition of districts
June/July 2023 Hold two public hearings within 45 days of each other and community workshop to discuss districts map(s)
June/July 2023 Adopt ordinance to transition to district-based elections July 28, 2023 Deadline to complete process
Thousand Y Oaks
Considerations
• Appointed or Directly-elected Mayor: affects number of districts; may have districts with at-large Mayor
• Two or More Incumbent Councilmembers in the Same District:
- 2024 incumbents in one district can both run in 2024
- 2024/2026 incumbents in one district can both run in 2024, but if 2026 incumbent wins, triggers immediate special election - One incumbent re-locates to a different district
• CVRA only states that "...the governing body shall give special consideration to the purposes of the California Voting Rights Act of 2001, and it shall take into account the preferences expressed by members of the districts" [CA Elections Code Section 10010(b)] City of
Thousand LOaks
Conclusion / Next Steps
• The CVRA establishes a very low threshold to
challenge at-large elections
• Virtually no agency has prevailed in court
• If City Council desires to transition to district-
based elections under the safe harbor rules, it
must finalize this transition within a short time
period with next steps:
• Return with a Resolution of Intention at the
next meeting
• Provide direction on whether to transition to
directly-elected mayor and number of
districts
Thousand
7 Recommendations
1. Consider the information presented in the staff report and any public testimony and provide direction to the City Attorney on whether to begin the process to transition to district-based elections, the number of districts to consider, and whether to bring back a resolution of intention to transition to City Council Districts pursuant to California Elections Code Section 10010(e)(2) for action at the next City Council meeting.
2. Find that this action does not constitute a project as identified in the California Environmental Quality Act.
City of
Thousand LOaks
8 Questions/Discussion