Attachment 2 Draft Appendices to the CEAP — Thousand Oaks City Council, April 9, 2024

DRAFT APPENDICES
MARCH 18, 2024
ATTACHMENT #2
DPW:850-10\ev\Council\2024\04092024\MI 2606\CEAP Att 2.pdf

Climate and Environmental Action Plan-
APPENDICES i
Table of Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... v Acronyms and Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... vi Appendix A. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Methodology .......................................................... A-1 A.1 Population, dwelling units and growth ......................................................................... A-1 A.2 Building Energy: Electricity ............................................................................................ A-2 A.3 Building Energy: Natural Gas ......................................................................................... A-5 A.4 Transportation ............................................................................................................... A-6 A.5 Off-Road Equipment.................................................................................................... A-10 A.6 Water ........................................................................................................................... A-10 A.7 Wastewater ................................................................................................................. A-12 A.8 Solid waste .................................................................................................................. A-13 Appendix B. Historical Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector ................................................ B-1 B.1 Building energy use ....................................................................................................... B-1 B.2 Water ............................................................................................................................. B-4 B.3 Wastewater ................................................................................................................... B-5 B.4 Solid waste .................................................................................................................... B-6 B.5 Transportation ............................................................................................................... B-7 B.6 Off-road Equipment .................................................................................................... B-10 Appendix C. Climate change impacts and vulnerabilities ...................................................... C-1 C.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... C-1 C.2 Climate Projections ....................................................................................................... C-1 C.3 Vulnerable Populations ................................................................................................. C-2 C.4 Local Temperature Projections ..................................................................................... C-4 C.5 Local Heat Impacts and Vulnerabilities ......................................................................... C-6 C.6 Local Precipitation Projections .................................................................................... C-12 C.7 Local Precipitation Impacts and Vulnerabilities .......................................................... C-13 C.8 Local Wildfire Projections ........................................................................................... C-17 C.9 Local Wildfire Impacts and Vulnerabilities .................................................................. C-21

Climate and Environmental Action Plan-
APPENDICES ii
C.10 Drought projections .................................................................................................... C-23 C.11 Local Impacts and Vulnerabilities from Drought ........................................................ C-23 C.12 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... C-24 Appendix D. Community Outreach and Engagement ............................................................. D-1 D.1 Community Energy Planning Event ............................................................................... D-1 D.2 Community Energy Survey ............................................................................................ D-1 D.3 2020 CEAP Outreach ..................................................................................................... D-3 D.4 2021 CEAP Stakeholder Group ...................................................................................... D-3 D.5 2021 Community Events ............................................................................................... D-7 D.6 Online engagement ..................................................................................................... D-10 D.7 Key Takeaways from Public Outreach Activities ......................................................... D-12 Appendix E. Alignment with General Plan ............................................................................. E-1 Appendix F. Quantification of GHG Reductions by Measure ................................................. F-1

Climate and Environmental Action Plan-
APPENDICES iii
List of Figures
Figure A-1. Components of Origin Destination (O-D) Method for Vehicle Miles Traveled Calculation ................................................................................................................................... A-7 Figure A-2. Historic and projected GHG emissions for each sector. By 2045 nearly all emissions arise from two sectors – transportation and natural gas use. .................................................... A-9 Figure A-3. Historical (2010 – 2020) and projected emissions (2021 – 2045) with and without measures, and 2030 and 2045 targets. ....................................................................................... A-9 Figure B-1. Emissions from building energy use (2020 data). “Com” = Commercial; “Ind” = Industrial; “Res” = Residential. .................................................................................................... B-2 Figure B-2. Emissions from energy use (2010 - 2020). Population is shown by black line (RH axis). ...................................................................................................................................................... B-3 Figure B-3. Historical change in electricity use in the community (kWh) ................................... B-4 Figure B-4. Emissions resulting from (“CO2e”), and volume of (“water”), water conveyed, treated, and distributed. .............................................................................................................. B-5 Figure B-5. History and relative contributions of each component of wastewater treatment process GHG emissions. (Note: Emissions from diesel fuel used for backup generators is too small to be visible here.) .............................................................................................................. B-6 Figure B-6. Amount of landfilled waste from City of Thousand Oaks (2010 – 2020), with associated GHG emissions (in tonnes of CO2e) arising from decomposition of material (methane), operations at landfill, and collection and transportation of waste. ......................... B-7 Figure B-7. Annual VMT in each vehicle class .............................................................................. B-9 Figure B-8. Breakdown of GHG emissions by vehicle class for 2020 transportation emissions. B-9 Figure B-9. Annual emissions from vehicles driving in and out, or within, Thousand Oaks by year and vehicle type. ........................................................................................................................ B-10 Figure B-10. Off-road equipment emissions attributable to the City. Based on Ventura County data, allocated by percent of the County’s population residing in the City. ............................. B-11 Figure C-1. Linkages between determinants of vulnerability and climate change-related impacts.

Source: https://health2016.globalchange.gov/low/ClimateHealth2016_FullReport_small.pdf C-3 Figure C-2. Census tracts within the City identified as disproportionately burdened by pollution and with population characteristics that make them more sensitive to pollution. .................... C-8 Figure C-3. Areas of tree canopy cover in census tract 6111006100. Key: darker green indicates higher percentage of tree canopy cover for each 30mx30m cell, no green indicates low or no percentage of tree canopy cover. Source: https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/ ................................ C-9 Figure C-4. Areas of tree canopy cover in census tract 6111007000. Key: darker green indicates higher percentage of tree canopy cover for each 30mx30m cell; no green indicates low or no percentage of tree canopy cover. Source: https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/ ............................... C-10 Figure C-5. Areas of tree canopy cover in census tract 6111007100. Key: darker green indicates higher percentage of tree canopy cover for each 30mx30m cell; no green indicates low or no percentage of tree canopy cover. Source: https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/ ............................... C-11

Climate and Environmental Action Plan-
APPENDICES iv
Figure C-6. Flood zone areas in and around the City of Thousand Oaks. Source: https://hazards- fema.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=8b0adb51996444d4879338b5529aa 9cd&extent=-118.95853846070413,34.19530005652341,-
118.8754543542589,34.23078901021194 ................................................................................ C-14 Figure C-7. Flood zone areas in and around the City. Source: https://hazards- fema.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=8b0adb51996444d4879338b5529aa 9cd&extent=-118.95853846070413,34.19530005652341,-
118.8754543542589,34.23078901021194 ................................................................................ C-15 Figure C-8. Undersized stormwater pipes (shown in red). Note: “undersized” pipes are those that cannot process the amount of precipitation associated with a ten-year flood event without induced flooding/ponding. ......................................................................................................... C-16 Figure C-9. Landslide zones in and around the City of Thousand Oaks. Source:
https://data.ca.gov/dataset/cgs-seismic-hazards-program-landslide-zones/resource/96265d3d- be60-4de6-b966-731b5745a06b ............................................................................................... C-17 Figure C-10. Very High Fire Severity Zones (VHFSZ) in Thousand Oaks. Source: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) ............................................................. C-19 Figure C-11. Major Fires in Thousand Oaks, 1980-Present. Data Source: Ventura County Fire District ........................................................................................................................................ C-20 Figure C-12. Annual wildfire burn probability in and around the City. ..................................... C-21 Figure C-13. Wildfire risk to homes in areas of the City housing vulnerable populations. Data source: USDA Forest Service ....................................................................................................... C-22 Figure D-1. Assortment of stakeholders attending community meeting #1. .............................. D-5 Figure D-2. Outreach activities taking place during event on July, 10, 2021, at Grant R. Brimhall Library. ......................................................................................................................................... D-8 Figure D-3. Outreach activities taking place at retail shopping centers in August 2021............. D-9 Figure D-4. Example of survey boards for community survey at the 2021 Rotary Street Fair. . D-10 Figure D-5. CEAP Storymap landing page. ................................................................................. D-11

Climate and Environmental Action Plan-
APPENDICES v
List of Tables
Table A-1. Model inputs for growth (by 2045). ........................................................................... A-1 Table A-2. Electricity Emission Factors. Electricity from Southern California Edison (SCE) and Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E). ................................................................................................... A-3 Table A-3. Global Warming Potential (GWP) Values ................................................................... A-3 Table A-4. Energy use for 2019 Code-compliant buildings used in modeling. ............................ A-4 Table A-5. Natural Gas (Stationary Combustion) Emission Factors ............................................. A-6 Table B-1. Detailed breakdown of community GHG emissions by year and sector. ................... B-1 Table B-2. VCTM Model output for weekday daily VMT ............................................................. B-8 Table C-1. Trends in temperature-related characteristics under emissions scenario RCP8.5.

Source: https://cal-adapt.org/tools ............................................................................................. C-5 Table C-2. Trends in precipitation under emissions scenario RCP8.5 (“business as usual”). Data source: https://cal-adapt.org/tools/extreme-precipitation ...................................................... C-13 Table C-3. Trends in wildfire under emissions scenario RCP8.5 (“business as usual”). ............ C-18 Table D-1. Stakeholder meetings ................................................................................................. D-4 Table E-1: CEAP Measures addressing General Plan sustainability policies ................................ E-1

Climate and Environmental Action Plan-
APPENDICES vi
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AADT Average Annual Daily
Traffic HDT Heavy-Duty Vehicles
AB Assembly Bill HHW Household Hazardous Waste
ACC Advanced Clean Cars ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
ADU Accessory Dwelling
Unit IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
AR5 Fifth (IPCC) Assessment
Report IPM Integrated Pest Management
AR6 Sixth (IPCC)
Assessment Report ITC Investment Tax Credit
ARB Air Resource Board kBtu Thousand British Thermal Units ATP Active Transportation
Plan kg Kilogram
BAS Building Automation
System kW Kilowatt
BSC Building Standards
Commission kWh Kilowatt hour
Btu British thermal units LCFS Low Carbon Fuel Standard C&D Construction and
Demolition LED Light Emitting Diode
CAA Clean Air Act LM Light-Medium (duty vehicles)
CaGBN California Green
Business Network MF Multi-Family
CalAm California American
Water Company MMBtu Million British Thermal Units
CALGreen California Green
Building Standards MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization CalRecycle
California Department
of Resources Recycling
and Recovery
MRF Materials Recovery Facility
CalWater California Water
Service Company MS4 Municipal Separate Storm Sewer
Systems
Camrosa Camrosa Water
District MSC Municipal Service Center
CAMX California-Mexico
Power Area MWD Metropolitan Water District
CARB California Air Resources
Board N2O Nitrous Oxide
CARE California Alternate
Rates for Energy NOx Nitrogen Oxides

Climate and Environmental Action Plan-
APPENDICES vii
CCA Community Choice
Aggregation NPS National Park Service
CCE Community Choice
Energy PM Particulate Matter
CDD
Community
Development
Department
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
CEAP
Community
Environmental Action
Plan
PV Photovoltaic
CEC California Energy
Commission RNG Renewable Natural Gas
CEQA
California
Environmental Quality
Act
ROG Reactive Organic Gases
CH4 Methane RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard
CI Carbon Intensity RTAC Regional Transportation Advisory Committee
CLU California Lutheran
University RTDM Regional Travel Demand Model
CNG Compressed Natural
Gas RTP Regional Transportation Plan
CO2 Carbon Dioxide SB Senate Bill
CO2e Carbon Dioxide
equivalent SCAG Southern California Association of
Governments
CORE Clean Off-Road
Equipment SCE Southern California Edison
COSCA Conejo Open Space
Conservation Agency SCS Sustainable Communities Strategy Covid-19 Coronavirus
Pandemic (2019) SF Single-Family
CPA Clean Power Alliance SGIP Self-Generation Incentive Program CPUC California Public
Utilities Commission SoCalGas Southern California Gas Company CRPD Conejo Recreation &
Park District SORE Small Off-Road Engines
CRV California Refund
Value SUD Single-Use Disposable
CVRP Clean Vehicle Rebate
Project T&D Transmission and Distribution
CVUSD Conejo Valley Unified
School District TAZ Traffic Analysis Zone

Climate and Environmental Action Plan-
APPENDICES viii
DAR Dial-A-Ride TDV Time-Dependent Valuation
DU Dwelling Unit TOG Total Organic Gases
ECTA East County Transit
Alliance tonne Metric ton (MT) or 1,000 kg
EIR Environmental Impact
Report TOT Thousand Oaks Transit

EIS
Energy Information
System TOU Time-Of-Use
EMFAC EMission FACtor model TTAC Transportation Technical Advisory Committee
EPP Environmental
Purchasing Policy UPT Unlinked Passenger Trips
EUI Energy Use Intensity VCAPCD Ventura County Air Pollution Control District
EV Electric Vehicle VCREA Ventura County Regional Energy Alliance
EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply
Equipment VCTC Ventura County Transportation
Commission
FERA Family Electric Rate
Assistance VCTM Ventura County Transportation
Model
FMP Forestry Master Plan VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled
FOG Fats, Oils, Grease VRH Vehicle Revenue Hour
GHG Greenhouse Gas VSH Vehicle Service Hour
GIS Geographic
Information Systems VSM Vehicle Service Mile
GP General Plan ZEV Zero Emission Vehicle
GWP Global Warming
Potential ZNE Zero Net Energy
HCTP Hill Canyon Treatment
Plant

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-1
Appendix A. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Methodology
Historical emissions are based on existing data from utilities, the City, local agencies, and the State.

Future emissions are modelled using population, dwelling unit and commercial square footage projections from the GP Update interpolating linearly between 2022 and 2045. This growth data is coupled with historical per capita emission or activity data in each sector to generate future activity and emission projections as described below.

A.1 Population, dwelling units and growth
Historical population data from the California Department of Finance (through 2021) is used for Thousand Oaks population 2010 through 2021.

Historical Dwelling Unit (DU) counts have been taken from the annual City/County Population and Housing Estimates provided by the California Department of Finance. In the State’s data set, dwellings are separated into single family (SF) as detached, single attached and mobile home, multi-family (MF) as two-four and five plus units. Under the California Building Code MF buildings are categorized as low rise (3 stories or less), mid-rise (4 – 7 stories) and high-rise (more than 7 stories). For this GHG analysis the three types of SF dwelling are combined into a single SF category and all existing (2021 and earlier) multi-family housing is assumed to be MF low-rise.

For future projected growth, parcel data provided by Raimi and Associates from the GP 2045 Update were summed over all Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) and combined with an assumed development probability to generate net population growth (21,000). This growth is assumed to be linear between 2022 and 2045.

Growth in total SF DUs have been calculated using GP projections for SF DU and townhouse DUs combined (540 units total by 2045). Growth in MF DUs is based on GP projections of 6,671 units by 2045. In addition, 660 ADUs are added by 2045. Future projections assume a 60%-40% mix of low-rise and mid-rise (4 – 7 stories) MF units. It is assumed that none of the MF development will be high-rise (more than 7 stories). Growth in new construction of dwelling units is assumed to be linear between 2022 and 2045.

Commercial square footage is taken from GP analysis as 36,099,040 square feet (sq ft) in 2021 increasing by 20,887,626 sq ft by 2045. These data and model inputs are summarized in Table A-1 below.

Table A-1. Model inputs for growth (by 2045).

New single family dwelling units (SF DU) 454
New townhouse DU 86

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-2
New multi-family dwelling units (MF DU) 6,671
ADUs 660
Total net DUs constructed 7,871
Existing DUs on all parcels 47,508
New total DUs on all parcels (projected) 55,379
Persons per household (from 2021 Dept of Finance Table E5) 2.67 Projected increase in population (DUs x persons per DU) 21,000 Projected population by 2045 146,426
% of MF low-rise ( 1 – 3 stories): 60%
% of MF mid-rise (4 -7 stories): 40%
% of MF high-rise (more than 7 stories): 0%
Existing non-residential building (“bldg.”) sq ft 36,099,040 Change in non-residential bldg sq ft 20,887,626
Projected non-residential bldg sq ft by 2045 56,986,666 A.2 Building Energy: Electricity
Monthly and annual community electricity use data (kWh) between 2010 and 2020 were provided by the City’s utility, Southern California Edison (SCE). To maintain confidentiality of individual entities, SCE follows a “15/20” Aggregation Rule such that consumption data for each customer class must meet the following rules:
• Contain at least 15 customers
• No single customer makes up more than 20% of the total energy consumption To avoid issues whereby customer data could be completely omitted from SCE’s reporting as a result of these aggregation rules, the City requested data aggregated by SCE into only two categories, Residential and Non-Residential. In 2019, Clean Power Alliance (CPA), a community choice aggregator, became the default electricity supplier for the community with customers enrolled at 100% clean (carbon-free) energy. CPA provides to City staff on a quarterly basis the number of customers enrolled in each of their renewable energy supply programs (100%, 50%, and 40%). City staff determined the emission factor for the CPA 50% and 40% renewable energy options from the power content labels published on CPA’s website.1 Due to the lack of availability of SCE-specific emission factors for all years, eGRID factors2 for the City’s subregion (CAMX) were used for electricity supplied by SCE (Table A-2).

1 https://cleanpoweralliance.org/powersources/
2 https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions-generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-3
Table A-2. Electricity Emission Factors. Electricity from Southern California Edison (SCE) and Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E).

Year CO2 (lb/MWh) CH4 (lb/GWh) N2O (lb/GWh) Grid Gross Loss eGRID Version 2010 610.82 28.49 6.03 6.84% eGRID2010
2011 610.82 28.49 6.03 6.84% eGRID2010
2012 650.31 31.12 5.67 5.58% eGRID2012
2013 650.31 31.12 5.67 5.76% eGRID2012
2014 568.60 33.10 4.00 4.79% eGRID2014v2
2015 568.60 33.10 4.00 4.79% eGRID2014v2
2016 527.90 33.00 4.00 4.23% eGRID 2016
2017 527.90 33.00 4.00 4.23% eGRID 2016
2018 496.54 34.00 4.00 4.80% eGRID 2018v2
2019 453.21 33.00 4.00 5.10% eGRID 2019
2020 453.21 33.00 4.00 5.10% eGRID 2019
Source: eGRID Subregion Output Emission Rates, Subregion CAMX, Total output emission rates. Units are pounds (lb) per megawatt-hour (MWh) and per gigawatt-hour (GWh).

Global Warming Potentials for each gas (Table A-3) from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report3 were used to convert the activity data into tonnes of CO2e emissions.

Table A-3. Global Warming Potential (GWP) Values
Greenhouse Gas GWP
CO2 1
CH4 28
N2O 265
Source: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014) – 100-year time horizon.

Electricity emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data (actual or projected use) by an emissions factor. The emissions factors are calculated from residential and non-residential participation in each of CPA’s three programs (40%, 50% and 100% clean energy) and participation in SCE’s program, multiplied by the emissions factor for the electricity sources for each of these programs. For SCE-provided power, eGRID factors are used and the emissions factor is steadily decreased according to the increase in the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) for the grid (50% by 2026, 60% by 2030, 100% by 2045 and thereafter). For CPA-provided power, the emissions factor is based on the reported breakdown of power sources (Power Content Label) for each program mix. The generation source mixes for CPA 40% and 50% clean energy programs are assumed to remain unchanged from 2022 through 2045. SCE is one of the generation sources and causes the emissions factors for these two programs to decrease over time in line with the RPS. The CPA participation rates are assumed to remain unchanged from

3 https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar5/

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-4
2022 through 2045. Transmission and distribution losses are not included in the inventory as these are categorized as Scope 3 emissions4.

Future projections of electricity use for existing buildings are based on electricity usage from existing buildings taken from 2019 due to the Covid impacts on 2020 and 2021 data. New buildings built under Title 24 Energy Code standards will be more energy efficient than current buildings. Projections are based on DU projections (for SF and MF) and square footage (for non- residential) rather than population count estimates. For newly constructed buildings, projections in electricity use (Table A-4) are based on projected growth in DUs as described above combined with expected energy use for each type of DU. This energy use is taken from that developed for 2019 Title 24 Energy Code-compliant model(s) used for baselines in the 2019 Cost Effectiveness studies5 published by the California Energy Codes and Standards program, and is as follows:

Table A-4. Energy use for 2019 Code-compliant buildings used in modeling.

Dwelling type Annual electricity use
(kWh)
Annual natural gas use
(therms)
SF Offset by solar (4,805) 229
Lowrise MF 2,992 111
Midrise MF 3,980 104
Accessory Dwelling Unit Offset by solar 128

For non-residential buildings, the published Cost Effectiveness studies include energy consumption for three representative commercial building types – office, retail and hotel. For the purposes of this analysis, GP square footage projections, which are categorized under retail, service, hotel, office, manufacturing and warehouse, were re-classified into these three modelled categories and a weighted average of energy use for each type of building was calculated. This weighted average was employed to project electricity use for new non- residential buildings (8.59 kWh/sq ft). However, it was not employed to project natural gas use because the models showed such a large variation in natural gas use for the different building types. Given the uncertainty in the nature of new commercial construction in the City, it was felt that a more accurate projection would be gained by using the (natural gas) energy intensity of current commercial buildings in the City (0.208 therms/sq ft) and applying this to projected commercial building growth.

4 Scope 3 emissions are indirect emissions occurring as a result of activities within the City, and are not included in the GHG reporting guidelines for the City.
5 https://localenergycodes.com/content/resources

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-5
In addition to the improved energy efficiency of new buildings, some portion of electricity use will be offset by onsite solar PV according to requirements under the Title 24 Part 6 Energy Code. To include the solar offset in the GHG analysis, electricity use from new SF DUs and low- rise MF DUs as well as ADUs is assumed to have no associated GHG emissions due to an offset of electricity demand by onsite solar production. For mid-rise MF buildings, the prototype of a 5-storey building from the cost-effectiveness baseline with an average DU size of 900 sq ft. was used for modelling purposes. Based on the 2022 Energy Code requirement (Section 140.10) of

2.21 Watts per sq ft, it is assumed that an average 2-kW solar PV is installed for each unit. In Thousand Oaks, a PV system of that size will yield approximately 3,402 kWh per year, or 85% of the projected electricity use. The GHG analysis therefore calculates emissions based on only 15% of electricity use for mid-rise MF DUs. For non-residential buildings, solar PV requirements depend on available roof area, conditioned square footage and building type. In the absence of individual building detail, an assumption is made that 2.21 W per sq ft of solar will be installed, consistent with the assumptions for mid-rise MF. Modelling the associated annual energy generated at 3.75 kWh/sq ft and applying this to a typical new non-residential building, this equates to 44% of the building electricity demand to be offset by solar, and the remaining 56% of demand to generate GHG emissions associated with the emissions factor of the electric utility.

In summary, the presented GHG analysis assumes:
 New SF, ADU and MF DU annual electricity and gas use as shown in Table A-4 with:
o All new SF DU and ADU electricity demand offset by onsite solar o All new MF lowrise electricity demand offset by onsite solar o 85% of new MF midrise electricity demand offset by onsite solar  New non-residential annual electricity use of 8.59 kWh/sq ft and 0.208 therms/sq ft with:
o 44% of new non-residential electricity demand offset by onsite solar  Electricity emissions factors based on current CPA and SCE program enrollment, and eGRID emission factors combined with the RPS.

A.3 Building Energy: Natural Gas
In 2016, VCREA obtained Countywide gas use data from SoCalGas for the years 2010 through 2015. This showed a significant decrease in gas use in 2014 and 2015 relative to the period between 2010 and 2013 for both the County and the City. In particular, the City’s reported single-family residential gas use fell by 23% between 2013 and 2014, and total City reported use by 19%. In 2019, City staff requested a new complete data set from SoCalGas for the years 2010 through 2018 and received data for the years 2014 through 2018 only. In providing customer usage data, SoCalGas aggregates data to maintain customer confidentiality under protocols established by the CPUC. Their aggregation rules are termed “15/15” meaning that each commercial customer class must include at least 15 customers and no single customer’s usage can constitute more than 15% of the total consumption. These rules can result in the non-

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-6
reporting of data within any single customer class, which can affect year-to-year usage data.

The data received by the City was divided into the categories of commercial, industrial, single- family and multi-family residential, and each included over 100 customers. There was no indication of missing data through the restrictions imposed by data aggregation requirements.

The data that the City requested from 2013 and earlier was not available. In 2020 and 2021, City staff received data from SoCalGas for years 2019 and 2020, respectively. Annual gas use for years 2014 through 2018 was 13% to 19% lower than for 2013. Given the relatively consistent data for years 2010 through 2013 and 2019 onwards, these are assumed to be reliable; however, data for years 2014 through 2018, although reported here, are questionable.

Fortunately these data do not affect the City’s baseline (2010) or future projections and are included for completeness purposes only. SoCalGas has not been able to offer an explanation for the observed inconsistencies in either the City or County data.

The volume of compressed natural gas dispensed at the City’s CNG fueling station has been deducted from the total commercial gas volume to avoid double-counting, as it is included in the vehicle fuel totals computed in the transportation emissions. Emission factors are taken from the “U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Appendix C – Built Environment Emissions Activities and Sources” (see Table A-5).

Table A-5. Natural Gas (Stationary Combustion) Emission Factors CO2 (tonne/MMBtu) CH4 (tonne/MMBtu) N2O (tonne/MMBtu)

0.05302 0.000005 0.0000001
Source: U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Appendix C: Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources, Version 1.1 (July 2013).

GHG emissions are calculated by multiplying natural gas usage by this natural gas emissions factor, which does not vary over time. Pipeline and infrastructure leakage of methane is not included in the inventory as it falls under Scope 3.

Future projections of natural gas use for existing buildings are based on natural gas usage from existing buildings taken from 2019, due to the Covid impacts on 2020 and 2021 data. For new construction, projections in natural gas use are based on projected growth in dwelling units under the GP Update and the baseline prototypes utilized in the Cost Effectiveness studies as described in the Electricity section above.

A.4 Transportation
There are two ways of reporting emissions associated with vehicles: 1) Travel associated with origin and destination land uses in the community through a demand-based allocation of trips, or 2) Travel occurring within the jurisdictional boundary of the community. The first of these methods is recommended under ICLEI’s Community Protocol, with the rationale that local

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-7
governments can influence transportation emissions through land use and urban design regulations and through transportation infrastructure investments. This is the methodology used in this inventory using a regional travel demand model implemented by the City’s Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) SCAG (Southern California Association of Governments.

Figure A-1. Components of Origin Destination (O-D) Method for Vehicle Miles Traveled Calculation 6 The City employed the 2018 Ventura County Transportation Model (VCTM) for this analysis.

This model was developed in a collaborative effort between SCAG and local agencies through Ventura County Transportation Commission (VCTC) and the Transportation Technical Advisory Committee (TTAC), and replaces a previous, less sophisticated, version developed in 2009. The new model incorporates SCAG’s 2016 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP, Sustainable Communities Strategies) Regional Travel Demand Model (RTDM) and uses 663 Ventura County zones for trip distribution and mode choice. The allocation of VMT to the City is based on the Regional Transportation Advisory Committee's (RTAC) recommendations to CARB on allocation of VMT to MPOs whereby VMT from internal trips is attributed at 100 percent, VMT from trips that originate or terminate within the MPO is discounted by 50 percent, and VMT from “pass- through” trips that do not originate or terminate in the MPO are excluded7 (Figure A-1). This method recognizes that an MPO has more ability to influence distance and mode for a local trip than for an interregional trip and has very limited ability to influence a pass-through trip.8

6 Encinitas GHG Emissions Inventory and Projection, CAP Appendices 7 https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/sb375/staff_report_sb375_targets_update.pdf 8 This methodology has not necessarily been followed by all MPOs. Instead, most MPOs have included 100 percent of interregional VMT (excluding pass-through trips) up to their MPO border.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-8
As part of the GP Update 2045, Iteris utilized the VCTM to generate vehicle miles and trips associated with the City’s revised land use map. The model output was provided for years 2016, 2019, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2045, and included internal-internal, internal-external, external- internal, and external-external trips and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in four vehicle categories, auto, light-duty, medium-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. For the purposes of the GHG analysis, data was linearly interpolated between years. For each city in Ventura County, a SCAG model apportions VMTs between light-medium vehicles (LM), heavy-duty vehicles (HDT), and buses for each year. For Thousand Oaks these proportions amount to approx. 95.2% (LM), 4.7% (HDT), and 0.1% (buses). The EMission FACtors (EMFAC) 2021 model9 was used to calculate air pollution emissions resulting from these vehicle trips. EMFAC 2021 is the latest update to the EMFAC emissions model developed by CARB to assess emissions from on-road vehicles including cars, trucks, and buses in California, and designed for use by State and local governments to meet Clean Air Act (CAA) requirements. The 2021 model, which is based on new and improved data and new and amended regulations in California, calculates air pollution emissions factors for passenger cars, trucks, motorcycles, motor homes and buses. This EMFAC10 database was used to apportion light-medium vehicle miles (as determined by the proportions from the SCAG model) into passenger car, light duty truck, medium duty truck and motorcycle categories. Using EMFAC, weighted averages of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions per mile were calculated for the vehicle types falling into each of these categories as well as heavy- duty vehicles and buses. Multiplying these weighted averages by the vehicle miles travelled in each category yielded CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions resulting from running exhaust for each of the categories of vehicle. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) was computed from the GHG emissions derived for these three gases using the GWP factors presented in Table A-3.

Emissions projections are based the VCTM modelling conducted for the GP in combination with anticipated fuel efficiency improvements included in EMFAC2021. These include the vehicle fuel efficiency standards mandated under the Clean Cars regulations and also a market share of electric vehicles in Light Duty and Medium Duty categories. However, the EMFAC model was developed prior to the Advanced Clean Cars II Regulations that were amended in 2022 to require all new passenger vehicles sold in California to be zero emissions by 2035.

Consequently, EMFAC2021 projects a decrease in ZEV market share from 2025 to 2026 due to the projected end of the High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane policy and Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP) rebate in 2025 and assumes that the ZEV market share plateaus in California starting 2030. Thus the GHG modelling for the transportation sector, as depicted in Figure A-2, fails to reflect the anticipated drop in emissions resulting from the complete transition of light duty vehicles to electric over the next two decades or so.

9 https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/64cb13d09927ddf1fe6b6450f33876fc63bf0e6f 10 https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-
04/emfac2021_technical_documentation_april2021.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-9

Figure A-2. Historic and projected GHG emissions for each sector. By 2045 nearly all emissions arise from two sectors – transportation and natural gas use.

Projected emissions, based on successful implementation of the transportation measures proposed, account for this EV transition and are reflected in Figure A-3.

Figure A-3. Historical (2010 – 2020) and projected emissions (2021 – 2045) with and without measures, and 2030 and 2045 targets.
0 200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000GHG emissions (tonnes CO2e)
Wastewater
Water
Off-road Equipment
Solid Waste
Natural Gas
Electricity
On-road Transportation
2010 baseline
2045 target (85% drop)
2030 target (42% drop)
36% decrease 41% decrease

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-10
A.5 Off-Road Equipment
The OFFROAD2021 model11 developed by CARB provides exhaust and evaporative emissions from off-road equipment at the county level. The exhaust model outputs CO2, total organic gases (TOG), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in tons per day and fuel consumption in gallons per year for each vehicle class, and the evaporative model outputs TOG emissions in tons per day and fuel consumption in gallons per year for each vehicle class. CH4 emissions were determined from TOG emissions, and N2O emissions were determined from NOx emissions from gasoline-fueled equipment and diesel consumption using conversion factors12,13 provided by CARB. CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions in tonnes per year for Ventura County were calculated, and CO2e was computed using the AR5 GWP factors. Because there is no activity in Thousand Oaks from agricultural, airport ground support, cargo handling equipment, commercial harbor craft, forestry, locomotive, military tactical support, oil drilling, ocean going vessels, outboard marine tanks, or pleasure craft, emissions from these vehicle classes were excluded. The Ventura County CO2e emissions were multiplied by the ratio of the Thousand Oaks population to the total Ventura County population to determine Thousand Oaks CO2e emissions for the categories of emissions that are applicable to the City.

A.6 Water
The water system components that are accounted for in this GHG inventory include:
i. Water Supply and Conveyance: Pumping to extract water and move it. ii. Water Treatment: Pumping and equipment used to provide purification treatments (e.g. UV disinfection, ozone treatment, membrane filtration, and chlorination). iii. Water Distribution: Pumping used in the local distribution system.

Supply and conveyance of the City’s water is carried out by Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD), the regional wholesaler for 14 cities, 11 municipal water districts, and one county water authority within Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino and Ventura counties. MWD owns and operates the Colorado River Aqueduct and is the largest contractor to the State Water Project, importing water supplies from northern California via the 444-mile California Aqueduct. The City’s water is conveyed via this aqueduct.

Water treatment for the City’s imported water is also carried out by MWD at the Jensen Treatment Plant in Granada Hills, one of the ten largest treatment plants in the world, covering an area of 125 acres and with a capacity of 750 million gallons a day.14 The Jensen Plant treats only water from the State Water Project and distributes it to San Fernando Valley, Ventura

11 https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/fee3a5a3e40db95c267a200c5cd7a9b2c0e64644 12 https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/ordiesel/rog_tog_hcratio.xls 13 https://web.archive.org/web/20190602104528/https:/www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/doc/methods_00 - 14/ghg_inventory_00-14_technical_support_document.pdf
14 http://www.mwdh2o.com/AboutYourWater/Water-Quality/Pages/default.aspx

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-11
County, West Los Angeles, Santa Monica and the Palos Verdes Peninsula. The facility converted to ozone treatment in 2005 and uses a conventional 5-step process which includes disinfection15, coagulation16, flocculation17, sedimentation18, and filtration.19

Calleguas Municipal Water District is the MWD customer that purchases water and distributes it to water agencies within Ventura County. Water is distributed through the Calleguas system to connection points within each agency’s own network. Generally, the Calleguas supply is delivered directly from the Jensen plant but Lake Bard, Calleguas’s reservoir, is used when imported water supplies are curtailed. In this case, Lake Bard Water Filtration Plant is utilized for water treatment.

The GHG footprint from water operations consists of multiple components:

1. Electricity used by MWD to pump water from its source to Jensen Treatment Plant.

2. Electricity use from the Jensen plant to treat the City’s water.

3. Electricity use by Calleguas to deliver water to the City’s water purveyors.

4. Electricity used by the City’s three primary water purveyors for distributing water to homes through the local network.

Item #1 was calculated using the energy intensity of water conveyed from the State Water Project to Jensen Treatment Plant obtained from a 2010 report prepared by GEI Consultants/Navigant Consulting, Inc. entitled “Embedded Energy in Water Studies Study 1: Statewide and Regional Water-Energy Relationship” for the CPUC combined with activity data comprising the total volume of water distributed to Thousand Oaks customers by the City’s three water purveyors. Calleguas provided energy usage and volume of water treated at Jensen Treatment Plant in 2005, from which the energy intensity was determined and used to calculate item #2. Item #3 was provided by Calleguas for 2018 through 2020. The 2018 energy intensities of water delivered to the three water purveyors was used to determine the electricity usage for years 2010 – 2017 based on water volume data provided by the three purveyors. Item #4 is already included in the community energy footprint (commercial

15 Water entering the plant is disinfected using ozone as the primary disinfectant. Chlorine is used as an ozone back-up disinfectant
16 Chemical coagulants (either alum or ferric chloride and polymer) are injected into the water and mixed with flash jet mixers
17 The water travels into the mixing and settling basins, where large mechanical mixers (flocculators) gently agitate the water. This further mixes the water with the coagulant chemicals and allows sufficient time for the larger suspended particles in the water to bind together and form “floc.” 18 The floc particles, which are heavier than the surrounding water, settle to the bottom of the basin, forming a layer of material that is later removed.
19 Settled water from the sedimentation basins is treated with a filter aid polymer and enters the filter s, which consist of layers of anthracite coal and sand filter media. The filters remove virtually all of the suspended particles that did not settle during the sedimentation process.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-12
electricity use) and is therefore not added here so as to avoid double-counting within the GHG Inventory.

In the absence of updated data, GHG projections were calculated based on:
 Annual per capita water usage remaining at 2020 value  Electricity supplier for the State Water Project, MWD of Southern California, Cal-Am, and Cal Water remaining unchanged
 Energy intensity for water supply and conveyance from the State Water Project to MWD of Southern California remaining at 2000 value
 Energy intensity for water treatment by MWD of Southern California at Jensen Treatment Plant remaining at 2005 value
The California RPS was applied to projected activity data to determine electricity emission factors for the GHG projection calculations.

A.7 Wastewater
The City owns and operates its own wastewater treatment plant, the Hill Canyon Treatment Plant (HCTP), which processes wastewater for the City and those unincorporated areas lying within the larger City boundary. Because HCTP is located within the City, its energy use (electricity and natural gas) is included in the community data provided to the City by the utility companies. It is thus not separately included in the GHG inventory in order to avoid double- counting. However, an examination of the energy use by municipal facilities clearly demonstrates the significant contribution of HCTP to the overall energy use by municipal operations. The HCTP accounts for approximately half of all municipal electricity use.

The GHG emissions which are presented in the inventory are process emissions resulting from the following sources:
i. Nitrification or denitrification
ii. Effluent discharge
iii. Combustion (excluding CO2, which is classified as non-reportable resulting from a biogenic source)

Emissions are calculated using the methodology defined in the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Appendix F - Wastewater and Water Emission Activities and Sources - Version 1.1, July 2013.20

In the wastewater treatment process, nitrogen is removed through nitrification and denitrification steps, which result in N2O (nitrous oxide) emissions. These emissions are calculated based on the population served by the wastewater treatment plant, a factor for high

20 http://icleiusa.org/publications/us-community-protocol/

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-13
nitrogen loading of industrial or commercial discharge, and an emission factor as provided in the referenced source.

Conventional wastewater treatment plants are not able to remove all of the nitrogen content in wastewater, leaving about 10% in the effluent. Trace amounts of N2O are present in effluent, with most of the nitrogen in other forms. When the nitrogen containing effluent reaches a natural watershed, indirect N2O emissions occur through side reactions. These emissions are calculated based on the nitrogen load of the wastewater, an emission factor, and various unit conversion factors.

Anaerobic digesters are used at HCTP to treat the excess sludges produced by the wastewater treatment process as well as other organic waste materials such as fats, oils, and grease (FOG) and food waste. This process produces digester gas, which is then combusted as fuel in an on- site cogeneration plant producing electric power and heat. Due to fluctuations of digester gas flow over the course of a day, there is a small portion of digester gas that is flared during high gas-producing periods. The combustion of digester gas results in CH4 (methane), N2O, and CO2 emissions. While the CO2 emissions are classified as non-reportable, the CH4 and N2O emissions are calculated based on digester gas volume, the composition of the digester gas, emission factors, and various unit conversion factors.

Wastewater GHG emissions were calculated based on the assumption that annual per capita (including City population and employment) emissions from combustion, nitrification or denitrification, and effluent discharge will not change from 2020.

A.8 Solid waste
GHG emissions from the disposal of solid waste by the City’s population are calculated using the methodology defined in the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Appendix E: Solid Waste Emission: Activities and Sources, Version

1.1, July 201321 and included as part of the Community GHG inventory. Solid waste emissions come from three sources – 1. the decomposition of biologic waste in landfills that generates methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in differing proportions based on the management process (Method SW.4); 2. process emissions associated with landfilling (Method SW.5); and 3. collection and transportation emissions (Method SW.6).

Landfill emissions are unique among sources of emissions in that the emissions are generated over long periods of time from the activity that caused them. The calculation method (SW.4) attributes future landfill gas generation to the inventory year in which the community’s waste was generated and deposited. Methane emissions are computed by estimating the mass of each organic component of the waste, multiplying this by its emission factor (mass CH4 per

21 http://icleiusa.org/publications/us-community-protocol/

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES A-14
ton), and summing over all biologic components. The breakdown of the waste composition into its components was done by applying the results of the California Waste Characterization studies; the 2008 study data was applied for years 2010 – 2013, the 2014 study data for 2014 – 2017, 2018 study data for 2018 – 2020, and 2021 study data for 2021. Emission factors were obtained from Appendix E of the U.S. Community Protocol. Application of these yielded total methane emissions of 0.044 tonnes per ton of solid waste based on the 2008 and 2014 California Waste Characterization studies and 0.039 tonnes per ton of solid waste based on the 2018 study, and 0.035 tonnes per ton of solid waste based on the 2021 study. Since the landfills used by the community are equipped with landfill gas capture, it is assumed that only about 25% of landfill gas escapes to the atmosphere and that the oxidation rate is 10%. Under these assumptions and applying the 2014 AR5 GWPs, the CO2e emissions for each year were computed.

Process emissions are a result of powering the equipment that is used in managing the landfill.

Per the U.S. Community Protocol, it is estimated that 0.011 tonnes CO2e per ton of waste are emitted from the Simi Valley Landfill which utilizes CNG vehicles.

The final component of solid waste-related GHG emissions is the transportation associated with hauling trash from residents and businesses to the landfill, green waste to the organics processing facility, and recycling materials to the materials recovery facility. All solid-waste transportation GHG emissions are already included in the transportation sector emissions so they are not included in the solid waste sector to avoid double-counting.

Future solid waste GHG emissions were projected based on the assumption that the percentage each waste category makes up of all solid waste disposed will not change from 2021, the most recent year for which a characterization of solid waste in California is available. The annual per capita mass of solid waste disposed is also assumed to not change from 2021, the most recent year for which data are available from CalRecycle.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-1
Appendix B. Historical Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector This section presents and discusses the historical community GHG emissions by sector, establishing the foundation for understanding emission sources.

Contributions from each sector are presented in Table B-1.

Table B-1. Detailed breakdown of community GHG emissions by year and sector.

B.1 Building energy use
Within the building energy sector, emissions from residential use of natural gas comprise the largest component, followed by commercial and industrial natural gas use (Figure B-1).

GHG Emissions (tonnes CO2e) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Electricity
Electricity (Com & Ind) Commercial, Industrial & Agricultural 175,046 176,698 188,776 185,575 164,531 160,389 145,248 142,994 131,408 52,232 23,206 Electricity (Res) Residential 102,432 103,059 112,492 110,042 95,963 95,962 85,275 87,271 79,178 25,216 24,832 Total Electricity 277,479 279,758 301,268 295,617 260,495 256,351 230,523 230,265 210,586 77,448 48,038 Natural Gas
Natural Gas (Com) Commercial 37,574 36,678 35,539 36,948 33,631 33,721 35,306 36,131 36,465 38,798 33,634 Natural Gas (Ind) Industrial 932 1,229 908 1,013 624 604 952 1,039 998 1,051 925 Natural Gas (Com & Ind) Commercial & Industrial 38,506 37,906 36,447 37,960 34,256 34,325 36,259 37,170 37,463 39,849 34,559 Residential (SFR) 110,616 109,332 100,815 104,775 80,300 82,450 89,006 90,771 87,056 102,414 105,970 Residential (MFR) 24,365 24,300 22,823 23,265 19,274 19,385 20,376 20,306 19,571 21,887 20,807 Natural Gas (Res) Total Residential 134,981 133,633 123,638 128,041 99,574 101,836 109,382 111,078 106,627 124,300 126,776 Total Natural Gas 173,487 171,539 160,085 166,001 133,830 136,161 145,641 148,248 144,090 164,150 161,335 Total Energy 450,965 451,297 461,353 461,618 394,325 392,511 376,164 378,513 354,676 241,597 209,374 Solid Waste
Landfill emissions 30,233 29,820 30,163 30,567 29,702 31,632 31,289 32,680 25,801 28,083 30,872 Transportation
Passenger Cars 215,806 215,110 216,039 214,650 211,776 211,002 213,802 202,491 197,201 195,037 192,145 Light Duty Trucks 134,482 133,872 132,346 130,910 128,854 128,432 126,528 127,505 128,126 126,928 126,258 Medium Duty Trucks 109,359 107,276 105,030 100,097 99,126 96,422 87,890 96,236 96,435 95,241 94,723 Heavy Duty Trucks 59,305 59,920 60,511 61,030 61,501 61,031 60,352 60,145 59,662 59,761 61,078 Motorcycles 1,678 1,613 1,570 1,515 1,480 1,486 1,528 1,397 1,350 1,351 1,357 Buses 1,430 1,426 1,440 1,443 1,456 1,436 1,500 1,502 1,473 1,494 1,501 Total on-road transportation 522,061 519,216 516,935 509,645 504,193 499,810 491,599 489,275 484,247 479,812 477,062 Off-road Equipment
All off-road equipment 12,776 13,058 13,362 13,752 14,307 16,067 16,832 17,426 18,076 18,675 19,206 Water
Water (excl. electricity within T.O.) 22,704 24,131 27,106 28,767 24,048 19,425 17,158 18,842 18,238 15,275 19,132 Wastewater
Wastewater (excl. electricity) 639 645 666 659 670 663 660 687 658 666 640 TOTAL GHG Emissions 1,039,378 1,038,167 1,049,585 1,045,008 967,245 960,109 933,702 937,424 901,697 784,109 756,286 % change from 2010 0.0% -0.1% 1.0% 0.5% -6.9% -7.6% -10.2% -9.8% -13.2% -24.6% -27.2%

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-2

Figure B-1. Emissions from building energy use (2020 data). “Com” = Commercial; “Ind” = Industrial; “Res” = Residential.

Historical emissions (Figure B-2) indicate a significant drop between 2013 and 2014 for both electricity and gas. The drop in gas emissions may well be a result of inaccurate usage data for 2014 through 2018 since this shows a 19% drop between 2013 and 2014 in data provided by the SoCalGas but that could not be verified. The drop in GHG emissions associated with electricity however, is real and is a result of both reduced use (energy conservation/efficiency) and the change in the amount of renewable energy on the California grid.

The emissions per megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity supplied by SCE fell by 12.6% from 2013 to 2014, fell again between 2015 and 2016 by an additional 7.2%, between 2017 and 2018 by

5.9%, and between 2018 and 2019 by 8.7%. In the first half of 2019, Clean Power Alliance (CPA), a community choice aggregator, became the default electricity supplier for the community, with 100% renewable energy selected as the default option. This resulted in large reductions in emissions associated with electricity use between 2018 and 2019. A further reduction was seen in 2020, the first full year of electricity supply under CPA.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-3

Figure B-2. Emissions from energy use (2010 - 2020). Population is shown by black line (RH axis).

The other factor in the GHG emissions reduction from energy over the past decade is energy use, which is shown in Figure B-3 which indicates that electricity use in the community has decreased in all sectors since 2010, with an overall drop of 9.7% between 2010 and 2020, the largest decrease being in the industrial sector (20.3%). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, residences were occupied more hours than usual and businesses fewer hours than usual, resulting in a significant shift of electricity use from commercial to residential.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-4

Figure B-3. Historical change in electricity use in the community (kWh) The combination of the decrease in use, the greening of the grid, and the switch to CPA have resulted in 88% reduction in GHG emissions from electricity use between 2010 and 2020.

GHG emissions from natural gas use have fallen by 7% between 2010 and 2020. However, there is no discernible trend because of the unexplained sudden drop of 19% in use between 2013 and 2014 as reported by SoCalGas. Since 2014, reported gas use has climbed back up to its 2012-2013 level. Since natural gas is primarily composed of methane, its GHG emissions are based on standard values for the combustion of that gas and other minor constituents, with some allowance for leakage (losses). Although there are sources of renewable natural gas (RNG) available that have the potential to reduce the emissions factor associated with the pipeline gas, these sources are treated separately as specific uses of RNG for those entities who contract for the purchase of RNG. Thus, there is no change in the emissions factor of pipeline natural gas over time.

B.2 Water
As seen in Figure B-4, water-related emissions increased from 2010 through 2013, decreased from 2014 through 2016, then increased somewhat in 2017. In 2020 emissions are close to their 2016 values, the lowest of the past decade. The variation in emissions largely corresponds to that of the volume of water used in the community. Furthermore, the emission factor of the grid electricity used to convey and treat the water decreased between 2010 and 2020.

In 2020, 97% of water-related emissions were from the electricity used to convey water from the State Water Project to MWD’s Jensen Treatment Plant in the San Fernando Valley. The remainder of emissions resulted from water treatment at the Jensen Plant and conveyance of water from Calleguas Municipal Water District to the local water service providers in Thousand Oaks. Most water conveyed into the local area by Calleguas uses hydroelectric power that does 100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
kWh Millions
Commercial Industrial Residential

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-5
not result in GHG emissions. This includes conveyance to the City of Thousand Oaks Water Service agency, California American Water Co., and a portion of the water from Calleguas to California Water Co. The remaining portion from Calleguas to California Water Co. uses grid electricity and results in a minor contribution to the emissions shown here.

Figure B-4. Emissions resulting from (“CO2e”), and volume of (“water”), water conveyed, treated, and distributed.

B.3 Wastewater
Process emissions for wastewater account for only a small portion (0.1%) of the community’s overall GHG emissions; however, the energy (not included here) used to treat wastewater is significant. This energy is included in the electricity and natural gas industrial use for the community. Contributions from each component of the process are shown in Figure B-5.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-6

Figure B-5. History and relative contributions of each component of wastewater treatment process GHG emissions. (Note: Emissions from diesel fuel used for backup generators is too small to be visible here.) HCTP accepts fats, oils, and grease (FOG) and has in the past also accepted additional food waste in order to increase gas production in its anaerobic digesters. The volume of FOG and food waste has fluctuated from year-to-year, resulting in fluctuation of emissions from combustion and incomplete combustion of digester gas, as seen in Figure B-5.

B.4 Solid waste
The City’s solid waste is disposed of primarily at the Simi Valley and Calabasas Landfills through scheduled trash hauler service, although materials are sometimes taken to other area landfills particularly when self-hauling, construction and demolition services, or bin rental are used. The origin of all waste is required by law to be tracked by the landfill and reported to CalRecycle.

The GHG emissions data presented here utilizes CalRecycle’s landfill reports for waste originating in Thousand Oaks. Since 2010, the community’s total disposal has averaged around 100,000 tons per year, with approximately 10% coming from biosolids (the solid residue from sewage treatment). California Waste Characterization study results from 2008, 2014, 2018 and 2021 were used to characterize the waste into different streams. Only organic waste (food, green material, landscape and pruning waste, organic textiles and carpets, lumber, wood, paper products, printing and writing paper, manure, biosolids, digestate, and sludges) generates direct emissions as a result of its decomposition into methane in an anaerobic environment, such as a landfill (or carbon dioxide in an aerobic environment, such as composting). Other wastes result in GHG emissions from their handling, processing and transport.

Solid waste emissions (Figure B-6) are comprised of three components – landfill emissions (methane), process emissions, and transportation emissions. Landfill emissions dominate total

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-7
solid waste emissions, amounting to approximately a quarter of a tonne CO2e per ton of waste, or roughly 25,000 tonnes per year for the City.

Process emissions, the result of powering the equipment which is used in managing the landfill, are estimated at 0.011 tonnes CO2e per ton of waste for the Simi Valley Landfill, which utilizes CNG vehicles. This amounts to a little over 1,000 tonnes CO2e per year for the City’s waste.

Transportation emissions associated with hauling trash from residents’ homes and business locations to the landfill and recycling materials to the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in Sun Valley, are estimated at 0.0001 tonnes CO2e per ton waste per mile for the CNG vehicles used.

With an average distance of 11 miles from the community to the Simi Valley Landfill, and 41 miles to the MRF, these emissions are small (approx. 350-400 tonnes per year) compared to the other solid waste emission contributions. In the overall GHG inventory, these transportation emissions are not included in the solid waste footprint as they are already accounted for within the transportation sector emissions.

Figure B-6. Amount of landfilled waste from City of Thousand Oaks (2010 – 2020), with associated GHG emissions (in tonnes of CO2e) arising from decomposition of material (methane), operations at landfill, and collection and transportation of waste.

B.5 Transportation
The VCTM model outputs for 2016, 2019, 2020, 2030, 2040 (the forecast year) and 2045, are shown in Table B-2.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-8
Table B-2. VCTM Model output for weekday daily VMT

This shows that in 2016 approximately three million miles of weekday daily travel originated within the City and terminated elsewhere, and three million miles of weekday daily travel originated elsewhere and terminated in the City. In addition approximately 690,000 miles of weekday daily travel occurred within the City. Using RTAC’s methodology, the City is “responsible” for a total of 3.62 million weekday daily miles (half of the internal-external plus all of the internal-internal miles). Using AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic) data for the City provided by VCTC, the ratio of weekend to weekday VMT was determined and used to calculate annual VMT. The annual VMT for 2016 is approximate 1.25 billion, or 27,596 miles per household per year (based on 45,460 households). The miles driven in and out of the City are from residents of the City commuting to work elsewhere along with others commuting into the City to work. One way of reducing commuting miles would be for more people to both live and work in the City.

Vehicle miles travelled are broken down by vehicle class as shown in Figure B-7 below. Clearly the bulk of miles driven occur in passenger cars and light duty trucks.

Internal-Internal Internal to External External to Internal External to External 2016 689,538 2,941,035 2,915,624 11,316,954 2019 703,129 2,989,404 2,963,721 11,512,924 2020 707,660 3,005,526 2,979,753 11,578,247 2030 752,965 3,166,754 3,140,074 12,231,479 2040 798,270 3,327,981 3,300,396 12,884,711 2045 GPU 820,923 3,408,595 3,380,557 13,211,327 VMT

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-9

Figure B-7. Annual VMT in each vehicle class
Associated GHG emissions are broken down by vehicle category as shown in Figure B-8 and Figure B-9. Although only 5% of miles are driven by heavy duty vehicles, these vehicles make up 13% of the City’s transportation GHG emissions.

Figure B-8. Breakdown of GHG emissions by vehicle class for 2020 transportation emissions.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-10
Although miles driven increased slightly between 2010 and 2020, GHG emissions have decreased due to the increased fuel efficiency of vehicles. The following chart shows the computed emissions, which show a 9% reduction between 2010 and 2020.

Figure B-9. Annual emissions from vehicles driving in and out, or within, Thousand Oaks by year and vehicle type.

B.6 Off-road Equipment
The quantity of off-road equipment emissions has grown by roughly 3% per year since 2010 (Figure B-10). Off-road equipment emissions result from the combustion of diesel and gasoline in construction equipment such as excavators and off-road trucks, industrial equipment such as forklifts, lawn and garden equipment such as leaf blowers and mowers, light commercial equipment such as generator sets, portable equipment such as generators, and transport refrigeration units such as trailers.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES B-11

Figure B-10. Off-road equipment emissions attributable to the City. Based on Ventura County data, allocated by percent of the County’s population residing in the City.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-1
Appendix C. Climate change impacts and vulnerabilities
C.1 Introduction
This section presents and discusses scientific findings related to climate change projections for the local area, and their impacts on the community with particular attention to the City’s vulnerable populations. Data are presented from California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment (2018), the Desert Research Institute (DRI)/Watersheds Coalition of Ventura County (WCVC) report (June 2019) commissioned by the County, and the Cal-Adapt tool,22 developed by the CEC to synthesize peer-reviewed, high-quality scientific research on climate change scenarios and impacts. The vulnerabilities identified through analysis of this data informed the specific adaptation and resilience strategies presented in the Strategy section of this CEAP.

C.2 Climate Projections
In its Fifth Assessment Report, the IPCC establishes several greenhouse gas emissions scenarios that could occur globally. Of these emissions scenarios, two are used within the State’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment (2018) to describe future global status quos that would affect environmental conditions in California: Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and

8.5.23 RCP4.5 is a moderate scenario in which global emissions peak around 2040 and then decline, while RCP8.5 is the “business as usual” scenario in which emissions continue to rise throughout the century. Therefore, climate change projected under RCP8.5 will typically be more severe than under RCP4.5. Both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios are displayed in Cal-Adapt’s tools, allowing users to assess emissions-dependent variability and evaluate a moderate scenario alongside a worst-case scenario. The Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR)24 recommends that agencies use RCP8.5 for analyses considering impacts through 2050 because there are minimal differences between emissions scenarios during the first half of the century. Within the scope of this section, information and projections from RCP8.5 are used.

Just as it will globally, climate change will spur a number of environmental changes across the state and within the greater Los Angeles region, including Ventura County. The Los Angeles region, as well as California as a whole, is set to experience a number of impacts due to climate change:
 Higher average temperatures
 Longer, more intense, and more frequent heat waves

22 https://cal-adapt.org/about/
23 Bedsworth, Louise, Dan Cayan, Guido Franco, Leah Fisher, Sonya Ziaja. (California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California Energy Commission, California Public Utilities Commission). 2018. Statewide Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUMCCCA4-2018-013.
24 https://resilientca.org/apg/phase-2/#panel-step2-1

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-2
 More frequent and persistent droughts
 More intense storm events
 Significant declines in snowpack levels
 Possible reduction of marine layer cloud cover
 50% increase in the frequency of extreme wildfires and an overall increase in area burned  Sea level rise25
In the greater Los Angeles region, a combination of continued warming (averaging 4-5°F by mid- century and 5-8°F by late-century), more extreme temperatures and more high-heat days, more extreme precipitation patterns, sea level rise, increases in wildfire, and other climate changes will have major impacts on public health, infrastructure, life-threatening events, loss of biodiversity, impaired natural resources, air pollution, and energy use, among others. Health impacts are expected to be “far-reaching, including direct and indirect impacts related to extreme heat, poor air quality, wildfires, infectious diseases, floods and mudslides, mental health concerns, and increasing disparities caused by disproportionate impacts to vulnerable populations.”26
C.3 Vulnerable Populations
To better understand environmental changes on county- and city-levels and to aid local communities in taking action against climate change, the CEC was tasked with developing the Cal-Adapt web tool to synthesize peer-reviewed, high-quality scientific research on climate change scenarios and impacts.27,28 In this section, data from Cal-Adapt are used in conjunction with the climate impact projections reported in a 2019 study conducted by researchers from the Desert Research Institute (DRI) and Watersheds Coalition of Ventura County (WCVC). These data and projections are the environmental context in which specific anticipated impacts on the City and County are described.

The impacts of climate-related changes in baseline temperature and extreme heat, precipitation patterns, drought, and wildfire will not affect everyone in the City and County equally because “different groups are affected in unique and overlapping ways” and “certain communities and groups are in a better position to respond, recover, and adjust as these changes occur, while others are more vulnerable.”29 In other words, vulnerable populations will be disproportionately impacted by climate change due to uneven exposure to hazards, differing levels of sensitivity to those hazards, and disparate capacities to adapt.30 These three

25 https://resilientca.org/apg/intro/#adaptation
26 Hall, Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles). 2018. Los Angeles Summary Report.

California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-007. 27 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy:
https://resources.ca.gov/CNRALegacyFiles/docs/climate/Statewide_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf 28 https://cal-adapt.org/about/
29 Roos, Michelle. (E4 Strategic Solutions). 2018. Climate Justice Summary Report. Californ ia’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-012. 30 https://health2016.globalchange.gov/low/ClimateHealth2016_FullReport_small.pdf

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-3
components are displayed in Figure C-1, originally published in the U.S. Global Change Research Program’s 2016 report on the impact of climate change on human health in the United States.

Figure C-1. Linkages between determinants of vulnerability and climate change -related impacts. Source:
https://health2016.globalchange.gov/low/ClimateHealth2016_FullReport_small.pdf The State identifies 20 groups of people that are vulnerable to climate change -associated changes:
1) Children
2) Uninsured
3) Immigrants and refugees
4) Residents of areas with high amounts of impervious surfaces and little tree canopy 5) Incarcerated and formerly incarcerated
6) LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning) 7) Linguistically isolated
8) Older/elderly
9) Outdoor workers
10) BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, Person of Color)
11) BIPOC with chronic health conditions
12) Low-income
13) Low-income with mental illness

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-4
14) Low-income with physical disabilities
15) Low-income without life -supporting resources (e.g., lacking adequate housing or means of cooling, tenants/renters, food-insecure)
16) Pregnant women
17) Physically or socially isolated
18) Unhoused/houseless
19) Indigenous, Native, and Tribal Nations
20) Indigenous, Native, and Tribal Nations without vehicles31 The definitions of these populations and explanation of why they are vulnerable to climate change-related changes are described in detail in the Governor’s OPR’s Executive Order B-30-15 Resiliency Guidebook section on Vulnerable Populations.32 Many of these designations are intersectional, meaning that there can be a degree of overlap between a person’s lived experiences related to each category due to the complex ways that the many forms of systemic and individual discrimination combine, accumulate, and intersect. For example, people with low incomes might also be uninsured or without a vehicle at higher rates than people with high incomes, immigrants might also be physically, socially, and linguistically isolated at greater frequencies than non-immigrants, and people who identify as BIPOC might also live in areas with high concentrations of impervious surfaces and little tree canopy or lack life-supporting resources like adequate housing at higher rates than people who do not identify as BIPOC, and people who identify as LGBTQ+ might also experience homelessness at higher rates than people who do not identify as LGBTQ+. In this way, environmental, social, and economic changes stemming from climate change can cause an array of impacts that affect certain populations in a multi-faceted and magnified way.

C.4 Local Temperature Projections
Under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, Thousand Oaks can expect to see a marked increase in daily maximum and minimum temperatures compared to a historical baseline from 1961--1990. Data from Cal-Adapt (Table C-1) show the annual average daily maximum temperature in Thousand Oaks during the historical period was 72.4°F and the annual average daily minimum temperature was 47.1°F. Under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario, the average maximum daily temperature is projected to increase to 76.1°F for the 2025-2050 period, while the average minimum daily temperature is projected to increase to 50.5 °F for the 2025-2050 period.33 Extreme heat events will also become more commonplace in the City and Countywide.

Historical data shows that extreme heat events in Thousand Oaks (i.e. days during which the daily maximum temperature exceeds the 98th percentile of typical daily maximum temperatures: 91.9°F for Thousand Oaks) occurred an average of three days per year during the 1961 - 1990 time period. Projections for 2025 - 2050 show extreme heat events tripling in

31 https://opr.ca.gov/docs/20180312-Vulnerable_Communities_Descriptions.pdf 32 ibid
33 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/annual-averages

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-5
frequency to an average of 13 events annually under the RCP8.5 scenario. In addition to this, heat waves (four-day or longer time periods when the daily maximum temperature exceeds

91.9°F) are also predicted to occur more frequently and lengthen in overall duration. Historical data shows heat waves rarely, if ever, occurring during the 1961-1990 period while projections show this figure increasing to an average of one instance per year during the 2025-2050 period.

The average duration of consecutive extreme heat days per year is set to double from historical levels of two days to four days in length.34
The frequency of warm nights is also set to increase in relation to historical levels. Historical data shows warm nights (nights when the daily minimum temperature exceeds the 98th percentile of typical daily minimum temperatures: 61.8°F for Thousand Oaks) occurring an average of four times per year; projections show this figure increasing sixfold to an average of 24 times per year during the 2025 - 2050 period. The average annual frequency of four consecutive warm nights occurring in Thousand Oaks will increase more significantly than the frequency of consecutive daytime heat waves, jumping to three events per year during the 2025 - 2050 period compared to a nearly zero event historical average. The duration of those consecutive warm nights will lengthen more drastically than the duration of daytime consecutive extreme heat days, from a historical annual average of two nights annually to a projected annual average of seven nights in length.35
Overall elevated temperatures and an increased incidence of heat waves and warm nights imply a greater need for air conditioning/cooling (and conversely, a decreased need for heating) which will likely affect energy usage in the City. This is corroborated by Cal-Adapt data that shows that cooling degree days (the sum total of average degrees above the reference temperature of 65 °F throughout the year) are projected to more than double in comparison to historical levels from the 1961 - 1990 time period under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario. Heating degree days (the sum total of average degrees below the reference temperature of 65°F throughout the year) are projected to decrease during the future period of 2025-2050 by more than 30% in comparison to the historical period of 1961-1990 under RCP8.5 scenario. The relative increased need for cooling during 2025-2050 (122%) outpaces the relative reduced need for heating (32%). This will result in a shift of energy use from winter and from early morning (the most common times for heating) to summers and late afternoons (times when air conditioning is most needed), and also should reduce the demand for natural gas (traditionally the fuel of choice for heating) while increasing the demand for electricity (used for cooling).

Table C-1. Trends in temperature -related characteristics under emissions scenario RCP8.5. Source: https://cal- adapt.org/tools
heat
observed historical model-projected
1961-1990 2025-2050

34 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/annual-averages
35 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/annual-averages

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-6

TO VC TO VC
extreme heat days36
average annual frequency 3 4 13 21
average annual heat wave
frequency 0 0 1 3
average annual duration 2 2 4 7
warm nights37
average annual frequency 4 4 24 26
average annual heat wave
frequency 0 0 3 4
average annual duration 2 2 7 9
temperature38 average annual max (°F) 72.4 68.2 76.1 72.1 average annual min (°F) 47.1 42.3 50.5 46.0
degree days39
average annual cooling
degree days sum 413 212 916 599
average annual heating
degree days sum 2,241 3,769 1,531 2,781

The Desert Research Institute (DRI)/Watersheds Coalition of Ventura County (WCVC) report40 is generally consistent with the Cal-Adapt data. For the 2021-2040 period assessed in the study, all areas in the County are set to experience an increase in average maximum and minimum temperatures across all four seasons, with the greatest changes occurring in the summer and fall. Inland areas can expect to see an increase in maximum and minimum temperatures of about 3-5°F, while coastal areas can expect smaller increases of 2-3°F due to the moderating influence of the ocean.

The DRI/WCVC study41 corroborates the Cal-Adapt data showing a marked increase in extreme heat days above the area’s 98th percentile. Throughout the County, extreme heat days are expected to increase by about 3-27 days annually, with inland areas seeing larger increases than coastal areas. The median change throughout the county is at least 12 more extreme heat days annually. Lowering the extreme heat threshold from the 98th percentile to the 90th percentile, the County can expect to see as many as 30-50 more extreme heat days per year, with inland areas seeing larger increases than coastal ones.

C.5 Local Heat Impacts and Vulnerabilities
Rising average temperatures and an increased incidence of extreme heat events could impact public health in the City by increasing the risk of heat illness and heat stroke42, particularly

36 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/extreme-heat/
37 ibid
38 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/annual-averages/
39 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/degree-days/
40 Oakley, N.S., Hatchett, B.J., McEvoy, D., Rodriguez, L., 2019. Projected Changes in Ventura County Climate.

Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. Available at:
https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/reports.php.
41 ibid
42 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-7
among vulnerable populations like seniors, low-income and unhoused residents, and those with underlying health conditions.43 The increased frequency of warm nights do not allow buildings to cool down overnight, worsening the City’s urban heat island effect, and exposing people to longer durations of dangerous heat levels which will increase the risk of mortality. A warming climate could also affect air quality in the City and County as hotter temperatures increase the formation of ground-level ozone, a respiratory irritant that is a component of smog.44 Children, pregnant women, outdoor workers, unhoused residents, older residents or those with underlying respiratory health conditions like asthma (a condition that disproportionately affects BIPOC communities45) are particularly vulnerable to such air pollution.46,47 CalEnviroScreen 4.0, a screening tool developed by the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA), combines pollution exposure with socio-economic data to help identify communities disproportionately burdened by pollution. In Thousand Oaks this tool identifies census tracts 6111006100, 6111007000 and 6111007100 (see Figure C-2) as those where residents are especially vulnerable to the effects of pollution.48

43 https://oehha.ca.gov/epic/impacts-biological-systems/heat-related-mortality-and-morbidity 44 Roos, Michelle. (E4 Strategic Solutions). 2018. Climate Justice Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-012. 45 https://health2016.globalchange.gov/low/ClimateHealth2016_FullReport_small.pdf 46 https://opr.ca.gov/docs/20180312-Vulnerable_Communities_Descriptions.pdf 47 Roos, Michelle. (E4 Strategic Solutions). 2018. Climate Justice Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-012. 48 https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-40

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-8

Figure C-2. Census tracts within the City identified as disproportionately burdened by pollution and with population characteristics that make them more sensitive to pollution.

Two of these tracts are located north of Thousand Oaks Boulevard on each side of the 23 Freeway, contain the majority of the City’s affordable housing sites, and are the City’s worst- performing tracts49 on the California Healthy Places Index. The 6100 tract contains some low- income housing and many of the City’s largest industrial facilities. In addition, this tract possesses some linguistic isolation, a high pollution burden, and together with the other two tracts, exposure to heavy traffic conditions.50 In these ways, these three tracts are where climate warming-related changes could most affect residents. Figure C-3, Figure C-4, and Figure

49 https://map.healthyplacesindex.org/
50 https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-40

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-9
C-5 show that certain areas within these three census tracts have less tree canopy cover to provide shade, hence placing residents at higher risk of heat impacts

Figure C-3. Areas of tree canopy cover in census tract 6111006100. Key: darker green indicates higher percentage of tree canopy cover for each 30mx30m cell, no green indicates low or no percentage of tree canopy cover. Source:
https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-10

Figure C-4. Areas of tree canopy cover in census tract 6111007000. Key: darker green indicates higher percentage of tree canopy cov er for each 30mx30m cell; no green indicates low or no percentage of tree canopy cover. Source:
https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-11

Figure C-5. Areas of tree canopy cover in census tract 6111007100. Key: darker green indicates higher percentage of tree canopy cover for each 30mx30m cell; no green indicates low or no percentage of tree canopy cover. Source:
https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/

Hotter and longer extreme heat events will affect the health and safety of outdoor workers,51 even among workers who are acclimatized to such temperatures.52 This could reduce productivity and prompt workplace changes since State regulation requires employers to provide shade/cooling to employees when outdoor temperatures exceed 80°F; more high-heat days would necessitate more frequent provision of shade/cooling.53 Temperature changes will impact energy usage in the City. With rising average temperatures and more frequent, longer heat waves will come increased demand for air conditioning. This demand will also stretch further into the evening and nighttime due to increased overnight lows. This additional sustained electricity demand for cooling, especially in late afternoon and early evening when solar production falls, can stress the grid and lead to brownouts. These impacts will not affect all residents equally: low-income residents and residents who are cost- burdened by rent will be disproportionately affected by higher utility bills from increased use

51 https://oehha.ca.gov/epic/impacts-biological-systems/heat-related-mortality-and-morbidity 52 https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/WhatCauses.htm#more 53 https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/EWP_shade.htm

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-12
and possibly increased electricity rates caused by the necessary grid upgrades. Vulnerable populations that have a greater reliance on consistent power due to their health conditions will be more severely impacted by power outages. More affluent households have the potential to mitigate these impacts through installation of battery energy storage at their homes, with or without solar. Many vulnerable and low-income residents are not only unable to employ these alternative energy sources but may not even have access to air conditioning. In these cases, they are more directly impacted by the increased temperatures and may require access (and transport via public transit) to public cooling centers.

Ecological impacts in the City and across the County from a warmer climate will be profound.

Native flora and fauna might not be able to survive in higher temperatures or could be stressed by extreme daytime heat, making them vulnerable to pests, which themselves are more likely to thrive. Warmer overnight lows could impact the growth of plants that require certain diurnal temperature changes to thrive, and also increase the prevalence of many pests (e.g. bark beetles). Warmer average seasonal temperatures cause certain plants to bloom at different times during the year and affect the health of native pollinators and other animals and influencing the plants’ ability to reproduce. The many ecological shifts that will occur in the future could have a variety of implications for the City and region at large. Urban landscaping and open spaces in the City could change drastically under new climatic conditions, necessitating new, climate-appropriate landscaping in the City and appropriate approaches to maintaining the ecological health of our open space and parks. Research suggests that not all oak trees are well-adapted to rising temperatures, constituting an existential concern to a significant biological and cultural element to the City.54 Temperature increases will increase evapotranspiration and water demand, further straining potable water resources.

C.6 Local Precipitation Projections
Climate models assessed in the DRI/WCVC study showed differences on the precipitation changes expected under RCP8.5 (the “business as usual” emissions scenario), but overall project an increase in the number of dry days locally but with little to no change in overall precipitation amounts, indicating that precipitation events will become more intense. The median average annual number of dry days in the county is expected to increase by at least three days while the share of precipitation derived from the year’s wettest days could increase by roughly 10%.55 These dry and wet days will not take place evenly throughout the year: the study shows that spring and fall could see at least one to two more dry days annually, that summer is likely to see little to no change in dry days with model projections uncertain over

54 https://phys.org/news/2019-11-california-valley-oak-poorly-temperatures.html 55 Oakley, N.S., Hatchett, B.J., McEvoy, D., Rodriguez, L., 2019. Projected Changes in Ventura County Climate.

Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. Available at:
https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/reports.php.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-13
winter precipitation changes. Cal-Adapt shows anticipated modest increases in both overall precipitation amounts and average annual maximum duration of extreme precipitation events.

Data from Cal-Adapt (Table C-2) project that Thousand Oaks will see an increase of 1.2 inches of average annual precipitation for the projected time period of 2025-2050 (18.6 inches per year) compared to prior historical trends from 1961-1990 (17.4 inches per year) under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario.56
The incidence of extreme precipitation events where two-day rainfall totals exceed the extreme threshold of 1.31 inches (in Thousand Oaks) or 1.52 inches (countywide) is projected to increase under RCP8.5 from an average of two to three events annually in the City and Countywide.57 The average number of longest stretches of consecutive extreme precipitation events per water year with daily rainfall totals above the extreme threshold is projected to double under RCP8.5 to an average of two events per year (Thousand Oaks and Countywide) in future projections compared to the historical period.58
Table C-2. Trends in precipitation under emissions scenario RCP8.5 (“business as usual”). Data source: https://cal- adapt.org/tools/extreme-precipitation
precipitation
observed
historical
model-
projected
1961-1990 2025-2050

TO VC TO VC
amount annual average (in) 17.4 20.8 18.6 22.3
extreme events average annual count 2 2 3 3
average annual stretch of consecutive events 1 1 2 2

C.7 Local Precipitation Impacts and Vulnerabilities
Though the projected impacts of climate change on precipitation in the City and the County are more uncertain than those on temperature, the anticipated intensification and lengthening of precipitation events in the future could have implications for the City. More intense precipitation events could result in longer lasting and more intense flooding, reduced groundwater recharge,59 and possible adaptations in the City’s existing stormwater system.

Two main areas of the City are subject to flooding after heavy rainfall events: 1) the Arroyo Conejo riparian area that runs north of Hillcrest Drive between the 23 Freeway westward to Moorpark Road (shown in Figure C-6), and 2) the Casa Conejo area (shown in Figure C-7). Both have areas that are situated in 100-year and 500-year flood zones (1% annual chance of flood hazard and 0.2% annual chance of flood hazard, respectively). The Arroyo Conejo area contains

56 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/annual-averages
57 ibid
58 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/extreme-precipitation
59 Hall, Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles). 2018. Los Angeles Summary Report.

California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM -CCCA4-2018-007.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-14
five affordable housing sites (and is proximate to four others); the Casa Conejo area contains Walnut Elementary School and is proximate to an affordable housing site, and both areas contain homes, roads, and businesses. Intense precipitation events could increase the risk of flooding in these areas in particular, putting residents in danger and resulting in damage to homes, businesses, schools, or public infrastructure. Heavy precipitation and flood events in the City have the potential to disproportionately impact children, unhoused residents, outdoor workers, those with physical disabilities, and residents without vehicles to evacuate.60 Flood events in Thousand Oaks could more intensely impact low-income residents living in the six affordable housing complexes in/near the Lang Creek/North Drain/Arroyo Conejo flood zone area.61

Figure C-6. Flood zone areas in and around the City of Thousand Oaks. Source: https://hazards- fema.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=8b0adb51996444d4879338b5529aa9cd&extent= - 118.95853846070413,34.19530005652341,-118.8754543542589,34.23078901021194

60 https://opr.ca.gov/docs/20180312-Vulnerable_Communities_Descriptions.pdf 61 ibid

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-15

Figure C-7. Flood zone areas in and around the City. Source: https://hazards- fema.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=8b0adb51996444d4879338b5529aa9cd&extent= - 118.95853846070413,34.19530005652341,-118.8754543542589,34.23078901021194 More intense precipitation events could affect the City’s stormwater management system. The City’s existing stormwater system is generally not capable of processing levels of precipitation greater than those associated with ten-year or 25-year flood events. As such, stormwater drains throughout the City could be inundated with water and debris during intense storms made more common by climate change. Stormwater drain inundation could result in localized flooding, disrupt essential public needs like transportation and access to food, and also potentially create health hazards by discharging sewage septic tanks and public and private sewer lines.62 Certain areas of the City are already prone to temporary localized ponding during routine storms; the City’s existing protocol is to deploy signs, sometimes with flashing beacons, in problem areas. Figure C-8 shows the areas within the City where undersized stormwater drainage pipes cannot withstand a ten-year storm event, per the City’s 2006 Master Plan of Drainage.

62 https://www.toaks.org/home/showpublisheddocument?id=25785

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-16

Figure C-8. Undersized stormwater pipes (shown in red). Note: “undersized” pipes are those that cannot process the amount of precipitation associated with a ten-year flood event without induced flooding/ponding.

Intense precipitation events – especially those occurring after extended periods of no precipitation – could also affect the proclivity of certain areas of the City to experience landslides.63 Zones with a higher probability of landslides are displayed in Figure C-9; the zones are identified by the California Department of Conservation and are derived from a variety of sources including landslide potential or susceptibility or simply on slope gradient or landslide- inventory maps.64 These areas include the Chumash Indian Museum south of Lang Ranch Parkway and the nearby Oakbrook Regional Park Archaeological Area; homes and schools along the eastern edge of Erbes Road; homes around Sunset Hills Boulevard between the 23 Freeway and Erbes Rd; areas near Westlake High School along North Lakeview Canyon Road and Via Colinas; and parts of a residential area southwest of Triunfo Community Park. Landslides could result in damage or loss of irreplaceable Chumash historical artifacts and sites, damage or loss of homes, schools, and businesses, damage to City infrastructure, and/or loss of life.

63 https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/landslide-hazards/science/rainfall-and-landslides-southern-california?qt- science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
64 https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/landslides

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-17

Figure C-9. Landslide zones in and around the City of Thousand Oaks. Source: https://data.ca.gov/dataset/cgs- seismic-hazards-program-landslide-zones/resource/96265d3d-be60-4de6-b966-731b5745a06b Climate change-related shifts in precipitation could also negatively affect vegetation in the City’s parks, open space, and private property as well as its urban forest.

C.8 Local Wildfire Projections
The incidence of wildfires in Thousand Oaks and Ventura County and the average area burned are both expected to increase. According to Cal-Adapt (Table C-3) the probability of wildfire occurring on the land that is within City boundaries is modeled to have been 0.2 within any given decade during the historical period of 1961-1990; this probability is projected to increase to 0.3 for the period 2025-2050, indicating a 30% chance that a wildfire will occur at least once within the City during any future decade. These probabilities were calculated under a medium (“central”) population growth scenario and are equal across both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.65
The average amount of area burned annually on land that lies within the contemporary boundaries of the City was 795.4 acres during the 1961-1990 period; this is projected to increase to an annual average of 881.7 acres for the future period of 2025-2050 – an increase of roughly 10% assuming a medium (“central”) population growth scenario and emissions scenario

65 https://cal-adapt.org/tools/wildfire

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-18
RCP8.5. Within the County as a whole, area burned annually during the modeled historical period averaged 12,931.3 acres. This figure is projected to increase to an average of 15,456.4 acres annually for the future period, an increase of nearly 20%.66 Table C-3. Trends in wildfire under emissions scenario RCP8.5 (“business as usual”).

Source: https://cal-adapt.org/tools/wildfire
wildfire
modeled historical model-projected
1961-1990 2025-2050

TO VC TO VC
area burned average annual area (ac) 795.4 12,931.3 881.7 15,456.4 probability average decadal probability 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

The DRI/WCVC study assesses wildfire risk in the County based on the increased drying of wildfire fuel under climate change conditions. An increased number of dry days in the spring and fall, and an elevated level of evaporative demand (i.e., higher evapotranspiration), especially in the spring, summer, and fall, due to lower precipitation and higher temperatures are projected under RCP8.5. The study reports that the drying of the spring and fall seasons via lower total precipitation, more frequent dry days, or increased evapotranspiration indicates a “lengthening of the period each year during which [the County] is susceptible to wildfires”.67 Increased evapotranspiration also results in the drying of wildfire fuel (i.e., vegetation), influencing wildfire intensity and burning behavior. Rising average minimum temperatures – especially warm nights – can lead to reduced nighttime recovery of relative humidity, making fires more difficult to mitigate.68
In general, climate change-induced warming is associated with longer and more severe wildfire seasons in the western U.S.69

66 ibid
67 Oakley, N.S., Hatchett, B.J., McEvoy, D., Rodriguez, L., 2019. Projected Changes in Ventura County Climate.

Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. Available at:
https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/reports.php.
68 ibid
69 https://s29710.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ventura-hmp_main-body_september-2015.pdf

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES C-19

Figure C-10. Very High Fire Severity Zones (VHFSZ) in Thousand Oaks. Source: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE)70
Many areas in the City fall within Very High Fire Severity Zones (VHFSZ), illustrated by Figure C-10. Fire risk dates back many decades, as Figure C-11 illustrates the ten wildfire events that have occurred in and around the City since 1980 and identified an area of particular wildfire exposure along the City’s southern boundary.

70 https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/media/6024/thousand_oaks.pdf

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Figure C-11. Major Fires in Thousand Oaks, 1980-Present. Data Source: Ventura County Fire District On Thursday, November 8, 2018, the Hill Fire ignited in the Hill Canyon area of Santa Rosa Valley shortly followed by the Woolsey Fire, which broke out minutes later in the Santa Susana Field Laboratory south of Simi Valley. Between the two fires, over 100,000 acres were burned in Ventura and Los Angeles Counties; the Hill Fire burned 4,300 acres and the Woolsey Fire, propelled toward the City due to high Santa Ana winds, burned 96,949 acres. Within the Thousand Oaks Planning Area, the fires burned 5,740 acres, or nearly 40 percent of the City’s open space, and resulted in the evacuation of approximately two-thirds of City residents.

Numerous structures in the City were impacted by these fires. Damage assessments conducted by City building inspectors identified 50 affected properties. These included 36 residences and two commercial buildings that were destroyed, and 12 properties with varied levels of fire damage that remained habitable.

Efforts to bring relief to those impacted by the fire began immediately. A Local Assistance Center was set up in the Grant R. Brimhall Library, where City staff and representatives from various Federal, State and local agencies provided information necessary to move forward after the fires.

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On November 27, 2018, City Council took a number of actions as part of a Hill and Woolsey Fire Recovery Plan. Among these were approval of budget appropriations and expenditures of $300,000 for contract staff to assist CDD with expedited plan review, plan checks, and inspections associated with the fires, and appropriation and expenditure authorization of $250,000 for the City’s share of the Consolidated Debris Removal Program and additional site mitigation as needed.71
C.9 Local Wildfire Impacts and Vulnerabilities
The increased probability of wildfire in the City and the projected increase in area burned within the City could result in significant impacts to ecology in open space, the destruction of property, and loss of life. The City is surrounded by open space that is prone to wildfire. The US Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service shows that populated areas in the City are, on average, more likely to experience wildfires than 33% of other communities in the County.72 Populated areas in Simi Valley, Saticoy, Santa Paula, Moorpark, Fillmore, Ojai, and Piru showed higher average wildfire likelihood.73 Climate change-related increases in wildfire probability and burn area would have clear impacts on the safety of residents in the event of wildfire and have already led to increased fire insurance rates. Figure C-12 illustrates the likelihood of wildfire for areas in and around the City.

Figure C-12. Annual wildfire burn probability in and around the City.

Areas on the periphery and outer edges of the City generally have a higher probability of wildfire, with less-developed areas in the Simi Hills to the east and the Santa Monica Mountains

71 https://weblink.toaks.org/WeblinkPublic/DocView.aspx?id=1429778&dbid=0&repo=CTO 72 https://wildfirerisk.org/explore/2/06/06111/0600078582/ 73 ibid

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to the south most likely to experience wildfires. As one moves away from the periphery and toward the urban core of the City, wildfire burn probability decreases.

Figure C-13 shows the risk of damage to homes from wildfire. Unsurprisingly. these areas tend to be on the outer periphery of the City, in closer proximity to relatively high-likelihood burn areas shown in Figure C-12. Wildfire threat to areas housing vulnerable populations, such as those with limited English, without cars, with disabilities or in poverty is a particular cause for concern as these populations are less equipped to withstand it due to limited financial resources, higher rates of being uninsured and without access to a vehicle to evacuate, and/or other factors that make them more sensitive to wildfire such as higher rates of physical or mental disabilities or respiratory conditions. Particular attention to fire hardening of homes in these areas is recommended.

Figure C-13. Wildfire risk to homes in areas of the City housing vulnerable populations. Data source: USDA Forest Service74
Wildfires occurring in other areas of Ventura and Los Angeles Counties have the potential to adversely impact the City by exposing residents and workers to smoke and other air pollutants.

Children and pregnant women, unhoused residents, people with underlying respiratory conditions, outdoor workers, residents who are uninsured, and low-income communities are particularly vulnerable and may not have adequate access to healthcare.75 Wildfires can strip land of vegetation, increasing the potentials for non-native invasive species to populate open space debris flow hazards like landslides and erosion of exposed soils.76

74 https://wildfirerisk.org/explore/vulnerable-populations/06/06111/0600078582/ 75 https://health2016.globalchange.gov/low/ClimateHealth2016_FullReport_small.pdf 76 https://s29710.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ventura-hmp_main-body_september-2015.pdf

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C.10 Drought projections
Due to shifts in temperature, precipitation, and evaporative demand caused by climate change, the requisite conditions for drought in our community are likely to become more pervasive in future decades. Drought can be defined as an extended imbalance between the supply and demand of water, with demand exceeding supply, relative to the average conditions for a time period of interest across a long-term timescale. Droughts of three different types could be influenced by climate change: 1) meteorological drought (precipitation shortfall), 2) hydrologic drought (depletion of surface water storage and/or reduced streamflow or runoff), and 3) agricultural drought (increased evapotranspiration and low soil moisture).

The County experiences warm and dry summers with wet winters due to its Mediterranean climate. While dry years occur frequently in California and multi-year periods of severe drought also occur on occasion,77 climate models project increased temperatures, more frequent dry days, and increased chances of suppressed winter storminess which could all produce conditions leading to drought. Warming will increase the likelihood that low precipitation years overlap with above-average temperature years, elevating drought risk by reducing the supply of moisture via precipitation and increasing the atmospheric demand for moisture via evapotranspiration. Under RCP8.5, there is more than 80% chance of a multidecadal drought during the 2050-2099 time period.

The 2019 report from DRI/WCVC assessed projected changes in the evaporative demand in the County under RCP8.5. The models used in the study showed a consistent pattern of increased evapotranspiration which historically has tracked with increased water demand,78 increased wildfire activity,79 and other ecosystem impacts.80 These projections imply an increase in water demand for crops and municipal use, a faster depletion of soil and plant moisture, and longer periods of dry vegetation.

C.11 Local Impacts and Vulnerabilities from Drought
Drought occurring throughout California and the western U.S. has already had significant impacts on water resources. The City’s water supply is exclusively imported via the State Water Project, which originates in the Sierra Nevada Mountains north of Sacramento. Reduced precipitation paired with warmer temperatures reduce the snowpack which serves as a

77 Oakley, N.S., Hatchett, B.J., McEvoy, D., Rodriguez, L., 2019. Projected Changes in Ventura County Climate.

Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. Available at:
https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/reports.php.
78 Hobbins, M. & Huntington, J. (2017). Evapotranspiration and evaporative demand. In V. P. Singh (Ed.). Handbook of Applied Hydrology (2nd ed., pp. xxx-xxx). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 79 Abatzoglou, J. T., & Williams, A. P. (2016). Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(42), 11770-11775. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607171113 80 Schwinning, S., & Sala, O. E. (2004). Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi -arid ecosystems.

Oecologia, 141(2), 211-220. doi: 10.1007/s00442-004-1520-8

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reservoir, storing water for use throughout the spring and summer. A significantly reduced annual Sierra snowpack since 2011 coupled with the driest three years on record (2020, 2021 and 2022) and the driest ever spring in 2022 led to extremely low water levels in the primary reservoir, Lake Oroville, that serves the State Water Project. Consequently, the State reduced its allocation of water to the Metropolitan Water District (MWD) in 2022 which resulted in a local water shortage emergency and impacted the MWD service area throughout southern California. The City was forced to limit outdoor irrigation to one day per week and pass other restrictions in an attempt to meet a mandated volumetric reduction of 50% in total water use.

Future reductions in the Sierra snowpack are anticipated to occur with climate change. The City will need to plan for alternative supplementary water supplies and adopt strategies to reduce water demand from its residents and businesses.

Although the City does not receive its potable water from local supplies, local drought impacts water use through increased demand for irrigation. Extended periods of diminished local precipitation will impact natural fauna and flora, landscape vegetation, and the City’s tree canopy. Lower rates of groundwater recharge affect the possible use of groundwater to supplement water imports in the future. Residents with on-site wells might experience greater difficulty pumping groundwater from increasingly lower depths.

C.12 Conclusion
The City possesses several vulnerabilities to the projected impacts of climate change. Extreme heat, extreme weather, wildfire, and drought all pose credible threats to the City and its way of life. The City is embracing strategies to ensure a well-adapted, resilient community in the face of the negative impacts of climate change.

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Appendix D. Community Outreach and Engagement
As part of the development of this Plan, the City conducted public outreach and engagement to allow residents, stakeholders, and other interested parties and individuals to participate in the planning process.

Prior to the CEAP development, Sustainability Division staff began work with Ventura County Regional Energy Alliance (VCREA) in late 2017 on the technical tasks required to develop a community Energy Action Plan. Recognizing the need for strategic energy planning in the County, VCREA successfully applied for Energy Action Strategic Plan Grant funding on behalf of the County through the California Government Partnership Energy Efficiency Program, which was implemented through collaborations between the Investor-Owned Utilities (IOUs), local government and State agencies. The cities of Thousand Oaks and Ventura also applied for, and received, funding for energy planning from SCE. The goals of the energy action planning program were to capture the energy efficiency potential within public buildings and facilities, promote energy efficiency in the community, and support the development of community-level strategic energy plans. One outcome of this was the development of the City’s Municipal Energy Plan. This work also laid the groundwork for what would be incorporated into the community energy strategy analysis for the CEAP and included a review and feedback on proposed strategies by the City’s consultants, Rincon Consultants Inc.81 The City’s community outreach conducted as part of this energy planning work provided valuable input for CEAP development.

Outreach conducted in 2018 for energy planning served as preliminary research on energy strategies, and in 2021, outreach began to solicit input targeted specifically at the CEAP.

D.1 Community Energy Planning Event
On April 24, 2018, the City, VCREA, and Community Environmental Council (CEC) together hosted a Community Energy Action Plan kickoff event at the Grant R. Brimhall Library. With approximately 30 members of the public in attendance, the kickoff opened with a presentation that introduced the concept of energy action planning and educated the attendees about potential strategies. After the presentation, the attendees split off into several breakout groups that allowed the City to record community input on solar and battery energy storage, citywide actions, and energy efficiency initiatives.

D.2 Community Energy Survey
The ideas and strategies shared by the community members during the April 2018 kickoff event were used in tandem with a community survey to help the City further explore community needs and preferences relating to energy. The survey was available online on the City’s

81 https://www.rinconconsultants.com/

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webpage between March and July 2018. Of the 211 total responses from residents and businesses, several community attitudes about energy became clear:

1. The City should prioritize energy programs for both municipal operations and community planning.

2. Energy planning should include achievable strategies, reduce emissions, improve environmental health, support the local economy, and keep the City resilient toward natural disasters and the future impacts of climate change.

3. The City should take steps to reduce resource and knowledge barriers for residents and businesses to implement energy efficiency and renewable energy.

4. The commercial sector represents an opportunity for education on energy policy and financing for greening projects.

5. Assistance is needed for tenants of both commercial and residential properties to implement energy measures in their offices and homes.
83% of survey respondents wanted the City to prioritize a clean energy economy, public health, and resilience. Also, over 80% of respondents thought the City should take a proactive approach toward climate change adaptation, improving air quality, lowering GHG emissions, transitioning away from fossil fuels, and creating clean energy jobs. Over 90% want the City to strengthen energy reliability and safety in case of a natural disaster, while 10 of 11 students who took the survey felt it was important that their schools run on renewable energy.

In the residential sector, three out of every four homeowners who responded had completed some type of energy upgrade to their home. They noted that their top three motivators were to realize financial savings, conserve energy, and protect the environment. Easier upgrades such as smart thermostats, low flow shower heads and faucets, and replacing appliances, light bulbs, and windows were almost twice as popular as whole house strategies such as sealing air leaks, installing a tankless or efficient water heater, or adding wall insulation. Those who have yet to complete any energy improvements cited cost, time, and knowledge as barriers.

Most tenants shared the view that cost is a barrier and rely on their landlords for such upgrades.

Businesses demonstrated a significant lack of awareness about State mandates to benchmark the energy use of their facilities per AB 802. Responses from commercially-owned facilities were almost evenly split between those that had or were planning to make energy upgrades and those that had or were not.

Overall, the survey respondents were clear that comprehensive outreach should be prioritized around projects relating to energy efficiency, building electrification, and renewable energy to

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ensure equal access to information and provide technical assistance to all community member types within the residential and commercial sectors.

D.3 2020 CEAP Outreach
Outreach efforts in 2020 included a questionnaire that was promoted through paid Facebook advertising reaching over 31,000 users, the local newspaper, the City’s social media channels and e-newsletter articles. There were over 800 responses to 11 questions with menu-driven choices and two open-ended questions. The City also received 333 suggestions on “how we can meet our goal of protecting our environment and reducing greenhouse gases in the City.” This questionnaire formed the basis for many of the discussion topics for an appointed stakeholder group.

D.4 2021 CEAP Stakeholder Group
In the fall of 2020, a 21-member stakeholder group representing a cross-section of the community was established to provide ideas and feedback on strategies in each GHG emissions sector. The stakeholders were selected to represent both large and small businesses in the City, socio-economic diversity, and key constituencies affected by potential strategies (real estate community, landscapers, etc.). Stakeholders represented the following organizations/ community groups: Los Robles Hospital, Sage Publications, Enhanced Landscape Management, Amgen (sustainability group), Adelante Comunidad Conejo (Hispanic parents), Pedego 101 (EV bikes), California Lutheran University, NAI Capital Real Estate, CVUSD, Many Mansions, 350.org, Skyworks, and Conejo Climate Coalition, as well as public advocates (three individuals), youth advocates (three individuals), one senior advocate, and one representative for emerging businesses.

The City hired Raimi and Associates, the City’s consultant for the General Plan 2045 Update to facilitate the meetings and ensure alignment between the GP and the CEAP. The Raimi team led the discussions and shared their expertise from the development of other jurisdictions’ Climate Action Plans. In addition to the facilitators, multiple staff from CDD participated in the meetings to identify intersections between the two plans and respond to questions related to land use and planning, as necessary.

A total of four stakeholder meetings starting in January 2021 were held over the Zoom virtual conferencing platform (Figure D-1). The meetings gave the attendees an overview of the City’s existing GHG emissions, outlined possible strategies to reduce emissions in key sectors, and facilitated discussion about what goals and measures the public would prefer to see implemented and prioritized. The four virtual meetings were recorded and detailed notes were taken to document the public’s verbal comments. Comments written within the chat feature of the Zoom platform were saved verbatim. The public’s ideas and suggestions were considered when crafting the proposed CEAP strategies. The topics discussed at each of the four virtual meetings were: 1) background, the City’s efforts so far, and high-level goals that the public

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES D-4
would like to see prioritized in the Plan; 2) GHG emissions derived from the transportation and land use sectors and possible strategies to reduce them; 3) emissions derived from building energy use and possible strategies to reduce them; and 4) emissions from waste disposal, water use and other areas, possible strategies to reduce those emissions, and other safeguards for the environment. Table D-1 shows the key information about each of the four Stakeholder meetings.

Table D-1. Stakeholder meetings
topic date @time # of attendees format
#1 CEAP overview and priorities Jan 27 @6pm 101 virtual #2 Transportation and land use Feb 24 @6pm 80 virtual
#3 Energy and buildings Mar 24 @6pm 48 virtual
#4 Waste, water, quality of life Apr 28 @6pm 23 virtual

Stakeholder and Community Meeting #1 CEAP Overview and Priorities During meeting #1, staff presented some of the relevant California climate policies, defined the CEAP, presented the climate impact projections for the City and the community’s GHG emissions profile, and showed the City’s projected GHG emissions under “Business as Usual” (BAU) forecast and reduction targets.

Public discussion centered around three key questions:

1. What outcomes would you like to see result from the Plan?

2. What other environmental issues (beyond GHG emissions) should the City address?

3. What are some strategies for adaptation and resilience that the City could adopt? The stakeholders and public expressed interest in having the Plan outcomes incorporate environmental justice, youth perspectives, and equity for those with disabilities/accessibility challenges as cross-cutting features in its climate strategies; make a strong commitments to enhance transit; and advocate for higher density multi-family housing, address the job/housing imbalance in the City by building more affordable housing, invest in microgrids and electrifying buildings, and equip community organizers and activists with tools and opportunities to implement climate-related programs.

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Figure D-1. Assortment of stakeholders attending community meeting #1.

Beyond the broader issue of climate change, the Stakeholders suggested a number of other environmental strategies - reducing solid waste through a “pay-as-you-throw” policy, encouraging pollinator-friendly landscapes, allowing backyard beekeeping, sequestering carbon through native trees, increasing water resiliency through rainwater harvesting, regenerative gardening, greywater systems, and cultivating more green businesses and workforce development programs. Regarding adaptation and resiliency to climate change impacts on the City, they wanted to see climate change integrated into natural disaster planning, permeable pavements to reduce heat islands and allow for greater groundwater infiltration, and implementation of cooling centers/resiliency hubs for high heat days.

Stakeholder and Community Meeting #2 Transportation and Land Use During meeting #2, City staff presented California transportation-related climate policies, the City’s transportation emissions and projections, and the City’s Active Transportation Plan (ATP).

Staff also gave an overview of vehicle electrification strategies and strategies to reduce VMT by shifting people’s mode of transport away from private vehicles.

Discussion at this meeting focused on four topic areas:

1. The bike and pedestrian network in Thousand Oaks

2. Electric vehicles

3. The City’s overall use of land

4. Transit

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Related to the biking and pedestrian network, the public noted the importance of road safety and the perception of road safety as an operative factor influencing a person’s decision to bike as their mode of transport. Attendees noted the need for alternative bike routes along lower- volume streets and a long-term vision for transportation in the City. The public suggested piloting new ideas like traffic calming efforts and hosting events similar to CicLAvia, a Los Angeles event during which roads are temporarily closed to allow for foot and bicycle traffic, social activities, and vending.

Regarding electric vehicles, attendees cited cost as a barrier to purchasing EVs and the need to transition school bus fleets to electric-only. For land use, attendees noted that a significant part of VMT in Thousand Oaks stems from workers commuting into the City. This signals the need for more housing units available to people working in the City but unable to live here due to insufficient stock or high housing prices. Regarding transit, attendees cited the need to expand the City bus fleet and bus routes to other areas of the City, especially to trailheads, and to increase the frequency of service. This investment in mass transit should utilize the City’s existing village centers as transit hubs.

Stakeholder and Community Meeting #3 Energy and Buildings Meeting #3 focused on California energy-related climate policies, the community’s energy- related emissions and energy use trends, and the type of energy purchased from CPA for Citywide use. There was also an overview of reach code opportunities for new construction and potential GHG reduction strategies for existing buildings.

Stakeholder discussion during this meeting focused on possible reach codes for new construction and the challenges related to requiring upgrades to existing buildings. Attendees generally supported a reach code requiring new construction to be all-electric but with possible exemptions or options for affordable housing developments. Attendees noted that natural gas is a source of indoor air pollution which can exacerbate the existing health disparities between vulnerable communities and other groups that do not have the same societal challenges. In contrast to the electric-required approach is the electric-preferred approach, which could require new construction to simply be “electric-ready” so that residents can more easily switch to electricity for all their needs without having to renovate the housing unit. Attendees also discussed how requiring all-electric construction and other sustainable features could be used as a way to increase community support for future higher-density and mixed-use developments.

A possible shift to all-electric new construction was a concern for some attendees due to it resulting in a greater reliance on the electricity grid. Potential grid reliability issues and more frequent Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events could increase from climate change-related impacts like high heat and wildfire risk. Participants discussed various topics related to energy use in existing buildings. They noted that it would be difficult to convince residents to give up natural gas – especially gas ranges – without incentives, outreach and community education.

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The stakeholders expressed some concern over a date-certain regulatory approach to electrifying existing buildings (i.e., specifying a specific date on which existing buildings must electrify) but also noted that it would be difficult to electrify the City’s apartments and rental units without employing a regulatory approach (as opposed to incentives and public education).

Attendees supported a burn-out ordinance that requires gas appliances to be replaced with an electric alternative when the appliance becomes old or unusable and a requirement to disclose home energy use at the time of sale. Attendees also suggested developing community resilience hubs at critical facilities.

Stakeholder and Community Meeting #4 Waste, Water, Quality of Life During meeting #4, City staff presented an overview of solid waste in the City, SB 1383 and organics recycling regulations, the City’s water use trends, some local water opportunities, and a summary of water resources. Staff also discussed possible water conservation strategies, environmental and quality of life issues and opportunities, and the City’s urban forest and tree policies.

For solid waste in the City, stakeholders recommended the City increase education and outreach to residents about the proper sorting of waste and disposal of food waste. Regarding water, attendees wanted to see the City encourage less irrigation by offering (or advertising) rebates for turf replacement and matching irrigation systems with landscape plants’ actual water needs and by highlighting drought-tolerant landscapes around town through garden tours. Attendees also suggested the City offer discounted rain barrels as it does for compost bins and considering a reach code requiring (new) buildings to dual-plumb, be greywater-ready, or install greywater systems. Attendees also discussed the costs and benefits of green streets programs since there is a known nexus between green streets, calmer traffic flow that is more conducive to biking and walking, reduced urban heat island effect, reduced stormwater runoff, and greater groundwater recharge. Other environmental issues discussed at this meeting included banning gas-powered lawn and garden equipment and offering a trade-in/buy-back program, allowing backyard beekeeping, banning vehicle idling within the City, and encouraging directional outdoor lighting that reduces light pollution into the night sky.

D.5 2021 Community Events

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Figure D-2. Outreach activities taking place during event on July, 10, 2021, at Grant R. Brimhall Library.

On July 10, 2021, the City hosted an in-person event offering community members an opportunity to engage with staff on the various topics covered in the stakeholder CEAP development meetings, attend short presentations inside the Grant R. Brimhall Library Community Room or visit hosted tables that included running video synopses of the topics hosted at each table (Figure D-2). As an incentive to participate in all topics, participants were given a passport to get stamped at each table and become eligible to win prizes. Community members also voted on the strategies. The event was promoted online, through the City’s social media channels, and the local newspaper. Approximately 80 City residents participated.

Additional opportunities for community engagement were provided at pop-up events (Figure D-3) from 2:00 – 6:00 p.m. at the following locations:

July 30 The Oaks Mall
August 6 The Lakes
August 20 The Promenade
August 27 The Village at Moorpark

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Figure D-3. Outreach activities taking place at retail shopping centers in August 2021.

Rotary Street Fair

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On October 17, 2021, staff attended the Thousand Oaks Rotary Street Fair and engaged with the public with both English and Spanish survey boards (Figure D-4) and included a bilingual staff person to assist Spanish-preferred residents. From 9:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m., staff engaged with hundreds of members of the public and collected over 100 survey responses on its potential climate action strategies.

Figure D-4. Example of survey boards for community survey at the 2021 Rotary Street Fair.

D.6 Online engagement
Storymap
In September 2021, the City piloted a new multimedia platform that tells a story using narrative and maps to provide our community with another avenue to share their opinions. Storymaps integrate text, pictures, audio files, and maps in an interactive experience that enables users to drill down into individual elements they want to explore further. The CEAP Storymap (Figure D-5) explores different sectors contributing to carbon emissions, like buildings and transportation, and the strategies the City can consider to address emissions in each sector.

Users could listen to brief background explanations, view video presentations, read narratives, or jump to the public input section and share their ideas and preferences.

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Figure D-5. CEAP Storymap landing page.

Concurrent with the Stakeholder Group and community meetings, the public were invited to email their feedback and ideas to staff for consideration in the CEAP. The public also had the opportunity to write their responses to questions about the CEAP via an online form.

The City has a dedicated website and a series of short videos to tell our climate action planning story. These will continue to be used as part of our outreach strategy to solicit ideas and feedback from the community. Access to these resources is through toaks.org/ClimateAction.

E-Newsletter
The City utilized its Sustainability monthly e-newsletter, which has over 10,000 subscribers and an average open rate of 20-30 percent, to inform the public about potential strategies and encourage them to attend events to learn more and ask questions. Staff published articles online and in the Sustainability monthly e-newsletter about a number of topics relating to the CEAPTopics included the following:
 Energy Planning kickoff event
 Energy Planning survey results and analysis
 Municipal Energy Action Plan and Sustainability Plan for Municipal Operations  Energy efficient equipment including induction stoves and heat pumps  EV charging
 GP Update 2045 community discussion on sustainability  City’s carbon footprint and individual actions that reduce emissions  CEAP community survey
 GP Land Use and Circulation Elements
 All CEAP outreach events and stakeholder meetings
 Climate Action Storymap
 Climate change adaptation and resilience

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 Building electrification and reach codes
 Water conservation
 Solar and renewables
D.7 Key Takeaways from Public Outreach Activities
The outreach activities described in this chapter, which began in 2018, have provided opportunities to solicit new ideas and hear input from the community on developing the CEAP.

Public input collected over the past five years yielded a number of insights across a broad range of topics that informed the CEAP in its current form. When analyzing public feedback about the Plan, City staff identified several key takeaways:
 Public information and technical assistance must be provided to the community in an accessible and inclusive manner.
 The strategies included in the CEAP should be cost-effective and technically feasible.  Strategies should be crafted to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on the community to the greatest extent possible.
 Strategies should prioritize community resiliency and public health in the face of natural disasters related to climate change.
 The City has an opportunity to reduce future emissions by building better buildings now and must address the existing building stock if it is to meet its climate goals.  The community wants a walkable, bikeable City to the extent possible.  The City should take a balanced policy approach that combines flexible compliance pathways with a robust outreach plan to reduce emissions and aid in environmentally beneficial behavior change.
 Many community members want or are willing to drive EVs but the City must continue to take an active role in public charging infrastructure development.

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Appendix E. Alignment with General Plan
Table E-1 shows the alignment between CEAP measures and General Plan sustainability policies. In some cases, multiple CEAP strategies address a specific policy. In a few cases there are no specific CEAP actions listed that address the General Plan policy. These cases generally occur when the required actions are “supporting strategies”, most of which are not listed here because their associated emission savings cannot be measured or verified. In cases where there are no corresponding CEAP strategies listed, General Plan policies will be implemented through outreach, education and engagement, through efforts that are not specifically dependent upon a single mobilizing action, or through one of the actions described in the Implementation chapter of the General Plan (Chapter 13).

Table E-1: CEAP Measures addressing General Plan sustainability policies General Plan Policy CEAP Measure
Goal LU-1: Create a land use pattern of development that preserves existing neighborhoods while providing opportunities for targeted infill projects in strategic locations to enhance the quality of life, preserve the natural environment, and ensure the long-term fiscal viability of Thousand Oaks.

1.4 Infill locations. Focus most new development in areas identified in the “Areas-Specific Guidance.”
TR1.1, TR1.2
Goal LU-2: Preserve and enhance existing neighborhoods throughout the City.

2.3 Sustainable residences. Encourage sustainable building practices during new construction or when buildings are substantially renovated.

BE1.1, BE1.2, BE1.3, BE1.4,
BE2.1, BE2.2, BE2.3

2.5 Sustainable residential landscaping. Encourage property owners to use sustainable and climate appropriate landscaping by incorporating natural materials and native vegetation and trees to enhance the urban forest and provide shade and habitat for fauna.

EN1.2, EN2.1, AR1.1, AR3.8

2.6 Circulation connectivity. Seek opportunities to enhance existing residential neighborhoods by improving pedestrian and bicycle access and infrastructure, installing traffic calming measures, and creating new connections between adjacent streets, subdivisions and commercial areas
TR1.1, TR1.3, TR1.4

2.7 Access to neighborhood amenities. Improve sidewalks and bike lanes within neighborhoods and along routes to retail areas, schools, parks, and other points of interest to promote active transportation. Improve active transportation-related street amenities, including bike parking, lighting, and seating along major routes.

TR1.1, TR1.3, TR1.4, BE2.4
Goal LU-3: Promote a diversity of housing types for Thousand Oaks residents through all stages of life.

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3.7 Parking requirements. Allow a reduction in parking
requirements on a project-by-project basis to achieve high- quality design, increased housing affordability, and to promote walking, bicycling, and transit use, while working to minimize potential negative impacts on adjacent properties.

TR1.1, TR1.3, TR1.4
Goal LU-5: Enhance quality of life, enable active modes of transportation, and provide housing opportunities with vibrant mixed-use areas.

5.3 Pedestrian-oriented design. Orient new buildings towards the primary public right-of-way and require new projects to construct sidewalks designed to accommodate street amenities and landscaping in front of the project. Encourage new project designs with the primary building entrance facing the front, instead of behind the building or from a side street.

TR1.1, TR1.4
Goal LU-7: Redevelop under-performing commercial areas to support a thriving local economy.

7.3 Retail connectivity to neighborhoods. Support retail development that incorporates pedestrian connectivity to surrounding neighborhoods.

TR1.1, TR1.3, TR1.4

7.4 Strip commercial centers. Discourage the development of new strip commercial centers that are auto oriented with large parking lots and single-story buildings set back from the primary roadway. New commercial areas should be designed as
pedestrian-friendly walkable areas.

TR1.4

7.7 Bicycle and pedestrian connections. Improve pedestrian and bicycle connections within one mile of commercial areas and neighborhoods. Improvements could include new pedestrian connections through cul-de-sacs, upgraded pedestrian crossings, the addition of bicycle facilities, such as bike paths or separated bike lanes and bicycle parking.

TR1.4
Goal LU-9: Design public streets and other spaces for pedestrians and that foster interaction, activity, and safety.

9.1 Streetscape design. Encourage pedestrian-oriented
streetscapes by establishing a unified approach to street tree planting, street lighting, sidewalk design, pedestrian amenities (such as lighting and street furniture) and high quality building frontages with visible street-facing walk-in access.

TR1.3, TR1.4

9.2 Pedestrian focus on high volume streets. Design the streetscape of high-volume streets (such as Thousand Oaks Boulevard, Hillcrest Drive, Moorpark Road, and Westlake Boulevard) to balance regional traffic flow with pedestrian movement, comfort, and safety through such means as wider and winding sidewalks with landscaping and shade, safe and TR1.3, TR1.4

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-3
visible pedestrian crossings with midpoint stops, and buffers or bike lanes between traffic lanes and pedestrians.

9.4 Shade trees. Encourage the planting of street trees that shade the sidewalk and off-street parking areas in accordance with the City’s Forestry Master Plan.

EN1.1, EN1.2, EN1.3, AR1.1
Goal LU-11: Power existing and new buildings with clean energy.

11.1 Carbon-free construction. Promote and encourage new construction that uses carbon-free energy.

BE1.1, BE1.2, B1.3, BE2.3,
BE3.1, BE3.2

11.2 Energy efficient new construction. Promote and encourage energy-efficient new construction through implementation of CALGreen Tier 1 and Tier 2 measures and use of Passive Solar System design features.

BE1.1, BE1.2, BE1.3, BE1.4,
BE2.3

11.3 Onsite solar in new construction. Promote and encourage the installation to the maximum extent possible of on-site solar (or other distributed renewable energy) in new construction, including rooftop, carports and additional technologies as they evolve.

BE2.3

11.4 Transition existing buildings to carbon-free energy. Promote and encourage the electrification of existing buildings with clean energy to reduce and eliminate fossil fuel use.

BE2.1, BE2.2, BE2.3, BE3.1,
BE3.2

11.5 Existing building energy efficiency. Encourage an increase in energy efficiency of existing buildings through upgrades including insulation, sealing, improved windows, roofs, water and air heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.

BE2.1, BE2.2, BE2.3

11.6 Energy audits and disclosures. Support and encourage energy audits and energy use disclosure at time of listing, sale, lease, rental or remodel of existing buildings.

11.7 Electrical Vehicle charging stations in new development.

Require EV ready receptacles sufficient to support users in new development.

TR2.1, TR2.2

11.8 Affordable energy efficiency upgrades. Work with energy utility companies to promote energy efficiency upgrades and discounts to lower-income households in Thousand Oaks.

Goal LU-12: Promote healthy living for all residents of Thousand Oaks.

12.9 Discourage vehicle idling. Discourage new drive-through operations and other uses that require and encourage active idling of vehicles.

12.10 Walk to school. Partner with CVUSD to promote walking or cycling to school to improve health and fitness, reduce traffic congestion around schools, and reduce air pollution at schools from idling vehicles.

12.11 Food distribution. Partner with local food recovery organizations, food retailers, restaurants and businesses to SW1.1, SW1.2

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-4
develop a robust food recovery program to support the
distribution of unwanted or unsold food to those in need.

Goal LU-13: Create a Downtown Core that is a vibrant and welcoming place that serves as the “heart of the City.”

13.6 Thousand Oaks Boulevard. Transform Thousand Oaks
Boulevard into a pedestrian-friendly, active, and attractive space with wide continuous sidewalks, narrower vehicular travel lanes, safe pedestrian crossings, bicycle and micromobility support and facilities, trees and climate-appropriate landscaping.

TR1.1, TR1.3, TR1.4, EN1.3

13.7 Traffic calming. Introduce traffic calming measures along Thousand Oaks Boulevard near the Downtown Core to slow
down vehicles and encourage active transportation.

TR1.4

13.10 Parking district. Pursue a “park once” concept for the Downtown that creates shared or centralized parking to allow visitors to drive to the area, “park once,” and then walk to multiple uses and activities without having to move their vehicles.

TR1.4, TR1.5
Goal LU-14: Activate Thousand Oaks Boulevard as a walkable, mixed-use area with housing, retail, restaurants, office, and services.

14.3 Prioritize pedestrians. Prioritize pedestrian and active transportation along Thousand Oaks Boulevard by integrating wide sidewalks, separated bike lanes, and on-site bicycle parking in development projects, when feasible
TR1.4

14.7 Neighborhood goods and services. Encourage the
preservation or addition of retail and service uses that provide for the daily needs of residents, including markets, cafes, childcare, restaurants, healthcare, and other service-oriented uses
TR1.1, TR1.4
Goal LU-15: Repurpose The Oaks Mall into a mixed-use center combining housing, entertainment, visitor serving uses, retail, and other employment uses in a walkable neighborhood.

15.5 New walkable residential. Encourage new residential development to be designed in a walkable format. Prohibit the construction of isolated and/or gated communities and connect new to existing development with paths
TR1.4

15.7 Street network. As part of the redevelopment of The Oaks, require the creation of new walkable blocks with a public vehicle, pedestrian, or bicycle connection approximately every 600 feet
TR1.3, TR1.4, TR1.5

15.8 Prioritize pedestrians and bicycles. Prioritize pedestrian and active transportation along Hillcrest Drive and Lynn Road by integrating new sidewalks, separated bike lanes, and on-site bicycle parking when feasible
TR1.3

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-5
Goal LU-16: Repurpose Moorpark Road between Thousand Oaks Boulevard and Wilbur Road into a mixed-use district.

16.3 Moorpark Road. Undertake streetscape improvements to slow traffic speeds and create a pedestrian-friendly environment on Moorpark Road between Thousand Oaks Boulevard and just north of Wilbur Road

Goal LU-20: Develop thriving, walkable Village Centers that support the daily needs of residents within the vicinity.

20.2 Multi-family housing. Encourage the addition of multi- family housing at the Mixed-Use Village Centers at the Moorpark Road and Janss Road intersection, and Erbes Road and Avenida de Los Arboles intersection
TR1.2

20.4 Bicycle and pedestrian connections. Improve pedestrian and bicycle connections between Village Centers and
neighborhoods within approximately one mile of the Village Center. Improved connections could include new pedestrian connections through cul-de-sacs, upgraded pedestrian crossings, the additional of bicycle facilities such as bike paths or separated bike lanes and bicycle parking
TR1.4
Goal M-1: Create and maintain a transportation system that is safe for travelers of all ages and abilities regardless of mode.

1.4 Active transportation. Reaffirm and implement the ATP, designed to provide guidance for non-motorized travel,
infrastructure improvements that make multimodal
transportation safer, provides connectivity, and safety thresholds for roadways that balance motorized and
nonmotorized transportation
TR1.3
Goal M-2: Create and maintain a public transit system that is safe, equitable, affordable, efficient, and accessible to all people in Thousand Oaks

2.2 Access to services. Provide safe and comfortable connections for walking and biking from residential areas to schools, parks, grocery stores, employment centers, transit stops, and essential services citywide
TR1.5

2.4 Transit service frequency. Increase the frequency of service along existing transit routes
TR1.5
Goal M-3: Create and maintain a transportation system that improves community health

3.6 Trip reduction. Implement pedestrian-oriented land uses that reduce vehicle miles traveled through providing community supportive services such as healthy food, childcare, and access to other daily services
TR1.1, TR1.2, TR1.3, TR1.4

3.7 Clean fuels and vehicles. Continue to encourage the adoption of low and zero emission fuel sources, new mobility
technologies, and supporting infrastructure
TR2.1, TR2.2, TR2.3, TR2.4,
TR2.5, TR2.6, TR2.10

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-6
Goal M-4: Create a transportation system that will accommodate future growth that provides for all modes

4.6 Micro-mobility support. Expand mobility for first and last- mile transportation needs in addition to providing access to local university students
TR1.3
Goal M-6: Create and maintain a transportation system that reduces impacts to the environment while leveraging sustainability innovations

6.1 Decrease vehicle trips. Prioritize transportation and development investments and strategies that reduce single- occupancy vehicle trips
TR1.1, TR1.2, TR1.4, TR1.5

6.2 Decrease vehicle miles traveled. Prioritize pedestrian, bicycle and other micro-mobility transportation means, and transit enhancements. Encourage infill, mixed-use, and other land use development that locates resources and services near residents’ homes
TR1.1, TR1.2, TR1.4

6.3 Emissions reduction. Support and encourage the adoption of low- and zero-emission vehicles, clean vehicle technologies, charging infrastructure and services to reduce GHG emissions from vehicles
TR2.1, TR2.2, TR2.3, TR2.4,
TR2.5, TR2.6, TR2.7. TR2.8.

TR2.9. TR2.10

6.4 Transportation Demand Management (TDM). Promote and incentivize the use of TDM strategies for employers and expand options for emission reductions from commuting through means such as vehicle sharing, alternative fuel vehicle support, and telecommuting
TR2.5, TR2.8
Goal C-3: Maintain and expand a healthy community forest in Thousand Oaks.

3.1 Street tree plantings. Ensure the use of street tree plantings of appropriate species, scale and spacing in all new
developments, in accordance with City tree standards
AR1.1, AR4.2

3.2 Tree diversity. Maintain a diversity of species and ages of trees throughout the City in order to avoid potentially unhealthy monocultures

3.3 Tree planting. Actively plant or replant trees in existing neighborhoods where trees are sparse or lacking
EN1.1, EN1.3

3.4 Tree replanting. Enhance the community forest to a level of 25% canopy coverage by planting climate-appropriate street trees, including the City’s legacy oak trees, in public spaces and corridors as described in the Forestry Master Plan
EN1.1, EN1.3, AR1.1
Goal C-4: Protect oak and landmark trees to maintain Thousand Oak’s unique environmental character

4.1 Protected tree preservation. Continue to implement the City’s Oak Tree and Landmark Tree Ordinances per the municipal code and the Oak Tree Preservation and Protection Guidelines

Goal C-5: Properly manage, conserve, and protect native plant communities

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-7

5.1 Prohibit destructive practices. Prohibit practices such as off- road vehicle use, hunting, and trapping that are incompatible with the long-term survival and viability of resident and migratory wildlife populations

5.2 Critical habitat protection. As feasible, protect, restore, and enhance critical wildlife habitat resources such as movement corridors, chaparral and coastal sage scrub plant communities, surface water impoundments, streams, and springs in order to maintain the biodiversity, biological productivity, and ecological integrity of natural open space areas

5.3 Critical habitat restoration. Support local and regional conservation projects that will have beneficial effects on vegetation and wildlife, including the restoration and
enhancement of critical habitat resources that have been degraded or disturbed.

5.4 Native landscaping and plant viability. Utilize native, pollinator-friendly plants appropriate to the soil type and environmental conditions of the site
EN2.1, EN2.2

5.5 Landscape design. Encourage new development to
incorporate native or regionally adaptive vegetation into landscape plans and prohibit the use of species known to be invasive according to the California Invasive Plant Inventory EN2.1

5.6 Nesting sites and foraging areas. Foster a holistic habitat that provides nesting sites and foraging areas for native pollinators

5.7 Discontinue anticoagulants and rodenticides. Continue to educate the public on ecosystem impacts of using anticoagulant rodenticides and prohibit the use of anticoagulants and rodenticides within the City
EN2.2
Goal C-10: Achieve and maintain air quality that protects public health, safety, and welfare for those who live or work in the City and for visitors

10.2 Alternative transportation. City actions shall seek to reduce dependency on gasoline- or diesel-powered motor vehicles by encouraging the use of alternative transportation modes and energy sources (e.g., transit, walking, bicycling) thereby reducing vehicle trips and vehicle miles traveled.

TR1.3, TR1.4, TR1.5

10.3 Non-vehicular pollution sources. Reduce air pollution from non-mobile sources, such as landscape equipment,
manufacturing, power generation, and construction activity by transitioning to the use of electric equipment or low emission alternatives.

EN3.1, EN3.2
Goal CFS-1: Develop citywide infrastructure that supports existing and future development

1.3 Sustainable design. Promote the design of infrastructure projects that use sustainable materials, reduce carbon

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-8
emissions, and minimize energy, water and waste during
construction

1.5 Resilient infrastructure. Plan for and develop resilient infrastructure to minimize disruptions from climate-related impacts on residences and businesses (i.e., wildfire, Public Safety Power Shutoff events, flooding).

AR1.2, AR1.3, AR2.1,
AR2.2, AR2.4, AR3.4,
AR3.6, AR3.7
Goal CFS-3: Ensure a sustainable water supply that supports existing and future community needs

3.3 Diversified water portfolio. Utilize local groundwater and reclaimed water resources to reduce reliance on imported water from the State Water Project
AR3.2

3.7 Local water resources. Collaborate with local water agencies and distributors to develop infrastructure and mechanisms for expanding local water access and resources through improved connections to other sources, use of local groundwater, stormwater capture, and/or expanded treatment or reuse of wastewater
AR3.1, AR3.3
Goal CFS-4: Encourage building and landscape design that conserves or recycles water

4.1 Water conservation and reuse. Promote and implement water conservation measures and reuse practices, including water-efficient fixtures, leak detection, water recycling, greywater systems, and rainwater harvesting
AR3.8, AR3.9, WA1.1,
WA1.2

4.2 Education and outreach. Support and augment regional conservation programs to encourage reduced water use in homes and businesses. This includes educational, outreach and incentive programs that promote water conservation and water- efficient technologies to the public, homebuilders, business owners, and landscapes

4.3 Landscaping standards. Update the City’s landscape
guidelines and standards for landscape and irrigation plans, which require the use of low-maintenance, native and drought- tolerant landscaping and low-flow water efficient irrigation in all public and private developments
WA1.1, AR3.8

4.4 Landscaping water efficiency. Meet or exceed Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) water efficiency
standards
WA1.1

4.5 Building water efficiency. Minimize future water use by requiring all new development to meet Green Building Standards identified by the US Environmental Protection Agency and other regulatory entities
BE1.4

4.6 Pervious paving. Minimize the use of impervious materials wherever possible and utilize pervious wherever possible to promote and facilitate groundwater recharge
AR1.3

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-9
Goal CFS-7: Provide stormwater drainage facilities with capacity during storm events

7.1 Stormwater retention. Meet or exceed Low Impact
Development (LID) requirements for onsite retention of
stormwater through best management practices (i.e., rain gardens, rain barrels, and retention basins).

AR3.5

7.2 Sustainable stormwater management. Design new streets and retrofit existing streets to incorporate vegetation, soil, and engineered systems to reduce, slow, cleanse, and infiltrate stormwater runoff
AR3.5, AR3.6, AR3.7
Goal CFS-11: Ensure effective response to a range of emergencies, including multiple simultaneous emergencies

11.2 Disaster preparedness. Adopt disaster preparedness and resilience strategies such as power backup at critical facilities, communication protocols and emergency evacuation planning and outreach
AR2.1, AR2.2, AR2.3, AR2.4
Goal S-6: Reduce community vulnerability to climate-related threats and increase community resilience

6.1 Reduce urban heat island effect. Reduce urban heat island effect by continuing to invest in the City’s urban forest and tree plantings, and support the use of heat reflective paint, cool surface treatment, and cool paving in buildings, facilities, infrastructure and streets, parking lots and other pavement if feasible
EN1.1, EN1.2, EN1.3,
AR1.1, AR1.3

6.2 Microgrids for municipal facilities. Develop battery energy storage and microgrids at critical municipal facilities to maintain operations with clean energy during power outages.

AR2.1

6.3 Community-serving microgrids. Support and encourage the development of community-serving microgrids, on-site battery energy storage, and resilience centers particularly in new development projects. Incorporate installation of such in residential use and other zoning designations.

AR2.4

6.4 Climate impacts. Consider climate change impacts including increased storm severity, drought and extreme heat in planning decisions, including those involving public infrastructure, urban forest, sidewalks, streets, utilities, facilities, and private development.

AR Section

6.5 Adaptation strategies. Implement climate adaptation strategies at a local and regional level in which coordination and pooling of resources (e.g., emergency/ evacuation centers for people and animals, transit agency mutual emergency support) is planned.

AR2.1, AR2.4

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-10

6.6 Regional coordination. Ensure the community’s engagement strategy for climate adaptation planning includes surrounding jurisdictions to identify coordination opportunities.

6.7 Heat response. Update emergency/disaster response
measures to account for increased heat days.

6.8 Heat education. Provide education on heat-related illness and mitigation measures, particularly targeted to seniors and other vulnerable populations.

6.9 Air conditioning alternatives. Encourage alternatives to air conditioning such as ceiling fans, air exchangers, increased insulation and low-solar-gain exterior materials to reduce need for air conditioning and concomitant high electricity demands during high heat events to increase the reliability of the electrical grid.

BE2.3
Goal S-7: A sustainable community with reduced energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions

7.1 Climate and Environmental Action Plan. Prepare and update the City’s Climate and Environmental Action Plan every ten years or more frequently.

7.2 Community emissions. Reduce community GHG emissions by at least the SB 32 target 40% by 2030 and 80% by 2050 relative to 2010.

7.3 Municipal emissions. Reduce GHG emissions from Municipal operations by at least 40% by 2030 and 80% by 2050 relative to 2010.

7.4 Electrification of new and existing buildings. Encourage electrification of newly constructed buildings.

BE1.1, BE1.2, BE1.3,

7.5 Transition to clean energy. Reduce non-building-related energy emissions through conservation, efficiency measures, and use of renewable energy in street lighting, water and wastewater conveyance and treatment, and municipal
operations.

BE1.4, BE2.4, BE3.1, BE3.2,
BE3.3

7.6 Clean energy vehicles. Increase electric/alternative fuel use through charging and other appropriate fueling infrastructure expansion.

TR2.1 – TR2.10

7.7 Clean energy technology. Support deployment of emerging and future clean energy technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell and electric vehicles, battery energy and other clean energy, storage means, carbon capture technologies, smart technologies with inter-device and grid communications, such as vehicle-to- grid and IoT (“Internet of Things”) for demand reduction, and other technologies, as feasible.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES E-11

7.8 Renewable energy sources. Encourage renewable energy supply for all buildings and infrastructure by 2045.

BE3.1, BE3.2, BE3.3

7.9 Community forest. Expand and maintain the community forest to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

EN1.1, EN1.2, EN1.3
Goal G-5: Foster partnerships with other regional and local agencies to ensure residents have access to high quality parks, recreation, education and leisure programs and services

5.3 Collaborate with neighboring jurisdictions. Work closely with adjacent jurisdictions on topics of mutual importance, including transportation, sustainability and climate change, open space, and land use/development decisions

5.10 Environmental leadership. Demonstrate environmental leadership through continued investment in open space, clean and renewable energy, and sustainability, and seek to minimize environmental impact of actions

Goal G-6: Support and promote a City brand and identity that represents a multigenerational, diverse, welcoming, and innovation-driven community

6.3 Digital infrastructure. Support high-quality digital infrastructure and promote shared and co-working office facilities to capitalize on the “work from anywhere economy.”

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES F-1
Appendix F. Quantification of GHG Reductions by Measure GHG emission savings from the Measures presented in this Plan were calculated through analysis of the best available data, combined with existing legislated regulations such as the RPS standard, vehicle fuel emissions standards, and the ZEV 2035 mandate for California. The projected savings and calculation methodologies are detailed below for each Measure.

Measure BE1.1: If not included in 2025 Title 24 update, City to consider requiring all-electric construction or mixed fuel plus a Flexible Measures or equivalent compliance pathway that meets the equivalent GHG reduction for new single-family residential buildings including detached ADUs.

Implementation target date: 2026
2030 GHG savings: 391 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 1,107 tonnes

To compute GHG savings, modelled natural gas savings and additional electricity use are taken from the California Energy Codes and Standards 2019 Cost-effectiveness Study: Low-Rise Residential New Construction82 as detailed in Table 65 of that document (“Single Family Climate Zone 9 Results Summary) for a mixed fuel use to all-electric SFR conversion. Electricity use changes are converted to GHG emissions savings using current participation rates in CPA and SCE programs and projected emission factors for each program’s electricity sources. Reductions in natural gas use are converted to GHG emissions savings using the emissions factors from Appendix C – Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources – U.S. Community Protocol. The number of properties to which these changes are applied is taken from the GP 2045 Update growth projections.

Measure BE1.2: If not included in 2025 Title 24 update, City to consider requiring all-electric construction or mixed fuel plus a Flexible Measures or equivalent compliance pathway that meets the equivalent GHG reduction for new multi-family residential buildings.

Implementation target date: 2026
2030 GHG savings: 1,366 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 3,832 tonnes

82 https://localenergycodes.com/content/resources
83 https://localenergycodes.com/content/resources

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES F-2
Cost-effectiveness Study: Mid-Rise Residential New Construction84 as detailed in Table 25 of that document for Climate Zone 9. Electricity use changes are converted to GHG emissions savings using participation rates in CPA and SCE programs and emission factors for each program’s electricity sources. Changes in natural gas use are converted to GHG emissions savings using the emissions factors from Appendix C – Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources – U.S. Community Protocol. The number of properties to which these changes apply is taken from the GP 2045 Update growth projections.

Measure BE1.3: If not included in 2028 Title 24 update, City to consider requiring all-electric construction or mixed fuel plus a Flexible Measures or equivalent compliance pathway that meets the equivalent GHG reduction for new non-residential buildings.

Implementation target date: 2029
2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

Energy and GHG emissions savings are not quantified due to the need to evaluate specific building types for equipment needs and cost effectiveness.

Measure BE1.4: Encourage developers to build LEED-certified buildings at the Gold or Platinum level.

Implementation target date: 2026
2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supportive measure. Energy and GHG emissions savings are not quantified.

Measure BE2.1: Require existing residential buildings with renovations above a specified threshold to use a Flexible Measures85 or equivalent compliance path to install a combination of energy efficiency and/or electrification measures that meet a prescribed GHG reduction target.86

Implementation target date: 2027
2030 GHG savings: 1,467 tonnes

84 https://localenergycodes.com/content/resources
85 https://bit.ly/flexcompliance-factsheet
86 See for example: https://www.marincounty.org/-/media/files/departments/cd/planning/sustainability/green- building/2022-model-reach-code/fact-sheets/sf-renovations-requirements-factsheet3.pdf?la=en and https://www.encinitasca.gov/government/departments/development -services/sustainability- division/environmental-programs/green-building

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES F-3
2045 GHG savings: 3,204 tonnes

GHG savings are computed from projected electricity savings combined with participation rates in CPA and SCE programs and projected emission factors for each program’s electricity sources.

Projected decreases in natural gas use were converted to GHG emissions savings using the emissions factors from Appendix C – Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources – U.S.

Community Protocol. Energy savings utilize the 2019 Existing Building Energy Efficiency Upgrade Cost-Effectiveness Study published by the California Energy Codes and Standards program,87 Table 71, which presents the Single-Family Energy Efficiency Packages Cost-Effectiveness Results for Climate Zone 9. The results for the energy efficiency package “R49 & Duct Sealing Package” were used to provide typical electricity and gas savings for different vintages of buildings, pre-1978, 1978-1991 and 1992-2010. For the pre-1978 and 1978-1991 vintage buildings this package was shown to be cost-effective in On-Bill, 2019 TDV and 2022 TDV analysis. For the 1992-2010 vintage buildings the package was not cost-effective and thus this vintage of buildings was not included in this analysis. The City’s permit data for applicable properties was apportioned into building vintage according to the overall breakdown of the City’s existing building stock by vintage and it was assumed that the City would achieve a compliance rate of 75% in making the required energy efficiency upgrades. Electricity and gas savings per residence, taken from the cost-effectiveness study, were multiplied by the number of applicable properties in each category (vintage and SF/MF) to calculate projected energy savings. To convert to GHG emissions savings, the applicable electricity savings were combined with participation rates in CPA and SCE programs and emission factors for each program’s electricity sources. Decreases in natural gas use were converted to GHG emissions savings using the emissions factors from Appendix C – Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources – U.S. Community Protocol

Actual implementation of this measure will utilize a Flexible measures pathway as supported by the California Energy Codes and Standards team,88 with points applied for each measure based on their equivalent GHG savings. This pathway will be based on cost-effective measures applicable to the Title 24 Code in place at the time of implementation and will include electrification measures that may not result in energy savings but will result in GHG savings.

Thus the R49 & Duct Sealing Package used in this analysis serves as a proxy for the GHG savings estimate in this measure.

Measure BE2.2: Examine feasibility of requiring existing non-residential buildings with renovations above a specified threshold to use a Flexible Measures89 or equivalent

87 https://localenergycodes.com/content/resources
88 https://localenergycodes.com/content/resources
89 https://bit.ly/flexcompliance-factsheet

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES F-4
compliance pathway to install a combination of energy efficiency and/or electrification measures that meet a prescribed GHG reduction target.

Implementation target date: 2029
2030 GHG savings: Not quantified.
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supportive measure. Energy and GHG emissions savings are not quantified due to the need to evaluate specific building types for equipment needs and current lack of information on available cost effectiveness measures for existing non-residential buildings.

Measure BE2.3: Transition to LED streetlights throughout City.

Implementation target date: 2025
2030 GHG savings: 114 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 0 tonnes

Annual energy use (kWh) is computed from the City’s inventory of 8,000 streetlights detailed by lamp type and wattage, and amounts to 2,716,714 kWh. Under a complete conversion to LEDs, the energy use is projected to be 1,775,389 kWh. The computed energy savings are translated into GHG savings in 2030 using SCE/CAMX eGRID emissions factors since these accounts are powered through SCE. GHG savings diminish over time as the grid greens per RPS and becomes emission free by 2045.

Measure BE2.4: Develop a City Energy Ambassador Program to aid residents and developers with clean energy, energy efficiency, and electrification transition, conduct outreach to existing building owners and occupants, and support the development and enforcement of CEAP-related building ordinances.

Implementation target date: 2024
2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supportive measure and is expected to yield community energy and GHG savings through improved energy efficiency and electrification of existing homes and participation in CPA’s Green Power program.

Measure BE2.5: Develop/deploy an interactive online energy application that assists residents in understanding and undertaking energy efficiency and electrification home projects through customized recommendations, cost-benefit analyses, and access to resources.

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES F-5

Implementation target date: 2024
2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supportive measure and is expected to yield community energy and GHG savings through improved energy efficiency and electrification of existing homes.

Measure BE2.6: Undergo energy audits at all City facilities and implement energy efficiency projects wherever cost effective

Implementation target date: 2024
2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supportive measure. Associated energy and GHG savings will be reflected in the annual community energy use data received from SCE.

Measure BE3.1: Increase participation from non-residential properties in green power program from Clean Power Alliance.

Implementation target date: 2025
2030 GHG savings: 6,543 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 0 tonnes

GHG savings are computed by multiplying the projected 2030 non-residential energy use that is not offset by onsite solar, by the proportion of enrollment in each CPA and SCE program and applying the appropriate 2030 emissions factor for each program level. The customer mix was changed from the current to the proposed 2030 values as shown below:

Non-residential 2022
participation
2030 proposed
participation
CPA overall 80.30% 90.00%
CPA 100% 75.68% 84.60%
CPA 50% 0.19% 0.18%
CPA 40% 4.42% 4.50%
Opt out 19.70% 10.72%

Measure BE3.2: Increase participation from CARE/FERA program participants on joining CPA.

Implementation target date: 2024

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES F-6
2030 GHG savings: 2,026 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 0 tonnes

GHG savings are computed by multiplying the projected 2030 residential energy use that is not offset by onsite solar, by the proportion of enrollment in each CPA and SCE program and applying the appropriate emissions factor for each program level. The customer mix was changed from the current to the new as shown in the table below based on the fact that approximately 18% of residential accounts are enrolled in CARE/FERA (2021 data from CPA) and it is anticipated that targeted outreach to this population would result in a shift of 5 percentage points from SCE to CPA at 100% green (no added cost):

Residential 2022
participation
2030 proposed
participation
CPA overall 89.30% 94.30%
CPA 100% 79.89% 84.89%
CPA 50% 1.69% 1.69%
CPA 40% 7.72% 7.72%
Opt out 10.70% 5.70%

Measure BE3.3: Install solar at all City facilities
Implementation target date: 2024
2030 GHG savings: 121 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 0 tonnes
Although onsite solar will be installed at all City facilities in 2024, excepting the Civic Arts Plaza, there will be no GHG emissions savings associated with those that are City-operated since these are already subscribed to CPA’s Green Power program. Listed GHG emissions savings are associated with the leased facilities at Teen Center and Goebel Adult Center, which are currently subscribed to CPA’s Lean Power program.

TR1 Measures:

No additional GHG emission reductions since the computed 2030 and 2045 GHG emissions are already based on projections using VMT modelling conducted for land use designations included in the GP Update.

Measure TR1.1: Implement smart growth policies
Implementation target date: 2024
Measure TR1.2: Increase opportunities to both live and work in the City Implementation target date: 2024
Measure TR1.3: Continue to implement the Active Transportation Plan (ATP)

Climate and Environmental Action Plan- APPENDICES F-7
Implementation target date: 2020
Measure TR1.4: Plan for walkability and bikeability in new developments Implementation target date: 2024
Measure TR1.5: Pursue viable transit options
Implementation target date: 2023
No additional GHG emission reductions. 2030 and 2045 GHG emissions are based on VMT modelling conducted for land use designations included in the GP Update.TR2 Measures:

Implementation target date: 2025
2030 GHG savings: 41,403 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 167,081 tonnes

The TR2 combined measures represent the City’s support in facilitating a complete transition to electric light duty vehicles over the next two decades. In combination with California’s mandates under the Advanced Clean Cars program, funding support from Federal and State governments, and investments by private EV charging network companies, these measures will provide the necessary charging infrastructure for local residents and businesses, employees and employers, and visitors to the City to transition to electric vehicles.

GHG savings projections are based on the savings garnered by a transition from the current mix of vehicles to one in which all new light duty vehicle sales are 100% zero emission by 2035.

Methodology is detailed below.

Measure TR2.1: Increase EV charging requirement above CALGreen mandatory provisions for new multi-family developments.

Measure TR2.2: Increase EV charging requirement above CALGreen mandatory provisions for new non-residential developments
Measure TR2.3: Require EV-supporting upgrades in commercial parking lots when onsite electrical service is upgraded or parking lot exceeding a minimum threshold is paved or re-paved.

Measure TR2.4: City to install EV charging infrastructure and EV chargers in public street, public areas and at community facilities such as parks, partnering with other agencies as necessary to support EV adoption by residents of existing MF housing.

Measure TR2.5: Require EV chargers and charging infrastructure to be installed in existing commercial parking lots/structures upon major tenant improvements (TIs).

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Measure TR2.6: Conduct outreach to encourage EV charging infrastructure in existing MF developments and to accelerate EV adoption in disadvantaged communities.

Measure TR2.7: City to transition municipal fleet to electric vehicles.

Measure TR2.8: City to transition transit buses to electric.

Measure TR2.9: City to construct electric vehicle charging infrastructure to support fleet and transit.

Measure TR2.10: Dispense Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) from City’s Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fueling station.

These combined measures, under “GOAL TR2: Increase proportion of clean/electric vehicles,” represent the City’s contribution to facilitate a complete transition to electric light duty vehicles. In combination with California’s mandates under the Advanced Clean Cars program, funding support from Federal and State governments, and investments by private EV charging network companies, these measures will provide the necessary charging infrastructure for local residents and businesses, employees and employers, and visitors to transition to electric vehicles.

The GHG savings calculations are based on the savings garnered by a transition from the current mix of vehicles to one that supports all new light duty vehicle sales being 100% zero emission by 2035.

As described in Appendix A, GHG projections for transportation were calculated using VMT analysis conducted for the General Plan Update in concert with CARB’s EMFAC 2021 emissions model. The GHG savings associated with the combined measures listed above to support the 2035 zero emissions mandate were modelled through a series of steps. First the percentage of light duty vehicles sold that will be zero emissions for each year from 2022 through 2035 were projected through linear interpolation using 2021 sales data from the California Energy Commission (CEC)90 and 100% of sales for 2035. Second, the vehicle turnover rate was calculated based on 2021 vehicle population and sales data from the CEC90. The turnover rate and zero emissions sales percentages were then applied to project the proportion of each fuel type vehicle (gasoline, diesel, electricity, plug-in hybrid) relative to the total vehicle population for light duty vehicles (broken down into passenger car and light duty trucks) for 2021 through 2040. For 2030 and 2040, passenger car and light duty truck total populations from EMFAC21 were broken down by fuel type using the projected proportions. The total VMT per day was calculated for each fuel type for passenger cars and light duty trucks then multiplied by the EMFAC21 emissions factors (grams/mile) specific to each year and vehicle category to determine emissions per day. Weighted emissions factors (grams/mile) were then calculated for passenger cars and light duty trucks. 2030 and 2040 weighted emissions factors were

90 https://www.energy.ca.gov/files/zev-and-infrastructure-stats-data

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calculated for bus, heavy duty vehicle, motorcycle, medium duty truck, and motorhome vehicle classes directly from EMFAC21 model output since the ZEV transition does not apply to these classes, and then added to the projected light duty vehicle emissions to yield total projected emissions.

Measure SW1.1: Reduce methane emissions from landfilled organic waste through organics collection and composting.

Implementation target date: 2022
2030 GHG savings: 6,202 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 6,813 tonnes

In implementing SB1383 the State targeted a reduction in disposal of organic waste of 50% by 2020 and 75% by 2025 (a 25 percentage point reduction). The City actions implemented under this measure include weekly collection of separated organic waste from all residents, weekly or more frequent collection of separated organic waste from all businesses, and the re-direction of that material from the landfill to a certified composting facility. GHG emission reductions for this measure are estimated using a projected 25 percentage point reduction in disposal of organic waste. The projected 2030 and 2045 landfill methane emissions in the absence of organics measures were calculated using a pre-Covid (2019) per capita disposal tonnage and projected population growth combined with the emissions factor for landfilled waste. A 25% reduction in these emissions were assumed to result from the implementation of organics measures (SW1.1) by 2030 and by 2045.

Measure SW1.2: Reduce food waste through establishment of a food recovery program and facility.

Implementation target date: 2024
2030 GHG savings: 2,288 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 2,397 tonnes

Methane emissions from decomposition of organic matter in the landfill can be reduced by a robust edible food recovery program. In 2022, approximately 1,000 tons of edible food were recovered by the City’s food recovery organizations resulting in 2,179 tonnes of CO2e GHG emissions reduction. It is projected that the volume of recovered food will increase by 5% by 2030 and by 10% by 2045, resulting in the GHG emission savings listed above.

Measure SW1.3: Conduct a waste characterization study of the City’s waste streams and implement targeted education and technical assistance.

Implementation target date: 2024

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2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supporting measure. Additional GHG emissions savings from this measure are not quantified.

Measure SW1.4: Provide leadership in modeling zero waste practices at municipal facilities

Implementation target date: 2024
2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supporting measure. Additional GHG emissions savings from this measure are not quantified but savings will be captured in the community-wide disposal data.

Measure WA1.1: Transition community to climate-appropriate landscaping

Implementation target date: 2022
2030 GHG savings: 2,076 tonnes
2045 GHG savings: 0 tonnes

GHG emissions from water use result from the transport and treatment of water as described in Appendix A and future projections assume that per capita water use remains at 2020 values.

Since more than half of all water use in the City results from irrigation use, it is anticipated that a transition to drought-tolerant or native landscaping will greatly reduce water demand and resulting GHG emissions. To estimate the potential savings, data from the imposition of watering restrictions in the City in 2022 as a result of the ongoing drought provided useful insight. Level 4 Water Shortage Contingency Plan measures, which included a ban on the watering of ornamental turf and the use of spray sprinklers, were implemented from June 2022 until March 2023 and resulted in an average savings in water use of 35% relative to normal use.

Restrictions resulted in the removal of much ornamental turf in the City on public and private property. A revised City water ordinance in October 2022 permanently banned the watering of ornamental turf in non-residential properties. Although water use has increased since the drought restrictions were lifted, permanent changes in landscaping have resulted in reductions in outdoor water use for the foreseeable future. Measure WA1.1 implementation thus began in 2022 and will continue as part of the CEAP. Associated GHG savings were computed by assuming that future water use will be 20% lower than 2020 values.

Measure WA1.2: Encourage greywater installation in new multi-family developments.

Implementation target date: 2024

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2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supporting measure. Additional GHG emissions savings from this measure are not quantified.

Measure WA1.3: City to model sustainable landscaping in its medians and other City-owned landscaped areas.

Implementation target date: 2024
2030 GHG savings: Not quantified
2045 GHG savings: Not quantified

This is a supporting measure. Additional GHG emissions savings from this measure are not quantified but savings will be reflected in community-wide water use reductions.

Thousand Oaks City CouncilApril 9, 2024

Thousand Oaks City Council
April 9, 2024