2 The CPRA broadly defines “public record” as any “writing” that contains “information relating to the conduct of the public’s business [that is] prepared, owned, used, or retained by any state or local agency regardless of physical form or characteristics.” (Gov. Code, § 6252, subd.(e).) A “writing” means any handwriting, typed, printed, or photocopied comments that are transmitted by electronic mail, regular mail, hand-delivery or facsimile. (Id., subd. (g).)
Please note that “documents” and “emails” include, but are not limited to, correspondence to or from any email account through which any public business is conducted, including but not limited to personal or otherwise private email accounts belonging to government officials, employees or consultants, pursuant to the California Supreme Court’s decision in City of San Jose v. Superior Court (2017) 2 Cal.5th 608.
Please ensure that you have secured and produced all such personal or otherwise private emails, messages and texts. Therefore, we are also requesting that all relevant officials, employees, and agents preserve intact under a litigation hold all such “personal” and official emails, messages and text messages, and not to destroy, delete, allow to be automatically purged, or otherwise to engage in or permit spoliation of such evidence. To the extent that such emails, messages or texts have been deleted, purged, or otherwise spoliated, we demand that the holders of these devices immediately be informed that they must take all efforts to retrieve any deleted or otherwise purged emails and texts, and make all efforts to retrieve and preserve them. This includes records saved to a shared drive (S-drive) and personal files. Please confirm that you will do so.
I draw your attention to Government Code section 6253.1, which requires a public agency to assist the public in making a focused and effective request by: (1) identifying records and information responsive to the request; (2) describing the information technology and physical location of the records; and (3) providing suggestions for overcoming any practical basis for denying access to the records or information sought.
If you determine that any information is exempt from disclosure, I ask that you reconsider that determination in view of Proposition 59, which amended the State Constitution to require that all exemptions be “narrowly construed.” (Cal. Const. Art. 1, § 3, subd. (b)(2) [stating that “a statute, court rule, or other authority . . . shall be . . . narrowly construed if it limits the right of [the people’s] access”]; Prop. 59, as approved by voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 2, 2004).) Proposition 59 may modify or overturn authorities on which the CVUSD has relied in the past.
Please be advised that Government Code section 6253, subdivision (c) states in pertinent part that the agency “shall promptly notify the person making the request of the determination and the reasons therefor[e].” (§ 6253, subd. (c), emphasis added.) Section 6253, subdivision (d) further states that nothing in this chapter “shall be construed to permit an agency to delay or obstruct the inspection or copying of public CVUSD
October 8, 2021
3 records. . . . [¶] The notification of denial of any request for records required by Section 6255 shall set forth the names and titles or positions of each person responsible for the denial.” (Id. at subd. (d).)
If, for some reason, the CVUSD withholds any documents responsive to our request, we ask that the District separately identify the record(s) withheld and provide us with a written explanation of the claimed justification for withholding the record(s), as required by Government Code section 6255. (See § 6255, subd. (a); International Federation of Prof. & Technical Engineers, Local 21, AFL-CIO v. Super. Ct. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 319, 329.) Please include a factual basis for asserting the exemption. If a court finds that public records have been improperly withheld, we will seek attorney fees pursuant to Government Code section 6259. (See id., §§ 6258, 6259, subd. (d); see also Sukumar v. City of San Diego (2017) 14 Cal. App. 5th 451, 463 [city’s production of additional documents after deposition of PMK entitled petitioner to attorneys’ fees and costs].)
Government Code section 6253.9, subdivision (a) requires that the agency provide documents in their native format, when requested. Pursuant to that code section, please provide the requested documents, including all applications, in their electronic format (i.e., pdf soft copies).
We will reimburse the District for all reasonable copying and printing costs, including the “direct costs of duplication.” (North County Parents v. Department of Education (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 144, 148 [direct cost “does not include the ancillary tasks necessarily associated with the retrieval, inspection and handling of the file from which the copy is extracted”].) We are also agreeable to accepting copies of documents via email, on a thumb/jump drive, or by CD. We request that the CVUSD provide the requested documents on an expedited and rolling basis as soon as practicable.
We look forward to receiving your initial response within 10 days as required by Government Code section 6253, subdivision (c). Thank you in advance for your cooperation and please contact me if you have any questions.
Very truly yours,
Andrea K. Leisy
Cc: Dr. Mark McLaughlin
(via email: [email protected])
October 28, 2021
VIA E-Mail Only
[email protected]
City Clerk
City of Thousand Oaks
2100 E. Thousand Oaks Blvd.
Thousand Oaks, CA 91362
Re: Follow Up & Supplemental Request - California Public Records Act Request and Request for Notice - 2498 Conejo Center Drive; City Project No. PAR 21-70408 and DP 2021-70408.
To Whomever it May Concern:
On October 8, 2021, I sent a request, pursuant to the California Public Records Act (“PRA”), to the City of Thousand Oaks (the “City”) requesting documents generated on or after January 1, 2021, related to the property located at 2498 Conejo Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California (the “Property”). This correspondence memorializes the documents that I have received to date, requests production of additional documents responsive to the October 8 request, and reiterates my request for a copy of all public notices issued by the City, or its consultant Envicom Corporation, pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), or the Planning and Zoning Law and relating to the Property. This letter also augments my earlier request for copies of specific documents relating to the Property.
I. Documents Produced to Date & Follow Up on Production of Further Documents Responsive to Request, including Specific Known Documents.
To date, the City has provided only two (2) documents, on October 18, 2021, consisting of thirty-three (33) pages, in response to our PRA request for documents relating to the Property at 2498 Conejo Center Drive Property.1 The Conejo Valley Unified School District, by contrast, has produced two hundred and six (206) documents on two separate occasions. The City and the School District were served with PRA requests on the same day. Please advise as to when we will be receiving additional documents from the City in response to our request, and if there is anything we can do to expedite the production.
1 The City’s scant production, to date, is bate stamped “CTO-MCO-000001 through CTO-CMO-0000021 (CAO Redacted)” and “CTO-PWD-000022 through CTO-PWD000033.” Andrea K. Leisy
[email protected]
City of Thousand Oaks
October 28, 2021
The City is required to “make the [requested] records promptly available . . . .” (Gov. Code, § 6253, subd. (b), italics added.) The City’s PRA response letter indicated that it will “augment [its] response to [my] request by November 1, 2021.” (City of Thousand Oaks’ October 18, 2021 Response Letter to the October 8, 2021 Public Records Act Request, p. 2.) The City, however, has not provided any additional documents since the initial production on October 18, 2021.
Based on emails and documents received from the School District to date, we consider the following specific documents relating to the proposed development of the Property, to be within the scope of the Public Records Act request to this City dated October 8, 2021, and ask that the City supplement its production of documents pursuant to that request by providing these documents forthwith:
Ɣ A copy of all applications and pre-applications submitted to the City for 2498 Conejo Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California (“the Property”), including on or about July 2, 2021, by Victor De la Cruz of Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, and any other applications and related correspondence submitted to the City and relating to development of the Property through October 8, 2021; and Ɣ A copy of all documents and correspondence relating to the Property and including rescission of the pre-application, sent to, or received from, Victor De la Cruz, Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, in August 2021.
Please note, any and all attachments to any documents produced pursuant to the initial Public Records Act request and this follow-up letter should also be provided with the documents to which they are attached. This will avoid further delays and obviate the need for me to spend my client’s attorneys’ fees pursuing further follow-up disclosures.
II. Supplement to October 8, 2021 Public Records Act Request Pursuant to the California Public Records Act (“CPRA”) (Gov. Code, § 6250 et seq.) and Article One, section 3(b) of the California Constitution (constitutional right to public records), I hereby request that the City of Thousand Oaks (the “City”) provide me with copies of public record documents (“records”) generated on or after July 1, 2020, through January 1, 2021, and from October 8, 2021 thru October 28, 2021, relating to the property at 2498 Conejo Center Drive, including but not limited to:
1. All records that relate to, or reference, any applications for approvals or permits from the City of Thousand Oaks, relating to proposed or actual improvements or development at 2498 Conejo Center Drive; and
2. All records that constitute, refer, pertain, or relate to City communications, including emails, letters, notes or memos sent or received by City staff, with any third parties, including, but not limited to the Conejo Valley Unified School District officials, administration and staff, Envicom Corporation staff, Arakelian Enterprises, Inc. (d.b.a.
City of Thousand Oaks
October 28, 2021
“Athens Services”), ARC Investment Group, LLC, Perspective Law Group, Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, Ron Arakelian Jr., or anyone communicating on behalf of these third parties, regarding the property at 2498 Conejo Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California.
III. Request for Notice
As a reminder, please provide me with notice, including email notice, of all public notices issued by the City relating to the 2498 Conejo Center Drive site and City Project No. PAR 21-70408 and DP 2021-70408, including pursuant to CEQA. (Pub. Resources Code, § 21092.2; see also Assembly Bill 819 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) § 5). Please also continue to provide me with documents relating to the additional information requested on a rolling basis.
Thank you in advance. I look forward to hearing from the City soon.
Very truly yours,
Andrea K. Leisy
Cc: Holly Whatley ([email protected])
David Womack ([email protected])
California Secretary of State
Electronic Filing
Corporation - Statement of Information
Entity Name:
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C1494158
09/23/2021
CALIFORNIA
14048 Valley Blvd
City of Industry, California 91746
United States of America
PO Box 14100
Irvine, California 92623
United States of America
14048 Valley Blvd
City of Industry, California 91746
United States of America
Ron Arakelian Jr.
PO Box 14100
Irvine, California 92623
United States of America
Michael Arakelian
PO Box 14100
Irvine, California 92623
United States of America
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC.
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC.
GW80528
California Secretary of State
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Use bizfile.sos.ca.gov for online filings, searches, business records, and resources.
Cord Laule
PO Box 14100
Irvine, California 92623
United States of America
Ron Arakelian III
PO Box 14100
Irvine, California 92623
United States of America
0 Michaeal Pompay
14048 Valley Blvd
City of Industry, California 91746
United States of America
Waste Collection, Recycling and Landfill
Management
Nicole Hake
Adam Arakelian
PO Box 14100
Irvine, California 92623
United States of America
Secretary of State
Statement of No Change
(Limited Liability Company)
LLC-12NC
IMPORTANT — Read instructions before completing this form. This form may be used only if a complete Statement of Information has been filed previously and there has been no change.
Filing Fee – $20.00
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___________________
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LLC-12NC (REV 01/2017) 2017 California Secretary of State www.sos.ca.gov/business/be
1. Limited Liability Company Name (Enter the exact name of the LLC as it is recorded with the California Secretary of State. Note:
If you registered in California using an alternate name, see instructions.)
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4. No Change Statement (Do not alter the No Change Statement. If there has been any change, please complete a Statement of Information (Form LLC-12).)
There has been no change in any of the information contained in the previous complete Statement of Information filed with the California Secretary of State.
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ARC INVESTMENT GROUP LLC
201114610008 CALIFORNIA
04/30/2021 Nicole Hake Controller
21-C30477
FILED
In the office of the Secretary of State
of the State of California
APR 30, 2021
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A Spectrum News 1 investigation found some Southern California waste haulers use empty parcels of land to illegally dump tons of trash, like at this location in the Antelope Valley. (Luca DeSando-Grassi/Spectrum News)
Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping at a dozen Southern California sites: Investigation
ENVIRONMENT
BY RENEE ENG AND CORY MINDERHOUT | LOS ANGELES
UPDATED 12:45 PM PT APR. 03, 2025
LOS ANGELES — The Antelope Valley’s vast desert landscape — where quail, rattlesnakes and mule deer thrive among poppy blooms and Joshua Trees — has always attracted residents like Jackie Livingstone.
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DOWNLOAD THE APP Stay informed throughout your day with the Spectrum News app, available on all your favorite devices. 8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 1/16 What You Need To Know
A notice of intent to sue under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act accuses 14 companies and 12 land owners of illegal dumping
Much of the trash is dumped on rural parcels of private land in Antelope Valley, as well as San Bernardino and Kern Counties
LA County spent $6.8 million to cleanup trash dumped illegally in Àscal year 2023-2024 Some of the companies accused of illegal dumping have large trash-removal contracts with the City of LA
“People might just think, ‘Oh, it’s just dirt.’” Livingstone said. “It’s not just dirt.” She’s lived in the area for almost 40 years, enjoying the natural habitat alongside fellow residents Wendy Walker and Erika Schwerdt, who have all become focused on a growing problem in the Antelope Valley — illegal dumping on vacant plots of land that has turned beautiful desert areas into makeshift landfills.
“Initially, we were thinking it was household [trash],” Schwerdt said during a recent visit with Spectrum News to multiple illegal dump sites. “But we soon found out it is way deeper than that.”
She also works for a nonprofit called “Strength Based Community Change,” an equity and social-justice group that has focused on this issue in recent years.
Schwerdt, Walker and Livingstone said they’ve documented over 20 sites where waste haulers brazenly dump tons of trash in rural unincorporated communities throughout north Los Angeles County.
Spectrum News has reviewed public records, lawsuits, and legal notices and talked to community members, law enforcement, and county officials, all of which point to large-scale illegal dumping in the Antelope Valley carried out by some of the biggest waste haulers in Southern California. 91°
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Much of the trash is dumped on rural parcels of private land in Antelope Valley, as well as San Bernardino and Kern Counties
8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 2/16 “So, you have piles of what is green waste, it is mulch, but then you see piles of construction [material], ground-up concrete, glass, you’ll see plastics, these are all chemical tubes and oils,” said Schwerdt, while visiting a large dump site a half-block from an elementary school in the rural community of Lake LA.
While it’s legal to spread mulch only a few inches high on farmland and agricultural land, which is common in the area, Schwerdt claims waste companies will mix trash with mulch to disguise the actual contents of their hauls.
Schwerdt, Walker and Livingstone are especially concerned about the potential environmental impacts of this dumping, including air quality and groundwater.
Many people in the Antelope Valley use wells for drinking water. “There is no culpability for this. There is no oversight. People are coming out here. They are dumping this. It’s a mess,” said Walker, a naturalist and Waste dumped on
vacant properties
often includes
mulch mixed with
construction
debris, glass and
other materials.
(Photo credit: Luca DeSandoGrassi/Spectrum News)
Share
1/5
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p
vacant properties
often includes
8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 3/16 photographer who often recreates in the rural areas.
The large piles of trash can also spontaneously combust — which is exactly what happened on September 10, 2024, when the 800-acre Apollo Fire burned down a home, killing several dogs inside.
The LA County Fire Department said they’ve responded to over 70 trash and mulch-related fires between 2020 and 2024, costing more than $1.6 million. 91°
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home, killing several dogs inside.
The LA County Fire Department said they’ve responded to over 70 trash and 8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 4/16 Environmental lawyer Chris Nidel of Nidel & Nace has filed two civil lawsuits and is preparing a federal citizen’s lawsuit on behalf of several other people who live in the area against 14 waste haulers, trucking companies, and recyclers.
LA County's Illegal Dumping Cost
Cost per fiscal year to mitigate illegal dumping issues, according to LA County Public Works.
$2.3 Million
$3.8 Million
$4.4 Million
$6.9 Milli
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p y g g p g g y
Works.
8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 5/16 The lawsuit accuses them of transporting and illegally dumping trash on a large scale at a dozen sites in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Kern Counties.
One company accused in the forthcoming lawsuit is Athens Services, which provides trash service to 49 neighborhoods in Southern California, according to Nidel. It has several multi-million-dollar contracts with the City of LA — including a $687 million contract over five years to process residential organic waste.
“It’s all about finding the cheapest way to get rid of something rather than complying with the law,” Nidel said.
Nidel alleged some landowners will accept waste for a fee that undercuts the landfills and processing centers permitted by the county. “This was something I had never seen where they are taking demolition debris, recycling waste, compost waste that should be composted under the right conditions and just piling it in 20, 30-foot piles for acres and acres,” Nidel said.
Nidel has served a 90-day notice of intent to sue under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which sets standards for properly disposing of hazardous waste. Under the act, if the companies continue dumping illegally after 90 days, Nidel can sue.
In one example, Spectrum News reviewed public records released by San Bernardino County, which show that last May, the county's Land Use Services Department ordered a composting facility owned by Athens Services to stop dumping thousands of tons of mulch, green waste, and solid waste at a rural 50- acre site.
According to Jannelle Needham, a spokesperson for San Bernardino County, the property’s owner stopped accepting new waste and is working with the county to either remove the materials or obtain proper permits.
Other records obtained by Nidel’s law firm show that last year, LA County officials issued a violation notice to an Antelope Valley landowner for stockpiling contaminated organic waste from the same composting facility in San Bernardino County, run by American Organics, a subsidiary of Athens Services.
Athens Services responded to these claims, saying in part:
“Athens does not engage in illegal dumping as alleged. Athens’ organic material goes through a comprehensive process at our advanced compost facilities. The 91°
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provides trash service to 49 neighborhoods in Southern California, according to Nidel. It has several multi-million-dollar contracts with the City of LA — 8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 6/16 material is routinely tested for compliance with CalRecycle’s standards, and our processing facilities are regularly inspected for adherence with state regulations. Many properties and property owners accept material from multiple processors. To the extent there are any instances of non-compliant material, we are confident the evidence will demonstrate that it came from another source.”
Spectrum News reached out to all 14 companies and landowners named in Nidel’s intent to sue notice.
While most didn’t respond, a spokesperson for Republic Waste Services of California, who has a $900 million contract with the City of LA for recycling services, said in part, “We are a responsible company, recognized as one of the world’s most ethical and sustainable businesses, and we operate with care for our communities and the environment.”
The spokesperson also disputed claims in the forthcoming lawsuit, saying they didn’t dump waste at one location named in it and acquired another site 19 days before the notice was filed.
“We have not disposed of any material at this site, prior to-or after-our acquisition,” the statement said.
Heather Johnson, a spokesperson for LA Sanitation & Environment, said, “[t]he City takes illegal dumping seriously,” when asked about the City of LA’s contracts with companies accused of illegal dumping, which also includes a 10- year contract with Universal Waste Systems worth more than $345 million. “We are aware of this matter but cannot comment as it involves active litigation,” Johnson said. “We will continue to work with our vendors to ensure compliance as it pertains to the City’s contractual agreements.” A lawyer for one landowner named in the intent to sue notice told Spectrum News his clients are “passive landowners” and are “victims to this horrible situation” who didn’t realize the scope of dumping happening on their property without their permission.
Spectrum News reviewed all the addresses named in the forthcoming lawsuit; none are currently permitted to operate as a landfill.
Chuck Bostwick is a senior field deputy for LA County Supervisor Kathryn Barger, whose district includes the Antelope Valley. He’s followed illegal 91°
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multiple processors. To the extent there are any instances of non compliant material, we are confident the evidence will demonstrate that it came from h ”
8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 7/16 dumping for years, documenting and investigating residents’ concerns as part of his work on the Antelope Valley Illegal Dumping Task Force. “We had the small-scale stuff. The people who were not paying for trash. The guys who would clean out the foreclosed-on house and threw the trash out in the desert,” he said. “But now, we have this large-scale dumping and disposal.” Bostwick said illegal dumping has increased over the past four years, and he believes it’s a result of increased landfill fees and an unintended consequence of Senate Bill 1383 — a state law passed in 2022 that diverts organic waste from landfills, curbing greenhouse gas emissions.
The law calls for organic waste to be composted, processed and tested at an approved facility before its spread across land or properly destroyed at a facility.
“The change in state law has made these great quantities of mulch now available,” Bostwick said. “But there is no market for it.” “There is not suddenly 10 million extra households to put mulch on their front yard or to have a garden in the backyard,” he said. “There is no demand for it, and so it is ending up out here.”
The county also has major concerns about contaminants and toxins that can seek into the ground and the risk of fires from spontaneously combusting debris piles, Bostwick said.
“Stuff that is being deposited out on open land in the Antelope Valley is eventually going to affect the water table,” Bostwick said. “A lot of people have their own wells.”
Barger recently asked the county to do more to curb illegal dumping in the desert, authoring a motion last fall to prevent illegal dumping and mulch fires, which the LA County Board of Supervisors adopted. Some current efforts include setting up cameras and license plate readers in rural areas to try to catch people dumping, using satellite imagery to detect and monitor unregulated dumping and mulching activities, and suggesting changes to state law.
Even with these efforts, it can be tough to catch people dumping illegally, said LA County Sheriff’s Deputy Gilberto Borruel, who has patrolled the Antelope Valley for 13 years. He covers the community of Lake LA, which is roughly 100- square miles, alongside a handful of other deputies.
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guys who would clean out the foreclosed-on house and threw the trash out in the desert,” he said. “But now, we have this large-scale dumping and disposal.” 8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 8/16 “These are semi-trucks, 53-foot trailers, semi-tractor and trailer that are filled to the top with just waste,” he said of suspected illegal dumpers he’s seen in the area.
“You literally have to see them doing it,” Borruel said for deputies to cite dumpers, adding that haulers he’s followed will often pull off the road and wait until he has to respond to a more urgent call or leave the area and come back later.
“It is very difficult to catch them in the act,” he said. “A lot of the dumping, believe or not, will happen late at night.”
Since illegal dumpers are hard to catch and cite, prosecutions are rare. The Environmental Crimes Division of the LA County District Attorney’s Office works on these cases. They had 15 of them in 2019. Last year, they had zero. 91°
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“You literally have to see them doing it,” Borruel said for deputies to cite dumpers, adding that haulers he’s followed will often pull off the road and wait 8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 9/16 Borruel said he has investigated truck drivers who haul trash from the San Fernando Valley and Sun Valley areas and dump it in the Antelope Valley, adding 91°
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8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 10/16 that heavy equipment, such as bulldozers, will compact the waste to make space for more.
“They push it up into the hillside and just keep pushing,” he said, standing at an illegal dump site in Lake LA. “This is consistent with what would happen at a regular landfill.”
The county’s costs to cleanup illegal dumping have also increased. According to the LA County Department of Public Works, the county spent $2.3 million in fiscal year 2019-2020 and $6.8 million in fiscal year 2023-2024.
According to a public works report, the department anticipates a 15% increase in reported illegal dumping cases in 2024 to over 15,800. There were 14,500 reported cases in 2023.
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illegal dump site in Lake LA. “This is consistent with what would happen at a regular landfill.”
8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 11/16 As Schwerdt, Walker and Livingstone looked over a large field covered in piles of mulch mixed with plastic, glass and other debris, the group said they’re focused on telling as many people about this problem, especially officials.
They recently took representatives from the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery, also known as CalRecycle, on a tour of over 20 dump sites. In response, CalRecycle recently passed emergency regulations that would create more oversight of these types of unpermitted landfills and 91°
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8/29/25, 4:06 PM Major trash haulers accused of illegal dumping in SoCal https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2025/03/19/illegal-dumping-concerns 12/16
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the haulers of the waste material. The regulations include more testing and record-keeping of dumped material.
While the problem is massive, Schwerdt said her fight is personal. “When your kids are telling you, like, ‘Oh, why is it so dirty at home but when we go on vacation, this isn’t around. This isn’t prevalent.’ That was really a big switch for me,” she said.
EDITOR’S NOTE: After this story aired on Mar. 20, 2025, law firm Nidel & Nace filed a lawsuit in United States District Court for the Central District of California, alleging on behalf of two Antelope Valley residents that waste companies and landowners unlawfully dumped waste and construction debris at multiple sites in Kern, LA and San Bernardino counties. (April 3, 2025)
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Antelope Valley residents say they are fed
up with rampant dumping, official
inaction
8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 1/14
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Eric Eller likes to ride his dirt bikes through the canyons, dry riverbeds and rocky outcroppings of the Antelope Valley in the high desert north of Los Angeles.
Eller’s an off-the-grid kind of guy with a “Mad Max” vibe — living in a house on a remote plot of land next to a jury-rigged trailer where he tinkers with the remnants and pieces of gutted automobiles, motorcycles and other mechanical debris.
But Eller’s isolation was obliterated last June when dozens of big dump trucks began snaking up the dirt road behind his house and discarding their loads into the nearby dry river canyon. The caravan of waste-haulers continued in the days that followed, often arriving after sundown or in the dark hours before dawn.
Two months later, the convoys abruptly stopped. But not before the makeshift dump’s surface had been camouflaged with dirt and mulch — much of which has since blown away, revealing a 30-foot-deep noxious stew of chopped-up concrete, 8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 2/14 plastic tampon applicators, faded plastic children’s toys, toothbrushes, syringes, empty caulking tubes, two-by-fours, faded books, weathered Styrofoam pipe insulation, plastic bucket tops and more.
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Across the Antelope Valley, waste trucks are hauling garbage in from the Greater Los Angeles area and Central Valley towns such as Bakersfield, and then dumping it at makeshift sites. Letters, bills and envelopes visible at several of these waste sites in April showed addresses in Pacoima, Los Angeles and Van Nuys, among other cities. “Illegal dumping has been a problem in the Antelope Valley for decades,” said Chuck Bostwick, a senior field deputy for Los Angeles County Supervisor Kathryn Barger, 8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 3/14 who represents much of the area. “But it’s gotten worse in the last two or three years, markedly worse.”
In some cases, such as the site behind Eller’s home, the waste sites are flat-out unauthorized. No landowner has given permission to dump at the site, and the waste consists of construction, household and medical debris.
But in others cases, the waste-haulers have the landowners’ permission to dump — but are disposing waste that should be going to landfills equipped to handle household and industrial waste, lawsuits claim.
In one lawsuit filed in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles, residents claim that major residential waste-hauling companies including Athens Services, California Waste Services and Universal Waste Systems are dumping hazardous substances without authorization.
The suit claims these companies are disguising the construction and demolition debris as “green waste by unlawfully covering this waste with highly flammable wood chips and other organic waste.”
Eric Casper, the president of California Waste Services, said in an email that his company has “never engaged in dumping waste of any kind, at any time, in the Antelope Valley — legal or illegal. Nor anywhere else.” 8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 4/14
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Athens Services also denied any illegal dumping, saying in a statement that California’s organics recycling law “encourages sending compostable material to third parties such as farmers and other property owners for beneficial use. This is the material that Athens Services produces and distributes.” Universal Waste Systems and other companies named in the suit didn’t respond to requests for comment, nor have they filed responses to the federal suit.
Residents say there are more than 100 dump sites scattered throughout the valley — from Lake Los Angeles to the Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve and north to Mojave — that they contend are unauthorized.
8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 5/14 Some of these sites cover hundreds of acres and extend dozens of feet deep. And residents worry that what they can see — from the roads or their homes — is just the tip of a malodorous and malignant iceberg, and that there are probably dozens more they haven’t yet identified.
They complain they are plagued by the toxic, sour and rotten-egg like smells emanating from the discarded trash that cooks in the hot sun and then wafts across their properties.
They also note that the flammable mulch and other materials in the dump, combined with a broiling desert sun, makes for an acute fire risk.
Between 2020 and 2024, the Los Angeles County Fire Department responded to 42 mulch or trash-related fires in the Antelope Valley, ranging from a quarter-acre to 22 acres, ultimately costing taxpayers roughly $1.6 million to extinguish, according to Los Angeles County documents.
Ashley Mroz, who lives in the Antelope Valley community of Neenach, said a mulchcovered dump site spontaneously combusted near her home last summer. “It had been smoldering for days and days,” said Mroz, one of the plaintiffs in the federal court suit. “We could not even go outside. The smell was so horrific.” 8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 6/14
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And the scourge has spread beyond the dump sites: Shredded plastic debris can be seen hanging from roadside Joshua trees and creosote bushes. While a midday view across the arid landscape reveals a sea of glimmering, reflective glass shards, like the tips of cresting waves over a vast, brown ocean.
According to Antelope Valley residents and the federal suit, property owners in some cases have given permission — and received payments for — waste to be dumped on their land. Not only do these sites pose a nuisance to the neighbors who live adjacent to or near them, in some cases the material being dumped includes industrial and household waste that can leach into the groundwater.
In its statement, Athens pointed out that property owners sometimes give permission to accept material from multiple waste companies.
8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 7/14 “To the extent there are any instances of noncompliant material, we are confident the evidence will demonstrate that it came from another source,” Athens said.
On a blustery day in April in the high desert town of Adelanto, local residents watched as two dump trucks offloaded their waste into a San Bernardino countycertified organic waste dump site that is surrounded by eight- to 10-foot high berms of mulch-like waste laced with shredded plastic, insulated wires and chopped-up, plastic children’s toys.
Through a break in the berm, the residents could see that the ground around the recently dumped haul glittered in the sunlight with broken glass, while stalks of what appeared to be insulated wires and rigid plastic stood sentry across the 138-acre expanse.
Two men sitting in a silver GMC pickup truck who were watching the disposal drove over to the gawking residents.
When the residents asked who they were and what the trucks were dumping, the men declined to answer and referred questions to the owner of the property, which The Times later determined to be Kevin Sutton, the owner of a company called Circle Green Inc. Sutton didn’t respond to requests for comment.
As neighbors and a Times reporter and photographer drove away from the site, the silver pickup followed for several miles, tailgating and swerving erratically. The truck turned around only when the small caravan came across a handful of heavily armed California Fish and Game law enforcement agents parked alongside the road. “It’s the Wild West out here,” said Kristina Brown, a Lancaster property owner who is a party to the federal suit.
8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 8/14
The Antelope Valley’s proximity to Los Angeles and its vast stretches of wild desert make it a prime target for unauthorized dumping.
Sitting at roughly 3,000 feet above sea level, and surrounded by the Tehachapi, Sierra Pelona and San Gabriel mountains, the valley is also divided by jurisdiction — with Los Angeles, Kern and San Bernardino counties all claiming some territory. “For decades, our illegal dumping was small-time stuff,” said Bostwick, Supervisor Barger’s field deputy. “It was somebody who had a sofa they couldn’t be bothered to take to the dump or they didn’t want to pay, so they dumped it out in the desert.
There was commercial dumping then, but it was small time as well.” But then the state’s waste laws changed, he said.
Starting in 1989, California began requiring municipalities to divert 50% of their waste away from landfill and toward more sustainable waste management solutions, such as recycling and compost. And as Bostwick noted, the vast open spaces of the Antelope Valley beckoned.
In 2022, lawmakers implemented Senate Bill 1383, which initially mandated the diversion of 50% of all food and organic waste away from landfills, but increased to 75% on Jan. 1, 2025. Another 2020 law closed a loophole that had allowed waste companies to dump green waste in landfill, but not have it counted against them. As a result, the need for dumping grounds increased again.
Cities, counties and towns that fail to meet the diversion rates risk fines of up to $10,000 a day.
8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 9/14
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Residents, lawmakers and experts say while the spirit of these laws is noble, in many areas of the state, the infrastructure to handle the diverted waste is lacking — especially in Southern California, where there is not nearly enough farmland or water to handle the increased volumes of green waste leaving the region’s cities and suburbs.
As a result, waste companies and haulers — trying to keep costs down and maintain city contracts — are tempted to dump the waste wherever they can, while local governments are reluctant to crack down on violations, Bostwick said. 8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 10/14 State regulations have made “disposal much more expensive and hard to deal with, and so that’s increased the financial incentives for companies or individuals to just dump illegally,” he said.
There’s also very little enforcement.
According to Los Angeles County data, while taxpayers spent roughly $1.3 million between 2017 and 2018 to mitigate illegal waste disposal in the region, that number jumped nearly fourfold in 2022-2023, when taxpayers had to foot $4.46 million to mitigate the problem.
At the same time, the number of cases filed with the Environmental Crimes Division of the district attorney’s office decreased from 15 in 2019 to three in 2023.
In February, CalRecycle, the state’s waste agency, finalized emergency orders they say should empower local law enforcement agencies to stop the illegal disposal. Previous regulations only allowed for action against the owner of land where the disposal was occurring. The new orders allow enforcement officials to target parties that are dumping the materials and the facilities that provided the material.
The orders came after officials from the state agency came to visit the area in October 2024 — prodded by Brown, Mroz and other local residents, many of whom have spent years calling state and local officials about the problem.
Enforcement of these orders, however, is the responsibility of the county, said Lance Klug, a spokesman for the state waste agency.
“Local enforcement agencies can best speak to their enforcement actions to date, and any anticipated next steps, now that emergency regulations are in effect,” he said. 8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 11/14 The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors adopted a measure last year requiring mulch suppliers to take back any contaminated or illegal waste dumped on private land. The measure, which was sponsored by Barger, also directed county agencies to require “stringent record keeping for all land application operations regarding the origin of all incoming loads and testing results from all mulch suppliers.” County officials couldn’t immediately provide numbers recently when asked how many enforcement actions had been taken.
“There’s literally no enforcement,” said Brown, who worries that the situation is only going to get worse.
Last month, Eller was riding his dirt bike when he stumbled upon a 60-acre expanse of freshly dumped construction debris, medical waste and compost on a plot of land miles away from any major road.
The tire marks from dump trucks hadn’t yet been blown away by the incessant gales of the high desert. No fences or berms were erected to contain the site, making it impossible to see from the road or along the horizon.
He said it feels like they are living in a real-life game of whack-a-mole: As soon as he and his neighbors identify and report one site, the haulers move onto another.
And they say they feel abandoned by regulators, who they say are doing nothing to stop it.
“It feels like we’re screaming into the wind,” Brown said.
More to Read
8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 12/14 Susanne Rust
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Myung J. Chun has been a photographer with the Los Angeles Times since 1999. He started as a still photographer and then moved to videography from 2007 to 2018.
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8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 13/14
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8/29/25, 4:03 PM Antelope Valley residents say they are fed up with rampant dumping, official inaction - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2025-05-11/illegal-dumping-in-antelope-valley 14/14 8/29/25, 4:00 PM Diapers, concrete and acres of construction debris — how illegal dumping in the desert got so bad | LAist https://laist.com/news/climate-environment/waste-dumping-antelope-valley-high-desert 1/37 8/29/25, 4:00 PM Diapers, concrete and acres of construction debris — how illegal dumping in the desert got so bad | LAist https://laist.com/news/climate-environment/waste-dumping-antelope-valley-high-desert 2/37 Ad removed. Details
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Angelenos are optimistic we’ll dig our
way out
8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 1/10 t doesn’t take an awful lot of investigating to see that we’re swimming in an ocean of waste: There are the maxed-out landfills, illegal trash dumping in the desert, choked-up rivers, strangled sea turtles and skyrocketing trash collection fees.
But there’s disagreement about what it portends about our future relationship with waste.
Los Angeles knows how to weather a crisis — or
two or three. Angelenos are tapping into that
resilience, striving to build a city for everyone.
Many in the waste and environmental space believe the current situation is so untenable that strict anti-plastic and waste laws will soon be implemented — and we’ll have less persistent waste. Others, however, are more cynical, and point to a slew of economic, production, marketing, judicial and policy indicators that suggest things are likely only to get worse.
By the time 2050 rolls around, “great swaths of California land will have become sacrifice zones contaminated with microplastics and toxic chemicals from uncontrolled dumping of organics with high levels of plastics, synthetic textile and other nonorganic contamination,” said Jan Dell, president and founder of the Laguna 8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 2/10 Beach-based nonprofit Last Beach Cleanup. “Some residences and neighborhoods will be declared uninhabitable.”
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She noted the rampant dumping that’s already happening in the Antelope Valley, and suggested that even if the state’s landmark plastic legislation is implemented in a way that legislators intended — which includes a requirement that would reduce the amount of single-use plastic sold and distributed in the state — “CalRecycle will never make [it] ... work. They can’t even effectively ban foam cups.” She and others, including Susan Keefe of Beyond Plastics, another nonprofit, said the plastic and packaging industries have invested too much in ramping up plastic production to allow legislation or bans to stop them. And consumers have become so 8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 3/10 accustomed to the convenience of single-use plastic that change is unlikely to happen without a push from the government.
“It’s hard to be super positive when you see how much waste we generate,” said Keefe, Beyond Plastic’s Southern California director. “I think that we’re going to see more illegal dumping, more waste incineration plants built, and we’ll run out of landfills. If we continue on the trajectory that we’re on, I don’t see how we’re not going to be swimming in it.”
Should bioplastics be counted as compost? Debate pits farmers against manufacturers
But others, including several waste experts and community organizers across the Los Angeles region, say change is afoot. And by the time 2050 rolls around, we’ll all have adopted new, less polluting, ways of consuming and discarding products.
There are no data or widespread evidence to back up these claims; just hope, determination and a few small-scale examples in which community-organized composting and educational outreach campaigns — with help from groups such as LA Compost and Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy, or LAANE — appeared to have taken hold and made local change.
“By 2050 we’ll be in a completely new paradigm,” said Ryan Jackson, executive director of LA Compost — a composting advocacy organization — and former director of the city’s Department of Public Works. “We’ll be in a resource recovery model, where nothing’s wasted, and we’ll be enjoying a circular economy. ... It feels dramatic, but from what we’ve seen up close with our organization, it’s very much possible.” 8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 4/10 Jackson sees the shift as one driven organically by neighborhoods and communities that have had an opportunity to see how they could live differently. Members of his organization, which has worked in schools, community gardens and farmers markets from Long Beach to Calabasas, say they’ve witnessed positive shifts in behavior and attitudes when community compost hubs have been established.
But, along with others, he says that government needs to play a role, too.
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“We’re looking at a future [in 2050] where we think the city will be in a much better place because RecycLA will have been in effect for 30 years,” said Victor Sanchez, the executive director of Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy, or LAANE. 8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 5/10 RecycLA is a 2017 Los Angeles-based recycling program, which — in a public partnership with private waste hauling companies — promotes recycling and requires the diversion of waste material from landfills on an escalating basis. Its primary purpose is to get L.A. closer to “zero waste” — a plan adopted by the county’s supervisors in 2022, which lays out a framework designed to reduce the use of landfills, maximize the use of natural resources and recover materials for beneficial use or reuse.
The idea behind it is to create a circular economy, in which products and packages are designed and manufactured with materials that can be reused, composted or recycled.
So far, the law has been met with mixed success. Diversion from landfill has increased, but so too has a surge of illegal waste dumping in the Antelope Valley suggesting the law may be having some unintended consequences. Critics point to a dearth of recycling and composting infrastructure in the city and county as part of the problem.
There has also been trouble at the state level.
In 2022, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed Senate Bill 54, which requires that product and packaging manufacturers maintain financial responsibility for their products from beginning to end — theoretically incentivizing companies to produce items that won’t contribute to a glut of waste.
Want to understand CalRecycle’s chemical recycling rules? You’ll need to pay
Specifically, the law requires that by 2032, plastic and packaging companies reduce single-use plastic packaging by 25% from 2025 levels. It also requires that the 8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 6/10 remainder of single-use plastic packaging and foodware items still being sold and marketed are 100% compostable or recyclable. In addition, packaging producers will have to bear the costs of their products’ end-life (whether via recycling, composting, landfill or export) and figure out how to make it happen — removing that costly burden from consumers and local governments.
Newsom’s administration has since backtracked on regulations that would have helped to achieve these goals, and instead has written new draft regulations that critics contend are industry-friendly and watered down.
Despite these regulatory failures, and an acknowledgment that “capital” and corporate interests have a knack for influencing the implementation of laws and for finding loopholes in legislation — such as the time California banned plastic bags at retail stores, only to discover they’d created an exception for thicker “reusable” plastic bags, and plastic bag waste actually increased — there is reason to hope, said Sanchez.
Yes, there have been some short-term failures, he said, but “that’s going to happen when you overhaul an entire system, right?”
He said he has seen “beacons of hope” in his work with communities where people are “breathing the air ... dealing with the smell and constant pollution,” of nearby landfill and waste sites. He said these communities know the risks, dangers and destructive consequences of our current waste system. And in many cases, they are successfully fighting for change — by pushing to shut down polluted landfills and mobilizing workers in these systems to demand fair compensation and safe working conditions.
“The challenge that’s upon us is to build more shared ownership and awareness around waste. We have to make the case as to why it’s important to invest in a system 8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 7/10 that works, because, at the end of the day, it’s about investing in ourselves. It’s really existential,” he said.
Even representatives from the city’s private waste industry are hopeful — despite being on the wrong side of a lawsuit suggesting many of them are delivering unpermitted waste to the Antelope Valley.
A lawsuit filed this year in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles by Antelope Valley residents claims that waste-hauling companies including Athens Services and California Waste Services are dumping hazardous substances without authorization, which the companies deny. Athens noted that the law encourages the distribution of compostable material to “farmers and other property owners for beneficial use.” Jessica Aldridge, director of sustainability and zero waste services at Athens Services, an L.A.-based waste hauling company, was not in a position to answer questions about the lawsuit, but said her company is optimistic about what “the environmental community, social justice and waste communities are trying to achieve.” She agreed with Sanchez that while there may be some temporary political and regulatory setbacks, California lawmakers “have a positive goal in mind, and they’re setting up the regulations and the infrastructure” in pursuit of a cleaner environment and a more circular economy.
But Keefe, the Beyond Plastics advocate, says all this hope for circular economy laws and small community action is misplaced, that we’re not going to make a dent in waste generation as long as single-use plastic manufacturers produce and sell their products.
“Plastic recycling is a myth,” she said, pointing to the abysmally low amount of plastic that is actually recycled, as well as the lawsuit that California’s attorney general filed last year against ExxonMobil. The suit alleges that the fossil-fuel company knowingly 8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 8/10 Susanne Rust
Susanne Rust is an award-winning investigative reporter specializing in environmental issues. She is based in the Bay Area.
deceived the public about plastic recycling for years, leading to the plastic pollution crisis we are facing today.
“Until we stop focusing on plastic recycling, we’re never going to get there,” said Keefe.
More to Read
How might you reconfigure L.A. so it’s a sustainable home for everyone?
Malaysia no longer takes U.S. plastic waste, creating a dilemma for California
Plastic bag bans seem to work, at least when it comes to shoreline pollution
8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A law… 9/10
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8/29/25, 5:10 PM Despite record amounts of trash, Angelenos are optimistic we'll dig our way out - Los Angeles Times https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2025-08-10/despite-records-amount-of-trash-angelenos-are-optimistic-well-dig-our-way-out#:~:text=A la… 10/10
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
G.I. INDUSTRIES,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
CITY OF THOUSAND OAKS et
al.,
Defendants and Respondents;
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES,
INC.,
Real Party in Interest.
2d Civ. No. B317201
(Super. Ct. No. 56-2021-
00554581-CU-WM-VTA)
(Ventura County)
The Ralph M. Brown Act (Brown Act), (Gov. Code,1 § 54950, et seq.) requires public agencies to conduct their business in the open with adequate notice to the public. Here, a local agency found that a project is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Pub. Resources Code § 21000, et seq.). 1 All further references are to the Government Code unless otherwise indicated.
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2 Section 54954.2 of the Brown Act, requires this CEQA
finding of exemption to be listed on the agency’s agenda for its public meeting. It was not. The trial court erred when it entered judgment after sustaining demurrers without leave to amend brought by a local agency and the real party in interest. We reverse.
FACTS
G.I. Industries,2 doing business as Waste Management
(WM), provided solid waste management for the City of Thousand Oaks (City).
The City was considering entering into a new exclusive
solid waste franchise agreement with Arakelian Enterprises, Inc. doing business as Athens Services (Athens). The agreement is for a 15-year term beginning January 1, 2022, and ending December 31, 2036.
On March 4, 2021, the City posted an agenda for a regular meeting of the City council to be held on March 9, 2021. An item on the agenda stated that the City would consider awarding the franchise agreement to Athens, along with a note that the City’s staff recommended approval. One item was not listed on the City’s agenda, that the City would also consider whether the agreement is exempt from CEQA. Nor did the agenda include the City staff’s recommendation that the City find the agreement to be categorically exempt.
On March 5, 2021, WM submitted a comment letter to the
City raising WM’s concern that the City had not considered potentially adverse environmental impacts if the new franchise agreement were approved.
2 We deny appellant’s request for judicial notice filed February 16, 2022.
3 It was not until 3:30 p.m. on March 9, 2021, the day of the City council meeting, that a supplemental item was posted giving notice of the staff’s recommendation that the City find the agreement to be exempt from CEQA. The posting included a supplemental information packet with the City staff’s
recommendation for the exemptions. The staff found the
franchise award to be categorically exempt pursuant to the CEQA Guidelines3 under the “existing facilities” and “actions by regulatory agencies for the protection of the environment” exemptions. (Guidelines, §§ 15301, 15308.) The staff also found the franchise award exempt under the so-called “common-sense” exemption. (Id., § 15061 (b)(3).)
City Council Meeting
During the council meeting representatives of Athens
stated that the vehicle and hauling yard for the project might be located in Santa Paula, Sun Valley or “other options.” The staff report did not consider the potential impacts of the use of the alternative sites which also involve trucks hauling trash throughout the City.
The City attorney stated, “There’s been a lot of questions raised about the environmental impacts of this.” Nevertheless, the City attorney recommended adopting the staff’s finding of CEQA exemptions.
A council member moved to approve the Athens franchise
agreement. The mayor suggested the council member include in the motion a finding that the project is exempt from CEQA. The council member agreed. The City council adopted the motion as amended to include the CEQA exemptions. The minutes of the 3 All references to Guidelines are references to title 14 of the California Code of Regulations, section 15000 et seq. 4 meeting reflect separate actions by the council in approving the agreement and in finding it exempt from CEQA. The City then filed a notice of exemption with the county clerk on March 15, 2021.
Cure and Correct Letter
As required by section 54960.1, subdivision (b), prior to the commencement of litigation under the Brown Act, WM sent the City a “cure and correct” letter. The letter stated in part:
“The City Council violated the Brown Act on March 9, 2021 by voting to adopt a Notice of Exemption (NOE) pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Pub. Resources Code, § 21000 et seq.) prior to adopting the Franchise Agreement and without adequate notice to the public as a part of the posted agenda for the meeting.
“The Brown Act requires a posted agenda to include a
description of each item of business to be considered at a legislative body’s meeting at least 72-hours prior to the meeting. (Gov. Code, § 54954.2, subd. (a)(1).)”
The City did not respond to the letter within 30 days, which is deemed a decision not to cure or correct the challenged action. (§ 54960.1, subd. (c)(3).)
Procedure
WM petitioned the trial court for a writ of mandate
directing the City to vacate both its approval of the franchise agreement and its finding that the project is exempt from CEQA.
Athens was joined as the real party in interest. The petition alleged that the City violated section 54954.2 of the Brown Act by voting to adopt the CEQA exemptions without including CEQA exemptions as an agenda item at least 72 hours prior to the City council meeting.
5 The City and Athens demurred to the complaint. The trial court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend. The court agreed with WM that the CEQA exemption is an item of business separate from approval of the franchise agreement. The court also concluded that because CEQA does not require a public hearing for an exemption determination, the Brown Act does not apply.
DISCUSSION
I.
Standard of Review
The function of a demurrer is to test whether, as a matter of law, the facts alleged in the complaint state of a cause of action under any legal theory. (Intengan v. BAC Home Loans Servicing LP (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1047, 1052.) We assume the truth of all facts properly pleaded, as well as facts of which the trial court properly took judicial notice. (Ibid.) But we do not assume the truth of contentions, deductions, or conclusions of law. (Ibid.) Our review of the trial court’s decision is de novo.
We review the trial court’s decision to allow an amendment to the complaint for an abuse of discretion. (Fontenot v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 256, 273-274, overruled on other grounds by Yvanova v. New Century Mortgage Corp. (2016) 62 Cal.4th 919, 199.) Where there is no reasonable possibility that plaintiff can cure the defect with an amendment, sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend is not an abuse of discretion. (Id. at p. 274.)
6 II.
Statutory Background
(a) Brown Act
The Brown Act begins with a declaration of purpose: “In enacting this chapter, the Legislature finds and declares that the public commissions, boards and councils and the other public agencies in this State exist to aid in the conduct of the People’s business. It is the intent of the law that their actions be taken openly and that their deliberations be conducted openly.” (§ 54950.)
To effectuate this purpose, section 54954.2, subdivision (a)(1) provides in part: “At least 72 hours before a regular meeting, the legislative body of the local agency, or its designee, shall post an agenda containing a brief general description of each item of business to be transacted or discussed at the meeting, including items to be discussed in closed session.” The public has the right to address the local agency.
Section 54954.3, subdivision (a) provides in part: “Every agenda for regular meetings shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to directly address the legislative body on any item of interest to the public, before or during the legislative body’s consideration of the item, that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body, provided that no action shall be taken on any item not appearing on the agenda.”
Any interested person may petition the court for the
purpose of obtaining a judicial determination that an act taken in violation of section 54954.2 is null and void. (§ 54960.1, subd. (a).)
7 The Brown Act is supported by the California Constitution.
Article 1, section 3, subdivision (b), paragraphs (1) and (2) of the California Constitution provide in part:
“(1) The People have the right of access to information concerning the conduct of the People’s business, and, therefore, the meetings of public bodies and writings of public officials and agencies shall be open to public scrutiny.
“(2) A statute, court rule, or other authority, including those in effect on the effective date of this subdivision, shall be broadly construed if it furthers the People’s right of access, and narrowly construed if it limits the right of access.”
(b) CEQA
The first step in an environmental analysis is to determine whether an activity qualifies as a “project” within the meaning of CEQA. Not everything a local agency does is a project subject to CEQA. CEQA generally applies “to discretionary projects proposed to be carried out or approved by public agencies.” (Pub.
Resources Code, § 21080, subd. (a).) That includes an activity that is supported through public agency contracts, grants, subsidies, loans or other forms of assistance, which activity may cause a physical change to the environment. (Guidelines, § 15378 (a)(2).) It is undisputed that the contract at issue here qualifies as a project within the meaning of CEQA.
If an activity is determined to be a project, the next phase of inquiry is to determine whether the project is exempt from CEQA. Our Legislature has created a number of statutory exemptions (Pub. Resources Code, § 21080, subd. (b)) and has directed the Secretary of the Natural Resources to create further exemptions for projects that have been determined not to have a significant impact on the environment (id., § 21084, subd. (a); see 8 Guidelines, § 15300, et seq.) Exemptions created by such regulations are called “categorical exemptions.” (Guidelines, § 15354.) In addition to statutory and categorical exemptions, there is a “common sense” exemption, “[w]here it can be seen with certainty that there is no possibility that the activity in question may have a significant effect on the environment.” (Id., § 15061 (b)(3).)
Where a project is found to be exempt from CEQA, no
further environmental review is necessary. (Muzzy Ranch Co. v.
Solano County Airport Land Use Com. (2007) 41 Cal.4th 372, 380.) If a project is not exempt, environmental review must proceed. (Id. at pp. 380-381.)
III.
The Brown Act Applies
The factual allegations of WM’s petition are sufficient to state a cause of action.
By its terms the Brown Act applies to the City’s
determination that the Athen’s project is exempt from CEQA.
That determination was an item of business transacted at a regular meeting of a local legislative body. (§ 54954.2, subd. (a).) WM alleges it did not receive the appropriate agenda notice, and was thus deprived of a meaningful opportunity to be heard.
In San Joaquin Raptor Rescue Center v. County of Merced (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 1167 (San Joaquin Raptor), the county’s planning commission listed the approval, disapproval, or modification of a subdivision application as an agenda item. The agenda did not mention that the commission would be
considering the adoption of a mitigated negative declaration (MND) under CEQA. The commission approved the subdivision application, and, by separate motion, adopted the MND.
9 San Joaquin Raptor Rescue objected that the commission’s agenda did not provide the required notice that an MND
determination would be made. The trial court found a violation of the Brown Act. The Court of Appeal agreed. The Court of Appeal stated:
“The Brown Act clearly and unambiguously states that an agenda shall describe ‘each item of business to be transacted or discussed’ at the meeting. (§ 54954.2, subd. (a)(1), italics added.) Here, the Commission failed to disclose in its agenda that it would be considering the adoption of the MND at its October 14, 2009, meeting. The adoption of the MND was plainly a distinct item of business, and not a mere component of project approval, since it (1) involved a separate action or determination by the Commission and (2) concerned discrete, significant issues of CEQA compliance and the project’s environmental impact. As an individual item of business, it had to be expressly disclosed on the agenda; it was not sufficient for the agenda to merely reference the project in general. Because the commission discussed and adopted the MND at its October 14, 2009, meeting even though that matter was not set forth on the meeting agenda, it violated the Brown Act.” (San Joaquin Raptor, supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1176-1177, fns. omitted.)
The City4 argues that its adoption of the CEQA exemption was a component of the agenda item awarding the franchise agreement to Athens. But San Joaquin Raptor rejected that argument. The CEQA exemption involved a separate action or determination by the City and concerned discrete significant issues of CEQA compliance. Here the trial court agreed that the 4 All further references to the “City,” includes Athens, unless the content indicates otherwise.
10 CEQA exemption was a separate item of business. It follows that the City violated the Brown Act by adopting the exemption without having listed it as an item on its agenda for at least 72 hours.
The City attempts to distinguish San Joaquin Raptor on
the ground that it involved an MND and not a CEQA exemption.
It is true an MND involves an assessment of the environmental impacts of a project, whereas an exemption is a determination that CEQA does not apply. But for the purposes of the Brown Act, it is a distinction without a difference. Members of the public are just as entitled to have notice of and an opportunity to participate in a local agency’s determination that a CEQA exemption applies as they are to the agency’s determination that an MND should be issued.
We are required by the California Constitution to broadly construe the Brown Act to further the People’s right to access to the conduct of the People’s business. (Cal. Const., art. 1, § 3, subd. (b)(1)(2).) We would be remiss in that duty if we narrowly interpreted the Brown Act to apply to a determination that an MND is appropriate but not a determination that a project is exempt from CEQA, both are aspects of the People’s business.
The City relies on a line of cases that hold CEQA does not require a public hearing for a determination that a project is exempt. (See, e.g., San Lorenzo Valley Community Advocates for Responsible Education v. San Lorenzo Valley Unified School Dist. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 1356, 1385.) The cases discuss only CEQA. They do not discuss whether the Brown Act applies. A case is not authority for issues it does not consider. (Contra Costa Water Dist. v. Bar-C Properties (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 652, 660.)
11 Moreover, the Brown Act as applied to a CEQA exemption does not require a formal public hearing where the findings must be supported by substantial evidence. All the Brown Act requires is that the exemption be placed on the meeting agenda and an opportunity for the public to comment.
The City cites no language in CEQA that precludes the
application of the Brown Act. In fact, our Supreme Court has stated that members of the public hold a ‘“privileged position” . . . in the CEQA process based on a belief that ‘citizens can make important contributions to environmental protection and on notions of democratic decision-making.”’ (Concerned Citizens of Costa Mesa, Inc. v. 32nd Dist. Agricultural Assn. (1986) 42 Cal.3d 929, 936, quoting Selmi, The Judicial Development of the California Environmental Quality Act (1984) 18 U.C. Davis L.Rev. 197, 215-216) That is entirely consistent with the application of the Brown Act to the CEQA process.
A finding that a project is exempt from CEQA is not a
minor matter. Such a finding forecloses any analysis of the project’s environmental impact. (See Muzzy Ranch Co. v. Solano County Airport Land Use Com., supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 380.) A finding of an exemption is as least as important to environmental protection as an MND.
The City argues that applying the Brown Act to a CEQA
exemption will place an intolerable burden on local agencies. It posits that it would require basic administrative decisions such as the purchase of paperclips to be “agendized.”
But the section of the Brown Act on which WM relies
applies only to an item of business transacted or discussed at a regular meeting of the legislative body of a local agency. (§ 54954.2, subd. (a)(1).) The vast majority of the City’s day-to- 12 day business is not transacted or discussed at a regular meeting of a legislative body. But if a local legislative body intends to vote on or discuss a CEQA exemption at a regular meeting, it will require minimal effort to include it as an agenda item. For a CEQA exemption to apply, the activity must qualify as a “project” under CEQA. Most of the City’s activities would not qualify as a project because they have no potential environmental effect. (See Guidelines, § 15378(a).) Our decision will not unduly burden local public agencies.
The City argues that the City council did not vote on the exemption at the March 9, 2021, meeting. Instead, the City asserts its staff made the CEQA exemption determination long prior to the meeting.
But WM’s petition alleges that approval of the CEQA
exemption was expressly made by motion and voted on at the meeting. These are allegations of fact that we must assume are true on demurrer. (Intengan v. BAC Home Loans Servicing LP, supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 1052.)
More importantly, the lead agency has the duty to
determine whether a project qualifies for a CEQA exemption. (Guidelines, § 15061(a).) Here the City council, as the only agency involved in approving the contract, is the lead agency.
The City can delegate its duty to its staff to determine whether a CEQA exemption applies. (Guidelines, §§ 15025(a)(1), 15356.) But the delegation only goes so far. The legislative body of the local agency retains the inherent power to overrule its staff’s determination. Thus, the local agency makes the ultimate decision whether a CEQA exemption applies.
The City cannot avoid the Brown Act simply by delegating its duty to its staff. Where a local agency at a regular meeting 13 approves a project that is subject to a staff’s determination of a CEQA exemption, it must give notice of the CEQA exemption on its agenda. The addition of words to the agenda indicating the local agency is considering a project subject to staff determination of CEQA exemption will not unduly tax a local agency’s
resources.
IV.
Cure and Correct Letter
The City contends WM’s letter was inadequate.
Section 54960.1, subdivision (b) provides in part: “Prior to any action being commenced . . . the district attorney or interested person shall make a demand of the legislative body to cure and correct the action alleged to have been taken in violation of Section . . . 54954.2 The demand shall be in writing and clearly describe the challenged action of the legislative body and nature of the alleged violation.”
Here WM’s letter informed the City that it violated section 54954.2 by considering the CEQA exemption without describing the action in the agenda for at least 72-hours prior to the meeting. The letter clearly described the challenged action of the legislative body and the nature of the alleged violation. WM’s petition alleges the City failed to respond in any way. Notably the City did not ask for clarification or further details. WM’s letter substantially complied with section 54960.1, subdivision (b).
The City objects that WM’s letter states, “The City Council violated the Brown Act on March 9, 2021 by voting to adopt a Notice of Exemption (NOE) . . . prior to adopting the Franchise Agreement and without adequate notice to the public . . . .” The 14 City points out that an NOE is filed, not adopted, and it was not filed until March 15, 2021.
The purpose of section 54960.1, subdivision (b) is to give the local agency notice of an alleged violation of the Brown Act so that it can avoid litigation by curing the violation. Its purpose is not to allow a local agency to avoid the consequences of Brown Act violations by launching nit-picking technical attacks on the language used in the cure and correct letter. Whether the City council technically voted to “adopt” an NOE or when the NOE was filed is beside the point. The point is that the City council voted that the project is exempt, without the public notice required by the Brown Act. WM’s cure and correct letter adequately stated that point.
V.
Remedy
The City contends the proper remedy for a Brown Act
violation is to void the CEQA determination, not the franchise agreement.
But our task on reviewing the sustaining of a demurrer is to determine whether petitioner stated a cause of action that entitles it to any remedy. (Highlanders, Inc. v. Olsan (1978) 77 Cal.App.3d 690, 697.) WM has shown that it is at least entitled to have the CEQA exemption determination declared void. We need not determine now whether it is entitled to any other relief.
We leave it to the trial court to fashion the appropriate remedy in the first instance should WM prove its case.
15 DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. Costs are awarded to appellant.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.
GILBERT, P. J.
We concur:
PERREN, J.*
BALTODANO, J.
* Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
16 Ronda J. McKaig, Judge
Superior Court County of Ventura
______________________________
Remy Moose Manley, James G. Moose, Andrea K. Leisy,
Nathan O. George; Law Offices of Joel Franklin and Joel Franklin for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Colantuono, Highsmith & Whatley, Holley O. Whatley,
Carmen A. Brock, for Defendants and Respondents.
Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, Benjamin G. Shatz, Viral
Mehta, Sigrid R. Waggener, Jennifer Lynch, for Real Party in Interest.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
G.I. INDUSTRIES,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
CITY OF THOUSAND OAKS et
al.,
Defendants and Respondents;
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES,
INC.,
Real Party in Interest.
2d Civ. No. B317201
(Super. Ct. No. 56-2021-
00554581-CU-WM-VTA)
(Ventura County)
ORDER MODIFYING
OPINION AND DENYING
REHEARING
[No Change in Judgment]
THE COURT:
It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on October 26, 2022, be modified as follows:
1. On page 2, the first full paragraph, the following
sentence is inserted after the second sentence: “This is something local residents would want to know.”
2. On page 7, the last sentence of the first full paragraph under “(b) CEQA” reading “It is undisputed that the contract at &28572)$33($/²6(&21'',67
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issue here qualifies as a project within the meaning of CEQA” is eliminated.
3. On page 12, the first sentence of the second full
paragraph is amended to read, “But WM’s petition alleges that a finding of a CEQA exemption was expressly made by motion and voted on at the meeting.”
4. On page 12, the second sentence of the third full
paragraph, the word “council” is deleted so the sentence reads, “Here the City, as the only agency involved in approving the contract, is the lead agency.”
5. On page 14, the second sentence in the second
paragraph under “Remedy” is amended to read, “WM has alleged sufficient facts that if proven would at least entitle it to have the CEQA exemption determination declared void.”
6. On page 14, the third sentence in the second paragraph under “Remedy” is amended to read, “We need not determine now whether it may be entitled to any other relief.”
There is no change in the judgment.
Respondent City of Thousand Oaks, and Real Party in
Interest Arakelian Enterprises’ petitions for rehearing are denied.
____________________________________________________________ GILBERT, P.J. PERREN, J.* BALTODANO, J.
* Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
G.I. INDUSTRIES,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
CITY OF THOUSAND OAKS
et al.,
Defendant and Respondent;
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES,
INC.,
Real Party in Interest.
2d Civ. No. B337103
(Super. Ct. No. 56-2021-
00554581-CU-WM-VTA)
(Ventura County)
A city violated the Brown Act (Gov. Code,1 § 54950 et seq.).
It found that a franchise agreement is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Pub. Res. Code, § 21000 et 1 All statutory references are to the Government Code
unless stated otherwise.
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2 seq.). But it did not give adequate public notice. The trial court found that under an exception in the Brown Act, the city’s action is not null and void, and that the Brown Act violation was not prejudicial. We reverse on both grounds and conclude the city’s action, finding the franchise agreement exempt from CEQA, is null and void.
FACTS
G.I. Industries, doing business as Waste Management
(WM), provided solid waste management for the City of Thousand Oaks (City).
The City was considering entering into a new exclusive
solid waste franchise agreement with ArakelianEnterprises, Inc., doing business as Athens Services (Athens). The franchise agreement was for a 15-year term beginning January 1, 2022, and ending December 31, 2036 (the franchise agreement).
On March 4, 2021, the City posted an agenda for a regular meeting of the City council to be held on March 9, 2021. An item on the agenda stated that the City would consider awarding the franchise agreement to Athens, along with a note that the City’s staff recommended approval. One item that was not listed on the City’s agenda was that the City would also consider whether the franchise agreement is exempt from CEQA. Nor did the agenda include the City staff’s recommendation that the City find the franchise agreement to be categorically exempt.
On March 5, 2021, WM submitted a comment letter to the
City raising WM’s concern that the City had not considered potentially adverse environmental impacts if the new franchise agreement were approved.
It was not until 3:30 p.m. on March 9, 2021, the day of the City council meeting, that a supplemental item was posted giving 3 notice of the staff’s recommendation that the City find the franchise agreement to be exempt from CEQA. The posting included a supplemental information packet with the City staff’s recommendation for the exemptions. The staff found the
franchise award to be categorically exempt pursuant to the Code of Regulations, title 14, section 15000 et seq. under the “existing facilities” and “actions by regulatory agencies for the protection of the environment” exemptions. (Id., §§ 15301, 15308.) The staff also found the franchise agreement exempt under the so-called “common sense” exemption. (Id., § 15061, subd. (b)(3).) At the March 9, 2021, City council meeting, the City
approved the franchise agreement and found it was exempt from CEQA. On April 8, 2021, WM sent the City a “cure or correct” letter pursuant to section 54960.1, subdivision (b), objecting to the CEQA exemption decision without 72 hours’ notice as required by section 54954.2 of the Brown Act. The City elected not to cure or correct the challenged action.
Petition for Writ of Mandate
WM petitioned the trial court for a writ of mandate
directing the City to vacate both its approval of the franchise agreement and its finding that it is exempt from CEQA. Athens was joined as the real party in interest. The petition alleged that the City violated section 54954.2 of the Brown Act by voting to adopt the CEQA exemptions as an agenda item at least 72 hours prior to the City council meeting.
The City and Athens demurred to the complaint. The trial court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend. The court agreed with WM that the CEQA exemption is an item of business separate from approval of the franchise agreement. The court however, also concluded, that because CEQA does not require a 4 public hearing for an exemption determination, the Brown Act does not apply.
First Appeal
On WM’s first appeal, we reversed the judgment. We held that WM’s petition alleged facts sufficient to show the City violated the Brown Act, section 54954.2, subdivision (a)(1) by considering a CEQA exemption without a 72-hour agenda notice.
We also held that WM’s “cure and correct” letter substantially complied with section 54960.1, subdivision (b), requiring a demand that a legislative body cure and correct an alleged violation, prior to commencing an action. (G.I. Industries v. City of Thousand Oaks et al. (Oct. 26, 2022, B317201) opn. ordered nonpub. Feb. 15, 2023.)
Trial Court Ruling on Remand
The trial court again denied WM’s petition. The court
found that the City violated the Brown Act, but section 54960.1, subdivision (d)(3) provides an exception to nullification for actions that give rise to contracts on which a party detrimentally relied; and WM failed to show prejudice because WM and others were permitted to submit comments about the CEQA exemption and those comments were understood and considered by the City.
DISCUSSION
I. The Brown Act
The Brown Act begins with a declaration of purpose: “In enacting this chapter, the Legislature finds and declares that the public commissions, boards and councils and the other public agencies in this State exist to aid in the conduct of the People’s business. It is the intent of the law that their actions be taken openly and that their deliberations be conducted openly.” (§ 54950.)
5 To effectuate this purpose, section 54954.2, subdivision (a)(1) provides in part: “At least 72 hours before a regular meeting, the legislative body of the local agency, or its designee, shall post an agenda containing a brief general description of each item of business to be transacted or discussed at the meeting, including items to be discussed in closed session.” The public has the right to address the local agency.
Section 54954.3, subdivision (a) provides in part: “Every agenda for regular meetings shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to directly address the legislative body on any item of interest to the public, before or during the legislative body’s consideration of the item, that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body, provided that no action shall be taken on any item not appearing on the agenda. . . .” Any interested person may petition the trial court for the purpose of obtaining a judicial determination that an act taken in violation of section 54954.2 is null and void. (§ 54960.1, subd. (a).)
The Brown Act is supported by the California Constitution.
Article I, section 3, subdivision (b), paragraphs (1) and (2) of the California Constitution provide in part:
“(1) The people have the right of access to information concerning the conduct of the people’s business, and, therefore, the meetings of public bodies and writing of public officials and agencies shall be open to public scrutiny.
“(2) A statute, court rule, or other authority, including those in effect on the effective date of this subdivision, shall be broadly construed if it furthers the people’s right of access, and narrowly construed if it limits the right of access.”
6 II. Exception to Null and Void Declaration
The trial court found the City violated section 54954.2, subdivision (a) of the Brown Act by failing to post an agenda item at least 72 hours prior to the meeting at which the CEQA exemption was found.
Ordinarily such a violation would require the trial court to declare the City’s action null and void. (§ 54960.1, subd. (a).) But the court cited an exception to the null and void requirement.
Section 54960.1, subdivision (d)(3) provides that an action of a local agency shall not be declared null and void if: “The action taken gave rise to a contractual obligation, including a contract let by competitive bid . . . upon which a party has, in good faith and without notice of a challenge to the validity of the action, detrimentally relied.”
The trial court found that the exception applied, stating:
“Athens and City were contractually obliged to undertake significant tasks in order to transition waste hauling services performed by WM under the prior contract to the same services to be performed by Athens under the [franchise agreement]. A significant number of these substantial efforts occurred before April 8, 2021 [date of cure or correct letter].”
But at the March 9, 2021, City council meeting at which the CEQA exemption was passed, at least one speaker gave notice of the Brown Act violation, complete with citation to appropriate authority. The speaker said: “The City [council] should not take action to award the [franchise] agreement tonight. The Brown Act requires the City to include in its agenda the City’s proposed CEQA action prior to approving the award. [¶] In a 2013 published case entitled San Joaquin Raptor Rescue Center v. County of Merced, available at 216 Cal.App.4th 1167 7 [Merced County] was found to have violated the Brown Act for failing to include consideration of a mitigated, negative declaration as part of its public agenda. [¶] The [council’s] poised to make the same unfortunate mistake here tonight if it takes action rather than vote to continue the item.”
The City and Athens had ample notice of the precise Brown Act violation at issue here before any work had been performed in reliance on the franchise agreement. The speaker’s statement gave “notice of a challenge to the validity of the action.” (§ 54960.1, subd. (d)(3).) In fact, the speaker’s statement was itself a challenge to the validity of the action.
Moreover, WM points out that section 54960.1, subdivision (c)(1) gives a challenger 30 days in which to make a written cure and correct demand, but the trial court’s ruling rendered the statutory period for challenging the City’s action meaningless.
Athens knew or should have known a challenge could have been made at any time during the 30-day period. Athens cannot reasonably rely on any work performed prior to the expiration of that period. Accordingly, the exception under section 54960.1 does not apply.
III. Prejudice
WM contends the trial court erred in finding the City’s Brown Act violation was not prejudicial.
Here the City placed the CEQA exemption on its meeting
agenda two and one-half hours before the meeting. For all practical purposes, that is no notice. The trial court
acknowledged that one speaker requested the CEQA matter be continued. The obvious purpose for the continuance was to give speakers an opportunity to respond to the staff’s CEQA
exemption recommendation. WM was also denied the
8 opportunity to speak at the meeting. WM claims it has additional information relevant to the CEQA exemption that it was prevented from presenting because of lack of notice. WM is likely the party most knowledgeable about solid waste operations within the City. What information other potential speakers might have presented had they been given notice is unknown. The problem with basing an analysis of prejudice on information the City had is that it is impossible to tell what opposing information the City might have had if notice had been given.
The Brown Act is intended to promote the important
policies of transparency in government and public participation.
Lack of prejudice should not be easily found.
In Fowler v. City of Lafayette (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 360 (Fowler), property owners applied to the city for a permit to construct what they described as a “tennis cabaña” on their property. (Id. at p. 364.) Neighbors objected. The city’s planning commission considered the matter at four meetings prior to approving the project. The neighbors appealed to the city council.
The city council considered the matter at four additional meetings. While the appeal was pending before the city council the applicants’ attorney threatened the city with litigation if it did not approve the project. The city considered the threat of litigation in closed sessions without proper agenda notice. The neighbors were unaware of the closed session meetings until after the project was approved. The neighbors brought an action to nullify the approval on the ground that the closed sessions were not on the city council’s agenda. The Court of Appeal held the Brown Act violations harmless. The court pointed out that the action the neighbors sought to nullify was the approval, not the closed sessions. The project application was considered at four 9 open meetings at which it was extensively discussed. The court concluded there was no reasonable argument that the neighbors lacked a fair opportunity to present their case. (Id. at p. 372.) Fowler states the proper standard for determining
prejudice: whether members of the public had a fair opportunity to present their case. (Fowler, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 372.) The standard reflects the purposes of the Brown Act. WM and other members of the public did not have an opportunity to present their case due to lack of notice. Unlike Fowler, there was no other public meeting at which the CEQA exemption was discussed. In focusing on the information the City had, instead of whether members of the public had a fair opportunity to present their case, the trial court applied the wrong standard.
The trial court placed much emphasis on a letter WM sent to the City council prior to the meeting anticipating that the City would rely on one or more CEQA exemptions. But the Brown Act requires adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard, not only by the City council, but by the public. A letter sent to the City council is not an adequate substitute. The Brown Act requires the opportunity to speak at a public meeting.
The City points out that CEQA does not require a public hearing for a determination that a project is exempt. (San Lorenzo Valley Community Advocates for Responsible Education v. San Lorenzo Valley Unified School Dist. (2006) 139
Cal.App.4th 1356, 1385.) But the Brown Act as applied to a CEQA exemption decision does not require a formal public hearing where the findings must be supported by substantial evidence. All the Brown Act requires is, before formal action is taken on it, the exemption be placed on the meeting agenda and an opportunity for the public to comment.
10 Here the City’s violation of the Brown Act is not harmless.
Accordingly, the City’s action in finding the franchise agreement exempt from CEQA is null and void.
IV. Attorney Fees
WM contends it is entitled to attorney fees as the
prevailing party.
Section 54960.5 provides in part: “A court may award court costs and reasonable attorney fees to the plaintiff in an action brought pursuant to Section . . . 54960.1 . . . where it is found that a legislative body of the local agency has violated this chapter.”
WM acknowledges that section 54960.5 provides the court “may” award attorney fees. It cites Los Angeles Times
Communications v. Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 1313, 1327, for the proposition that attorney fees and costs can be denied “only if the defendant shows that special circumstances exist that would make such an award unjust.” Nevertheless, the most appropriate resolution is to remand the matter to the trial court so that it can decide the issue of attorney fees.
DISPOSITION
The Brown Act requires notice and an opportunity for the public to speak on issues before the City council. The City council shall place the CEQA exemption on its agenda with proper notice and allow the public to voice its opinion.
Whatever action the City council takes thereafter, we leave to its discretion. We trust it will not result in further Brown Act issues.
11 The judgment is reversed and remanded to the trial court to decide whether attorney fees are appropriate.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
GILBERT, P. J.
We concur:
BALTODANO, J.
CODY, J.
Matthew P. Guasco, Judge
Superior Court County of Ventura
______________________________
Remy Moose Manley, James G. Moose, Andrea K. Leisy and
Nathan O. George; Law Offices of Joel Franklin, Joel Franklin, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Colantuono, Highsmith & Whatley, Holly O. Whatley and
Carmen A. Brock, for Defendants and Respondents.
Mannatt, Phelps & Phillips, Benjamin G. Shatz, Viral
Mehta, Sigrid R. Waggener, and Jennifer Lynch, for Real Party in Interest.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
G.I. INDUSTRIES,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
CITY OF THOUSAND OAKS et
al.,
Defendants and Respondents;
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES,
INC.,
Real Party in Interest.
2d Civ. No. B330982
(Super. Ct. No. 56-2021-
00553340-CU-WM-VTA)
(Ventura County)
ORDER DISMISSING
APPEAL
THE COURT:
This is an appeal from the superior court’s judgment of July 31, 2023, denying appellant’s administrative mandate petition challenging the award of an exclusive franchise agreement (“the project”) to real party in interest. Appellant contends that in awarding the project to the real party in interest, respondents (collectively “City Council”) erroneously exempted the project from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Pub.
Res. Code, § 21000 et seq.).
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(9$0F&/,172&., Clerk
Deputy Clerk
Nov 07, 2025
S. Claborn
2 On August 5, 2025, in a related appeal, this court held that the City Council violated the Brown Act (Gov. Code, 1 § 54950 et seq.) in determining that the project was exempt from CEQA because it had not given adequate public notice. (G.I. Industries v. City of Thousand Oaks et al. (Aug. 5, 2025, B337103) [nonpub. opn.].) We concluded the City Council’s action, finding the project exempt from CEQA, was null and void. We ordered the City Council to place the CEQA exemption on its agenda with proper notice and allow the public to voice its opinion.
Following our decision in the related appeal (B337103), this court requested and received supplemental briefing from the parties discussing whether our decision in the related appeal rendered the issues in the current appeal (B330982) moot.1 Appellant contends the current appeal is not moot because compliance with the Brown Act alone will not provide appellant with a future opportunity for judicial review of the City Council’s award of the project and compliance with CEQA. The City Council, however, concedes that the decision challenged in this appeal, i.e., the awarding of the project, has been voided by virtue of our decision in the related appeal and thus raises “obvious mootness problems.”
We conclude the current appeal is moot because the
continued validity of the project depends upon the CEQA exemption decision, which we have determined is null and void.
We do not decide the merits of the City Council’s prior CEQA exemption determination. Consequently, oral argument in this appeal is not necessary. (See Lewis v. Superior Court (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1232, 1254-1255.)
1 The parties in Nos. B337103 and B330982 are the same. 3 Dismissal of this appeal will not preclude judicial review of the project, in the event the City Council finds the project exempt from CEQA, after complying with the disposition in the related appeal (B337103).
Accordingly, this appeal is dismissed as moot. The parties shall bear their own costs. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION 6
G.I. INDUSTRIES DBA WASTE MANAGEMENT,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
CITY OF THOUSAND OAKS et al.,
Defendants and Respondents;
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES INC. DBA ATHENS SERVICES (RPII),
Real Party in Interest and Respondent.
B330982
Ventura County Super. Ct. No. 56-2021-00553340-CU-WM-VTA THE COURT:
Petition for rehearing is denied.
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(9$0F&/,172&., Clerk
Deputy Clerk
Dec 05, 2025
S. Claborn
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Law Offices of Steven P. Scandura
STEVEN P. SCANDURA (SBN 153796)
1601 N. Sepulveda Blvd., #502
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266-5133
Telephone: (310) 473-6300
Fax: (310) 626-9780
Attorney for Plaintiff,
LES BLENKHORN
SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
KERN COUNTY, METROPOLITAN DIVISION
LES BLENKHORN, individually and on
behalf of others similarly situated,
Plaintiff,
vs.
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC.,
CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES,
LLC, RONALD ARAKELIAN, ATHENS
SERVICES, ATHENS DISPOSAL
SERVICES; K&I SERVICES, INC.;
OROZCO TRANSPORT; and DOES 1
through 100, inclusive,
Defendants.
__________________________________
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CASE NO. BCV-20-102652-TSC
UNLIMITED CIVIL
CLASS ACTION
FOURTH AMENDED COMPLAINT FOR:
1. TRESPASS;
2. PRIVATE NUISANCE;
3. PUBLIC NUISANCE;
4. NEGLIGENCE; and
5. ULTRAHAZARDOUS ACTIVITY
STRICT LIABILITY
[AND C.C.P. §425.115 NOTICE]
Plaintiff LES BLENKHORN, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, alleges as follows: [additions/deletions]
GENERAL ALLEGATIONS
1. JURISDICTION & VENUE: This controversy exists over a series of illegal waste dumping events that occurred in the Antelope Valley at approximately 28000 Gaskell Rd., an unincorporated area of Kern County adjacent to the City of Lancaster (the “dump sites”).
2. NATURE OF THE CASE. Defendants operate multiple waste hauling and disposal businesses which have illegally and surreptitious dumped thousands of tons of
FOURTH AMENDED COMPLAINT
-1-
ELECTRONICALLY FILED
7/20/2022 10:36 PM
Kern County Superior Court
By Leslie Dickey, Deputy
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construction wastes on properties in the Antelope Valley without consent. It appears that Defendants searched for absentee landowners’ properties and then secretly disposed of waste by simply dumping it into huge piles, out in the open, without any covering or mitigation, which caused windblown pieces of plastics, insulation, paper, and other refuse to disperse across the valley and in particularly high concentrations across the neighboring properties.
CLASS ACTION ALLEGATIONS
3. NATURE OF CLASS ACTION ALLEGATIONS. Plaintiff BLENKHORN and his neighbors comprise the class of an estimated 24 to 32 property owners whose properties have been contaminated by the pollution which has and continues to emanate from the piles of waste dumped onto the affected properties. Specifically, construction wastes illegally dumped by Defendants have been blown and continue to blow onto real property owned by Plaintiff BLENKHORN and the class plaintiffs. Such wastes include plastics, chemically treated materials, fiberglass, painted materials, and potentially asbestos, among other construction debris and wastes. These wastes have been blown by the high winds prevalent in the locality from the dump sites over an area of approximately 10 square miles, and is seen widely disbursed and caught in bushes and shrubbery throughout. All of the properties in the affected area to the north and east of the dump sites have been contaminated and require clean-up. Plaintiff is informed and believes that all of the affected properties are formerly farm land and all very similar to each other in use, characteristics, zoning, and value.
4. NAMED PLAINTIFF. PLAINTIFF BLENKHORN IS A SUITABLE CLASS REPRESENTATIVE: Upon personal knowledge, in part, and on information and belief, it is alleged that the acts complained of occurred within three years of the filing of this Complaint, perpetrated primarily against Plaintiff BLENKHORN onto whose property the bulk of the waste was deposited. The piles of construction waste cover more than ten acres to a depth of up to 8 feet. It includes hazardous materials as well, such as copper, chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc, in addition to other suspected contaminants (wood treatments and fire retardants, among others). Plaintiff BLENKHORN is also a victim and has been individually harmed, as
FOURTH AMENDED COMPLAINT
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have the other class members.
5. PLAINTIFF CLASS. The class includes BLENKHORN and consists of those property owners whose properties have been contaminated by the wastes dumped on BLENKHORN’s property and on the property to the north of his, inter alia.
6. NAMED DEFENDANTS. Plaintiff is informed and believes that Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES are corporations organized under the laws of the State of California or another state (Delaware), and do business primarily in the County of Los Angeles. One or more of the Named Defendants is the successor-in-interest to former-Defendant CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC. Defendant RONALD ARAKELIAN is the principal of ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES and is believed to have personally directed the disposal of the waste or otherwise was responsible for the illegal dumping, and/or the other defendants are his alter egos. Defendants K&I SERVICES, INC., and OROZCO TRANSPORT are entities of unknown nature which hauled the wastes to the properties at issue.
7. COMMONALITY.
7.0.1 COMMON QUESTIONS OF LAW AND FACT PREDOMINATE: As a practical matter, the claims of each of the Class Plaintiffs depend on a common set of facts and circumstances, and the nature of the remedies are essentially the same in material respects, such that it is more efficient and practical to try the claims together as a class. The Class Plaintiffs all suffered contamination of their properties at the hands of defendants, and are entitled to compensation for the same reasons. Each Class Plaintiff has suffered from windblown particles contaminating their properties, including BLENKHORN. The damage to each property includes contamination that is roughly uniformly spread across the 10 square miles that covers all of the class plaintiffs’ properties, except that it diminishes the farther away one gets from the dump sites.
7.1 This case involves two types of damage. The first consists of the piles of construction waste mixed with green waste which completely cover 10 acres of
FOURTH AMENDED COMPLAINT
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BLENKHORN’s property and approximately 2 acres of the neighboring property to a depth of between ½ to 5 feet. These wastes will require excavation and removal to an approved site, and then repair of the land. The second type of damage consists of debris which has blown downwind, contaminating BELNKHORN’s property and at least 32 neighboring properties (see, Exhibit “E”, p. 1). This debris will have to be removed by hand over a very large area, potentially as large as 10 square miles or more.
7.2 THERE IS A WELL DEFINED COMMUNITY OF INTEREST: The Class here is defined as those property owners whose properties have been contaminated by the wastes dumped on BLENKHORN’s property and on the property to the north of his, inter alia. All of these property owners, including BLENKHORN, have suffered the second type of contamination (windblown construction wastes). Only two property owners are known at present to have suffered the first type of contamination (direct dumping). However, all of the property owners have suffered the same windblown contamination, thus all of their claims stem from the same factual and legal nexus. If necessary, the Court may divide the Class into subclasses based on these two types of damages.
7.2.1 THE CLASS IS ASCERTAINABLE AND SUFFICIENTLY NUMEROUS:
The number of class members is ascertainable from real property records.
7.2.2 The class size is estimated to be 24 to 32 separate property owners.
7.3 PLAINTIFF BLENKHORN HAS CLAIMS TYPICAL OF THE CLASS: All of the class members have suffered from contamination by the illegal dumping by Athens and its truckers. As can be seen from the aerial photographs (Exhibit “E”, p. 2), the contaminated parcels are all nearly identical in use, topography, foliage, grade, and type. It cannot be said that there are any significant or relevant distinctions between the contaminated parcels within the class.
7.3.1 SUBSTANTIAL BENEFITS RENDER PROCEEDING AS A CLASS SUPERIOR TO INDIVIDUAL LITIGATIONS: Further, the evaluation of the costs of cleanup is best done on a class-wide basis. Cleanup most likely involves a single operation to essentially “walk and pick” the entire area and dispose of the waste in an approved facility.
FOURTH AMENDED COMPLAINT
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Such an operation would benefit from economy of scale if handled on a class-wide basis. It would also be far better to have a single expert on each side testifying as to the damages and cleanup rather than 32 separate experts on each side. Additionally, it is to the public benefit that all claims be handled as a class because if some landowners are unable to file suit and their land is not cleaned, then the waste remaining on their land will continue to be blown around and will ultimately re-contaminate the adjoining land that has been cleaned. This is especially true of the land to the north of BLENKHORN’s which has two acres of piles of waste exposed to the wind. The best resolution to the problem is a common remediation plan, a common fund to pay for the cleanup, and a common contractor to handle the work.
7.4 As seen in Exhibit “E”, p. 2 (the aerial photographs), these properties are identical in every possible way. The land is uniform across the class: it is flat desert and sagebrush land, with few topographic features, identical vegetation, and identical use (nothing at present). Further, Plaintiff is informed and believes that each of the Class properties is zoned the same. Here, the principal issues are (1) the facts of the dumping event that occurred between November 8 through 10, 2018, (2) the source of the waste, (3) the nature and content of the waste, (4) the volume of waste, (5) the dispersal of the waste, (6) the plan for cleanup, and (7) the cost of cleanup. All of these are common issues which are best served by common proof. The development, use, topography, zoning, physical condition, and relative location are all nearly if not exactly identical as between the BLENKHORN property and the neighboring contaminated properties in this case.
8. DOE ALLEGATIONS. Plaintiff is ignorant of the true names and capacities of Defendants sued herein as Does 1 through 100, inclusive, and therefore sues those Defendants by their fictitious names. Plaintiff will seek leave to amend this complaint to allege their true names and capacities when the same are ascertained. Plaintiff is informed and believes that each of the fictitiously named DOE Defendants is responsible in some manner for the liabilities and damages alleged here.
9. AGENCY / CONSPIRACY ALLEGATIONS. Plaintiff is informed and believes that at all times herein relevant each Defendant was the principal, authorized agent,
FOURTH AMENDED COMPLAINT
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employee, co-conspirator, partner, joint venturer, master, servant, predecessor-in-interest, successor-in-interest, and/or alter ego of each other Defendant, and was at all times acting within the purpose and scope of such principal-agent relationship, employment, conspiracy, partnership, joint venture, servitude, or as alter ego. Such other Defendants ratified the conduct of the others in some manner or another. Plaintiff may seek leave of this Court amend this complaint to allege the actual capacity and basis for liability of each DOE Defendant when such information is obtained.
10. ALTER EGO ALLEGATIONS. Plaintiff is informed and believes that Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and some DOE defendants are and were at all times the alter egos of Defendant RONALD ARAKELIAN and other DOE defendants, who intermingled their assets and finances and used to corporate form to avoid responsibility for their actions, including those alleged herein. Plaintiff is informed and believes and thereon alleges that each defendant used the alter ego corporate defendants as mechanisms to shuffle money between the various defendants and to concentrate assets in some entities and liabilities in others to shield money and assets from liabilities incurred.
Plaintiff is informed and believes that defendants failed to observe the corporate formalities for the corporate defendants, failed to adequately capitalize various corporations under their control, commingled assets, and used the corporations to shield the proceeds of fraudulent activities and well as the proceeds from breaches of contract by the various defendants and their other corporate entities and shell corporations.
FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS
11. At all times relevant to this action, Plaintiff BLENKHORN and the Class Plaintiffs owned or leased real property in Kern and Los Angeles County. On or about November 10, 2018, Defendants caused more than a thousand tons of construction wastes mixed with green wastes to be deposited onto BLENKHORN’s property and onto his neighbor’s property to the north. Other dump sites are suspected. Plaintiff BLENKHORN
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occupies the 40 acre property where most of the waste was deposited. He used it as a vacation spot where he enjoyed the natural beauty of the parcel for camping and recreation.
11.1 This case is primarily against the group of companies doing business as “Athens Services,” described by its website as “...a local, family-owned waste collection and recycling company that has been a fixture in the greater Los Angeles community for the past 60 years.” In practice, it is a complicated web of companies, of which Plaintiff has sued ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC. (which does business as ATHENS SERVICES and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES), CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, and RONALD ARAKELIAN (the evident principal of the operation). Collectively they are referred to here as the “Athens Defendants” and “ATHENS.”
11.2 Plaintiff BLENKHORN is a property owner in the Antelope Valley. His parcel consists of 40 contiguous acres in the shape of a square, located 3½ miles north of the 138 (Lancaster Rd) at the intersection of two dirt roads: 280th Street W and Gaskell Road.
12. On November 10, 2018, Plaintiff BLENKHORN discovered the dumping in process. He arrived at the property with the intention of camping for the night when he Defendants observed numerous trucks unloading construction wastes mixed with green wastes over large swaths of his property. When he approached the driver of one of the trucks, he was met with hostility and contempt. He immediately perceived that an illegal dumping operation was in progress, and he believed then men involved to be criminals. He was immediately in fear for his life as he reasonably believed the men to be armed. This was a very traumatizing event. He fled the property in fear for his safety.
12.1 At the property that day, BLENKHORN took pictures, copies of which are attached as Exhibit “A”. At the entrance to his property, he discovered that one of the defendants had erected a mailbox which had a number of delivery tickets and weighmaster certificates stacked inside of it (see, Exhibit “B” hereto). The weighmaster certificates confirm the origin of the wastes. The address 9147 De Garmo Ave, Sun Valley CA corresponds to an Athens facility. One can even see the piles of construction waste and green waste that were the source of what was dumped on BLENKHORN’s property. See, Exhibit
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“C”. According to the delivery tickets, this dumping had been going on for three days. The piles of waste cover more than 10 acres of his land. See, Exhibit “D”.
13. Upon returning to the property, he discovered huge piles of waste disbursed across his property over more than ten acres up to 8 feet in depth. This occurred in a naturally very windy area, such that particles of paper, plastics, insulation, and debris were blowing all over his property and onto the neighboring land. The waste smelled foul and the dust made him cough and sneeze.
13.1 The northwestern Antelope Valley is a particularly windy location.
Immediately, plastic, paper, foam, insulation, and possibly asbestos started blowing off the piles of debris and have since spread eastward across the valley. The contamination is comprised of pieced of plastic, fiberglass, foam, insulation and other lightweight debris that has been carried by the wind. Exhibit “E”, p. 1, was taken ½ mile from the dump site.
Plaintiff’s counsel surveyed the area in May of 2019 and found that debris had blown over more than 350 acres. Exhibit “E”, p. 2, shows the area of contamination overlaid onto the County Parcel Map from the Kern County Assessor’s website and the Google satellite image.
The debris is continuing to spread as time passes. As of May 15, 2019, it had contaminated more than 32 parcels of land.
14. Subsequent inspection revealed that the waste includes hazardous materials such as copper, chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc, in addition to other suspected contaminants (wood treatments and fire retardants, among others). Plaintiff was exposed to contaminants at the property and later felt sick and nauseous. Subsequent inspection of the neighboring properties revealed that debris has blown for miles downwind. Miles away bushes can be found with plastics, paper, and insulation hanging off them like Christmas ornaments.
15. At the scene and the time, Plaintiff discovered delivery documents showing that the dumping was being directed by Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants, and that these defendants directed the trucking defendants to dispose of the waste either on Plaintiff’s
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property or on a random property. Specifically, the delivery documents did not have a delivery address on them, indicating that the trucking defendants were to dump the wastes wherever they could. Further, the delivery documents stated that delivery was to “Calvin Farms” in Lancaster, however no such farm appears to exist, indicating that Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants made up a fake delivery destination. In fact, the truck drive whom Plaintiff spoke with at the scene at that time indicated that he had been directed to deliver the material to the specific property where it was dumped: Plaintiff’s property, and therefore that direction must have come from Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants, who found a random property on which to dump massive amounts of construction wastes. Furthermore, there are no farms near where the waste was dumped. Further, construction wastes are not fertilizer or compost and should never be dumped on any farm, much less one in a windy area where it is certain to be blown around. Plaintiff is informed and believes that said defendants did not pay for the proper disposal of the construction wastes at a licensed facility or dump site and therefore said defendant had to have known that the materials leaving their yard were going to be dumped illegally, and certainly would have known after the first day where no charges for proper disposal were paid. The southern boarder of Plaintiff BLENKHORN’s land is the county line separating Los Angeles and Kern Counties. Plaintiff is informed and believes that said defendants charged construction sites in Los Angeles County a premium to dispose of the construction wastes and then pocketed the extra money and dumped the wastes on random land just across the county line in Kern County.
15.1 There does not appear to be any “Calvin Dup Farms” in the Antelope Valley nor is there any farm land anywhere near BLENKHORN’s property. Athens evidently attempted to disguise the waste as mulch destined for a farm. However, construction wastes are obviously not fertilizer or compost or mulch and should never be dumped on any farm,
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much less one in a windy area where it is certain to be blown around. The fact that Athens put a fake destination on the documents shows an attempt to deceive and is evidence of scienter. It is quite obvious that this was an illegal dumping operation. The southern boarder of BLENKHORN’s land is the county line separating Los Angeles and Kern Counties. It seems that Athens charged construction sites in Los Angeles County a premium to dispose of the construction wastes, mixed them with green wastes to disguise them, dumped it on random properties just across the county line in Kern County, and then pocketed the extra money. But for the fortuity of BLENKHORN visiting his parcel that Saturday, no one would ever have discovered who dumped it there.
16. Plaintiff has made demand of Defendants to clean up the waste, especially in light of the fact that the nuisance is continuing and ongoing, but Defendants have refused.
16.1 While Plaintiff BLENKHRON may have initially been potentially liable to his neighbors under theories of trespass or nuisance, no neighbor has filed suit against him and the statute of limitations has now run on those potential claims. Therefore, Plaintiff BLENKHORN no longer has any potential conflict of interest as to any of the class members.
Further, the interests of the class members are full protected because Defendants are liable for the entire amount of the cost of cleanup, and Plaintiff BLENKHORN lacks the resources to effectuate the cleanup on behalf of Defendants.
FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION
(TRESPASS)
(Individual and Class Action Against All Defendants)
17. Plaintiff incorporates here the above allegations, as if fully set forth in this cause of action.
18. Plaintiff BLENKHORN and each Class Plaintiff is a property owner or lessee.
On or about November 10, 2018, Defendants caused dozens of trucks to enter Plaintiff BLENKHORN’s land and the land to the north without permission or right, and further caused thousands of tons of construction waste mixed with green waste to be deposited on
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those two properties, and possibly others. Said materials then blew onto the neighboring properties mostly to the north and east. Said trucks and materials entered the properties without permission or legal right.
19. The release of construction waste and hazardous substances, and the resulting contamination and the continued presence of such waste has constituted and continues to constitute a continuing unauthorized trespass onto the property of Plaintiff BLENKHORN and of the other Class Plaintiffs in violation of their rights.
20. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis alleges that Defendants, and each of them, acted intentionally in undertaking the conduct that caused the trespass and in failing to abate and remedy the trespass and in allowing the trespass to continue.
21. Plaintiff has requested and continues to seek to have Defendants abate and discontinue the trespass, but Defendants have failed to do so and the trespass continues to exist. If the trespass is not abated and discontinued, Plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm and injury. Any hardship imposed on Defendants in abating and discontinuing the trespass will not be disproportionate to the hardship. Plaintiff has suffered and will continue to suffer as a result of the trespass.
22. Plaintiff BLENKHORN was in possession of the property at the time and witnessed the trespass, was confronted in a hostile manner by bad actors who were running an illegal waste dumping operation, felt in fear for his life, suffered physical symptoms of distress and/or contamination, and experienced extreme annoyance, discomfort, and anxiety as a result. Only Plaintiff BLENKHORN witnessed the incident and was in fear and therefore only Plaintiff BLENKHORN has emotional distress damages and general damages, which issues Plaintiff asks be bifurcated and tried separately after the class action trial.
23. As a direct, proximate and foreseeable result of the acts and omissions of Defendants, and each of them, Plaintiffs have suffered actual, consequential and compensatory damages in amounts that are not yet fully ascertained. These damages include, but are not limited to, the following:
a. Damage to the soil and groundwater on the subject Property;
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b. Damage for the loss of use of the property;
c. Any and all amounts Plaintiffs have incurred or will incur for the investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation of the contamination. These amounts are in excess of the minimum jurisdictional amounts of this Court and will be established according to proof at the time of trial. However, it is estimated that the cost to cleanup all of the affected properties will exceed $10,000,000;
d. Emotional distress (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only); and e. Diminution in value of the subject properties.
24. Plaintiff further requests that a mandatory and/or prohibitory injunction be issued, requiring the Defendants to abate the nuisance and/or to perform such investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation, as is necessary to abate this continuing nuisance.
25. The acts alleged herein were extreme and outrageous. Illegal dumping of such a large quantity of waste implies a depraved heart and a complete and total disregard for the rights and safety of others. Directing the dumping of massive amounts of construction wastes on what amounts to a random property by Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants, reflects a depraved heart and a conscious disregard for the rights, safety, and property of others. Further, Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants had to have known that the waste would blow for miles wherever it was dumped, and specifically if dumped in the Antelope Valley which is known to be particularly windy. As such, they either know that they would be contaminating properties for miles around, or did so with a conscious disregard for the certainty that such widespread contamination would occur. Such conduct constitutes extreme malice and oppression.
Therefore, Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of punitive damages in an amount of at least $100,000,000.
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SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION
(PRIVATE NUISANCE)
(Individual and Class Action Against All Defendants)
26. Plaintiffs incorporate here the above allegations, as if fully set forth in this cause of action, except for the allegations of the first cause of action for breach of contract.
27. Plaintiff BLENKHORN and each Class Plaintiff is a property owner or lessee.
On or about November 10, 2018, Defendant caused dozens of trucks to enter Plaintiff BLENKHORN’s land and the land to the north without permission or right, and further caused thousands of tons of construction waste mixed with green waste to be deposited on those two properties, and possibly others. Said materials then blew onto the neighboring properties mostly to the north and east. Said trucks and materials entered the properties without permission or legal right.
28. The release of construction waste and hazardous substances, and the resulting contamination and the continued migration of such waste has constituted and continues to constitute a continuing unauthorized nuisance vis-a-vie the property of Plaintiff BLENKHORN and of the other Class Plaintiffs in violation of their rights.
29. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis alleges that Defendants, and each of them, acted intentionally in undertaking the conduct that caused the nuisance and in failing to abate and remedy the trespass and in allowing the trespass to continue.
30. Defendants’ tortious and unlawful actions and omissions constitute an unreasonable use of property and have caused a condition on Plaintiff’s and the Class Plaintiffs’ Properties that is injurious to the health and offensive to the sense, and which was and is an obstruction of the free use of the Plaintiffs’ properties, so as to interfere with Plaintiffs’ comfortable use and enjoyment of their subject properties.
31. Defendants’ acts and omissions have created or assisted in the creation of a continuing nuisance which continues to damage Plaintiff’s and the Class Plaintiffs’ properties on a daily basis. Waste material continues to seep from the piles as wind erodes the top layer and brings forth new pieces of airborne debris, and will continue to do so until such time as
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the contamination is completely remediated.
32. This is a continuing nuisance which is capable of being abated (by removal and proper disposal of the piles of waste and cleanup of the particles that have blown onto the neighboring properties). Because of its nature and the manner of its disposition (millions of small pieces of plastics, paper, insulation, etc. spread out over acres of flat, windswept land), the piles of waste are a continuous source of debris and contamination, such that remediation by restoration of the properties is required. In short, trash is blowing out of the piles and onto neighboring properties. The nuisance is specifically injurious to Plaintiff and the Class Plaintiffs such that any damages and injuries resulting from it are different in type and effect than any damages and injuries to the entire community as a whole.
33. The nuisance has caused and will continue to cause special injuries to the Plaintiffs to the extent Plaintiffs have incurred or will continue to incur expenses to investigate, assessor monitor, remove, remediate and abate the nuisance and to the extent the nuisance has injured the subject properties. The contamination caused by Defendants’ actions and inactions is subjecting adjacent and nearby properties and owners and residents to damage and injury. Defendants’ failure to timely abate the nuisance and contamination has increased the damage and injury to the properties of BLENKHORN and to adjacent properties owned by the other Class Plaintiffs. It is likely that groundwater has also been contaminated.
34. Plaintiff has requested and continues to seek to have Defendants abate and discontinue the trespass, but Defendants have failed to do so and the trespass continues to exist. If the trespass is not abated and discontinued, Plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm and injury. Any hardship imposed on Defendants in abating and discontinuing the trespass will not be disproportionate to the hardship. Plaintiff has suffered and will continue to suffer as a result of the trespass.
35. Plaintiff BLENKHORN was in possession of the property at the time and witnessed the trespass, was confronted in a hostile manner by bad actors who were running an illegal waste dumping operation, felt in fear for his life, suffered physical symptoms of distress and/or contamination, and experienced extreme annoyance, discomfort, and anxiety
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as a result. Only Plaintiff BLENKHORN witnessed the incident and was in fear and therefore only Plaintiff BLENKHORN has emotional distress damages and general damages, which issues Plaintiff asks be bifurcated and tried separately after the class action trial.
36. As a direct, proximate and foreseeable result of the acts and omissions of Defendants, and each of them, Plaintiffs have suffered actual, consequential and compensatory damages in amounts that are not yet fully ascertained. These damages include, but are not limited to, the following:
a. Damage to the soil and groundwater on the subject Property; b. Damage for the loss of use of the property;
c. Any and all amounts Plaintiffs have incurred or will incur for the investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation of the contamination. These amounts are in excess of the minimum jurisdictional amounts of this Court and will be established according to proof at the time of trial. However, it is estimated that the cost to cleanup all of the affected properties will exceed $10,000,000;
d. Emotional distress (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only); and e. Diminution in value of the subject properties.
37. Plaintiff further requests that a mandatory and/or prohibitory injunction be issued, requiring the Defendants to abate the nuisance and/or to perform such investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation, as is necessary to abate this continuing nuisance.
38. The acts alleged herein were extreme and outrageous. Illegal dumping of such a large quantity of waste implies a depraved heart and a complete and total disregard for the rights and safety of others. Directing the dumping of massive amounts of construction wastes on what amounts to a random property by Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants, reflects a depraved heart and a conscious disregard for the rights, safety, and property of others. Further, Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS
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SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants had to have known that the waste would blow for miles wherever it was dumped, and specifically if dumped in the Antelope Valley which is known to be particularly windy. As such, they either know that they would be contaminating properties for miles around, or did so with a conscious disregard for the certainty that such widespread contamination would occur. Such conduct constitutes extreme malice and oppression.
Therefore, Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of punitive damages in an amount of at least $100,000,000.
THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION
(PUBLIC NUISANCE)
(Individual and Class Action Against All Defendants)
39. Plaintiffs incorporate here the above allegations, as if fully set forth in this cause of action, except for the allegations of the first cause of action for breach of contract.
40. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis alleges that the nuisance created by Defendants, and each of them, affects at the same time an entire community or neighborhood or a considerable number of persons and imposes a significant threat to the health and safety of the public.
41. The release of construction waste and hazardous substances, and the resulting contamination and the continued migration of such waste has constituted and continues to constitute a continuing unauthorized nuisance vis-a-vie the property of Plaintiff BLENKHORN and of the other Class Plaintiffs in violation of their rights.
42. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis alleges that Defendants, and each of them, acted intentionally in undertaking the conduct that caused the nuisance and in failing to abate and remedy the trespass and in allowing the trespass to continue.
43. Defendants’ tortious and unlawful actions and omissions constitute an unreasonable use of property and have caused a condition on Plaintiff’s and the Class Plaintiffs’ Properties that is injurious to the health and offensive to the sense, and which was
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and is an obstruction of the free use of the Plaintiffs’ properties, so as to interfere with Plaintiffs’ comfortable use and enjoyment of their subject properties.
44. Defendants’ acts and omissions have created or assisted in the creation of a continuing nuisance which continues to damage Plaintiff’s and the Class Plaintiffs’ properties on a daily basis. Waste material continues to seep from the piles as wind erodes the top layer and brings forth new pieces of airborne debris, and will continue to do so until such time as the contamination is completely remediated.
45. This is a continuing nuisance which is capable of being abated (by removal and proper disposal of the piles of waste and cleanup of the particles that have blown onto the neighboring properties). Because of its nature and the manner of its disposition (millions of small pieces of plastics, paper, insulation, etc. spread out over acres of flat, windswept land), the piles of waste are a continuous source of debris and contamination, such that remediation by restoration of the properties is required. In short, trash is blowing out of the piles and onto neighboring properties. The nuisance is specifically injurious to Plaintiff and the Class Plaintiffs such that any damages and injuries resulting from it are different in type and effect than any damages and injuries to the entire community as a whole.
46. In addition, the nuisance has caused and will continue to cause special injuries to the Plaintiffs to the extent Plaintiffs have incurred or will continue to incur expenses to investigate, assessor monitor, remove, remediate and abate the nuisance and to the extent the nuisance has injured the subject properties. The contamination caused by Defendants’ actions and inactions is subjecting adjacent and nearby properties and owners and residents to damage and injury. Defendants’ failure to timely abate the nuisance and contamination has increased the damage and injury to the properties of BLENKHORN and to adjacent properties owned by the other Class Plaintiffs. It is likely that groundwater has also been contaminated.
47. Plaintiff has requested and continues to seek to have Defendants abate and discontinue the trespass, but Defendants have failed to do so and the trespass continues to exist. If the trespass is not abated and discontinued, Plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm and injury. Any hardship imposed on Defendants in abating and discontinuing the trespass will
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not be disproportionate to the hardship. Plaintiff has suffered and will continue to suffer as a result of the trespass.
48. Plaintiff BLENKHORN was in possession of the property at the time and witnessed the trespass, was confronted in a hostile manner by bad actors who were running an illegal waste dumping operation, felt in fear for his life, suffered physical symptoms of distress and/or contamination, and experienced extreme annoyance, discomfort, and anxiety as a result. Only Plaintiff BLENKHORN witnessed the incident and was in fear and therefore only Plaintiff BLENKHORN has emotional distress damages and general damages, which issues Plaintiff asks be bifurcated and tried separately after the class action trial.
49. As a direct, proximate and foreseeable result of the acts and omissions of Defendants, and each of them, Plaintiffs have suffered actual, consequential and compensatory damages in amounts that are not yet fully ascertained. These damages include, but are not limited to, the following:
a. Damage to the soil and groundwater on the subject Property; b. Damage for the loss of use of the property;
c. Any and all amounts Plaintiffs have incurred or will incur for the investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation of the contamination. These amounts are in excess of the minimum jurisdictional amounts of this Court and will be established according to proof at the time of trial. However, it is estimated that the cost to cleanup all of the affected properties will exceed $10,000,000;
d. Emotional distress (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only); and e. Diminution in value of the subject properties.
50. Plaintiff further requests that a mandatory and/or prohibitory injunction be issued, requiring the Defendants to abate the nuisance and/or to perform such investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation, as is necessary to abate this continuing nuisance.
51. The acts alleged herein were extreme and outrageous. Illegal dumping of such a large quantity of waste implies a depraved heart and a complete and total disregard for the
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rights and safety of others. Directing the dumping of massive amounts of construction wastes on what amounts to a random property by Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants, reflects a depraved heart and a conscious disregard for the rights, safety, and property of others. Further, Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants had to have known that the waste would blow for miles wherever it was dumped, and specifically if dumped in the Antelope Valley which is known to be particularly windy. As such, they either knew that they would be contaminating properties for miles around, or did so with a conscious disregard for the certainty that such widespread contamination would occur. Such conduct constitutes extreme malice and oppression.
Therefore, Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of punitive damages in an amount of at least $100,000,000.
FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION
(NEGLIGENCE)
(Individual and Class Action Against All Defendants)
57. Plaintiff incorporates here the above allegations, as if fully set forth in this cause of action.
58. On or about November 10, 2018, Defendant caused dozens of trucks to enter Plaintiff BLENKHORN’s land and the land to the north without permission or right, and further caused thousands of tons of construction waste mixed with green waste to be deposited on those two properties, and possibly others. Said materials then blew onto the neighboring properties mostly to the north and east. Said trucks and materials entered the properties without permission or legal right.
59. The release of construction waste and hazardous substances, and the resulting contamination and the continued migration of such waste has constituted and continues to
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constitute a continuing harm to the property of Plaintiff BLENKHORN and the other Class Plaintiffs in violation of their rights. Each Defendant owed each plaintiff a duty not to illegally dump waste so as to injure them or their properties.
60. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis alleges that Defendants, and each of them, acted intentionally and/or negligently in undertaking the conduct that caused the dumping of waste on the subject properties and the subsequent release of pollution onto neighboring properties.
61. Plaintiff has requested and continues to seek to have Defendants abate and discontinue the contamination, but Defendants have negligently or intentionally failed to do so and the contamination continues to exist.
62. As a direct, proximate and foreseeable result of the acts and omissions of Defendants, and each of them, Plaintiffs have suffered actual, consequential and compensatory damages in amounts that are not yet fully ascertained. These damages include, but are not limited to, the following:
a. Damage to the soil and groundwater on the subject Property; b. Damage for the loss of use of the property;
c. Any and all amounts Plaintiff has incurred or will incur for the investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation of the contamination. These amounts are in excess of the minimum jurisdictional amounts of this Court and will be established according to proof at the time of trial. However, it is estimated that the cost to cleanup all of the affected properties will exceed $10,000,000;
d. Emotional distress and personal injuries (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only); and
e. Diminution in value of the subject properties.
63. Plaintiff further requests that a mandatory and/or prohibitory injunction be issued, requiring the Defendants to abate the nuisance and/or to perform such investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation, as is necessary to abate this continuing nuisance.
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64. The acts alleged herein were extreme and outrageous. Illegal dumping of such a large quantity of waste implies a depraved heart and a complete and total disregard for the rights and safety of others. Directing the dumping of massive amounts of construction wastes on what amounts to a random property by Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants, reflects a depraved heart and a conscious disregard for the rights, safety, and property of others. Further, Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants had to have known that the waste would blow for miles wherever it was dumped, and specifically if dumped in the Antelope Valley which is known to be particularly windy. As such, they either knew that they would be contaminating properties for miles around, or did so with a conscious disregard for the certainty that such widespread contamination would occur. Such conduct constitutes extreme malice and oppression.
Therefore, Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of punitive damages in an amount of at least $100,000,000.
FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION
(ULTRAHAZARDOUS ACTIVITY STRICT LIABILITY)
(Individual and Class Action Against All Defendants)
65. Plaintiff incorporates here the above allegations, as if fully set forth in this cause of action.
66. On or about November 10, 2018, Defendant caused dozens of trucks to enter Plaintiff BLENKHORN’s land and the land to the north without permission or right, and further caused thousands of tons of construction waste mixed with green waste to be deposited on those two properties, and possibly others. Said materials then blew onto the neighboring properties mostly to the north and east. Said trucks and materials entered the properties without permission or legal right.
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66.1 That the illegal dumping of 50,000 cubic yards of construction waste and green waste posed a risk of serious harm to the land on which it was dumped. Even by use of the utmost care it was not possible to dispose of this waste on either Plaintiff BLENKHORN’s property or the property to his north in such a way that would not cause damage to either property as well as the class properties. Severe damage to property was a 100% certainty when Defendants engaged in the activity of illegal dumping.
67. The illegal dumping of construction waste and hazardous substances was an ultra hazardous activity highly likely to cause injury to Plaintiffs and/or Plaintiffs’ properties.
No amount of care could have eliminated the risk of serious injury to property or person.
68. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis alleges that Defendants, and each of them, acted so as to cause the illegal dumping of waste on the subject properties and the subsequent release of pollution onto neighboring properties.
69. As a direct, proximate and foreseeable result of the acts and omissions of Defendants, and each of them, Plaintiffs have suffered actual, consequential and compensatory damages in amounts that are not yet fully ascertained. These damages include, but are not limited to, the following:
a. Damage to the soil and groundwater on the subject Property; b. Damage for the loss of use of the property;
c. Any and all amounts Plaintiff has incurred or will incur for the investigation, assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation of the contamination. These amounts are in excess of the minimum jurisdictional amounts of this Court and will be established according to proof at the time of trial. However, it is estimated that the cost to cleanup all of the affected properties will exceed $10,000,000;
d. Emotional distress and personal injuries (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only); and
e. Diminution in value of the subject properties.
70. Plaintiff further requests that a mandatory and/or prohibitory injunction be issued, requiring the Defendants to abate the nuisance and/or to perform such investigation,
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assessment, monitoring, removal and remediation, as is necessary to abate this continuing nuisance.
71. The acts alleged herein were extreme and outrageous. Illegal dumping of such a large quantity of waste implies a depraved heart and a complete and total disregard for the rights and safety of others. Directing the dumping of massive amounts of construction wastes on what amounts to a random property by Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants, reflects a depraved heart and a conscious disregard for the rights, safety, and property of others. Further, Defendants ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING SERVICES, LLC, ATHENS SERVICES, and ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES, and/or RONALD ARAKELIAN, and DOE Defendants had to have known that the waste would blow for miles wherever it was dumped, and specifically if dumped in the Antelope Valley which is known to be particularly windy. As such, they either knew that they would be contaminating properties for miles around, or did so with a conscious disregard for the certainty that such widespread contamination would occur. Such conduct constitutes extreme malice and oppression.
Therefore, Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of punitive damages in an amount of at least $100,000,000.
WHEREFORE Plaintiffs pray for relief individually and on behalf of all persons similarly situated, as follows:
I. FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION FOR TRESPASS, individually as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN and generally as to the Class, against all defendants:
1. Special damages according to proof but in excess of $10,000,000;
2. General damages for emotional distress (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only), according to proof; and
3. Costs of remediation and/or mitigation, according to proof;
4. Diminution in value of the subject properties, according to proof;
5. Interest at the legal rate;
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6. Punitive damages in the amount of at least $10,000,000;
7. Attorney fees pursuant to C.C.P. §1021.9;
8. Costs of suit;
9. And such other relief as the court may deem just or proper.
II. SECOND CAUSE OF ACTION FOR PRIVATE NUISANCE, individually as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN and generally as to the Class, against all defendants:
1. Special damages according to proof but in excess of $10,000,000;
2. General damages for emotional distress (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only), according to proof; and
3. Costs of remediation and/or mitigation, according to proof;
4. Diminution in value of the subject properties, according to proof;
5. Interest at the legal rate;
6. Punitive damages in the amount of at least $10,000,000;
7. Attorney fees pursuant to C.C.P. §1021.9;
8. Costs of suit;
9. And such other relief as the court may deem just or proper.
III. THIRD CAUSE OF ACTION FOR PUBLIC NUISANCE, individually as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN and generally as to the Class, against all defendants:
1. Special damages according to proof but in excess of $10,000,000;
2. General damages for emotional distress (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only), according to proof; and
3. Costs of remediation and/or mitigation, according to proof;
4. Diminution in value of the subject properties, according to proof;
5. Interest at the legal rate;
6. Punitive damages in the amount of at least $10,000,000;
7. Attorney fees pursuant to C.C.P. §1021.9;
8. Costs of suit;
9. And such other relief as the court may deem just or proper.
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IV. FOURTH CAUSE OF ACTION FOR NEGLIGENCE, individually as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN and generally as to the Class, against all defendants:
1. Special damages according to proof but in excess of $10,000,000;
2. General damages for emotional distress (as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN only), according to proof; and
3. Costs of remediation and/or mitigation, according to proof;
4. Diminution in value of the subject properties, according to proof;
5. Interest at the legal rate;
6. Punitive damages in the amount of at least $10,000,000;
7. Attorney fees pursuant to C.C.P. §1021.9;
8. Costs of suit;
9. And such other relief as the court may deem just or proper.
V. FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION FOR ULTRAHAZARDOUS ACTIVITY STRICT LIABILITY, individually as to Plaintiff BLENKHORN and generally as to the Class, against all defendants:
1. Special damages according to proof but in excess of $10,000,000;
2. [deleted]
3. Costs of remediation and/or mitigation, according to proof;
4. Diminution in value of the subject properties, according to proof;
5. Interest at the legal rate;
6. Punitive damages in the amount of at least $10,000,000;
7. Attorney fees pursuant to C.C.P. §1021.9;
8. Costs of suit;
9. And such other relief as the court may deem just or proper. //
//
//
//
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DATED: July 17, 2022 Law Offices of Steven P. Scandura
Steven P. Scandura, Esq.
Attorney for Plaintiff,
LES BLENKHORN, individually and on
behalf of all others similarly situated
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C.C.P. §425.115 NOTICE
NOTICE TO DEFENDANTS ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC., CROWN RECYCLING
SERVICES, LLC, RONALD ARAKELIAN, ATHENS SERVICES, ATHENS DISPOSAL SERVICES; K&I SERVICES, INC.; OROZCO TRANSPORT; and DOES 1 through 100, inclusive:
Plaintiff, LES BLENKHORN, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, reserves the right to seek $10,000,000.00 or less in punitive damages when said Plaintiffs seek a judgment in the suit filed against you.
DATED: July 17, 2022 Law Offices of Steven P. Scandura
Steven P. Scandura, Esq.
Attorney for Plaintiff,
LES BLENKHORN, individually and on
behalf of all others similarly situated
FOURTH AMENDED COMPLAINT
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Exhibit “A”
Exhibit "A"
Exhibit “B”
[Exhibit "%", Page 1 of 2]
[Exhibit "%", Page 2 of 2]
Exhibit “C”
[Exhibit "&", Page 1 of 1]
Exhibit “D”
[Exhibit "'", Page 1 of 1]
Exhibit “(”
[Exhibit "(", Page 1 of 2]
[Exhibit "(", Page 2 of 2]
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PROOF OF SERVICE
(By Mail)
STATE OF CALIFORNIA, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES
I am employed in the county of Los Angeles, State of California. I am over the age of 18 and not a party to the within action; my business address is 1601 N. Sepulveda Blvd. #502, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266-5133.
I served the foregoing document described as:
FOURTH AMENDED COMPLAINT FOR: 1. TRESPASS; 2. PRIVATE
NUISANCE; 3. PUBLIC NUISANCE; 4. NEGLIGENCE; and 5.
ULTRAHAZARDOUS ACTIVITY STRICT LIABILITY
on the attorneys in this action by placing a true copy thereof enclosed in a sealed envelope with postage thereon fully prepaid in the United States mail at the below-stated location, addressed as postage thereon fully prepaid in the United States mail at the below-stated location, addressed as follows:
ULLA M. PAJALA, ESQ.
BRIAN M. LEDGER, ESQ.
Gordon Rees Scully Mansukhani, LLP
1111 Broadway, Suite 1700
Oakland, CA 94607
Executed and performed on July 20, 2022, at Hermosa Beach, California.
I declare under penalty of perjury that the above is true and correct.
Signed:
[printed: Steven P. Scandura]
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APRIL STRAUSS (SBN 163327)
[email protected]
CHRISTOPHER NIDEL (pro hac vice forthcoming)
[email protected]
JONATHAN NACE (pro hac vice forthcoming)
[email protected]
ZACHARY A. KELSAY (pro hac vice forthcoming)
[email protected]
NIDEL & NACE, P.L.L.C.
One Church Street, Suite 802
Rockville, MD 20850
Telephone: (202) 780-5153
Attorneys for Plaintiffs
SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES; CENTRAL DISTRICT
STANLEY MOSK COURTHOUSE
KRISTINA BROWN, ARUTYUN AKOPYAN,
HAIGAZ BENYAMIN, and MIKE REZVANI,
Plaintiffs,
v.
ARAKELIAN ENTERPRISES, INC. d/b/a ATHENS
SERVICES, ATHENS DISPOSAL COMPANY, INC.,
UNIVERSAL WASTE SYSTEMS, INC., CHT
TRANSPORTATION CORP., J.I. GANDARA
TRANSPORT, INC., RJbS DEMOLITION &
DISPOSAL, AMERICAN RECLAMATION, INC.,
ECOLOGY AUTO PARTS, INC., SEAN E. IRWIN,
and CAL-SPREADING, LLC
Defendants.
Case No.
UNLIMITED CIVIL CASE
COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES FOR
VIOLATIONS OF:
(1) PRIVATE NUISANCE
(2) PUBLIC NUISANCE
(3) TRESSPASS / CONTINUING TRESS
(4) NEGLIGENCE
(5) NEGLIGENCE PER SE
(6) STRICT LIABILITY
(7) UNJUST ENRICHMENT
Amount in Controversy Exceeds $25,000
JURY TRIAL DEMANDED FOR ALL
CAUSES OF ACTION SO TRIABLE
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28 Plaintiffs, Kristina Brown, Arutyun Akopyan, Haigaz Benyamin, and Mike Rezvani through undersigned counsel bring this action against Defendants Arakelian Enterprises, Inc. d/b/a Athens Services, Athens Disposal Company, Inc., CHT Transportation Corp., J.I. Gandara Transport, Inc., Sean E. Irwin, Cal-Spreading, LLC, American Reclamation Inc., Universal Waste Systems, Inc., RJ’s Demolition and Disposal, American Reclamation, Inc., and allege as follows:
I. Parties
A. Plaintiffs
1. Plaintiff Kristina Brown is an individual residing in the State of California and owning property located at 18500 West Avenue F8, Lancaster Rd., Lancaster 93536 Assessor’s Parcel Number 3240-007-005.
2. Plaintiff Arutyun Akopyan is an individual residing in the State of California and owning property located at 18333 Lancaster Road, Lancaster CA 93536.
3. Plaintiff Mike Rezvani is an individual residing in the State of California and owning property located at Assessor’s Parcel Numbers 3240-008-040, 3240-008-039.
4. Plaintiff Haigaz Benyamin is an individual residing in the State of California and owning property located at 18245 Lancaster Road, Lancaster, California.
5. As a result of Defendants’ actions, specifically their illegal dumping near Plaintiffs’ properties, toxic and hazardous contaminants (“the Contaminants” or “Contamination”) have entered Plaintiffs’ properties and have contaminated their properties—their air, land, nearby stream, dwelling places, and their surrounding environment—thereby causing Plaintiffs to suffer damage to property and personal finance, loss of the use and enjoyment of property and destruction of their community.
6. As a result of the Defendants’ actions, toxic and carcinogenic Contaminants have entered onto Plaintiffs’ properties depriving Plaintiffs of their free use and enjoyment of their properties.
B. Defendants
7. Defendant Arakelian Enterprises, Inc. d/b/a Athens Services (“Athens”) is a corporation doing business in the State of California, with its principal place of business located at 14048 E. Valley Blvd. City of Industry, CA 91746. Athens can be served through its registered agent Michael Pompay at 14048 E. Valley Blvd. City of Industry, CA 91746.
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28 8. Defendant Athens Disposal Company, Inc. (“Athens Disposal”) is a corporation doing business in the State of California, with its principal place of business located at 14048 E. Valley Blvd.
City of Industry, CA 91746. Athens Disposal can be served through its registered agent Michael Pompay at 14048 E. Valley Blvd. City of Industry, CA 91746.
9. Defendant American Reclamation, Inc. (“Reclamation”) is a California corporation, with its principal place of business located at 4560 Doran Street Los Angeles, CA 90039. Reclamation can be served through its registered agent John R. Gasparian at 4560 Doran Street Los Angeles, CA 90039.
10. Defendant Universal Waste Systems, Inc. (“UWS”) is a California corporation, with its principal place of business located at 9010 Norwalk Blvd Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670. UWS can be served through its registered agent C T Corporation System at 330 N. Brand Blvd, Glendale, CA 91203.
11. Defendant CHT Transportation Corp. (“CHT”) is a California corporation doing business in the State of California, with its principal place of business located at 14490 Whitram Ave Fontana, CA 92335. CHT can be served through its registered agent Atlantic Tax Services, Inc. at 744 S. Atlantic Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90022.
12. Defendant J.I. Gandara Transport, Inc. (“Gandara”) is a California corporation doing business in the State of California, with its principal place of business located at 11749 Wicks St. Sun Valley, CA 91352. Gandara can be served through its registered agent Isabel V. Gandara 11749 Wicks St.
Sun Valley, CA 91352.
13. Defendant Ecology Auto Parts, Inc. (“Ecology”) is a California corporation doing business in the State of California, with its principal place of business located at 14150 Vine Place Cerritos, CA 90703. Ecology can be served through its registered agent C T Corporation System at 330 N Brand Blvd, Glendale, CA.
14. Defendant RJ’s Demolition & Disposal, (“RJ’s”) is a California corporation doing business in the State of California, with its principal place of business located at 4505 Manhattan Beach Blvd Lawndale, CA 90260. RJ’s can be served through its registered agent Juan D. Rodriguez at 1213 S. Fir.
Ave. Inglewood, CA 90301.
15. Defendant Sean E. Irwin (“Irwin”) is an individual residing in the State of California and owning property at Assessor’s Parcel Number 3240-007-001, Lancaster, CA 93536. Irwin can be served
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28 at his residence at 2995 Harbor Blvd., Ventura CA 93001.
16. Defendant Cal-Spreading, LLC (“Cal-Spreading”) is a California limited liability company doing business in the State of California, with its principal place of business located at 103 W. Camino Encanto Palm Springs, CA 92264. Cal-Spreading can be served through its registered agent Laila Guidi at 4511 W. 135th St. Hawthorne, CA 90250.
II. Jurisdiction
17. This Court has subject matter jurisdiction under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because it is a Court of general subject matter jurisdiction and no statutory exceptions to jurisdiction exist.
18. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant Athens under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because they conduct business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California and Athens is a California corporation.
19. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant Athens Disposal under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because they conduct business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California and Athens Disposal is a California corporation.
20. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant Reclamation under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because they conduct business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California and Reclamation is a California corporation.
21. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant UWS under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because they conduct business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California and UWS is a California corporation.
22. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant CHT under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because they conduct business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California and CHT is a California corporation.
23. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant Gandara under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because they conduct business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California and Gandara is a California corporation.
24. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant Ecology under California Code of
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28 Civil Procedure § 410.10 because they are a California corporation, it conducts business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California.
25. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant RJ’s under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because they conduct business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California and RJ’s is a California corporation.
26. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant Sean Irwin under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because he is a resident of California, and the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California.
27. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant Cal-Spreading under California Code of Civil Procedure § 410.10 because it conducts business in California, the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in California and Cal-Spreading is a California limited liability company.
28. Venue is proper in this Court under California Code of Civil Procedure § 395 because the misconduct was perpetuated by Defendants in Los Angeles County, several Defendants reside in Los Angeles County, and the injury to Plaintiffs occurred in Los Angeles County.
III. Factual Background
29. This case concerns a coordinated illegal dumping operation where Defendants are illegally dumping hundreds of thousands of tons of solid waste at 18350 West Ave. F8, APN 3240-007-001, Lancaster, CA 93536 (“the Site”) adjacent to Plaintiffs’ properties.
30. Defendants are carrying out this illegal dumping operation at the Site in violation of state law and county ordinances.
A. Numerous witnesses have observed illegal waste at the Site
31. At the Site, Plaintiffs noticed the accumulation of Construction & Demolition (“C&D”) debris covered with mulch along with other solid waste quickly after Defendants Irwin and Cal-Spreading purchased the parcel in December 2023.
32. The Site is zoned for agricultural use, not for any commercial purpose, and certainly not for receiving solid waste.
33. On February 26, 2024, investigators from the Los Angeles County Local Enforcement Agency (“LEA”) investigated the Site and detected illegally stored (and stockpiled) C&D debris at the
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28 Site and issued a Notice of Violation (“NOV”) and ordered Irwin to immediately cease the illegal disposal of C&D debris and to remove the stockpiles no later than August 2, 2024.
34. On August 7, 2024, LEA investigators returned to the Site for a reinspection and again observed illegal C&D stockpiles and issued a Cease and Desist and Corrective Action Order (“CAO”) against Irwin.
35. During the reinspection, investigators also observed physical contaminants on the property including, but not limited to, glass, plywood, and plastics, and mulch that did not meet the physical contamination limits.
36. The investigators determined that the presence of these contaminants in mulch at the Site constituted a violation of the state land application requirements.
37. The investigators also notified their counterparts in San Bernadino County about the illegal waste coming from the Athens facility in San Bernadino.
38. On October 24, 2024, LA County Public Health, the LEA, and LA County Public Works arrived at the Site to observe the conditions considering numerous community complaints.
39. While at the Site, inspectors observed considerable amounts of solid waste, including a used tampon, an Airwick freshener, a screwdriver, innumerable amounts of plastic and plastic waste, and a chunk of OBS plywood just in the area they were standing.
40. Inspectors also identified—and Irwin admitted—that he has between 6-12 trash pickers in the field removing trash from the dumps received over night and that no one is present at the site to determine if the waste is suitable for land application. And yet, neither of these agencies took any action to prevent the continued storage and receipt of solid waste at the Site.
41. To date, Irwin has not stopped receiving illegal waste shipments at the Site.
B. The Defendants collect the waste under commercial and residential contracts and deliver it to the Site
42. Athens and Athens Disposal administers waste disposal for residential, commercial, and construction sites in at least 49 residential neighborhoods in Los Angeles through franchise agreements with municipalities.
43. UWS administers waste disposal for commercial recycling, residential, and industrial
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28 purposes in Southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico.
44. Reclamation administers waste disposal through commercial and residential rentable dumpsters in the Los Angeles area.
45. In California, residential and commercial waste is collected under municipal contracts using either a two-can or three-can disposal system.
46. With a two-can system, waste is deposited into either a recycling can or a mixed can of garbage and organics.
47. With a three-can system waste is deposited into Black Cans (garbage), Blue Cans (dry recyclables), or Green Cans (Organics).
48. The dry recyclable materials in the Blue Cans are typically sent to a Material Recovery Facility (“MRF”) to be processed into distinct commodities and shipped to market.
49. The waste in the Green Cans includes green/yard waste, food waste, and sometimes compostable fibers. Typically, these are screened for contamination over a line1 or by hand, multiple times,
and then organic materials are ground into smaller pieces, then sent for composting. Sometimes Green Waste is sent for anaerobic digestion instead of composting. Compost facilities will screen mulch to remove contaminates—to ensure that no more than 0.05% contains foreign contaminants and no larger than 4 millimeters in size—so that the finished compost can be sold to market.
50. All green waste containing food scraps must be composted before it can be used for land application. Green waste and food scraps are usually highly contaminated before processing—containing up to 40% (or more) of plastics, metals, or other contaminants—and must pass through a de-packager or other screen to separate the food (often in semi-liquid form) from the contaminants.
51. Other green waste that does not contain food scraps can be chipped and ground and used for land application subject to passing Title 14 testing limits. Still other green waste is sent to biomass conversion facilities for incineration. All green waste must still pass Title 14 testing.
52. Waste companies, including Defendants, also perform special collections for certain types of wastes, such as Construction and Demolition debris (“C&D”). 1 When waste is sorted “over a line” it is typically sorted using automated systems using magnetic separators, Eddy current separators, trommels and screens, and optical sorters or through density separation with air classifiers and float-sink tanks.
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28 53. C&D is a highly regulated waste class and, in addition to state environmental regulation of its disposal, most cities also require approximately 65%–80% be diverted from landfills following a construction project to be compliant with CalGreen standards. C&D is a mix of anything present at a construction site, such as lumber, gravel, dirt, wiring, drywall, conduit, electronics, concrete, and metals.
Because C&D contains many materials that could be harmful to the environment—such as hydrogen sulfide released from the breakdown of drywall, asbestos removed from older buildings, heavy metals, Chromated Copper Arsenic (CCA) in pressure-treated wood, Perfluorinated compounds (including PFOA), and mercury—C&D is prohibited for land application.
54. “Fines,” a byproduct of recycling C&D materials can be used at a landfill as Alternative Daily Cover (“ADC”) after it is decontaminated through processing. Clean, uncontaminated asphalt from C&D can be recovered to make asphalt roads. Clean rock/cement can additionally be recycled as “beneficial reuse” as a road base at landfills. Dimensional lumber can also be used as a biofuel.
55. In addition to C&D, other wastes that involve special collection are Household Hazardous Waste (“HHW”) (paints, cleaners, oils, and batteries), appliances (stoves, refrigerators, microwaves, and air conditioners), and Universal Waste (“U-Waste”) (batteries, fluorescent lamps, and mercury-containing equipment (like thermostats)). These wastes must be removed during waste processing if improperly deposited into trash cans.
56. After collecting waste from commercial and residential consumers, Athens delivers waste to its processing facilities.
57. One of Athens’ facilities is operated by Crown Recycling (a subsidiary of Athens) in Sun Valley, California.
58. The Crown Recycling facility receives much of Athens’ Blue Can recyclables and much of the C&D debris that Athens collects. Athens has described this facility as a “Leader in Construction and Demolition Diversion” on its website, athensservices.com.
59. Ecology takes C&D debris from the Crown Recycling facility to the Site.
60. Another Athens facility, located at 14048 E. Valley Blvd. City of Industry, CA 91746, receives substantial amounts of Athens’ organic waste and C&D debris.
61. Athens claims on its website that the City of Industry facility operates an Organic
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28 Separation Process—a proprietary technology that Athens holds the exclusive rights to—capable of processing 40 tons per hour that can separate dry material for beneficial reuse.
62. Athens claims that it is providing state-mandated diversion to cities and municipalities with this technology while it is coordinating illegal dumping in the PCA, not providing a beneficial reuse of this material.
63. Organic waste is then transported from the City of Industry and Crown Recycling Facilities to another Athens facility, operated by American Organics (also a subsidiary of Athens) at 20055 Shay Road Victorville, CA 92394 for composting.2
64. Athens describes the American Organics facility on its website as a “state-of-the-art facility” used to “process many types of organics materials.”
65. Athens claims that composting activities at the American Organics facility help achieve “Zero-Waste” practices through the composting of organic waste.
66. Athens sends material collected in green waste (green bins) in municipalities where Athens has a franchise agreement to the American Organics facility for processing.
67. Often, consumers place trash, recyclables, and other debris in the green waste bins, franchise waste disposers, such as Athens, are paid under these municipal contracts to remove non-green waste from green waste under compliance with Title 14 and Title 27 standards.
68. The American Organics facility, however, fails to adequately remove non-green waste and instead attempts to crush and chop the non-green waste into smaller sizes, saving millions of dollars.
69. JI Gandara then transports this mixture to the Site and deposits it in piles either to cover illegally dumped C&D or piled above legally acceptable standards.
70. Both the dumping of the C&D and the improperly processed green waste are unfit for disposal at the Site.
71. Mulch facilities pose significant risks of self-igniting or spreading wildfires, especially in very-high fire zones, like the Site.
2 A portion of Athens’ organic waste is also transported to another facility, Recology Blossom Valley Organics, which is operated as a separate company from Athens and there is no indication that the waste from that facility is improperly processed like the facilities operated by Athens.
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28 72. Reclamation unlawfully dumps solid waste at the Site after improperly processing the waste at its clean materials recovery facilities.
73. RJ’s, CHT, and UWS also deliver solid waste to the Site from currently-unknown locations.
74. The relationship between the various Defendants and Irwin are displayed in the following diagram where an arrow represents the movement of waste to Irwin to be dumped at the Site.
75. The Defendants have failed to conduct adequate testing for pathogens or harmful contaminants visibly contained in the waste at the Site.
76. The Defendants’ operations are for the purpose of disposing of unwanted waste material, not for any agricultural purpose, as they lack any sort of irrigation that would make any agricultural use of the land possible.
77. The illegal dumping at the Site has severely contaminated the land, making future agricultural prospects nearly impossible until the contaminated waste is removed.
78. The Defendants’ illegal dumping has permanently damaged the environment surrounding and on Plaintiffs’ properties.
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28 79. These disposal operations have been a nuisance from their inception.
80. These disposal operations have negatively impacted Plaintiffs’ properties with odors, dust, noise, pathogens, and otherwise negatively impacted their properties.
81. The waste at the Site contains C&D debris, including, but not limited to, wood, plastic buckets, tiles, tape, particle board, concrete, foam, electrical conduit, tires, linoleum, drywall, plastic, small electronics, used sanitary napkins, used tampons, photos, food remnants and carpet.
82. The Defendants disguise the disposal of C&D debris on the Site as “green waste” by illegally covering it with mulch and dirt.
83. On May 7, 2024, the Los Angeles Board of Supervisors asked the County of Los Angeles Fire Department to determine the number of significant mulch/trash related fires within the last four years that could be attributed to improper or illegal dumping of mulch and/or trash; and the associated cost to the Department to provide fire control response to mulch sites like the Site.
84. On May 28, 2024, the Los Angeles Fire Department reported that “Illegal dumping of mulch/trash has significantly impacted communities across the County, particularly in rural areas like the Antelope Valley.”
85. The Fire Department reported that the Bravo Fire at a similar site cost the Department over $288,000 for four days of firefighting—not to mention endangering first responders, contaminating the surrounding environment, and threatening the Plaintiffs.
86. Between 2020–2024 the Department responded to 42 mulch/trash fires predominantly in Antelope Valley with incidents in Neenach, Lancaster, and Fairmont, costing over $1.6 Million.
87. As of the date of this Complaint, since the Fire Department issued its May 2024 Report, the LA County Fire Department has now responded to over 70 mulch fires since the beginning of 2023.
88. The Fire Department advised the Board of Supervisors to immediately ban the Defendants’ illegal dumping of contaminated mulch, yet the practice has continued along with the threat to the Plaintiffs.
89. The Site contains surface waters, which contain a visible sheen and smell of rotten eggs, an identifier of hydrogen sulfide, a known by-product of the disposal of C&D debris.
C. Illegal dumping at the Site harms the Plaintiffs
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28 90. Plaintiffs own properties surrounding and adjacent to the Site.
91. Plaintiffs Kristina Brown, Arutyun Akopyan, Haigaz Benyamin, and Mike Rezvani own property near the Site.
92. At these residences, as a result of Defendants’ dumping, Plaintiffs constantly smell rotten eggs and are disturbed by the constant delivery of waste to the Site at all hours of the day, including as early as 4:45 a.m. and often throughout the night.
93. Defendants’ conduct has caused substantial and ongoing harm to Plaintiffs’ properties and quality of life, including the following specific harms to Plaintiffs:
a. Blowing Debris and Contaminants: Defendants have failed to secure the Site from the release of hazardous and unsanitary materials, resulting in debris—including medical waste, electronics, tampons, wires, and pieces of plastic and metal—being blown onto Plaintiffs’ properties. These materials not only create an unsightly and unhygienic environment but also pose serious health risks, particularly to children and vulnerable populations.
b. Dust Pollution: Dust generated by the dumping and processing of waste at the Site is carried onto Plaintiffs’ properties, blanketing outdoor spaces, infiltrating homes, and creating hazardous living conditions. This pervasive dust includes fine particulate matter that can exacerbate respiratory conditions, increase risks of chronic illnesses, and reduce overall air quality.
c. Noise Pollution: Defendants have permitted truck operations at the Site to commence as early as 4:45 a.m. every day and long into the night, causing Plaintiffs and their families to endure excessive noise that disrupts sleep, work, and daily routines. The relentless noise from truck engines, unloading, and site machinery has rendered Plaintiffs’ homes unsuitable for quiet enjoyment.
d. Decline in Property Values: Plaintiffs have suffered a significant decline in property values as a direct result of Defendants’ activities. The presence of debris, dust, and noise pollution has made Plaintiffs’ properties undesirable to potential buyers, leading to a devaluation of their most significant assets.
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28 e. Emotional Distress from Loss of Sanctuary: Plaintiffs and their families have endured severe emotional distress, anxiety, and frustration due to the persistent and invasive nature of Defendants’ actions. The knowledge that hazardous materials such as medical waste are present on their properties has caused ongoing fear for their health and safety.
f. Loss of their Outdoor Areas: Plaintiffs’ ability to enjoy their homes and outdoor spaces has been irreparably compromised. The dust, debris, and stench have made outdoor areas unusable for recreation, relaxation, or hosting family and friends, depriving Plaintiffs of the enjoyment of their property. g. Introduction of Vectors: Defendants’ conduct has resulted in the introduction of vectors that negatively impact Plaintiffs’ homes and surrounding areas. Swarms of cockroaches, birds, and invasive seed species have proliferated, creating unsanitary and disruptive conditions. These vectors pose health risks, damage property, and further diminish Plaintiffs’ ability to enjoy their residences and outdoor spaces. h. Otherwise caused harm to Plaintiffs and their properties.
IV. Causes of Action
A. Count I: Private Nuisance/Continuing Nuisance
94. Plaintiffs repeat and re-allege each and every allegation contained in the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint as if set forth in full herein.
95. Defendants’ use the Site as a dumping ground is offensive to the senses, harmful to public health, and interferes with Plaintiffs’ free use and enjoyment of their properties.
96. Defendants’ operations have resulted in hazardous and toxic substances contaminating the Site and migrating onto Plaintiffs’ properties, substantially interfering with Plaintiffs’ right to exclusive use and enjoyment of their properties.
97. This interference is substantial, unreasonable, and would disturb an ordinary person under similar circumstances.
98. As a direct and proximate result of Defendants’ misconduct, Plaintiffs have suffered and will continue to suffer:
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28 a. Economic losses, including diminution in property value, b. Loss of use and enjoyment of their properties, and
c. Other damages, including emotional distress and costs associated with remediation and abatement.
99. This nuisance is a continuing nuisance because it remains unabated, despite being reasonably abatable through lawful waste disposal and cleanup operations. 100. Defendants’ conduct in using the Site for illegal dumping was not merely negligent but was undertaken with reckless, wanton, and willful disregard for the foreseeable harm to Plaintiffs and their properties.
101. Defendants’ illegal disposal at the Site also constitutes a private nuisance per se due to their violations of applicable standards, regulations, zoning ordinances, and statutory provisions,. 102. At all relevant times, Defendants storage of solid waste at the Site was regulated under 14 CA ADC § 18100 et seq. (“Title 14”) and 27 CA ADC § 20005 et seq. (“Title 27”). 103. Title 14 and Title 27 were both enacted to promote public safety and welfare by preventing environmental hazards resulting from illegal dumping.
104. Defendants’ violations include, but are not limited to the following violations:
a. Under Title 14, no person can store, process, or dispose of solid waste without a solid waste permit.3
The Site does not have a solid waste permit despite storing significant volumes of solid waste.
b. Title 14 allows the operation of “Agricultural Material Composting Operations” for the land application of “green or agricultural material additives, and/or amendments.”4 However, all material being land-applied as a compost must be tested for contaminates and pathogens to ensure it does not contaminate the environment.5 The Defendants are
not testing every shipment of waste being dumped at the Site. c. Title 14 requires that any mulch be no more than 12 inches deep, and piles are never 3 14 CCR § 17400. 4
14 CCR § 17852(a)(6). 5
14 CCR § 17868.3.
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28 allowed. The mounds at the Site are piled roughly 10-12 feet high, posing a fire risk to the area, which is designated as a very high fire risk area. d. Under Title 14, green waste intended for agricultural purposes cannot contain more than 1% contamination of the total weight.6
No amount of C&D waste can be used in
land application because it is not included as a compostable material or digestate.7 The Defendants have land-applied waste at the Site with significantly more than 1% solid waste contamination and they have land-applied C&D debris. e. Title 14 also broadly prohibits any mulch operation that negatively impacts the environment. Even if this material was green waste, it would need to ensure that any foreign material is less than 4 millimeters in size. The Site, however, has received thousands of tons of waste, which contains foreign material significantly larger than 4 millimeters.
f. Title 27 requires properties receiving municipal solid waste to have a method to prevent impacts to the groundwater and surface water beneath and surrounding the site. 27 CCR § 20260. The Site has no such method.
g. Title 27 requires gas monitoring at sites storing solid waste. 27 CCR § 21190. The Site, however, has never managed gas or any other emissions released from the Site into the air surrounding Plaintiffs’ properties.
h. Defendants failed to comply with the Title 27 requirements for record keeping, site security, sanitary facilities, communication systems, lighting, safety equipment, personnel qualifications and training, supervisory structure, dust, fire, and odor mitigation systems, and proper waste spreading and compaction. 27 CCR § 21600. 105. Defendants’ violations of these statutes create conditions that are inherently unlawful and significantly interfere with Plaintiffs’ use and enjoyment of their properties and will continue to be substantial, unreasonable, unwarranted, unlawful, and ongoing, and will persist unless abated. 106. As a direct and proximate result of Defendants’ misconduct, Plaintiffs have suffered and 6 14 CCR § 17868.5(a). 7
14 CCR § 17852(a)(24.5).
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28 will continue to suffer:
a. Economic losses, including diminution in property value, b. Loss of use and enjoyment of their properties, and
c. Other damages, including emotional distress and costs associated with remediation and abatement.
107. Defendants knew or should have known that their illegal dumping operations would result in significant harm to the health and safety of neighboring residents and the environment, as well as interference with the preexisting residential, agricultural, and environmental preservation uses of nearby parcels.
B. Count II: Public Nuisance
108. Plaintiffs repeat and re-allege each and every allegation contained in the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint as if set forth in full herein. 109. Defendants worked in concert to generate, transport, and dispose of solid waste in an unlawful manner that created a public nuisance at the Site, violating applicable statutes, ordinances, and regulations.
110. The Defendants’ illegal dumping at the Site has caused widespread harm, not only to the Plaintiffs but the entire community by:
a. Diminishing air quality,
b. Spreading dust and debris throughout the surrounding area, c. Spreading pests and invasive species,
d. Harming the natural ecosystem,
e. Killing endangered and protected species, including Joshua Trees, desert tortoises, desert burrowing owls, Swainson hawk, and condors, and
f. Degrading the aesthetic and natural value of the surrounding area. 111. The interferences caused by Defendants’ activities are harmful to public health, safety, comfort, and convenience, are offensive to the senses, and are an obstruction to the free use of property, interfering with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property by Plaintiffs and other members of the community.
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28 112. The interferences caused by Defendants’ actions or omissions would reasonably annoy or disturb an ordinary person.
113. Defendants’ conduct has affected a substantial number of people in the community at the same time, creating a widespread impact on public health, safety, and convenience. 114. Plaintiffs, as property owners and members of the affected community, have suffered harm that is distinct from the general public, including:
a. Actual property damage;
b. Diminution in property value;
c. Stigma associated with proximity to the Site;
d. Costs for abatement and cleanup;
e. Loss of use and enjoyment of their properties and the neighborhood public properties; and
f. Emotional distress.
115. Plaintiffs did not consent to Defendants’ actions or the creation or maintenance of these harmful conditions.
116. The seriousness of the harm caused by Defendants’ conduct significantly outweighs any potential social utility of their actions.
117. Defendants’ actions and omissions have been a substantial factor in causing the harm and injuries suffered by Plaintiffs and the community at large. 118. Defendants’ waste disposal practices substantially and unreasonably interfere with the community or neighborhood’s use and enjoyment of their properties and is specifically injurious to Plaintiffs’ use of their properties because they are actual members of the community who use the community and neighborhood and because their properties are within the community creating significant harm. Plaintiffs, as members of the community and property owners within the affected area, have suffered direct injury.
119. This interference causes significant harm and is both substantial and unreasonable. 120. In addition, Defendants’ illegal disposal at the Site violates applicable standards, regulations, zoning ordinances, and statutory provisions, thereby constituting a public nuisance per se.
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28 121. At all relevant times, Defendants storage of solid waste at the Site was regulated under 14 CA ADC § 18100 et seq. (“Title 14”) and 27 CA ADC § 20005 et seq. (“Title 27”). 122. Title 14 and Title 27 were both enacted to promote public safety and welfare by preventing environmental hazards resulting from illegal dumping.
123. Defendants’ violations include, but are not limited to the following violations:
a. Under Title 14, no person can store, process, or dispose of solid waste without a solid waste permit.8
The Site does not have a solid waste permit despite storing significant volumes of solid waste.
b. Title 14 allows the operation of “Agricultural Material Composting Operations” for the land application of “green or agricultural material additives, and/or amendments.”9 However, all material being land-applied as a compost must be tested for contaminates and pathogens to ensure it does not contaminate the environment.10 The Defendants are not testing every shipment of waste being dumped at the Site. c. Title 14 requires that any mulch be no more than 12 inches deep, and piles are never allowed. The mounds at the Site are piled roughly 10-12 feet high, posing a fire risk to the area, which is designated as a very high fire risk area. d. Under Title 14, green waste intended for agricultural purposes cannot contain more than 1% contamination of the total weight.11 No amount of C&D waste can be used in land application because it is not included as a compostable material or digestate.12 The Defendants have land-applied waste at the Site with significantly more than 1% solid waste contamination and they have land-applied C&D debris. e. Title 14 also broadly prohibits any mulch operation that negatively impacts the environment. Even if this material was green waste, it would need to ensure that any foreign material is less than 4 millimeters in size. The Site, however, has received 8 14 CCR § 17400. 9
14 CCR § 17852(a)(6). 10 14 CCR § 17868.3. 11 14 CCR § 17868.5(a). 12 14 CCR § 17852(a)(24.5).
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28 thousands of tons of waste, which contains foreign material significantly larger than 4 millimeters.
f. Title 27 requires properties receiving municipal solid waste to have a method to prevent impacts to the groundwater and surface water beneath and surrounding the site. 27 CCR § 20260. The Site has no such method.
g. Title 27 requires gas monitoring at sites storing solid waste. 27 CCR § 21190. The Site, however, has never managed gas or any other emissions released from the Site into the air surrounding Plaintiffs’ properties.
h. Defendants failed to comply with the Title 27 requirements record keeping, site security, sanitary facilities, communication systems, lighting, safety equipment, personnel qualifications and training, supervisory structure, dust, fire, and odor mitigation systems, and proper waste spreading and compaction. 27 CCR § 21600. 124. As a result of Defendants’ conduct, the Site has become a significant source of harm to the community at large, including Plaintiffs.
125. The Site is:
a. Injurious to Plaintiffs’ health,
b. Offensive to the senses, and
c. An obstruction to the free and comfortable use of Plaintiffs’ properties. 126. As a direct and proximate result of Defendants’ continuing wrongful acts and omissions Plaintiffs have suffered:
a. Actual property damage,
b. Diminution in property value,
c. Stigma associated with proximity to the Site,
d. Costs for abatement and cleanup,
e. Loss of use and enjoyment of their properties, and
f. Emotional distress.
127. Plaintiffs seek abatement of the public nuisance, including the removal and proper disposal of all unlawfully dumped waste, and monetary compensation for their economic losses and other damages
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28 incurred as a result of Defendants’ unlawful conduct.
C. Count III: Trespass/Continuing Trespass
128. Plaintiffs repeat and re-allege each and every allegation contained in the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint as if set forth in full herein. 129. Defendants intentionally disposed of and stored waste at the Site that directly causes the migration of contamination at, under, onto, and into Plaintiffs’ properties and homes. 130. The migration of solid waste and dust from the Site onto Plaintiffs’ properties constitutes uninvited, unwanted and unlawful invasion of Plaintiffs’ properties and homes. 131. Defendants’ trespass proximately causes, and is a substantial factor in causing, Plaintiffs to suffer economic and non-economic damages including remediation and abatement costs, emotional distress, loss of use and enjoyment, stigma, and loss of property value. 132. Defendants continue to deny Plaintiffs’ rights to be free of trespass.
D. Count IV: Negligence
133. Plaintiffs repeat and re-allege each and every allegation contained in the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint as if set forth in full herein. 134. At all relevant times Defendants owed to Plaintiffs, who foreseeably could be injured by their negligence, a duty to exercise reasonable care in using, handling, storing, disposing, releasing, and dumping contaminated waste at the Site.
135. Defendants knew, or should have known, that their actions could result in damage and injury to Plaintiffs and their properties.
136. Defendants owed a duty of care to Plaintiffs to exercise reasonable care in waste disposal at the Site particularly due to the proximity of their actions in relation to Plaintiffs’ properties. 137. Defendants further owed a duty to exercise reasonable care to operate the Site to avoid injury to Plaintiffs and their properties.
138. These duties to exercise reasonable care arose out of the common law as well as mandatory California environmental statutes and regulations designed to prevent the type of harm—injuries to human health and nearby properties from illegal dumping—that Plaintiffs now suffer from. 139. Defendants breached their duty in at least the following respects:
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28 a. Unreasonably generating, transporting and/or accepting the waste described above and causing it to be deposited at the Site;
b. Failing to implement and maintain adequate safeguards to prevent the release of hazardous materials, including medical waste, solid waste, and particulate matter, onto Plaintiffs’ properties.
c. Failing to control dust pollution and allowing harmful fine particles to infiltrate Plaintiffs’ living spaces.
d. Permitted truck operations to occur during unreasonable hours, creating excessive noise pollution that disrupts Plaintiffs’ sleep and daily routines. e. Failing to address ongoing complaints and concerns from Plaintiffs and the community, demonstrating a reckless disregard for the consequences of their actions and their duty to mitigate harm.
140. As a result of Defendants’ acts and omissions, as further detailed above, extensive Contamination will continue to exist without affirmative abatement actions at and around the Site. 141. As a result of Defendants’ misconduct, Plaintiffs have suffered and continue to suffer harm and damages, including, but not limited to, the loss of value to their properties and the loss of the use and enjoyment of their properties and an increased risk of serious injury and illness. 142. Defendants caused and continue to cause actual injury and actual damages to Plaintiffs and their properties through acts and omissions actuated by a reckless, wanton and willful disregard of persons who foreseeably might be harmed by such acts or omissions. 143. Defendants, despite knowledge of the serious health and environmental effects associated with illegal dumping of contaminated waste on raw land, masked and continue to mask the true extent of contamination, thereby enabling themselves to avoid taking all appropriate steps to properly remediate the hazardous substances and contamination at and around the Site. 144. As a direct and proximate result of the Defendants’ continuing wrongful acts and omissions and statutory violations, Plaintiffs’ properties have been and will continue to be contaminated at an increased risk of fire damage, the property value diminished, and these properties are unfit for unfettered residential or commercial use.
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28 145. As a direct and proximate result of the Defendants’ continuing wrongful acts and omissions, Plaintiffs currently suffer actual property damage, diminution in the value of their properties, stigma, need for abatement, cleanup costs, loss of use and enjoyment of their properties, and emotional distress.
E. Count V: Negligence Per Se
146. Plaintiffs repeat and re-allege each and every allegation contained in the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint as if set forth in full herein. 147. At all relevant times, Defendants storage of solid waste at the Site was regulated under 14 CA ADC § 18100 et seq. (“Title 14”) and 27 CA ADC § 20005 et seq. (“Title 27”). 148. Title 14 and Title 27 were both enacted to promote public safety and welfare by preventing environmental hazards resulting from illegal dumping.
149. Defendants violated Title 14 and Title 27 in the following ways:
a. Under Title 14, no person can store, process, or dispose of solid waste without a solid waste permit.13 The Site does not have a solid waste permit despite storing significant volumes of solid waste.
b. Title 14 allows the operation of “Agricultural Material Composting Operations” for the land application of “green or agricultural material additives, and/or amendments.”14 However, all material being land-applied as a compost must be tested for contaminates and pathogens to ensure it does not contaminate the environment.15 The Defendants are not testing every shipment of waste being dumped at the Site. c. Title 14 requires that any mulch be no more than 12 inches deep, and piles are never allowed. The mounds at the Site are piled roughly 10-12 feet high, posing a fire risk to the area, which is designated as a very high fire risk area. d. Under Title 14, green waste intended for agricultural purposes cannot contain more than 1% contamination of the total weight.16 No amount of C&D waste can be used in 13 14 CCR § 17400. 14 14 CCR § 17852(a)(6). 15 14 CCR § 17868.3. 16 14 CCR § 17868.5(a).
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28 land application because it is not included as a compostable material or digestate.17 The Defendants have land-applied waste at the Site with significantly more than 1% solid waste contamination and they have land-applied C&D debris. e. Title 14 also broadly prohibits any mulch operation that negatively impacts the environment. Even if this material was green waste, it would need to ensure that any foreign material is less than 4 millimeters in size. The Site, however, has received thousands of tons of waste, which contains foreign material significantly larger than 4 millimeters.
f. Title 27 requires properties receiving municipal solid waste to have a method to prevent impacts to the groundwater and surface water beneath and surrounding the site. 27 CCR § 20260. The Site has no such method.
g. Title 27 requires gas monitoring at sites storing solid waste. 27 CCR § 21190. The Site, however, has never managed gas or any other emissions released from the Site into the air surrounding Plaintiffs’ properties.
h. Defendants failed to comply with the Title 27 requirements record keeping, site security, sanitary facilities, communication systems, lighting, safety equipment, personnel qualifications and training, supervisory structure, dust, fire, and odor mitigation systems, and proper waste spreading and compaction. 27 CCR § 21600. 150. Title 14 and Title 27 were enacted to protect against the type of harm suffered by Plaintiffs, including loss of use and enjoyment of their properties from extreme odors, property damage, diminution in value to their properties, and emotional distress.
151. Plaintiffs are among the class of persons that Title 14 and Title 27 were intended to protect:
individuals forced to live next to an unpermitted and haphazard solid waste disposal operation and have their properties surrounded by solid waste and other debris blowing into their properties. 152. Defendants’ violations of Title 14 and Title 27 were a substantial factor in causing Plaintiffs’ injuries, including but not limited to extreme odors, property damage, diminution in value to 17 14 CCR § 17852(a)(24.5).
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28 their properties, and emotional distress.
F. Count VI: Strict Liability - Abnormally Dangerous Activity 153. Plaintiffs repeat and re-allege each and every allegation contained in the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint as if set forth in full herein. 154. The Defendants have caused the disposal of hazardous wastes at the Site resulting in the pollution and contamination of the air and soil around the Site and on Plaintiffs’ properties. 155. Defendants’ activities have a high likelihood of resulting in great harm because the operation of an unlicensed dump site on raw land without any liner, gas treatment system, nor fire abatement measures is highly likely to result in the migration of contaminants off site through the air, water, and soil onto Plaintiffs’ properties. Because of these characteristics and the serious and known health consequences associated with exposure, Defendants’ use and disposal of the contaminated waste creates a high degree of risk to Plaintiffs.
156. Defendants’ disposal of hazardous and toxic wastes on raw land involves a high degree of risk of harm to property and persons, which cannot be eliminated by the exercise of reasonable care. There is no safe way to house people on lands adjacent to an unregulated dump site. 157. Defendants’ activities are not a matter of common usage because they involve a non-natural and uncommon use of the land and the waste materials mixed in with the mulching piles are not commonly used in agricultural or residential uses of land in this area. 158. Defendants’ activities are not appropriate for the area because the Site is surrounded by multiple residences, including Plaintiffs’. This is a peaceful rural community graced with Joshua Trees and other important desert fauna, with beautiful views of the surrounding mountains. Several properties to the North of the Site operate as peach farms for decades before Defendants began using the Site as a dump. The Site is also adjacent to a conservation easement. This illegal dumping is not compatible with the residential, agricultural, and environmental uses of the area and continued use threatens current and future uses in the community.
159. Any societal value from Defendants’ dumping activities is outweighed by their dangerous attributes including the serious health and environmental problems posed by the likelihood of offsite migration of contamination from the dumping at the Site.
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28 160. As a direct and proximate result of Defendants’ conduct, Plaintiffs have suffered and continue to suffer actual damages and injuries including economic losses, property damages and the loss of value to their properties, loss of use and enjoyment, pain and suffering, and other damages. 161. Separate and apart from acting negligently, at all relevant times Defendants’ abnormally dangerous activities caused injury and damages to the Plaintiffs and their properties through acts and omissions actuated by actual malice and/or accompanied by a reckless, wanton and willful disregard of persons who foreseeably might be harmed by such acts or omissions.
G. Count VII: Unjust Enrichment
162. Plaintiffs repeat and re-allege each and every allegation contained in the preceding paragraphs of this Complaint as if set forth in full herein. 163. Defendants knowingly utilized the Site for illegal dumping operations without incurring the costs required to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and ordinances, including but not limited to requirements for record keeping, site security, sanitary facilities, communication systems, lighting, safety equipment, personnel qualifications and training, supervisory structure, and proper waste spreading and compaction and increased costs associated with lawfully disposing of waste at landfills and other permitted facilities as required under their residential and commercial waste franchise agreements. 164. By failing to comply with these requirements and engaging in illegal dumping, Defendants avoided significant operational expenses, environmental compliance costs, have avoided liquidated damages for meeting the diversion mandates, have avoided necessary tipping fees, have increased their rates based on representations of removal of this organic waste and unjustly benefiting from their wrongful conduct, and have otherwise unjustly benefited monetarily from their wrongful conduct. 165. Defendants were aware, or reasonably should have been aware, that their actions were unlawful and that they would derive substantial financial and operational benefits from evading compliance with the legal requirements governing waste management and disposal. 166. The benefits conferred upon Defendants by their illegal actions were obtained at the direct expense of Plaintiffs, who have suffered harm including, but not limited to, property damage, diminished property values, adverse health effects, environmental degradation, and the need for remediation and abatement measures.
UNLIMITED CIVIL COMPLAINT AND DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
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28 167. Equity and good conscience demand that Defendants not be permitted to retain the benefits unjustly obtained through their unlawful conduct.
168. As a direct and proximate result of Defendants’ unjust enrichment, Plaintiffs are entitled to restitution for the costs and damages incurred and an order requiring Defendants to disgorge all profits obtained as a result of their illegal dumping operations.
V. Jury Trial Demanded and Prayer for Relief
WHEREFORE, Plaintiffs request that the Court enter an order or judgment against Defendants as follows:
1. Enter an Order requiring injunctive relief – that the Defendants bear the costs of a property inspection and remediation program, including, but not limited to, testing, examination, abatement and remediation of the Site and each Plaintiffs’ Properties;
2. Enter judgment in favor of Plaintiffs against Defendants for loss of property value, stigma, loss of use and enjoyment, cost of appropriate mitigation and remediation measures, unjust enrichment and for all other relief, in an amount to be proven at trial, as to which they may be entitled, including attorney’s fees, interest, fees and costs of this suit;
3. Equitable relief in the form of the disgorgement of funds received by Defendants for the unlawful dump, including all revenue generated by the collecting and transporting of waste to the Site;
4. Award prejudgment and post-judgment interest as provided by law;
5. Award punitive damages; and
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UNLIMITED CIVIL COMPLAINT AND DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
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28 6. Award such other relief as this Court deems necessary, just and proper.
Dated: December 20, 2024 /s/ April Strauss
APRIL STRAUSS (SBN 163327)
[email protected]
CHRISTOPHER NIDEL (pro hac vice forthcoming)
[email protected]
JONATHAN NACE (pro hac vice forthcoming)
[email protected]
ZACHARY A. KELSAY (pro hac vice forthcoming)
[email protected]
NIDEL & NACE, P.L.L.C.
One Church Street, Suite 802
Rockville, MD 20850
Telephone: (202) 780-5153
Attorneys for Plaintiffs
UNLIMITED CIVIL COMPLAINT AND DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
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28 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, April Strauss, an attorney, hereby certify that the Complaint for Damages and Summons will be served on Defendants’ registered agents and an affidavit proof of service shall be filed with the Court in accordance with Ca. Code Civ. Proc. § 417.10.
By: /s/ April Strauss
April Strauss
Attorneys for the Plaintiffs
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