City Council Chambers
14343 Civic Drive
Victorville, CA
www.victorvilleca.gov
VICTORVILLE CITY COUNCIL
VICTORVILLE LIBRARY BOARD OF TRUSTEES
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOGISTICS AIRPORT AUTHORITY
SUCCESSOR AGENCY TO THE REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY
THE CITY AS HOUSING ASSETS SUCCESSOR
JOINT POWERS FINANCING AUTHORITY
VICTORVILLE WATER DISTRICT
Regular Meeting Agenda
Tuesday, June 16, 2026
5:00 p.m. Closed Session
6:00 p.m. Regular Session
The
City
Council
holds
its
business
meetings
in
public
in
accordance
with
the
requirements
of
the
Ralph
M.
Brown
Act,
its
established
policies
and
procedures,
and
its
adopted
parliamentary
authority.
The
Council
strives
to
carry
out
its
meetings
in
an
atmosphere
of
professionalism
with
full
participation
by
members
of
the
body
and
the
public.
As
such,
the
Presiding
Officer
is
empowered
to
govern
City
Council
Meetings
to
foster
the
efficient
and
fair
administration
of
City
business
and
reserves
the
right
to
enforce
(or
cause
to
be
enforced)
the
Meeting
Rules
of
Conduct
and
Decorum
as
set
forth
in
Chapter
5 of
the
City
Council Policy and Procedures Manual.
The
City
Council
welcomes
and
encourages
public
participation
and
invites
the
community
to
attend
in
person.
City
Council
Meetings
will
be
held
in-person
at
City
Hall
in
Council
Chambers.
Remote
viewing
of
our
Council
Meetings
is
available
through
YouTube,
but
public
comments
must
be
given
in-person
at
the
meeting or in advance as noted below.
Public
Comments:
Members
of
the
public
may
submit
comments
electronically
by
4 p.m.
the
day
of
the
meeting
to
be
distributed
to
City
Council.
Participants
are
invited
to
address
the
Council
on
agendized
and
non-agendized
topics
at
the
beginning
of
the
meeting.
Public
comments
will
be
no
longer
than
three
(3)
minutes
per
community
member.
Should
a
speaker
conclude
their
comments
prior
to
the
expiration
of
three
(3)
minutes,
the
speaker
waives
the
right
to
speak
for
any
remaining
amount
of
time.
For
further
information
about
how
to
address
the
Council,
please refer to the City's website at
victorvilleca.gov/agendas
.
LEVINE
ACT
DISCLOSURE:
Pursuant
to
the
Levine
Act
(Govt.
Code
section
84308),
any
party
to
a
permit,
license,
contract,
or
other
entitlement
before
the
Victorville
City
Council
is
required
to
disclose
on
the
record
any
campaign
contribution,
including
aggregated
contributions,
of
more
than
$500
made
by
the
party
or
the
party's
agents
within
the
preceding
12 months
to
any
City
official.
Participants
and
agents
are
requested
to
make
this
disclosure
as
well.
The
disclosure
must
include
the
name
of
the
party,
participant,
or
agent,
and
any
other
person
making
the
contribution;
the
name
of
the
recipient,
the
amount
of
the
contribution,
and
the
date
the
contribution was made.
In
compliance
with
the
Americans
with
Disabilities
Act,
if
you
need
special
assistance
to
participate
in
this
meeting,
please
contact
the
City
Clerk's
office
at
(760)
955-5188
no
later
than
72 hours
prior
to
the
meeting.
5:00 p.m. Closed Session
Call to Order
Roll Call
Introduction to Public Comments
Public Comments for Closed Session Items
Declaration of Closed Session Item(s) by City Attorney
CITY COUNCIL
A.
PUBLIC EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Pursuant to Government Code § 54957(b)
Position Title: City Manager
Recess to Closed Session
6:00 p.m. Regular Session
Call to Order
Roll Call
Closed Session Announcements by the City Attorney
Invocation: Paul Gostanian with High Desert Church
Pledge of Allegiance: Police Captain Jerry Davenport
Proclamations/Special Presentations
Recognition Presentation – The Traffic Signal Cabinet Wrap Project
City Clerk Presents Agenda/Revisions to Agenda
Conflict of Interest Declarations
Any
items
on
this
agenda
that
might
be
a
conflict
of
interest
to
any
Council
Members/Board Members should be identified at this time.
Introduction to Public Comments
Public Comments
PUBLIC HEARING(S)
1. Adoption
of
the
2025
Regional
Urban
Water
Management
Plan
and
the
2025
Water
Shortage Contingency Plan
Recommendation:
That the Honorable Victorville Water District Board of Directors:
(1) Open and conduct a Public Hearing;
(2) Receive testimony and close the public hearing;
(3)
Approve
Resolution
No.
VWD
26-002
adopting
the
2025
Regional
Urban
Water
Management Plan; and
(4)
Approve
Resolution
No.
VWD
26-008
adopting
the
2025
Water
Shortage
Contingency Plan
2. Annual
Confirmation
of
Maintenance
Assessment
Districts
for
Fiscal
Year
2026/2027
Recommendation:
That the Honorable City Council:
(1)
Open
and
conduct
a
Public
Hearing
to
receive
testimony
for
the
final
approval
of
the
Engineer’s
Reports
for
Maintenance
Assessment
Districts
1 through
3,
Drainage
Facility
Assessment
Districts
1 through
3,
Landscaping
Maintenance
Assessment
Districts
1 through
8,
and
the
City-Wide
Street
Lighting
Assessment
District
and
proposed
Resolution
Nos.
26-055
through
26-058,
confirming
and
ordering
the
levy
and collection of the annual assessments for the respective assessment districts; (2) Close the Public Hearing;
(3) Give final approval of the Engineer’s Reports for each assessment district; (4) Adopt Resolution Nos. 26-055 through 26-058; and
(5)
Authorize
the
Director
of
Finance/City
Treasurer
to
execute
all
documents
related to implementation of the special assessment district fees.
3. (1)
Consideration
of
Ordinance
No.
2468,
Adding
Chapter
3.07 To
Title
3 of
the
Victorville
Municipal
Code
for
the
Purpose
of
Establishing
and
Imposing
a
Supplemental
One
Percent
(1%)
General
Transactions
and
Use
Tax
to
be
Administered
by
the
California
Department
of
Tax
and
Fee
Administration,
Subject
to Adoption by City Voters; and
(2)
Proposed
Resolution
No.
26-051,
Ordering
Submission
to
the
Qualified
Voters
of
the
City
at
the
General
Municipal
Election
on
November
3,
2026,
a
Ballot
Measure
To
Approve
an
Ordinance
Establishing
a
Supplemental
One
Percent
(1%)
General Transactions and Use (Sales) Tax and Authorizing Related Actions
Recommendation:
That the Honorable City Council:
(1) Open and conduct a Public Hearing on proposed Ordinance No. 2468; (2) Receive testimony;
(3) Close the public hearing;
(4)
Find
Ordinance
No.
2468
exempt
from
the
California
Environmental
Quality
Act
(CEQA) pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15378(b)(4); (5) Introduce Ordinance No. 2468 for adoption and first reading by title only; (6) Waive further reading in full of proposed Ordinance No. 2468; and (7)
Consider
and
adopt
Resolution
No.
26-051,
approving
the
proposed
Ordinance
and ballot measure language and ordering same to be submitted to the voters CONSENT CALENDAR
4. CalRecycle
Waste
Tire
Amnesty
Grant
(Cycle
FY
2025-26)
Acceptance
and
City
of
Victorville FY 2025-26 Budget Amendment
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
adopt
Resolution
No.
26-050
to
authorize
acceptance
of
the
CalRecycle
Waste
Tire
Amnesty
Grant
(Cycle
FY
2025-26)
and
amend
the
City
of
Victorville
Fiscal
Year
2025-26
budget
to
reflect
$22,701
in
additional revenue and expenditures related to the Waste Tire Amnesty Grant.
5. Citation
Settlement
Agreement
between
City
of
Victorville,
Shuyun
Liang,
and
Jiefeng Liang
Recommendation:
That the Honorable City Council:
(1)
Approve
the
Citation
Settlement
Agreement
by
and
between
Shuyun
and
Jiefeng
Liang
and
the
City
of
Victorville
in
regard
to
Citation
Number’s
CE45404
and 28413.
(2) Authorize the City Manager to execute the Settlement Agreement.
6. Minutes
of
the
May
5 and
May
19,
2026,
Regular
City
Council
Meetings
and
the
May 21, 2026, Special City Council Meeting
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
approve
the
minutes
of
the
Regular
City
Council
Meetings
held
on
May
5 and
May
19,
2026,
and
the
Special
City
Council
Meeting
held on May 21, 2026.
7. Commercial Demand Schedule No. 24
Recommendation:
That
the
City
Council
and
Board
of
Directors
ratify
Commercial
Demand
Schedule
No.
24 for
the
period
of
May
14,
2026,
through
May
27,
2026,
in
total
amount
of
$21,017,654.28. This total includes:
•
Electronic
Fund
Transfers
No.
349427
through
349674
and
Warrant
No.
803884 through 804041 in the amount of $13,832,046.47.
•
Wire Transfers in the amount of $7,185,607.81.
All
are
consistent
with
the
adopted
Fiscal
Year
2025-2026
Budget
(covering
July
1,
2025, through June 30, 2026).
8. Payroll Demand Schedule No. 11A
Recommendation:
That
the
City
Council
and
Board
of
Directors
ratify
Payroll
Demand
Schedule
No.
11A
for
the
payroll
period
of
April
24,
2026,
through
May
8,
2026,
in
total
amount
of
$2,490,205.73. This total includes:
•
Employee
Check
Nos.
34880
through
34884
and
34892
in
the
amount
of
$4,797.38.
•
Vendor Check Nos. 34885 through 34891 in the amount of $1,249.34.
•
Advice Nos. 343357 through 343956 in the amount of $1,620,699.89; and •
Vendor Electronic Payments totaling $863,459.12.
All
expenditures
are
consistent
with
the
adopted
Fiscal
Year
2025–2026
Budget
(covering July 1, 2025, through June 30, 2026).
9. Termination
of
Notice
of
Affordability
Restrictions
on
Transfer
of
Property
and
Cancellation
of
Declaration
of
Covenants,
Conditions
and
Restrictions
for
Property
located at 14619 Corey Way, Victorville, CA 92394 (MAP Case No. 10-07-06)
Recommendation:
That the Honorable City Council:
(1)
Approve
the
termination
of
Notice
of
Affordability
Restrictions
on
Transfer
of
Property
and
Cancellation
of
Declaration
of
Covenants,
Conditions
and
Restrictions
for MAP Case No. 10-07-06; and
(2) Authorize the execution thereof by the Deputy City Manager.
10. Settlement Agreement between City of Victorville and Adrian Rios Vega
Recommendation:
That the Honorable City Council:
(1)
Approve
the
Citation
Settlement
Agreement
by
and
between
Adrian
Rios
Vega
and the City of Victorville regarding Citation Number 40925; and (2) Authorize the City Manager to execute the Citation Settlement Agreement.
11. MuttNation Foundation – Budget Amendment
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
adopt
Resolution
No.
26-054,
approving
a
budget
amendment
for
Fiscal
Year
2025/2026
to
appropriate
$2,750.00
in
both
revenue
and
expenditures
related
to
a
animal
spay
and
neuter
grant
as
awarded
by
MuttNation and Doris Day Animal Foundation.
12. Approval
of
a
name
change
amendment
to
the
Legal
Services
Agreement
for
the
City Attorney
Recommendation:
It
is
the
recommendation
that
the
Honorable
City
Council
consider
approval
of
a
First Amendment to Legal Services Agreement for the City Attorney.
13. Budget
Amendment
for
Fiscal
Year
2026
-
Emergency
Management
Performance
Grant
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
adopt
Resolution
No.
26-062
amending
the
Fiscal
Year
2025-2026
budget
for
the
revenue
and
expenditures
associated
with
the
2024
Emergency
Management
Performance
Grant
program
in
the
total
amount
of
$13,397.10.
14. Substitution
of
Trustee,
Deed
of
Reconveyance
and
Cancellation
of
CC&Rs
for
Residential
Rehabilitation
Program
case
number
25-11-18
(13742
Camino
Cinco
Street,
Victorville,
CA
92392);
as
well
as
acceptance
and
reallocation
of
associated
Program Income funds
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
take
the
following
actions
regarding
Residential
Rehabilitation Program Case No. 25-11-18:
(1) Approve the Substitution of Trustee and Deed of Reconveyance; (2)
Confirm
the
required
Cancellation
of
the
original
Covenants,
Conditions
and
Restrictions (CC&Rs);
(3)
Authorize
the
execution
of
the
Substitution
of
Trustee
and
Deed
of
Reconveyance
as
well
as
the
Cancellation
of
the
original
CC&Rs
by
the
Deputy
City Manager;
(4)
Accept
the
payoff
of
the
loan
receivable
to
the
Residential
Rehabilitation
Program Income Account; and
(5)
Adopt
Resolution
No.
26-063,
amending
the
annual
budget
for
Fiscal
Year
2025-
2026,
reallocating
the
subject
$15,215.00
Residential
Rehabilitation
Program
– Program Income funds to the Residential Rehabilitation Program.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS
15. Platform
Access
and
Services
Agreement
CF27-006
–
A
professional
services
agreement for hardware and software costs provided by City Detect
Recommendation:
That the Honorable City Council:
(1)
Approve
Platform
Access
and
Services
Agreement
CF27-006
for
professional
services provided by City Detect for an initial term of three (3) years; and (2)
Authorize
the
City
Manager
or
City
Attorney
to
make
non-substantive
changes
to the agreement.
16. Approval
of
Agreements
with
Five
(5)
Consultants
for
On-Call
Environmental
Services
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
approve
a
Consultant
/
Professional
Services
Provider
Agreement
with
five
(5)
consultants:
1)
Dokken
Engineering,
2)
ECORP
Consulting,
Inc.,
3)
Environment
Planning
Development
Solutions,
Inc.,
4)
PlaceWorks,
Inc.,
5)
UltraSystems
Environmental
Inc.,
in
an
amount
not
to
exceed
$125,000 each for on-call environmental services over the initial term of one year.
17. General
Services
Provider
Agreement
with
Quinn
Company
DBA
Quinn
Power
Systems
for
Generator
Screen
Replacements
at
Highway
395
Booster
Station
and
Well 140 Sites
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
Victorville
Water
District
Board
of
Directors
(Board)
approve
the
General
Services
Provider
Agreement
with
Quinn
Company
DBA
Quinn
Power
Systems, Project CFC26-140.
18. Fiscal
Year
2026-2027
Contract
Renewals
-
Annual
Supply
and
Service
Agreements
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council/Board
of
Directors
award
contract
renewals
for
the
Annual
Supply
and
Service
Agreements
to
various
vendors
and
suppliers
for
Fiscal
Year 2026-2027 per the Adopted Budget approved on June 2, 2026.
19. Custom Truck Bed for Public Works Traffic Control Vehicle
Recommendation:
That the Honorable City Council:
(1)
Find
that
Precision
Aerial
Services
Inc.
is
the
sole
source
manufacturer
for
the
standardization,
procurement,
manufacturing
and
installation
of
one
(1)
custom
truck
bed
and
specialized
equipment
for
a
Public
Works
Traffic
Maintenance
vehicle
and
approve
a
sole
source
procurement
in
accordance
with
Victorville
Municipal Code (VMC) 2.28.100(b)(2); and
(2)
Authorize
the
procurement,
manufacturing,
and
installation
of
one
(1)
custom
truck
bed
and
specialized
equipment
in
the
amount
of
$124,704.85
to
Precision
Aerial Services Inc.
20. Supplemental Law Enforcement Services Fund
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
adopt
Resolution
No.
26-060
amending
the
annual
budget
for
Fiscal
Year
2025-2026;
approving
an
increase
in
revenue
and
expenditures related to the Supplemental Law Enforcement Services Fund.
21. National Opioid Settlement Agreements
Recommendation:
That the Honorable City Council:
(1)
Adopt
Resolution
No.
26-059,
amending
the
annual
budget
for
Fiscal
Year
2025-2026;
approving
an
increase
in
revenue
and
expenditures
related
to
the
National Opioids Settlement Agreements; and
(2)
Authorize
the
City
Manager
to
use
all
Opioid
Settlement
Fund
Disbursements,
including
future
funds,
in
accordance
with
the
List
of
Opioid
Remediation
Uses
provided in the Opioid Settlements.
22. Community
Facilities
District
(CFD)
2024-01
(Municipal
Services)
Annual
CFD
Report
for
FY
2025–26
and
Consideration
of
the
Special
Taxes
Levy
for
FY
2026–
27 Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
adopt
Resolution
No.
26-061,
accepting
the
Annual
Community
Facilities
District
Report
for
FY
2026-27
and
approving
the
Community
Facilities
District
(CFD)
2024-01
(Municipal
Services)
Special
Taxes
Levy for FY 2026-27.
23. Consideration
of
Resolution
Nos.
VWD
26-003
and
VWD
26-004
-
Resolutions
of
the
Board
of
Directors
of
the
Victorville
Water
District
making
its
determination
to
Fix,
Levy,
and
Collect
Standby
Charges
for
Water
Improvement
District
Number
One and Water Improvement District Number Two for Fiscal Year 2026-2027
Recommendation:
That the Honorable Victorville Water District Board of Directors:
(1)
Approve
Resolution
No.
VWD
26-003
authorizing
the
Victorville
Water
District
to
initiate proceedings to fix, levy, and collect Standby Charges for Water Improvement District One for Fiscal Year 2026-2027; (2)
Approve
Resolution
No.
VWD
26-004
authorizing
the
Victorville
Water
District
to
initiate proceedings to fix, levy, and collect Standby Charges for Water Improvement District Two for Fiscal Year 2026-2027; and (3)
Set
July
21,
2026,
as
the
date
for
the
Public
Hearing
for
the
purpose
of
hearing
arguments
for
and
against
determinations
to
fix,
levy
and
collect
water
standby
charges as set forth in the aforementioned resolutions.
24. Fiscal Year 2025/2026 Revenue Budget Amendment
Recommendation:
That
the
Honorable
City
Council
adopt
Resolution
No.
26-053,
approving
a
budget
amendment
for
Fiscal
Year
2025/2026
increasing
projected
revenues
within
the
Code Compliance Department.
25. Fiscal Year 2026-2027 Training - Travel Schedule for City Council Members
Recommendation:
That
Your
Honorable
City
Council
direct
staff
which
business
events
Council
will
attend
during
Fiscal
Year
2026-2027
to
allow
sufficient
time
for
registration
and
travel accommodations.
26. Analysis and Feasibility of a 5k Run Event
Recommendation:
Any action is at the discretion of the Honorable City Council.
27. City Manager Reports
28. Discussion and Possible Action Regarding Upcoming Agenda Items
29. Reports from Council Members
Adjournment
Item Number: 1
City Council / Board of Directors
Public Hearing(s)
Meeting of: June 16, 2026
Submitted By:
Doug Mathews, Director of Public Works and Water
Subject:
Adoption of the 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan and the 2025 Water Shortage Contingency Plan
Recommendation:
That the Honorable Victorville Water District Board of Directors:
(1) Open and conduct a Public Hearing;
(2) Receive testimony and close the public hearing;
(3) Approve Resolution No. VWD 26-002 adopting the 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan; and
(4) Approve Resolution No. VWD 26-008 adopting the 2025 Water Shortage Contingency Plan
Fiscal Impact:
There is no fiscal impact associated with this action.
Strategic Plan Goal:
This item aligns with Goal E. Invest in Infrastructure. By investing in a consultant to update the Urban Water Management Plan and the Water Shortage Contingency Plan, the District can continue supporting a healthy, livable community for all residents.
Background:
The Urban Water Management Planning Act of 1983, as amended and codified in California Water Code Sections (CWC) 10610 through 10656 (the Act), requires urban water suppliers to prepare and adopt an Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP), or a Regional Urban Water Management Plan (RUWMP) when participating in a regional planning effort, for submission to the California Department of Water Resources (DWR).
The Act is intended to ensure that water suppliers evaluate long-term water resource needs, maintain reliable water supplies, promote efficient water use, and plan for future water demands and drought conditions.
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Water Shortage Contingency Plans (WSCPs) have been required under CWC Section 10632 since the early 1980s and serve as an essential component of water supply planning. A WSCP establishes the actions a water supplier will take during water shortage conditions and includes required elements addressing shortage response actions, dry- year supply assessments, catastrophic supply interruptions, demand reduction measures, financial impacts, and monitoring and reporting requirements. The WSCP serves as the operational framework the Victorville Water District (“District”) will use to respond proactively to water shortages and minimize service disruptions.
To comply with State law, the UWMP and WSCP must be updated every five years and are intended to function as integrated planning documents. The UWMP provides the District’s long-term strategy for maintaining water supply reliability under normal and dry- year conditions, while the WSCP establishes the operational measures that will be implemented during actual or anticipated water shortages.
The District adopted its 2015 Urban Water Management Plan on June 21, 2016, and subsequently adopted its 2020 Urban Water Management Plan and Water Shortage Contingency Plan on June 15, 2021, following a publicly noticed hearing. These plans established the District’s long-term water supply planning framework, updated demand and supply projections, and documented compliance with applicable State conservation and planning requirements.
The 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan (2025 RUWMP) updates the District’s 2020 UWMP and incorporates new data, analyses, and planning assumptions developed since 2020. As the first regional plan prepared for the Mojave Basin Region under the RUWMP framework, the 2025 RUWMP establishes a coordinated approach to regional water resources planning and management through the year 2050. The 2025 RUWMP encompasses the Mojave Water Agency (MWA), the regional wholesale water supplier responsible for regional groundwater management, and participating urban water suppliers within MWA’s service area.
The 2025 RUWMP evaluates existing and future water supply reliability, forecasts future water demands, summarizes demand management accomplishments, and identifies local and regional strategies to meet projected water needs. The 2025 RUWMP provides a consistent regional assessment of water supply conditions and supports long-term planning efforts related to groundwater sustainability, drought preparedness, climate variability, and future population growth. The 2025 RUWMP is intended to inform elected officials, water supplier staff, water users, interested community stakeholders, and the State of California regarding current conditions, projected demands, and strategies to ensure reliable and sustainable water supplies.
The District retained Water Systems Consulting, Inc. (WSC) to prepare the District- specific chapters of the 2025 RUWMP. WSC also prepared the District’s 2015 and 2020 UWMPs and possesses extensive knowledge of the District’s water system, planning assumptions, and regulatory requirements. Preparation of the 2025 RUWMP required 4 7
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coordination with MWA and its consultant, which prepared the shared regional chapters of the plan.
The 2025 RUWMP serves several important planning purposes, including:
Providing a standardized methodology for water suppliers to evaluate water supply availability and future water resource needs;
Serving as a resource for the public, stakeholders, and other interested parties regarding water supply, demand, conservation, and related water management issues;
Providing information used by cities and counties when evaluating proposed development projects and preparing long-range planning documents, including General Plans; and
Supporting regional and statewide water planning efforts, including Integrated Regional Water Management Plans and the California Water Plan.
Discussion:
The 2025 RUWMP (Exhibit 1 to Resolution No. VWD 26-002) evaluates the District’s projected water demands, available supplies, long-term reliability, and drought resilience through the year 2050. For calendar year 2025, the District’s total water use was 21,402 acre-feet per year (AFY), with demands projected to increase to 26,282 AFY by 2050 as population and economic development continue within the Victorville Water District service area.
The 2025 RUWMP consists of regional chapters applicable to the Mojave Basin Region as a whole, together with agency-specific chapters prepared by each participating urban water supplier. While the complete 2025 RUWMP includes information and analyses prepared for all participating agencies, the Board’s approval pertains to the regional chapters and the Victorville Water District-specific chapters that satisfy the District’s planning requirements under the Urban Water Management Planning Act.
The 2025 RUWMP demonstrates that the District has adequate, reliable water supplies to meet projected demands under average, single-dry, and multiple-dry year conditions through 2050. The District’s supplies are derived primarily from native groundwater and are supplemented regionally through imported State Water Project water managed by the MWA through basin recharge and management programs. Natural groundwater supply estimates are based on long-term hydrologic averages that incorporate both wet and dry periods. Because of the regional adjudication governing groundwater production in the Mojave Basin Region, the District does not experience reduced groundwater availability during dry or multiple-dry years, as permitted pumping is based on long-term natural supply conditions rather than annual variability.
The 2025 RUWMP also documents the District’s continued commitment to water use efficiency. Through implementation of its active water conservation program, the District successfully achieved its State-mandated 2020 Gallons Per Capita Per Day (GPCD) 4 7
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target of 202 GPCD, with actual water use of 145 GPCD. Continued improvements in residential and landscape water use efficiency will remain important as the District prepares to meet the requirements of the State’s Conservation as a California Way of Life framework. To support these objectives, the District will continue expanding conservation programs, public outreach efforts, recycled water use opportunities, and participation in regional water supply initiatives that further strengthen long-term reliability.
The District’s WSCP (Exhibit 1 to Resolution No. VWD 26-008), prepared in conjunction with the 2025 RUWMP, evaluates the District’s ability to respond to water shortages and supply interruptions. The WSCP concludes that agencies relying primarily on adjudicated groundwater, such as the District, are generally less vulnerable to shortages than agencies dependent on variable surface water supplies. Nevertheless, groundwater producers may be required to reduce pumping during extended drought conditions to prevent excessive overdraft and preserve long-term basin sustainability.
The WSCP establishes a four-stage shortage response framework with corresponding demand reduction measures, operational actions, enforcement provisions, communication protocols, and financial considerations. To comply with current State requirements, the WSCP also incorporates a crosswalk between the District’s four shortage stages and the California Department of Water Resources’ six standardized water shortage levels, as illustrated in Figure 1-1.
The WSCP authorizes the City Manager, acting in the capacity of the District’s General Manager, to declare and implement appropriate shortage stages when warranted by supply interruptions, infrastructure failures, or other emergency conditions. The WSCP also identifies emergency interagency supply options available during catastrophic events and incorporates findings from the District’s Risk and Resilience Assessment and Emergency Response Plan to strengthen operational preparedness and system reliability.
To satisfy public review and hearing requirements, the Public Draft 2025 RUWMP and Public Draft 2025 WSCP were posted on the City’s website on June 1, 2026, and hard copies were made available for review at the City Clerk’s Office. In accordance with CWC Section 10642, notice of the public hearing was published in the Valley Wide Newspaper on May 29, 2026.
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Based on the findings presented in the 2025 RUWMP and 2025 WSCP, staff recommends that the Board of Directors adopt Resolution Nos. VWD 26-002 (Attachment A) and VWD 26-008 (Attachment B), respectively, and authorize submission of both documents to the California Department of Water Resources by July 1, 2026.
Staff is available to answer any questions the Board may have.
Prepared By:
Alejandra Garcia, Management Technician
Daniel Best, Assistant Director of Water
Mel Krejckant, Public Works and Water Administrative Manager Attachments: A. Resolution No. VWD 26-002
B. Resolution No. VWD 26-008
ATTACHMENT A
Resolution VWD 26-002
VICTORVILLE WATER DISTRICT RESOLUTION NO. VWD 26-002 A RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE VICTORVILLE WATER DISTRICT ADOPTING THE 2025REGIONAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN (RUWMP) WHEREAS, the Urban Water Management Planning Act, California Water Code (CWC) Section 10610 et seq. (the Act), requires urban water suppliers to conduct long-term water resource planning; and WHEREAS, the Act requires all urban water suppliers with more than 3,000 service connections or delivering more than 3,000 acre-feet annually to prepare and adopt an Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) or a Regional Urban Water Management Plan (RUWMP) every five years; and WHEREAS, the Victorville Water District (the District) is an urban supplier of water to over 38,000 customers and a population of over 136,000; and WHEREAS, on June 21, 2016, the District Board of Directors (District Board) adopted the 2015 Urban Water Management Plan by Resolution No. VWD 16-013, establishing the District’s long-term planning framework for water supply reliability and conservation obligations; and WHEREAS, on June 15, 2021, following a duly noticed public hearing, the District Board adopted its 2020 Urban Water Management Plan, updating supply reliability modeling, population projections, per-capita water use compliance, and drought response procedures in accordance with State law; and WHEREAS, beginning with the 2025 planning cycle, the District transitioned from preparing a standalone Urban Water Management Plan to participating in a coordinated Regional Urban Water Management Plan (RUWMP) led by the Mojave Water Agency(MWA), which provides a unified regional evaluation of long-term supply reliability, demand projections, groundwater management, conservation programs, and drought resilience for all participating urban water suppliers within the Mojave Region (2025 RUWMP); andWHEREAS, in accordance with the Act, and related laws, the District has prepared its 2025 RUWMP with its own staff, with the assistance of consulting professionals, and in cooperation with other governmental agencies, and the expertise of industry professionals, and has also utilized the California Department of Water Resources 2025 Urban Water Management Plan Guidebook, including its related appendices, in preparing its 2025 RUWMP; and WHEREAS, pursuant to amendments to the Act, all urban water suppliers are required to adopt and electronically submit their 2025 RUWMP to the California Department of Water Resources by July 1, 2026; and WHEREAS, in accordance with CWC Section 10642, and Government Code Section 6066, the Draft 2025 RUWMP was made available for public review beginning June 1, 2026, through posting on the District’s website, and a hard copy was made available to the public through the City Clerk’s Office during normal business hours, and the Notice of Public Hearing to consider the 2025 RUWMP was published in the Valley Wide Newspaper on May 29, 2026; and WHEREAS, the 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan has been attached to this Resolution as Exhibit 1, incorporated herein by this reference, and made a part of the record of adoption as the District’s official Regional Urban Water Management Plan for the 2025 planning cycle; andWHEREAS, the 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan (RUWMP) must be adopted after public review and hearing and filed with the California Department of Water Resources on or before July 1, 2026, pursuant to CWC Sections 10621 and 10644; and WHEREAS, the District prepared and circulated the Draft 2025 RUWMP for public review beginning June 1, 2026, and provided all required notices to cities, counties, and the public pursuant to CWC Sections 10621(b) and 10642; and WHEREAS, a duly noticed public hearing on the 2025 RUWMP was held on June 16, 2026, in the Council Chambers of the City of Victorville, providing the public and all interested agencies an opportunity to comment on the proposed UWMP; and WHEREAS, during said public hearing, the District encouraged active involvement of diverse social, cultural, and economic members of the community within the District’s service area and invited public input on the 2025 RUWMP; and WHEREAS, the District Board has reviewed the 2025 RUWMP, the purposes and requirements of the Act, SB X7-7, and all documentation contained in the administrative record, and finds the analyses, methodologies, and conclusions contained therein to be complete, accurate, and legally sufficient; and WHEREAS, in order to comply with SB X7-7 and the Act, the District Board desires to adopt the 2025 RUWMP; and WHEREAS, Section 10652 of the CWC provides that the California Environmental Quality Act (Division 13 (commencing with Section 21000) of the Public Resources Code) (CEQA) does not apply to the preparation and adoption of the 2025 RUWMP.
NOW, THEREFORE, THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE VICTORVILLE WATER DISTRICT DOES HEREBY RESOLVE AS FOLLOWS:Section 1. Recitals The above Recitals are true and correct and incorporated as an operative part of this Resolution. Section 2. Adoption of the 2025 Regional Urban Water Management PlanThe Victorville Water District 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan, attached hereto as Exhibit 1, including any modifications incorporated by the District Board as a result of input received at the duly noticed public hearing, is hereby adopted and ordered filed with the Secretary of the District.Section 3. Further AuthorizationsThe District General Manager, or his/her designee (General Manager), is hereby authorized and further directed as follows: (a) To include a copy of this Resolution in the Victorville Water District’s 2025 RUWMP. (b) In accordance with CWC Sections 10621(d) and 10644(a)(1)–(2), to electronically submit a copy of the adopted 2025 RUWMP to the California Department of Water Resources no later than July 1, 2026. (c) In accordance with CWC Section 10644(a), to submit a copy of the 2025 RUWMP to the California State Library, and to any city or county within which the Victorville Water District provides water supplies, no later than thirty (30) days after the adoption date of this Resolution. (d) In accordance with CWC Code Section 10645, to make the 2025 RUWMP available for public review at the Victorville Water District’s offices during normal business hours and on the District’s website no later than thirty (30) days after submitting the 2025 RUWMP to the California Department of Water Resources. (e) In accordance with CWC Section 10635(b), to provide the portion of the 2025 RUWMP prepared pursuant to CWC Section 10635(a) to any city or county within which the Victorville Water District provides water supplies no later than sixty (60) days after submitting the 2025 RUWMP to the California Department of Water Resources. (f) To implement the water conservation programs, demand-management measures, and related actions outlined in the 2025 RUWMP. In the event of a water shortage, the General Manager is further authorized to promulgate, implement, and enforce a drought management plan consistent with the District’s Water Shortage Contingency Plan (Sub-Chapter 16.8 of the 2025 RUWMP), and to take any actions necessary to maintain reliable service and ensure compliance with State law. Section 4. Compliance with Law; Severability If any section, subsection, clause, or phrase of this Resolution is determined for any reason to be invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the remaining portions of this Resolution. The Board hereby declares that it would have adopted this Resolution and each section, subsection, sentence, clause, and phrase thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more portions be declared invalid.Section 5. California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).The District Board finds and determines that this resolution is not subject to CEQA pursuantto CWC Section 10652 because CEQA does not apply to the preparation and adoption, including addenda thereto, of an urban water management plan or to the implementation of the actions taken pursuant to such plans. Section 6. Certification The District Secretary shall certify to the passage and adoption of this Resolution; shall enter the same into the book of original Resolutions of the District; and shall make a minute of the passage and adoption thereof in the records of the proceedings of the District, in the minutes of the meeting at which this Resolution is passed and adopted. Section 7. Effective Date This Resolution shall take effect immediately upon its adoption.
Exhibit 12025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan(RUWMP) 2025 MOJAVE REGIONAL URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ES-1 Chapter 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1.1 Background and Purpose ......................................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1.2 Basis for Plan Preparation ....................................................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.3 Coordination and Outreach .................................................................................................................................................. 1-2 1.1.4 Statutory Requirements for Notice ................................................................................................................................... 1-4 1.1.5 RUWMP Adoption .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-4 1.1.6 Document Organization .......................................................................................................................................................... 1-4 Chapter 2.0 The Mojave Region ......................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Regional Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.2 Water Suppliers of the Mojave Region .......................................................................................................................... 2-6 2.1.3 Mojave Region Groundwater Basins .............................................................................................................................. 2-9 2.1.4 Major Regional Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................ 2-15 2.1.5 Regional Climate ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2-20 2.1.6 Current and Projected Population ................................................................................................................................. 2-23 2.1.7 Land Use, Economy, and Demographics .................................................................................................................. 2-28 2.1.8 Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2-33 Chapter 3.0 Regional Water Supply Characterization .................................................................3-1 3.1.1 Mojave Region Water Supply Sources ............................................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1.2 Water Quality ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3-10 3.1.3 Desalination Opportunities .................................................................................................................................................. 3-15 3.1.4 Delta Reliance .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3-15 3.1.5 Climate Change ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3-16 3.1.6 Summary of Existing and Planned Water Supplies ............................................................................................. 3-16 Chapter 4.0 Water Use Characterization ....................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Current Regional Water Use ................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.2 Forecasting Regional Water Use ....................................................................................................................................... 4-6 4.1.3 Summary of Future Regional Water Use ..................................................................................................................... 4-8 2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft
Chapter 5.0 Regional Water Service Reliability ............................................................................ 5-1 5.1.1 Mojave Region Five-Year Drought Risk Assessment ........................................................................................... 5-2 5.1.2 MWA Long-Term Service Reliability ................................................................................................................................ 5-3 5.1.3 Water Supply Reliability Summary .................................................................................................................................. 5-7 Chapter 6.0 Mojave Water Agency .................................................................................................. 6-1 Chapter 7.0 The City of Adelanto....................................................................................................... 7-1 Chapter 8.0 County Service Area 64 Spring Valley Lake ............................................................. 8-1 Chapter 9.0 County Service Area 70J Oak Hills ............................................................................. 9-1 Chapter 10.0 Golden State Water Company Barstow System ................................................ 10-1 Chapter 11.0 Hesperia Water District ................................................................................................ 11-1 Chapter 12.0 Hi-Desert Water District ............................................................................................. 12-1 Chapter 13.0 Joshua Basin Water District....................................................................................... 13-1 Chapter 14.0 Liberty Utilities Apple Valley ................................................................................... 14-1 Chapter 15.0 Phelan Piñon Hills Community Services District ................................................... 15-1 Chapter 16.0 Victorville Water District ............................................................................................ 16-1 2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft
LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Public and Public Agency Coordination ........................................................................................................................... 1-3 Table 2-1: Urban Water Retail Water Suppliers within the Mojave Region ..................................................................... 2-8 Table 2-2: Groundwater Basins within the Mojave Region ...................................................................................................... 2-10 Table 2-3: Historical Population ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-24 Table 2-4: Comparison of Incorporated City Population Data ........................................................................................... 2-25 Table 2-5: Urban Water Supplier Population Projections UCR Study and Adjusted UCR Study ................ 2-26 Table 2-6: Mojave Region Population Projections UCR Study and Adjusted UCR Study ................................ 2-26 Table 2-7: Adjusted UCR Study and SCAG Population Projections ................................................................................... 2-27 Table 2-8: 2025 RUWMP Population Projections ............................................................................................................................ 2-28 Table 2-9: Known Land Use Plans in the Mojave Region ..........................................................................................................2-30 Table 3-1: Projected Native Groundwater for each Subregion through 2050 (AFY) ................................................ 3-6 Table 3- ................................................................................................... 3-7 Table 3-3: Summary of Return Flow for Subregion 1 and Subregion 2 through 2050 (AFY) ............................... 3-8 Table 3-4: Recycled Water Supplies for Subregion 1 through 2050 (AFY) ...................................................................... 3-9 Table 3-5: Average Existing TDS and Nitrate Concentrations by SNMP Subregion ................................................. 3-13 Table 3-6: Reduced Delta Reliance ......................................................................................................................................................... 3-16 Table 3-7: Projected Total Water Supply for the Mojave Region for the Next 5-Years (AFY) ............................ 3-17 Table 3-8: Projected Total Water Supply for the Mojave Region Through 2050 (AFY) .......................................... 3-17 Table 4-1: Regional Water Use 2021-2025 (AFY) .............................................................................................................................. 4-3 Table 4-2: Subregion 1 Water Use 2021-2025 (AFY) ....................................................................................................................... 4-4 Table 4-3: Subregion 2 Water Use 2021-2025 ................................................................................................................................... 4-5 Table 4-4: Subregion 3 Water Use 2021-2025 ................................................................................................................................... 4-5 Table 4-5: Projected Subregion 1 Water Demand 2030-2050 (AFY) .................................................................................. 4-9 Table 4-6: Projected Subregion 2 Water Demand 2030-2050 (AFY) ................................................................................ 4-9 Table 4-7: Projected Subregion 3 Water Demand 2030-2050 (AFY) ................................................................................. 4-9 Table 4-8: Projected Regional Water Demand 2030-2050 (AFY) .......................................................................................4-10 Table 5-1: MWA Five Year Drought Risk Assessment (AFY) ....................................................................................................... 5-3 Table 5-2: Normal and Single Dry Year Water Supply and Demand through 2050 (AFY) .................................. 5-5 Table 5-3: Five Consecutive Dry Years Water Supply and Demand Through 2050 (AFY) ................................... 5-6 2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: The Mojave Region ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-2: Subareas and Management Areas within the Mojave Region .................................................................... 2-4 Figure 2-3: 2025 RUWMP Subregions ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-6 Figure 2-4: Urban Water Retail Suppliers within the Mojave Region .................................................................................. 2-9 Figure 2-5: Groundwater Basins within the Mojave Region ..................................................................................................... 2-11 Figure 2-6: Adjudicated Subareas and Defined Management Areas within the Mojave Region .................. 2-13 Figure 2-7: SWP Mojave Division Aqueduct Reach Sections ................................................................................................... 2-16 Figure 2-8: MWA Turnouts Along the East Branch ......................................................................................................................... 2-17 Figure 2-9: R-Cubed Facilities .................................................................................................................................................................... 2-19 Figure 2-10: Average Climate Conditions ........................................................................................................................................... 2-21 Figure 2-11: Annual Precipitation Variability (1996-2024) ......................................................................................................... 2-21 Figure 2-12: Historical Annual Temperature and Trends (years) ....................................................................................... 2-22 Figure 2-13: San Bernardino County Employment Data 2015-2025 .................................................................................. 2-33 Figure 3-1: Floodplain and Other Regional Aquifers ...................................................................................................................... 3-4 2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft
APPENDICES Appendix 1 Notices ............................................................................................................................................................................. 16-2 Appendix 2 Reduced Delta Reliance ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Appendix 3 - MWA Regional DWR Checklist .................................................................................................................................... 3 Appendix 4 MWA WSCP .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft
This 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan (RUWMP) was prepared by Zanjero in conjunction with Mojave Water Agency.
This 2025 RUWMP was prepared under the direction of a California licensed civil engineer The Victorville Water District RetailChapter contained within this RUWMP was prepared by:The Golden State Water Company -Barstow System Retail Chaptercontained within this RUWMP wasprepared by:
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY LAYPERSONS DESCRIPTION water supplies a limited resource, subject to ever-increasing demands, and that the long-inesses, communities, agricultural production, and environmental interests. The Legislature also recognized a need to strengthen local and regional drought planning and increase statewide resilience to drought and climate change. Thus, in 1983, the California Legislature created the Urban Water Management Planning Act (UWMPA).1 The UWMPA requires urban water suppliers serving over 3,000 customer connections or supplying at least 3,000 acre-feet of water annually to prepare and adopt an urban water management plan (UWMP) every five years,2 and demonstrate water supply reliability in a normal year, single dry year, and droughts lasting at least five years over a twenty-year planning horizon.3 The UWMPA also requires each urban water supplier to prepare a drought risk assessment and water shortage contingency plan.4 In addition, each urban water supplier must prepare an annual water supply and demand assessment.5 The California Legislature emphasizes that aggregating these legal requirements at the urban water supplier management level will improve local, regional, and statewide water planning and water resilience. At a practical level, the UWMP is the legal and technical water management foundation for urban water suppliers throughout California. A well-constructed UWMP provides elected officials, management, staff, customers, and the public with an understanding of past, current, and future water conditions. The UWMP integrates local and regional land use planning, water supply planning, infrastructure considerations, and demand management measures, while also addressing statewide challenges that may manifest through climate change, drought, and evolving regulations. Thoughtful urban water management planning provides an opportunity for water suppliers to integrate supplies and demands in a balanced and methodical planning platform that addresses short-term and long-term planning 1 California Water Code Section 10610 et seq. (Chapter 1 added by Stats. 1983, Ch. 1009, Sec. 1) and its subsequent amendments 2 California Water Code Section 10610 et seq. 3 California Water Code Section 10631-10635 4 California Water Code Section 10632 5 California Water Code Section 10632.1 E
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conditions. In brief, the UWMP gathers, characterizes, and synthesizes water-related information from numerous sources into a plan with local, regional, and statewide practical utility. ES-1 The Mojave Region The 2025 Mojave Regional Urban Water Management Plan (2025 RUWMP or Plan) has been prepared by Mojave Water Agency (MWA) and the ten participating urban water suppliers encompasses approximately 4,900 square miles of eastern San Bernardino County. The Region includes a diverse mix of incorporated cities, unincorporated communities, rural domestic users, small water systems, industrial and recreational uses, agricultural uses, and urban retail water suppliers that depend primarily on local groundwater supplies supported by imported water management. The 2025 RUWMP represents the first regional urban water management plan prepared for the Mojave Region. The regional planning approach allows MWA and the participating urban water suppliers to prepare a coordinated water management plan that evaluates shared regional water supplies, regional water demands, and long-term water service reliability using consistent assumptions and methodologies. This approach also reduces duplicative analyses, improves regional coordination, and provides a common technical foundation for local and regional decision-making. For adoption purposes, each participating urban water retail supplier will adopt Regional Chapters 1 , its own retail-specific chapter, its Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP), and all applicable appendices. MWA will adopt the entirety of the 2025 RUWMP, including Regional Chapters 1 through 5, its wholesale supplier chapter, all participating retail supplier chapters, its WSCP, and all applicable appendices. Chapters 1 through 5 provide the shared regional planning framework, including the regional description, regional water supply characterization, regional water use characterization, and regional water service reliability analysisimported water management, managed groundwater storage, and other regional water management responsibilities. The retailer-specific chapters provide the additional information necessary to satisfy the UWMPA requirements for each participating urban water retail supplier. industrial, agricultural, and other water demands have historically exceeded the natural replenishment capacity of local groundwater basins. Groundwater is the foundation of the through adjudications, stipulated agreements, imported State Water Project supplies, E
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recharge operations, return flows, recycled water, transfers, exchanges, and ongoing coordination among MWA, retail water suppliers, watermasters, land use agencies, and other regional partners. Together, these management actions support regional groundwater sustainability and long-term water service reliability. For purposes of regional supply and demand evaluation, the 2025 RUWMP organizes the Mojave Region into three planning subregions. This subregional framework allows the Plan to recognize hydrologic, infrastructure, and demand differences across the Region while still evaluating overall regional reliability. The subregional framework also supports comparison planning responsibilities and the participating urban water supplierresponsibilities. ES-2 Mojave Region Water Service Reliability Mojave Basin Area Adjudication, and administrator for the Warren Valley Basin Judgment. Because the Mojave Region depends primarily on groundwater, regional reliability is not evaluated solely by comparing annual imported water deliveries to annual demands. Instead, reliability is evaluated based on the coordinated management of groundwater, imported water, return flows, recycled water, stored water assets, transfers, exchanges, and the legal and institutional frameworks that govern water use across the Region. The 2025 RUWMP extends the regional planning horizon through 2050. This planning horizon allows MWA and the participating urban water suppliers to evaluate long-term population growth, land use changes, water demand trends, imported water reliability, groundwater management conditions, recycled water opportunities, and infrastructure needs. These considerations help improve regional coordination and provide a common planning framework for local and regional water management decisions. As described in Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterizationwater supply portfolio includes native groundwater, imported State Water Project supplies, return flows, recycled water, and other managed water supplies. These supplies are not all used in the same manner or at the same time. Native groundwater and return flows help support recurring local supply conditions; imported water is used by MWA to support recharge, replacement water obligations, and regional groundwater management; recycled water helps offset potable demands at the retail water supplier level where available; and stored water assets provide an important management tool for addressing hydrologic variability, imported water fluctuations, and dry-year conditions. Chapter 4 Water Use Characterization, characterizes current and projected regional water demands, including demands associated with participating urban water retail suppliers and other regional water users. These demands are organized by subregion to support regional E
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supply and demand comparisons while recognizing that water use, groundwater conditions, infrastructure, and management needs vary across the Mojave Region. The regional demand forecast provides a common planning basis for evaluating long-term reliability and for coordinating wholesale and retail water management actions. Chapter 5 Regional Water Service Reliability, evaluates regional water service reliability under normal year, single dry year, and five consecutive dry year conditions through 2050, as well as the five-year Drought Risk Assessment for 2026 through 2030. The analysis demonstrates that the Mojave Region has sufficient managed water supplies to meet projected regional demands under the planning scenarios evaluated in this RUWMP. The analysis also recognizes that reliability depends on continued regional management, implementation of adjudication requirements, use of stored water assets when needed, local retail supplier management, recycled water development where feasible, and continued demand management. tool rather than a recurring annual supply that should be added directly to all other annual supplies. MWA stores water in wet and normal years to help manage dry-year risks, imported water variability, and groundwater basin conditions. These stored supplies provide operational flexibility and support long-term resilience, but their use is guided by hydrologic conditions, infrastructure capacity, basin management objectives, adjudication requirements, and regional water management priorities. Each participating urban water retail supplier also evaluates water service reliability within its own chapter. Those chapters address local supply portfolios, demands, infrastructure, conservation measures, and WSCPs. Together, the regional analysis and retailer-specific analyses demonstrate that the 2025 RUWMP provides a coordinated and locally implementable framework for maintaining reliable water service throughout the Mojave Region. return flows, recycled water, transfers, exchanges, and stored water assets provides a reliable water supply portfolio to meet current and projected regional demands through 2050. The 2025 RUWMP demonstrates that the Region has reliable water supplies under normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry year conditions, while also providing the foundation for annual water supply and demand assessments and implementation of retailer-specific WSCPs.
Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 1.0 INTRODUCTION The 2025 Mojave Regional Urban Water Management Plan (2025 RUWMP, RUWMP, or Plan) establishes a long-term, coordinated framework for regional water resources planning and management through the year 2050 for the Mojave Region. The 2025 RUWMP applies to Mojave Water Agency (MWA or Agency) as the regional wholesale water supplier and to participating urban water RUWMP prepared for the Mojave Region and reflects a shared commitment to integrated, collaborative, and forward-looking water management. The RUWMP provides a consistent assessment of long-term water supply reliability, supports groundwater sustainability, and addresses regional vulnerability to drought, climate change, and population growth. The RUWMP is intended to inform elected officials, water supplier staff, water users, interested community parties, and the State of California regarding current conditions, projected demands, and strategies to ensure reliable and sustainable water supplies. Participating urban water suppliers include: City of Adelanto County Service Area 64 County Service Area 70J Hesperia Water District Hi-Desert Water District Golden State Water Company Barstow System Joshua Basin Water District Liberty Utilities Apple Valley Water Company Mojave Water Agency (Wholesale) Phelan Piñon Hills Community Services District Victorville Water District While this RUWMP provides regionally consistent planning assumptions and analyses, each urban water supplier will separately prepare and adopt a Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP) customized for its specific service area. The RUWMP and associated WSCPs will be adopted in accordance with statutory deadlines. 1.1.1 Background and Purpose The California Urban Water Management Planning Act (UWMPA) requires urban water suppliers serving at least 3,000 connections or delivering more than 3,000 acre-feet of water Chapter 1 Introduction
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annually to prepare an Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) every five years. The UWMPA authorizes multiple urban water suppliers that share common water supplies to prepare a RUWMP in lieu of individual plans. Recognizing the benefits of regional coordination, MWA and its urban water retail suppliers jointly elected to prepare this RUWMP. Compared with developing separate agency-specific UWMPs, a regional approach promotes consistent technical assumptions, reduces duplicative effort, improves cost efficiency, enhances data accuracy, and strengthens the 1.1.2 Basis for Plan Preparation The purpose of the 2025 RUWMP is to provide a coordinated evaluation of regional water supplies, demands, and management strategies shared among participating agencies. By developing a single regional planning document, participating agencies leverage collective data resources, technical expertise, and institutional knowledge to support consistent planning and informed long-term decision-making. This 2025 RUWMP fulfills the reporting requirements established by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) to implement the UWMPA and aligns with statewide water management objectives. The Plan satisfies statutory requirements for MWA as a wholesale urban water supplier and for each participating retail urban water supplier. 1.1.3 Coordination and Outreach Development of the 2025 RUWMP included coordination with local governments, neighboring water agencies, and relevant regulatory entities, as required by the UWMPA. Coordination efforts were undertaken to ensure consistency with applicable city and county General Plans, Water Master Plans, groundwater adjudications and stipulations, and other related planning documents. In accordance with California Water Code Section (CWC) 10621(b), MWA and the participating urban water suppliers conducted joint public outreach and provided required public notices prior to adoption of the RUWMP by each individual urban water supplier. A summary of coordination and public outreach activities is provided in Table 1-1.
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TABLE 1-1: PUBLIC AND PUBLIC AGENCY COORDINATION Coordinating Agencies Coordinate Regarding Demands Sent Copy of Draft RUWMP Sent 60-Day Notice Notice of Public Hearing Cities, Counties, Customers, and Relevant Parties Liberty Utilities (Apple Valley Water Company) X X X X Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency X X X City of Adelanto X X X X County Service Area 64 X X X X County Service Area 70J X X X X Golden State Water Company - Barstow System X X X X Helendale CSD X X X Hesperia Water District X X X X Hi-Desert Water District X X X X Joshua Basin Water District X X X X Mojave Water Agency X X X X Phelan Piñon Hills CSD X X X X Victorville Water District X X X X San Bernardino County Planning Department X X California Department of Water Resources X X Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) for San Bernardino County X X General Public X 1.1.3.1 Water Supplier Information Exchange CWC Section 10631 requires wholesale and urban water suppliers to provide each other with information regarding water supply and demand. Since both MWA, as a wholesale supplier that receives water from the California State Water Project (SWP) on behalf of the Mojave Region, and each of the urban water suppliers are already coordinating on this RUWMP, information exchange was happening throughout the RUWMP development, and any separate noticing was unnecessary.
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1.1.4 Statutory Requirements for Notice In accordance with the UWMPA, notification of the RUWMP update was provided to cities and counties within the RUWMP Planning Area at least 60 days prior to the public hearing of the RUWMP as required by CWC Section 10621(b). Electronic copies of the final RUWMP will be provided to the County of San Bernardino no later than 30 days after its submission to DWR. 1.1.5 RUWMP Adoption Each participating agency has reviewed, approved, and will implement the portions of this RUWMP that are specific and applicable to their service area. While the RUWMP was developed collaboratively to ensure consistency and coordination across the Mojave Region, not all elements of the RUWMP apply equally to every agency. The RUWMP is therefore organized in a modular format, where Chapters 1 through 5 are universal, and Chapters 6 through 16 are unique to each participating agency. This approach allows each agency to adopt Chapters 1 through 5 collectively with their agency-specific chapter and relevant WSCP. As such, the specific timing of adoption for each supplier is referenced within their unique chapter of the RUWMP. Any future amendments or updates made by individual agencies to their respective chapter will not alter or affect the adopted portions of the RUWMP for other participating agencies. This structure preserves local autonomy while maintaining the benefits of regional coordination, ensuring that all agencies continue to contribute to a unified framework for sustainable water management within the Mojave Region and the MWA service area. 1.1.6 Document Organization This RUWMP is organized to reflect the collaborative efforts of all participating agencies, while still allowing each agency to meet its respective statutory reporting requirements. As such, the 2025 RUWMP is organized as follows: Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 The Mojave Region Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization Chapter 4 Regional Water Use Chapter 5 Regional Water Service Reliability Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency (Wholesale Water Supplier) Chapter 7 City of Adelanto (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 8 County Service Area 64 (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 9 County Service Area 70J (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 1 Introduction
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Chapter 10 Golden State Water Company Barstow (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 11 Hesperia Water District (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 12 Hi-Desert Water District (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 13 Joshua Basin Water District (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 14 Liberty Utilities Apple Valley Water Company (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 15 Phelan Piñon Hills Community Service District (Urban Water Supplier) Chapter 16 Victorville Water District (Urban Water Supplier) Note to DWR: The MWA and the urban water suppliers within its service area have written this RUWMP primarily as a water resource planning tool to effectively manage water supply, reliability, and demand. This RUWMP also satisfies all the requirements of the UWMPA for MWA (as a wholesale urban water supplier) and for each participating urban water supplier. The body of the document provides narratives, analysis, and data that DWR requests in its 2025 UWMP Guidebook, including any changes to the CWC since 2020. Efforts have also been made to include enhancements to this document wherever possible as recommended in the 2025 UWMP Guidebook. To facilitate review by DWR for compliance with the UWMPA, data from the body of the document has been transferred into required DWR submittal tables consistent with the organization of the tables in Appendix E of the 2025 UWMP Guidebook. These tables are for each of the participating urban water suppliers, along with this RUWMP. This RUWMP has been reviewed for adequacy according to the UWMP Checklist as contained in Appendix F of the 2025 UWMP Guidebook.
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Chapter 2.0 THE MOJAVE REGION This chapter provides an overview of the Mojave Region (Region or RUWMP Planning Area) including its population characteristics, land use patterns, and climate conditions. It also introduces the various local entities and water purveyors that play key roles in managing and delivering water resources throughout the Region. As a foundational reason for preparation of this RUWMP, the Mojave Region is also concurrent with the MWA service boundary, which also fully encompasses all participating urban water suppliers that must also comply with the UWMPA. The Mojave Region, as a result, allows thiservice area, as well as the service areas of each of the urban water suppliers that sit within MWA. 2.1.1 Regional Overview The Mojave Region encompasses approximately 4,900 square miles of eastern San Bernardino County (Figure 2-1), corresponding to the MWAs service area. MWA serves as the Regions wholesale water supplier and as Watermaster for the Mojave Basin Area (MBA) adjudication. Located within the Mojave Desert of southeastern California, the Region includes several large, incorporated communities that collectively drive substantial and growing water demands despite extremely arid conditions. provide the primary source of natural recharge to underlying groundwater basins and serve as a critical conveyance for imported SWP supplies used for managed groundwater recharge. Regional water management is shaped by a persistent structural water deficit, in which current primarily urban-driven demands exceed the natural replenishment capacity of local aquifers. Imported water is therefore essential to mitigating groundwater overdraft and supporting long-term regional sustainability. Water management is organized across multiple geographic and administrative scales. At the regional level, MWA is responsible for managing and importing supplemental water supplies and coordinating their integration with local groundwater resources in cooperation with state, regional, and local partners. From a hydrogeographic perspective, the Region overlies all or portions of 36 groundwater basins and subbasins. For planning and management purposes, MWA groups these basins into eight subareas that cover the entire Region. Although the subareas are partially defined by faults and other geologic features, they generally remain hydrologically interconnected. Five subareasEste, Oeste, Alto Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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(including the Alto Transition Zone), Centro, and Bajaare within the MBA adjudication and are named for their relative position along the Mojave River. The remaining three subareas lie area or incorporated through subsequent adjudication actions. All eight subareas are managed in a coordinated manner by MWA, the MBA Watermaster and the Warren Valley Basin Watermaster, and the numerous urban water suppliers (Figure 2-2). At the local level, urban water retail suppliersparticularly those serving the cities of Victorville, Hesperia, Adelanto, and Barstow along the Interstate 15 corridorare the primary contributors to regional growth and future water demand. Expansion of these service areas directly influences regional demand conditions and the management strategies applied within individual subareas, with the most pronounced effects occurring in incorporated cities. of a managed combination of native groundwater and imported water, overseen by MWA on behalf of its constituent retail agencies, used to meet all demands within the Region. Recharge of native groundwater occurs through multiple mechanisms, including infiltration from the Mojave River and ephemeral streams, percolating rainwater, stormwater runoff, sublateral groundwater flow from surrounding mountains, treated wastewater and return flows, septic and irrigation seepage, and managed recharge of imported SWP supplies. As the SWP contractor for the Mojave Region, MWA manages the delivery and recharge of imported water using both the Mojave River and recharge sites located throughout its service area. Effective water management in the Mojave Region relies on extensive coordination among MWA, retail water agencies, mutual water companies, adjudication watermasters, tribal entities, rural and self-supplied users, and land use and regulatory agencies. This collaboration supports coordinated infrastructure planning, groundwater monitoring, imported water operations, and drought response within a broader framework of regional and statewide water planning.
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FIGURE 2-1: THE MOJAVE REGION
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FIGURE 2-2: SUBAREAS AND MANAGEMENT AREAS WITHIN THE MOJAVE REGION
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For the purposes of this RUWMP and evaluation of water supply reliability, the eight subareas are combined into the following three Subregions of the Mojave Region (Figure 2-3). Subregion 1 Includes the subareas of Oeste, Alto (and Alto Transition), and Este: This subregion includes seven of the 10 participating RUWMP urban water suppliers (City of Adelanto, County Service Area 64, County Service Area 70J, Hesperia Water District, Liberty Utilities Apple Valley, Phelan-Piñon Hills Community Service District, and Victorville Water District), as well as other demands reliant on MWA including other small urban water suppliers, Helendale Community Services District, rural pumpers, agriculture, and industry. Subregion 2 Includes the subareas of Centro, Baja, Cuddeback Lake, and Superior Lake: This subregion includes one of the participating RUWMP urban water suppliers (Golden State Water Company-Barstow), as well as other demands reliant on MWA including other small urban water suppliers, rural pumpers, agriculture, and industry. Subregion 3 Includes the subarea of Morongo: This subregion includes two of the 10 RUWMP urban water suppliers (Joshua Basin Water District and Hi-Desert Water District), as well as other demands reliant on MWA including other small urban water suppliers, Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency, rural pumpers, agriculture, and industry. These Subregions are used to summarize demand and supply conditions in areas with generally similar groundwater conditions and MWA imported water opportunities.
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FIGURE 2-3: 2025 RUWMP SUBREGIONS
2.1.2 Water Suppliers of the Mojave Region The Mojave Region is geographically diverse but generally characterized as the High Desert. Most of the region sits between 2,000 and 5,000 feet in elevation and extends across incorporated cities, unincorporated communities, tribal lands, and large expanses of undeveloped open space. Within this Region there are several water suppliers that must comply with the UWMPA, with MWA having responsibilities as a wholesale water supplier, and several others having responsibility as urban water retail suppliers.
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2.1.2.1 Mojave Water Agency MWA serves as the wholesale water supplier for the Mojave Region and manages water supply reliability across its approximately 4,900squaremile service area. The Agencys core responsibility is to address the Regions structural water management challenges, including limited local runoff and chronic groundwater overdraft within underlying basins and subbasins. To support long-term sustainability for its retail agency partners and other customers, MWA manages the importation of SWP supplies from the California Aqueduct. In addition, MWA serves as the court-appointed Watermaster for the MBA Adjudication Judgment (MBA Judgment) (see Chapter 3 Water Supply Characterization), where it regulates groundwater production and coordinates water management activities across the adjudicated subareas. Although MWA does not provide retail water service, it fulfills a central regional function by integrating imported supplies with local groundwater management to enhance supply reliability, facilitate groundwater recharge, and improve drought resilience. This role requires ongoing coordination with retail water purveyors, adjudication watermasters, and other regional stakeholders to align imported water operations with groundwater sustainability objectives and broader regional planning efforts. 2.1.2.2 Urban Water Retail Suppliers There are a variety of small-to-large state-permitted Public Water Systems, also referred to as urban water suppliers, located in the Mojave Region. As noted above, MWA does not sell water directly to these retailers or to any consumers; rather, it supplies water to areas of the Region used to recharge local aquifers for specific retailers as needed to satisfy the MBA Judgmentrequested to meet needs in other adjudicated areas, and as needed to maintain overall groundwater basin health or requested to address local circumstances or retail requests. Of the twelve (12) large urban water suppliers within the Region, ten (10) are required to complete an UWMP pursuant to the UWMPA detailed in CWC Section 10610 et al. The 12 large urban water suppliers are shown in Figure 2-4. For the ten large suppliers required to prepare a UWMP, they collectively opted to pursue a coordinated RUWMP with MWA in lieu of ten individual UWMPs, hence this 2025 Regional UWMP document. Table 2-1 lists the 10 suppliers that participated in this RUWMP, approximate service areas, and estimated total number of connections. Both Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency and Helendale Community Services District demand forecast presented in Chapter 6 - Mojave Water Agency, as they both have not reached the UWMPA compliance threshold of 3,000+ service connections and/or do not supply more than 3,000 acre-feet of water per year, but have significant demands and are active coordinators within the Region.
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TABLE 2-1: URBAN WATER RETAIL SUPPLIERS WITHIN THE MOJAVE REGION Urban Water Retail Supplier Service Area (sq. miles) Approximate Connections City of Adelanto 53 8,300 Liberty Utilities - Apple Valley Water Company 51 21,000 County Service Area 64 4 4,000 County Service Area 70J 28 3,400 Golden State Water Company - Barstow System 33 9,000 Hesperia Water District 78 27,600 Hi-Desert Water District 57 11,000 Joshua Basin Water District 97 4,900 Phelan Piñon Hills Community Service District 118 7,200 Victorville Water District 85 38,000 Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency 52 < 2,000 Helendale Community Services District 116 < 3,000 Several additional urban water suppliers are not specifically discussed within unique chapters of this RUWMP as their size does not yet require completion of a UWMP. However, these smaller suppliers, as well as numerous other water users dependent on groundwater throughout the Region such as agriculture, industry, and rural domestic pumpers, are reflected in MWA Wholesale chapter (Chapter 6 - Mojave Water Agency) and are water demand characterization.
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FIGURE 2-4: URBAN WATER RETAIL SUPPLIERS WITHIN THE MOJAVE REGION
2.1.3 Mojave Region Groundwater Basins The Mojave Region overlies all or a portion of 36 groundwater basins and subbasins as defined by DWR Bulletin 118. Collectively, these basins and subbasins are broadly grouped into two larger hydrogeologically distinct areas the South Lahontan Hydrologic Region and the Colorado River Hydrologic Region. Groundwater basins along the Mojave River and adjacent areas are referred to as the Mojave River Groundwater Basin. Remaining basins and subbasins in the southeastern Mojave Region are generally referred to as the Morongo ,Lucerne Valley Subbasin is divided along the Helendale Fault with the southwest portion in the Mojave River Groundwater Basin and the northeast portion in the Morongo Area. Surface
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water drainage of Lucerne Valley is in the Colorado River Hydrologic Region but is not included in the Morongo Basin Area, isolating this area due to the hydrogeologic conditions. Of the two main areas, the Mojave River Groundwater Basin is the largest. The 36 groundwater basins and subbasins are listed in Table 2-2 and grouped by the South Lahontan (Region 6) and Colorado River (Region 7) Hydrologic Regions. The Mojave Region also overlaps a small portion of a DWR basin in the South Coast Hydrologic Region (Region 8) as shown by the last subbasin listed in Table 2-2 the Upper Santa Ana Valley. These basins are also shown in Figure 2-5. TABLE 2-2: GROUNDWATER BASINS WITHIN THE MOJAVE REGION DWR Basin Groundwater Basin Name DWR Basin Groundwater Basin Name South Lahontan Hydrologic Region Colorado River Hydrologic Region 6-35 Cronise Valley 7-10 Twentynine Palms Valley 6-36 Langford Valley 7-11 Copper Mountain Valley 6-37 Coyote Lake Valley 7-12 Warren Valley 6-38 Caves Canyon Valley 7-13 Deadman Valley 6-40 Lower Mojave River Valley 7-13 Deadman Valley 6-41 Middle Mojave River Valley 7-15 Bessemer Valley 6-42 Upper Mojave River Valley 7-16 Ames Valley 6-43 El Mirage Valley 7-17 Means Valley 6-44 Antelope Valley 7-18 Johnson Valley 6-46 Fremont Valley 7-18 Johnson Valley 6-47 Harper Valley 7-19 Lucerne Valley 6-48 Goldstone Valley 7-20 Morongo Valley 6-49 Superior Valley 7-50 Iron Ridge Area 6-50 Cuddeback Valley 7-51 Lost Horse Valley 6-51 Pilot Knob Valley 7-62 Joshua Tree 6-52 Searles Valley 8-2 Upper Santa Ana Valley 6-53 Salt Wells Valley 6-54 Indian Wells Valley 6-77 Grass Valley 6-89 Kane Wash Area Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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FIGURE 2-5: GROUNDWATER BASINS WITHIN THE MOJAVE REGION
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Challenges in managing overdrafted groundwater resources along with the high cost of importing water drove the first adjudication efforts in the Region in the 1960s. In 1965, Morongo The Morongo Basin was a sixth but separate area that added management and delivery obligations beyond the five other distinct hydrological subareas within the Mojave Basin Area: Este (East Basin), Oeste (West Basin), Alto (Upper Basin), Centro (Middle Basin) and Baja (Lower Basin). 2.1.3.1 Mojave River Basin The Mojave River Basin (Mojave Basin Area or MBA) is the principal water management area of the Region. For management purposes, the MBA is separated into five distinct hydrologic divisions defined in previous studies (DWR, 1967), evolving over time based on a combination of hydrologic, geologic, engineering, and political considerations (Figure 2-6). A second effort at adjudication within the MBA starting in 1990 proved more successful than attempts in the 1960s. The effort resulted in full adjudication of the MBA in 2002.6 It began when the City of Barstow and the Southern California Water Company filed a complaint against upstream (and up-basin) water users claiming that lowering groundwater levels and water availability due to withdrawals reduced the amount of water available to downstream users. A year later, MWA filed a cross-complaint declaring that native waterflow of the Mojave River and basin area groundwater was not sufficient to meet current and future demands. The cross-complaint asked the court to determine surface and groundwater rights for the Mojave Basin Area. Negotiations over the next two years produced a Stipulated Judgment in January 1996 that formed a class of producers which used 10 acre-feet or less per year that were dismissed from litigation and offered an equitable solution for the remaining water producers that use over 10 acre-feet per year (aka Minimal Producers). The Riverside Superior Court appointed MWA as Watermaster for the area as part of the MBA Judgment. Appeals by non-stipulated parties continued over the next several years with the California Supreme Court finally ruling on the case in August 2000. Most of the appealing parties have stipulated to the MBA Judgment since the 1996 ruling. The MBA Judgment five distinct, but interrelated, subareas (Este, Oeste, Alto, Centro, Baja). The Alto Transition Zone was also defined as a sub-management unit to better understand the water flow from Alto to Centro. Some subareas were also recognized to historically receive natural water flow from upstream subareas; to maintain that relationship, annual obligations are set according to average annual natural flow baselines defined in the MBA Judgment as Base Annual Production (BAP). The MBA Judgment established a Free Production Allowance (FPA) 6 https://www.mojavewater.org/basin-management/watermaster/reports/ Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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each year by the MBA Watermaster. FPA is reduced over time until it comes within 5% of the Production Safe Yield (PSY) defined by the MBA Judgment. All water produced in excess of payment to the Watermaster of funds sufficient to purchase Replacement Water, or by transfer of unused FPA from another Producer. The court can review and adjust the FPA for each Subarea on an annual basis as appropriate. The dynamics of the FPA and resulting forecasts of available native groundwater for the general subareas are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3 - Water Supply Characterization. FIGURE 2-6: ADJUDICATED SUBAREAS AND DEFINED MANAGEMENT AREAS WITHIN THE MOJAVE REGION
2.1.3.2 Morongo Area The Morongo Area includes 15 groundwater basins and subbasins that cover portions of the Morongo Area as defined in this RUWMP and shown in Figure 2-5. Several of these basins lie mostly outside of the Mojave Region, have low populations, and are essentially undeveloped
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with respect to groundwater. The remaining basins have been grouped into six within the Morongo Area, with two of primary importance: the Warren Valley Basin and Ames Valley Basin. 2.1.3.3 Warren Valley Basin The Warren Valley Basin covers an area of approximately 17,200 acres and consists of water-bearing sediments beneath the Town of Yucca Valley and surrounding area. The Warren Valley Basin (Figure 2-6) is geologically defined by the Pinto Mountain Fault to the north; a bedrock outcrop of the Little San Bernardino Mountains to the south; a bedrock constriction o the west. Natural recharge to the Warren Valley Basin includes direct percolation of precipitation and percolation of ephemeral streamflow from Water Canyon and Covington Canyon. After extractions began exceeding supplies in the 1950s, the area was adjudicated in 1977 in a decision known as the Warren Valley Judgment. Hi-Desert Water District (HDWD) was ordered to help develop solutions to halting overdraft. A comprehensive approach was developed by the Warren Valley Watermaster Board which included adopting a Basin Management Plan that called for SWP water delivery from MWA through the Morongo Basin Pipeline (MBP) to address demand and replenish overdraft. Native groundwater supplies associated with the Warren Valley Judgment are described in more detail in Chapter 3 - Water Supply Characterization. 2.1.3.4 Ames Valley Basin In 2014 the Ames/Reche Groundwater Storage and Recovery Program and Management Agreement replaced and superseded the original adjudication called Ames Valley Basin Water Agreement between HDWD and Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency (BDVWA) established in 1991. It was created for the construction and operation of the HDWD Mainstream Well located in the Ames Valley Basin (Figure 2-6). The 2014 Agreement was established by BDVWA, HDWD, and County of San Bernardino, with administrative support provided by MWA, and the Stipulation and Amended and Restated Judgment (Ames/Reche Judgment) was finalized by the Superior Court of California, County of Riverside in September 2014. The Ames/Reche Management Area includes 95 square miles encompassing the communities of Flamingo Heights, Landers, Pioneertown, and Yucca Mesa. Native groundwater supplies associated with the Ames/Reche Judgment are described in more detail in Chapter 3 - Water Supply Characterization.
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2.1.4 Major Regional Infrastructure This sub-chapter focuses specifically on water delivery infrastructure. Individual infrastructure assets, such as distribution pipelines, well locations or other attributes, associated with each urban water supplier are discussed in their corresponding chapter. 2.1.4.1 State Water Project The SWP or California Aqueduct is the largest state-built, multi-purpose water project in the country. It was authorized by the California State Legislature in 1959, with the construction of most facilities completed by 1973. Today, the SWP includes 28 dams and reservoirs, 26 pumping and generating plants, and approximately 660 miles of aqueducts. The primary water source for the SWP is the Feather River, a tributary of the Sacramento River. The water flowing into the Feather River is captured by the SWP in Oroville Dam and Reservoir. Storage released from Oroville Dam flows down natural river channels to the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (Delta). While some SWP supplies are pumped from the northern Delta into the North Bay Aqueduct or diverted by SWP contractors upstream, the vast majority of SWP supplies are pumped from the southern Delta into the 444-mile-long California Aqueduct. The California Aqueduct conveys water along the west side of the San Joaquin Valley to the Edmonston Pumping Plant, where water is pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains. From there the California Aqueduct divides into the East and West Branches. MWA takes its SWP deliveries from the East Branch, which was completed in 2003. MWA delivers its SWP supplies to recharge local groundwater basins through transmission pipelines, recharge facilities, and direct releases from Silverwood Lake a SWP regulating reservoir. Figure 2-7 depicts the SWP facilities that deliver water to MWA and details the sections of the Mojave Division Reaches of the California Aqueduct. demands with the construction of additional storage facilities planned as demand increased. However, few additional SWP storage facilities have been constructed sincand a portion of the original conveyance design was never completed. SWP conveyance facilities were generally designed and have been constructed to deliver Table A amounts to all contractors. The maximum Table A Annual Amount of all SWP Contractors totals approximately 4.133 million acre-feet but full Table A Annual Amount deliveries rarely occur. Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency. MWA diverts its SWP water from the East Branch of the California Aqueduct, which includes six turnout locations utilized by MWA (identified west to east): Sheep Creek Turnout, White Road Turnout, Highway 395 Turnout, Antelope Siphon Turnout, Unnamed Wash, and Cedar Springs Dam (Silverwood Lake). These turnouts are used to deliver water to recharge facilities located Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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throughout the MWA service area. Figure 2-8 below depicts the MWA water turnout and delivery facilities. FIGURE 2-7: SWP MOJAVE DIVISION AQUEDUCT REACH SECTIONS
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FIGURE 2-8: MWA TURNOUTS ALONG THE EAST BRANCH
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2.1.4.2 Delivery System MWA relies on the SWP contracted supplies to supplement local groundwater supplies throughout the Region using the Mojave River and two primary pipelines. The Mojave River Pipeline (MRP) is approximately 76 miles long, extending from the California Aqueduct in the Phelan area to four groundwater recharge basins along the Mojave River. These recharge basins are located in Hodge, Lenwood, Daggett/Yermo, and Newberry Springs. The MRP delivers up to 45,000 acre-feet of water per year to the Region. An additional pilot recharge basin is also currently under construction: the West Victorville Recharge Basin, located at the turnout of the MRP and adjacent to the California Aqueduct. The second major pipeline linking the SWP to the subareas in the Region is the Morongo Basin Pipeline, which currently delivers water to groundwater recharge sites in Landers, Yucca Valley, and Joshua Tree to help address supplemental water needs for the Ames/Reche Judgment and the Warren Valley Judgment. The pipeline also allows MWA to deliver imported water into the Mojave River at the Deep Creek and Rock Springs discharge locations that serve the needs of the MBA Judgment. These two facilities are in areas of the River with high percolation rates, allowing water to recharge the aquifer directly upstream of the area The facility includes a pipeline which extends south along the river from the MBP, a flow control facility and outlet. It can recharge a maximum of approximately 40,000 acre-feet per year. The Amethyst Basin Facility, completed in 2019, delivers SWP water to recharge the Oro Grande Wash in Victorville just east of Sycamore Street and Amethyst Road in Victorville. It provides flood control and allows recharge through a series of dikes and recharge ponds. Water from the SWP is delivered to the recharge ponds through a pipeline that connects to the California Aqueduct at the Highway 395 turnout. Recharge capacity is about 8,000 acre-feet per year. The Ames/Reche Recharge Facility delivers water from the SWP directly to the Pipes Wash in Landers, located north of Yucca Valley. The Ames/Reche facility consists of a pipeline extending west from the MBP at Winters Road to an outlet in Pipes Wash. Construction of the pipeline, flow control facility, and outlet was completed in 2014. The turnout is planned to flow up to a maximum capacity of five cubic feet per second, recharging a maximum of approximately 1,500 acre-feet per year. Silverwood Lake is a reservoir owned and operated by the State of California and DWR. At the California Aqueduct terminus in Hesperia, water is siphoned into the lake where it is stored for use in San Bernardino and Inland Empire areas. MWA takes deliveries of SWP from the lake via the Cedar Springs Dam which releases into the Mojave River. operates the Regional Recharge and Recover Project (R-Cubed). This conjunctive use project Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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stores SWP deliveries in recharge sites in the Floodplain Aquifer along the Mojave River near Hesperia and southern Apple Valley (Figure 2-9). When needed, MWA-owned production wells on both sides of the Mojave River, immediately downstream of the recharge area, can recover and deliver the stored water through pipelines directly to local urban water retail suppliers. Current beneficiaries of R-Cubed include Liberty Utilities (Apple Valley), City of Adelanto, City of Hesperia, and Victorville Water District. Phase 1 of the R-Cubed Project was partially completed in 2013. It currently produces approximately 15,000 acre-feet per year, with expansion plans under consideration. FIGURE 2-9: R-CUBED FACILITIES
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2.1.5 Regional Climate Located in the High Desert region of San Bernardino County, the climate in the Mojave Region is more extreme than the lowland areas of Southern California. As is typical of the Mojave Desert, the region is very arid because of the rain shadow effect of the surrounding mountains. The summers are extremely hot and dry with occasional monsoonal thunderstorms that can bring flash flooding and hail. Most of the precipitation happens in the winter, with snowfall possible, although much lighter than what occurs in the surrounding mountains and melting quickly. The major settlements in the Region are along the Highway 15 corridor which generally parallels the Mojave River, primarily within the southern end of the Region including cities and communities of Hesperia, Victorville, Adelanto, and Apple Valley. Thirty-two miles to the north, also along the Highway 15 corridor, is the City of Barstow. The elevation variance across the Region leads to slight differences in reported climate data for various areas, but not significantly different for purposes of this discussion. Therefore, the following figures report data representing the southern area of the Region (using Victorville), with some discussion of the minor climate differences via reference to conditions in Barstow. Historical averages show January as the coolest and wettest month, and July as the hottest and driest. The wet season is from December to March with a 30-year annual average rainfall of 5.8 inches for Victorville and 5 inches for Barstow. The annual mean temperature is about 62 degrees, but the High Desert climate leads to extreme temperature ranges with highs during the summer months regularly hitting the upper 90s and lows in winter dropping to averages in the lower 30s. Other climate characteristics of the Region include monsoonal moisture in the later summer, which can cause thunderstorms. These thunderstorms do not deliver nearly as much rainfall as desert regions further east and the region receives only a small fraction of the annual precipitation compared to the eastern areas. Snowfall in Victorville during the winter, if it occurs, is light and tends to melt before accumulating. Snow in Barstow is much rarer and occurs infrequently. Autumn averages very warm and dry conditions still and becomes cooler conditions usually appear by late November. Spring is usually warm during the days although low temperatures are still quite cool. Rainfall usually tapers off by May. Figure 2-10 shows the average monthly temperature, rainfall, and evapotranspiration (ETo) for the service area. This figure reports data from Victorville. Actual annual rainfall totals deviate quite significantly from the 30-year average as illustrated in Figure 2-11. In most years, precipitation totals fall below the mean.
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FIGURE 2-10: AVERAGE CLIMATE CONDITIONS
FIGURE 2-11: ANNUAL PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY (1996-2024)
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2.1.5.1 Climate Change The CWC does not prescribe specific climate change planning and management measures for water suppliers; however, urban water suppliers should consider climate change when evaluating water supply availability and customer water use trends. For example, drier conditions or drought can lead to more residential irrigation and increased water use compared to wetter years. Climate change will likely alter precipitation patterns, resulting in consequential externalities like reductions in Sierra Nevada snowpack. Given the region's reliance on imported water, particularly from the State Water Project, which relies on melting snowpack, any effect from climate change on Sierra Nevada snowpack levels and inflows to Northern California reservoirs and the Delta will have a serious impact on water availability. As shown by the trendlines in Figure 2-12, the region has experienced gradual warming in average temperatures over the last 100 years. Increasing temperatures locally within the Region can result in higher evapotranspiration, leading to additional water demand. Although annual median precipitation levels remain relatively consistent, projected changes in the frequency, magnitude, and volume of precipitation show large variability, which has implications for uncertainties in stormwater runoff and peak flow rates. FIGURE 2-12: HISTORICAL ANNUAL TEMPERATURE AND TRENDS (YEARS)
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2.1.6 Current and Projected Population Service area population and land use projections are critical to developing a useful planning framework as population dynamics and growth are a primary influence on water use within the Mojave Region. These projections directly influence planning measures for system supply, delivery, infrastructure, and demand management. The projections also provide the Region with the necessary data-driven means for assessing whether MWA is accomplishing its nt and future needs. provide valuable insight to water management and planning. This sub-chapter of the RUWMP addresses these factors to provide a supportable basis for forecasting future water use. 2.1.6.1 Current Population and Historical Trends The Mojave Region has undergone a dramatic demographic transformation over the past century. In the early 20th century, the Region was sparsely populated, with an economy anchored by agriculture and the railroads, supporting only modest communities in Barstow and the Victor Valley. Following World War II, the Region began developing as Southern Inland Empire. However, it was the housing affordability crisis in coastal California during the -class families sought more affordable housing opportunities. Relatively affordable housing continued to drive growth through the early 2000s, as the City of Victorville and neighboring communities in the Victor Valley entered a period of explosive residential growth, with tens of thousands of new residential homes constructed across former scrubland. This rapid expansion, however, came with significant challenges, including long commutes to employment centers, infrastructure strain, and acute vulnerability during the 2008 Housing Crisis. The Region slowly recovered following the 2008 housing crisis, fueled by a booming logistics and warehouse industry and a rebounding real estate market. Much of this growth has been concentrated along the Interstate 15 corridor as fulfillment centers and warehouse operations locate themselves near highways and the railroads. Another notable incident was the COVID-19 pandemic that brought an unexpected tailwind to the Planning Area as remote work flexibility and record low interest rates allowed more households to acquire affordable years, with population and sprawl tempered by water conservation and growth limitations. In terms of population, the estimated population of the Region in 2025 was 586,000. This accounts for 26% of the total population San Bernardino County and a 19.6% increase from 2020 UWMP population for the Region of just over 490,000. This is a significant increase from the turn of the 21st Century when the Region only Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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incorporated cities between 2000 and 2010; their annual average growth rate outpacing the overall County rate of 1.9%. Between 2011 and 2019, that growth rate slowed to 1.1% for Adelanto and 1.0% for Victorville, still outpacing the 0.8% rate for the County. Table 2-3 TABLE 2-3: HISTORICAL POPULATION7 1990 2000 2010 2020 2025 266,232 321,264 453,649 507,000 586,000 2.1.6.2 Projected Population As part of its 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) development, MWA commissioned a population forecast by the Center for Economic Forecasting and Development at the University of California, Riverside, which was completed in 2020 (UCR Study or Beacon Economics Study). The population forecast provided population estimates for the entire Mojave Region, organized in multiple ways, as estimates for the large urban water retail suppliers, incorporated cities, and adjudicated subareas within the MWA service area. The following sections detail the population projections built from the UCR Study and subsequently used to estimate water use within the expansive Mojave Region. Methodology s 13% increase for the same period resulting in a population increase of about 200,000 people by 2065.8 Absent an updated UCR Study but given the release of 2020 Census data subsequent updated forecasts for this RUWMP. An update to the UCR Study and comparison with Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) data was undertaken as follows: 2020 Census Data Update The UCR 2020 incorporated city population totals were compared to the subsequently available 2020 Census values, organized for the same incorporated city areas. This comparison allowed for differences between the two datasets to be captured and ultimately resulted in the derivation of refined population projections for the large urban water retail suppliers and the remaining 7 The 2020 and 2025 population values for the Mojave Region reflects the refined UCR Study projections described in the later portions of this chapter. 8 The UCR Study projected the population to increase by approximately 205,284 people by 2065. Note: this estimation was derived prior to the release of 2020 Census population data.
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portion of the Region to reflect actual 2020 populations. This update is referred to as the Adjusted UCR Study. Alternative Data Comparison The original UCR Study values as well as Adjusted UCR Study values were compared with projections from the SCAG. This comparison focused on assessing whether the magnitude of projected population growth within the Region by the Adjusted UCR Study was adequately characterized. 2020 Census Data Comparison As depicted in Table 2-4, the 2020 Census population totals for five of the six incorporated cities within the Mojave Region were greater than their respective UCR Study population totals, with differences ranging from 2% to 6%. These differences were used to adjust the UCR Study population projections of the six large urban water suppliers associated with these particular incorporated cities (Table 2-5). The remaining six large urban water suppliers that do not serve an incorporated city were not adjusted as part of this validation since Census data is not available at the water retailer service area boundary level. Furthermore, the six large urban water retail suppliers associated with this adjustment collectively represent 96% of the total projected growth between 2020 2065.9 Lastly, the refined population projections presented in Table 2-5 were used to adjust the UCR Study population projection of the entire Region, as depicted in Table 2-6. TABLE 2-4: COMPARISON OF INCORPORATED CITY POPULATION DATA 9 The projected growth rate referenced is from the un-adjusted UCR Study population projections.
Incorporated City 2020 UCR 2020 Census Percent Difference Adelanto 35,800 38,000 6% Apple Valley 74,200 75,800 2% Barstow 24,200 25,400 5% Hesperia 97,800 99,800 2% Victorville 127,700 134,800 6% Yucca Valley 22,200 21,700 -2% Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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TABLE 2-5: URBAN WATER SUPPLIER POPULATION PROJECTIONS UCR STUDY AND ADJUSTED UCR STUDY10 TABLE 2-6: MOJAVE REGION POPULATION PROJECTIONS UCR STUDY AND ADJUSTED UCR STUDY 10 The following six water districts which do not supply an incorporated city did not have their population projections adjusted as part of the population validation: Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency, County Service Area 64, County Service Area 70 J, Helendale CSD, Joshua Basin Water District, and Phelan Piñon Hills CSD.
Large Urban Water Retail Supplier UCR Study Adjusted UCR Study 2020 2065 2020 2065 City of Adelanto 35,800 52,100 38,000 55,200 Liberty Utilities - Apple Valley Water Company 62,100 80,900 63,300 82,500 Golden State Water Company - Barstow System 32,200 35,100 33,800 36,900 Hesperia Water District 97,400 151,400 99,300 154,500 Victorville Water District 134,300 228,100 142,300 241,700 Hi-Desert Water District 25,700 31,000 25,100 30,300 Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency 4,100 4,600 N/A N/A County Service Area 64 11,200 13,700 N/A N/A County Service Area 70 J 10,200 11,500 N/A N/A Helendale CSD 6,600 7,300 N/A N/A Joshua Basin Water District 10,200 11,300 N/A N/A Phelan Piñon Hills CSD 20,800 23,000 N/A N/A UCR Study Adjusted UCR Study 2020 2065 2020 2065 492,000 698,000 507,000 722,000 Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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Comparison to SCAG The Adjusted UCR Study population projections were compared to population projections found in the 2024 SCAG SoCal Connect Report.11 The purpose of this comparison was to ensure that the magnitude of the Adjusted UCR Study projected population growth as used analysis and forecast method than the UCR Study. As depicted in Table 2-7, the SCAG provided a population projection specific to the Region through 2050. TABLE 2-7: ADJUSTED UCR STUDY AND SCAG POPULATION PROJECTIONS Results The intent of the update and comparison was to provide confidence for a population projection critical to the water demand forecast method further described in Chapter 4 Water Use Characterization. Population data is a key indicator used to understand per-capita demand and thus becomes the source for demand forecasts when more specific housing developments are less clear. For purposes of the RUWMP, the Adjusted UCR Study projections are used for each participating retail urban water supplier and for MWA, with the latter reflecting all the remaining small water suppliers and rural domestic users that are reliant on the water resources available to the Region. Table 2-8 summarizes the population estimates for each participant. 11 Link to the 2024 SoCal Connect Report: https://scag.ca.gov/connect-socal-2024-read-draft-plan. The SCAG SoCal Connect Report is updated every four years and utilizes 2020 Census data as an input for establishing its population projections.
Mojave Region 2020 2050 2065 Adjusted UCR Study 507,000 673,000 722,000 SCAG 498,000 638,000 N/A Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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TABLE 2-8: 2025 RUWMP POPULATION PROJECTIONS
2.1.7 Land Use, Economy, and Demographics Land use in the Mojave Region is undergoing a fundamental shift from its historical thriving agricultural sector has declined as developmental pressures and geographic 12 Projected population estimates for the City of Victorville presented in this table were further refined by the City using the methodology described in its retail-chapter. 13 The Mojave Water Agency population shown in this table represents the portion of the Mojave Region located outside the service areas of the participating urban water retail suppliers. The projected decline reflects the assumption that future population growth will be increasingly served within the urban water category.
Agency 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 City of Adelanto 44,588 45,913 47,239 48,565 49,890 51,216 52,542 53,867 County Service Area 64 11,691 12,099 12,390 12,646 12,884 13,103 13,304 13,490 County Service Area 70J 10,356 10,554 10,721 10,876 11,021 11,153 11,275 11,387 GSWC Barstow 35,947 37,744 39,542 43,137 46,731 54,209 57,861 61,513 Hesperia Water District 120,530 124,771 129,012 133,252 137,493 141,733 145,974 150,214 Hi-Desert Water Agency 27,139 27,538 27,938 28,338 28,737 29,137 29,537 29,937 Joshua Basin Water District 10,375 10,536 10,673 10,800 10,919 11,029 11,131 11,225 Liberty Utilities Apple Valley12 70,707 72,184 73,661 75,138 76,615 78,092 79,569 81,045 Phelon-Piñon Hills CSD 21,136 21,465 21,744 22,003 22,245 22,469 22,676 22,869 Victorville Water District 148,323 157,229 166,135 175,042 183,948 192,855 201,542 210,689 Mojave Water Agency13 85,602 84,485 83,152 79,907 76,230 68,100 64,002 59,422 Total Region 586,395 604,519 622,207 639,704 656,713 673,095 689,412 705,659 Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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proximity to Southern California have transformed the High Desert into a major commuter community and logistics hub. Broad land use trends reflect a mix of continued suburban growth, logistics and industrial expansion, and large-scale renewable energy development. Incorporated communities such as Hesperia, Victorville, Apple Valley, and Adelanto have seen ongoing residential development, particularly single-family residential housing, driven by relatively affordable housing. At the same time, the Interstate 15 corridor has attracted significant warehouse, distribution, and manufacturing projects due to regional freight role as a logistics hub. In outlying areas, land use has increasingly shifted toward utility-scale solar energy and related infrastructure, supported by state renewable energy policies and the availability of large tracts of land. However, growth is occurring alongside planning efforts tied to groundwater sustainability in the Mojave River Basin, which are influencing development patterns, water supply planning, and the pace of new projects, particularly in groundwater subbasins. along major interstate and rail corridors, leading to a projected 40% population increase over the next four decades that continues to transform the High Desert from rural to urban. This sub-chapter provides a region-wide outlook on its land use and demographic trends over the last several decades to present-day. 2.1.7.1 Current and Projected Land Use Anchored by the rapidly growing incorporated communities of Victorville, Hesperia, and Apple Valley, the region continues to attract large master-planned residential developments and millions of square feet in new industrial and logistics facilities, fueled by affordable land and strategic infrastructure access. Utility-scale solar energy projects are simultaneously converting vast stretches of desert land to solar farms. The planned high-speed Brightline West rail station in Apple Valley is expected to further accelerate transit-oriented growth in groundwater supply. Trends in future land use will be largely influenced by urbanization as more of the High Desert landscape is transformed into residential developments. Most residential development will be concentrated in the communities in the surrounding Victor Valley at the southern end of the industries are expanding. In addition to these broader trends, several large-scale development projects have been identified that are expected to further accelerate growth within the Region. As shown in Table 2-9, these projects are anticipated to significantly Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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influence population growth, job creation, and land use patterns, and have been incorporated into the population and water demand projections that underpin this RUWMP. TABLE 2-9: KNOWN LAND USE PLANS IN THE MOJAVE REGION
2.1.7.2 Economic Trends and Other Social and Demographic Factors , anchored by the Cities of Victorville and Barstow, is one of the it has seen some of the strongest employment growth in California, with the third largest ddling the convergence of Interstate 15 and Interstate 40, the region sits at a geographic crossroads between Greater Los Angeles, the Las Vegas metro, and the broader American Southwest. What was once characterized primarily as a pass-through zone, famous for Route 66, is now experiencing a structural economic transformation driven by a booming demand for logistics and warehouses, affordable housing, and multiple landmark infrastructure projects that stand to reshape the Rrole in the national supply chain and passenger mobility network. The most consequential economic development in the region is the emergence of large-scale logistics and warehousing infrastructure, driven by the exhaustion of industrial land in the traditional Inland Empire to the south and the availability of vast, inexpensive parcels in the High Desert. Over the last four years, approximately 4.5 million square feet of new industrial construction has been completed in the High Desert. Major investors include Prologis, Clarion, and LINK, with significant leasing activity from Amazon and Home Depot. The City of Victorville recently welcomed a 1.3-million square foot Goodyear Tire distribution center and an Amazon Fulfillment Center at the Southern California Logistics Airport (SCLA), with additional industrial projects totaling over 1.35 million square feet planned along Mojave Drive. The SCLA is already home to Boeing and General Atomics, giving it a dual identity as both an aerospace hub and an e-commerce distribution node. Railroads have long played a foundational role in the economic development of the High Desert. The Cities of Barstow and San Bernardino first emerged as railroad hubs for local farmers to ship agricultural goods to market and as stopovers for trains heading into the Los Existing or Planned Project Project Area (acres) Residential Housing Units BNSF Barstow International Gateway 4,500 N/A Brightline West Station 300 N/A Rancho Lucerne Planned Development 1,376 4,257 Silverwood Specific Plan 9,336 15,663 Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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Angeles Basin. Recently, railroads have re-economy with the advent of the BNSF Barstow International Gateway (BIG) and the Brightline West high-speed rail line. BNSF Railway has announced plans to invest more than $1.5 billion in a master-planned rail facility designed to revolutionize cargo movement from Southern California ports. BIG will integrate a rail yard, intermodal facility, and warehouses to transfer containers directly from ships to rail for inland transit. It will directly connect the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to Barstow via rail, allowing for faster transit of goods to the rest of the US. By moving containers by rail rather than trucks, BIG aims to reduce freeway traffic and cut emissions while creating 20,000+ jobs. Upon completion, BIG will be the largest intermodal transportation hub in North America twice as large as any existing facility. Passenger rail in the High Desert region anticipates a major tailwind from Brightline West. The privately financed 218-mile high-speed passenger rail line will connect Las Vegas to Rancho Cucamonga, with two planned railway station stops in Apple Valley and Hesperia. The project broke ground in 2024 and is projected to begin passenger service by 2028, with construction expected to generate more than 10,000 jobs and 1,000 permanent jobs. The Victor Valley station in Apple Valley is designed to accommodate commuter rail use, allowing High Desert residents to access employment in the Inland Empire and Los Angeles Basin at lower housing costs a pattern that could accelerate population growth and transit-oriented development around the station. Affordable housing is a critical driver of economic growth in the High Desert. As housing costs in coastal Southern California markets continue to rise, the High Desert has emerged as a population residential alternative for moderate household incomes. This popularity and proximity have spawned a large commuter population that works in nearby Los Angeles and Orange Counties. The number of residents commuting to jobs in neighboring counties is expected to increase in the near-term as housing prices continue to rise and supply remains constrained. Despite benefiting from population growth linked to affordable housing and commuters, the High Desert faces several structural economic and fiscal risks. With such a large proportion of the population commuting to coastal job centers in Los Angeles and Orange County, downturns in those economies can quickly ripple inland, reducing household income and housing stability. Moreover, dependence on commuters can distort land use and creation, this imbalance can make it harder to attract employers seeking proximity to locally available workforce. However, the rise in remote workers and multiple major infrastructure developments have the pocommunity into a burgeoning employment hub. The High Desert is at an inflection point. Victorville has already become a significant logistics and population center, the fastest-growing large city in inland Southern California, though its economic gains are concentrated in lower-wage warehouse and distribution work rather than higher-value sectors that would diversify and deepen its tax base. Generally, the Region has experienced strong job growth and sectoral restructuring around the logistics industry, shaped by both regional dynamics in the High Desert and broader economic shocks such as Chapter 2 The Mojave Region
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the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the past decade, the employment growth rate for non-farm labor in the San Bernardino County outpaced all other regions in Southern California and sustained less economic impact from the Covid-19 recession than Los Angeles, Orange, or San Diego Counties (Figure 2-13). Logistics, driven by the rise of e-commerce and the , has been the dominant sector, growing by approximately 80% over the decade, while healthcare and education have grown by roughly 30-40%, reflecting population growth and increasing service demand. These trends highlight a broader structural shift toward a service and distribution-oriented economy, with logistics At the same time, the labor market has shown improving stability compared to earlier decades. Unemployment rates, which were historically elevated in the Inland Empire, declined significantly following the post-Great Recession recovery and remained relatively moderate in the late 2010s. Although unemployment spiked sharply during the pandemic, reaching nearly 10% in 2020, the county experienced a strong recovery, with rates falling back to around 5% by 20242025, near statewide averages. This indicates a resilient labor market capable of rebounding from economic disruptions. However, more recent data suggest emerging signs of slowing growth and sectoral unevenness. Between 2022 and 2023, some key sectors, including logistics, manufacturing, and professional services, experienced modest employment declines, while healthcare and education continued to expand. This divergence reflects both post-pandemic normalization, particularly in goods movement, and broader economic headwinds affecting higher-wage industries. -wage and goods-moving sectors, even as wages have begun to rise across industries. While salary growth has been notable, especially in professional and healthcare fields, job concentration in logistics and warehousing has reinforced concerns about job quality and economic diversification. Overall, the High Desert has grown significantly and become more diversified ties, Victorville and Barstow, the High Desert is poised to leverage its emerging logistics industry and affordable housing stock to become a prosperous regional economy with its own identity.
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FIGURE 2-13: SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY EMPLOYMENT DATA 2015-2025
2.1.8 SummaryThe Mojave Region is one of the fastest growing regions in California. As discussed, relatively affordable housing and strategic infrastructure corridor access continue to accelerate population and economic growth. However, limited water supplies, further exacerbated by mounting hydrological and regulatory limitations, continue to adversely constrain the Region. Adequate water supplies and long-term resource management are paramount to the 2025 RUWMP helps MWA and the large urban water retail suppliers coordinate and collectively plan to meet an optimistic future condition.
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Chapter 3.0 REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY CHARACTERIZATION include imported surface water supplies managed by the Mojave Water Agency, and local surface and native groundwater supplies managed collectively by MWA, retail water suppliers, and designated watermasters in the adjudicated areas of the Region. The more specific characterization of water available for import is presented in Chapter 6 - Mojave Water Agency, while the detailed characterization of retailer-specific groundwater is discussed within each urban water retail specific chapter (Chapters 7 through 16). The available regional supplies discussed in this chapter reflect a summary of the more specific MWA and retailer supply conditions and are organized into the three Subregions described in Chapter 2 The Mojave Region. Organizing supplies for each specific subregion facilitates the integration with subregional demands (Chapter 4 Water Use Characterization), providing for supply reliability analysis to be presented by subregion (Chapter 5 Regional Water Service Reliability). This subregional approach allows the entire Mojave Region to be viewed in a more aggregated form, while still reflecting important geographic, hydrologic and management circumstances that are lost if the analysis were completed for just the entire Mojave Region. Each of the retailer-specific chapters (Chapters 7 through 16) reflect each retailers reliance on the managed groundwater that results from two primary categories: (1) annually available sources including State Water Project (SWP) imports delivered through six turnouts on the East Branch of the California Aqueduct and subsequently recharged throughout the region, and (2) groundwater supplies comprised of natural recharge from the Mojave River and San Bernardino Mountains, return flows from water use, and imported wastewater from mountain communities. Recycled water is an important third component that is being deployed within the Mojave Region at the urban water retail supplier level and will continue to expand as an important supply source into the future. 3.1.1 Mojave Region Water Supply Sources As described in Chapter 2 The Mojave Region, the Mojave Region is situated in the High Desert of eastern San Bernardino County in a mostly closed topographic basin where water Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization
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supply is derived almost entirely from pumped groundwater from the various basins, subbasins and aquifers within its service area. Beyond the minimal precipitation in the Region, natural recharge of the aquifers occurs primarily from flows originating in the San Bernardino Mountains to the south that infiltrate into the basin-fill sediments along the mountain front. The Mojave River also contributes to groundwater recharge through streambed infiltration during wet periods and after significant mountain snowmelt that flows to the Mojave River and its tributaries. Augmentation of the native groundwater is dependent on State Water Project imports and transfers and exchanges conveyed to the Region. Additional local groundwater recharge occurs from irrigation return flows, wastewater imports, and recycled water. The system is essentially a large underground reservoir where water moves slowly through interconnected aquifers creating the vital water supply for the region. For purposes of this RUWMP, water supplies available to the Region fall into the following major categories, each of which is described in detail throughout this chapter: Groundwater Imported Water Return Flows Treated Wastewater and Recycled Water Water Transfers and Exchanges Planned Water Suppliers 3.1.1.1 Groundwater Groundwater is the principal source of municipal water supply in the Mojave Region. All retail water suppliers operating within the Region rely on managed groundwater a blend of natural inflows and recharged imported water to meet current and projected demand. As noted above, the MWA supports groundwater management in the Region by importing water supplies that are used to replenish groundwater extractions and help manage groundwater basin health. Natural inflows into the groundwater aquifers are fed through direct percolated precipitation across the basin area and infiltration and storm runoff into stream systems during wet weather. The primary source of natural inflow is infiltration of stormflow runoff water from the San Bernardino Mountains into the Mojave River. The Mojave River is formed by the confluence of the West Fork Mojave River and Deep Creek, both originating in the northwestern San Bernardino Mountains. This mountain-front recharge provides the majority of natural groundwater replenishment to the basin and enters the system in the Alto subarea. During Water Year 2024, natural water supplies exceeded historical averages, with total flow at the Mojave River Forks reaching 102,389 acre-feet. After accounting for 14,825 acre-feet of Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization
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SWP water that MWA imported to the West Fork Mojave River system, natural inflow was measured at 87,564 acre-feet compared to a Base Period average of 65,540 acre-feet. Despite this above-average year, the Region continues to experience long-term drought impacts, with native water supply conditions over the past 13 years averaging only 69.4% of the historical baseline (1931-1990). As mentioned in Chapter 2, the Mojave Region overlies all or a portion of 36 groundwater basins and subbasins, as presented in Figure 2-5. Those situated along the Mojave River and adjacent areas are collectively referred to as the Mojave River Groundwater Basin, otherwise known as the Mojave Basin Area. The remaining basins in the southeastern portion of the Region are generally designated as the Morongo Basin/Johnson Valley Area (Morongo Area), with the exception of the Lucerne Valley, which is treated as a distinct management unit. MWA characterizes a long-term average of the natural supplies for the region, including both the Mojave Basin area and the Morongo Basin Area, as 57,349 acre-feet per year. This value is derived from previous assessments of natural supply available and groundwater basin conditions. Most groundwater production in the Region relies on three primary aquifers: the Floodplain Aquifer, Regional Aquifer, and Morongo Aquifer (Figure 3-1). Each aquifer system has distinct hydrogeologic characteristics and recharge mechanisms. The Floodplain Aquifer is composed of sand and gravel weathered from metamorphic and granitic rocks of the San Gabriel and the San Bernardino Mountains, respectively, and deposited in a fluvial environment. Recharge occurs primarily through direct infiltration of Mojave River surface flows during the wet season, with the greatest recharge rates occurring near the mountain front where surface flows are most frequent and vigorous. The Regional Aquifer underlies and surrounds the Floodplain Aquifer, comprising interconnected alluvial fan and basin fill deposits. Its primary recharge source is groundwater migrating laterally from the Floodplain Aquifer. Additional recharge is contributed by runoff from the higher elevations of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, supplemented by smaller runoff volumes from local ephemeral streams and desert washes. The Morongo Basin Area encompasses several interconnected basins in southern San Bernardino County. It is a vital water source, managed by the MWA and the local retail water suppliers, for the benefit of communities in the eastern portion of the Region. Groundwater supplies in the Morongo Area are supplemented by imported water conveyed through the 71-mile Morongo Basin Pipeline (MBP) recharge basins in the Morongo Basin Area. The MBP serves a dual purpose: reducing overdraft in the Warren Valley Basin and Ames Valley Basin, and supporting groundwater Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization
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levels in the Joshua Tree Basin (see Chapter 2 The Mojave Region).14 Groundwater flow in the Morongo Area is complex but is generally from south to north in Johnson Valley and from west to east-northeast elsewhere in the area. Natural recharge originates primarily from the mountains on the southern and western boundaries of the Morongo Area, resulting in groundwater flow gradients to the north, east, and south adjacent to the boundaries, before turning to the east-northeast. Groundwater flow is complicated locally by pumping, faulting, shallow bedrock, and enhanced recharge basins. For example, in the vicinity of the developed area of Yucca Valley, groundwater flow is controlled to some extent by local recharge basins. FIGURE 3-1: FLOODPLAIN AND OTHER REGIONAL AQUIFERS 14 The following agencies jointly financed the MBP and currently rely on it for portions of their water supply: Hi-Desert Water District, Joshua Basin Water District, Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency, and CSA 70 W-4 Pioneer Town
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3.1.1.2 Groundwater in the MBA Judgment Area The MBA Judgment (see Chapter 2 The Mojave Region) established a Production Safe Yield (PSY) system that defines sustainable groundwater pumping levels for each Subarea subject to the Judgment. Specifically, PSY is defined as the maximum production level that can be maintained over a sequence of years representative of long-term average natural water supply conditions, accounting for natural outflow, and under established patterns of water production, applied water, return flows, and consumptive use, while ensuring no long-term net reduction in groundwater storage. The MBA Judgment also assigned Base Annual Production (BAP) rights to each producer using 10 acre-feet or more, based on historical production during the period 1986-1990. Parties to the MBA Judgment are assigned a variable Free Production Allowance (FPA), which is a percentage of the BAP set annually by the Court for each Subarea based on the recommendation of the Watermaster. The BAP is reduced or -ntil FPA comes within 5% of the Judgment-defined PSY. The FPA changes over time as the MBA Watermaster assesses supply availability for all adjudicated purveyors against the long-term health and PSY. The FPA is set as follows for each Subarea for water year 2025-2026:15 Alto Subarea 50.4% of BAP Oeste Subarea 45% of BAP Este Subarea 45% of BAP Centro Subarea 56% of BAP Baja Subarea 19.5% of BAP Any Producer that pumps more than their FPA must purchase Replacement Water from the Watermaster equal to the amount of production in excess of their total available FPA or transfer unused FPA from another party within their Subarea. Funds collected for Replacement Water are then used by MWA for purchase of SWP supplies and recharged into the Subarea they were produced from. In addition to purchasing water to offset the Replacement Water Obligations under the Judgment, MWA purchases and stores water in the Mojave Basin Area for future obligations (see Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency). In Chapters 7 through 16, the projected FPA for each urban water retail supplier participating in the 2025 RUWMP, consistent with the UWMPA requirements, is provided.16 Using the Subregions described in Chapter 2 The Mojave Region, the summary of available native groundwater is presented in Table 3-1. These totals represent the native groundwater (i.e. FPA) in Subregions 1 and 2 and are inclusive of FPA available to the urban water retail 15 Water Year 2024-2025 Mojave Basin Area Watermaster Annual Report, June 2026 16 For instance, see values for Hesperia Water District in Table 11-8 and Table 11-9 in Chapter 11 Hesperia Water District.
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suppliers participating in the 2025 RUWMP as well as all other groundwater users within each vice area. TABLE 3-1: PROJECTED NATIVE GROUNDWATER FOR EACH SUBREGION THROUGH 2050 (AFY) 3.1.1.3 Groundwater in the Morongo Subarea As described in Chapter 2 The Mojave Region, the Morongo Subarea encompasses both the Ames Valley Judgment and the Warren Valley Judgment. While these Judgments function differently than the MBA Judgment, they reflect conditions where native groundwater use exceeded natural recharge. Unlike the MBA Judgment Area, the Morongo Subarea does not have a single regional framework that establishes a quantified native groundwater production allowance appliable across all basins and users. The Morongo Subarea is composed of multiple groundwater basins with varying levels of development, monitoring, adjudication, and management. As a result, the amount of native groundwater reasonably available across the entire Morongo Subarea is not conclusively quantified for purposes of this RUWMP. 3.1.1.4 Imported Water MWA relies on a diverse portfolio of imported surface water supplies. Imported water is delivered to the Mojave Region via the SWP California Aqueduct. As one of 29 SWP by supplementary supplies obtained by various contractual agreements, transfers, and exchanges. Upon delivery of imported water, by the East Branch of the California Aqueduct, to service area, MWA delivers this blend of imported water to various recharge sites throughout its service area. is to provide the region with imported water to supplement local groundwater supplies and recharge local groundwater Table 3-2. Additional details on the SWP supplies and forecast reliability are detailed in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency.
Projected Native Groundwater For All Year Types 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Subregion 1 70,389 70,389 70,389 70,389 70,389 Subregion 2 39,602 39,602 39,602 39,602 39,602 Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization
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TABLE 3-2: S PROJECTED IMPORTED WATER SUPPLIES (AFY) Total Supply Percent Allocation 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Normal 54% 48,492 48,492 48,492 48,492 48,492 Single Dry Year 5% 4,490 4,490 4,490 4,490 4,490 Multi-Year Drought Year 1 35% 31,430 31,430 31,430 31,430 31,430 Year 2 5% 4,490 4,490 4,490 4,490 4,490 Year 3 5% 4,490 4,490 4,490 4,490 4,490 Year 4 20% 17,960 17,960 17,960 17,960 17,960 Year 5 35% 31,430 31,430 31,430 31,430 31,430 3.1.1.5 Return Flows When water supplies are extracted from the groundwater basins, a portion of the water pumped is consumed and another portion of the extracted water is returned to the iindoor water use is assumed to be returned to the basin either by percolation from septic tanks or treated wastewater effluent produced by municipal wastewater facilities. The MBA Watermaster Report calculates consumptive use for each producer in each Subarea of the MBA Judgment. The calculation is based on production amount, type of use, and an evaluation of processes that consume water. Return flows shown in Table 3-3 are calculated as a percentage production for each water use category, as defined by the MBA Watermaster. Return flow factors, on a regional basis, average approximately 40% of the groundwater production, although this amount can vary significantly by Subarea and on an annual basis. Importantly, as water extractions increase in the Region, the return flows will also increase over time. However, as system efficiencies improve, return flows may begin to slowly decline. Nevertheless, for purposes of this 2025 RUWMP, return flows are assumed to be a percentage of the total Water Year Verified Production for each Subarea for the most recent reported Water Year.17 This value is then held constant in all future year types and all years through 2050. A return flow is not calculated for the Morongo Subarea (Subregion 3). 17 Water Year 2024-2025 Watermaster Report, June 2026, Verified Projection by Subarea, Appendix B, p.15 of 16. This methodology is consistent with the investigation of consumptive use by the MBA Watermaster.
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While this is a recognized source of water affecting determinations of available FPA within the MBA Judgment Subareas, for purposes of this RUWMP, this supply source is ignored. This is a conservative assumption that allows this value to be refined while the interaction among FPA, Return Flows, and Managed Stored Groundwater continues to be evaluated to avoid inadvertently double-water reliability assessment. TABLE 3-3: SUMMARY OF RETURN FLOW FOR SUBREGION 1 AND SUBREGION 2 THROUGH 2050 (AFY) Subregion18 Verified Production Estimated Return Flow Subregion 1 78,278 31,300 Subregion 2 23,605 9,500 3.1.1.6 Treated Wastewater and Recycled Water self-sufficiency includes development of recycled and reusable water supplies combined with a region-wide emphasis on water use efficiency. Additionally, the Region also accepts treated wastewater imported into certain subareas. Treated wastewater effluent is imported from three wastewater entities outside the Region. Specifically, treated wastewater from the Lake Arrowhead Community Services District is imported into the Alto Subarea, while effluent from Big Bear Area Regional Wastewater Agency is imported to the Este Subarea. Wastewater from Crestline Sanitation District is also imported but already accounted for in the natural groundwater recharge. This water is considered indirect potable reuse. The MBA Watermaster recognizes these imports in its annual reporting, recognizing almost 3,400 acre-feet in the Water Year 2024-2025 Report. However, over half of this came from the Big Bear facility, which is currently implementing a local recycled water program that will result in this source rarely being available to the Region. For the purposes of this 2025 RUWMP, the recycled water is only assumed available to Region 1 and will be limited to approximately 1,200 acre-feet annually (continuing from Lake Arrowhead CSD and Crestline CSD). The Region also relies upon and anticipates increasing the local recycled water portfolio to provide both direct use, direct recharge, and indirect aquifer replenishment within the Region, particularly in Subregion 1, generation and, in turn, recycled water supply availability. The primary recycled water source is the Victor Valley Wastewater Reclamation Authority (VVWRA) with recycled water production from its Regional Water Reclamation Plant (Regional 18 As discussed in Chapter 2 The Mojave Region, Subregion 1 includes the Alto, Este, and Oeste Subareas while Subregion 2 includes the Centro and Baja Subareas.
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WRP) and two additional Subregional WRPs, one in Hesperia, and one in Apple Valley. There are currently five permitted recycled water users in the service area: American Organics, the City of Victorville, High Desert Power Plant, the City of Hesperia, and the Town of Apple Valley.19 The VVWRA also contributes recycled water through wastewater effluent discharges to the Mojave River to replenish the downstream aquifer and to support the riparian corridor that lies within the Alto Transition zone. In the Water Year 2024-2025 Watermaster Report, Victorville and VVWRA contributed approximately 14,000 acre-feet of recharge to the Mojave River. While only permitted to discharge 14 million gallons per day (MGD)20, the main Victorville facility is designed to produce up to 22 MGD of water and is capable of discharging up to 18 MGD. The Apple Valley21 and Hesperia22 facilities are designed to be operational in phases, with Phase I having a capacity of 1 MGD, Phase II having a capacity of 2 MGD, and Phase III having a capacity of 4 MGD. Water from the main VVWRA facility is used to both provide flows in the Mojave River and recharge the aquifer as well as cooling in a nearby power plant. The Hesperia Subregional facility is used for irrigation at the Hesperia Golf Course and local area parks (see Chapter 11 Hesperia Water District). The Apple Valley Subregional Facility at Brewster Park is expected to produce irrigation water for Brewster Park, the Civic Center and Apple Valley Golf Course among other locations. Recycled water is subject to certain restrictions within the law, and localized use requires specific infrastructure investments. The recycled water facilities are governed by National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit restrictions. Additionally, the facilities are permitted only for the following beneficial uses: Municipal and Domestic Supply, Agricultural Supply, Industrial Service Supply, Freshwater Replenishment, and Aquaculture. Future recycled water projects will play a central role in enabling the Region to continue demonstrating reduced reliance on Delta imports. For the purposes of this 2025 RUWMP, Subregion 1 will conservatively only represent the estimated recycled water volume that is available to Hesperia Water District and the City of Victorville, as further detailed in their individual retail chapters. Table 3-4 presents projected recycled water supplies for Subregion 1 through 2050. TABLE 3-4: RECYCLED WATER SUPPLIES FOR SUBREGION 1 THROUGH 2050 (AFY) 19 VVWRA 2024 Annual Recycled Water Report, Table 2. 20 https://www.vvwraca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/194/637694937439730000 21 https://www.vvwraca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/200/637694940317370000 22 https://www.vvwraca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/204/637694942003170000 Subregion 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Subregion 1 2,004 3,238 3,834 4,408 4,908 Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization
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3.1.1.7 Water Transfers and Exchanges As discussed in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency, MWA engages in water transfers and has both received and delivered water through these transfers and exchanges with various agencies throughout California. These transfers are essentially spot market transfers where short-term opportunities are identified and then actions taken for purchase and acquisition. portfolios. Future MWA transfers and exchanges depend upon allocations available to MWA and other water purveyors and are not considered an available supply for purposes of this RUWMP. 3.1.1.8 Planned Water Supplies Potential future water supply projects, supplementary to existing supplies, consist of the projects. All of these focus on helping MWA improve the reliability and management of SWP supplies and are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency. 3.1.2 Water Quality Water quality is a critical consideration in the Mojave Region. Because local potable supplies are derived from blended groundwater sources, well locations, recharge activities associated with imported water, and other key system components are actively coordinated and managed among participating retailers and MWA. 3.1.2.1 Imported Water Quality Generally, the imported surface water conveyed through the California Aqueduct and recharged throughout the Region is considered to be good quality. Many retailers rely on the imported supplies to help manage the quality of water delivered to customers, using the benefits of the imported water as a blending supply to the native groundwater. Water quality delivered to the Region is monitored by the DWR Division of Operations and Maintenance within the California Aqueduct. More details regarding the specific quality information are included in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency.
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3.1.2.2 Groundwater Quality MWA has implemented a comprehensive groundwater monitoring program to improve basins. In coordination with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), this program includes an 850-well monitoring network. Water levels from these wells are recorded on a regular basis and several of the wells are tested for water quality on a rotating sampling schedule. Numerous studies dating back to the early 1900's have been conducted by various agencies to characterize groundwater quality in the Region and further the understanding of the Mojave River and Morongo Groundwater Basins. The most recent study was the Mojave Salt and Nutrient Management Plan completed in 2015.23 Despite local groundwater quality degradation, these studies generally confirmed the suitability of groundwater for beneficial uses in the Region. Groundwater quality data, including intrinsic tracers, have been used to confirm sources of groundwater recharge and travel times along interpreted flow paths in the Floodplain and Regional aquifers. Investigations have also been conducted to identify the source and occurrence of key naturally occurring groundwater contaminants, including hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) and arsenic, in the Mojave Desert region. The impairment of groundwater from the perspective of its beneficial use as drinking water is determined by comparing concentrations of constituents of concern in the groundwater against drinking water maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and agricultural water quality parameters needed for specific crops. Key groundwater constituents of concern in the Region include arsenic, nitrates, iron, manganese, Cr-VI, fluoride, and total dissolved solids (TDS). Some of these constituents are naturally occurring in desert environments while others are associated with human (anthropogenic) activities. Measurements exceeding drinking water standards have been found for some of these constituents within the Mojave River Basin and the Morongo Basin. If necessary, groundwater in these areas may require treatment prior to consumption. groundwater quality issues that may result from sources of salts and nutrients. The SNMP addresses whether these constituents would unreasonably degrade groundwater quality and potentially decrease the beneficial uses of groundwater within the basin. For the MWA SNMP, TDS and nitrate were analyzed as appropriate indicator constituents of salts and nutrients. Total salinity is commonly expressed in terms of TDS as milligrams per liter (mg/L). TDS concentrations in the groundwater are influenced by the chemistry of the aquifer and quality of water recharging the aquifer. TDS is not a health hazard at typical groundwater 23 Relevant water quality studies are available at http://www.mojavewater.org/regional-studies.html.
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concentrations but can be an aesthetic issue and can shorten the useful life of pipes and water-based appliances in homes and businesses. TDS monitoring data are widely available for source waters (both inflows and outflows) in the Region, and because TDS is a general indicator of total salinity, TDS is an appropriate indicator of salt loading. TDS concentrations generally increase in downgradient portions of the Mojave River Basin and along groundwater flow paths away from the primary recharge source in the basin, the Mojave River. Elevated TDS concentrations (greater than 1,000 mg/L) are generally associated with natural processes including mineralization and evaporation beneath dry lake beds. In the Morongo Basin, groundwater TDS concentrations generally increase along groundwater flow paths away from the southwestern margins of the basin where mountain-front recharge occurs. Nitrate is a widespread contaminant in California groundwater. High levels of nitrate in groundwater are associated with agricultural activities, septic systems, confined animal facilities, landscape fertilization, and wastewater treatment facilities. Nitrate does occur naturally in groundwater however, natural nitrate levels in groundwater are generally very low (typically less than about 10 mg/L as nitrate-NO3). The volume-weighted average of existing TDS and nitrate-NO3 concentrations were calculated for each of the 22 analysis subregions. Results are summarized in Table 3-5. Average subregional TDS concentrations vary considerably, ranging from 153 mg/L to 1,716 mg/L across the Region. Average TDS concentrations are very low in the upgradient portions of the Mojave River Basin (less than 300 mg/L) and increase along the pathways along and away from the Mojave River due to natural processes (e.g., mineralization) and impacts from anthropogenic loading. Eight of the nine downgradient analysis subregions composing the Alto Transition Zone, Centro, and Baja Subareas have average TDS concentrations at or above 500 mg/L (Baja - Floodplain is the lone exception). In the Morongo Basin, average TDS concentrations are generally below the recommended secondary MCL for TDS of 500 mg/L. Exceptions include Lucerne Valley (north) (1,716 mg/L) and Johnson Valley (678 mg/L), where elevated TDS concentrations primarily reflect a high degree of mineralization and dry lakebed evaporation. Elevated TDS concentrations are naturally characteristic of dry lakes in arid desert environments. Nitrate-NO3 concentrations are generally low across the Region. Average SNMP subregional concentrations are approximately 6.0 mg/L. Average nitrate-NO3 concentrations exceed 15 mg/L in Centro Floodplain and Warren Valley. Additionally, nitrate-NO3 concentrations are slightly elevated (between 7.5 and 10 mg/L) in Centro Regional (west), Alto Transition Zone Floodplain (Helendale), and Alto Right Regional. In the Centro Subarea, elevated nitrate concentrations are associated with historical and existing agricultural operations (crop field and dairies) and other naturally occurring processes. In the Alto subarea, septic tank return flows are likely the most significant contributing factor to slightly elevated groundwater nitrate concentrations. In the Warren Valley Basin, elevated nitrate concentrations are associated with historical entrainment of septage following managed aquifer recharge operations and a high density of septic tanks in the subarea.
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The emerging water quality constituents of concern are per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). These chemical constituents are generally produced through chemical manufacturing of items like Teflon pans, stain resistant carpet, and fast-food packaging. Acceptable levels for PFAS and PFOA compounds are regulated by the State of California and have recently been lowered. As such, the regulatory actions may have some impact on the regional availability of groundwater supplies. MWA and the regional purveyors are addressing this emerging issue in the region-wide management of groundwater resources and imported supplies that augment the local sources. TABLE 3-5: AVERAGE EXISTING TDS AND NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS BY SNMP SUBREGION SNMP Analysis Subregion Average Existing TDS Concentration (mg/L) Average Existing NitrateNO3 Concentration (mg/L) Mojave River Basin Baja Floodplain 401 3.9 Baja Regional 617 1.4 Centro Floodplain 711 20.7 Centro Regional (east) 618 3.2 Centro Regional (west) 711 7.7 Centro Regional (Harper Dry Lake) 1,028 4.0 Alto Transition Zone Floodplain (Helendale) 915 10.0 Alto Transition Zone Floodplain 500 3.4 Alto Transition Zone Regional 529 3.9 Alto Floodplain (Narrows) 205 4.3 Alto Floodplain 177 3.3 Alto Left Regional 310 0.9 Alto Mid Regional 153 3.5 Alto Right Regional 579 7.5 Oeste Regional 781 2.5 Este Regional 299 4.3 Morongo Basin Lucerne Valley (north) 1,716 5.6 Lucerne Valley (south) 472 5.7 Johnson Valley 678 6.2 AmesMeans Valley 330 5.7 Warren Valley 243 15.4 Copper MountainGiant Rock 247 7.5 Joshua Tree 202 14.7 Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization
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3.1.2.3 Groundwater Monitoring and Protection The general goal of groundwater protection activities is to maintain the groundwater and the aquifer to ensure a reliable high quality water supply. Activities to meet this goal include continued and increased monitoring, data sharing, education and coordination with other agencies that have local or regional authority or programs. The current MWA groundwater monitoring program includes groundwater quality data collected by MWA and the USGS through their cooperative water resources program and through the Drinking Water Program directed by the State Water Resources Control Board Department of Drinking Water (SWRCB DDW). The SWRCB DDW enforces the monitoring requirements established in Title 22 of the CCRs for drinking water wells and all the data collected must be reported to the DDW (note: each in its respective Chapter). Title 22 also designates regulatory limits (e.g., MCLs) for various water contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, non-volatile synthetic organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, radionuclides, disinfection byproducts, general physical constituents, and other parameters. Title 22 testing applies to potable public drinking water systems. MWA performs Title 22 testing only on water produced for the R-Cubed distribution system which supplies wholesale potable water to a few retail water suppliers in the Alto Subarea.24 All retail water purveyors are subject to drinking water standards set by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the SWRCB DDW. MWA has developed and actively maintains a Key Well program to support ongoing groundwater management activities, including monitoring of groundwater levels and water quality throughout the Region. Wells in the Key Well program include a combination of dedicated monitoring wells, scientific investigation wells, domestic water supply wells, and Well program but data from these wells are tracked and included in the MWA database. Important wells identified or installed during scientific studies are continually added to the Key Well program. There are a range of groundwater contamination sites across the region. These sites are regulated by the Lahontan and Colorado River Basin Regional Water Quality Control Boards. The potential detriments to water supply from these sites are being monitored by MWA and potentially effected retailers on a regional basis. 24 Groundwater quality data are submitted electronically and are available for download online at the SWRCB water quality analyses data and download page: http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/EDTlibrary.shtml Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization
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3.1.3 Desalination Opportunities The California UWMP Act requires a discussion of potential opportunities for use of desalinated water (Water Code Section 10631(i)). In the past, MWA has evaluated potential options for developing desalination projects. However, none of the opportunities are currently practical or economically feasible for MWA or the Mojave Region, and MWA has no current plans to pursue them. Therefore, desalinated supplies are not included in the supply summaries in this RUWMP. As discussed elsewhere in this document, the groundwater supplies in the Region are not considered brackish in nature, and desalination is not required. There are brackish supplies near the dry lakes, but it is not practical to pump, treat and potentially induce migration of better-quality water to the dry lake areas. However, MWA and the retail water purveyors could partner with other SWP contractors and provide financial assistance in construction of other regional groundwater desalination facilities in exchange for SWP supplies. The desalinated water would be supplied to users in communities near the desalination plant, and a similar amount of SWP supplies would be exchanged and allocated to MWA from the SWP contractor for use in the Mojave Region. In addition, should an opportunity emerge with a local agency other than an SWP contractor, an exchange of SWP deliveries would most likely involve a third party, such as Metropolitan Water District. Most local groundwater desalination facilities would be projects implemented by retailers of SWP contractors and, if an exchange program were implemented, would involve coordination and wheeling of water through the Because the MWA service area is not in a coastal area, it is neither practical nor economically feasible for MWA to implement a seawater desalination program. 3.1.4 Delta Reliance The Mojave Region continues to demonstrate reduced reliance on water supplies derived from the Delta and regional self-sufficiency through the actions of the retail agencies and MWA. The reduced reliance and regional self-sufficiency are attributable to significant advances in developing recycled and reusable water supplies combined with a region-wide emphasis on water use efficiency among MWA and the retail agencies. Table 3-6 presents the reduced reliance analysis for the Mojave Region. The Reduced Delta Reliance and improved regional self-sufficiency are detailed in Appendix 2.
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TABLE 3-6: REDUCED DELTA RELIANCE Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Total Water Supplies from the Delta Watershed 34.2% 34.2% 31.0% 26.1% 24.6% 23.5% 22.9% 22.3% 21.7% Change in Water Supplies from the Delta Watershed -0.1% -3.3% -8.2% -9.6% -10.7% -11.4% -12.0% -12.5% 3.1.5 Climate Change While the CWC does not prescribe specific climate change planning and management measures for water suppliers, it does emphasize that climate change is appropriate to consider when assessing drought risk assessment, water conservation and use efficiency, and demand management and supply both in an historical and future projection context. imported SWP water for groundwater recharge and changes to the pattern and intensity of rainfall within the Region and snowfall in the mountains that feed the Mojave River and various local ephemeral streams. As discussed in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agencyelivery Capability Report (DCR) representation of supply availability during single dry and multiple dry years reflects its consideration of climate change impacts on its Table A water supplies. 3.1.6 Summary of Existing and Planned Water Supplies Available wholesale water supplies in the RUWMP Planning Area consist of supplies managed exclusively by MWA and other supplies managed by constituent retail water agencies. MWA coordinates with its retailers to meet regional demands. Each retail water agency in the RUWMP Planning Area uses a unique mix of supplies and not all supply comes from MWA. agencies and other water uses within the Mojave Region are summarized below in Table 3-7 and Table 3-8. While MWA does not anticipate meeting all regional demands solely through collective water assets it directly manages, the Agency will work collaboratively with retail agencies and other stakeholders to manage available water supplies and ensure that prosame-year SWP Table A allocations, Article 56 Carryover (and Article 21 Interruptible Water), Stored SWP supplies as managed by MWA, Water Transfers and Exchanges, local native groundwater, local surface water, return flows, and recycled supplies.
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TABLE 3-7: PROJECTED TOTAL WATER SUPPLY FOR THE MOJAVE REGION FOR THE NEXT 5-YEARS (AFY) Year Type All Sources (Native Groundwater, Recycled Water, SWP Table A) Normal 162,812 Single Dry Year 118,810 Multi-Year Drought 2026 (1st Year) 145,759 2027 (2nd Year) 118,810 2028 (3rd Year) 118,810 2029 (4th Year) 132,280 2030 (5th Year) 145,759 TABLE 3-8: PROJECTED TOTAL WATER SUPPLY FOR THE MOJAVE REGION THROUGH 2050 (AFY) Year Type All Sources 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Normal 162,812 164,046 164,642 165,216 165,716 Single Dry Year 118,810 120,044 120,640 121,214 121,714 Multi-Year Drought Year 1 145,759 146,993 147,589 148,163 148,663 Year 2 118,810 120,044 120,640 121,214 121,714 Year 3 118,810 120,044 120,640 121,214 121,714 Year 4 132,280 133,514 134,110 134,684 135,184 Year 5 145,759 146,993 147,589 148,163 148,663 Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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Chapter 4.0 WATER USE CHARACTERIZATION Understanding water use characteristics across the Mojave Region is fundamental to evaluating long-term water supply reliability and informing regional water management strategies. As described in Chapter 2, the Region encompasses a diverse range of communities with varying population densities, land use patterns, and economic drivers, all of which influence water use behavior and demand. This chapter characterizes current water use across the region and develops projections of future water demand over the planning horizon. Consistent with the coordinated regional approach established for the 2025 RUWMP, population, land use, and economic assumptions described in Chapter 2 form the basis for demand projections presented herein. Retailer-specific demand characteristics, including customer class distributions and system water use profiles, are developed within their respective retailer chapters and incorporated into the regional demand projections presented in this chapter. Demands occurring outside the service area boundaries of participating urban water retail suppliers including agricultural, industrial, and recreational uses, as well as demands from small water systems and rural domestic pumpers are characterized wholesale planning framework as described in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency. Projected water demands developed in this chapter serve as the analytical framework for integrating regional water use with available supplies described in Chapter 3 Water Supply Characterization. Together, these elements support the evaluation of system reliability under normal, single dry year, and multiple dry year conditions presented in Chapter 5 Water System reliability and Drought Risk Assessment. This chapter therefore provides a comprehensive and consistent framework for quantifying regional water use, supporting both near-term and long-term planning requirements and water resource management across the Mojave Region. 4.1.1 Current Regional Water Use Water use within the Mojave Region reflects a diverse mix of urban, rural, industrial, recreational, and agricultural demands supported by a combination of managed Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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groundwater and supplemental supplies. Understanding how water is currently used across the Region provides critical context for evaluating demand trends, informing future projections, and assessing long-term water supply reliability. Water use within the Mojave Basin Area is tracked and reported through Mojave Watermaster Verified Production reports, which document production across the five Subareas in accordance with the terms of the adjudication. In addition, urban water suppliers track and report their production to the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) through monthly reporting requirements. For areas outside of the Mojave Basin Area, such as Subregion 3, water use data for Hi-Desert Water District and Joshua Basin Water District is derived from agency production records and State Water Resources Control Board reporting. Historic demand data for other uses within Subregion 3, including smaller systems and non-urban chapter, Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency. Collectively, these data sources are synthesized to characterize recent and current water use across the Mojave Region. Table 4-1 presents a summary of regional water use for the period 2021 through 2025 by major use categories, including (1) urban water retail suppliers, (2) small potable water systems and rural domestic users, (3) other uses such as industrial, commercial, and recreational demands, and (4) agricultural uses. To further illustrate spatial variability in water use Table 4-2 through Table 4-4 provide a breakdown of these same categories by subregion. This characterization of recent and current water use provides insight into regional demand patterns, the relative magnitude of different water use sectors, and the influence of long-term demand management measures and regulatory frameworks. These observed trends form the basis for developing and evaluating future water demand projections presented in the later portions of this chapter.
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TABLE 4-1: REGIONAL WATER USE 2021-2025 (AFY) Water Use Category 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Urban Water Retail Supplier
City of Adelanto 4,487 4,640 4,570 4,636 5,044 County Service Area 64 2,793 2,677 2,561 2,597 2,666 County Service Area 70 J 1,794 1,725 1,633 1,146 1,742 Golden State Water Company - Barstow 6,004 5,604 5,421 5,591 5,437 Hesperia Water District 14,253 13,645 12,604 13,724 13,852 Hi-Desert Water Company 2,909 2,919 2,800 2,874 2,817 Joshua Basin Water District 1,333 1,299 1,276 1,307 1,292 Liberty Utilities - Apple Valley Water Company 10,014 9,538 9,399 9,698 9,642 Phelan Piñon Hills CSD 3,094 2,863 2,555 2,674 2,717 Victorville Water District 22,346 22,071 20,079 20,389 20,956 Subtotal Urban Water Retailer 69,028 66,981 62,897 64,636 66,164 Other Small Water Systems and Rural Domestic 17,836 15,869 15,215 16,699 17,050 Industrial 10,435 10,135 9,035 9,235 7,335 Golf Course 4,615 4,715 3,515 4,415 5,215 Recreational 9,050 9,250 8,250 7,850 7,250 Agricultural 21,700 16,200 15,300 15,100 14,500 Subtotal Other 63,636 56,169 51,315 53,299 51,350 Total Water Use in Mojave Region 132,664 123,150 114,212 117,934 117,514 Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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TABLE 4-2: SUBREGION 1 WATER USE 2021-2025 (AFY) Water Use Category 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Urban Water Retail Supplier
City of Adelanto 4,487 4,640 4,570 4,636 5,044 County Service Area 64 2,793 2,677 2,561 2,597 2,666 County Service Area 70 J 1,794 1,725 1,633 1,146 1,742 Hesperia Water District 14,253 13,645 12,604 13,724 13,852 Liberty Utilities - Apple Valley Water Company 10,014 9,538 9,399 9,698 9,642 Phelan Piñon Hills CSD 3,094 2,863 2,555 2,674 2,717 Victorville Water District 22,346 22,071 20,079 20,389 20,956 Subtotal Urban Water Retailer 58,781 57,159 53,400 54,864 56,619 Other Small Water Systems and Rural Domestic 12,243 10,893 10,444 11,463 11,704 Industrial 5,600 5,100 4,900 5,500 4,400 Golf Course 4,400 4,500 3,300 4,200 5,000 Recreational 7,000 7,400 6,400 6,000 5,400 Agricultural 4,700 3,800 3,400 3,400 3,000 Subtotal Other 33,943 31,693 28,444 30,563 29,504 Total Water Use in Subregion 1 92,724 88,852 81,844 85,427 86,122 Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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TABLE 4-3: SUBREGION 2 WATER USE 2021-2025 Water Use Category 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Retailer Golden State Water Company - Barstow 6,004 5,604 5,421 5,591 5,437 Subtotal Urban Water Retailer 6,004 5,604 5,421 5,591 5,437 Other Small Water Systems and Rural Domestic 2,971 2,644 2,535 2,782 2,840 Industrial 4,500 4,700 3,800 3,400 2,600 Golf Course 0 0 0 0 0 Recreational 2,000 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 Agricultural 17,000 12,400 11,900 11,700 11,500 Subtotal Other 26,471 21,544 20,035 19,682 18,740 Total Water Use in Subregion 2 32,476 27,148 25,456 25,273 24,178 TABLE 4-4: SUBREGION 3 WATER USE 2021-202525 Water Use Category 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Retailer Hi-Desert Water Company 2,909 2,919 2,800 2,874 2,817 Joshua Basin Water District 1,333 1,299 1,276 1,307 1,292 Subtotal Urban Water Retailer 4,243 4,218 4,076 4,180 4,109 Other Small Water Systems and Rural Domestic 2,621 2,332 2,236 2,454 2,506 Industrial 335 335 335 335 335 Golf Course 215 215 215 215 215 Recreational 50 50 50 50 50 Agricultural 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal Other 3,221 2,932 2,836 3,054 3,106 Total Water Use Subregion 3 7,464 7,150 6,912 7,234 7,214 25 water use categories were estimated by Zanjero using available spatial and water-use indicators as no single Watermaster or centralized reporting source tracks all non-urban retail water use throughout Subregion 3.
Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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4.1.2 Forecasting Regional Water Use Forecasting water use leverages the current understanding of prevailing regional water needs and trends while considering factors directly influencing more recent urban water use efficiency regulatory pressures and regional population trends. The following discusses the assumptions used to forecast water use at both the regional and subregional levels. 4.1.2.1 Forecasting Urban Water Retail Supplier Use There are several factors significantly impacting the projection of future water use for the urban water retail suppliers ultimately informing the majority of the water use within the Mojave Region. These factors include State and local landscape regulations, building code requirements, and residential water-use mandates, as well as changes in types of housing products offered. These factors are incorporated into determining appropriate per-customer connection water demand values for use in forecasting future water needs. Relevant factors include: California Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance26 27 Per-capita Urban Water Conservation Objectives28 A significant portion of the projected growth in water demand includes a range of residential and non-residential uses within the service areas, driven by the varied development proposals already approved (but not yet built) as well as future proposals, to meet regional population increases. Residential customers will include both single-family dwelling units, some with accessory dwelling units, built under a variety of densities, as well as multi-family residential dwelling units. Non-residential uses are expected to include a blend of commercial, institutional, industrial, and active landscapes such as parks, in ratios similar to current residential-to-non-residential connections. The forecasted future demands of the 10 RUWMP urban water retail suppliers will reflect the needs of existing customers and future new customers. The methodology repeats that used for the 2020 Mojave Water Agency UWMP, where existing customer use and forecasted new customer use are primarily based upon multiplying the population by a gallons-per-capita-per day water factor for residential and non-residential uses. 26 Information regarding the California Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) can be accessed here. 27 Information regarding the Green Building Standards Code (CAL Green Code) can be accessed here. 28 Information regarding Per-capita Urban Water Conservation Objectives can be accessed here.
Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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Forecasting Existing Customer Future Use For each urban water retail supplier, data submitted to the SWRCB to satisfy monthly reporting requirements was obtained to establish the current water use characteristics, as presented in Table 4-1. The current total annual production values were then divided by each -per-capita-per-day (gpcd) values which -residentrepresentative gpcd values for new customers as discussed below. For existing future use, the gpcd was either (1) held constant or (2) reduced slightly to reflect expected conservation through replacement of fixtures and appliances, continued adoption of a conservation ethic, and modifications of irrigated landscapes, as well as a programs. Forecasting New Customer Future Use One element of the information reported to SWRCB is the percentage each retailer serves to -per-capita-per- - -gpcd value as well as the wintertime r-gpcd values, which are often lower than during summer months, an estimate of the (1) residential versus non-residential per-capita use and (2) the residential indoor versus outdoor per-capita water use factor was derived for each retail supplier. The estimated gpcd values were then used to establish an anticipated gpcd value for each new customer using the following criteria: As stipulated by the CWC, each new residential user should have an indoor factor of 47 gpcd, dropping to 42 gpcd in the future.29 For purposes of this forecast, 47 gpcd is used for all new customers until 2030 and 42 gpcd is used for growth beyond 2030. Using the residential indoor versus outdoor gpcd estimate from the existing customer data, an outdoor gpcd value was determined (as the difference between total r-gpcd and the estimated indoor r-gpcd). This outdoor value was added to the indoor value of 47 gpcd or 42 gpcd to generate a total residential gpcd value for future customers. The difference between the residential gpcd and the total gpcd created a representative non-residential gpcd value unique to each retailer. This non-residential 29 CWC beginning in 2025 through January 1, 2030 while CWC Section 10609.4(a)(3) establishes the indoor across the entire customer base served by any urban water supplier.
Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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gpcd was added to the residential gpcd to create an expected total gpcd for each new customer. The new gpcd value was multiplied by the incremental additional population anticipated during each five-year increment through 2050. The existing customer future demand and the new future customer demand were combined to represent the total demand for each large water retail supplier. Projected water use for each participating urban water retail supplier is presented in the Water Use Characterization sub-chapter of each respective retailer chapter (Chapters 7 16). Each sub-chapter describes the retail-specific assumptions, customer use trends, existing and new customer demand forecasts, distribution system losses, and other factors projected water use. The regional demand summaries presented in this chapter rely on those retail-specific forecasts and aggregate them, where appropriate, to support the broader regional water use characterization and reliability analysis. 4.1.2.2 Forecasting Non-Urban Water Retail Supplier Uses In addition to the demands associated with participating urban water retail suppliers, the Mojave Region includes other water uses such as agricultural, industrial, golf, recreational, small systems, rural domestic, and other non-retailer demands. Historical use associated with these categories is summarized in this chapter to provide a more complete accounting of regional water use. Future demands for non-urban water retail supplier uses were developed separately from the participating retailer demand projections. The methodology and assumptions used to forecast these demands are described in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency. The regional demand projections presented later in this chapter aggregate these retailer and non-retailer forecasts to provide a total regional demand forecast for use in Chapter 5 Regional Water Service Reliability. 4.1.3 Summary of Future Regional Water Use The preceding sections identify the forecast sources used to develop future water use projections for the Mojave Region, including participating urban retail water supplier demands and non-urban/non-retailer demands. For regional planning purposes, these forecasts are aggregated in this section to present total projected water use for the Mojave Region. Table 4-5 through Table 4-7 summarize projected water use from 2030 through 2050 by subregion. Table 4-8 summarizes projected regional water use from 2030 through 2050 and provides the long-term regional demand forecast used to evaluate supply and demand conditions in Chapter 5 Regional Water Service Reliability.
Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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The projections presented in Table 4-5 through Table 4-8 reflect baseline planning demands, do not include an additional adjustment for climate change, and are rounded to the nearest five acre-feet. TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED SUBREGION 1 WATER DEMAND 2030-2050 (AFY) TABLE 4-6: PROJECTED SUBREGION 2 WATER DEMAND 2030-2050 (AFY) TABLE 4-7: PROJECTED SUBREGION 3 WATER DEMAND 2030-2050 (AFY) Subregion 1 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Year 1 89,700 91,070 92,150 93,155 93,530 Year 2 89,975 91,290 92,355 93,220 93,560 Year 3 90,250 91,500 92,545 93,305 93,585 Year 4 90,525 91,715 92,750 93,375 93,610 Year 5 90,795 91,930 92,950 93,450 93,635 Subregion 2 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Year 1 24,270 24,480 24,875 25,510 26,120 Year 2 24,315 24,560 25,000 25,630 26,270 Year 3 24,355 24,635 25,130 25,755 26,415 Year 4 24,395 24,715 25,255 25,875 26,565 Year 5 24,435 24,795 25,380 25,995 26,715 Subregion 3 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Year 1 7,280 7,290 7,245 7,175 6,985 Year 2 7,285 7,275 7,225 7,140 6,965 Year 3 7,280 7,270 7,210 7,100 6,955 Year 4 7,285 7,260 7,205 7,060 6,935 Year 5 7,285 7,250 7,190 7,025 6,920 Chapter 4Water Use Characterization
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TABLE 4-8: PROJECTED REGIONAL WATER DEMAND 2030-2050 (AFY)
Mojave Region 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Year 1 121,250 122,840 124,270 125,840 126,635 Year 2 121,575 123,125 124,580 125,990 126,795 Year 3 121,885 123,405 124,885 126,160 126,955 Year 4 122,205 123,690 125,210 126,310 127,110 Year 5 122,515 123,975 125,520 126,470 127,270 Chapter 5Regional Water Service Reliability
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 5-1
Chapter 5.0 REGIONAL WATER SERVICE RELIABILITY This chapter outlines the Mojave general water system reliability findings as required under CWC §10635 and provides reliability information that the MWA and its constituent retail agencies may use in completing an annual supply and demand assessment under CWC §10632.1. Assessing water service reliability is the fundamental purpose for MWA and the participating retail suppliers in preparing this 2025 RUWMP. Water service reliability reflects ability to demonstrate that the regional water needs may be satisfied under projected hydrological and regulatory conditions. 2025 RUWMP considers the reliability of meeting water demands by analyzing plausible hydrological variability, regulatory variability, climate conditions, and other factors that impact the regional water supplies. The reliability assessment looks beyond past experiences and considers what could be reasonably foreseen in the future in order to reflect potential water supply planning scenarios. This chapter synthesizes the details imbedded in Chapters 3 and 4, which each on their own reflect synthesis of Chapters 6 through 16, and provides a rational basis for future decision-making related to supply management, demand management, and project development. This chapter presents two regional water reliability findings:30 Five Year Drought Risk Assessment: the 2026 through 2030 Drought Risk Assessment the Mojave Region; Long-Term Service Reliability: the reliability findings for a Normal Year, Single Dry Year, and Five Consecutive Dry Years in five-year increments through 2050; In summary, regional water supplies are sufficient to meet regional water demands during normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years through 2050. 30 These findings are also used by Mojave Water Agency to represent Chapter 5Regional Water Service Reliability
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5.1.1 Mojave Region Five-Year Drought Risk Assessment The Region is characterized by a unique portfolio of water supplies and infrastructure components. As noted in Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization and Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency, the regional supplies that are available include SWP Table A Annual Amount, Native Groundwater, Imported Wastewater, Return Flows, Recycled Water and Stored and Carryover supplies (such as Article 56). These supplies are managed throughout each of the Subregions. For example, although MWA brings its annual SWP Table A allocation into its service area for delivery into the Subregions, it also may store some of its Table A allocation within the SWP system under the Carryover provisions in its SWP Contract or may store portions of the Table A allocation in regional groundwater basins for use in later years. As such, the annual management of the diverse water supply sources in the regional water supply portfolio forms the supply reliability assessment described in this Chapter. The Region, as coordinated through MWA, the participating retailers and other users, manages its water supplies to address projected dry conditions. Specifically, MWA captures and stores surplus imported water in normal and wet years to use those water assets to meet regional demands in dry years. These strategic management actions stabilize annual fluctuations in supplies that may not meet regional demands under certain dry conditions. In other words, any surplus imported water supplies are captured and stored for future delivery to improve long-term supply reliability. As discussed in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency, MWA has preemptively stored over 250,000 acre-feet of water to mitigate against dry conditions. Table 5-1 below shows s Five-Year Drought Risk Assessment (DRA) which integrates all of the regional water supplies for 2026 through 2030 as described in Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization and reflects the water uses described in Chapter 4 Water Use Characterization. As presented in the table, the Region maintains surplus water assets in the first, fourth, and fifth years of a projected five-year dry period but also indicates how stored water supplies are required to meet demands in the second and third years of the projected dry year period.
Chapter 5Regional Water Service Reliability
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TABLE 5-1: MWA FIVE YEAR DROUGHT RISK ASSESSMENT (AFY) 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Supply 145,759 118,810 118,810 132,280 145,759 Demand 119,390 119,856 120,351 120,832 121,252 Difference 26,369 -1,046 -1,541 11,448 24,507 Use of Managed Groundwater Storage 0 1,046 1,541 0 0 Revised Difference 0 0 0 0 0 The key takeaway is that MWA uses a portion of its stored water assets in the middle of a multi-year drought period to address deficits in the otherwise predictable water supplies (e.g. native groundwater, recycled water, and current-year SWP Table A). In shoulder years, where imported supplies in combination with other supplies exceed the demands, MWA has the option for excess water to be stored for future use as either carryover supply in the SWP system (e.g., San Luis Reservoir) or banked underground in local groundwater basins. 5.1.2 MWA Long-Term Service Reliability The UWMPA directs urban water purveyors to analyze water supply reliability in normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years over a 20-year planning horizon. The 2025 UWMP Guidebook recommends extending that period to 25 years to provide a guiding document for future land use and water supply planning through the next UWMP Cycle. The following sub-chapters describe the long-term water service reliability for the Region through 2050. 5.1.2.1 Normal and Single Dry Conditions 2030-2050 long term service reliability is characterized in normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years through 2050. The future water supplies in normal and single dry conditions depicted in this section reflect the same hydrological, regulatory, and institutional criteria associated with each water asset as described in Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization. In normal years, for example, SWP supplies are generally constrained only by the projected Table A allocations derived from DWCR. Under the normal conditions, the same-year SWP Table A allocation, combined with other supplies, is adequate to fully meet demand without using any of the locally pre-stored Managed Groundwater. In dry years, additional hydrological, regulatory, and institutional issues may constrain the availability of water that reduce SWP supply availability based on reduced allocation percentages as noted in Chapter 3. In these years, Managed Groundwater Storage is available to address any shortfall forecast absent the stored groundwater. Additionally, other future water supplies, like return flow, tend to grow in annualized volumes as annualized Chapter 5Regional Water Service Reliability
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demands grow in parallel. However, as described in Chapter 3, many of these other supplies are not reflected as an annually available predictable supply to allow this RUWMP to make a conservative estimate of reliability. This information is described in detail in Chapter 3 and is incorporated into the supply and demand tables presented below. future water demands in normal and single dry conditions through 2050 reflect the same considerations described in previous sections of this chapter. In both normal and dry conditions, demands tend to reflect anticipated uses based upon the climatological conditions in the Region. Future water demands are generally predicted to increase as land uses and populations grow within the Region. This information is detailed in Chapter 4 Water Use Characterization and reflected in the values shown in the tables below. In normal years, the Region projects surplus water conditions, allowing MWA to recharge and store available supplies for future dry-year needs or coordinate with other SWP contractors to manage surplus supplies. The 2027 Master Plan, currently under development, is expected to to establish an imported water policy that helps provide further clarity regarding decisions during such circumstances. Table 5-2 shows the normal year and single dry-year supplies and demands from 2030 through 2050. The single-dry conditions reflect the use of Managed Groundwater Storage to meet forecast shortfalls (shown as a negative difference), where the volume of Managed Groundwater Storage is set to resolve any shortfall to zero.31 31 As described in Chapter 6, MWA currently has over 250,000 acre-feet of Managed Groundwater Storage throughout the three Subregions. This supply is also available to help retail suppliers meet demands during future periods where demands may exceed the supply shown in their retail chapters in interim years but fall within the total 2050 supply shown in this RUWMP.
Chapter 5Regional Water Service Reliability
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TABLE 5-2: NORMAL AND SINGLE DRY YEAR WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND THROUGH 2050 (AFY) Normal Year 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Supply 162,812 164,046 164,642 165,216 165,716 Demand 121,250 122,840 124,270 125,840 126,635 Difference 41,562 41,206 40,372 39,376 39,081 Single Dry Year 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Supply 118,810 120,044 120,640 121,214 121,714 Demand 121,250 122,840 124,270 125,840 126,635 Difference -2,440 -2,796 -3,630 -4,626 -4,921 Use of Managed Groundwater Storage 2,440 2,796 3,630 4,626 4,921 Revised Difference 0 0 0 0 0 5.1.2.2 MWA Five Consecutive Dry Years through 2050 The Region defines a drought condition lasting five consecutive years as one that constrains MWA from obtaining some of the water supplies within its water supply portfolio due to hydrological, regulatory, and institutional constraints. These conditions include more restrictive regulatory constraints that limit its Table A allocation but do not limit the availability of groundwater resources or wastewater imports. As more thoroughly described in Chapter 6 Mojave Water Agency, the multiple dry years are assumed to use the following consecutive Table A allocations: 35%, 5%, 5%, 20%, 35%. These assumptions set forth the available same-year Table A supply that is added to the native groundwater and other local supplies, as summarized in Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization. The future dry year projections show the Region relying more on Managed Groundwater Storage as its population grows and water demands increase. Specifically, the Region continues to increase its use of supplies in years two and three of a five consecutive year drought through the entire planning horizon. This gradual decrease in supply availability and eventual reduction in Managed Groundwater Storage in years one, four, and plus water in those years. Accordingly, although MWA will have adequate water supplies to meet the regional demands for five consecutive dry years in 2050, the RManaged Groundwater Storage supplies to handle those conditions. These issues are described in significant detail in Chapter 3 Regional Water Supply Characterization and reflected in the Chapter 5Regional Water Service Reliability
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monthly reliability table below. Table 5-3 presents the water supply and demand conditions 50. TABLE 5-3: FIVE CONSECUTIVE DRY YEARS WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND THROUGH 2050 (AFY) 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Year 1 Supply 145,759 146,993 147,589 148,163 148,663 Demand 121,250 122,840 124,270 125,840 126,635 Difference 24,509 24,153 23,319 22,323 22,028 Year 2 Supply 118,810 120,044 120,640 121,214 121,714 Demand 121,575 123,125 124,580 125,990 126,795 Difference -2,765 -3,081 -3,940 -4,776 -5,081 Use of Managed Groundwater Storage 2,765 3,081 3,940 4,776 5,081 Revised Difference 0 0 0 0 0 Year 3 Supply 118,810 120,044 120,640 121,214 121,714 Demand 121,885 123,405 124,885 126,160 126,955 Difference -3,075 -3,361 -4,245 -4,946 -5,241 Use of Managed Groundwater Storage 3,075 3,361 4,245 4,946 5,241 Revised Difference 0 0 0 0 0 Year 4 Supply 132,280 133,514 134,110 134,684 135,184 Demand 122,205 123,690 125,210 126,310 127,110 Difference 10,075 9,824 8,900 8,374 8,074 Year 5 Supply 145,759 146,993 147,589 148,163 148,663 Demand 122,515 123,975 125,520 126,470 127,270 Difference 23,244 23,018 22,069 21,693 21,393 Chapter 5Regional Water Service Reliability
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5.1.3 Water Supply Reliability Summary The water supply portfolio is capable of meeting the water uses in Region in normal, single dry, and five consecutive dry years from 2025 through 2050. 2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 6-1
Chapter 6.0 MOJAVE WATER AGENCY
This page is reserved for Chapter 6Mojave Water Agency. The complete Mojave Water Agency wholesale specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by Mojave Water Agency.
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Chapter 7.0 THE CITY OF ADELANTOThis page is reserved for Chapter 7 The City of Adelanto. The complete City of Adelanto retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by the City of Adelanto.
2025 Mojave PublicAdmin Draft 8-1
Chapter 8.0 COUNTY SERVICE AREA 64 SPRING VALLEY LAKEThis page is reserved for Chapter 8 County Service Area 64 Spring Valley Lake. The complete County Service Area 64 Spring Valley Lake retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by the County of San Bernardino.
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 9-1
Chapter 9.0 COUNTY SERVICE AREA 70J OAK HILLSThis page is reserved for Chapter 9County Service Area 70J Oak Hills. The complete County Service Area 70J Oak Hills retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by the County of San Bernardino.
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 10-1
Chapter 10.0 GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY BARSTOWSYSTEMThis page is reserved for Chapter 10Golden State Water Company Barstow System. The complete Golden State Water Company Barstow System retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by the Golden State Water Company.
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 11-1
Chapter 11.0 HESPERIA WATER DISTRICT
This page is reserved for Chapter 11Hesperia Water District. The complete Hesperia Water District retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by the City of Hesperia.
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 12-1
Chapter 12.0 HI-DESERT WATER DISTRICT This page is reserved for Chapter 12 Hi-Desert Water District. The complete Hi-Desert Water District retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by Hi-Desert Water District.
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 13-1
Chapter 13.0 JOSHUA BASIN WATER DISTRICTThis page is reserved for Chapter 13Joshua Basin Water District. The complete Joshua BasinWater District retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by Joshua Basin Water District.
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 14-1
Chapter 14.0 LIBERTY UTILITIES APPLE VALLEYThis page is reserved for Chapter 14Liberty Utilities Apple Valley. The complete Liberty Utilities Apple Valley retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by Liberty Utilities Apple Valley.
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Chapter 15.0 PHELAN PIÑON HILLS COMMUNITY SERVICES DISTRICTThis page is reserved for Chapter 15Phelan Piñon Hills Community Services District. The complete Phelan Piñon Hills Community Services District retail specific chapter is included in the full 2025 Mojave RUWMP and is adopted separately by Phelan Piñon Hills Community Services District.
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft 16-1
Chapter 16.0 VICTORVILLE WATER DISTRICT
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-1
TABLE OF CONTENTSSub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction......................................................................................................16-516.1.1 Chapter Organization...........................................................................................................................................16-516.1.2 Background and Purpose ..................................................................................................................................16-516.1.3 Basis for Plan Preparation..................................................................................................................................16-716.1.4 Coordination and Outreach.............................................................................................................................16-716.1.5 RUWMP Adoption .....................................................................................................................................................16-7Sub-Chapter 16.2 Water Service Area Description .................................................................. 16-916.2.1 General Description...............................................................................................................................................16-916.2.2 Service Area Climate ............................................................................................................................................16-9Sub-Chapter 16.3 Population, Land Use, Economy, and Demographics.............................16-1116.3.1 Population ................................................................................................................................................................... 16-1116.3.2 Current and Projected Land Use ................................................................................................................. 16-1216.3.3 Economic Trends & Other Social and Demographic Factors ..................................................16-14Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization .......................................................................16-1516.4.1 Current Customer Water Use........................................................................................................................16-1516.4.2 Projected Water Use...........................................................................................................................................16-2016.4.3 Compliance with SBx7-7 and Future Water Use Efficiency Requirements.....................16-23Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization ................................................................16-2516.5.1 Purchased or Imported Water.....................................................................................................................16-2516.5.2 Groundwater ...........................................................................................................................................................16-2616.5.3 Groundwater Quality.......................................................................................................................................... 16-2716.5.4 Surface Water......................................................................................................................................................... 16-2716.5.5 Stormwater............................................................................................................................................................... 16-2716.5.6 Wastewater and Recycled Water..............................................................................................................16-2816.5.7 Desalination .............................................................................................................................................................16-3316.5.8 Water Transfers and Exchanges ................................................................................................................16-3416.5.9 Future Water Projects ........................................................................................................................................16-3416.5.10 Supply Summary ..................................................................................................................................................16-34Sub-Chapter 16.6 Water Service Reliability and Drought Risk Assessment ....................16-36 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-2
16.6.1 Water Service Reliability Assessment.....................................................................................................16-3616.6.2 Drought Risk Assessment................................................................................................................................16-39Sub-Chapter 16.7 - Demand Management Measures.............................................................. 16-4116.7.1 Existing Demand Management Measures ...........................................................................................16-4116.7.2 Reporting Implementation.............................................................................................................................16-45Sub-Chapter 16.8 Water Shortage Contingency Plan.......................................................... 16-46Sub-Chapter 16.9 Energy Intensity Analysis .......................................................................... 16-48 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-3
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 16-1: Victorville Water District Service Area.......................................................................................................................16-10Figure 16-2: Victorville General Plan Land Use Map.................................................................................................................... 16-13Figure 16-3: Baseline, Historic, and Projected GPCD..................................................................................................................16-24 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-4
LIST OF TABLESTable 16-1: Public Water System Information....................................................................................................................................16-7Table 16-2: Historical and Current Population ............................................................................................................................... 16-12Table 16-3: Projected Population ............................................................................................................................................................ 16-12Table 16-4: VWD 2021-2025 Connections by Use Type ............................................................................................................16-15Table 16-5. Historical Potable Water Use by Customer Class (AFY) ...............................................................................16-16Table 16-6: DWR 4-5R Water Loss Audit Reporting ..................................................................................................................... 16-17Table 16-7: DWR 4-6R Progress Towards 2028 Water Loss Standard.............................................................................16-19Table 16-8: Connection Growth Assumptions................................................................................................................................ 16-21Table 16-9: Projected Potable Demands for Water (AFY)...................................................................................................... 16-22Table 16-10: DWR 4-3R Inclusion in Water Use Projections ................................................................................................... 16-22Table 16-11: SBx7-7 2020 Target Progress..........................................................................................................................................16-23Table 16-12: VWD Historical R-Cubed Purchases ........................................................................................................................16-25Table 16-13: Groundwater Pumped Last Five Years................................................................................................................... 16-27Table 16-14: DWR 6-2R Wastewater Collected within Service Area in 2025 (AF) ...................................................16-29Table 16-15: DWR 6-3R: Wastewater Treatment and Outcomes within UWMP Service Area in 2025, AFY.. 16-30Table 16-16: Recycled Water Connections, 2021-2025.............................................................................................................. 16-31Table 16-17: Historic RW Demand, AFY ................................................................................................................................................. 16-31Table 16-18: DWR Table 6-5R 2020 UWMP Recycled Water Use Projection Compared to 2025 Actual ..16-32Table 16-19: Projected RW Use, AFY.......................................................................................................................................................16-32Table 16-20: DWR 6-8R Actual Water Supplies in 2025 (AF)................................................................................................16-34Table 16-21: Projected Supply, AFY.........................................................................................................................................................16-35Table 16-22: Supply and Demand Comparison for Normal, Single-Dry, and Multiple-Dry Year Scenarios, AFY..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................16-38Table 16-23. Five Consecutive Dry Years Water Supply and Demand Comparison, AFY.................................16-39Table 16-24: Drought Risk Assessment (AFY).................................................................................................................................16-40Table 16-25: DMMs Implemented over the Past Five Years..................................................................................................16-45Table 16-26: 2025 Energy Intensity .......................................................................................................................................................16-48 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-5
Sub-Chapter 16.1IntroductionThis section provides a brief overview of Victorville Water District (VWD) and evaluates its long-term resource planning and establishes management measures to ensure adequate water supplies are available to meet existing and future demands. This plan constitutes the 2025 UWMP for VWD.16.1.1 Chapter OrganizationThis chapter is organized as follows:Sub-Chapter 16.1 Background and PurposeSub-Chapter 16.2 Water Service Area DescriptionSub-Chapter 16.3 Population, Land Use, Economy, and DemographicsSub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use CharacterizationSub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply CharacterizationSub-Chapter 16.6 Water Service Reliability and Drought Risk AssessmentSub-Chapter 16.7 Demand Management MeasuresSub-Chapter 16.8 Water Shortage Contingency PlanSub-Chapter 16.9 Energy Intensity Analysis16.1.2 Background and PurposeVWD has ensured compliance with the UWMPA requirements for urban water suppliers through its participation in the 2025 RUWMP and preparation of this chapter.1The purpose of a UWMP is for water suppliers to evaluate their long-term resource planning and establish management measures to ensure adequate water supplies are available to meet existing and future demands. The UWMP provides a framework to help water suppliers maintain efficient use of urban water supplies, continue to promote conservation programs and policies, ensure that sufficient water supplies are available for future beneficial use, and 1California Water Code Sections 10610 through 10657.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-6
provide a mechanism for response during drought conditions or other water supply interruptions. The UWMP is a valuable planning tool used for multiple purposes, including:Provide a standardized methodology for water utilities to assess their water resource needs and availability.Serve as a resource to the community and other interested parties regarding water supply and demand, conservation, and other water related information.Provide a key source of information for cities and counties when they are considering approval of proposed new developments and preparing regional long-range planning documents, such as City and county General Plans.Inform other regional and statewide water planning efforts, such as Integrated Regional Water Management Plans and the California Water Plan.The 2025 RUWMP providesanalysis since 2020. The 2025 RUWMP is also a comprehensive regional water planning document that describes existing and future supply reliability, forecasts future water uses, presents demand management progress, and identifies local and regional cooperative efforts to meet projected water use for all urban water suppliers and water users within the RUWMP plan area.DWR provides guidance for urban water suppliers by preparing an UWMP Guidebook 2025(California Department of Water Resources, January 2026), conducting workshops, developing tools, and providing program staff to help water suppliers prepare comprehensive and useful water management plans, implement water conservation programs, and understand the requirements in the CWC. Suppliers prepare their own UWMPs in accordance with the requirements and submit them to DWR. DWR then reviews the plans to make sure they address the requirements identified in the CWC and submits a report to the Legislature summarizing the status of the plans for each five-year cycle. The 2025 DWR UWMP Guidebook, finalized in January 2026, was used to complete this 2025 UWMP.CWC 10632 also includes updated requirements for suppliers to prepare a Water Shortage an actual water shortage condition, should one occur because of drought or other impacts on water supplies. In the 2015 UWMP cycle, the WSCP was part of the UWMP. For the 2020 update, the WSCP was required to be a standalone document so that it can be updated independently of the UWMP, but it must be referenced in and attached to the 2020 UWMP. UWMP update. An overview of the WSCP is described in this chapter, and the standalone WSCP is attached as Appendix 16a.Additional details regarding the background and purpose of the RUWMP are provided in Section 1.1 of Regional Chapter 1.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-7
16.1.3 Basis for Plan PreparationVWD provides water to a service area that includes most of the City of Victorville (Victorville) and areas of unincorporated San Bernardino County. VWD operates a single public water system. Table 16-1. The District is classified as an Urban Water Supplier as described in CWC Section 10617, providing water for municipal purposes to more than 3,000 customers or supplying more than 3,000 acre-feet of water annually. Throughout this RUWMP chapter, water volume is represented in units of AFY, unless otherwise noted, and data are presented on a calendar year basis.TABLE 16-1: PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM INFORMATIONPublic Water System NumberPublic Water System NameNumber of Municipal ConnectionsCA3610052 Victorville water District 39,03716.1.4 Coordination and OutreachVWD coordinated with neighboring agencies and relevant public entities, as required by the UWMPA to ensure consistency with related land use and water resource planning efforts. This coordination included agencies that share common water sources, regional water management entities, and local governments with land use authority. VWD also met the requirements of CWC Section 10621(b) by conducting a public hearing to encouragecommunity participation. As part of 2025 RUWMP development, these coordination and outreach activities were carried out at the regional level. More information on these efforts is provided in Sub-Chapter 1.3 Coordination and Outreach of Regional Chapter 1.16.1.5 RUWMP Adoption16.1.5.1 Notice of Public Hearing and AdoptionTo fulfill the requirements of CWC Section 10642 of the UWMP Act, VWD made the 2025 RUWMP and the VWD WSCP available for public review online and at the main VWD office located at 14343 Civic Drive, Victorville, CA 92392, during normal business hours prior to the public hearing. As part of the RUWMP, MWA, on behalf of the water suppliers, noticed the public hearing in a local newspaper to solicit input from the public regarding the draft RUWMP and WSCP for the participating agencies. A copy of the public outreach materials, including newspaper notices and invitation letters, are included in Appendix 16c.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.1 Introduction 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-8
VWD held a public hearing regarding its UWMP and WSCP on June 16, 2026, prior to their adoption. The UWMP and WSCP were publicly reviewed during the June 16, 2026 public hearing. This hearing provided the cities, counties, and members of the public a chance to review the staff reports and to attend the hearing to provide comment. The public hearing took place before the adoption, allowing opportunity for the reports to be modified in response to public input. Following the closing of the public hearing, the WSCP and UWMP were adopted by VWD on June 16, 2026.A copy of the Resolution of Plan Adoption signed by the VWD council members is included as Appendix 16d of this UWMP. The UWMP includes all applicable information necessary to meet the requirements of the CWC. The 2025 UWMP and WSCP were submitted to the DWR within 30 days of adoption (electronically using the WUEdata reporting tool) and an electronic copy was sent to the California State Library. Electronic copies were provided to all cities and via email and posted on the VWD website within 30 days of adoption.16.1.5.2 Amending an Adopted UWMP or WSCPAmendments to the VWD portions of the 2025 RUWMP and VWD WSCP will be made on an as-needed basis. Should VWD need to amend the adopted 2025 RUWMP or WSCP in the future, VWD will hold a public hearing for review of the proposed amendments to the document and send a 60-day notification letter to all cities and counties within its service area and notify the public in the same manner as set forth in this RUWMP. Once the amended document is adopted, a copy of the finalized version will be distributed to the California State Library, DWR service area within 30 days of adoption. The finalized version will also be made available to business hours.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.2Water Service Area Description 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-9
Sub-Chapter 16.2Water Service Area Descriptionand local climate.service area is shown in Figure 16-1.16.2.1 General Description VWD is located in the southwest region of San Bernardino County, California. VWD lies north of the San Bernardino Mountains in the Mojave Desert, approximately 90 miles northeast of Los encompasses 85 square miles and includes the entire City of Victorville as well as areas within Victorvilleof Adelanto to the west and the City of Hesperia to the south. The City of Apple Valley, Spring Valley Lake, and the Mojave Narrows Regional Park lie to the east. includes the Southern California Logistics Airport (SCLA), comprising approximately 14 square miles. VWD provides water services to approximately 39,000 customer connections, serving a population of approximately 148,300694 miles of distribution and transmission mains, 34 active wells, 4 booster pumping stations, 26 water storage reservoirs, 1 recycled water storage tank, and 25 pressure-regulating stations.16.2.2 Service Area Climateis located in the High Desert region of San Bernardino County and tends to experience more extreme variations in climate throughout the year. Details regarding the regional climate and climate change are discussed in Sub-Chapters 2.1.5 and 2.1.6 of Regional Chapter 2The Mojave Region.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.2Water Service Area Description 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-10
FIGURE 16-1: VICTORVILLE WATER DISTRICT SERVICE AREA
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.3 Population, Land Use, Economy, and Demographics 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-11
Sub-Chapter 16.3Population, Land Use, Economy, and Demographics16.3.1 PopulationPopulation estimates for VWD are based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau (Census) and the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). A geographic information area population of 141,104. The 2020 population and the number of residential connections served by VWD in 2020 were used to derive a 2020 persons per residential connection factor of 4.1. ections in 2025 to estimate 2025 population serviced by VWD. In 2025, it is estimated that 148,323 people were served by VWD.To project future population served by Victorville from 2030 to 2050, the 2020 persons per residential connection factor and estimates of future residential connections were used. The projected number of future residential connections was developed as part of the water demand projection approach, described in Section 16.4.2. To estimate future population, the number of persons per residential connection of 4.1 was assumed to remain constant through 2050. This approach may be conservative because SCAG forecasts indicate that the number of persons per household will decline over time.population data does not currently indicate a declining trend, but VWD will continue to monitor trends as demand forecasts are updating in the future. The resulting population projections are shown in Table 16-3. SCAGdemographics and growth forecast for the 2024 Connect SoCal Regional Transportation Plan (2024 Connect SoCal RTP) was also considered. The 2024 Connect SoCal RTP includes estimated population, households, and employment for the years 2019, 2035, and 2050 by traffic analysis zones (TAZs) within the SCAG region. SCAG develops such forecasts in collaboration with local jurisdictions to project future population, housing, and employment values. To determine the SCAG based future population, housing, and employment for VWD, SCAG data for the VWD water service area was analyzed using a combination of GIS tools and a spreadsheet analysis. The resulting SCAG population projections for VWD were slightly lower than the connection-based approach described above but were generally in agreement and within a few percent.The current and historical population is provided in Table 16-2and projected population for the VWD service is provided in Table 16-3.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.3 Population, Land Use, Economy, and Demographics 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-12
TABLE 16-2: HISTORICAL AND CURRENT POPULATIONTABLE 16-3: PROJECTED POPULATION16.3.2 Current and Projected Land UseElement, which establishes the planned distribution and intensity of residential, commercial, industrial, public, and open space uses within the City and its Sphere of Influence. The General Plan Land Use Map is shown in Figure 16-2. Residential land uses represent the largest share of developed land (approximately 48%), 31% is designated as specific plan, 9% is commercial, and less than 5% each is designated as industrial, mixed use, agriculture, open space, or undeveloped/protected land. The Land Use Element provides a broad range of residential densities (from very low density to high-density multi-family), along with mixed-use areas that integrate housing with commercial and employment uses, particularly along key corridors and activity centers. Commercial and industrial uses are concentrated in areas with regional access to support economic activity, while public, institutional, and open space designations preserve resources and provide recreational opportunities. development, multi-modal connectivity, and water-efficient landscaping practices, which are relevant considerations for long-term water demand planning.The water demand forecasts prepared for the VWD UWMP are based on historic and 20002005201020152020202569,095 91,832 122,051 128,005 141,104 148,32320302035204020452050Population 157,229 166,135 175,042 183,948 192,855 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.3 Population, Land Use, Economy, and Demographics 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-13
FIGURE 16-2: VICTORVILLE GENERAL PLAN LAND USE MAP
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.3 Population, Land Use, Economy, and Demographics 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-14
16.3.3 Economic Trends & Other Social and Demographic FactorsDemographic factors that can influence future water demand include land use, relative proportion of single-family residences to multifamily residences, population density, economic characteristics (e.g., income levels, employment rate), and the composition of customer types.Census data reported that 29% of residents within the City of Victorville identified as White, 18% identified as Black and 46% identified as Two or More Races or Some Other Race Alone. Out of the total population, 55% were of Hispanic origin. Census data also reported that approximately 65% of residents are homeowners and the average median household income is $80,407.With relatively more affordable housing compared to areas closer to the coast, a large commuter population also works in nearby Los Angeles and Orange counties. The number of residents commuting to jobs in nearby counties is expected to increase in the near term as housing prices continue to rise and supply remains constrained (UCR School of Business, 2020). Based on Census data, approximately 78% of people drive alone to work, and an additional 9% carpool. The average travel time to work is approximately 40 minutes (United States Census Bureau, 2026).SCAG also projects employment rate as part of its forecasts. For the VWD service area, the employees annual growth rate is projected as 1.09% through 2035 and projected to decrease to 0.65% for 2035 through 2050.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-15
Sub-Chapter 16.4Water Use CharacterizationThis section describes potable historical and current water use and presents projected potable including residential, commercial, institutional, landscape, and other purposes. Recycled water historic and projected uses are discussed in Section Sub-Chapter 16.6.16.4.1 Current Customer Water UseVWD categorizes its water customers as single-family residential, multi-family residential, commercial/institutional, and landscape. The number of active connections in each category from 2021 to 2025 is shown in Table 16-4.TABLE 16-4: VWD 2021-2025 CONNECTIONS BY USE TYPEUse Type20212022202320242025Single Family Residential 33,709 34,071 34,585 35,091 35,575Multi-Family Residential 762 762 763 764 785Commercial 2,178 2,202 2,220 2,227 2,252Landscape 386 387 408 419 425Total 37,035 37,422 37,976 38,816 39,037al water use by customer class for 20212025 is shown in Table 16-5. In 2025, approximately 59-family residential, 9% were to multifamily residential, 25% were to commercial and institutional, and 6% were to landscape deliveries.VWD has emergency connections with the Phelan/Piñon Hills Community Services District, Adelanto Public Utilities Authority (PUA), and Liberty Utilities Apple Valley to deliver water in emergencies. Water deliveries were made to Adelanto PUA most years from 2021 to 2025 and a small amount was sold to Liberty Apple Valley in 2025. As these connections are intended for emergency use, VWD does not intend to regularly sell water to these agencies in the future.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-16
TABLE 16-5. HISTORICAL POTABLE WATER USE BY CUSTOMER CLASS (AFY)Use Type20212022202320242025Single-Family Residential 12,679 12,332 11,221 11,464 12,072Multi-Family Residential 1,929 1,939 1,805 1,819 1,877Commercial 5,703 5,590 4,901 5,157 5,031Landscape 1,244 1,360 1,202 1,196 1,316Water Losses 1,242 565 1,361 1,820 1,098Sales to Other Agency 157 0 137 163 7Total Potable Demand 22,953 21,879 20,627 21,618 21,40216.4.1.1 Existing Distribution System LossesDistribution system water losses are the potable water losses from the point of water entry to from aging infrastructure, leaks, seepage, theft, metering inaccuracies, data handling errors, and other causes. Addressing water losses can increase water supplies and recover revenue. VWD monitors its water loss and prepares an annual AWWA Water Audit to estimate the volume of water loss. VWD has submitted all required water loss audits to the State, as shown inTable 16-6..
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-17
TABLE 16-6: DWR 4-5R WATER LOSS AUDIT REPORTINGPublic Water System ID # Reported in Table 2-1RReporting PeriodSubmitted to DWR Water Loss Audit ProgramCA3610052 2020 Yes2021 Yes2022 Yes2023 Yes2024 Yes2020 AWWA:Victorville_FWAS v6.0_CY20_v2.xlsx2021 AWWA:Victorville CY21_v2.xls2022 AWWA:CA3610052-Victorville-CY2022_L1V.xlsx2023 AWWA:CA3610052_CY23_L1V.xlsx2024 AWWA:CA3610052_CY24_L1V v6.1.xlsxCWC Section 10608.34 required the State Water Board to develop water loss performance standards for urban retail water suppliers to minimize water waste through system leaks. Water loss performance standards were developed through a rulemaking that became effective in 2023. Under the regulations, each supplier will be required to comply, by 2028, with an individualized volumetric water loss standard based on real loss, using the economic data. Real loss is the physical loss of water from water distribution systems, as opposed to apparent losses, which are revenue losses due to meter inaccuracies, billing errors or unauthorized the average water loss from at least 3 of the 4 water loss audits from 2017 2020. The real water loss performance standard is based on gallons per service connection per day (gpscd), or gallons per mile of pipe per day (gpmd), depending on how the supplier reports real loss. Post-2028 compliance with volumetric water loss standards will be assessed every three years based on the average of per connection per are equal to the baseline apparent loss and compliance is evaluated at the same time as compliance with the Real Water Loss Performance Standard.Although the compliance period has not yet started, CWC Section 10631 (d)(3)(C) requires its State Water Board water loss performance standard. Based on data released by the State on January 30, 2026, VWD36.9 gpscd and the real water loss standard is 28.0 gpscd, and the apparent loss standard is the baseline of 4.9 gpscd. As shown in Table 16-7, based on the most recent water loss audit from 2024, VWD has met the real water loss standard, but is currently exceeding the apparent Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-18
water loss performance standard. VWD is working toward full compliance by 2028. Section16.7.1 discusses VWD
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-20
16.4.2 Projected Water Use16.4.2.1 Projected Potable Water DemandsAs shown in Table 16-5, water demand has generally remained consistent since 2021, which is most likely due to permanent conservation in response to droughts, state mandated water use reduction targets, more efficient appliances and plumbing, and conservation efforts made by VWD and its customers. Historic demand trends and water use per connection for each connection type (single family residential, multifamily residential, commercial, etc.) were assessed along with expected growth rates to project demand through 2050. The major assumptions used to develop demand projections are described below: Baseline Water Use:patterns representative of what is expected in the future given normal conditions for rainfall. Baseline years incorporate impacts of dry and wet years since demand typically fluctuates with rainfall due to the need for more irrigation in dry years and less in wet years. For this analysis, a baseline period of 2021-2024 is used, which captures two average rainfall years (2022 and 2024), one wet year (2023), and one dry year (2021). This baseline period captures a wide range of demand drivers to approximate an average or normal demand pattern. A baseline water use per connection was established for each connection type. Future % Reduction:per day, it was assumed that new residential connections would be more efficient and meet this standard once constructed. Additionally, suppliers are required to reduce water demands the next 30 years. Therefore, it was assumed that existing residential customers will reduce indoor water demands by 2% over the planning period, while new connections are anticipated to have 25% less indoor water use than existing customers based on newer efficient technology and alignment with the latest energy efficient plumbing codes, as well as assumed to meet Urban Water Use Objective Indoor GPCD targets. Similarly, existing landscape connections are assumed to reduce water demand by 2% throughout the planning period, while new landscape connections are anticipated to use 10% less water per connection than existing connections. As a result, Table 16-9satisfies the requirement to include anticipated water conservation savings when developing future demand projections. Growth Rate:Projected connection growth for each use type varies and is based on historic growth rates and current development activity. A summary of connection growth by use type is provided in Table 16-8.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-21
TABLE 16-8: CONNECTION GROWTH ASSUMPTIONSUse TypeFuture Connection Estimates AssumptionsConnection Increase Every 5 YearsAverage Annual % ChangeSingle Family Residential Based on current and expected single family residential development activity. VWD tracks proposed developments and their estimated timing to estimate the number of connections expected in each five year period.2,150 1.2%Multi-Family ResidentialAverage historical growth rate (2020-2024); aligns with expected developments3 0.1%Commercial / Industrial / Institutional (CII)Average historical growth rate (2018-2024); aligns with expected developments54 0.6%LandscapeBased on 1 connection per CII development + 20 landscape meters for greenbelts around residential developments74 3.4%Water Loss:-2024 were reviewed to estimate potential future losses. Between 2021 and 2024, water losses remained consistent, ranging between 5% to 8%, with an average of 7%. Projected future water losses are assumed to be 7% of potable system demand. Total Projected Demand:For each connection type, the baseline water use per connection for existing and future connections was multiplied by the projected future number of connections to estimate future water use by connection type. The water loss percent was applied to the subtotal of demand for all connection types to determine the total projected future demand. Table 16-9presents projected potable demand through 2050.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-22
TABLE 16-9: PROJECTED POTABLE DEMANDS FOR WATER (AFY)
16.4.2.2 Water Use for Lower Income HouseholdsSenate Bill 1087 requires that water use projections of an UWMP include the projected water use for single-family and multi-family residential housing for lower income households. SCAG published the Regional Housing Needs Allocation Progress 6th Cycle Regional Housing Needs Assessment Final Allocation Plan (RHNA Housing Needs Assessment) (Southern California Association of Governments, March 2021), which assessed the cities in Southern California to determine the percent of individuals living in the community that are very low income, low income, moderate income, and above moderate income. For the City of Victorville, the RHNA Housing Needs Assessment determined that 21% are very low income and 14% are low income, for a combined total of 35%. These lower-income water demands are included in the future demand projections.TABLE 16-10: DWR 4-3R INCLUSION IN WATER USE PROJECTIONSAre Future Water Savings Included in Projections? Yes; Section 14.4.2Are Lower Income Residential Demands Included in Projections? Yes16.4.2.3 Climate Change ConsiderationsIncorporating climate change considerations into water use analysis can help inform long-term planning by identifying potential shifts in demand patterns, such as increased landscape irrigation associated with hotter and drier conditions. However, within the High Desert climate of the RUMWP Planning Area, baseline conditions are already characterized by low precipitation and high evapotranspiration rates. As a result, near-term climate change is not expected to materially alter water use behavior or increase demand beyond levels already reflected in existing conditions. Accordingly, no adjustments have been made to the water use forecast to account for climate change. While long-term climate change may Use Type20302035204020452050Single Family Residential12,671 13,144 13,605 14,055 14,495Multi-Family Residential1,859 1,842 1,826 1,810 1,794Commercial 5,520 5,651 5,782 5,912 6,043Landscape 1,496 1,679 1,862 2,046 2,231Water Losses 1,508 1,562 1,615 1,668 1,719Total 23,054 23,878 24,690 25,491 26,282 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-23
incrementally increase evapotranspiration, such effects are expected to be nominal relative to current conditions. The District will continue to evaluate potential climate-related impacts in future UWMP updates and through ongoing regional water planning efforts.16.4.3 Compliance with SBx7-7 and Future Water Use Efficiency RequirementsSBX7-7 was incorporated into the UWMP Act in 2009 and required that all water suppliers increase water use efficiency with the overall goal to decrease per-capita water consumption within the state by 20 percent by the year 2020. SBX7-7 required DWR to develop certain criteria, methods, and standard reporting forms through a public process that water suppliers could use to establish their baseline water use and determine their water conservation targets. SBX7-7 and DWR's Methodologies for Calculating Baseline and Compliance Urban Per Capita Water Use (State of California Department of Water Resources, March 2021) specify methodologies for determining the baseline water demand, 2015 interim urban water use target and the 2020 urban water use target for VWD as described in the 2020 UWMP. This section also demonstrates that VWDachieved its 2020 water use target.Table 16-11below establishes s 2020 actual and 2020 target GPCD. As shown, VWD far exceeded its 2020 target. Most recently, in 2025, the water use was 128 GPCD, which is well below the 2020 target of 202 GPCD1995 through 2025 and the projected GPCD through 2050, along with the baseline and target GPCD are shown in Figure 16-3.TABLE 16-11: SBX7-7 2020 TARGET PROGRESS2020 Target GPCD2020 Actual GPCDDid Supplier Achieve Target?202 145 Yes Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.4 Water Use Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-24
FIGURE 16-3: BASELINE, HISTORIC,AND PROJECTED GPCD
New water use efficiency standards from the Making Conservation a California Way of Life Regulation supersede SBX7-7 standards. In 2018, two policy bills were enacted by the California Legislature, Assembly Bill 1668 (AB1668, Friedman) and Senate Bill 606 (SB606, the 2018 Water Conservation Legislation, related legislation, and subsequent adoption of the CWOL Regulation, each urban retail water supplier must comply with its UWUO. DWR and the State Water Resources Control Board (State Board) have developed a reporting framework for calculating the UWUO and compliance annually with efficiency standards becoming increasingly stringent through 2040. The demand projections in this UWMP incorporate portions of the UWUO, such as the indoor residential standard, as described in Section 16.4.2. VWD will plan and implement necessary demand management measures (described in Section 16.7.1) to support meeting the UWUO. DMMs and UWUO compliance planning enhance resiliency for drought and other water shortage conditions. 1001101201301401501601701801902002102202302402502602702801995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050Historic GPCDBaseline GPCD2020 TargetProjected GPCD2020 Target202Baseline253 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-25
Sub-Chapter 16.5Water SupplyCharacterizationThis section describes the existing and projected supplies for VWD. VWD currently pumps potable water supplies from groundwater in the Mojave Groundwater Basin and purchases additional ground3), when available. VWD also serves RW to customers at SCLA.16.5.1 Purchased or Imported WaterVWD purchases water from R-Cubed when it is available but does not rely on purchased water as a future potable water supply. Through R-Cubed, MWA delivers SWP water to recharge sites located along the Mojave River in Hesperia and southern Apple Valley. MWA recovers the recharged water at wells downstream and delivers through pipelines directly to retail water agencies. This project provides an alternate source of supply that enables agencies to reduce pumping and maintain groundwater water levels in the vicinity of their wells. The project enables MWA to use SWP water beneficially by recharging the water when supplies exceed demand. VWD began receiving water from R-Cubed in 2013 and has an agreement to purchase up to 6,800 AFY, when available. The recharge sites, recovery wells, and distribution pipeline for the R-Cubed project are discussed in Sub-Chapter 2.1.4.2 of Regional Chapter 2.Water supply from R-Cubed is interruptible because it depends on the amount of SWP available for storage as well as other operational constraints. VWD intends to continue maximizing purchases of water from R-Cubed when available, but because this is an interruptible source of supply, VWD does not rely on this source to meet its demands. For the purposes of this UWMP, it is assumed that VWD will meet all current and future demands through its own groundwater production, so purchased water is not included in future supply projections. Table 16-12shows VWD historical R-Cubed purchases over the last five years.TABLE 16-12: VWD HISTORICAL R-CUBED PURCHASES20212022202320242025R-Cubed Purchase1,797 2,811 3,641 2,982 4,305 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-26
16.5.1.1 High Desert Power Plant Imported Water SupplyVictorville also has a connection from the MWA Mojave River Pipeline to provide untreated SWP water for cooling for the High Desert Power Plant (HDPP). HDPP also stores SWP water in the Basin and later extracts it for use when SWP water is not available to HDPP. VWD operates the pipeline that provides SWP water to HDPP as well as extraction facilities on behalf of HDPP. imported water supply is not considered a supply for VWD and is not included in the data presented in this UWMP. The VWD also delivers RW to HDPP as a supplemental supply for cooling.16.5.2 GroundwaterGroundwater is the primary water supply source for VWD, like all Retailers within the Mojave Basin Area. A detailed description of the Mojave Basin Area, subareas, aquifer characteristics, adjudication, and management areas is provided in Sub-Chapter 2.3 Groundwater Basins of Regional Chapter 2.VWD has 34 active groundwater wells within its distribution system that are used to pump groundwater from the Mojave Basin. Groundwater production over the past five years is shown in Table 16-13.The Mojave Basin is managed by MWA. MWA has both the authority and the obligation to secure supplemental supplies as part of the solution to overdraft within the Mojave River Basin. Although the increased groundwater pumping in excess of natural supplies over the past 50 years has resulted in a decline in groundwater elevations, the groundwater basins remain capable of meeting annual water demands through dry years and consecutive multiple-dry years.To maintain water balance within each subarea, producers that exceed their Free Production Allowance (FPA) must replace the excess amount by purchasing or leasing additional water rights from other producers or paying a Replacement Water Assessment (RWA) to MWA to acquire replacement water. The RWA amount is calculated as the volume of excess production multiplied by the annual rate adopted by the Mojave Basin Area Watermaster.as its available supply without incurring RWA and is subject to future ramp-down under the Judgment. Producers in the Mojave Basin Area are allowed to produce as much water as they need annually to meet their requirements, according to the Judgment. An underlying assumption of the Judgment is that sufficient water will be made available to meet the needs of the basin in the future from a combination of natural supply, imported water, water conservation, water reuse, and transfers of FPA among parties. MWA supports this framework through active recharge operations along the Mojave River Pipeline, Oro Grande Wash Pipeline, Morongo Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-27
Basin Pipeline, and at Silverwood Dam. These facilities enable recharge of State Water Project supplies in subareas where replacement water is required and allow for storage of excess -Cubed program facilitates conjunctive use by delivering stored groundwater to reduce local pumping, helping manage groundwater levels.VWD will continue aggressive water conservation efforts and increase the use of RW to offset potable water demand in an effort to balance supplies and demands into the future. Pumping beyond the FPA is anticipated to continue as needed to meet water demands and will require VWD to continue to pay the RWA to support additional water supply projects MWA is implementing or to purchase water rights from other agencies in the subbasin.TABLE 16-13: GROUNDWATER PUMPED LAST FIVE YEARS20212022202320242025Mojave RiverBasin21,156 19,068 16,986 18,636 17,09716.5.3 Groundwater QualityDetailed groundwater quality for the Basin is described in Sub-Chapter 3.2.2 of Regional Chapter 3. This section describes specific groundwater quality at VWD facilities.treatment. These wells receive wellhead chlorination for disinfection and pump directly into the distribution system or into storage tanks. VWD operates three Arsenic Treatment Plants and an Arsenic Blending Pipeline. The Balsam and El Evado Arsenic Treatment Plants are coagulation/filtration treatment plants, and the La Mesa Arsenic Treatment Plant is an ion exchange plant. The Arsenic Blending Pipeline is used meets the maximum contaminant level (MCL) before entering the distribution system. 16.5.4 Surface WaterVWD does not use surface water supplies.16.5.5 StormwaterThe Judgment included an injunction against diverting stormwater flow away from downstream users of the Mojave River. Therefore, no stormwater capture projects are planned to increase water supplies.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-28
16.5.6 Wastewater and Recycled Water16.5.6.1 WastewaterThe wastewater that is generated within the service boundary of VWD is collected through a gravity sewer system owned and operated by the City of Victorville. A portion of the collection system conveys wastewater to the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWWTP) that is owned and operated by VWD. A portion of the collection system discharges to a regional interceptor, which conveys the wastewater flows to a regional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) owned and operated by the Victor Valley Wastewater Reclamation Authority (VVWRA). In 2010, VWD began operation of the IWWTP, a domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plant at the Southern California Logistics Airport (SCLA) with a design capacity of 2.5 million gallons per day (MGD). The IWWTP is designed to treat wastewater using both anaerobic (for high-strength industrial wastewater) and aerobic (for sanitary wastewater) treatment processes. The combined flows then undergo a complete-mix activated-sludge treatment and solids-separation process using membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology. The final process is ultraviolet disinfection, resulting in tertiary treated RW that meets Title 22 and disposal. The portion of treated effluent from the IWWTP that is not reused at the SCLA is currently conveyed to the VVWRA WWTP site for disposal at Percolation Pond 14, which the VWD owns and operates, or discharged to the VVWRA WWTP. The City is in the process of pursuing additional disposal options and recycled water uses.VVWRA is a Joint Powers Authority consisting of the Town of Apple Valley, City of Hesperia, City of Victorville, and County Service Areas of Oro Grande (Number 42) and Spring Valley Lake (Number 64). The regional plant has a current capacity of 14 MGD and is located approximately 7 miles north of Victorvilleregional WWTP discharges disinfected tertiary effluent to the Mojave River and supplies RW to VWD. In 2003, VVWRA executed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the California Department of Fish and Game (now California Department of Fish and Wildlife [CDFW]), which requires VVWRA to discharge 9,000 AFY of available treated effluent to the Mojave River. The MOU includes a provision to allow reduced discharges as long as a minimum flow of 15,000 AFY is measured at the Lower Narrows gage. In 2005, VVWRA and Victorville executed a Second Amended and Restated Agreement for Reclaimed Water Service with a perpetual term that entitles Victorville to take delivery ofexcess of the amount required to be discharged under the MOU. Treated effluent that is not discharged to the Mojave River or purchased by Victorville is disposed of through onsite percolation ponds. summarized in Table 16-14and Table 16-15.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-31
16.5.6.2 Recycled WaterCurrently, VWD serves RW to HDPP for cooling water and irrigation to existing customers in the SCLA area. The total number of RW connections within VWD is shown in Table 16-16.RW was historically applied at the Westwinds Golf Course for irrigation; however, the golf course is now closed, and this use has been discontinued. VWD also has RW fill stations to provide water for dust control at the SCLA airfield and construction sites located at SCLA and High Desert Solar site. VWD is not currently serving RW from its RW fill stations but can issue permits and begin doing so when the demand arises. Historic RW demand is provided in Table 16-17.TABLE 16-16: RECYCLED WATER CONNECTIONS, 2021-2025Use Type20212022202320242025Recycled WaterConnection6 6 7 7 7TABLE 16-17: HISTORIC RW DEMAND, AFYUse Type20212022202320242025Industrial (HDPP) 714 833 683 681 489Landscape 433 37 62 56 55Total RW Demand 1,148 871 746 737 544RW for landscape reduced due to closure of Westwinds Golf Course in 2021.Current flows at the IWWTP are approaching the existing plant capacity so VWD has begun the process of planning for expansion of the treatment capacity. As part of the preliminary design for the IWWTP capacity increase, recent and future flow and load conditions were evaluated to determine appropriate design parameters for capacity expansion. Based on this effort, total projected RW supply available from the IWWTP in 2040 is estimated to be in the range of 2.4 MGD (low range sanitary flows + current industrial flow) to 4.2 MGD (higher range sanitary flows + maximum industrial flow). As VWD works to comply with the current water use efficiency regulations and updates its water and sewer master plans, additional clarity on the total RW supply available from the IWWTP will become available and may ultimately be lower than assumed in this Plan. Victorville will update its RW supply projections and future IWWTP capacity as part of the subsequent RWFMP.The annual volume of RW supply available to VWD from VVWRA is assumed to include only flows contributed by Victorville and adjusted to account for the required discharges to the Mojave River under the MOU with CDFW.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-32
RW used in 2025 is summarized in Table 16-18and compared with the projected 2020 RW use from the 2015 UWMP.TABLE 16-18: DWR TABLE 6-5R 2020 UWMP RECYCLED WATER USE PROJECTION COMPARED TO 2025ACTUALUse Type2020 Projection for 20252025 Actual UseIrrigation 885 55Industrial 0 489Total 885 54416.5.6.3 Projected RW DemandVWD completed a Citywide Recycled Concept Study (RW Concept Study) in September 2025to identify potential opportunities for VWD to put its RW to beneficial use. As part of the RW Concept Study, a range of potential RW customers and their demands were identified.Additional opportunities planned for further evaluation in an upcoming Recycled Water Facilities Master Plan include extension of the RW system to the City of Victorville downtown area and Green Tree Golf Course. The total projected potable demand that could be served by extending the RW system to the downtown area and Green Tree Golf Course are included in the RW projections for VWD. Service to this area is expected to begin by 2035. For the purposes of projected RW demand for this UWMP, it assumed that RW service for existing customers and expansion of the VWD RW system to the downtown area and Green Tree Golf Course is the most likely path forward and therefore included in the RW demand projection, shown in Table 16-19.TABLE 16-19: PROJECTED RW USE, AFYCustomerUse Type20302035204020452050HDPP Existing UseIndustrial (Cooling)771 771 771 771 771SCLA Existing RW DemandIrrigation 98 98 98 98 98SCLA Future RW DemandIrrigation 135 229 325 399 399Victorville Irrigation CustomersIrrigation 640 640 640 640Total 1,004 1,738 1,834 1,908 1,908 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-33
16.5.6.4 Actions to Encourage and Optimize Future Recycled Water UseThe RW Concept Study evaluated multiple opportunities at a conceptual level and recommended a path forward to help VWD narrow in on and advance concepts that best align with Victorvilleopportunities:Continue to expand its RW system at SCLA as development occurs (such expansion is included in the RW demand projections presented above).Negotiate potential RW agreement with a local cement plantExpand RW service to HDPP, if possible.Pursue an NPDES and/or WDR discharge permit for additional effluent disposal locations.Additional concepts evaluated in the RW Concept Study may be reevaluated as conditions change. Such concepts include adding new customers to the recycled water system, and indirect and direct potable reuse opportunities.16.5.7 Desalinationconcentrations that are acceptable for municipal and agricultural uses. The desalination strategy covers treatment of seawater as well as brackish water. Desalination technologies may also be used to treat wastewater to produce high quality RW. In California, the principal method for desalination is reverse-osmosis. This process can be used to remove salt as well as specific contaminants in water, such as disinfection byproduct precursors, volatile organic compounds, nitrates, and pathogens. As summarized below, there is no opportunity for desalination of any kind by VWD.16.5.7.1 Brackish Water and/or Groundwater DesalinationThe groundwater basins located under or near the VWD are not brackish and do not require desalination. Therefore, there is no water of this nature available to VWD for direct use.16.5.7.2 Seawater DesalinationBecause VWD is not located in a coastal area, it is neither practical nor economically feasible for VWD to implement a seawater desalination program.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-34
16.5.8 Water Transfers and ExchangesRegional water transfer and exchange opportunities are described in Chapter 6, UWMP. VWD frequently executes temporary transfers of FPA or carryover water from other parties in the Alto subarea to offset a portion of excess groundwater production.16.5.9 Future Water ProjectsAt the time of this UWMP, no potable water supply projects are planned.16.5.9.1 RW Supply IWWTP ExpansionAs mentioned above, current flows to the IWWTP are approaching the existing plant capacityso the City has begun the process of planning for expansion of the treatment capacity. TheIWWTP Capacity Increase Preliminary Design evaluated multiple treatment process options and selected a concept that would provide 5 MGD of sanitary treatment capacity and 1 MGD industrial treatment capacity, for a total of 6 MGD in the near term with the ability to expand to 7 MGD sanitary and maintain the 1 MGD industrial capacity, for a total of 8 MGD in the future, when needed. 16.5.10 Supply Summarypotable water supply is comprised entirely of local groundwater. VWD also provides recycled water for industrial and irrigation uses. The volume of water used to meet demands in 2025 is provided in Table 16-20and projected supplies are shown in Table 16-21. These quantities are based on projected demands discussed in Section 16.4.2. VWD has the ability to extract additional groundwater, if needed, to meet demands and has excess recycled water supply available for use.TABLE 16-20: DWR 6-8R ACTUAL WATER SUPPLIES IN 2025 (AF)Supply2025 Actual VolumeWater QualityGroundwater17,097PotablePurchased or Imported Water4,305PotableRecycled Water544Recycled WaterTOTAL21,946 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.5 Water Supply Characterization 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-35
TABLE 16-21: PROJECTED SUPPLY, AFYSupply20302035204020452050Groundwater23,05423,87824,69025,49126,282Recycled Water1,0041,7381,8341,9081,908TOTAL24,05825,61626,52427,39928,190 Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.6 Water Service Reliability and Drought Risk Assessment 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-36
Sub-Chapter 16.6Water Service Reliability and Drought Risk Assessment-dry, and multiple-dry water years. The supply reliability assessment discusses factors (i.e., climatic, environmental, water quality, and legal) that could potentially limit the expected quantity of 0.Multiple drought scenarios are considered and the quantitative impacts of the aforementioned factors on water supply and demand are discussed as well as possible methods for addressing these issues. The management tools that VWD has implemented to maximize current resources, identify supplemental sources of supply, and minimize the need to import water from other regions are also discussed.16.6.1 Water Service Reliability Assessment16.6.1.1 Constraints on Water SourcesPer the Judgment, producers in the Mojave Basin Area are allowed to produce as much water as they need annually to meet their requirements. An underlying assumption of the Judgment is that sufficient water will be made available to meet the needs of the basin in the future from a combination of natural supply, imported water, water conservation, water reuse, and transfers of FPA among parties. Portions of the Mojave Basin Area contain numerous, naturally occurring contaminants, including arsenic, nitrates, iron, manganese, Chromium VI, and excess TDS. VWD operates several treatment and blending facilities to ensure that water delivered to its customers meets the drinking water standards. VWD will continue to monitor groundwater quality and implement additional treatment and blending as needed to maintain the quality of the water supply. Climate change impacts that may have a long-term effect on water supplies include increased temperatures; sea level rise; reduced winter snowpack; and altered precipitation patterns, including more frequent and intense storm events. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are being investigated and implemented by VWD and MWA to address the effects that climate change will have on their future water supply.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.6 Water Service Reliability and Drought Risk Assessment 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-37
Additional details on the water quality of the Mojave Basin Area as it pertains to VWD and Sub-Chapters 3 3.1.2. and 3.1.5 of Regional Chapter 3.16.6.1.2 Year Type CharacterizationIn general, groundwater and RW supplies are less vulnerable to seasonal and climatic changes than surface water (local or imported) supplies. Natural groundwater supply estimates are based on longterm averages, which account for inconsistency in natural supplies (i.e., historic periods of drought are included in the longterm average). Therefore, VWD does not have any inconsistent water sources that result in reduced supplies in dry or multiple-dry years. MWA is actively operating recharge sites for conjunctive use along the Mojave River Pipeline, Oro Grande Wash Pipeline, Morongo Basin Pipeline, and Silverwood Dam. Recharge sites enable MWA to recharge SWP water into the subareas where replacement water is purchased. These sites also enable MWA to bank excess SWP water when available in wet years for storage to be used in dry years. R3 facilities allow MWA to manage the groundwater basins surrounding VWD by delivering imported SWP water stored in upper Mojave River recharge areas to purveyors, which can then reduce pumping from their wells when taking R3 water, facilitating partial recovery of local pumping depressions. For these reasons, supplies are considered unchanged in average, dry, and multiple-dry years. The basis for the year typeis determined from the singledriest and multipledriest years using precipitation data (19402020) from National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration Station 049325 in Victorville. Even though precipitation is variable, however, groundwater supply estimates are based on longterm averages, which account for these variabilities so that groundwater is assumed to be 100% available in singledry and multipledry year conditions. Per UWMP requirements, VWD has evaluated reliability for an average year, single-dry year, and a five-consecutive-dry-years period. The UWMP Act defines these years as:Average Year.This condition represents the water supplies a supplier considers available during normal conditions. This could be a single year or averaged range of years that most closely represents the average water supply available.Single-Dry Year.The single dry year is recommended to be the year that represents the lowest water supply available. The single lowest year of precipitation was 1953, with 1.3 inches per year.Five-Consecutive-Years Drought.The driest five-year historical sequence for the supplier, which may be the lowest average water supply available for five years in a row. The lowest five years of precipitation was 2013 to 2017, with an average of 3.5 inches per year.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.6 Water Service Reliability and Drought Risk Assessment 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-38
16.6.1.3 Water Service ReliabilityDemand during dry years was assumed to remain constant because of ongoing state and local conservation programs. Additionally, demands within the High Desert region are not typically influenced significantly by variations in rainfall. Groundwater supply is assumed to remain 100% available because the longterm average of the groundwater basin includes dry periods, and no single or multipleyear dry cycle affects the longterm yield of the basin. Supplies are sufficient to meet average, single-dry year, and multiple-dry years demands through year 2050, as shown in Table 16-22andTable 16-23.TABLE 16-22: SUPPLY AND DEMAND COMPARISON FOR NORMAL, SINGLE-DRY,AND MULTIPLE-DRY YEAR SCENARIOS, AFY20302035204020452050Supply Total 23,054 23,878 24,690 25,491 26,282Demand Total 23,054 23,878 24,690 25,491 26,282Difference - - - - - Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.6 Water Service Reliability and Drought Risk Assessment 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-39
TABLE 16-23. FIVE CONSECUTIVE DRY YEARS WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND COMPARISON, AFY20302035204020452050Year 1Supply 23,054 23,878 24,690 25,491 26,282Demand 23,054 23,878 24,690 25,491 26,282Difference - - - - -Year 2Supply23,21624,03824,84825,64726,282Demand23,21624,03824,84825,64726,282Difference-----Year 3Supply 23,380 24,200 25,007 25,805 26,282Demand 23,380 24,200 25,007 25,805 26,282Difference - - - - -Year 4Supply23,54524,36225,16825,96326,282Demand23,54524,36225,16825,96326,282Difference-----Year 5Supply 23,711 24,525 25,329 26,122 26,282Demand 23,711 24,525 25,329 26,122 26,282Difference - - - - -According to Chapter 5 of the 2025 RUWMP,demands and replacement water needs during average, single-dry year, and five consecutive dry years from 2030for inclusion in its analysis; therefore, it is concluded that VWD has adequate supplies to meet demands during average, single-dry year, and five consecutive dry years throughout the 25year planning period. VWD will continue aggressive water conservation efforts, increased use of RW to offset potable water demand, and participation in new water supply projects with MWA to ensure that it has enough supply to continue to meet demands.16.6.2 Drought Risk AssessmentThe Drought Risk Assessment (DRA) considers a drought period that lasts five consecutive years, starting from the year following when the assessment is conducted. For this UWMP, the DRA considers five consecutive dry years from 2026 through 2030. VWD may conduct an interim update or updates to this DRA within the five-year cycle of its UWMP update.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.6 Water Service Reliability and Drought Risk Assessment 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-40
The DRA analysis enables VWD to examine the management of its supplies during stressed hydrologic conditions and an opportunity to evaluate whether it may need to enact its WSCP during the next actual drought period lasting at least five years. The projected gross water use for the five-year DRA is based on unrestricted potable demand. Table 16-24compares the total projected supply and demand for the five-year DRA for 2026 through 2030. As shown, VWD does not expect to enact its WSCP for a five-year consecutive year drought based on the unrestricted potable demand projections and the current supply portfolio and reliability.Although projections in this UWMP show that VWD's water supplies are sufficient to meet the demands even during a 5-year drought, VWD remains committed to water conservation and to being a good steward of local water resources to preserve supplies for the future due to the possibility of experiencing more severe droughts than anticipated in this UWMP.TABLE 16-24: DROUGHT RISK ASSESSMENT (AFY)20262027202820292030Supply 21,723 22,048 22,379 22,714 23,054Demand 21,723 22,048 22,379 22,714 23,054Difference - - - - - Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.7 Demand Management Measures 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-41
Sub-Chapter 16.7 - Demand Management MeasuresThis section provides a comprehensive description of the water conservation programs that VWD has implemented for the past five years, is currently implementing, and plans to implement in the future.16.7.1 Existing Demand Management Measures16.7.1.1 Water Waste Prevention OrdinancesVWD Ordinance Number A-101-89 adopted a program of voluntary water conservation and restrictions on water use during water supply shortages and emergencies. VWD promotes and advertises a water waste hotline number for anyone to report water waste in neighborhoods within Victorville-866-955-4H2O). Staff rearrange hours to conduct nightly, after-hours, and weekend canvassing of the entire water system during which they survey for violations of the ordinance. Door-tag flyers have been made to proactively notify customers of the watering restrictions, including bill inserts, envelope sniping, etc. On May 19, 2015, Ordinance No. VWD--of the Victorville Municipal Code, which serves as the VWD standards, guidelines, and procedures for year-round water conservation to prevent the waste or unreasonable use of water. It also specifies restrictions, prohibitions, and limitations on water use pursuant to the Order B-29-15. This order calls for action to address the Stshortage conditions.To promote flexibility and provide for increasingly more stringent water use prohibitions and conservation requirements when drought and water supply shortage conditions intensify, VWD-2338 contains one year-round conservation stage (Stage 1) and three Water Supply Shortage Stages (Shortage Stages 2, 3, and 4). These stages can be activated by resolutions adopted by the City Council when the VWD General Manager so recommends (following noticed public hearings). These shortage stages can likewise be deactivated in the same fashion when drought and water supply shortage conditions cease or become less severe.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.7 Demand Management Measures 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-42
16.7.1.2 MeteringVWD meters and bills 100% of existing accounts by volume of use. VWD performs meter reading on a monthly basis and bills customers on a monthly basis. All customers are billed a meter charge and a consumption charge for each unit of water consumed. More details on VWD has installed advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) that continuously collects data from its customers.. This is faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective than hand reading. The meter-reading system also archives consumption information. The data are used to identify leaks, address customer consumption concerns, and monitor water conservation efforts.16.7.1.3 Conservation PricingVWD adopted new water rates on July 1, 2019. The rate structure collects the projected water supply costs from volumetric charges (consumption rate) and the remaining revenue requirement from fixed (meter) charges. The volumetric rate is uniform for all customers and does not include a tiered rate.The new volumetric rate is set to the marginal cost of water, meaning that changes in consumption would cause corresponding changes in revenue and expenses. The rate structures include drought rates to ensure VWD collects sufficient revenue to cover costs if water sales continue to decline.16.7.1.4 Public Education and OutreachPublic Information Programs: Public information programs include development of educational resources and outreach to promote water use efficiency. Public information programs include:Distribution of conservation information via brochures, videos, digital media, bus shelter posters, and bill inserts.Maintenance of a water conservation webpage with indoor and outdoor efficiency guidance.Interactive plant database (410 species) searchable by water requirements, sun exposure, plant type, bloom season, and mature size.Printable water-wise plant lists and instructional materials.Periodic workshops, and community outreach events.Coordination with regional partners, including MWA.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.7 Demand Management Measures 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-43
VWD also provide direct technical assistance through the Conservation Division, including conducting water audits, irrigation assessments, and installation of Smart Weather Based Irrigation Controllers (WBICs) and Conservation Kits (discussed below). School Education Program: VWD Conservation Division staff continue to conduct a program among students to foster long-term water-efficient behaviors. The VWD School Education Program includes:-on workshop for fourth-grade students.Indoor water audit demonstrations and water cycle presentations.Participation in the High Desert Water Summit, sponsored by MWA, to inform water conservation among middle and high school students.VWD plans to continue participation in the School Education Program for the foreseeable future, as this program reinforces long-term water efficient behaviors that support reduced water use.16.7.1.5 Programs to Assess and Manage Distribution System Real LossesVWD staff performs the following steps to minimize water losses from the distribution system: Regularly inspects for leaks in pipeline and production/distribution facilities.Provides adequate staff on duty to respond quickly to pipe ruptures, leaks, and repairs. Staff is available for service laterals inspections.Supports an ongoing valve-exercising program by regularly exercising all control and shut-off valves so that leaks can be corrected in a timely manner.VWD also actively monitors its water distribution system through annual completion of AWWA water audits, providing water audit training, and annual calibration and testing of 42 source production meters (33 potable well meters, 7 non-potable well meters, and two turnout meters). 16.7.1.6 Water Conservation Program Coordination and Staffing SupportConservation Program funding is provided through water rates and includes the budget for a Water Use Efficiency Supervisor and two Water Efficiency Specialists. The Water Conservation Department provides direct technical assistance to customers and supports implementation of the DMMs described in this section. Services include indoor and outdoor water audits offered to commercial, industrial, and institutional accounts through their Free Water Audit Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.7 Demand Management Measures 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-44
program, as well as guidance on water-saving devices, irrigation efficiency, and fixture retrofits.16.7.1.7 Other Demand Management MeasuresWater SurveysVWD conducts water surveys for high usage customers to identify opportunities to reduce water consumption. In 2025, 254 water use surveys were conducted. Majority of the water surveys are conducted at residential and commercial services.Toilet Retrofit Programresidential toilets to reduce leaks and replace high flush toilets by:Replacement of leaking or worn flappers.Adjustment or replacement of floats and fill valves.Correction of continuously running toilets.Adjustment of high-volume flush settings to lower, more efficiency flush volumes.VWD Conservation Division staff coordinated a toilet retrofit program to repair forty five (45) toilets throughout its service area. Nearly all of these repairs resulted in fixing leaky toilets. VWD estimates that these repairs result in approximately 46 AFY of water savings. All toilet exchanges/repair programs were halted in 2020 due to COVID-19, but the toilet retrofit program restarted again in 2024. Irrigation Controller ProgramThe irrigation controller program provides and installs irrigation controllers selected to match In 2025, eighteen (18) irrigation controllers were installed through the program and eight (8) sprinkler timers were reprogramed.Hose Timers ProgramThe hose timers program adds timers to control water use based on the need of the customer. Two customers participated in this program in 2025 to support water needs on their properties.Conservation Kits ProgramConservation kits have been distributed to customers to support water conservation efforts. Each customer received five kit types: indoor, leak, outdoor, irrigation, and weatherization. A total of eight hundred ten (810) kits were distributed.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.7 Demand Management Measures 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-45
16.7.2 Reporting Implementation16.7.2.1 Implementation Over the Past Five YearsVWD maintains records for each of the programs described above, including the extent of each program and the expenditures. As described above, Victorville implemented several conservation-based programs for the public over the past five years to assist in reducing demands. Conservation efforts are expected to continue with the Water Use Surveys, Toilet Repair Program, Irrigation Controller Program, Hose Timers Program, and Conservation Kits Program. Table 16-25provides a summary of the DMMs implemented since 2020.TABLE 16-25: DMMS IMPLEMENTED OVER THE PAST FIVE YEARSDMMImplementation Between 2020-2025On-Site Customer Visits Over 4,300Water Audits 1,689Irrigation Retrofits 223Weather Based Irrigation Controllers Installation 220Conservation Kits Distributed 3,66516.7.2.2 Implementation to Achieve Water Use Targets-capita consumption is less than its 2020 compliance target. VWD expects to continue to implement its current conservation programs to encourage conservation and maintain per-capita consumption below the compliance target.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.8Water Shortage Contingency Plan 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-46
Sub-Chapter 16.8Water Shortage Contingency PlanWSCP is a detailed plan for how VWD intends to respond to foreseeable and unforeseeable water shortages. A water shortage occurs when the supply is reduced to a level that cannot support the normal demand at any given time or if the State mandates a cutback regardless of supplies.public by identifying anticipated water shortages and response actions to allow for efficient management of any water shortage with predictability and accountability. Good preparation provides the tools to maintain reliable supplies and reduce the impacts of supply interruptions resulting from extended drought or catastrophic supply interruptions. 1.Water Supply Reliability Analysis.Identifies the key issues that may trigger a shortage condition within the service area.2.Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment Procedures.Describes the to formally approve any water shortage levels and response actions.3.Standard Water Shortage Stages.Establishes water shortage levels to clearly identify and prepare for shortages.4.Shortage Response Actions.Describes the response actions that may be implemented or considered for each stage to reduce gaps between supply and demand.5.Communication Protocols.Describes communication protocols to inform customers, the public, and government agencies of shortage conditions and requirements.6.Compliance and Enforcement.Defines compliance and enforcement actions available to administer demand reductions.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.8Water Shortage Contingency Plan 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-47
7.Legal Authority.Lists the legal authorities available to declare a water shortage and implement and enforce response actions.8.Financial Consequences of WSCP Implementation.Describes the anticipated financial impact of implementing water shortage stages and identifies mitigation strategies.9.Monitoring and Reporting.Summarizes the monitoring and reporting techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of shortage response actions and overall WSCP implementation; results are used to determine whether additional shortage response actions should be activated or if efforts are successful and response actions should be adjusted.10.WSCP Refinement Procedures.Discusses the factors that may trigger updates to the WSCP as new information becomes available.11.Special Water Features Distinctions.Defines special water features, which are separate from pools and spa.12.Plan Adoption, Submittal, and Availability.Describes the process for WSCP adoption, submittal, and availability after each revision.The WSCP is a standalone document that can be modified as needed and is included as Appendix 16a.
Victorville Water District Sub-Chapter 16.9Energy Intensity Analysis 2025 RUWMP Draft 16-48
Sub-Chapter 16.9Energy Intensity Analysis-system basis, required for the use of a given amount of water in a given location. This calculation is ol for extraction, diversion, conveyance, treatment, and distribution for one year. Energy that others use to supply water to VWD, such as to produce and deliver water from the R3, is not included.Energy data for June 2024 through May 2025 was readily accessible and used to estimate this analysis. Reporting water energy intensity has many benefits for water utilities and their customers, including:Identifying energy saving opportunities, as energy consumption is often a large portion of the cost of delivering water.Calculating energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions reductions associated with water conservation programs.Potential opportunities for receiving energy efficiency funding for water conservation programs.Informing climate change mitigation strategies.Benchmarking of energy use at each water acquisition and delivery step and the ability to compare energy use among similar agencies.Table 16-26.TABLE 16-26: 2025 ENERGY INTENSITYSum of All Water Management ProcessesVolume of Water Entering Process (acre-feet) 17,097Energy Consumed (kWh) 13,686,697Energy Intensity (kWh/acre-foot) 801
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft A-1
APPENDIX 1 NOTICES
August 27, 2025Notice of Intent to Prepare a Regional Urban Water Management Plan for the Mojave RegionThis notice is to inform you that the urban water suppliers within the greater Mojave region are preparing a 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) pursuant to the California Water Code (CWC). All wholesale and retail urban water suppliers serving more than 3,000 customer connections are required to prepare an UWMP every five (5) years. The following urban water suppliers are collectively preparing this Regional UWMP:City of Adelanto Water DistrictCounty Service Area 64County Service Area 70 JHelendale Community Services DistrictHesperia Water DistrictHi-Desert Water DistrictGolden State Water Company – Barstow SystemJoshua Basin Water DistrictLiberty Utilities – Apple Valley Water CompanyMojave Water AgencyPhelan Piñon Hills Community Services DistrictVictorville Water DistrictThe purpose of a Regional UWMP is to allow the urban water suppliers to coordinate and efficiently address the State’s requirements as mandated in the CWC through a regional representation of water supply reliability. While the Regional UWMP will provide overarching and consistent information on water supplier reliability, each urban retail supplier will also update its uniqueWater Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP), tailored to its specific service area and operations. Each urban supplier will separately adopt the Regional UWMP and its unique WSCP by July 1, 2026. In accordance with CWC Section 10642, which encourages “active involvement of diverse social, cultural, and economic elements of the populations” in preparing a UWMP, the public will, at a minimum, have the opportunity to participate in the planning process through public hearingsanticipated to occur in April or May of 2026 as part of each urban supplier’s adoption process. A draft copy of the 2025 Regional UWMP will be made available for review prior to hearings,providing an opportunity for (1) Community input regarding water supply reliability; (2) Consideration of the economic impacts of complying with CWC status governing the Regional UWMP; and (3) Discussion of each agency’s WSCP.Detailed information, including contacts for each agency, future public hearing notices, schedules, and draft plan materials, will be available at the Mojave Water Agency’s website at https://www.mojavewater.org/basin-management/regional-planning/urban-water-management-plan/, or at similar links hosted by each urban retail water supplier.Questions regarding this notice or the 2025 Regional UWMP process may be directed to the appropriate retail agency using the contact information found on the website.
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft A-2
APPENDIX 2 REDUCED DELTA RELIANCE
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Appendix 2Mojave Region Delta Reliance This Appendix provides the Delta Reliance assessment for the Mojave Water Agency (MWA) and the RUWMP participating retail water service agencies located within the Mojave Region. These retail agencies in the Mojave Region covered by this RUWMP assessment include: Liberty Utilities – Apple Valley Water Company, City of Adelanto Water District, San Bernardino County Service Area 64, San Bernardino County Service Area 70J, Golden State Water Company – Barstow System, Hesperia Water District, Hi-Desert Water District, Joshua Basin Water District, Phelan Piñon Hills Community Services District, and Victorville Water District. These retail agencies are subject to the minimum threshold requirements of the Urban Water Management Planning Act (UWMP Act) and work with MWA on managing regional water supplies as described more thoroughly in the 2025 RUWMP. Additional entities that are not currently subject to the UWMP Act but may subject to the UWMP Act in the future and that rely upon water supplies derived from MWA’s and the retail agencies’ management are also considered in this assessment. Last, this assessment is consistent with all applicable water management activities within the Region including the Mojave Basin Area Adjudication Judgement, the Warren Valley Basin Judgment, and the Ames/Reche Groundwater Storage and Recovery Program Management Agreement. A.1 Delta Reform Act and Certification of Consistency The Delta Reform Act of 2009 required state and local agencies to prepare a written certification of consistency with Delta Plan policies before initiating a covered action in the Delta.1 The written certification of consistency must be submitted to the Delta Stewardship Council and include detailed findings as to whether the covered action is consistent with applicable Delta Plan policies.2 The submitted certification of consistency may be appealed by any person and the Delta Stewardship Council may grant the appeal to address contested issues.3 In short, water suppliers that anticipate participating in a proposed covered action must comply with the requirements of the Delta Reform Act. 1California Water Code section 85057.5. 2California Water Code section 85225. 3California Water Code section 85225.10-85225.25.
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Proposed covered actions may include a conveyance facility or a new diversion that involves transferring water through, exporting water from, or using water in the Delta. For urban purveyors that may participate in a proposed covered action, should provide information in their Urban Water Management Plans (UWMP) that can be used to demonstrate consistency with the Delta Plan. Specifically, the urban purveyors need to demonstrate consistency with Delta Plan Policy WR P1 – Reduce Reliance on the Delta Through Improved Regional Water Self-Reliance (WR P1).4 WR P1 subsection (a) states that: Water shall not be exported from, transferred through, or used in the Delta if all of the following apply: (1) One or more water suppliers that would receive water as a result of the export, transfer, or use have failed to adequately contribute to reduced reliance on the Delta and improved regional self-reliance consistent with all of the requirements listed in paragraph (1) of subsection (c); (2) That failure has significantly caused the need for the export, transfer, or use; and (3) The export, transfer, or use would have a significant adverse environmental impact in the Delta. WR P1 subsection (c)(1) further defines what adequately contributing to reduced reliance on the Delta means in terms of (a)(1) above. WR P1 subsection (c)(1) states: Water suppliers that have done all the following are contributing to reduced reliance on the Delta and improved regional self-reliance and are therefore consistent with this policy: (A) Completed a current Urban or Agricultural Water Management Plan (Plan) which has been reviewed by the California Department of Water Resources for compliance with the applicable requirements of Water Code Division 6, Parts 2.55, 2.6, and 2.8; (B) Identified, evaluated, and commenced implementation, consistent with the implementation schedule set forth in the Plan, of all programs and projects included in the Plan that are locally cost effective and technically feasible which reduce reliance on the Delta; and 4Cal. Code Regs., tit. 23 section 5003.
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(C)Included in the Plan, commencing with 2015, the expected outcome for measurable reduction in Delta reliance and improvement in regional self-reliance. The expected outcome for measurable reduction in Delta reliance and improvement in regional self-reliance shall be reported in the Plan as the reduction in the amount of water used, or in the percentage of water used, from the Delta watershed. For the purposes of reporting, water efficiency is considered a new source of water supply, consistent with Water Code section 1011(a). The analysis in this RUWMP Appendix includes all of the elements described in WR P1(c)(1) that need to be included in a water supplier’s UWMP to support a certification of consistency for a future proposed covered action. A.2 Expected Outcomes for Reduced Delta Reliance and Regional Self Sufficiency The expected outcomes for this Delta reliance and improved regional self-reliance assessment were developed using guidance described in Appendix C of DWR’s Urban Water Management Plan Guidebook 2025, issued in January 2026 (Guidebook 2025), which generally reflected the guidebook issued in March 2021 (Guidebook 2020). The data used in this assessment represent the total regional efforts of MWA and the retail agencies and were developed as part of a region-wide coordination process to prepare the 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan (RUWMP). Table 1 shows the expected outcomes for reduced Delta reliance within the Mojave Region. TABLE 1: EXPECTED OUTCOMES FOR REDUCED RELIANCE ON THE DELTA Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Total Water Supplies from the Delta Watershed 34.2% 34.2% 31.0% 26.1% 24.6% 23.5% 22.9% 22.3% 21.7% Change in Water Supplies from the Delta Watershed -0.1% -3.3% -8.2% -9.6% -10.7% -11.4% -12.0% -12.5% The methodology for demonstrating reduced reliance on the Delta is consistent with DWR’s Guidebook 2020 and Guidebook 2025. MWA calculated its expected outcomes for reduced Delta reliance by measuring its current and anticipated water use against a baseline condition. MWA chose 2010 normal water year as its baseline. Data for the 2010 baseline A-4
were taken from relevant regional planning documents. MWA then assessed its Delta Reliance against the 2010 baseline for years 2015 through 2050. The analysis uses normal water year demands to assess the supplies that would be used in the future. In addition, because WR P1 considers water use efficiency savings as a source of supply, prior the UWMP Act water conservation mandates (e.g. 20% by 2020) and more recent requirements that help support water use efficiency quantification in the Region.5 Table 2 shows the Region’s water demands without water use efficiency and the reported water use efficiency. TABLE 2: DEMANDS WITHOUT WATER USE EFFICIENCYTotal Service Area Water Demands (Acre-Feet) 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Water Demands with Water Use Efficiency 145,066 138,009 129,595 121,700 123,400 125,000 126,500 128,800 130,700 Reported Water Use Efficiency - 17,735 38,571 72,800 77,112 81,378 85,682 89,024 92,557 Water Demands without Water Use Efficiency 145,066 155,744 168,166 194,500 200,512 206,378 212,182 217,824 223,257 MWA and the participating retail urban water suppliers must also report the expected outcomes for measurable improvement in regional self-reliance. Given water management within the Region as described throughout the 2025 RUWMP, Table 3shows the expected outcomes for supplies contributing to regional self-reliance for the Region as a whole. 5In 2018, the California Legislature passed Senate Bill 606 and Assembly Bill 1668, directing the SWRCB to adopt standards to encourage more efficient urban water use. This legislation, known as "Making Conservation a California Way of Life," was adopted in 2024, establishing individualized Urban Water Use Objectives for each urban retail water supplier. In contrast to the SB X7-7 per-capita targets, this legislation functions as a water budget tailored to a supplier’s service area, considering residential indoor use, residential and commercial outdoor use based on local evapotranspiration and irrigable landscape area, water loss, and bonus incentives for potable reuse. In addition to the volumetric UWUO, the regulation establishes performance measures for commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors. The standards become progressively more stringent through 2040.
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The data presented in this section demonstrate the expected outcomes for reduced Delta reliance and regional self-sufficiency. The information has been noticed and presented in accordance with applicable law.
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TABLE 3: SUPPLIES CONTRIBUTING TO REGIONAL SELF-RELIANCE Water Supplies Contributing to Regional Self-Reliance2010 2015 20202025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050Water Use Efficiency 017,735 38,57172,800 77,112 81,378 85,682 89,024 92,557Water Recycling62,00047,82552,53647,49549,69950,93052,17253,55953,560Conjunctive Use Projects 54,045 57,349 57,34957,349 57,349 57,349 57,349 57,349 57,350Water Supplies Contributing to Regional Self-Reliance116,045122,909148,456177,644184,160189,658195,203199,932203,466Service Area Water Demands without Water Use Efficiency2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2045 Service Area Water Demands without Water Use Efficiency 145,066 155,744 168,166 194,500 200,512 206,378 212,182 217,824 223,257 Change in Regional Self Reliance (Acre-Feet) 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2045 Water Supplies Contributing to Regional Self-Reliance 116,045 122,909 148,456 177,644 184,160 189,658 195,203 199,932 203,466 Change in Water Supplies Contributing to Regional Self-Reliance 6,864 32,411 61,599 68,115 73,613 79,158 83,887 87,421 Percent Change in Regional Self Reliance2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2045 Water Supplies Contributing to Regional Self-Reliance 80.0% 78.9%88.3% 91.3% 91.8%91.9% 92.0% 91.8%91.1% Change in Water Supplies Contributing to Regional Self-Reliance -1.1% 8.3% 11.3% 11.9%11.9% 12.0% 11.8%11.1%
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft A-3
APPENDIX 3 - MWA REGIONAL DWR CHECKLIST
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft A-4
APPENDIX 4 MWA WSCP
2025 Mojave RUWMP Public Draft A-5
APPENDIX 16A- VICTORVILLE WATER DISTRICT WSCP
V I C T O R V I L L E W A T E R D I S T R I C TWater Shortage Contingency PlanDRAFTM A Y 2 0 2 6 Prepared by Water Systems Consulting, Inc.
Victorville Water District i Water Shortage Contingency Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................. ii Water Shortage Contingency Plan ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 Water Supply Reliability Analysis ................................................................................................ 1-3 1.2 Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment ......................................................................... 1-3 1.3 Six Standard Water Shortage Levels .......................................................................................... 1-5 1.4 Shortage Response Actions ............................................................................................................. 1-7 1.4.1 Demand Reduction ................................................................................................................... 1-7 1.4.2 Supply Augmentation ........................................................................................................... 1-10 1.4.3 Emergency Response Plan ................................................................................................... 1-10 1.4.4 Seismic Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plan ................................................................... 1-10 1.4.5 Shortage Response Action Effectiveness ........................................................................... 1-11 1.5 Communication Protocols .............................................................................................................. 1-11 1.6 Compliance and Enforcement ...................................................................................................... 1-11 1.7 Legal Authorities ............................................................................................................................ 1-11 1.8 Financial Consequences of WSCP .............................................................................................. 1-12 1.9 Monitoring and Reporting ............................................................................................................ 1-13 1.10 WSCP Refinement Procedures .................................................................................................. 1-13 1.11 Plan Adoption, Submittal, and Availability ............................................................................ 1-13 Attachment 1- WSCP Resolution of Adoption ....................................................................................... 1-14 Attachment 2 - Ordinance No. VWD012 ............................................................................................ 1-15
Victorville Water District ii Water Shortage Contingency Plan LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1- .......................................................................... 1-6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1. Annual Assessment Procedure ................................................................................................. 1-4 Table 1-2. DWR Water Shortage Contingency Plan Levels ................................................................. 1-6 Table 1-3. Demand Reduction Actions ...................................................................................................... 1-8 Table 1-4. Supply Augmentation & Other Actions .............................................................................. 1-10 LIST OF ACRONYMS Annual Assessment Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment AWIA Americas Water Infrastructure Act City City of Victorville Citys Code Citys Municipal Code CWC California Water Code DWR State of California Department of Water Resources ERP Emergency Response Plan RRA Risk and Resilience Assessment State State of California UWMP 2020 Urban Water Management Plan VWD Victorville Water District WSCP Water Shortage Contingency Plan 1-1
Water Shortage Contingency PlanThis Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP) is a strategic plan that the Victorville Water District uses to prepare for and respond to water shortages.A water shortage occurs when water supply available is insufficient to meet the normally expected customer water use at a given point in time. A shortage may occur due to a number of reasons, such as water supply quality changes, climate change, drought, regional power outage, and catastrophic events (e.g., earthquake).Additionally, the Stateof California (State) may declare a statewide drought emergency and mandate that water suppliers reduce demands, as occurred in 2014.The WSCP serves as the operating manual that Victorville Water District (VWD) will use to prevent catastrophic service disruptions through proactive, rather than reactive, mitigation of water shortages. This WSCP provides a process for an Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment and structured steps designed to respond to actual conditions. This level of detailed planning and preparation provide accountability and predictability and will help VWD maintain reliable supplies and reduce the impacts of any supply shortages and/or interruptions.This WSCP was prepared in conjunction with VWDs 2025 Regional Urban Water Management Plan (RUWMP) and is a standalone document that can be modified as needed. This document is compliant with the California Water Code (CWC) Section 10632 and incorporated guidance from the State of California Department of Water Resources (DWR) UWMP Guidebook.
Victorville Water District 1-2 Water Shortage Contingency Plan The WSCP describes the following: 1. Water Service Reliability Analysis: Summarizes VWDs water supply analysis and reliability and identifies any key issues that may trigger a shortage condition. 2. Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment Procedures: Describes the key data inputs, evaluation criteria, and methodology for assessing the systems reliability for the coming year, and the steps to formally declare any water shortage levels and response actions. 3. Six Shortage Stages: Establishes water shortage levels to clearly identify and prepare for shortages. 4. Shortage Response Actions: Describes the response actions that may be implemented or considered for each stage to reduce gaps between supply and demand. 5. Communication Protocols: Describes communication protocols under each stage to ensure customers, the public, and government agencies are informed of shortage conditions and requirements. 6. Compliance and Enforcement: Defines compliance and enforcement actions available to administer demand reductions. 7. Legal Authority: Lists the legal documents that grant VWD the authority to declare a water shortage and implement and enforce response actions. 8. Financial Consequences of WSCP Implementation: Describes the anticipated financial impact of implementing water shortage stages and identifies mitigation strategies to offset financial burdens. 9. Monitoring and Reporting: Summarizes the monitoring and reporting techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of shortage response actions and overall WSCP implementation. Results are used to determine if additional shortage response actions should be activated or if efforts are successful and response actions should be reduced. 10. WSCP Refinement Procedures: Describes the factors that may trigger updates to the WSCP and outlines how to complete an update. 11. Special Water Features Distinctions: Water use for decorative features shall be limited unless necessary to sustain aquatic life. Decorative features include ornamental fountains, ponds, and other aesthetic features. 12. Plan Adoption, Submittal, and Availability: Describes the process for the WSCP adoption, submittal, and availability after each revision.
Victorville Water District 1-3 Water Shortage Contingency Plan
1.1 Water Supply Reliability Analysis As part of the 2025 RUWMP, VWD completed a water supply reliability analysis for normal, single-dry, and five-year consecutive dry year periods. As described in Chapter 16.8 of VWDs 2025 RUWMP, the effects of a local drought are not immediately recognized because the region uses the local groundwater basins to simulate a large reservoir for long-term storage. VWD is able to pump additional groundwater to meet increased demands in dry years and participates in efforts to replenish the basins with imported and local water through regional recharge programs. Based on the analysis, VWD does not anticipate any supply shortage due to single or consecutive dry years. Even though localized drought conditions should not affect supply, VWD participates in several ongoing water conservation measures and regional recharge projects to optimize and enhance the use of regional water resources. VWD will use this WSCP as appropriate to reduce the demand during critical drought years or other supply emergencies. A Drought Risk Assessment was also performed to analyze supply reliability for the next five years, 2026 through 2030. Similarly, the results show that VWDs water supply is reliable and is not expected to see impactful change under drought conditions. 1.2 Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment As an urban water supplier, VWD must prepare and submit an Annual Water Supply and Demand Assessment (Annual Assessment) per CWC Section 10632.1. Starting in 2022, the Annual Assessment will be due by July 1 of every year. The Annual Assessment is an evaluation of the near-term outlook for supplies and demands to determine whether the potential for a supply shortage exists and whether there is a need to trigger a WSCP shortage level and response actions in the current calendar year to maintain supply reliability. This process will take place at the same time each year based on known circumstances and information available to VWD at the time of analysis and can be update or revised at any time if circumstances change. VWD will establish and convene an internal WSCP Team to conduct the Annual Assessment each year. The WSCP may include the following staff and is led by the Water Conservation Department: General Manager Water Supply/Engineering Staff Water Conservation Staff Public Works Staff Finance The Annual Assessment procedure, including key data inputs and evaluation criteria, is summarized in Table 1-1.
Victorville Water District 1-4 Water Shortage Contingency Plan Table 1-1. Annual Assessment Procedure TIMING ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES PROCEDURE, KEY DATA INPUTS, EVALUATION CRITERIA AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS STAFF RESPONSIBLE Oct-Nov Estimate unconstrained demands for coming year Demands will be estimated based on water sales forecasts from annual budget or prior year demands plus any anticipated changes Water Supply/Engineering Oct-Nov Estimate available supplies for the year, considering the following year will be dry Previous year supplies (from Electronic Annual Report Water Supply) will be reviewed and compared to estimated demands for the coming up year to determine estimated supplies. VWD will coordinate with Mojave Water Agency to determine availability of Regional Recharge and Recovery Project water supply. Water Supply/Engineering Jan - Feb Consider potential constraints that may impact supply delivery Identify any known regional or VWD infrastructure issues that may pertain to near-term water supply reliability, including repairs, construction, and environmental mitigation measures that may temporarily constrain capabilities, as well as any new projects that may add to system capacity. Identify any facilities out of service due to water quality problems, equipment failure, etc. that may impact normal water deliveries. Water Supply/Engineering Feb Convene WSCP Team to conduct Annual Assessment Compare supplies and demands and discuss any constraints that may impact supply delivery. If the potential for a shortage exists, determine which shortage response level and actions are recommended to reduce/eliminate the shortage. Additionally, if the State declares a drought state of emergency and requires demand reductions, the WSCP Team will determine which water shortage level and response actions are needed to comply with the State mandate. WSCP Team Jun City of Victorville (City) Council review and action If the potential for a shortage exists or the State has mandated demand reductions, the results of the Annual Assessment will be presented to the VWD City Council, including the recommended shortage level and response actions. City Council may order the implementation of a shortage level and will adopt a resolution declaring the applicable water shortage level. General Manager City Council On-going Implement WSCP actions, if needed Relevant members of VWD staff will implement shortage response actions associated with the declared water shortage level WSCP Team By July 1 Submit Retail Annual Assessment Send Final Retail Annual Assessment to DWR WSCP Team
Victorville Water District 1-5 Water Shortage Contingency Plan
1.3 Six Standard Water Shortage Levels Water agencies relying solely on groundwater sources which are being managed under an adjudication, such as the VWD, are less likely to experience water shortages than those agencies relying primarily on surface water, due to the limited influence of climatic variability on groundwater supplies. Nevertheless, it is still important for groundwater agencies to reduce production during drought years to avoid excessive overdraft of the groundwater basin. VWDs rationing plan will be invoked during declared water shortages. Each stage includes a water reduction objective expressed as a percentage of normal demands. The rationing plan is dependent on the cause, severity, and anticipated duration of the water supply shortage. Stage 1: Normal Water Supply Condition (Year-Round Water Conservation) Stage 1 (when VWD is able to meet all the water demands of its customers in the immediate future) shall be in effect at all times, unless the City Council otherwise declares under the provisions of Section 10.05.070 of VWD Ordinance No. VWD012 that one or more of the VWDs stages are in effect. During Conservation Stage 1, it shall be unlawful and a violation of VWD Ordinance No. VWD012 for any water user to make, cause, use, or permit the use of water in any manner contrary to the provisions of the prohibitions listed in Table 1-3. The VWDs Ordinance No VWD-012 is available in Attachment 2. Stage 2: Threatened Water Supply Shortage Stage 2 shall be in effect when VWDs ability to provide water for ordinary domestic and commercial uses may be adversely impaired or threatened. Shortage Stage 2 will be implemented when a 10% to 28% reduction in total potable water production or water usage must be met. The actual percentage reduction required (based on State conservation mandates and other contributing factors) will be indicated in the VWD resolution enacting Shortage Stage 2. During Shortage Stage 2, it shall be unlawful and a violation of VWD Ordinance No. VWD012 for any water user to make, cause, use, or permit the use of water in any manner contrary to the prohibitions listed in Table 1-3. Stage 3: Critical Water Supply Shortage Stage 3 shall be in effect when VWDs ability to provide water for ordinary domestic and commercial uses may be critically impaired or threatened. Shortage Stage 3 will be implemented when a 29% to 40% reduction in total potable water production or water usage must be met. The actual percentage reduction required (based on State conservation mandates and other contributing factors) will be indicated in the VWD resolution enacting Shortage Stage 3. During Shortage Stage 3, it shall be unlawful and a violation of VWD Ordinance No. VWD012 for any water user to make, cause, use, or permit the use of water in any manner contrary to the prohibitions listed in Table 1-3. Stage 4: Emergency Water Supply Shortage Stage 4 shall be in effect when a disaster or other major disruption in the water supply or any emergency that prevents VWD from meeting the water demands of water users is threatened or exists. Shortage Stage 4 will be implemented when a total potable water production or water usage reduction in excess of 41%. The actual percentage reduction required (based on State conservation mandates and other contributing factors) will be indicated in the VWD resolution enacting Shortage Stage 4. Prohibitions during stage 4 are provided in Table 1-3.
Victorville Water District 1-6 Water Shortage Contingency Plan The City Manager shall promulgate a drought management plan containing regulations setting forth the criteria for implementation and termination of various water use reduction stages. The City Manager is authorized to declare a water shortage, and to implement a water shortage management plan, in response to events including (but not limited to) reductions in supply from any water purveyor or when an insufficient supply appears likely due to water system limitations or structural failure. Such declaration may designate the entire area of the City or a portion of it if the shortage is not citywide. The CWC outlines six standard water shortage levels that correspond to a gap in supply compared to normal year availability. The six standard water shortage levels correspond to progressively increasing estimated shortage conditions (up to 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and greater than 50% shortage compared to the normal reliability condition) and align with the response actions that a water supplier would implement to meet the severity of the impending shortages. The CWC allows suppliers with an existing water shortage contingency plan that uses different water shortage levels to comply with the six standard levels by developing and including a cross-reference relating its existing shortage categories to the six standard water shortage levels. VWD is maintaining the current four shortage stages for this WSCP. A crosswalk defines how VWDs current water shortage stages will align with the DWRs standardized six levels of shortage. A visual representation of this alignment is shown in Figure 1-1. Table 1-2 summarizes DWRs WSCP levels and where VWDs levels align. Figure 1-1. Crosswalk to DWRs Six Shortage Stages Table 1-2. DWR Water Shortage Contingency Plan Levels DWR Table 8-1 SHORTAGE LEVEL PERCENT SHORTAGE RANGE1 (NUMERICAL VALUE AS A PERCENT) WATER SHORTAGE CONDITION 1 Up to 10% Normal Water Supply (VWD Stage 1) 2 Up to 20% Threatened Water Supply Shortage (VWD Stage 2) 3 Up to 30% Threatened Water Supply Shortage (VWD Stage 2) 4 Up to 40% Critical Water Supply Shortage (VWD Stage 3) 5 Up to 50% Emergency Water Supply Shortage (VWD Stage 4) 6 >50% Emergency Water Supply Shortage (VWD Stage 4) 1 One stage in the Water Shortage Contingency Plan must address a water shortage of 50%. 2025 WSCP Level
Victorville Water District 1-7 Water Shortage Contingency Plan
1.4 Shortage Response Actions This section was completed pursuant to CWC Section 10632(a)(4) and 10632.5(a) and describes the response actions that must be implemented or considered for each stage to minimize social and economic impacts to the community. 1.4.1 Demand Reduction Mandatory compliance measures enacted during a water shortage are more severe than voluntary measures, produce greater savings, and are less costly to the utility. The principal drawback to these measures could result from customer resentment if the measures are not seen as equitable. Therefore, such measures need to be accompanied by a good public relations campaign. The demand reduction actions for each stage are shown in Table 1-3.
Victorville Water District 1-10 Water Shortage Contingency Plan
1.4.2 Supply Augmentation Table 1-4 identifies the supply augmentation actions VWD can take in the event of a water shortage condition. VWD currently maintains interconnections with Mojave Water Agency. During water shortage emergencies, VWD may be able to obtain supplemental water supply though this connection, if available. Table 1-4. Supply Augmentation & Other Actions DWR Table 8-3 SHORTAGE LEVEL SUPPLY AUGMENTATION METHODS AND OTHER ACTIONS BY WATER SUPPLIER HOW MUCH IS THIS GOING TO REDUCE THE SHORTAGE GAP? ADDITIONAL EXPLANATION OR REFERENCE 4 Other purchases 0-15% Purchase additional water from Mojave Water Agency if available 1.4.3 Emergency Response Plan In 2025, VWD completed a Risk and Resilience Assessment (RRA) and Emergency Response Plan (ERP) in accordance with Americas Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) of 2018. The purpose of the RRA and ERP is to meet the AWIA compliance requirements and plan for long-term resilience of VWDs infrastructure. The RRA assessed VWDs water system to identify critical assets and processes that may be vulnerable to human and natural hazards, and to identify measures that can be taken to reduce risk and enhance resilience from service disruption for the benefit of customers. The RRA identifies and characterizes both infrastructure-specific and system-wide vulnerabilities and threats and quantifies the consequences of disruption. The RRA also identifies various options (and constraints) in addressing and mitigating risk. The RRA, in conjunction with the ERP, charts a course for water system resilience. The RRA also provided various recommendations to increase reliability of VWDs system. Because critical pieces of infrastructure and specific vulnerabilities are detailed in the RRA and ERP, the contents of the document are confidential and for use by VWDs staff only. However, VWD can confirm that these plans meet the requirements set forth by AWIA and evaluate seismic risks and mitigation actions to VWDs infrastructure. In the event of a water shortage emergency resulting from equipment failure, power outage, or other catastrophe, VWD is prepared to purchase emergency water supplies from nearby agencies while repairs or other remedial actions are underway. VWD may also implement its four-stage plan for conservation, as described above, with either voluntary or mandatory reductions depending on the severity of the shortage. For severe disasters (Stage 4), mandatory water use reductions are specified. 1.4.4 Seismic Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plan Disasters, such as earthquakes, can and will occur without notice. VWD has assessed the risk and mitigations for water facilities. VWD has identified a set of hazard mitigation actions that are intended to reduce the impact of hazards, including: Installed isolation valves on main transmission lines. Replaced pipes in areas of moderate to high liquefaction or traverse active faults. Strengthened concrete tank walls on large reservoirs. Retrofitted water tanks. Installed well discharge piping to accommodate differential settlement. Installed flexible connections for pipeline connections to pump stations.
Victorville Water District 1-11 Water Shortage Contingency Plan
1.4.5 Shortage Response Action Effectiveness VWD has estimated the effectiveness of shortage response actions when data pertaining to such actions is available. Estimates of the effectiveness for actions has been included in the DWR submittal tables. It is expected that response actions effectiveness is also a result of successful communication and outreach efforts. 1.5 Communication Protocols VWD prioritizes effective communication, especially in times of a water shortage emergency. VWD routinely communicates to customers about details on when a stage is announced. Communication actions may include bill inserts, handouts, informative flyers, and direct mail pieces to newspaper and bus shelter advertisements, news releases, social media outreach, and website content. VWD continues to provide reminders about shortage levels and encourages conservation at all times. 1.6 Compliance and Enforcement Section 10 of VWDs Ordinance No. VWD012, sets forth the fourstage WSCP, where violations to all mandatory provisions are a misdemeanor and violators may be punished by imprisonment, fine or both. In addition to these criminal penalties, the following civil actions can be initiated by VWD: For a first violation of any provision of the WSCP, the enforcement officer shall issue a written notice of first violation and provide the violator with educational materials on landscape water conservation, including a copy of this chapter. The notice shall give the designated water user a reasonable period of time to correct the violation. Failure to correct the violation within a reasonable period of time shall constitute a second violation. For a second violation of any provision of this chapter, the City shall issue a written notice of second violation to the designated water user imposing a fine in an amount not to exceed $100 and requiring immediate correction of the violation. For a third violation of any provision of this section, the City shall issue a written notice of third violation to the designated water user imposing a fine in an amount not to exceed $200 and requiring immediate correction of the violation. For a fourth or subsequent violation of this section, the City shall impose a fine in an amount not to exceed $500. The fourth and each subsequent violation of this chapter shall be deemed a public nuisance, which may be abated pursuant to the procedures provided in Chapter 13.02 nuisances of the Citys Municipal Code (Citys Code). Any citations issued and fines imposed on designated water users for violations of the chapter shall be served, administered, collected, and appealed in accordance with the procedures of Chapter 1.05 administrative remedies of the Citys Code. 1.7 Legal Authorities The Citys Code Chapter 13.60 addresses water conservation and establishes water waste prohibitions. This section of the Citys Code is adopted through Ordinances 2114, 2133, 2135, and 2338. City Ordinance No. 2338, revised Chapter 13.60 of the Citys Code to include provisions for water efficient landscaping as well as restrictions and prohibitions related to water waste. VWD also has adopted Ordinance Number VWD012 on May 19, 2015, which adopts a conservation program and amends the VWDs WSCP.
Victorville Water District 1-12 Water Shortage Contingency Plan
1.8 Financial Consequences of WSCP In May of 2021, VWD updated its comprehensive water rate study from 2015 for several reasons, including meeting longterm revenue requirements, providing revenue stability and adequate funding for capital improvements, and complying with legal requirements, including Proposition 218. The rates proposed in this study were developed in a manner that is consistent with industry standards, including court rulings affecting how the cost bases for water rates should be established. The rate study specifically addressed several key issues, including: Revenue Requirements and Financial Planning The long-range financial plan for VWD was closely examined and adjusted to best meet annual operating expenses, capital improvement costs, annual other post-employment benefits funding requirements, and established reserve requirements. Rate Structure rate structure was evaluated to ensure it is consistent with industry standards and addresses other key objectives. The fixed monthly charge will continue to be based on meter size which provides greater revenue stability. VWD also compared a number of volumetric rate alternatives, including tiered and uniform volumetric alternatives. Given source of supply and costs, the proposed 2-Tier volumetric rates for single-family residential customers with a uniform volumetric rate for all other customers is best suited for VWD. Fixed vs. Variable Charges The amount of revenue collected from fixed charges vs. volumetric rates was carefully examined. The proposed rate design will collect the projected water supply costs from volumetric charges and the remaining revenue requirement from fixed charges. In the first year of the rate adjustment, new rates will continue to collect 27% of revenue from fixed charges and 73% from volumetric charges but will transition to a 40% fixed and 60% volumetric split by Year 5 of the proposed rates to move closer to the 53% fixed and 47% volumetric split that resulted from the cost-of-service analysis. By adjusting the fixed vs. volumetric split, VWD is increasing revenue stability while still promoting conservation. Statewide Conservation The State imposed drought-related conservation level 2 (25% Statewide) back in 2015 and VWD was mandated to reduce water consumption by 28% beginning in April 2015. As the State may be heading into another drought, the current and projected future consumption levels were closely evaluated and incorporated into the rate study. LongTerm Conservation The assumptions and recommendations contained in the rate study assume that water supplies will continue to be limited in the future and that, in the long run, customers will reduce consumption accordingly. Therefore, the drought rates developed in the rate study will allow VWD to meet its annual revenue requirements at various stages of conservation even if drought conditions worsen over the next five years. The new volumetric rate structure recommended by the rate study is set to the marginal cost of water, meaning that changes in consumption would cause matching changes in revenue and expenses. Under this structure, a reduction in water sales due to conservation would not have a negative fiscal impact on VWD. Drought rates can be implemented by VWD at various conservation levels that range from 20% through 50%; however, due to the higher marginal cost savings provided by the new rate structure, drought rates would not be needed after Year 2 since the losses from drought revenue reductions would be offset by marginal cost reductions. Drought rates were developed in 10% increments that VWD can implement for 20% through 50% conservation levels. The new rates are subject to the substantive and procedural requirements of Proposition 218 (Cal. Const. Art. XIIID). Section 6 of Article XIIID sets forth standards for setting rates that reflect the proportional cost of providing water services, as well as requirements for providing notice, a public hearing, and the ability to protest such proposed revisions to and increases in charges and fees for water service.
Victorville Water District 1-13 Water Shortage Contingency Plan To ensure VWD customers comply with Ordinance 225 and CWC Chapter 3.3 (Excessive Residential Water Use During Drought), additional staff costs will be incurred to monitor and enforce response actions. The incurred cost may vary depending on the shortage stage and duration of the water shortage emergency. 1.9 Monitoring and Reporting The water savings from implementation of the WSCP will be determined based on monthly production reports, which are reviewed and compared to production reports and pumping statistics from prior months and the same period of the prior year. Under shortage conditions, these production reports could be prepared as often as daily. At first, the cumulative consumption for the various sectors (e.g., residential, commercial, etc.) will be evaluated for reaching the target level. Then if needed, individual accounts will be monitored. Weather and other possible influences may be accounted for in the evaluation. 1.10 WSCP Refinement Procedures The WSCP is best prepared and implemented as an adaptive management plan. VWD will use results obtained from their monitoring and reporting program to evaluate any needs for revisions. Potential changes to the WSCP that would warrant an update include, but are not limited to, any changes to trigger conditions, changes to the shortage stage structure, and/or changes to customer reduction actions. Any prospective changes to the WSCP would need to be presented to City Council for discretionary approval. Once discretionary approval has been granted, VWD will hold a public hearing, obtain any comments and adopt the updated WSCP. Notices for refinement and the public hearing date will be published in the local newspaper in advance of any public meetings. 1.11 Plan Adoption, Submittal, and Availability VWD adopted this WSCP with the 2025 RUWMP. The 2025 RUWMP and WSCP were made available for public review in June 2026 and a public hearing was held on June 16, 2026 to receive public input on the draft 2025 RUWMP and the WSCP. The City Council adopted the 2025 RUWMP and the WSCP at a public meeting on June 16, 2026. The resolution of adoption is included in Attachment 1. This WSCP was submitted to DWR through the WUEdata portal before the deadline of July 1, 2026. This WSCP will be available to the public on the Citys web site. If VWD identifies the need to amend this WSCP, it will follow the same procedures for notification to cities, counties and the public as used for the 2025 RUWMP and for initial adoption of the WSCP.
Victorville Water District 1-14 Water Shortage Contingency Plan WSCP Resolution of Adoption
Victorville Water District 1-15 Water Shortage Contingency Plan Ordinance No. VWD012