AECOM CURB
2045: 19,100 2045: 80% organic waste reduction
18 Expand the food recovery
network to collect edible
food from businesses
Included in Action
17 Included in Action 17 NA NA
19 Reduce unnecessary
material consumption
_
e
_
e NA NA
20 Develop and implement
an urban forest master
plan
2030: 700 2030: 15% canopy coverage, 15,200 additional trees planted from 2018-2030 City of West
Sacramento,
AECOM
CAPCOA
Handbook
2045: 5,600 2045: 35% canopy coverage, 65,867 additional trees planted from 2018-2045
21 Evaluate carbon removal
opportunities from
industrial processes and
direct air capture
0 _
f NA NA
*The Climate Action for Urban Sustainability (CURB) tool (Available online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/the-curb-tool-climate-action-for-urbansustainability) and the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) Handbook equations (Available online: https://www.airquality.org/residents/climatechange/ghg-handbook-caleemod) were used to estimate GHG emissions. a Vehicle travel reductions that would occur from implementing this action are conservatively assumed to be included within SACOG’s regional travel demand model which informed the city’s GHG emissions forecasts; no additional GHG reductions are stated here to avoid double counting the impacts of this action. b Potential GHG reductions from this action are not included because the CARB off-road model did not assign any rail GHG emissions to Yolo County in 2018 and therefore the city should not include GHG reductions from rail actions in its CAAP accounting; co-benefits that could still result from action implementation are shown in the CAAP Action 10 summary page.
c Local solar development shows zero GHG reductions in 2045 because the electric grid will be 100% zero carbon based on California’s Renewables Portfolio Standard; this action would still contribute the other co-benefits identified in the CAAP Action 12 summary page, but no additional GHG reductions would accrue. d Reductions from Action 13 cannot be combined with Actions 14 or 16 since they offer overlapping implementation pathways; Action 13 represents the total reductions estimated from this action, but the city’s specific implementation approach could include a combination of Actions 13, 14, and/or 16. e Reductions from Action 19 are not quantified in the CAAP because the action addresses the upstream and/or lifecycle GHG emissions from goods/services consumed in the community, which are not represented in the 2018 GHG inventory based on the standard community GHG inventory methodologies followed during its development. However, this action supports important environmental benefits, such as upstream GHG reductions. f Potential GHG reductions from this action are not included because further research is needed into carbon removal opportunities the city might pursue to demonstrate carbon neutrality in 2045, including monitoring and participating in discussions for carbon removal programs in Yolo County and elsewhere in the region. 292
Appendix B
Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecast
Data
Attachment 3
293
294
Appendix B
Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecast Data
295
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix B – GHG Inventory and Forecast Data Emissions Source Activity Data Unit Activity Data Source Emission Factor Source Growth Indicator2
Growth
Indicator
Source
Residential Electricity 113,476,193 kWh PG&E PG&E and EPA eGRID1 Population SACOG3 Commercial Electricity 262,178,827 kWh PG&E PG&E and EPA eGRID1 Service
Population SACOG3
Institutional Electricity 10,569,489 kWh PG&E PG&E and EPA eGRID1 Service
Population SACOG3
Residential Natural Gas 6,838,797 therms PG&E PG&E and EPA Emission Factors Hub4,5 Population SACOG3
Commercial Natural Gas 8,394,998 therms PG&E PG&E and EPA Emission Factors Hub4,5
Service
Population SACOG3
Institutional Natural Gas 97,898 therms PG&E PG&E and EPA Emission Factors Hub4,5
Service
Population SACOG3
On-road Transportation 497,096,920
Vehicle
Miles
Traveled
(VMT)
SACOG3
California Air Resources
Board (CARB) EMFAC2021
Model6
VMT Forecasts SACOG3
Waterborne Navigation NA NA
Commercial harbor craft and
ocean-going vessel emissions:
CARB EMFAC Off-road model
7 Ocean-going vessels (at-berth)
emissions: CARB At-Berth
Emissions Estimates
NA7 NA8
EMFAC,
CARB
Off-road Vehicles /
Equipment NA NA
County-level emissions: CARB
EMFAC Off-road model7
City-scaling factors: SACOG
and other sources7
NA6
Service
Population SACOG3
Solid Waste 57,776 tons City of West Sacramento
Global Protocol for
Community-Scale GHG
Inventories, methane
commitment methodology
Service
Population SACOG3
296
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix B – GHG Inventory and Forecast Data Emissions Source Activity Data Unit Activity Data Source Emission Factor Source Growth Indicator2
Growth
Indicator
Source
Composting 10,426 tons City of West Sacramento
Global Protocol for
Community-Scale GHG
Inventories
Service
Population SACOG3
Wastewater NA NA
Population: California
Department of Finance
Treatment Method: City of
Sacramento
City Inventory Reporting and
Information System (CIRIS)
Calculator9
Service
Population SACOG3
297
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix B – GHG Inventory and Forecast Data Emissions Source Activity Data Unit Activity Data Source Emission Factor Source Growth Indicator2
Growth
Indicator
Source
1 PG&E provided 2018 CO2 electricity emissions factor; CH4 and N2O emissions factors were collected from EPA’s 2018 eGRID for the CAMX region (Available online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-01/documents/egrid2018_summary_tables.pdf) 2 Service population = local population + jobs
3 SACOG 2020 MTP/SCS; VMT includes 100% of all trips that start and end in the city and 50% of all inbound or outbound trips (pass-through trips that do not stop in the city are excluded). For any inbound or outbound trips, only the portion of the VMT inside the SACOG planning area is counted (this area includes the counties of Yolo, Sacramento, Sutter, Yuba, Placer, and El Dorado but excludes the Tahoe basin). 2016, 2035, and 2040 data provided to AECOM by SACOG staff. 2018 and 2030 values were interpolated using 2016 and 2035 values, 2040 values were extrapolated using 2016 and 2040 values.
4 PG&E provided 2018 CO2 natural gas emissions factor; CH4 and N2O emissions factors were collected from EPA’s GHG Emission Factors Hub (2018) (Available online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf) 5 Fugitive emissions are calculated from natural gas activity data 6 On-road GHG emissions were calculated using Yolo County EMFAC VMT and emission rate data from CARB’s EMFAC2021 model and developing a weighted average emissions factor for all vehicle types for each speed bin, which was then multiplied by the city’s VMT data. The emissions factor was weighted by the VMT of each vehicle type for each speed bin. 7 CARB’s Off-road models provide off-road vehicle/equipment emissions estimates at the county-level for a range of vehicle categories; Yolo County results were scaled to West Sacramento using local context and factors associated with different off-road equipment categories, as follows: agricultural equipment – city’s share of county agriculture land; cargo handling equipment, commercial harbor craft, ocean-going vessels (which includes traveling portions of the trips from port to port) – city inventory includes 100% of the EMFAC-calculated county-wide emissions since Port of West Sacramento is in city boundary; construction and mining equipment, portable equipment, and transportation refrigeration units – scaled based on city to county service population values; industrial equipment, locomotive (line haul), locomotive (short line), locomotive (switcher), light commercial equipment – scaled based on city to county employment values. 8 At-berth emissions forecasts were collected from CARB’s At-Berth Emissions Estimates (from Aux. Engines and Boilers) under Existing Regulations and Proposed Regulatory Concept file, October 17, 2019. GHG emissions estimates for the Port of West Sacramento were provided for 2021, 2023, 2025, 2027, 2029, and 2031. 2018 base year emissions were backcast using the 2021 and 2023 values; 2030 forecasts were estimated as the average of the 2029 and 2031 values; 2045 forecasts were extrapolated from the 2021 and 2031 values. 9 C40 Cities. City Inventory Reporting and Information System (CIRIS) tool, Standard 2.3, May 2019. Available online:
https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources/reporting-ghg-emissions-inventories 298
Appendix C
Adaptation Analysis and Policy
Recommendations
Attachment 4
299
Appendix C
Adaptation Analysis and Policy
Recommendations
300
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 2 of 26 According to California’s 4th Climate Change
Assessment - Sacramento Valley Regional Report,
impacts from climate change are already occurring in
the Sacramento Valley and are projected to worsen
throughout this century (Houlton and Lund 2018). The
City of West Sacramento (City) is currently updating
the Housing Element of its General Plan, which
triggers State requirements under SB 379 to review
and update as necessary the safety element to include
climate adaptation and resiliency policies. At the same time, the City is also updating its 2010 draft Climate
Action Plan, which inventories the city's greenhouse
gas emissions and includes emission reduction
targets. The updated CAP will include a high-level
overview of climate risks in the city.
301
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 3 of 26 The purpose of this Climate Adaptation
Analysis and Policy Recommendations
document) is to provide a summary of:
(1) Vulnerability: outline preliminary
results from a vulnerability assessment in
order to identify key climate vulnerabilities;
(2) Policy Review: review of the existing
General Plan and related city documents
for policies that address the key
vulnerabilities to identify policy gaps; and
(3) Policy Recommendations:
recommendations for actions that should
be included in the General Plan update to
address those gaps.
Vulnerability
Summary
Climate change-induced stressors(changes in
air temperature, precipitation patterns, and sea
level) cause climate hazards(flooding, extreme
heat, wildfire, etc.) that result in impacts to
people and physical assets.1 This section
identifies and evaluates the changes to the
climate that will affect West Sacramento, the
implications of those changes, and the relative
sensitivity to these changes to the climate,
based in part on the Delta Stewardship
Commission’s Draft West Sacramento
Vulnerability Report.
Climate Projections summarizes general
predictions and implications for flooding, heat,
drought, and wildfire. Exposure includes maps
indicating the spatial differentiation of exposure
future flood risk and current urban heat island
effects. Sensitivity describes the degree to
which people and different types of physical
assets may be damaged by each stressor.
Finally, Key Impacts and Vulnerabilities
summarizes the most important takeaways that
inform the focus of the subsequent policy gap
analysis and recommendations.
1 This section summarizes preliminary results from
the Delta Stewardship Commission’s Draft West
Sacramento Vulnerability Report, as well as
preliminary results from regional flood models being
prepared as part of the Delta Stewardship
Commission’sregional Climate Vulnerability
Assessment—Delta Adapts.All results and
recommendations presented in this memo should be
considered preliminary as they are based on an
incomplete draft of the Vulnerability Report. Note
that drought is addressed qualitatively, as drought
projections are less well-defined.
302
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 4 of 26 Climate Projections
The draft Vulnerability Report includes detailed climate projections based on data from Cal-Adapt, California’s official repository of climate data, which reflects the latest and best available climate science and is the standard for climate planning statewide. Table 1 below summarizes key takeaways from the projections. Impacts to people and physical assets are discussed later in this document.
Table 1: Summary of Climate Projections for West Sacramento General Prediction Details and Implications
Higher temperatures and
a greater average number
of extreme heat days per
year.
Average daily maximum is projected to increase 4.2-5.2 °F by 2050 and 5.6-8.4 °F compared to historic levels.
The average number of extreme heat days per year is projected to increase from four to 18-24 by mid-century and 25-43 by 2100.
Decreased snowpack Higher winter temperatures projected for the Sierra Nevada suggest that more precipitation will fall as rain, and snowpack will melt earlier in the season. This trend will increase flood risk (more water will drain through the Delta just after precipitation events, rather than being released slowly as snow melts) and change annual water supply patterns (surface water supplies will decrease substantially in late summer when snowpack has melted).
More frequent and severe
droughts
Multi-year droughts, similar to the recent drought experienced 2011–2019, are projected to increase in frequency. This trend has significant implications for West Sacramento’s water supply. For example, in 2015, the City’s Central Valley Project water supply allocation was reduced to 25% of its three-year average use.
Sea level rise According to DSC’s Delta Adapts project, sea level rise projections are six inches by 2030, 12-24” by 2050, and 42 inches for end-of-century.
More intense floods The combination of sea levelrise and changes in precipitation patterns throughout the Sacramento River watershed could increase risk of levee overtopping if a major precipitation event occurs at the same time as high tide.
Local flooding from increased precipitation may affect the city.
Increased risk of wildfires While wildfire risk within the city is projected to remain comparatively low, increased risk of wildfires in other areas of the state will likely result in heightened air quality impacts in the city, as evidenced by the 2020 wildfire season.
Source: Cal-Adapt via the Draft West Sacramento Vulnerability Report (Merritt 2020) 303
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 5 of 26 Exposure
In climate planning, exposure is the degree to which
people and/or assets are within an area that will be
physically impacted by a given climate hazard. Flood
risk, which is heavily influenced by local topography
and physical infrastructure, tends to have the most
spatial differentiation in exposure compared to the
other climate hazards. While temperature changes
are not likely to vary greatly across the city, surface heat caused by the urban heat island effect and
concentrations of impermeable surfaces can cause
some spatial differentiation in exposure. Exposure
to drought and reduced air quality from wildfires is
not anticipated to vary across the city so exposure
to these stressors is assumed to be uniform.
Exposure to Flooding
The city’s recently upgraded levee system provides
considerable protection against future sea level rise.
According to the flood models produced for Delta
Adapts, the city is not vulnerable to flooding from
levee overtopping under any of the scenarios
considered. The scenario considered was 3.5 ft of
sea level rise plus a 100-year storm which is
projected to occur by end-of-century (DSC 2020).
Note that DSC’s flood model does not include the
northern portions of West Sacramento that are
outside of the Legal Delta (i.e., those areas north of
the UP mainline). However, given the extent of
flooding and the fact that the northern part of the
city outside of the Legal Delta is roughly the same
elevation as the flooded area (and protected by the
same levees), it is unlikely that this area would be
vulnerable as well.
While the levee system does provide protection
from overtopping, the city may experience other
impacts caused by sea level rise. A rising
groundwater table may increase stress on pump
infrastructure and result in local flooding/ponding
during precipitation events and riparian habitats
and shoreline recreation amenities outside of the
levee system may be exposed to temporary and/or
permanent inundation.
Exposure to Heat
Both average daily maximum temperatures and the
annual number of extreme heat days are expected
to increase significantly citywide, as described in
Table 1 above. While changes in temperature
patterns are not anticipated to vary significantly
throughout the city, local surface heat can be
exacerbated by physical factors such concentrations
of impervious structure, leading to increased heat
exposure in those areas.
Figure 1 below depicts the concentration of
impervious surfaces based on data from the 2016
National Land Cover Database. While some
development in the southern portion of the city
may have occurred after 2016, the pattern is still
clear. The concentration of impervious surfaces is
highest in the industrial and commercial areas near
the Port of West Sacramento as well as along I-80
north of SR-50. There is substantial overlap
between concentrations of impervious surfaces and
census blocks that exhibit high social vulnerability
to climate change (see Sensitivity of Populations
below).
304
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 6 of 26 Figure 1: Percent impervious surfaces
Source: US National Land Cover Database, Urban
Imperviousness (2016)
305
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 7 of 26 Sensitivity
In climate planning, sensitivity is the degree to
which people or various physical assets may be
damaged or harmed if they are exposed to a climate
stressor. As described below, the sensitivity of
populations generally depends on socioeconomic
and health factors, while the sensitivity of physical
assets depends on physical characteristics such as
what material they are constructed from, the
presence of sensitive electrical equipment, etc.
Sensitivity of populations and physical assets are
discussed separately below.
Sensitivity of Populations
While anybody can be impacted by the adverse
effects of climate, certain populations are more
sensitive. The association between socioeconomic
characteristics and heightened sensitivity is due to a
variety of factors such as lack of mobility, lack of
economic resources, linguistic or cultural isolation,
historic and current structural racism, and
preexisting physical or mental health conditions.
The West Sacramento Vulnerability Report includes
a full discussion on sensitive populations and cites
extensive peer-reviewed research (Merritt 2020).
Social Vulnerability Index
For the purposes of mapping the relative sensitivity
of residents, it is common practice to develop a
social vulnerability index (SVI) based on a composite
of socioeconomic and health indicators that
indicate heightened sensitivity to climate change
impacts.2
Table 2 below summarizes the indicators included in
the SVI. The SVI is intended to identify
concentrations of populations that are sensitive to
flooding, extreme heat, and/or wildfire smoke. Each
census block received a score based on the number
of indicators above the 70th percentile compared to
all census blocks citywide.
Table 2: Summary of indicators included in West Sacramento’s social vulnerability index Indicator Metric Data Source
Children % population under 5 2017 American Communities Survey (US Census)
Disability % households with 1 or more persons with a
disability
2017 American Communities Survey
(US Census)
Educational
attainment
% adults over 25 without a high school
diploma or GED
2017 American Communities Survey
(US Census)
Linguistic
isolation
% households that are limited English speaking
households
2017 American Communities Survey
(US Census)
Older adults
living alone
% households that have 1 member, age 65
years and over
2017 American Communities Survey
(US Census)
2 For West Sacramento, CivicSpark Fellow Annie Merritt
developed a custom census block based SVI. This SVI
replicates the methodology used by DSC to identify
sensitive populations delta-wide for the Delta Adapts
project, which was developed after extensive research
detailed in the DSC’s Climate Change Vulnerability
Assessment and Adaptation Strategy Equity Technical
Memorandum (DSC 2020).
306
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 8 of 26 Indicator Metric Data Source
Poverty % of households with income less than 200%
of the federal poverty level
2017 American Communities Survey
(US Census)
Race and
ethnicity
% households with 1 or more persons that are
Hispanic and/or non-white
2017 American Communities Survey
(US Census)
Renters % of housing units that are renter-occupied 2017 American Communities Survey (US Census)
Vehicle access % households without a vehicle 2017 American Communities Survey (US Census)
Health
Insurance
% of individuals with health insurance coverage 2017 American Communities Survey (US Census)
Asthma Age-adjusted rate of emergency department
visits for asthma per 10,000
CalEnviroScreen 3.0
Cardiovascular
Disease
Age-adjusted rate of emergency department
visits for heart attack per 10,000
CalEnviroScreen 3.0
Low Birth
Weight
Percent low birth weight CalEnviroScreen 3.0
Food Insecurity At least 100 households are more than ½ mile from the nearest supermarket and have no
access to a vehicle; or at least 500 people or
33 percent of the population live more than 20
miles from the nearest supermarket
US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Food Access Research Atlas
Figure 2 below shows the city specific SVI along with CalEnviroScreen for comparison. The census blocks with the highest SVI scores are located north of U.S. Highway 50 and include the Riverside/CHP and Riverpoint neighborhoods, as well as portions of the Broderick/Bryte, Iron Triangle, Washington, and S. West Capitol to I-80 neighborhoods (Merritt 2020).
CalEnviroScreen, a SVI that is commonly used statewide, was not used for the Vulnerability Report because (1) it is intended to assess vulnerability to pollution and therefore includes several indicators that are not relevant to climate change sensitivity, and (2) it is at the census tract level, which is not granular enough to be used to understand relative sensitivity within the city of West Sacramento. Even so, as shown in Figure 2, there is strong similarity in the spatial pattern between the two indices in West Sacramento. Note that the city contains census tracts that scored among the highest and lowest for CalEnviroScreen statewide, indicating that there is a substantial variation within the city.
307
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 9 of 26 Figure 2: Left: Map of SVI scores (by census block) and Right: CalEnviroScreen scores (by census tract) Source: Draft West Sacramento Vulnerability Report (Merritt 2020) 308
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 10 of 26 Physical Assets
Table 3 below summarizes the sensitivities of physical asset types assessed in the draft Vulnerability Report to flooding and extreme heat.3
Table 3: Sensitivity of Physical Assets to Flooding and Heat Asset Type Flooding/SLR Heat
Cultural and
Historic
Resources
Prolonged exposure to flooding can
permanently damage the structures
themselves
Older buildings may be less structurally
sound and more prone to decay/water
damage. Even temporary flooding could
cause irreparable damage
Older roof shingles may become brittle under
extreme heat conditions, increasing speed of
decay
Historic I Street and Tower bridges may be
affected by extreme heat through bridge
expansion and contraction
Critical
Facilities/Services
(Fire, Police,
Hospitals, etc.)
Critical services may be interrupted,
either due to flooding to the facilities
themselves, or if access to the facilities
are cut off
Flooding can cause destruction of
expensive electrical, computer,
communication, and/or medical
equipment, especially if the equipment
is stored below-ground
Prolonged exposure to flooding can
permanently damage the structures
themselves
Heat waves can result in extreme stress on
infrastructure and key services, such as
medical and emergency services
Extreme heat can cause power outages and
other disruptions to the electrical grid, which
can disrupt critical services
Parks and
Recreation
Facilities
Permanent or prolonged inundation
could destroy or severely damage
outdoor recreation facilities such as turf
fields
For indoor facilities, flooding could
cause destruction or damage to
equipment/and or the structures
themselves
Increased demand for indoor, air-conditioned
recreation spaces such as indoor soccer fields
and basketball courts and maintenance
Increased air-conditioning costs for indoor
facilities and maintenance
Increased irrigation costs for outdoor facilities,
potential damage to turf fields
Agriculture Permanent or prolonged inundation will
destroy crops, cause erosion, and
potentially render cropland unusable
Flooding is especially catastrophic for
high value crops that take a long time
mature such as fruit and nut trees as
Increased susceptibility to pests and disease
by increasing plant stress
Temperature affects crop photosynthetic rates
and metabolic processes, which control
important crop characteristics including plant
growth, flowering and pollination times, leaf
3 Note that the draft Vulnerability Report includes detailed information on the sensitivity of physical assets from heat, but the section on impacts from flooding was blank at the time this memo was written. Therefore, there is slightly less detail for flooding in the table below.
309
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 11 of 26 Asset Type Flooding/SLR Heat
temporary inundation could destroy
long term investments
If floodwaters are brackish, salt left
behind can impact arability
Flooding can also damage farm
equipment and mechanized systems
development, nutritional quality, and fruit
production
Energy and
Utilities
Flood of electrical grid infrastructure can
cause major damage to system
components and/or prolonged loss of
power
Increasing groundwater table will result
in increased energy demand from pump
stations
Spikes in heat and associated electricity
demand stress electrical grid infrastructure
Extreme heat decreases efficiency of power
transmission
Power outages (blackouts or planned safety
shutoffs) are dangerous for those who rely on
home medical devices or are susceptible to
health effects with no air conditioning
Transportation Roads: asphalt stripping, concrete
erosion, subbase erosion, washouts
Bridges: increased scour, loss of
traction, blocking of routes
Rail: substructure erosion, forced
delays, inundation
Power outages to signals, congestion
and network delays
Safety impacts to active transportation
due to localized flooding
Roads: asphalt-concrete cracking and curling.
Bridges: expansion joint buckling, increased
maintenance
Rail: rail track buckling, expansion of catenary
wires, slower speeds and forced delays,
derailments. Increased rider discomfort and
demand for air conditioning in trains and
stations.
Power outages to signals, congestion and
network delays
Comfort and safety impacts to active
transportation may reduce walking/bicycling
mode share
Flood
Management
Infrastructure
Absent any regional flood management
improvements, sea level rise and altered
precipitation patterns could increase
flood stages in rivers/bypasses and
increase stress on levees.
Stormwater drainage pump stations will
require more energy to cool as temperatures
rise, and have an increased risk of overheating
Water Supply
and Wastewater
Infrastructure
Salinity intrusion eastward into the Delta
from San Francisco Bay
Mobilization of contaminants at
remediation sites due to flooding or
groundwater rise
Flooding of wastewater treatment
infrastructure can resultin spread of
sewage, with associated health and
environmental impacts
Reduced water supply both during droughts
and during late summer months during
“normal” years
Increased the frequency and duration of
Central Valley Water Project allocation
reductions. Reduced availability of alternative
options
Loss of power to wastewater treatment
facilities could result in untreated discharges
Sources: Flooding (AECOM), heat (Merritt 2020), impacts from both stressors on transportation (SACOG 2015) 310
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 12 of 26 Key Impacts and Vulnerabilities
Below is a summary of key vulnerabilities and
potential impacts. These results were summarized
to guide the subsequent policy analysis and
recommendations.
Extreme Heat
While extreme heat events may not be as
catastrophic as floods, heat waves and increased
average temperatures are projected to impact the
city in the near to mid-term and the cumulative
impacts may be substantial. Beyond the direct
health impacts of extreme heat, which can cause
heatstroke, exacerbate pre-existing conditions, or
even death, heat waves will have many other
consequences, such as gradual wear and tear on
infrastructure resulting in increased maintenance
costs, increased cost of living due to electricity
demand for air conditioning, and reduced livability,
which may impact residential and commercial
property values. The spike in energy demands
associated with heat waves can cause power
outages, with myriad consequences including
impacts to the immediate safety of people thatrely
on home medical devices. Exposure to extreme
heat will be greater in areas that have
concentrations of impervious surfaces. The SVI
identifies populations that have heightened
sensitivity to extreme heat and shows that there is a
strong overlap between exposed areas and
sensitive populations.
Increased Risk of Flooding
The combination of sea level rise and changing
hydrologic patterns will increase flood risk over the
long term. While the city is protected by a recently
upgraded levee system and overtopping risk may
not be a major threat in the near to mid-term,
increased water levels increase the potential
consequences of levee or pump failure. Impacts
may initially manifest as local flooding, ponding, or
increased pumping costs and energy requirements
due to groundwater table rise. Increased
temperatures may also increase flood risk as pump
stations could overheat during extreme heat
events. A major flood would be catastrophic for
both residents and physical assets. The SVI
identifies concentrations of populations that are
more sensitive and are less likely to have the
resources to cope with flood impacts.
Poor Air Quality During Wildfire
Seasons
Increasingly common wildfires in other areas of the
state will result in periods of poor air quality. As
witnessedin 2020, air quality impacts can be both
severe and prolonged. As wildfire risk continues to
increase, these impacts may become annual events.
While physical assets are not particularly sensitive
to wildfire smoke, people can suffer from a variety
of health impacts. Populations that are especially
sensitive include those with pre-existing respiratory
conditions, those who live in substandard housing
or lack the resources to purchase air filtration
systems, and outdoor agricultural workers and
other workers who do not have the option of
remaining indoors. The SVI can be used to identify
regions of heightened sensitivity. These overlap
with CalEnviroScreen results, suggesting that the
high SVI areas are already burdened by pollution
from a combination of proximity to freeways and
industrial areas.
Threatened Water Supply
Decreased snowpack and changing precipitation
patterns in the Sacramento River watershed will
threaten the city’s water supply. During droughts,
the city’s Central Valley Project water supply
allocation may be reduced substantially, but water
supply may also be impacted during “normal” years
as less surface water is available in the late summer.
This will impact both the local environment and
agricultural economy. Less water will be available
for irrigation of public recreation facilities, as well as private landscaping. This vulnerability applies
throughout the city uniformly. However, vulnerable
311
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 13 of 26 populations, especially agricultural workers, are
more sensitive to the economic impacts.
Policy Review
AECOM conducted a detailed review of the City’s
General Plan in order to understand the degree to
which the City is addressing the key impacts and
vulnerabilities described above. The summary of
this review, along with a review of other relevant
City policies/programs is included below (Table 4).
Please see the General Plan Policy Review Appendix
for more detail. This Policy Review section also
includes a summary of relevant regional and state
policy based on a much more detailed section in the
draft Vulnerability Report, as well as resources for
best practices identified by various regional studies.
Table 4: Summary of General Plan Policy Review
Climate
Hazard
Relevant City Policies Possible Policy Gaps
General General Plan supports mixed-use
development of riverfront areas
including the Bridge District,
Washington District, Pioneer Bluff, and
Stone Lock
General Plan supports the “Green
Economy” and sustainable jobs
workforce development.
Strong language in GP about
environmental justice and equitable
distribution of facilities.
S-4.7 Climate Change Monitoring and
Adaptation (local monitoring and
adaptive management) and S-4.8 GHG
Training (climate adaptation/mitigation
training for City staff and
decisionmakers)
New riverfront developments are a major
opportunity for the City to implement best
practices in stormwater management/green
infrastructure and urban heat island mitigation.
While the City's MS4 permit requires new and
redevelopment projects to install postconstruction stormwater treatment and runoff control devices (e.g., bio swales), General Plan
language describing the vision for new
developments does not directly emphasize the
importance of this opportunity.
The green economy can include industries/jobs
that improve climate resilience and sequester
carbon, in addition to emissions
reduction/sustainability.
Noting that it is especially important for
environmental justice principles to be applied to
all climate adaptation actions -including urban
greening, stormwater management, urban heat
island reduction, location of cooling/clean air
centers, etc.
The effectiveness of these actions will depend on
to what degree they are operationalized. For
example, green infrastructure, flood protection,
and drought tolerant landscaping requirements
and guidelines will need to be revisited
periodically to ensure they are stringent enough
based on the latest climate projections.
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Hazard
Relevant City Policies Possible Policy Gaps
While General Plan language does recognize that
the City is at a “development crossroads,” this is
not explicitly connected to the importance of
ensuring that the City’s future development
patterns contribute to climate resilience.
Sea Level Rise/
Flooding
Requirements for riverfront
developments to contribute to a
greenbelt of riverfront parks
Strong support for continued
development and expansion of Port of
West Sacramento facilities.
Wetland and riparian habitat protection
in the Natural and Cultural Resources
element.
Actions under Goal S-2 and Goal PFS-4
provide the City with a strong existing
framework for addressing risk of
flooding from sea level rise and
precipitation.
Many of the opportunity areas for shoreline
parks are on the river side of the levees.
Riverfront parks will be vulnerable to future sea
level rise.
Long-term viability of or infrastructure
requirements to protect the Port are currently
unknown.
Protecting wetlands under future conditions will
require leaving space for habitat to migrate
upland/inland as water level rise, not just
protecting it where it is now.
Further study needed to determine if current
requirements are stringent enough to provide
protection over the lifetime of developments/
infrastructure constructed now.
Extreme Heat NCR-7.4 Heat Island Reduction -City
shall require, to the extent feasible, site
and building design that reduces
exterior heat gain and heat island
effects (e.g., tree planting, reflective
paving materials, covered parking, cool
roofs).
Goal UD-4 actions around green streets
in the Urban Design Element
HE-3.2 Weatherization programs in the
Housing Element
By being organized under Goal NCR-7 (GHG
reduction) this action is framed as a strategy to
increase energy efficiency but does not highlight
public health benefits of reducing vulnerability to
extreme heat.
Stormwater management benefits of green
streets are emphasized but heat mitigation
benefits are not.
Weatherizing language is focused on energy
efficiency and while energy efficiency upgrades
will protect against heat and reduce air
conditioning expenses, the language does not
explicitly emphasize this connection.
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Hazard
Relevant City Policies Possible Policy Gaps
NCR-3.2 Urban Forest Management
Plan action in Natural and Cultural
Resources Element.
NCR-3.5 Planting in New Development
emphasizes heat mitigation benefits of
canopy trees.
To date, no Urban Forest Management Plan has
been developed.
Many other General Plan actions that that do
have heat reduction benefits are not framed that
way (all green streets, urban greening actions).
No known actions to protect outdoor workers,
those with limited mobility, and other sensitive
groups during extreme heat days.
General Plan includes language about ensuring
transit access to medical facilities but does not
mention ensuring transit access to cooling
centers.
Wildfire Smoke Goal S-5 in the Safety Element includes
actions to address poor air quality from
construction, transportation, industrial
facilities, etc.
Actions under Goal PFS-9 in the Public
Facilities and Services Element focuses
on preventing impacts from local
wildfires.
Actions under this goal do not mention the
connection between climate change and air
quality impacts: increased frequency of wildfires
in the surround region and increases in surface
pollutants/ozone during heat waves.
Actions do not address impacts from wildfires
that are outside the City. While the City has no
authority over wildfire risk reduction actions
outside of West Sacramento (and the Fire
Department already participates in state and
regional organizations that address the wildfire
risk), the City can also explore policies to address
public health impacts within the city from poor
air quality caused by wildfires.
In addition to heating and cooling centers during
extreme weather events, the City has opened
clean air centers during periods of poor air
quality/wildfire smoke.
Drought Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance
includes requirements for new
developments with landscaped area
greater than 500 sf or rehabilitation
projects >2,500 sf
NCR-5.4 Recycled/Reclaimed Water -
the City shall continue to us, and
Water efficiency requirements, as with most
policies from most general plans, do not apply to
existing developments.
General Plan does include strong language to
encourage use of recycled/reclaimed water by
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Hazard
Relevant City Policies Possible Policy Gaps
expand the use of, recycled and
reclaimed water for irrigation of
municipal parks and landscaping, PFS2.3 Water Conservation states that the city shall “encourage” water
conservation in private development,
including water recycling.
PFS-4.8 Rainwater Catchment -the City
shall encourage the use of rainwater
catchment facilities and improvements
where appropriate, cost effective, safe,
and environmentally sustainable.
PFS-2.1 states that City will continue to
prioritize surface water as the city’s
primary water source and will pursue
acquiring additional rights.
The City’s Urban Water Management
Plan includes a brief climate
vulnerability assessment of potential
impacts to supply and demand.
private landowners.
While rainwater catchment may reduce flooding
and overall water consumption, it will not
contribute to drought resilience. The 2015 Urban
Water Management plan acknowledges that the
city does not currently have capacity to store
water for droughts.
The City's ability to acquire additional surface
water rights may be impacted by statewide
drought planning and changing precipitation/
snowpack due to climate change.
This brief assessment is a basic checklist of
potential impacts, and the UWMP forecasts do
not account for future climate projections.
However, the 2020 UWMP (due July 2021)
requires a climate considerations section so this
gap will be addressed.
Several actions under Goal NCR-5 could be more
strongly worded (smart irrigation controllers,
water meters, etc.). As drought frequency/
intensity increases, the City may need to require
rather than encourage these actions.
Overall, it should be noted that while the potential
consequences of a major flood may be relatively
high, increased flood risk due to sea level rise is not projected to impact the City until late century, and
the City is already taking strong action to address
existing flood risk (e.g., recent/current levee
projects, extensive language addressing flood risk in
the current General Plan). Extreme heat, although a
less severe a threat in terms of the damage it can
cause in a single event, is projected to impact the
City sooner (before mid-century) and there are far
fewer actions specifically addressing heat in the
current General Plan. These policy gaps are
addressed in the Policy Recommendations section
below.
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In addition to the General Plan, there are several
City programs and policies which are relevant to
climate change adaptation, summarized below.
Note that these additional programs/policies were
included in the policy review table above. For more
detail, please see the General Plan Policy Review
Appendix.
Levee Projects
The City is currently in the process of designing and
constructing levees to meet updated State and
federal requirements by 2025. The levees will
provide protection from the current 200-year flood
(a flood that under historic conditions has a 0.5%
chance of occurring each year) (City of West
Sacramento 2020). These levee projects were
included in the Delta Adapts flood models, which
demonstrate that they should provide protection
from the 100-year flood up to 3.5 ft of sea level rise
(DSC 2020b).
Applicability: Specifically addresses climate change
and reduces city’s vulnerability to sea level rise
Urban Forestry
Although recommended in the General Plan’s
Natural and Cultural Resources Element, the City
does not currently have a publicly released urban
forestry plan. Typically, urban forestry plans lay out
a shared vision for the development and
maintenance of city’s tree canopy to ensure long
term benefits to the community such as cooling,
improved air quality, aesthetics, and habitat. The
City does have a tree ordinance which is intended
to protect the city’s “urban forest from practices
that serve to permanently damage or remove trees
without proper cause.”
Applicability: Urban forestry management practices
can double as climate adaptation strategies
Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance
The Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance (Title
13, Section 13.04, Article XII of the City’s Municipal
Code) includes water efficiency requirements for
new developments with landscaped area greater
than 500 sf or rehabilitation projects >2,500 sf. It
alsoincludes the City’s water shortage declaration
and water waste enforcement policies – including
restrictions for water on even/odd days during
droughts.
Applicability: This is ordinance is the City’s primary
drought and water waste reduction policy.
Urban Water Management Plan
Urban water management plans are required to be
updated every 5 years. The water shortage
contingency plan in the City’s UWMP sets specific
water use restrictions for all properties during a
drought. As of 2015, there was no State
requirement to consider climate change, but the
2015 plan did include a brief climate change
vulnerability assessment, which is essentially a
checklist of potential water supply and demand
issues that apply to West Sacramento. In the 2015
UWMP, supply/demand projections were based on
historic rates. The plan does note that West
Sacramento does not currently have storage
capacity for supply surpluses that could be held for
drought years. However, the 2020 UWMP (due July
2021) requires a climate considerations section and
will therefore directly address potential climate
change impacts to water supply and demand.
Applicability: Future versions of the UWMP will
specifically address climate change.
Climate Action Plan
The City of West Sacramento is currently updating
its 2010 draft Climate Action Plan. The updated CAP
will include an overview of climate risks in the City,
aiming to begin a dialogue about climate local
impacts and how to address impacts in the City.
Applicability: Will specifically address climate
change.
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The purpose of the City of West Sacramento
Emergency Operations Plan is to provide the basis
for a coordinated response before, during and after
a disaster incident affecting the City of West
Sacramento.
Applicability: All annexes(including Flood Hazard
Annex and Severe Weather Annex described below)
are part of this document.
Flood Hazard Annex
The purpose of this Hazard-specific Flood Response
Annex is to provide a general description and
overall concept of operations for the City of West
Sacramento response to flood emergencies. This
Annex describes specific guidelines in place that will
facilitate a City of West Sacramento public safety
response to areas affected by a flood emergency
and detail how the City of West Sacramento will
coordinate operations with other jurisdictions.
Applicability: Specifically addresses climate change.
Severe Weather Annex
The purpose of this annex is to identify actions that
may need to be taken during Phases I through IV to
address the needs of populations in an extreme or
severe weather emergency. This annex is for
immediate use and is designed to provide agencies
within Yolo County with specific roles and
responsibilities related to the implementation of a
severe weather response.
Applicability: Specifically addresses climate change.
Operational Area Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The purpose of this plan is to integrate hazard
mitigation strategies into the activities and
programs of the local jurisdictions and special
districts and to the extent practical, into the
activities of private sector organizations.
Applicability: Specifically addresses climate change.
Building Standard Code
The purpose of this code is to establish the
minimum requirements consistent with nationally
recognized good practices to safeguard the public
health, safety and general welfare from the hazards
of fire, explosion or dangerous conditions in new
and existing buildings, structures and premises, and
to provide safety and assistance to fire fighters and
emergency responders during emergency
operations.
Applicability: Does not specifically address climate
change, however, it addresses issues and solutions
caused by climate change. Some of the
Parts/Chapters that address climate change are the
California Building Code (CBC) Appendix G, Flood
Resistant Construction, California Fire Code,
California Green Building Standards Code, as well as
others.
State and Regional Policies and Studies
This section is a brief summary of Chapter 2:
Planning and Regulatory Setting in the West
Sacramento Vulnerability report, which includes
more detail, as well as further discussion of State
resources and guides for climate adaptation
planning (Merritt 2020).
Two major pieces of State legislation govern the
climate adaptation component of the City’s General
Plan update:
• SB 379 requires cities and counties to
review and update as necessary the safety
element of their general plan to include
climate adaptation and resiliency policies.
The City of West Sacramento is currently
updating the housing element of its General
Plan, which triggers the SB 379 requirement
(Merritt 2020).
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include an environmental justice element in
their general plan, or to include
environmental justice policies in other
elements of the general plan. Although SB
1000 does not explicitly require jurisdictions
to identify the risks climate change poses to
disadvantaged communities, climate
change impacts will disproportionately
affect disadvantaged communities (Merritt
2020).
Table 5 below summarizes regional climate adaptation efforts.
Table 5: Regional Climate Adaptation Efforts
Study Description
Delta Adapts: Creating A
Climate Resilient Future
The Delta Stewardship Council’s ongoing Delta Adapts initiative is a two-phase process including a climate change vulnerability assessment and adaptation plan for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Marsh.
Caltrans District 3
Vulnerability
Assessment
Explores the potential implications of climate change to Caltrans assets, and how climate data can be applied in decision-making, with a focus on the State Highway System.
Capital Region Urban
Heat Island Mitigation
Project
Developed an urban heat island index specific to the Capital region, evaluated the effectiveness of a variety of heat-mitigation strategies.
SACOG Transportation
Adaptation Plan
Provides useful information that can be used to help assess vulnerability of City transportation assets to climate impacts.
Yolo Operational Area
Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The LHMP (updated in 2018) considers climate change as a separate hazard while also addressing hazards that climate change may exacerbate, including flooding, drought, wildfire, extreme heat, and other severe weather events. The HMP includes climate change projections, a qualitative discussion of impacts, and rates the climate change hazard as “catastrophic”. It also includes a review of plans across the region that relate to climate change. The HMP also references the Yolo County Climate Action Plan, which is focused on addressing climate change through emissions reductions.
Yolo Climate Compact The City of West Sacramento is part of the Yolo Climate Compact, an affiliation of cities and special districts in Yolo County as well as the University of California, Davis. Chaired by Yolo County Supervisor Don Saylor, the Yolo Climate Compact serves as a forum for exchanging information on greenhouse gas emissions reduction.
Yolo Resiliency
Collaborative
A collaborative of Yolo County jurisdictions (including West Sacramento) that aims to increase climate resilience throughout Yolo County and beyond. YRC has produced a draft Resiliency Planning Toolbox, which includes example planning language, policies, and actions for heat planning and implementation. The Toolkit will also include resources for wildfire planning and implementation (currently under development).
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Mayors' Commission on
Climate Change
A commission of the City of West Sacramento and City of Sacramento mayors that aimed to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions in both cities by 2045. On June 29th, 2020, the Commission adopted its final report: Achieving Carbon Zero in Sacramento and West Sacramento by 2045. The Technical Report includes policy recommendations and implementation tactics to increase community climate resilience.
Source: Merritt 2020
Local Policy Resources
This section describes in greater detail two resources mentioned in Table 5 above—the Yolo Resiliency Collaborative draft Resiliency Planning Toolbox, the Capital Region Urban Heat Island Mitigation Project, and the Mayors’ Commission on Climate Change Technical Report. These resources directly informed the Policy Recommendations section below and should continue to server as resource for the City to develop specific climate adaptation policies and actions for inclusion in the General Plan update.
Resiliency Planning Toolbox
The Yolo Resiliency Collaborative’s draft Resiliency Planning Toolbox (Yolo Resiliency Collaborative 2019) is a valuable resource for locally specific climate resilience policy. The publicly available draft version is focused on extreme heat, but the final version will also include similar resources for wildfire risk. This document includes a wealth of policy language (including specific actions and sub actions) which is intended to be directly used in SB 379-mandated general plan updates.
Table 6 below summarizes how the Resilience Planning Toolbox suggests planners should evaluate the strength of their community’s preparedness for extreme heat.
Table 6: Resiliency Planning Toolbox: Questions for Evaluating Extreme Heat Preparedness Topic Area Evaluation Questions
Place Is land being used in ways that mitigate heat impacts (open and green spaces, urban forests, shade cover, community gardens, parks, active farming, protecting farmland, etc.)
Have land management practices that reduce irrigation needs but also manage fire risk been implemented?
People Are there campaigns to inform the public about the risks of extreme heat? Are people discussing and preparing for extreme heat in community? Are social networks encouraging neighbor checkups and community resiliency in place and encouraged?
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Labor Does the jurisdiction have plans in place for protecting outdoor laborers during heat events while still being able to accomplish needed work? Governance Is there an updated heat warning system in place? Are cool building design programs and policies (cool/green roofs, cool pavements, cool parking lots, etc.) encouraged and/or sanctioned?
Source: Yolo Resilience Collaborative 2019
Capital Region Urban Heat Island
Mitigation Project
Another valuable resource is the Capital Region
Urban Heat Island Mitigation Project (SMAQMD
2020). In addition to developing an advanced model
of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect for the Capitol
Region, the project evaluated the effectiveness of
different potential heat mitigation measures and
included policy recommendations based on the
results. Measures evaluated included cool surfaces,
solar PVs (which absorb heat), urban greening
strategies, and electric vehicle uptake (which
reduce heat emissions). Key findings from the
project are included blow:
• It is possible and highly feasible to mitigate the
current UHI (in some cases completely) using
materials and technologies available on the
market today.
• The measures can significantly reduce or
completely erase the number of heat-wave days
during several excessive-heat event periods
identified in the study.
• The mitigation measures are as effective under
conditions of future climate and land use as
they are under current conditions.
• Some measures that are not conventionally
associated with urban cooling (or urban heat
island mitigation) – vehicle electrification, solar
PV installations, and smart urban growth all
appear to have significant urban-cooling effects.
• The cooling effects, which can help improve
thermal comfort, reduce emissions of air
pollutants, and improve air quality, are
beneficial across various urban areas in the
Capital Region, including vulnerable or
underserved communities.
Mayors’ Commission on Climate Change
Technical Report
Finally, the Mayors’ Commission on Climate Change,
which consists of representatives from the City of
West Sacramento, the City of Sacramento,
SMAQMD, SMUD, SacRT, and others, released a
Technical Report (Local Government Commission,
2020) which includes seven implementation tactics
under Community Climate Resilience. Each
implementation tactic is supplemented with
additional information and resources. The
implementation tactics selected for inclusion in this
report reflect broad consensus among Commission
members and stakeholders. Interestingly, none of
the strategy recommendations address flooding/sea
level rise—the focus is on general community
resilience and addressing extreme heat.
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The final section of this memo provides policy
recommendations to serve as a starting point for
the further development of adaptation strategies
for the City’s General Plan update. Policy
recommendations come primarily from the
following sources:
• Gaps and opportunities identified through the
policy review (all hazards)
• Mayors’ Commission on Climate Change
recommendations (general, extreme heat)
• Yolo Resiliency Collaborative Resiliency Planning
Toolbox (extreme heat, wildfire)
• Capital Region Urban Heat Island Mitigation
project (extreme heat)
Recommendations that address general community
resilience are followed by recommendations that
address specific climate hazards. The order of
recommendations does not indicate priority or
importance. Prioritization of recommendations is
necessary to ensure efficient implementation, but
should be based on City, stakeholder, and
community input.
General Climate Resilience
1. Adopt a Climate-Resilient Infrastructure
Ordinance to require climate resilience
measures, including but not limited to urban
heat island mitigation, water conservation, and
flood protection measures for all new
construction, including roads, and existing
infrastructure undergoing major retrofits by the
end of 2021, as appropriate. Measures should
include cool roofs, cool and permeable
pavements, bioswales, graywater collection,
low-impact development, and other costeffective strategies to build resilience to climate change impacts based on vulnerability
assessments and climate change models
(Mayors’ Commission on Climate Change 2020,
Implementation Tactic 3.4). Note that it is
especially important to implement these
requirements for new developments as soon as
possible because there are many developments
planned for the near future.
1. New riverfront developments are a major
opportunity for the City to implement best
practices in stormwater management/green
infrastructure and urban heat island mitigation.
General Plan language describing the City’s
vision for these new developments should
emphasize this.
2. The City’s commitment to environmental
justice (as described in the Healthy Community
Element) should be extended to climate change
adaptation. As geographic disparities in climate
hazard vulnerability already exist, portions of
the city that have greater flood risk or less
urban canopy/green space will need to be
targeted to reduce disparities in future health
impacts.
3. The City’s commitment to fostering a green
economy (as described in the Economic
Development Element) should be expanded to
include industries and technologies that
promote climate resilience in addition to
energy/water efficiency and emissions
reductions.
4. The City should prioritize and operationalize
adaptive management approachestoclimate
resilience through staff training and legal
requirements. Green infrastructure, flood
protection, and drought tolerant landscaping
requirements and guidelines will need to be
revisited and adjusted periodically to ensure
they are stringent enough based on the latest
climate projections and as the climate changes.
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1. The City should continue to proactively address
flood risk through investments in infrastructure
and facilities, as well as policies to
promote/require local stormwater
management. As flooding has historically been
a risk in West Sacramento, the City is already
taking a more proactive approach than many
other communities. However, the City should
take steps to ensure that any flood protection
infrastructure built now will either provide
adequate flood protection throughout its
lifetime based on future climate projections or
be designed to be adaptable in the future.
2. Environmental and habitat preservation
policies, especially for wetland and riparian
habitats, should seek to protect space for the
habitats to migrate into as water levels rise, not
just protect where the habitats are now. New
waterfront developments adjacent to riparian
habitats could be required to leave a
landscaped buffer that could become future
wetlands.
3. The City should monitor groundwater levels (to
anticipate additional pump station capacity
need) and groundwater quality (to understand
early on if rising groundwater is mobilizing
contaminants).
4. The City should conduct a review of all pump
stationsto ensure that they are not vulnerable
to failure during extreme heat events, either
from overheating of mechanical equipment or
from loss of power during power outages.
5. The City and Port should commission a study to
assess the vulnerability of the Port's facilities
and operations to sea level rise.
Heat
1. While the City’s General Plan does not currently
have strong language addressing extreme heat,
there are actions in multiple elements that do
have heat mitigation benefits (e.g., green
streets, urban greening, open space
preservation). Language should be added to
these actions to emphasize their heat
mitigation benefits. Recommendations for
specific updates are included in the General
Plan Policy Review Appendix.
2. Encourage weatherization and energy
efficiency practices by increasing awareness of
existing weatherization and energy efficiency
programs through public outreach, particularly
with low-income communities. Develop support
networks to assist interested applicants in the
application process (Yolo Resiliency
Collaborative 2019).
3. Ensure that the City’s existing extreme weather
center programis accessible tothe most
vulnerable residents. Ensure that existing
community hubs and focal points, such as
churches, pools, and schools, can serve as
cooling centers. Partner with private business to
offer additional buildings as cooling centers.
Investigate potential of repurposing public
buses to serve as mobile cooling centers (Yolo
Resiliency Collaborative 2019). Identify high risk
individuals with limited mobility and offer
targeted paratransit services to bring them to
cooling centers. Increase the accessibility of
existing cooling centers by reducing
temperature thresholds and set air quality
thresholds for opening clean air centers
(Mayors’ Commission on Climate Change 2020,
Implementation Tactic 3.2).
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4. Implement microgrid and energy storage
solutions at critical facilities that community
members rely upon to prepare for deenergization events, prioritizing residential battery storage and/or solar incentives for
households with medical home healthcare
needs. Restrict utility shutoffs for households at
or below 300% of the federal poverty line, by
the end of 2020. (Mayors’ Commission on
Climate Change 2020, Implementation Tactic
3.3).
5. Ensure that local emergency responders can
identify and reach vulnerable populations who
may not be able to journey to cooling centers if
necessary, and currently do not have personal
cooling resources. Work with members of heat
vulnerable populations to allow them access to
cooling resources, through measures such as
discussing utility and government energy
subsidy programs (such as the Low-Income
Home Energy Assistance Program) and
supporting them through the application
process (Yolo Resiliency Collaborative 2019).
6. Update municipal code requirements to
require UHI reduction measures as part of any
project, including residential developments. The
code should be clear in the building types that
are applicable and set performance or quality
standards to be used during project or proposal
review (SMAQMD 2020). Landscaping
requirements could be updated to require more
shade trees and/or faster growing species that
generate large canopies.
7. As energy efficiency of buildings and facilities
play a significant role in energy demand, the
types of buildings used in the City’s future
development will impact future energy
demands and resulting system outages or
disruptions. The City should review existing
energy efficiency requirements and determine
if they can be increased. Note that cool roof
requirements will likely improve energy
efficiency of new construction.
8. Adopt expedited permitting processes for
projects that incorporate certain UHI
mitigation strategies beyond those required by
current building code. This incentive can be
applied toa variety of project types and
mitigation strategies (SMAQMD 2020).
9. When the City develops an Urban Forest
Management Plan, it should update the City’s
tree palette to more resilient species and
contain guidance to ensure that tree species
planted now will be able to survive under future
heat conditions.
Drought
1. The City's ability to acquire additional surface
water rights may be impacted by statewide
drought planning and changing
precipitation/snowpack due to climate change.
Consider diversifying water supply beyond
surface water sources as these are likely to
become more limited under future conditions.
Study feasibility of storing water within the city
limits for drought times, such as underneath
parking lots or in open spaces.
2. As drought frequency/intensity increases,
consider requiring rather than “encouraging”
the irrigation and water efficiency measures
described under Goal NRC-5 (smart irrigation
controllers, water meters, etc.). Similarly,
landscape water efficiency requirements that
are currently required for new developments
may need to be increased and could also be
extended to existing developments.
Requirements for existing developments could
be less stringent than for new developments
and could be phased in over time.
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3. The City should encourage (or consider
requiring where feasible) recycled and
reclaimed waterto be used for irrigation of
large private landscapes, especially the those in
future planned riverfront developments, which
according to the General Plan will be required
to include parks. For private landowners to use
recycled water, the City will need to prioritize
developing the infrastructure to deliver it. As
wastewater treatment facilities are expanded to
accommodate new development, they should
be built to produce recycled water from
irrigation and agriculture. Consider offering
water bill reductions to residents and
businesses that capture and use rainwater or
graywater.
4. Water supply and demand projections in future
updates to the Urban Water Management Plan
should consider future climate projections. The
2020 UWMP (due July 2021) requires a climate
considerations section so this gap will be
addressed. The California Department of Water
Resources has developed several resources for
incorporating climate projections into water
planning.
5. When the City develops an Urban Forest
Management Plan, it should contain guidance
to ensure for choosing drought tolerant species
combined with those that are best to improve
air quality.
Wildfire
1. Language and actions under Goal S-5 in the
Safety Element currently address air quality
impacts from construction, transportation,
industrial facilities, etc. The goal should be
updated to mention poor air quality from
wildfires in addition to other sources and
should emphasize the connection between
climate change and air quality impacts.
Similarly, actions under Goal PFS-9 in the Public
Facilities and Services Element focuses on
preventing impacts from local wildfires. While
public health impacts from wildfire smoke air
primarily a County Public Health responsibility,
and the protection of outdoor workers is
covered by OSHA regulations, the City can still
consider additional actions (such as those listed
below). These actions may be better suited for
the Healthy Communities or Safety elements as
these actions would likely not involve the Fire
Department.
2. All indoor cooling centers should also double as
air quality centers during periods of poor air
quality. Mark these centers as air quality
centers on the City’s website, create additional
flyers to mark each air quality center as
accessible to the public during poor air quality
periods, and distribute list of air quality centers
to local news outlets (Yolo Resiliency
Collaborative 2019). With increases in
frequency and duration of air quality/heat
events, typical shelters (e.g., City Hall) may no
longer be sufficient.
3. Weatherizing programs should also include air
purification. Consider air purifier load program
for low-income individuals with preexisting
health conditions who may need home air
purifiers but are unable to afford them.
4. Ensure indoor air quality in public buildings is
safe from both indoor and outdoor pollutants.
All air quality systems in public buildings,
including senior facilities, libraries, and public
hospitals should be inspected, assessed,
cleaned, and monitored regularly, and replaced
when necessary. Filtration and/or air purifier
systems should be installed, with priority on
designated air quality center buildings. Connect
property owners to resources for improving and
maintaining indoor air quality (Yolo Resiliency
Collaborative 2019).
324
The City of West Sacramento Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Appendix C – Adaptation Analysis and Policy Recommendations Memo Page 26 of 26 References
California Energy Commission (CEC). 2020. Cal-Adapt. Available at https://cal-adapt.org/ City of West Sacramento. 2016a. City of West Sacramento 2015 Urban Water Management Plan. https://www.cityofwestsacramento.org/home/showdocument?id=6654 City of West Sacramento. 2016b. City of West Sacramento General Plan 2035 (adopted 2016).
City of West Sacramento. 2020. “Levee Projects Overview.” Accessed September 2020. https://www.cityofwestsacramento.org/government/departments/community-development/floodprotection/levee-projects-overview City of West Sacramento. Nd. Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance (City of West Sacramento Municipal Code Title 13, Section 13.04, Article XII)
Delta Stewardship Council (DSC). 2020a. Delta Adapts: Creating a Climate Resilient Future (in progress), Draft Equity Technical Memorandum.
Delta Stewardship Council (DSC). 2020b. Delta Adapts: Creating a Climate Resilient Future (in progress), Draft Flood Model Outputs.
Houlton, B., and Lund, J. (University of California, Davis). 2018. Sacramento Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-002.
Mayors’ Commission on Climate Change and the Local Government Commission. 2020. Achieving Carbon Zero in Sacramento and West Sacramento by 2045: Technical Report. https://www.lgc.org/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2020/06/Technical-Report.pdf Merritt, Annie. 2020. West Sacramento Vulnerability Report (in progress).
Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium. 2016. National Land Cover Database. Accessed:
https://www.mrlc.gov/viewer/
Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD). 2020. Capital Region Urban Heat Island Mitigation Project Summary Report. Accessed:
http://www.airquality.org/LandUseTransportation/Documents/UHI%20Project%20Summary%20Report.pdf Yolo Resiliency Collaborative. 2019. Resiliency Toolbox (in progress). Accessed September 2020. http://documents.cityofdavis.org/Media/Default/Documents/PDF/CityCouncil/CouncilMeetings/Agendas/2 0190709/08-Yolo-Resiliency-Collaborative.pdf
325
Appendix D
Funding and Financing Matrix
Attachment 5
326
Grant Funding Programs
Type (i.e., Federal,
State) Administering Organization Program Name Grant Type Description Local Match Requirement Recurring
Program*
Estimated Award
Amount Range (Low)*
Estimated Award
Amount Range (High)* City of West Sacramento State/MPO
Other Local Agencies and
Non-Governmental
Organizations (i.e., Transit
Agencies, CBOs)
Planning Implementation Goal 1 Goal 2 Goal 3 Goal 4 Goal 5 Goal 6 Goal 7 Most Recent / Upcoming Application Deadline Source
Federal US Department of Energy (DOE) Assistance for Adoption of Building Energy Codes Competitive
Provides funding to states and local governments with the authority to adopt building codes and standards to lead the way with innovative approaches to decarbonization that may impact the entirety of the commercial and residential building stocks.
None N/A N/A N/A 12 14, 15, 16,
17 Fall 2023
https://www.energy.gov/scep/technicalassistance-adoption-building-energycodes#:~:text=Grants%20to%20State s%20or%20units,or%20equivalent%20
codes%20or%20standards.
Federal US Department of Energy (DOE) Building Codes Implementation for Efficiency and Resilience Competitive
Provides funding to enable sustained, cost-effective implementation of updated building energy codes to save customers money on their energy bills. Funds enable states and regional partnerships to provide training and materials to builders, contractors, architects, and other design and construction professionals.
None N/A N/A $2,000,000
14, 15, 16,
17 Rolling Application
https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildingcodes-implementation-efficiency-andresilience Federal US Department of Energy (DOE)
Building Resilient Infrastructure
and Communities (BRIC) Grant
Program
Competitive
Provides funding to support hazard mitigation projects, reducing the risks they face from disasters and natural hazards. This includes supporting communities through capability- and capacity-building, encouraging and enabling innovation, promoting partnerships, enabling large projects, maintaining flexibility, and providing consistency.
25% Yes N/A $2,000,000
23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28 1/27/2023
https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation
/building-resilient-infrastructurecommunities
Federal Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA)
Charging and Fueling
Infrastructure Discretionary
Grant Program
Competitive
Provides funding to strategically deploy publicly accessible electric vehicle charging infrastructure and other alternative fueling infrastructure, consisting of two tracks: (1) corridor charging to deploy electric vehicle charging, and (2) community charging to install electric vehicle charging and alternative fuel. 20% Yes $500,000 $2,000,000
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 5/30/2023
https://www.transportation.gov/rural/gr
ant-toolkit/charging-and-fuelinginfrastructure-grant-program Federal US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
Clean Heavy-Duty Vehicle
Program Competitive
Provides funding to replace dirty heavy-duty vehicles with clean, zero-emission vehicles, support zero-emission vehicle
infrastructure, and to train and develop workers.
None N/A N/A N/A 1, 2, 6 6/5/2023 https://www.epa.gov/inflation-reductionact/clean-heavy-duty-vehicle-program Federal US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
Clean School Bus Grant
Program Competitive
Provides funding to replace existing school buses with zeroemission and low-emission models to reduce harmful emissions from older, dirtier buses.
None Yes N/A N/A 2, 6 8/22/2023 https://www.epa.gov/cleanschoolbus Federal US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
Climate Pollution Reduction
Planning Grant (CPRG) Formula
Provides funding for the development and implementation of plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful air pollution.
None N/A $1,000,000 $1,000,000 6 15 22 27 4/28/2023 https://www.epa.gov/inflation-reductionact/climate-pollution-reductiongrants#CPRGProgramGuidance Federal US Department of Energy (DOE) Communities Local Energy Action Program (LEAP) Competitive
Provides funding to facilitate sustained community-wide economic and environmental benefits primarily through DOE's clean energy deployment work, with a focus on low-income energy-burdened communities that are also experiencing either direct environmental justice impacts or direct economic impacts from a shift away from historical reliance on fossil fuels.
None N/A $500,000 $1,000,000
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 11 12, 13 14, 15, 16,
17 22 12/17/2021 https://www.energy.gov/communitiesL
EAP/communities-leap
Federal US Department of Agriculture
(USDA)
Wood Innovations Grant
Program Competitive
Provides funding to install thermally led community wood energy systems or to build innovative wood product manufacturing facilities using the most stringent control technologies.
None Yes $10,000 $1,000,000 21 3/23/2023
https://www.fs.usda.gov/sciencetechnology/energy-forestproducts/wood-innovation Federal US Department of Transportation
(DOT)
Consolidated Rail Infrastructure
and Safety Improvements
(CRISI)
Competitive
Provides funding to improve the safety, efficiency, and reliability of intercity passenger and freight rail, including the deployment of railroad safety technology, capital projects, highway-rail grade crossing improvement projects, and rail line relocation improvement projects.
20% Yes N/A $2,000,000 10 12/1/2022
https://railroads.dot.gov/grantsloans/competitive-discretionary-grantprograms/consolidated-railinfrastructure-and-safety-2 Federal US Department of Energy (DOE)
Energy Efficiency and
Conservation Block Grant
(EECBG) Program
Formula Provides funding to implement strategies to reduce energy use, reduce fossil fuel emissions, and improve energy efficiency. None N/A $200,000 $2,000,000 12, 13 14, 15, 16, 17 7/31/2023 https://www.energy.gov/scep/energyefficiency-and-conservation-blockgrant-program Federal US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
Environmental Justice
Government-to-Government
Program
Competitive
Provides funding to support government activities that lead to measurable environmental or public health impacts in communities disproportionately burdened by environmental harms.
None N/A N/A $1,000,000
23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28 4/14/2023
https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljust
ice/environmental-justice-governmentgovernment-program Federal Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA)
Flood Mitigation Assistance
Program Competitive
Provides funding to projects that reduce or eliminate the risk of repetitive flood damage to buildings insured by the National Flood Insurance Program.
25% Yes $250,000 $750,000 24 1/27/2023 https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation /floods
Federal US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
GHG Reduction Fund: Solar for
All Competition Competitive
Provides funding to expand the number of low-income and disadvantaged communities that are primed for investment in residential and community solar.
None Yes N/A N/A 13 6/1/2023
https://energycommunities.gov/fundingopportunity/greenhouse-gas-reductionfund-ggrf-solar-for-all/ Federal Federal Transit Administration
(FTA)
Grants for Buses and Bus
Facilities Program 5339(b) Competitive
Provides funding to replace, rehabilitate, and purchase buses and related equipment and to construct bus-related facilities, including technological changes or innovations to modify low or no emission vehicles or facilities.
20% Yes $1,000,000 $50,000,000 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 10 4/13/2023 https://www.transit.dot.gov/busprogram Federal Federal Transit Administration
(FTA)
Grid Resilience and Innovation
Partnerships (GRIP) Program:
Grid Innovation Program
Competitive
Provides funding to deploy projects that use innovative approaches to transmission, storage, and distribution infrastructure to enhance grid resilience and reliability. Projects include interregional transmission projects, investments that accelerate interconnection of clean energy generation, and utilization of distribution grid assets to provide backup power and reduce transmission requirements.
None N/A N/A N/A 12 Winter 2023
https://www.energy.gov/gdo/gridresilience-and-innovation-partnershipsgrip-program Federal Federal Transit Administration
(FTA)
Grid Resilience and Innovation
Partnerships (GRIP) Program:
Smart Grid Grants
Competitive
Provides funding to increase the flexibility, efficiency, and reliability of the electric power system, with particular focus on increasing capacity of the transmission system, preventing faults that may lead to wildfires or other system disturbances, integrating renewable energy at the transmission and distribution levels, and facilitating the integration of increasing electrified vehicles, buildings, and other gridedge devices.
None N/A N/A N/A 12, 13 Winter 2023
https://www.energy.gov/gdo/gridresilience-and-innovation-partnershipsgrip-program Federal US Department of Agriculture
(USDA)
High Energy Cost Grants
Program Competitive
Provides funding to power providers to lower energy costs for families and individuals in areas with extremely high per-household energy costs (275 percent of the national average or higher).
None Yes N/A N/A 12 14, 17 Rolling Application https://www.rd.usda.gov/factsheet/highenergy-cost-grants Federal Federal Transit Administration
(FTA)
Low or No Emission Vehicle
Program 5339(c) Competitive
Provides funding for the purchase or lease of zero-emission and low-emission transit buses as well as acquisition, construction, and leasing of required supporting facilities.
20% Yes $1,000,000 $50,000,000 1 8, 9 4/13/2023 https://www.transit.dot.gov/lowno Federal US Department of Transportation
(DOT)
Multimodal Project
Discretionary Grant Competitive
Provides funding to surface transportation projects designed to strengthen supply chains, spur economic development, and improve safety and daily life.
40% N/A N/A N/A 8, 9, 10 5/23/2022 https://www.transportation.gov/grants/ mpdg-program
Federal Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA)
National Electric Vehicle (NEVI)
Formula Program Formula
Provides funding to strategically deploy electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure and to establish an interconnected network to facilitate data collection, access, and reliability. 20% Yes N/A $56,789,406 2, 6 Fall 2023
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisaninfrastructurelaw/nevi_formula_program.cfm Federal Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA)
Neighborhood Access and
Equity Grant Program Competitive
Provides funding to help reconnect neighborhoods divided by infrastructure, mitigate negative impacts of transportation facilities or construction projects on communities, and support equitable transportation planning.
20% Yes N/A N/A 8, 9, 10 Summer 2023
https://fundingnaturebasedsolutions.n
wf.org/programs/neighborhood-accessand-equity-grant-program/ Federal Federal Transit Administration
(FTA)
Pilot Program for TransitOriented Development Planning Competitive Provides funding to integrate land use and transportation planning with a new fixed guideway or core capacity transit capital investment, including comprehensive planning that focuses on economic development and ridership, multimodal connectivity and accessibility, and transit access for pedestrian and bicycle traffic. 20% Yes $200,000 $2,000,000 8 7/25/2022 https://www.transit.dot.gov/TODPilot Federal Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA)
Promoting Resilient Operations
for Transformative, Efficient,
and Cost-Saving Transportation
(PROTECT) Grant Program
Competitive
Provides funding to ensure surface transportation resilience to natural hazards including climate change, sea level rise, flooding, extreme weather events, and other natural disasters through support of planning activities, resilience improvements, community resilience and evacuation routes, and at-risk coastal infrastructure. 20% Yes $100,000 N/A
23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28 8/18/2023
https://www.transportation.gov/rural/gr
ant-toolkit/promoting-resilientoperations-transformative-efficient-andcost-saving Federal US Department of Transportation
(DOT)
Rebuilding American
Infrastructure with Sustainability
& Equity (RAISE) Grant Program
Competitive
Provides funding to complete critical freight and passenger transportation infrastructure projects with significant local or regional impact.
20% Yes $5,000,000 $25,000,000 8, 9, 10, 11 2/28/2023 https://www.transportation.gov/RAISEg rants
Federal US Department of Energy (DOE) Renew America's Schools Grant Competitive Provides funding to complete funding infrastructure upgrades at K12 public school facilities, prioritizing high-need school communities.
None N/A N/A N/A 14, 15, 16,17 4/21/2023
https://www.energy.gov/scep/renewamericasschools#:~:text=The%20Renew%20A merica's%20Schools%20grant,FOA)%
20launched%20in%20November%202
Federal Joint Office of Energy and
Transportation Ride and Drive Electric Program Competitive Provides funding to advance the goal of building a national network of EV chargers for all Americans by supporting the EV charging reliability, resiliency, equity, and workforce development. 20% Yes $4,000,000 $4,000,000 2, 6 7/28/2023
https://energycommunities.gov/fundingopportunity/joint-office-of-energy-andtransportation-ride-and-drive-electricfiscal-year-2023-funding-opportunityannouncement/ Federal US Department of Transportation
(DOT)
Strengthening Mobility and
Revolutionizing Transportation
(SMART) Program
Competitive
Provides funding to eligible pubic sector agencies to conduct demonstration projects focused on advanced smart community technologies and systems in order to improve transportation efficiency and safety.
20% Yes N/A $2,000,000
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 7, 8, 9, 10,
11 11/1/2023 https://www.transportation.gov/grants/
SMART
Federal US Department of Transportation
(DOT) Thriving Communities Program Competitive
Provides funding to enable disadvantaged and under-resourced communities to advance a pipeline of transformative infrastructure projects that will increase mobility, reduce pollution, and expand affordable transportation options, connecting communities to the essential opportunities and resources that will help them thrive.
None Yes N/A N/A
7, 8, 9, 10,
11 Summer 2023 https://www.transportation.gov/grants/t
hriving-communities
Federal US Department of Agriculture
(USDA)
Urban and Community Forestry
(UCF) Program Competitive Provides funding to deliver nature-based solutions to ensure a resilient and equitable tree canopy and expand green spaces. None Yes $100,000 $50,000,000 21, 22 6/1/2023 https://www.fs.usda.gov/managingland/urban-forests/ucf Federal Federal Transit Administration
(FTA)
Urbanized Area Formula Grants -
5307 Formula
Provides funding to urban areas and to governors for transit capital and operating assistance in urbanized areas and for transportationrelated planning.20% Yes $50,000,000 $141,726,732 7, 8, 9, 10,
11 N/A
https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/gra
nts/urbanized-area-formula-grants5307
State California Department of
Transportation (Caltrans)
Climate Adaptation Planning
Grant Competitive
Provides funding to support local and regional identification of transportation-related climate vulnerabilities through the development of climate adaptation plans, as well as project-level adaptation planning to identify adaptation projects and strategies for transportation infrastructure.
20% N/A $100,000 $1,000,000
7, 8, 9, 10,
11 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28 3/9/2023
https://dot.ca.gov/programs/transportat
ion-planning/division-of-transportationplanning/regional-and-communityplanning/sustainable-transportationplanning-grants State California Energy Commission
(CEC) Energy Partnership Program Competitive Provides funding to help identify the most cost-effective, energysaving opportunities for buildings and new construction. None N/A N/A N/A 14, 15, 16,
17 Rolling Application
https://www.energy.ca.gov/programsand-topics/programs/energypartnershipprogram#:~:text=The%20California%2 0Energy%20Commission's%20Energy
State California Natural Resources
Agency (CNRA)
Environmental Enhancement
and Mitigation Grant Program Competitive
Provides funding to projects to mitigate environmental impacts caused by new or modified public transportation facilities. Eligible projects include those that offset vehicular emissions of carbon dioxide, allow for the acquisition of resource lands, and/or mitigate the impact of proposed transportation to enhance the environment.
None Yes N/A $1,500,000 21, 22 6/30/2023
https://resources.ca.gov/grants/enviro
nmental-enhancement-and-mitigationeem
State California Environmental Protection
Agency (CalEPA)
Environmental Justice Small
Grants Competitive Provides funding to address environmental justice issues in areas disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and hazards. None Yes N/A $50,000 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28 8/13/2021 https://calepa.ca.gov/envjustice/funding/ State California Department of
Transportation (Caltrans)
Low Carbon Transit Operations
Program (LCTOP) Competitive
Provides funding to provide operating and capital assistance for transit agencies to reduce greenhouse gas emission and improve mobility, with a priority on serving disadvantaged communities.
None Yes N/A $1,000,000 9, 10, 11 5/1/2023
https://dot.ca.gov/programs/rail-andmass-transportation/low-carbon-transitoperations-program-lctop State California Department of
Conservation (DOC)
Multibenefit Land Repurposing
Program (MLRP) Competitive
Provides funding to increase regional capacity to repurpose agricultural land and reduce reliance on groundwater while providing community health, economic wellbeing, water supply, habitat, and climate benefits.
None Yes N/A $8,890,000 18, 19, 20 21, 22 3/29/2023 https://www.grants.ca.gov/grants/roun
d-2-fy-22-23-multibenefit-landrepurposing-program-mlrp-program/ State California Department of Parks and
Recreation Outdoor Equity Grants Program Competitive Provides funding to establish hubs for local activities and trips to natural areas for underserved communities. None Yes $100,000 $700,000 21, 22 Fall 2023 https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=30443 State Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA)
Railway Highway Crossing
Program Formula
Provides funding for the elimination of hazards at railway-highway crossings, including roadways, bike trails, and pedestrian paths.
Funds provided via federal funding to states, which are then allocated to MPOs.
None Yes $12,000,000 $30,000,000 8, 9 N/A https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisaninfrastructure-law/rhcp.cfm State California Strategic Growth Council Regional Climate Collaboratives Program Competitive
Provides funding for under resourced communities to enable crosssectoral partners and deepen relationships, processes, plans, and projects that drive and sustain climate action.
None Yes $500,000 $1,750,000
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 7, 8, 9, 10,
11 12, 13 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 20 21, 22 10/15/2022 https://www.grants.ca.gov/grants/regional-climate-collaboratives-program/ State California Department of
Conservation (DOC)
Regional Forest and Fire
Capacity Program Formula
Provides funding for the development of plans related to forestry, fire protection, and watershed improvements, in addition to outreach, education, and training.
None Yes $200,000 $1,000,000 27 7/22/2022
https://www.conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/g
rant-programs/Pages/Regional-Forestand-Fire-Capacity-Program.aspx State California Department of Water
Resources (DWR) Riverine Stewardship Program Competitive Provides funding for the planning and implementation of projects that restore streams, creeks, and rivers to enhance the environment for fish, wildlife, and people through one grant cycle. 20% Yes $1,000,000 $2,000,000 18
https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Integrat
ed-Regional-WaterManagement/Riverine-StewardshipProgram/Riverine-Stewardship-Grants State California Strategic Growth Council Community Resilience Centers Program Competitive
Provides funding to provide shelter and resources during climate and other emergencies, as well as year-round services and programming that strengthen community connections and ability to withstand disasters.
None Yes $5,000,000 $10,000,000
23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28 9/5/2023 https://sgc.ca.gov/programs/communit y-resilience-centers/
State California Department of
Transportation (Caltrans) Strategic Partnerships Grant Competitive Provides funding to identify and address statewide, interregional, or regional transportation deficiencies on the State highway system in partnership with Caltrans.
20% N/A $100,000 $1,000,000
7, 8, 9, 10,
11 3/9/2023
https://dot.ca.gov/programs/transportat
ion-planning/division-of-transportationplanning/regional-and-communityplanning/sustainable-transportationplanning-grants State California Strategic Growth Council Sustainable Agricultural Lands Conservation Program (SALC) Competitive
Provides funding to protect agricultural lands on the outskirts of cities and near residential neighborhoods from development. This initiative supports California's food security and encourages infill development and low-carbon transportation to curb sprawl. 10% N/A $450,000 $500,000 21, 22 6/8/2023 https://sgc.ca.gov/programs/salc/ State California Department of
Transportation (Caltrans)
Sustainable Communities
Grants Competitive
Provides funding to encourage local and regional planning that supports state goals, implements Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) Sustainable Community Strategies (SCS), and to ultimately achieve the State's greenhouse gas reduction target of 40 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2030 and 2050, respectively.
20% N/A $100,000 $1,000,000
7, 8, 9, 10,
11 3/9/2023
https://dot.ca.gov/programs/transportat
ion-planning/division-of-transportationplanning/regional-and-communityplanning/sustainable-transportationplanning-grants State California Strategic Growth Council Transformative Climate Communities Program Competitive
Provides funding to empower the communities most impacted by pollution to choose their own goals, strategies, and projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution.
None Yes $300,000 $10,000,000
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 7, 8, 9, 10,
11 12, 13 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 20 21, 22 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 6/3/2023 https://sgc.ca.gov/programs/tcc/ State California State Transportation
Agency (CalSTA)
Transit and Intercity Rail Capital
Program (TIRCP) Formula
Provides funding for transformative capital improvements that modernize California's intercity, commuter, urban rail systems, and bus and ferry transit systems to significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, vehicle miles traveled, and congestion. 20% Yes $1,000,000 $40,000,000 8, 9, 10 2/10/2023 https://calsta.ca.gov/subjectareas/transit-intercity-rail-capital-prog State California Natural Resources
Agency (CNRA) Urban Greening Program Competitive
Provides funding to projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, provide multiple benefits, and create more sustainable communities using natural and green infrastructure approaches.
None Yes $100,000 $4,000,000 21, 22 12/1/2022 https://resources.ca.gov/grants/urbangreening State California Air Resources Board
(CARB)
Sustainable Transportation
Equity Project (STEP) Competitive
Provides funding to increase transportation equity in disadvantaged and low-income communities throughout California via two types of grants: Planning and Capacity Building Grants and Implementation Grants.
20% Yes N/A $20,000,000 8, 9, 10 3/9/2023 https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/lcti-step-pcbcmis State
Integrated Climate Adaptation and
Resiliency Program (ICARP)
through the Governor's Office of
Planning and Research (OPR)
Adaptation Planning Grant
Program Competitive
Provides funding to projects that help fill local, regional, and tribal planning needs, provide communities the resources to identify climate resilience priorities, and support the development of a pipeline of climate resilient infrastructure projects across the state.
None Yes $150,000 $650,000
23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28 3/31/2023 https://opr.ca.gov/climate/icarp/grants/adaptation-planning-grant.html State
Integrated Climate Adaptation and
Resiliency Program (ICARP)
through the Governor's Office of
Planning and Research (OPR)
Regional Resilience Planning
and Implementation Grant
Program
Competitive
Provides funding for planning and implementation projects that strengthen climate change resilience at a regional scale and are led by partnerships that involve multiple jurisdictions working together to address the most significant climate change risks in their regions, especially in vulnerable communities.
None N/A $150,000 $3,000,000
23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 29 10/29/2023
https://opr.ca.gov/climate/icarp/grants/
docs/20230613-
RRGP_FinalGuidelines_R1.pdf
This table summarizes a list of local, state, and federal funding grants that may be applied to the identified CAAP actions. Many of these federal sources originate from the Infrastructure Investment & Jobs Act (IIJA) and Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).
Background Information Eligible Applicants Funded Activity Applicability to Draft CAAP Actions * N/A denotes that the information is not available under the grant's guidelines. 327
Consumer Programs
Program Type (i.e., Federal, State,
Local) Administering Organization Program Name Eligible Receiving Entities Description Source Goal 1 Goal 2 Goal 3 Goal 4 Goal 5 Goal 6 Goal 7 Grant Federal US Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) Green and Resilient Retrofit Program - Comprehensive Property owners receiving HUD rental
assistance under Multifamily Section 8
project-based rental assistance
Provides funding to properties with a high need for investment in utility efficiency and climate resilience, including deep utility efficiency, renewable energy generation, carbon emissions reductions, and climate resilience retrofits.
https://www.hud.gov/GRRP 14, 17
Grant Federal US Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) Green and Resilient Retrofit Program - Leading Edge Property owners receiving HUD rental
assistance under Multifamily Section 8
project-based rental assistance
Provides funding to owners with ambitious plans involving carbon reduction, renewable energy generation, use of building materials with lower embodied carbon, and resilience goals through achieving an advanced green certification.
https://www.hud.gov/GRRP 14, 17
Grant Federal US Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) Green and Resilient Retrofit Program - Elements Property owners receiving HUD rental
assistance under Multifamily Section 8
project-based rental assistance
Provides funding to properties in the midst of a recapitalization transaction that includes utility efficiency, renewable energy, carbon emission reduction, and/or climate resilience measures. https://www.hud.gov/GRRP 14, 17
Incentive State California Department of Food and
Agriculture (CDFA) Healthy Soils Incentives Program (HSP) Property owners that operate farmland Provides financial incentives to California growers and ranchers to implement conservation management practices that sequester carbon, reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases, and improve soil health.
https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthys
oils/IncentivesProgram.html 22
Grant State California Department of Food and
Agriculture (CDFA) State Water Efficiency and Enhancement Program (SWEEP) Property owners that operate farmland Provides funding to implement irrigation systems that reduce greenhouse gases and save water on California agricultural operations, including soil moisture monitoring, drip systems, switching to low pressure irrigation systems, pump retrofits, variable frequency drives, and installation of renewable energy to reduce on-farm water use and energy.
https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/sweep/ 18, 19, 20 22
Grant State California Department of Food and
Agriculture (CDFA) Conservation Agriculture Planning Grants Program Property owners that operate farmland Provides funding for the development of plans that help farmers and ranchers identify actions for climate change mitigation and adaptation, further environmental stewardship on farms and ranches, and ensure agricultural food security into the future. https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/planning
/
18, 19, 20 22
Rebate Federal US Department of Energy (DOE) Home Energy Rebates Program Households, with a portion of funds for lowand moderate-income households Provides funding to help American households save money on energy bills, upgrade to clean energy equipment and improve energy efficiency, and reduce indoor and outdoor air pollution. https://www.energy.gov/scep/homeenergy-rebate-programs 14, 16, 17 Rebate Federal US Department of Energy (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program Low-income households Provides funding to reduce energy costs for low-income
households by increasing the energy efficiency of their homes, while ensuring their health and safety.
https://www.energy.gov/scep/wap/we
atherization-assistance-program 14, 16, 17
Rebate State California Air Resources Board (CARB) Clean Vehicle Assistance Program Individuals who live in disadvantaged
communities and meet income
requirements
Provides funding and financing to help income-qualified California purchase or lease a new or used plug-in hybrid, fuel cell, or electric vehicle.
https://cleanvehiclegrants.org/ 5
Rebate State California Air Resources Board (CARB) Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP) Residents who meet income requirements Provides funding to promote clean vehicle adoption in California by offering rebates from $1,000 to $7,500 for the purchase or lease of new, eligible zero-emission vehicles, including electric, plug-in hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles.
https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/en 5
Incentive State California Air Resources Board (CARB) Clean Cars 4 All Program Individuals who live in disadvantaged
communities and meet income
requirements
Provides incentives to help replace older, high-polluting vehicles with zero- or near-zero emission alternatives. The program focuses on benefits to low-income and disadvantaged
communities and has a heavy emphasis on consumer protections, education of new technologies, and coordination with other clean transportation programs.
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ourwork/programs/clean-cars-4-all 5 Rebate State California Energy Commission (CEC) Building Initiative for Low-Emissions Development (BUILD) Program Private and public owners, nonprofit organizations
Provides incentives and technical assistance to new all-electric lowincome residential buildings that reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
https://www.energy.ca.gov/programsand-topics/programs/buildinginitiative-low-emissions-developmentprogram-build 14, 15
Rebate Federal US Department of Energy (DOE) Property Assessed Clean Energy Programs Commercial and residential property owners
Provides homeowners with financing toward energy efficiency, renewable energy, and other eligible improvements on their homes using private sources of capital.
https://www.energy.gov/scep/slsc/pro
perty-assessed-clean-energyprograms#residential
14, 15, 16, 17
Low-Interest Financing State California Air Resources Board (CARB) Financing Assistance for Lower-Income Customers Low-income residents with income at or below 300% Federal Poverty Level
Provides low-interest loans and vehicle price buy-downs for lowerincome customers to purchase new or used battery electric, plugin hybrid electric, or fuel cell electric vehicles and grants for charging installation or charge cards plus a portable charger. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/factsheets/financing-assistance-lowerincome-consumers 5 Tax Credit Federal Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Energy Efficient Home Improvements Credit Property owners Provides tax credits equal to 30% of certain qualified expenses, including qualified energy efficiency improvements installed during the year, residential energy property expenses, and home energy audits.
https://www.irs.gov/creditsdeductions/energy-efficient-homeimprovement-credit 14, 16, 17
Tax Credit Federal Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Residential Clean Energy Property Credit Property owners Provides tax credits equal to 30% of the costs of new, qualified clean energy properties for homes installed anytime from 2022 to 2033.
https://www.irs.gov/creditsdeductions/residential-clean-energycredit 14, 16, 17
This table summarizes the programs available to consumers, such as households and property owners, which primarily align with CAAP goals 4, 5, and 6. 328
Taxes, Value Capture, Fees, and Assessments
Strategy Name Description
Assessment Districts, including Business
Improvement Districts
A charge imposed on property owners in a specified geographic area or district to fund specific projects or services that provide direct benefits to properties in that district.
Tax Increment Financing, including
Infrastructure and Enhanced Infrastructure
Finance Districts (IFD/EIFD)
A city or other governing jurisdiction can allocate tax increment revenues for up to 45 years to fund the planning, design, improvement, construction, or rehabilitation of assets with an estimated life of 15 years or longer. These projects include but are not limited to highways, transit, water systems, sewer projects, flood control, and parks.
Mello-Roos Community Facility Districts
(CFD)
A special taxing district where a special tax on real property, on top of the basic property tax, is imposed on taxable property within the district. The special tax can fund the planning, design, construction, or improvement of public infrastructure and some public services. Rate of tax determines potential revenue amount.
Development Impact Fees, including Transit
Impact Development Fees
A type of non-property-related fee that can be imposed by local governments to pay for infrastructure and public services expansion. Fee rate determines potential revenue amount.
Transient Occupancy Taxes
Also known as hotel taxes, transient occupancy taxes are imposed on the rental of accommodations for stays of less than 30 days. These taxes are typically collected by hotel operators and short-term rental hosts/sites, and are remitted to respective cities.
Community Benefit Agreements
Community benefit agreements (CBAs) are contracts between developers and community-based organizations intended to represent residents' interests. The agreements typically outline the series of benefits that communities will receive if they support a project.
Naming Rights Agreements
Corporations or other entities may purchase the right to name a facility or event, typically for a defined period of time. Naming rights are frequently utilized for properties like multipurpose arenas, performing arts arenas, and sports fields, but have also been approved for energy infrastructure projects.
Farebox & Parking Revenue Municipalities may collect revenues from fare paying passengers either in the form of cash or pass sales revenue, and from paid municipal parking.
Road Repair and Accountability Act (SB1)
"Gas Tax" Funds
Passed in 2017, Senate Bill 1 called for an increase in the state excise tax on gasoline.
Fifty percent of funds raised from this tax are dedicated to the development of local streets and transportation infrastructure.
Utility Fees, Including Stormwater Fees
Revenue generated from residential and commercial water, wastewater, and power bills may be used to fund municipal programs. Specifically, stormwater fees, or charges imposed on property owners for pollution in stormwater drainage, may be used to fund policy and program development.
Transit Development Act (TDA) Revenues
The Transit Development Act (TDA) allows counties to establish a quarter-center sales tax to finance a wide variety of transportation projects, including transit operations, bus and rail projects, special transit services for disabled riders, pedestrian and bicycle facilities, and transportation planning. The Yolo County Transportation District has claimed TDA revenues.
New Sales Taxes, including Fuel Excise Tax
Municipalities may levy a fixed increase in the sales tax rate for a defined term. Excise taxes, in addition to those levied by the SB1 Gas Tax, may be placed on gasoline purchases in local jurisdictions.
Parcel Tax
Parcel taxes are assessed at a rate based on the characteristics of a parcel rather than a rate based on the assessed value of the property, and may be collected by municipalities.
Ad Valorem Property Tax
General tax levied on assessed value for general purposes, limited to 1% of assessed value. Additional tax for voter approved debt repayments is also available, typically for general obligation bonds for local infrastructure. The latter is most applicable to adaptation and resilience projects as the money generated by the 1% tax is often committed to existing services.
On-Bill Tariff
On-bill tariffs can enable customers to finance as much as 100% of the cost of qualifying energy efficiency and distributed energy resource investments through their local utility, often with no money paid at the time of project initiation. In other words, a utility or municipality provides the initial capital to install renewable energy. Repayment of this loan is then amortized and distributed as a charge on the customer's monthly utility bills or a surcharge on the property tax.
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
A power purchase agreement (PPA) is a financial agreement where a developer arranges for the design, permitting, financing, and installation of an energy system on a customer's property at little to no cost. The developer sells the power generated to the host customer at a fixed rate that is typically lower than the local utility's retail rate. This lower electricity price serves to offset the customer's purchase of electricity from the grid while the developer receives the income from these sales of electricity as well as any tax credits and other incentives generated from the system. These may take the form of corporate power purchase agreements, which involve corporate or industrial buyers purchasing renewable energy directly or virtually from developers.
Climate Resilience Districts (CRD)
Senate Bill 852 (passed in 2022) authorizes cities, counties, and special districts to form climate resilience districts (CRD) for the purpose of raising and allocating funding for eligible projects, which include those that address sea level rise, extreme heat, extreme cold, wildfire risk, drought, and flood risk. These districts, which SB 852 deems as enhanced infrastructure financing districts, can levy benefit assessments, special taxes, property-related fees, and other service charges or fees that may be listed elsewhere in this matrix.
This table summarizes various revenue generating tools that are applicable in the State of California. It is critical to note that many of these tools require certain approvals (e.g., voter approval) to be implemented. 329
Loans, Bonds, and Investments
Type Strategy Name Description
Loan Clean Water State Revolving Fund
The Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) provides low-cost financing to communities for a wide range of water quality infrastructure projects, including municipal wastewater facilities, nonpoint source pollution control, decentralized wastewater treatment systems, stormwater runoff mitigation, green infrastructure, estuary protection, and water reuse.
Bond Revenue or General Obligation Bonds
Revenue Bonds are used to pay for projects such as major improvements to an airport, water system, garage, or other large facilities that generate revenue that is then used to repay the debt. General obligation (GO) bonds are issued to pay for projects that do not have a revenue stream. Debt is repaid through local tax revenue.
Bond Green or Climate Bonds
Green or climate bonds are those that specifically finance climate change adaptation or mitigation projects. Eligible projects include those related to renewable energy and energy efficiency, sustainable waste management projects, sustainable land use and biodiversity conservation, clean transportation, and clean drinking water.
Bond Environmental Impact Bond (EIB)
An Environmental Impact Bond (EIB) is an innovative financing tool that uses a Pay for Success approach to provide up-front capital from private investors for environmental projects, either to pilot a new approach whose performance is viewed as uncertain or to scale up a solution that has been tested in a pilot program.
Bond Utility Revenue Bonds
A utility revenue bond is a type of municipal bond issued to finance a public utility project that repays investors directly from project revenues. Utility revenue bonds are used to fund capital projects in areas considered essential to public services including hospitals, fire services, water and waste treatment facilities, and improvements to the electrical grid.
Equity Investment Certificates of Participation (COP)
Certificates of Participation (COPs) are lease-financing agreements used by local governments to acquire real property by making regular payments over the annually renewable contract for the acquisition and use of the property. These agreements often afford local governments the opportunity to finance capital improvements from existing revenue sources, though this strategy relies on an investors’ purchase of a share of the lease revenues of a program rather than the bond being secured by those revenues.
Equity Investment Energy Savings Performance Contracting (ESPC) Energy Savings Performance Contracting is a budget-neutral approach to make building improvements that reduce energy and water use and increase operational efficiency. By partnering with an energy service company (ESC), a facility owner can use an ESPC to pay for today's facility upgrades with tomorrow's energy savings - without tapping into capital budgets. State and local governments can implement ESPC projects in their own facilities, as well as promote and support ESPC projects through ESPC programs.
Equity Investment Public Private Partnership (P3)
A cooperative arrangement between one or more public and private sectors that can take different forms, such as private entity financing, building, and/or managing a project in return for a promised stream of payments from a government agency over the projected life of the project. Government agencies elect to pursue P3s as a strategy to secure upfront funds for capital projects that they cannot fund alone.
Investment Leasing Agreement
Tax-exempt lease-purchase agreements provide state and local governments with the opportunity to finance upgrades and use energy savings to pay for financing costs. While leasing arrangements have higher rates compared to bond financing, they are often faster and more flexible revenue-generating mechanisms.
Investment Other Private Sector Contributions
Private sector contributions involve one or more parties supplying new financial resources in order to support needed capital investments, operating subsidies, or ancillary improvements that help build patronage to sustainable levels. For example, a developer may choose to make contributions to hydropower or solar photovoltaic initiatives due to the social benefit incurred by these projects.
Loan California Lending for Energy and Environmental Needs (CLEEN) Program The CLEEN Program provides public financing to help meet state goals of greenhouse gas reduction, water conservation, and environmental preservation. This program consists of two subprograms: (1) the Statewide Energy Efficiency Program (SWEEP), which helps local governments and nonprofit organizations make small, medium, and large-scale energy-efficiency upgrades and projects, and (2) the Light Emitting Diode Street Lighting Program, which finances the installation of LED street lights for local governments.
Loan Climate Catalyst Program
The Climate Catalyst Revolving Loan Fund is intended to provide flexible, low-cost credit to local jurisdictions to help bridge the financing gap toward achieving advanced technologies. Relevant projects include sustainable vegetation management, forestry practices, and timber harvesting products.
Loan Infrastructure State Revolving Fund (ISRF)
The Infrastructure State Revolving Fund (ISRF) Program (through IBank) is authorized to directly provide low-cost public financing to state and local government entities, including municipalities, universities, schools and hospitals (MUSH borrowers) and to nonprofit organizations sponsored by public agencies for a wide variety of public infrastructure and economic expansion projects.
Loan Transportation Infrastructure and Innovation Act (TIFIA) Loan from US DOT The Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA) program provides credit assistance in the form of direct loans and loan guarantees to large-scale transportation infrastructure projects.
Loan guarantee (applicable to
community development financial
institutions [CDFI])
Business & Industry Loan Guarantees (US Department of Agriculture) Business & Industry Loan Guarantees intends to be used for business conversion, enlargement, repair, modernization, or development; the purchase and development of land; debt refinancing, and business and industrial acquisitions.
This table summarizes different financing instruments that issue debt for a target project, including loans, bonds, and investments, applicable to municipalities that may be used to fund identified actions.
Note that introducing new bonds requires a two-thirds majority voter approval. 330
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan
CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Review
Prepared by:
AECOM
2020 L Street, Suite 300
Sacramento, CA 95811
Contact:
J. Matthew Gerken
Project Manager
(916) 414-5800
April 2025
Attachment 6
331
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City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | i Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Project Location ............................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Project Summary .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Climate Action Plan ......................................................................................................................... 3
2.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Significance Thresholds ........................................................ 14 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSISTENCY REVIEW ..................................................................................... 15
3.1 Environmental Resource Considerations and Impact Consistency Review ................................... 16
3.1.1 Aesthetics .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2 Agricultural and Forestry Resources ................................................................................. 17
3.1.3 Air Quality ......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.4 Biological Resources ......................................................................................................... 17
3.1.5 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................ 18
3.1.6 Geology, Soils, Mineral, and Paleontological Resource ................................................... 19
3.1.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................................................... 19
3.1.8 Hazards, Hazardous Materials, and Wildfire .................................................................... 21
3.1.9 Hydrology and Water Quality ........................................................................................... 22
3.1.10 Land Use and Planning and Population and Housing ....................................................... 22
3.1.11 Noise and Vibration........................................................................................................... 23
3.1.12 Public Services and Recreation ......................................................................................... 23
3.1.13 Transportation/Traffic ....................................................................................................... 24
3.1.14 Utilities and Service Systems ............................................................................................ 25 Table
Table 1 – Climate Action Plan Actions and General Plan Policies ............................................................................ 6 333
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | ii Acronyms
AB Assembly Bill
CARB California Air Resources Board
CBC California Building Code
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
City City of West Sacramento
CAP Climate Action Plan
EV electric vehicle
EIR Environmental Impact Report
GHG greenhouse gas
MT CO2e metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
PM10 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns PM2.5 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns PV photovoltaic
SB Senate Bill
VMT vehicle miles traveled
334
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 1 1 INTRODUCTION
This document presents the environmental review of the City of West Sacramento’s (City’s) Draft Climate Action Plan (CAP), detailed in Section 2, “Project Description,” below. This environmental review was prepared pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), Public Resources Code Sections 210000 et seq., and the CEQA Guidelines Section 15168. Consistent with Section 15168 of the CEQA Guidelines, this review provides an analysis of the environmental impacts associated with the implementation of actions of the CAP.
Section 15183.5b of the CEQA Guidelines describes streamlining that can be made available for agencies that adopt Plans for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The City has prepared the Draft CAP and this environmental document consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5, which will allow the City the option to review proposed projects for consistency with the CAP, rather than providing project-level review of greenhouse gas emissions impacts under CEQA.1
Consistent with Section 15168 of CEQA Guidelines, a program Environmental Impact Report (EIR) is appropriately used to evaluate the environmental effects of a series of actions that can be characterized as one large project through reasons of geography, similar rules or regulations, or where individual activities will occur under the same regulatory process with similar environmental impacts that can be mitigated in similar ways and when a project consists of a series of actions related to the issuance of rules, regulations, and other planning criteria. This is the CEQA approach used for the City’s General Plan.
The City prepared a program EIR to evaluate the impacts of the 2035 General Plan – an EIR which was certified in 2016. The City augmented the 2016 General Plan EIR (and the Bridge District Specific Plan EIR) with a Supplemental General Plan EIR, certified in 2024 and focused on evaluating an update to the Mobility Element of the General Plan and relatively minor revisions to the City’s Bridge District Specific Plan. As noted in the 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR, the City intends to evaluate future public and private projects in light of the 2016 General Plan EIR and the 2024 Supplement to determine whether future actions are “within the scope” of the EIR, as provided, for example in CEQA Guidelines Section 15168(c). This type of evaluation is detailed in this document, where the City has evaluated the CAP as a program of the General Plan to determine whether the CAP is within the scope of the 2016 General Plan EIR, as augmented by the 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
In accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15168, a program-level EIR may serve as the EIR for subsequent activities or implementing actions, provided it contemplates and adequately analyzes the potential environmental impacts of those subsequent projects. If the City finds no new effects could occur or no new mitigation measures would be required other than those analyzed and/or required in the program EIR, the City can approve the activity as being within the scope covered by the program EIR, and no new environmental documentation would be required.2
This “CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist” documents the analytical process to determine the adequacy of the City’s existing program EIR for evaluating impacts of implementation of the CAP. The CAP sets forth actions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and strategies for enhancing climate adaptation and resiliency.
This review analyzes the consistency of CAP actions with established CEQA guidelines, assesses the potential for these actions to have an impact on the environment, and determines whether further analysis or mitigation measures are necessary.
1 Demonstrating consistency with a CAP is an option for public and private projects to substantiate that the incremental contribution of such projects to the significant cumulative impact of climate change is not cumulatively considerable. 2 If additional analysis is required, it can be streamlined by tiering from this program-level EIR pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Sections 15152, 15153, 15162, 15163, 15164, 15168, and 15183 (e.g., through preparation of a Consistency Determination, Mitigated Negative Declaration, Addendum, or Supplemental or Subsequent EIR). 335
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 2 As detailed in Section 3 of this review, the proposed project has been reviewed and, pursuant to Section 15168 of the CEQA Guidelines, the project does not present any new environmental effects or mitigation measures required beyond the scope of those analyzed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
336
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 3 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Project Location
The City of West Sacramento (City) is located in eastern Yolo County across the Sacramento River from Sacramento. It is bounded by the Sacramento River on the east and the Yolo Bypass on the west. To the west lies Yolo County, to the north is Sacramento County, and to the east is the City of Sacramento; the Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Channel bisects the City into northern and southern sections.
2.2 Project Summary
The City Draft Climate Action Plan (CAP) serves as a strategic roadmap for the community, outlining a path to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 while enhancing climate adaptation and resiliency in an equitable manner. The purpose of the CAP is to reduce the City’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by examining GHG emissions from various community activities, such as electricity usage and transportation, among other sources. The CAP also includes a projection of how the community’s GHG emissions could change in the future if no further action is taken to slow or reduce emissions growth. Aligned with the City’s long-term vision outlined in the General Plan 2035 (2016 General Plan), the CAP contributes to the sustainable development of a metropolitan downtown surrounded by vibrant neighborhoods, offering diverse housing choices and supporting a regional job center with a diverse economy.
The CAP includes GHG emission reduction measures and implementation programs drafted to achieve the City’s GHG reduction target and goal. The CAP addresses emissions through reduced dependency on fossil fuels and nonrenewable energy sources and increased efficient use of resources consumed. The CAP also provides a way to connect climate change mitigation (i.e., GHG emissions reduction) to climate adaptation, community resilience, and broader community goals. The CAP also summarizes a forecast of probable future emissions levels if no action to reduce emissions is taken based on community-wide and governmental operations’ GHG emission inventories.
Regular reviews, facilitated through community engagement, progress monitoring, and exploration of emerging opportunities, will ensure the effectiveness of the CAP. Scheduled updates to the CAP are planned every five years and GHG inventories will be conducted every two years, ensuring the CAP remains a dynamic and responsive instrument in the City’s commitment to sustainable development and climate action. Upon adoption of the CAP, the City will implement its reduction measures, monitor progress toward achievement of the reduction target and goal, and then evaluate the effectiveness of the results and make adjustments to improve the performance of proposed CAP actions, if needed.
2.3 Climate Action Plan
The CAP demonstrates the City’s commitment to reducing GHG emissions in a manner that (1) reflects the unique local community context and (2) is consistent with the state’s ambitious GHG reduction goals. The CAP presents detailed actions to be taken that build on various policies and programs in the City’s 2016 General Plan that also reduce GHG emissions and promote local climate adaptation. GHG emissions reduction and climate adaptation are cross-cutting issues that are addressed by many General Plan elements. With the policy framework established by the General Plan, the CAP is an implementation measure of the General Plan focused on these cross-cutting issues.
The CAP includes seven overarching goals and 26 actions to reduce local GHG emissions, support carbon removal and sequestration, and increase local resiliency. The CAP actions are primarily focused on meeting the City’s near-term 2030 GHG target of a 25 percent per capita emissions intensity reduction from 2018, and additional or enhanced actions are likely to be needed in the future to meet the 2045 carbon neutrality target. The climate adaptation actions primarily focus on reducing the impact of local climate hazards. 337
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 4 The 26 actions in the proposed CAP include:
► Action 1: Expand the electric vehicle charging network through zoning code requirements and installations of public charging infrastructure
► Action 2: Partner with warehouse and distribution centers to facilitate a ZEV fleet transition ► Action 3: Specify low- or zero emissions off-road vehicles and equipment in City contracts ► Action 4: Establish an electric vehicle carshare program with free or subsidized rates for low-income residents ► Action 5: Establish ZEV targets for the municipal fleet ► Action 6: Provide more telecommuting opportunities for City staff and work with local businesses to increase telecommuting options citywide
► Action 7: Prioritize transit-oriented development and center/corridor community growth through land use planning
► Action 8: Allocate funding to expand and connect the active transportation and micro-mobility network ► Action 9: Extend regional transit services and allocate funding to increase the accessibility, frequency, and reliability of public transit
► Action 10: Reduce the impact of the freight rail system ► Action 11: Enhance utility coordination and advocate for the City’s utility provider to provide access to carbon-free electricity and additional building efficiency/retrofit rebates and funding ► Action 12: Incentivize local solar photovoltaic systems and enhanced energy storage, and promote participation in community solar programs
► Action 13: Develop and adopt a building electrification program and incentives for existing buildings ► Action 14: Establish energy performance standards and GHG emissions limits for existing commercial buildings
► Action 15: Mandate all-electric new construction in a phased approach to eliminate on-site fossil fuel use ► Action 16: Create a home energy audit program and minimum efficiency thresholds ► Action 17: Expand commercial and multifamily organic waste programs ► Action 18: Expand the food recovery network to collect edible food from businesses ► Action 19: Reduce unnecessary material consumption
► Action 20: Develop and implement an urban forest master plan ► Action 21: Evaluate carbon removal opportunities from industrial processes and direct air capture ► Action 22: Integrate climate adaptation actions across City operations, processes, and policies ► Action 23: Adopt a comprehensive approach to reduce effects of extreme heat 338
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 5 ► Action 24: Reduce vulnerability to flooding
► Action 25: Increase water resilience and prepare for extended drought ► Action 26: Protect residents from wildfire smoke and poor air quality This environmental review primarily addresses a subset of CAP actions with physical changes. Each action detailed in the CAP, regardless of whether it is a physical change, is closely tied to the 2016 General Plan policies. Table 1 is a comprehensive reference delineating the correlation between CAP actions and 2016 General Plan policies.
339
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 6 Table 1 – Climate Action Plan Actions and General Plan Policies Climate Action Plan Actions General Plan Policies
Action 1: Expand the electric
vehicle charging network
through zoning code
requirements and installations
of public charging
infrastructure
M-4.11 Clean Private Transit
M-7.8 Electric/Alternative Fuel Vehicle Parking
NCR-8.3 Reducing Light Pollution
NCR-8.5 Glare
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
UD-5.5 Attractive Building and Site Design
Action 2: Partner with
warehouse and distribution
centers to facilitate a ZEV fleet
transition
ED-1.10 Green Economy
M-4.11 Clean Private Transit
NCR-6.4 Clean Fleet Vehicles
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
Action 3: Specify low- or zero
emissions off-road vehicles and
equipment in City contracts
ED-1.10 Green Economy
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
Action 4: Establish an electric
vehicle carshare program with
free or subsidized rates for lowincome residents
M-1.1 Connectivity and Access
M-4.11 Clean Private Transit
M-8.1 Transportation Demand and System Management Tools PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
Action 5: Establish ZEV targets
for the municipal fleet
M-4.11 Clean Private Transit
NCR-6.4 Clean Fleet Vehicles
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
PFS-8.10 Sustainable Community Policing Methods
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
Action 6: Provide more
telecommuting opportunities
for City staff and work with
local businesses to increase
telecommuting options citywide
ED-1.10 Green Economy
M-1.3 Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled
M-8.1 Transportation Demand and System Management Tools M-8.3 Alternative Transportation Commute Choices
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
340
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 7 Climate Action Plan Actions General Plan Policies
Action 7: Prioritize transitoriented development and
center/corridor community
growth through land use
planning
GP-2.3 Native American Consultation
HC-3.12 Affordable Housing Developments
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
LU-1.6 Infill and Refill Development
LU-3.3 Higher Density Housing
LU-3.8 Walkable Neighborhoods
LU-4.5 Grouping Commercial Development
LU-4.6 Neighborhood Serving Centers
LU-5.27 West Capitol Avenue Revitalization
LU-5.28 Mixed-use Corridor Nodes
M-1.1 Connectivity and Access
M-1.3 Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled
M-1.4 Prioritize Infill Development
M-1.6 Transportation Planning Efforts
M-1.8 Multi-Modal Access
M-4.1 Access to Public Transit
M-7.5 Reduce Minimum Parking Standards
M-7.10 Shared Parking
NCR-2.2 Yolo Habitat Conservancy Program
NCR-2.9 No Net Loss
NCR-8.1 Protecting Scenic Vistas
NCR-8.3 Reducing Light Pollution
NCR-8.4 Minimize Obtrusive Lighting
NCR-8.5 Glare
NCR-9.1 Significant Resource Preservation
NCR-9.2 Consultation
NCR-9.4 Historic Survey
NCR-9.5 State or National Register
NCR-9.6 Maintenance, Preservation, and Renovation of Historic and Architecturally Significant Structures
NCR-9.14 Cultural Districts
NCR-9.15 Early Identification of Resources
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.3 New Development
S-5.7 PM10 Emissions from Construction
S-5.5 Health Risk Assessment
S-5.9 Mitigation Measures
UD-1.8 Historical Context
UD-4.9 Green Street Features
UD-5.4 Changes in Scale
UD-5.5 Attractive Building and Site Design
UD-5.7 Site Planning Techniques
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City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 8 Climate Action Plan Actions General Plan Policies
Action 8: Allocate funding to
expand and connect the active
transportation and micromobility network
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
LU-1.6 Infill and Refill Development
LU-3.3 Higher Density Housing
LU-3.8 Walkable Neighborhoods
LU-4.5 Grouping Commercial Development
LU-4.6 Neighborhood Serving Centers
LU-5.27 West Capitol Avenue Revitalization
LU-5.28 Mixed-use Corridor Nodes
M-1.1 Connectivity and Access
M-1.2 Multi-Modal Corridors and Hubs
M-1.3 Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled
M-1.8 Multi-Modal Access
M-1.10 Eliminate Gaps
M-1.11 Multi-Modal Transportation Center
M-2.2 Connectivity and Balance
M-2.4 Accessibility
M-2.13 Vision Zero
M-3.1 Safe and Efficient
M-3.4 Multi-modal Roadway Level of Service
M-3.8 Traffic Calming
M-5.1 Bike, Pedestrian, and Trails Plan
M-5.2 Bicycle Routes
M-5.6 Coexistence
M-6.1 Cohesive Network
M-6.2 Continuous Network
M-6.3 Pedestrian-friendly Streets
M-6.7 Safe Pedestrian Crossings
M-6.9 Safe Sidewalk
M-8.2 Enhance Mobility Option
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
UD-4.9 Green Street Features
UD-1.9 Street Patterns
UD-5.4 Changes in Scale
UD-5.11 Sidewalks
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Action 9: Extend regional
transit services and allocate
funding to increase the
accessibility, frequency, and
reliability of public transit
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
M-1.3 Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled
M-2.2 Connectivity and Balance
M-4.1 Access to Public Transit
M-4.2 Affordable Public Transit
M-4.3 Transit Priority
M-4.5 Transit-friendly Streets
M-4.6 Unified Traveler Information System
M-4.8 Feeder-Bus Connections
M-4.9 Light Rail/Street Cars
M-4.13 Paratransit
M-4.15 Promote Transit
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
S-5.5 Health Risk Assessment
S-5.9 Mitigation Measures
UD-5.7 Site Planning Techniques
UD-5.11 Sidewalks
Action 10: Reduce the impact
of the freight rail system
ED-1.10 Green Economy
LU-5.22 Rail Relocation/Removal
M-3.1 Safe and Efficient
M-9.1 Efficient Goods Movement
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
Action 11: Enhance utility
coordination and advocate for
the City’s utility provider to
provide access to carbon-free
electricity and additional
building efficiency/retrofit
rebates and funding
ED-1.10 Green Economy
ED-2.15 “Greening” Existing Buildings
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
LU-1.3 Green Rating System
NCR-7.11 Purchase Renewable Energy
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
PFS-6.6 Coordination with Utility Providers
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
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Action 12: Incentivize local
solar photovoltaic systems and
enhanced energy storage, and
promote participation in
community solar programs
ED-1.10 Green Economy
ED-2.15 “Greening” Existing Buildings
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
LU-1.3 Green Rating System
NCR-6.1 Energy Efficiency in Older Buildings
NCR-7.1 Green Building Requirements
NCR-7.2 Remove Barriers to Green Building
NCR-7.3 Energy Planner Coordination
NCR-7.6 Renewable Energy in Development
NCR-7.8 Existing Buildings
NCR-7.9 Financing Renewable Energy
NCR-7.10 Incentives for Renewable Energy
NCR-8.3 Reducing Light Pollution
NCR-8.4 Minimize Obtrusive Lighting
NCR-8.5 Glare
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
UD-5.7 Site Planning Techniques
Action 13: Develop and adopt a
building electrification program
and incentives for existing
buildings
ED-1.10 Green Economy
ED-2.15 “Greening” Existing Buildings
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
LU-1.3 Green Rating System
NCR-6.1 Energy Efficiency in Older Buildings
NCR-6.2 Energy Efficient Building Design
NCR-7.1 Green Building Requirements
NCR-7.2 Remove Barriers to Green Building
NCR-7.6 Renewable Energy in Development
NCR-7.8 Existing Buildings
NCR-7.9 Financing Renewable Energy
NCR-7.10 Incentives for Renewable Energy
NCR-7.11 Purchase Renewable Energy
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.3 New Development
Action 14: Establish energy
performance standards and
GHG emissions limits for
existing commercial buildings
NCR-7.1 Green Building Requirements
NCR-7.2 Remove Barriers to Green Building
NCR-7.3 Energy Planner Coordination
NCR-7.6 Renewable Energy in Development
NCR-7.7 EPA Energy Star Certified Appliances
NCR-7.8 Existing Buildings
NCR-7.9 Financing Renewable Energy
NCR-7.10 Incentives for Renewable Energy
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
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Action 15: Mandate all-electric
new construction in a phased
approach to eliminate on-site
fossil fuel use
ED-1.10 Green Economy
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
LU-1.3 Green Rating System
LU-1.6 Infill and Refill Development
NCR-6.2 Energy Efficient Building Design
NCR-6.5 Purchasing Preferences
NCR-7.1 Green Building Requirements
NCR-7.2 Remove Barriers to Green Building
NCR-7.6 Renewable Energy in Development
NCR-7.9 Financing Renewable Energy
NCR-7.10 Incentives for Renewable Energy
NCR-7.11 Purchase Renewable Energy
NCR-8.3 Reducing Light Pollution
NCR-8.4 Minimize Obtrusive Lighting
NCR-8.5 Glare
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.3 New Development
Action 16: Create a home
energy audit program and
minimum efficiency thresholds
NCR-7.7 EPA Energy Star Certified Appliances
NCR-7.8 Existing Buildings
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
Action 17: Expand commercial
and multifamily organic waste
programs
ED-1.10 Green Economy
PFS-5.4 Solid Waste Diversion
PFS-5.5 Municipal Waste Reduction
PFS-5.9 Residential Recycling
PFS-5.10 Commercial Recycling
PFS-5.12 Yard Waste Reduction
PFS-5.13 Food Composting
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
Action 18: Expand the food
recovery network to collect
edible food from businesses
ED-1.3 Global Food Industry Hub
ED-1.10 Green Economy
PFS-5.4 Solid Waste Diversion
PFS-5.13 Food Composting
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
Action 19: Reduce unnecessary
material consumption
ED-1.10 Green Economy
NCR-7.3 Energy Planner Coordination
PFS-5.10 Commercial Recycling
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
UD-4.10 Durable Materials and Construction
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City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 12 Climate Action Plan Actions General Plan Policies
Action 20: Develop and
implement an urban forest
master plan
NCR-3.1 Healthy Urban Forest
NCR-3.2 Urban Forest Management Plan
NCR-3.3 Tree Mitigation Ordinance
NCR-3.4 Urban Tree Canopy Analysis
NCR-3.5 Planting in New Development
NCR-3.6 Shading of New Development
NCR-3.8 Property Owner Responsibility
NCR-3.10 Tree Education
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
UD-4.8 Open Space and Trees
Action 21: Evaluate carbon
removal opportunities from
industrial processes and direct
air capture
ED-1.10 Green Economy
ED-2.15 “Greening” Existing Buildings
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
LU-6.6 Clean Industries
NCR-3.1 Healthy Urban Forest
NCR-3.2 Urban Forest Management Plan
NCR-3.3 Tree Mitigation Ordinance
NCR-3.4 Urban Tree Canopy Analysis
NCR-3.5 Planting in New Development
NCR-3.8 Property Owner Responsibility
NCR-6.1 Energy Efficiency in Older Buildings
NCR-6.2 Energy Efficient Building Design
NCR-7.1 Green Building Requirements
NCR-7.2 Remove Barriers to Green Building
NCR-7.6 Renewable Energy in Development
NCR-7.8 Existing Buildings
S-2.29 Levee Trees
S-4.2 Municipal GHG Reduction Targets
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.1 Local and Regional Programs
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
S-5.6 Early Coordination with YSAQMD
UD-4.8 Open Space and Trees
Action 22: Integrate climate
adaptation actions across City
operations, processes, and
policies
NCR-6.1 Energy Efficiency in Older Buildings
NCR-6.2 Energy Efficient Building Design
NCR-6.6 Efficient Infrastructure and Facilities
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
PFS-5.5 Municipal Waste Reduction
S-4.2 Municipal GHG Reduction Targets
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-4.4 Inventories
S-4.5 State and Federal Action
S-4.7 Climate Change Monitoring and Adaptation
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Action 23: Adopt a
comprehensive approach to
reduce effects of extreme heat
ED-1.10 Green Economy
HC-3.13 Support for Community Gardens & Urban Farms
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
LU-8.1 New Parks and Open Spaces
NCR-3.1 Healthy Urban Forest
NCR-3.2 Urban Forest Management Plan
NCR-3.3 Tree Mitigation Ordinance
NCR-3.4 Urban Tree Canopy Analysis
NCR-3.5 Planting in New Development
NCR-3.6 Shading of New Development
NCR-6.6 Efficient Infrastructure and Facilities
NCR-7.4 Heat Island Reduction
PR-1.3 Urban Parks
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
Action 24: Reduce vulnerability
to flooding
ED-1.10 Green Economy
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
NCR-2.12 Floodway Design
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
PFS-2.3 Water Conservation
PFS-4.7 Fix Local Flooding
PFS-4.11 Storm Drain Improvements
S-1.7 Water Source
S-2.2 Minimize Risk of Flood Damage
S-2.12 New Development Design
S-2.13 Climate Change-related Flood Risks
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
Action 25: Increase water
resilience and prepare for
extended drought
ED-1.10 Green Economy
LU-1.1 Sustainable Development
NCR-5.4 Recycled\Reclaimed Water
NCR-5.6 Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
PFS-2.3 Water Conservation
PFS-3.1 Innovative and Efficient Operations
PFS-4.8 Rainwater Catchment
PR-1.16 Drought Tolerant Landscaping
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
Action 26: Protect residents
from wildfire smoke and poor
air quality
ED-1.10 Green Economy
PFS-1.8 Adaptive Infrastructure
S-4.3 Climate Action Policies
S-5.2 Clean Air Programs
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2.3.1 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS
The City has set an ambitious target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. The CAP offers a clear road map for the City to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote carbon neutrality. However, the current CAP actions alone may not meet the GHG target without additional support, technological developments, and other factors.
The City aims to follow the state’s lead in incorporating carbon removal methods as part of its strategy to bridge the emissions reduction gap. As the state develops a program to assess and regulate carbon removal strategies, for example, the City plans to integrate these approaches in future CAP updates. Predicting the exact GHG emissions for the City in 2045 poses challenges, underscoring the importance of the implementation and monitoring framework mentioned above.
The interim target in the CAP aligns with Senate Bill 32’s GHG reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The City’s 2030 target is based on guidance from the CARB 2017 Scoping Plan. Based on the CARB 2017 Scoping Plan guidance, the City derived its own locally appropriate per capita GHG target by comparing the GHG emissions evaluated for the City and those included in the statewide inventories. Since West Sacramento does not have all statewide emissions sources in its local GHG inventory, the CAP actions are only designed to address a subset of statewide emissions. Therefore, the City’s local GHG emissions intensity target is lower than the overall statewide per capita target.
The City’s 2030 GHG target is 5.28 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e) per capita per year. The 2030 GHG target represents a 25-percent emissions intensity reduction from 2018 levels of 7.0 MT CO2e per capita. This is also equal to an absolute GHG target of 392,070 MT CO2e per year in 2030 based on the population forecasts that underpin the City’s GHG emissions forecasts. Following an evaluation of the impact of potential CAP actions, including community and stakeholder input on draft actions, the City proposes in the CAP a secondary interim target to achieve GHG emissions levels of 4.0 MT CO2e per capita per year by 2030. This would represent a 43-percent emissions intensity reduction from 2018 levels. 348
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 15 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSISTENCY REVIEW
The following environmental issues were evaluated in the 2016 General Plan EIR, as supplemented by the 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR:
► Aesthetics
► Agricultural Resources
► Air Quality
► Biological Resources
► Cultural Resources
► Geology, Soils, Minerals, and Paleontological Resources ► Greenhouse Gas Emissions
► Hazards, Hazardous Materials, and Wildfire
► Hydrology and Water Quality
► Land Use Planning and Population and Housing
► Noise and Vibration
► Public Services and Recreation
► Transportation/Traffic
► Utilities and Service Systems
The City’s 2016 General Plan EIR identified the following areas where, after implementation of feasible mitigation measures, implementation of the General Plan may nonetheless result in impacts that cannot be fully mitigated to a less-than-significant level:
► Aesthetics – substantial degradation of existing visual character; and new source of substantial light or glare. ► Agricultural Resources – conversion of Important Farmland to nonagricultural use. ► Air Quality – potential to violate any air quality standard or contribute substantially to an existing or projected air quality violation.
► Cultural Resources – potential to cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource as defined in Section 15064.5; potential to cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to Section 15064.5; and disturbance of any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries.
► Greenhouse Gas Emissions – generation of greenhouse gas emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment; and conflict with an applicable plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. ► Hydrology and Water Quality – place housing within a 100-year flood hazard area. ► Noise – exposure of persons to or generation of noise levels in excess of standards established in a local general plan or noise ordinance or applicable standards of other agencies; potential to result in a substantial permanent or temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels. ► Population and Housing – potential to induce substantial population growth in an area, either directly or indirectly.
► Transportation/Traffic – deterioration of intersection level of service; increase in daily traffic volumes on arterial or non-residential collector road segments to from an acceptable level to a level greater than the 349
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 16 maximum desirable daily volume; and increase in daily traffic volumes on residential streets from an acceptable level to an unacceptable level.
► Utilities and Service Systems – potential to require new stormwater drainage facilities or expansion of existing facilities; and potential to result in insufficient water supplies to serve the project from existing entitlements and resources, or a need for new or expanded entitlements.
3.1 Environmental Resource Considerations and Impact Consistency Review As described above, the CAP reduces the City’s emissions of greenhouse gases and conforms to CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5, allowing the streamlining of CEQA analyses of projects consistent with the CAP. As detailed in this Checklist, the CAP is within the scope of activities analyzed in the City’s 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
As recommended in CEQA Guidelines Section 15168(c)(4), the following checklist provides a brief evaluation of the CAP and the proposed actions to demonstrate that the environmental effects of the CAP are within the scope of the City’s 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. Factors considered in making this determination include but are not limited to the consistency of the later activity with the type of allowable land use, overall planned density and building intensity, geographic area analyzed for environmental impacts, and covered infrastructure, as described in the City’s 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.1 AESTHETICS
No designated federal, state, or local scenic roadways are within the city limits, as noted in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The CAP proposes actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including electric vehicle (EV) charging and hydrogen fueling infrastructure, prioritizing transitoriented development, expanding and enhancing transit services and infrastructure, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery storage, promoting building electrification, increasing tree planting and greenspaces, reducing pavement, developing resilience hubs and climate-resilient infrastructure, as shown in Table 1. The CAP actions may impact visual character and light and glare with the development of new rooftop PV solar systems for commercial or residential buildings and the use of reflective materials and coatings to reduce that heat island effect. CAP actions that facilitate high-density housing in transit-oriented areas could also affect visual character.
As shown in Table 1, the 2016 General Plan policies considered visual aesthetics and light pollution, and included policies for implementing higher-density housing and increased employment density through infill opportunities.
The 2016 General Plan included building and site design policies for consistent and aesthetically pleasing development in surrounding areas. The 2016 General Plan also contains policies for reducing light pollution and minimizing obtrusive lighting through project designs, operational practices, and limiting unnecessary outdoor lighting while requiring new developments to incorporate features preventing excessive glare from preserving night sky views and enhancing public safety.
Scenic vistas of concern include views from elevated vantages on levee roadways, featuring the Sacramento skyline and the Vaca Mountains. Transit-oriented development densities could create a more concentrated and urbanized visual environment, visible from elevated levees, altering scenic vistas. However, the General Plan’s policies ensure that new development is aesthetically pleasing and sensitive to adjacent land uses, including natural and historical contexts (see Table 1). Implementation of CAP actions would be required to meet the City’s zoning requirements, Urban Structure and Design policies, landscaping standards, regulations of applicable specific plans, or any other policies related to aesthetic resources would not result in substantial changes to the City’s aesthetic resources.
The 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR provide a comprehensive review and analysis of potential environmental impacts from citywide policies and implementation programs. The CAP 350
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 17 actions align with the policies and objectives outlined in the 2016 General Plan and 2024 Supplemental General Plan (see Table 1). Therefore, the CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the City’s 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on aesthetic resources align with the scope of the City’s 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.2 AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY RESOURCES
While the City contains areas of Prime Farmland, Farmland of Statewide Importance, and Unique Farmland, the CAP actions would not change the permitted land uses on these lands. CAP actions include new and expanded infrastructure within existing urban development and do not propose any physical change that would affect agricultural land. The CAP does not propose any physical change that would affect agricultural land. There is no change in impact for the CAP compared to that addressed in the City’s 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. Implementing projects under the CAP would not have the potential to substantially degrade agricultural resources or convert agricultural or forest land to non-agricultural or non-forest uses, nor would it conflict with existing zoning. Therefore, CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the City’s 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on agricultural and forestry resources align with the scopes outlined in the City’s 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.3 AIR QUALITY
The purpose and intended effect of the CAP is to reduce GHG emissions generated in the City to help reduce the effects of climate change. The CAP actions, when implemented, may require construction activities for EV charging and hydrogen fueling infrastructure, prioritizing transit-oriented development, expanding and enhancing transit services and infrastructure, installing solar PV panels and battery storage, increasing tree planting and greenspaces, reducing pavement, developing resilience hubs and climate-resilient infrastructure. The physical changes and improvements anticipated to occur as a result of implementing the CAP would be consistent with the types of infrastructure improvements, public services expansions, and building upgrades evaluated in the 2016 General Plan EIR and the 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR Emissions from construction activities represent temporary impacts that are typically short in duration, depending on the size, phasing, and type of project. Construction activity impacts are generally associated with fugitive dust (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns [PM10] and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns [PM2.5]), exhaust emissions from heavy construction vehicles and soil-hauling trucks and reactive organic gases that would be released during the drying phase upon application of architectural coatings (e.g. paint). Construction emissions would not likely exceed Yolo-Solano Air Quality Management District air quality emissions thresholds; however, the impacts of implementing the CAP were factored into the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR, and the scope of this previous environmental documentation covers implementation of the CAP. For operational emissions, many CAP actions that reduce GHG emissions would have the secondary benefit of reducing criteria pollutant emissions. For example, actions identified in the CAP aim to reduce building consumption and increase energy efficiency, promote renewable energy, incentivize alternative fuel options and increase tree canopy. Implementing CAP actions would be beneficial by helping the City meet applicable air quality plan goals and generally reduce sensitive receptor exposure to pollutant concentrations. CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on air quality align with the scopes outlined in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.4 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
The CAP actions concentrate on mitigating climate change impacts in developed areas with low potential for candidate, sensitive, or special-status species. Projects related to the CAP actions would include targeted 351
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 18 infrastructure improvements and upgrades to existing structures and spanning developed and undeveloped areas.
The CAP doesn’t initiate development in undeveloped areas. Rather, it establishes greenhouse gas emission reduction and climate-resilient criteria for any new development in those areas, providing a regulatory framework that guides future development. Potential physical changes associated with CAP implementation, such as infrastructure and tree planting, are planned within the footprint of existing developments and existing mostly developed areas, which would have the co-benefit of avoiding impacts on sensitive habitats. The CAP outlines a specific policy framework that aims to extend the 2016 General Plan by establishing citywide actions intended to reduce GHG emissions associated with the 2016 General Plan buildout.
As detailed in Section 2 of this document, the CAP is an implementation program of the 2016 General Plan, and includes detailed guidance on actions taken to reduce GHG emissions and improve resiliency in West Sacramento. As such, the environmental effects of CAP actions were considered as a part of the impact analysis and reporting in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The CAP commits the City to developing incentives for local solar PV panels, which could, depending on the specific design of future solar installations, involve the trimming or removal of trees. However, the CAP actions also include increasing the urban tree canopy, developing an Urban Forestry Management Plan, and reclaiming paved spaces for trees and green space, which align with local policies and ordinances for protecting biological resources (City Municipal Code Chapter 8.24. Tree Preservation). Any potential impact on biological resources, such as the installation of solar PV panels necessitating tree removal, would be addressed by required permits adhering to City standards, including the Tree Preservation Ordinance. CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and the 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on biological resources align with the scopes outlined in the 2016 General Plan EIR and the 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES
The CAP identifies actions to reduce GHG emissions and improve local climate adaptation and resiliency. The physical changes and improvements anticipated to occur as a result of implementing the CAP would be consistent with the types of infrastructure improvements, public services expansions, and building upgrades evaluated in the 2016 General Plan EIR and the 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR and would occur within the City’s planning area. For example, implementation of the CAP would support future EV charging and hydrogen fueling, transitoriented development, transit services and infrastructure, solar PV panels and battery storage, building electrification, tree planting and climate-resilient infrastructure. CAP actions could result in ground disturbance consistent with the types of disturbance and potential to encounter cultural resources evaluated in the 2016 General Plan and 2024 General Plan EIR, and CAP actions would be subject to cultural resources and tribal cultural resources mitigation included in the 2016 General Plan EIR, as augmented by the 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. Building electrification, including retrofits and solar PV panel installation, could potentially affect historic resources, depending on the specific design and location of solar facilities vis-à-vis historical resources.
Due to the nature of cultural resources, adverse impacts are site-specific and need to be determined on a projectby-project basis. As described in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR, future discretionary projects are required to gather and disclose information regarding documented and potential cultural and tribal cultural resources, in consultation with affiliated Native American representatives and to incorporate feasible avoidance and mitigation measures required to reduce potential impacts. The same requirements apply to physical implementation aspects of the CAP. Compliance with California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 and California Public Resources Code Section 5097 would provide an opportunity to avoid or minimize the disturbance of human remains and treat any remains discovered appropriately.
The 2016 General Plan includes policies and implementation programs that would reduce impacts on cultural, historic, and archaeological resources, as well as policies and implementation programs for conserving cultural, historic, and archaeological resources (see Table 1). Additionally, CAP actions would primarily be within existing developed areas and ground-disturbing activities would occur only at shallow depths in already-disturbed 352
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 19 developed areas, such as EV charging network, enhanced transit facilities, local solar and storage installation, expansion of grid capacity, increasing tree canopy and green spaces, reduction of pavement and development permeable and cool pavements and low-impact development features. CAP actions, such as transit-oriented development, active transportation, and climate-resilient infrastructure, could also occur in undeveloped or lesserintensity areas. However, the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR analyzed the potential impact of future development, including construction of structures, facilities, or infrastructure, in undeveloped and lesser-intensity areas in West Sacramento. CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on cultural resources align with the scope of the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.6 GEOLOGY, SOILS, MINERAL, AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCE Implementation of the CAP would result in limited potential for ground disturbance. CAP actions would primarily be within existing developed areas for EV charging networks, enhanced transit facilities, grid capacity expansion, increasing tree canopy and green spaces, reducing pavement and development permeable pavements and lowimpact development features. CAP actions, such as transit-oriented development, active transportation, and climate-resilient infrastructure, could occur in undeveloped or lesser-intensity areas. However, the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR analyzed the potential impact of future development in undeveloped and lesser-intensity areas in West Sacramento that involved the construction of structures, facilities, or infrastructure.
The physical improvements anticipated to occur due to implementing the CAP would be consistent with the types of infrastructure improvements, public services expansions, and building upgrades evaluated in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. All projects would be required to comply with the provisions of the California Building Code, which requires development projects to perform geotechnical investigations in accordance with state law, engineer improvements to address potential seismic and ground failure issues and use earthquake-resistant construction techniques to address potential earthquake loads when constructing buildings and improvements. The requirements associated with the California Building Code, the Municipal Code and the General Plan include policies and implementation programs to ensure that development projects address potential geologic hazards, at-risk buildings and infrastructure are evaluated for potential risks, and site-specific studies are completed for areas subject to liquefaction. CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on geology, soils, minerals, and paleontological resources align with the scope of the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.7 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CITY OF WEST SACRAMENTO CLIMATE ADAPTATION PLAN
The purpose and intended effect of the CAP is to reduce GHG emissions generated in the city and protect public safety consistent with state goals and guidance concerning climate change. The CAP is a policy framework that would serve as an extension of the 2016 General Plan by establishing citywide strategies and actions intended to reduce GHG emissions associated with the buildout of the General Plan. The 2016 General Plan policies and CAP actions in Table 1 include physical actions in the reduction of GHG emissions by incorporating telecommuting, transit-oriented development, expanding and upgrading transit services and infrastructure, EV charging network, solar PV panels and battery storage, electrifying residential and commercial buildings, and constructing climateresilient infrastructure. These CAP actions are focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions some of which reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT), resulting in fewer vehicle trips on roadways and highways and higher numbers of transit riders. The CAP does not propose new development that would result in increased VMT.
Through implementation of the CAP, the City would achieve consistency with the state and local regulations adopted to reduce GHG emissions and would not result in developing new or different projects not previously considered under the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. As described in Chapter 2 353
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 20 of the CAP, the net result of implementation of the CAP is a reduction in GHG emissions from existing and anticipated development and related operational activities in the City.
Implementing GHG reduction actions could result in the construction of transportation facilities, small-scale construction projects, such as tree planting, EV charging stations, small-scale ground-mounted or rooftop PV solar systems on residential, commercial, and school buildings, and retrofits to existing buildings. Worker trips and construction equipment would be required during the installation of these facilities and features, resulting in short-term GHG emissions. Following construction, the operation of the proposed GHG reduction measures may also include operational and maintenance activities, such as occasional inspection of facilities and cleaning of solar panels, which may generate a minor amount of emissions. However, as detailed in Chapter 2 of the CAP, the net result of implementing the CAP is reduced GHG emissions from existing and anticipated development and related operational activities in the City as compared to those already addressed by the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. Transit-oriented and climate-resilient infrastructure could result in relatively large construction projects, such as fixed-route mass-transit infrastructure and development or redevelopment in transit-oriented areas. However, construction-related emissions are a one-time source and a minor source of total GHG emissions and, as indicated in the discussion of expected GHG emissions reduction from the implementation of the CAP, these actions would also result in substantial long-term reductions in GHG emissions citywide. Potential projects that are determined to be consistent with the CAP would assist the City in attaining its share of GHG emissions reductions toward the achievement of the statewide GHG emissions reduction targets.
The GHG characteristics for the city and region have not substantially changed since the adoption of the 2016 General Plan. As such, projects implementing CAP actions would result in construction and operational GHG impacts similar to those identified in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
Therefore, CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on greenhouse gas emissions align with the scopes outlined in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR and implementation of the CAP would generally reduce GHG emissions, and implementation of the CAP would result in a less than cumulatively considerable contribution to the significant impact of climate change.
Proposed GHG Emissions Thresholds
The legal framework for GHG emission reductions has come about through Executive Orders, legislation, and regulations. Executive Order S-3-05, issued in recognition of California’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change, set forth the following target dates by which statewide GHG emissions would be progressively reduced:
by 2010, reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels; by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels; and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels. In 2006, California passed the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (Assembly Bill [AB] 32; California Health and Safety Code Division 25.5, Sections 38500, et seq.). AB 32 further details and puts into law the mid-term GHG reduction target established in Executive Order S-3-05: reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. In April 2015, Governor Edmund Brown issued an executive order establishing a statewide GHG reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.
This 2030 emissions reduction target acts as an interim goal between the AB 32 goal (i.e., achieve 1990 emission levels by 2020) and Governor Brown’s Executive Order S-3-05 goal of reducing statewide emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. The executive order aligns California’s 2030 GHG reduction goal with the European Union’s reduction target (i.e., 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030) that was adopted in October 2014. Approval of Senate Bill (SB) 32 in September 2016 extended the provisions of AB 32 from 2020 to 2030 with a new target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Most recently, signed September 16, 2022, AB 1279, the California Climate Crisis Act, declares the policy of the state both to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, but no later than 2045, and achieve and maintain net negative greenhouse gas emissions thereafter. It also requires that by 2045 statewide anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to at least 85 percent below statewide 1990 levels.
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City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 21 This CAP was developed consistent with state guidelines that pertain to local plans “for the reduction or mitigation of GHG emissions” (pursuant to Senate Bill 97 and CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5). West Sacramento’s CAP has been developed consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5, allowing the City to use the CAP rather than project-level analysis for GHG emissions impact assessment for future projects. CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5 establishes the criteria for GHG reduction plans. As described in Chapter 2 of the CAP, the CAP establishes a mass emissions target of becoming carbon neutral (i.e., GHG emissions associated with the City are zero) by 2045, consistent with state targets. West Sacramento’s interim target was selected to align with the Senate Bill 32 GHG reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. The City’s 2030 target is based on guidance from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) 2017 Scoping Plan. The 2017 Scoping Plan identifies a 2030 emissions intensity target of 6.0 tons per capita per year, based on the full statewide GHG inventory, the state’s 2030 GHG reduction target, and statewide population forecasts.
The 2017 Scoping Plan identifies a 2030 emissions intensity target of 6.0 tons per capita per year, based on the full statewide GHG inventory, the state’s 2030 GHG reduction target, and statewide population forecasts. Based on the CARB 2017 Scoping Plan guidance, the city derived its own locally appropriate per capita GHG target using a comparison of the GHG emissions evaluated for the city and those included in the statewide inventories.
Since West Sacramento does not include all statewide emissions sources in its local GHG inventory, the CAP’s actions are only designed to address a sub-set of statewide emissions. Therefore, the city’s local GHG emissions intensity target is lower than the overall statewide per capita target. West Sacramento’s 2030 GHG target is 5.28 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year (MT CO2e/capita/year). This represents a 25-percent emissions intensity reduction from 2018 levels of 7.0 MT CO2e/capita. This is also equal to an absolute GHG target of 392,070 MT CO2e/year in 2030 based on the population forecasts that underpin the city’s GHG emissions forecasts. This target was selected in a manner consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b)(1)(B) to demonstrate the city’s fair share contribution toward statewide GHG reduction targets and support future project CEQA streamlining as described in Chapter 1 of the CAP. However, the City has an ambitious carbon neutrality target for 2045 and following an evaluation of the impact of potential CAP actions, including community and other collaborator input on draft actions, the City is setting a secondary ambitious interim target to achieve GHG emissions levels of 4.0 MT CO2e/capita/year by 2030. This would represent a 43-percent emissions intensity reduction from 2018 levels.
The City’s GHG emissions thresholds are consistent with, and supportive of, the State legislative framework for GHG emissions reduction, in a way that is appropriate for projects located in West Sacramento, and that is appropriate for new development. The thresholds are for the purpose of evaluating the environmental impact of a project and adoption of the thresholds would not result in any physical environmental change, and therefore would have a less than cumulatively considerable impact.
3.1.8 HAZARDS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, AND WILDFIRE
As detailed in Section 2 of this document, the CAP is an implementation program of the 2016 General Plan, and includes detailed guidance on actions taken to reduce GHG emissions and improve resiliency in West Sacramento. As such, the environmental effects of CAP actions were considered as a part of the impact analysis and reporting in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The CAP does not include actions that would substantially increase the City’s use, transport, or disposal of hazardous materials. Further, actions in the CAP would not result in projects with the potential to impair the implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. The CAP does not include actions that would increase the potential for fire, such that there would be potential to expose people or structures, either directly or indirectly, to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires.
The CAP proposes a range of actions, from building electrification to incentivizing transit-oriented development and enhancing solar energy generation, battery storage, and EV charging (see Table 1). As with other aspects of implementing the 2016 General Plan, potential physical changes resulting from CAP implementation, such as electric EV charging and hydrogen fueling infrastructure, prioritizing transit-oriented development, expanding and enhancing transit services and infrastructure, installing solar PV panels and battery storage, promoting 355
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 22 building electrification, increasing tree planting and greenspaces, reducing pavement and installing cool pavement, developing resilience hubs and climate-resilient infrastructure, are designed to comply with relevant federal and state regulations, ensuring public health and environmental impacts are avoided. Solar energy generation would be required to incorporate California Fire Code, California Health and Safety Code, and California Public Resources Code requirements into the solar facility design. Battery storage systems for renewable energy generation would be required to comply with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 855 guideline, “Standards for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems.” Construction activities linked to CAP actions may involve on-site fueling/servicing and the transport of materials such as fuels, lubricating fluids, and solvents, these materials are considered non-acutely hazardous. All aspects of their storage, handling, and disposal are subject to regulation by authorities such as the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, and City policies (City Municipal Code Chapter 17.28.090 Hazardous and Extremely Hazardous Materials and Chapter 8.18 Hazardous Materials). CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on hazards, hazardous materials and wildfire align with the scope of the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.9 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
The CAP envisions physical changes within existing developments, avoiding the addition of impervious surfaces to mitigate urban runoff and pollution risks. CAP actions align with existing strategies, such as stormwater management policies and the Urban Forest Management Plan, ensuring responsible and sustainable water management practices during City buildout. For example, the CAP proposes actions to enhance surface and groundwater quality, including promoting the expansion of urban forests, reclaiming paved spaces for trees and green space, developing green stormwater infrastructure, permeable pavements, and other low-impact development features, and supporting the Department of Water Resources’ Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance. As detailed in Section 2 of this document, these strategies to improve resiliency in West Sacramento are consistent with the policies of the 2016 General Plan (see Table 1) and as a result, the environmental impacts were considered within the context of the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
Implementation of the CAP would not substantially increase water demand or impervious surfaces in a manner that would interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that the project may impede sustainable groundwater management of the basin. Implementation of the CAP would not result in new or expanded impervious surfaces that could impair groundwater recharge or substantially alter the existing drainage pattern. In addition, the CAP does not propose measures that could increase the presence of pollutants within flood hazard zones. CAP actions related to climate-resilient infrastructure, such as reducing vulnerability to flooding (see Table 1), are intended to reduce flooding impacts in the city. CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on hydrology and water quality align with the scope of the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.10 LAND USE AND PLANNING AND POPULATION AND HOUSING The CAP is consistent with and builds upon the policies and implementation programs of the 2016 General Plan.
As with the 2016 General Plan, the CAP calls for an increase in transit-oriented development. Consistent with the updated Mobility Element policy, the CAP calls for eliminating parking requirements for transit-oriented development. Consistent with the 2016 General Plan Natural and Cultural Resources Element section on “Urban Forest,” the CAP calls for development of an urban forestry management plan. The CAP commits the City to a building electrification and efficiency program, to enforcing parking lot shade ordinance, and supporting the water-efficient landscape ordinance. In order to implement these CAP actions, the Municipal Code, Zoning Code, and other applicable documents would need to be amended to reflect new or modified requirements to be consistent with the General Plan and related CAP actions. 356
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 23 The CAP implements the provisions of the 2016 General Plan that include but are not limited to improving public open spaces, transportation systems, water conservation and flood protection. While the CAP actions could require changes to some existing ordinances, the CAP is designed to mitigate adverse environmental impacts associated with climate change. Building on the policy framework of the 2016 General Plan, the CAP identifies strategies to reduce GHG emissions through methods such as alternative transportation and energy efficiency.
However, it does not propose development, infrastructure, or any other actions that would induce population growth beyond the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR analysis. There would be no displacement of people or housing due to the implementation of CAP actions.
Physical implementation of the CAP would be subject to the same applicable policies, standards, and regulations designed to reduce environmental impacts associated with implementation of the rest of the 2016 General Plan.
CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on land use and planning and population and housing align with the scope of the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.11 NOISE AND VIBRATION
Noise and vibration generated by construction activities associated with CAP actions will be consistent with the assumptions used to inform the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The CAP identifies actions the City intends to execute to achieve GHG emission reductions and climate resiliency. These subsequent projects could result in limited construction noise, but would not increase long-term operational noise.
A majority of the proposed actions would involve small-scale construction projects, such as tree planting, energyefficient retrofits, rooftop solar PV systems and EV charging stations. Construction activities have the potential to result in varying degrees of temporary and short-term ground vibration during small-scale construction, depending on the type of construction equipment utilized.
Physical improvements, such as EV charging and hydrogen fueling infrastructure, transit-oriented development, expanding and enhancing transit services and infrastructure, installing solar PV panels and battery storage, increasing tree planting and greenspaces, reducing pavement and increasing cool pavement, developing resilience hubs and climate-resilient infrastructure, as shown in Table 1, anticipated to occur as a result of implementing the CAP would be consistent with the types of infrastructure improvements, public services expansions, and building upgrades evaluated in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. CAP actions, such as transit-oriented development and transit infrastructure, focus on reducing the number of vehicle miles traveled by providing enhanced access to alternative modes of transportation, which would result in no permanent increase in local traffic volumes or associated noise. The CAP does not propose construction activities that would produce more noise or be located adjacent to noise-sensitive uses beyond that assumed and disclosed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. Future activities must also comply with the City’s noise ordinance (City Municipal Code Chapter 17.28.110 Noise and 17.28.140 Vibration). Such compliance would reduce noise levels associated with construction activities. Potential impacts on noise resulting from projects under the CAP would be consistent with impacts described in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.12 PUBLIC SERVICES AND RECREATION
The CAP would not require the construction of new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, but instead establishes greenhouse gas emission reduction and climate-resilient criteria for any development, serving as a regulatory framework that guides future development. CAP actions would not result in the development of any new or different projects that were not previously considered in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
Existing public service facilities may be expanded at their current location and new facilities could also be constructed. The facilities will be primarily provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and 357
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 24 the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the governmental facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development, redevelopment, and infrastructure projects analyzed under the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. Implementation of the CAP may result in minor modifications to existing parks, such as tree planting, increasing green spaces, installation of upgraded irrigation systems and drought-tolerant landscaping is consistent with the 2016 General Plan’s Land Use Element and Parks and Recreation Element (see Table 1). However, the CAP would not increase the demand for parks or result in the construction of new recreational facilities.
Consistent with the 2016 General Plan’s Public Facilities and Services Element, the CAP actions include adaptive and improved infrastructure for extreme heat, flooding and drought. CAP actions, such as transit-oriented development and transit infrastructure would result in increased demand for public services, including fire protection, law enforcement, schools, parks, libraries, and other public and governmental services. The 2016 General Plan includes policies to ensure that public services are provided at adequate levels and that the City will maintain public facilities and services to ensure compliance with appropriate regional, state, and federal laws and to provide efficient public facilities and services.
The CAP would not in itself increase demand for public services or facilities. CAP actions would not result in the potential for new, adverse physical effects on the environment and would be consistent with the development evaluated in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. Therefore, CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on public services and recreation align with the scopes outlined in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
3.1.13 TRANSPORTATION/TRAFFIC
The CAP includes specific actions focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions-generating activities, such as improving existing transit services through infrastructure improvements and prioritizing transit-oriented development. Focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the CAP actions emphasize VMT as the primary measure of travel demand impacts, resulting in fewer vehicle trips on roadways and highways and higher numbers of transit riders. Implementation of the CAP would not exceed the City’s VMT thresholds because the CAP does not propose new development that would result in increased VMT. Implementing the CAP actions would reduce VMT from new and existing development through transit access improvements and the construction of new housing units in areas that can be accessed without private automobiles and support walking, bicycling, and transit services. The physical improvements anticipated to occur due to the implementation of the proposed CAP would be consistent with the types of infrastructure improvements evaluated in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR.
The 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR include an analysis of planned improvements to the transportation system through the implementation of the Mobility Element, including greater emphasis on alternative transportation modes, which would generally lead to better traffic conditions in the City.
Because CAP actions would support and facilitate alternative transportation methods, the CAP would be consistent with city and regional plans that seek to improve local and regional transportation. When integrated thoughtfully, CAP actions will likely complement the existing Mobility Element by promoting alternative transportation modes, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and expanding transit services.
The CAP actions do not introduce significant hazards related to geometric design features or incompatible land uses. CAP actions would improve safety by reducing VMT and promoting sustainable transportation modes, reducing emissions, and integrating green spaces into urban environments. Moreover, the CAP does not include any changes to the access the City’s transportation network provides. CAP implementation would not result in new impacts or substantially increased impacts compared to those addressed in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The environmental effects of CAP actions on transportation and traffic align with the scopes outlined in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. 358
City of West Sacramento Climate Action Plan, CEQA Guidelines Section 15168 Checklist AECOM | 25
3.1.14 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS
Consistent with the 2016 General Plan Public Facilities and Service Element, the CAP includes actions focused on the water and solid waste sectors to minimize GHG emissions while improving community resilience and reliability (see Table 1). CAP actions that could impact public utilities include improvements and expansion of future EV charging, housing development with transit-oriented development, transit services and infrastructure, rooftop solar PV systems, battery storage, building electrification, grid capacity expansion, and climate-resilient infrastructure. Some of these actions may result in a need for new utility systems or require modifications or retrofits to existing infrastructure. Developing large-scale renewable energy (i.e., solar PV systems and battery storage) could require new or expanded utility systems. However, these modifications would be within the scope of the improvements evaluated in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. The 2016 General Plan and 2024 Supplemental General Plan evaluated that infrastructure and facilities necessary to serve new growth could involve the development of facilities on appropriately designated land and improvements to existing facilities.
CAP actions would improve utilities and service systems with climate-resilient infrastructure, water and energy efficiency and solid waste programs. These actions would reduce the demand for utilities and service systems and decrease the potential for capacity of existing service providers and new facilities. Given that projected water and solid waste demands associated with the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR would not exceed the projected available water supplies or landfill capacity, implementation of CAP actions would not result in the need to construct or expand water and solid waste facilities that have not already been described and accounted for in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. Potential impacts on utilities and service systems resulting from projects under the CAP would be consistent with impacts described in the 2016 General Plan EIR and 2024 Supplemental General Plan EIR. 359
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Attachment 7
RESOLUTION 25-8PC
A RESOLUTION OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF WEST
SACRAMENTO RECOMMENDING ADOPTION BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF RESOLUTION 25-49 ADOPTING THE CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN
WHEREAS, The Mayors’ Commission on Climate Change report Achieving Carbon Zero in Sacramento and West Sacramento by 2045 set the foundation for creating this Climate Action & Adaptation Plan; and
WHEREAS, The State of California’s 2022 Assembly Bill (AB) 1279 established a statewide carbon neutrality target by 2045; and
WHEREAS, West Sacramento is already experiencing the harmful impacts of climate change, which are projected to worsen over time; and
WHEREAS, the most vulnerable West Sacramento residents are already experiencing disproportionate impacts from climate change; and
WHEREAS, on May 1, 2025, the West Sacramento Planning Commission heard a presentation, took public comment and discussed the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan; and
WHEREAS, the Planning Commission has duly considered all information before them; and
WHEREAS, the Planning Commission has found the proposed Climate Action and Adaptation Plan furthers the public health, safety and general welfare of the City; and NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Planning Commission hereby recommends that the City Council take the following action:
1. Adopt the Climate Action & Adaptation Plan; and
2. Find that the project is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”) review pursuant to the §15183.5 and 15168 of the CEQA Guidelines.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this 1
st day of May 2025 by the following vote:
AYES: Jackson, Olivarez, Sablan, Wong
NOES: None
ABSENT: Andersen, Delgado, Linker, Squires
ABSTAIN: None
_________________________________
Dolores Olivarez, Acting Planning Commission Chairperson ATTEST:
Seamus Laffey, AICP, Secretary
Docusign Envelope ID: 1BE8117D-4AB0-43AF-9C13-008C142B9FF4 361
Attachment 8
DRAFT RESOLUTION 25-49
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF WEST SACRAMENTO
APPROVING CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN
WHEREAS, The State of California’s 2022 Assembly Bill (AB) 1279 established a statewide carbon neutrality target by 2045; and
WHEREAS, West Sacramento is already experiencing the harmful impacts of climate change, which are projected to worsen over time; and
WHEREAS, the most vulnerable West Sacramento residents are already experiencing disproportionate impacts from climate change; and
WHEREAS, on June 4, 2025, the West Sacramento City Council heard a presentation and discussed the proposed Climate Action and Adaptation Plan; and WHEREAS, the City Council has duly considered all the information before them; and WHEREAS, the City Council has found that the proposed Climate Action and Adaptation Plan furthers the public health, safety, and general welfare of the City, and WHEREAS, the Planning Commission has considered the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and passed Resolution 25-8PC, recommending the City Council approve Resolution 25-49.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of West Sacramento hereby:
1. Adopt the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and establish a goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2045 with an interim 2030 Green House Gas (GHG) target of a 25% per capita emissions intensity reduction from 2018.
2. Find that adoption of the CAAP is within the scope of the EIR and SEIR prepared for the 2035 General Plan and no new or substantially more adverse impacts would occur through implementation of the proposed project, pursuant to Sections 15168 of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
PASSED AND ADOPTED this 4th day of June, 2025 by the following vote:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSENT:
Martha Guerrero, Mayor
ATTEST:
Jennfier Cusmir, City Clerk
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