Item 06 - Fentanyl (Analogs) - Drug Scheduling and Enhance Criminal Sentencing

Agenda Item No. 6

CITY OF YUCAIPA

AGENDA REPORT
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council
FROM: ymond A. Casey, City Manager
a
rShane Massoud, Public Information Officer/Grant Coordinator FOR: City Council Meeting of December 12, 2022
SUBJECT: Fentanyl (Analogs)— Drug Scheduling and Enhance Criminal Sentencing RECOMMENDATION:

That City Council review and approve letters:

To Congressman Jay Obernolte requesting that his office petition the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to permanently schedule fentanyl (analogs) as a Schedule I drug; and

2.) To Governor Gavin Newsom requesting that his administration work with the California State Legislature to prioritize enacting legislation that enhance criminal sentencing as it relates to the possession, sale, and distribution of fentanyl (analogs) to a felony offense; and

3.) In support of Senate Bill 13 by Senator Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh.

BACKGROUND:

According to the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), fentanyl was created in 1959 by Dr. Paul Janssen as an intravenous surgical pain -reliever. The drug is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. Because of its strength, the drug was rarely used except in hospital operating rooms.

In the 1990s, a new transdermal skin patch for fentanyl was developed to treat chronic pain. The non -surgical delivery mechanism offered some unique advantages over other drugs, including quick onset of action, relatively few cardiovascular risks, and low histamine release. These attributes made it a good prescription choice for some patients, because it reduced some of the risks of medical complications that other pain relievers have.

Lozenge, lollipop, tablet, and nasal spray versions soon followed, under such names as ActigO, DuragesicO, and Sublimaze& The ease and effectiveness of these user-friendly delivery methods led to abuse, and the criminal manufacturing fentanyl analog market was born. Simply put, fentanyl analogs are illicit —and often deadly —alterations of the medically prescribed drug -177-

fentanyl. The analogs have similar but not the same chemical structure, and they mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug.

From 1999 to 2011, the death rate in the United States due to opioid analgesics nearly quadrupled, then began to skyrocket around 2013-2014. This timing coincided with the first detection of illicit pills containing fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids such as U-47700 (a highly potent synthetic opioid that looks like a white or light pink powder. It is often either sold in baggies or pressed into pills to look like legal painkillers).

Warning signs of the fentanyl-fueled opioid crisis first emerged in the Northeast. William R Brownfield, Assistant Secretary for the Office of National Drug Control Policy, warned that Massachusetts was "a preview of coming attractions." Across the United States, drug abuse, addiction, and overdoses were responsible for 50,000 deaths in 2015, the majority of which involved an opioid.

In addition, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), notes that the rates of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone, which includes fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, increased over 56% from 2019 to 2020. The number of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids in 2020 was more than 18 times the number in 2013. More than 57,000 people died from overdoses involving synthetic opioids in 2020. In 2021 synthetic opioid deaths reached 71,238 and they are continuing to rise.

DISCUSSION:

The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) oversees the Controlled Substance Act (CSA or Act) which places all substances, which are in some manner regulated under existing federal law, into one of five schedules depending upon the drug's acceptable medical use, the drug's abuse, and/or dependency potential. The abuse rate is a determinate factor in the scheduling of the drug; for example, Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and the potential to create severe psychological and/or physical dependence. As the drug schedule changes-- Schedule II, Schedule III, etc., so does the abuse potential-- Schedule V drugs represents the least potential for abuse. The drug schedule is as follows:
• Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Some examples of Schedule I drugs are: heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote. • Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence.

These drugs are also considered dangerous. Some examples of Schedule II drugs are combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin.
• Schedule III drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence. Schedule III drugs abuse potential -178-

is less than Schedule I and Schedule II drugs but more than Schedule IV. Some examples of Schedule III drugs are products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone. • Schedule IV drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some examples of Schedule IV drugs are Xanax, Soma, Daivon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol. • Finally, Schedule V drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Schedule V drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes. Some examples of Schedule V drugs are cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or per 100 milliliters (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectolin.

According to the Drug of Abuse 2022 Edition: A DEA Resource Guide, the Act provides a mechanism for substances to be controlled (added to or transferred between schedules) or decontrolled (removed from control). The procedure for these actions is found in Section 201 of the Act (21U.S.C. §811).

Proceedings to add, delete, or change the schedule of a drug or other substance may be initiated by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), or by petition from any interested party, including:
• The manufacturer of a drug
• A medical society or association
• A pharmacy association
• A public interest group concerned with drug abuse
• A state or local government agency
• An individual citizen
When a petition is received by the DEA, the agency begins its own investigation of the drug. The DEA also may begin an investigation of a drug at any time based upon information received from law enforcement laboratories, state and local law enforcement and regulatory agencies, or other sources of information. Once the DEA has collected the necessary data, the DEA Administrator, by authority of the Attorney General, requests from HHS to perform a scientific and medical evaluation and recommendation as to whether the drug or other substance should be controlled or removed from control.

This request is sent to the Assistant Secretary of HHS. The Assistant Secretary, by authority of the Secretary, compiles the information and transmits back to the DEA. The compiled information contains a medical and scientific evaluation regarding the drug or other substance, a recommendation as to whether the drug should be controlled, and in what schedule it should be placed. The medical and scientific evaluations are binding on the DEA with respect to scientific and medical matters and form a part of the scheduling decision. Once the DEA has received the scientific and medical evaluation from HHS, the Administrator will evaluate all available data and make a final decision whether to propose that a drug or other substance should be removed or controlled, and into which schedule it should be placed. -179-

A Fentanyl Awareness campaign has been initiated by the DEA, States, and local municipalities throughout the country to inform the public regarding the devasting harm and death associated with fentanyl. Additionally, in 2020 Congress passed the Temporary Reauthorization Study of the Emergency Scheduling of Fentanyl Analogues Act. This bill temporary allowed for the scheduling orders issued by the DEA to place fentanyl related substances in the Schedule I category of the Controlled Substance Act. Since 2020, Congress has continued to pass temporary extensions for this bill, the current deadline is set to expire December 31, 2022.

In addition to the need to have fentanyl (analogs) permanently rescheduled, staff is recommending that the City Council request that Governor Newsom and the California State Legislature prioritize enacting legislation that enhance criminal sentencing as it relates to the possession, sale, and distribution of fentanyl (analogs) to a felony offense.

California lawmakers have been looking towards increasing the penalties for fentanyl-related crimes. Assembly Bill 2246, for example, which was introduced in February of this year, would allow prosecutors to pursue a sentence of 20 years to life for distributors of fentanyl that resulted in a fatal overdose. The bill would also make it a felony to possess more than 2 grams of the drug and would work with the DEA to classify fentanyl as a Schedule I drug rather than its current Schedule II status. Unfortunately, this bill did not pass.

This past week, however, Senator Ochoa Bogh introduced Senate Bill 13. Existing law makes it a crime to possess for sale or purchase for purpose of sale, transport, sell, furnish, administer, give away, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, derive, process, or prepare various controlled substances, including, among others, fentanyl, peyote, and various other opiates and narcotics. This bill would require a person who is convicted of, or who pleads guilty or no contest to, the above crimes to receive a written advisory of the danger of manufacturing or distribution of controlled substances and that, if a person dies as a result of that action, the manufacturer or distributor can be charged with voluntary manslaughter or murder. The bill would require that the fact the advisory was given be on the record and recorded on the abstract of conviction. Staff will continue to monitor this bill as it makes its way through the legislative process.

City staff is recommending that City Council review and approve a letter to Congressman Jay Obernolte requesting that his office petition the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to permanently schedule fentanyl (analogs) as a Schedule I drug.

City staff is also recommending that City Council review and approve a letter to Governor Gavin Newsom requesting that his administration work with the California State Legislature to prioritize enacting legislation that enhance criminal sentencing as it relates to the possession, sale, and distribution of fentanyl (analogs) to a felony offense.

Finally, City staff is also recommending that City Council review and approve a letter of support for Senate Bill 13 by Senator Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh.

ATTACHMENTS:

Letter to Congressman Jay Obernolte
Letter to Governor Gavin Newsom
Letter to Senator Ochao Bogh
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
CDC — National Center for Health Statistics
DEA — Drug Scheduling
DEA — Drug of Abuse (A DEA Resource Guide/ 2022 Edition) Senate Bill 13
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CITY OF
Monday, December 12, 2022
Honorable Congressman Jay Obernolte
1029 Longworth House Office Building
Washington, DC 20515
Dear Congressman Obernolte:

On behalf of the City of Yucaipa, we write to request that your office petition the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to permanently schedule fentanyl (analogs) as a Schedule I drug.

As you are aware, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), notes that the rates of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone, which includes fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, increased over 56% from 2019 to 2020. The number of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids in 2020 was more than 18 times the number in 2013. More than 57,000 people died from overdoses involving synthetic opioids in 2020. In 2021 synthetic opioid deaths reached 71,238 and they are continuing to rise.

With such a significant increase in overdose deaths, the time is now to permanently schedule fentanyl (analogs) as a Schedule I drug in an effort to change the current course of this crisis.

We thank you for your continued support of our community.

Sincerely,
Bobby Duncan
Councilmember
Justin Beaver
Councilmember
Jon Thorp Matt Garner Chris Venable
Councilmember Councilmember Councilmember
cc: Laura Varela, League of California Cities, lvarela a,calcities.org Meg Desmond, League of California Cities, [email protected] Jason Gonsalves, Joe A. Gonsalves & Son, [email protected] City of Yucaipa
34272 Yucaipa Blvd, Yucaipa, CA 92399
909-7?gy489

CITY OF
Monday, December 12, 2022
Honorable Governor Gavin Newsom
10210 Street, Suite 9000
Sacramento, CA 95814
Dear Governor Newsom:

On behalf of the City of Yucaipa, we write to request that your administration work with the State Legislature to prioritize enacting legislation that enhances criminal sentencing as it relates to the possession, sale, and distribution of fentanyl (analogs) as a felony offense.

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), notes that the rates of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone, which includes fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, increased over 56% from 2019 to 2020. The number of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids in 2020 was more than 18 times the number in 2013. More than 57,000 people died from overdoses involving synthetic opioids in 2020. In 2021 synthetic opioid deaths reached 71,238 and they are continuing to rise.

With such a significant increase in overdose deaths, the time is now to pass meaningful legislation that changes the current course of this crisis.

We respectfully request that you and your administration prioritize enacting legislation that enhances criminal sentencing as it relates to the possession, sale, and distribution of fentanyl (analogs) as a felony offense.

Sincerely,
Bobby Duncan
Councilmember
Justin Beaver
Councilmember
Jon Thorp Matt Garner Chris Venable
Councilmember Councilmember Councilmember
cc: Rosilicie Bogh, Senator, Via FAX No. (916) 651-4923 Laura Varela, League of California Cities, [email protected] Meg Desmond, League of California Cities, mdesinond@,cacities.org Jason Gonsalves, Joe A. Gonsalves & Son, Jason@,gonsalvi.com City of Yucaipa
34272 Yucaipa Blvd, Yucaipa, CA 92399
909-7?g:3 489

CITY OF
Monday, December 12, 2022
Honorable Senator Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh
10210 Street, Room 7220
Sacramento, CA 95814
Dear Senator Ochoa Bogh:

On behalf of the City of Yucaipa, we write in support of Senate Bill 13.

With such a significant increase in overdose deaths, the time is now to pass meaningful legislation that changes the current course of this crisis.

Senate Bill 13, if passed, will help establish the necessary framework that will suppress the criminal manufacturing of fentanyl (analogs).

We thank you for your continued support of our community.

Sincerely,
Bobby Duncan
Councilmember
Justin Beaver
Councilmember
Jon Thorp Matt Garner Chris Venable
Councilmember Councilmember Councilmember
cc: Laura Varela, League of California Cities, lvarelagcalcities.org Meg Desmond, League of California Cities, mdesmondgealcities.org Jason Gonsalves, Joe A. Gonsalves & Son, Jasoriggonsalvi.com City of Yucaipa
34272 Yucaipa Blvd, Yucaipa, CA 92399
909-7?g42489

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Fentanyl Analogs
What are fentanyl analogs?
Simply put, fentanyl analogs are illicit —and often deadly —alterations of the medically prescribed drug fentanyl. The analogs have similar —but not the same —chemical structure, and they mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug.

Fentanyl is a very strong synthetic narcotic primarily used to ease the suffering of patients with chronic pain or terminal illnesses. Since the 1990s, the drug has been available in a patch or lozenge for easy and effective delivery of the time -released medicines. Fentanyl is so potent that residual chemicals in used patches have been suspected of contaminating water supplies when flushed down the toilet. Used patches have also been known to stick to children or animals, causing unintentional overdoses.

But accidental overdoses from legal prescriptions pale in comparison to deaths attributed to illegally imported versions of the drug and its analogs starting in the late 1990s. The effectiveness of the drug, combined with user-friendly delivery methods, drew the attention of bad actors seeking to profit from its potency.

Take heroin, for example. In the height of the opioid epidemic, a kilogram of heroin could be purchased for approximately $6,000 and sold for appropriately $80,000. For the same purchase price, a kilogram of illegally imported fentanyl could be sold for approximately $1.6 million, then cut into heroin and other drugs to expand their volume.
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Some black-market drug makers create new fentanyl analogs to avoid classification as illegal, get around policy restrictions on manufacturing, and evade detection in standard drug tests. It can be difficult to determine if pills were legally produced for pharmaceutical distribution or illegally produced for illegal drug sales. Counterfeit prescription medications, such as a fentanyl-laced Xany-bar or counterfeit Xanax, were reportedly made at a "pill mill" or illegal pill press.

The availability of black-market fentanyl and fentanyl analogs led to a U.S. opioid epidemic that continues to cause thousands of overdose deaths each year and destroy families and communities in the process. Harm from fentanyl analogs also extends to first responders. A lethal dose of carfentanyl, a fentanyl analog, is about the size of the head of a pin, requiring the full protection of hazmat suits.
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Fentanyl analogs are similar in chemical structure to the synthetic opioid, fentanyl. (Photo: Shutterstock.com)
The history of fentanyl analogs
Fentanyl was created in 1959 by Dr. Paul Janssen as an intravenous surgical analgesic. The drug is 50-100 times more potent than morphine. Because of its strength, the drug was rarely used except in hospital operating rooms or on large animals.

Lozenge, lollipop, tablet, and nasal spray versions soon followed, under such names as Actiq®, Duragesic®, and Sublimaze®. The ease and effectiveness of these user-friendly delivery methods led to abuse, and the fentanyl analog market was born. Criminal manufacturers began creating designer drugs —analogs with modified chemical structures —to avoid identification as a controlled substance.

From 1999 to 2011, the death rate in the United States due to opioid analgesics nearly quadrupled, then began to skyrocket around 2013-2014.

This timing coincided with the first detection of illicit pills containing fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids such as U- 47700.
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Warning signs of the fentanyl-fueled opioid crisis first emerged in the Northeast. William R Brownfield, Assistant Secretary for the Office of National Drug Control Policy, warned that Massachusetts was "a preview of coming attractions." Across the United States, drug abuse, addiction, and overdoses were responsible for 50,000 deaths in 2015, the majority of which involved an opioid.

In 2017, the President issued Executive Order 13784, establishing a Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. Many of the 45,000 drug -related deaths that year were determined to have resulted from abuse, addiction, and overdoses due to fentanyl.
..,
Many of the 45,000 drug -related deaths in 2077 were caused by fentanyl overdoses. (Image: Shutterstock.com)
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Unflooding the fentanyl analog market
A major contributor to the opioid drug crisis was availability. Modern internet e-commerce enabled individual players, small-scale drug trafficking organizations (DTOs), and large-scale DTOs with their own production facilities to flood the illicit drug market with fentanyl. The drugs could be purchased and delivered through standard mail to the United States from places as far away as China. In many cases, drug users and mid- level dealers have no idea where or how their drugs are manufactured or what they might be cut with.

Carfentanyl, a fentanyl analog, is an odorless white powder. It is one of the most potent opioids known and used commercially. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, carfentanyl is approximately 10,000 times more potent than morphine, 100 times more than fentanyl, and 50 times more than heroin. Marketed under the trade name Wildnil®, it is used as a general anesthetic for very large animals.

In July 2016, carfentanyl was found cut into heroin and fentanyl sold on the streets of Ohio. In a span of three days, 35 overdoses and 6 deaths occurred there. In the same year, in Anoka County, Minnesota, six overdoses and two deaths occurred in a 12-hour period in October 2016. These instances and similar cases throughout the nation pointed to single batches of fentanyl- laced heroin as the culprit for dramatic spikes in overdose cases.

Most opioid users do not intentionally seek out fentanyl analogs. To unsuspecting customers, the drugs can look like legal opioids or benzodiazepines for pain relief. And once a person is exposed to a higher - toxicity drug, the brain chemistry alters further, and the user will seek out the most potent form of the drug. At the height of addiction, some users are unable to discern risk and are willing to go to any length to obtain the -189-
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drug, including boiling fentanyl patches to extract the drug for injection or ingestion. And if a user is new to taking opioids, the risk of overdose is even higher because their bodies have no tolerance to the drug.

Fentanyl analogs, including fentanyl-laced heroin, come in many flavors, with street names such as white heroin, Perc-O-Pops, Chiclets, Apache, China Girl, White China, Dance Fever, Jackpot, Murder 8, TNT, Tango and Cash, Friend, Goodfella, and Pedrum (murder spelled backward). The sheer variety of the drug, including emerging combinations, make toxicology testing and accurate death reporting extremely challenging.

Investigations into drug overdoses have shown the difficulty in identifying whether drugs were commercially or illegally produced. For example, carfentanyl and other analogs do not show up on traditional opioid toxicology testing. And specific testing for these substances is not routinely performed. An investigation may show all the scene indications and autopsy findings of an opioid overdose death, but simple toxicology tests can still be negative for opioids. in many states, medical examiners are often too overwhelmed by the numbers to do the testing to determine which analog was involved.

The toll of drug abuse and overdoses extends far wider than deaths, which in 2019 reached nearly 50,000. The costs to families, communities, and emergency response in terms of dollars, psychological, and health effects are incalculable. Nipping the problem in the bud —keeping illicit drugs from reaching the market —is critical for stemming the tide of illegal drug activity and protecting the nation from the scourge of fentanyl analogs.

As part of the federal response to EO 13784, the Department of Homeland Security's Science and Technology Directorate established a collaboration https://www.pnni.gov/news-media/opioid-research-showcased-department-homeland- security> among U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the United -190-
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States Coast Guard, other federal agencies, and first responders. Their goal is twofold: (1) to identify and develop improved fentanyl detection capabilities, including standards and advanced rapid detection technologies and analytics, and (2) to increase capacity to disrupt the supply of drugs being smuggled into the United States.

Federal agencies have increased efforts in recent years to stop fentanyl and its analogs from being smuggled into the United States. (Photo: Shutterstock.com) The challenges of fentanyl analogs
Synthetic opioids present immense challenges to detection, particularly in the vast infrastructure that enables speedy and high -volume legitimate trade. From shipping docks and airports to border crossings and -191-
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mailrooms, smugglers go to great lengths to hide their drugs in the flow of legal commerce.

Dogs with their keen sense of smell have been trained for a variety of U.S. security and emergency response settings for more than 50 years. The first drug -sniffing dogs were put into service in the mid-1960s and are now regularly seen in cargo terminals, airports, mail delivery and sorting centers, and even schools.

But training and maintenance associated with sniffer dog teams is expensive. And dogs and their handlers can only take so much. They can get burned out, or worse, suffer health effects from the chemicals and fumes associated with illicit drugs such as fentanyl analogs. Even a minute amount of drug -to -skin contact can be deadly.

In the last decade, technologies for chemical detection have been developed to try and replicate the sensitivity of a dog's nose. In a dog, the part of the brain used to detect and analyze smells is also about 40 times more efficient than humans.

Specialized laboratory equipment and analytical techniques such as GC -MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) and LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) can identify regulated fentanyl compounds. As emerging new compounds appear on the market, nontargeted testing can be aided with LC-HRMS (liquid chromatography high -resolution mass spectrometry).

But it is one thing to test samples in a laboratory, using known spectra libraries and large instruments. The testing process also takes time —too much time for a field setting.
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Two early models of handheld chemical analyzers
https://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i45/powerful-detection-technology-powerful-new.htmI >, or spectrometers, came out in quick succession. TruNarc debuted in 2012, followed by TacticlD in 2014. The compact, lightweight, and robust devices have simple push button controls and work by scanning. For illicit or dangerous substances such as fentanyl, heroin, cocaine, or methamphetamine, the screen turns red. Drug precursors or chemicals that can mask some narcotics' Raman signals return a yellow or orange screen. Green means all clear.

In 2019, SwabTekTM introduced new field kits
https://www.prnewswi re.com/news-releases/swa btek-i ntrod uces-d isru ptive-user-safe- fentanyl-detection-technology-300944065.htm1> with dry test strips capable of detecting fentanyl and other dangerous narcotics. The single -use recyclable spot test uses a paper strip with dry reagent test zones applied to the strip surface. A cotton swab is used to transfer the suspect residue to the paper strip test zone. The SwabTek test kits provide a safe, 100% recyclable, non -hazardous alternative to the industry standard "wet chemistry" field kit.

Field technologies such as the ones described above require close contact to the sample source. One example of a new standoff detection technology is Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's (PNNL's) ultrasensitive vapor detection system, VaporlD https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/smelling-believing >.

Rather than searching for particle residue using surface swipes or pulses of air to dislodge particles for analysis, the system 'sniffs' for vapors, much the way canines do.

VaporlD joins an atmospheric flow tube with a mass spectrometer. The system can accurately detect organophosphorus compounds and narcotics at ultra -low levels previously impossible to detect in the presence of other -193-
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chemical vapors. The technology could complement or replace contact and canine -assist detection methods for drug screening used in mailrooms, airports, and shipping centers.

Technology developed at PNNL identifies vapors of narcotics in the air. (Photo by Andrea Starr l Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) Improving detection of fentanyl analogs
Unscrupulous scientists persist in exercising their craft, working in underground labs to manipulate fentanyl, isolate analogs, and create deadly combinations. The collection of hard -to -trace substances entering the market continues to kill users and sicken law enforcement as they battle the epidemic.
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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has a significant role in countering the trafficking of opioids and other narcotics into the United States, including detection and interdiction of illicit narcotics, as well as investigative efforts to disrupt and dismantle smuggling operations. The DHS Science and Technology Directorate Opioid Detection Program supports the mission requirements of CBP, Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE HSI), and state/local law enforcement in four primary areas:
• High -throughput, nonintrusive screening technologies to rapidly and automatically identify anomalous and suspected concealed narcotics • Automated alarm resolution technologies to provide confirmation of opioids and other narcotics, without having to physically open or handle the shipment
• Improved effectiveness of handheld detection systems employed by frontline operators to detect small amounts of drug materials, even when diluted
• Advanced analytical tools for analysis of evidence, data fusion, and information sharing to enable automated detection.

In January 2021, DHS announced a new multiphase study to improve the detection of synthetic opioids. In collaboration with PNNL, the study will assess the performance of field -portable drug detection equipment from industry against fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds, other drugs, and cutting agents.

For the study, the industry partners will obtain the latest reference spectra for approximately 50 DEA-controlled substances, including novel synthetic opioids, as well as independent test results, which will enhance their capability and marketability. End users of the equipment —the first -195-
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responder and interdiction communities, as well as interested federal, state, and local agencies —will also benefit by receiving system updates with the expanded libraries at no cost. They will gain a broader understanding of the capabilities and limitations of current field detection equipment to feel more secure with detection performance.

The effort specifically targets instruments used by federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcement and first responders that use spectral libraries to identify unknown samples suspected of containing illicit drugs.

These include, but are not limited to, field -portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometers, high-pressure mass spectrometers, ion mobility spectrometers, Raman spectrometers, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers.

In the coming years, DHS will continue partnering with industry to complete narcotics data collection for government -owned spectral libraries and will initiate a new Opioid Investigation and Intelligence Project to support ICE HSI.
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PNNL scientists conduct fentanyl analogs research to help first responders better detect the dangerous illicit substances. (Photo by Andrea Starr l Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)
Fentanyl analogs research at PNNL
At PNNL, teams of biologists, chemists, and engineers work everyday to solve challenges related to chemical and biological detection and forensics.

This multidisciplinary approach supports important national security missions, including the development, integration, and evaluation of methods to detect biomolecules such as illicit drugs.

Rich Ozanich is a PNNL project manager of opioids standards and equipment testing. In June 2021, he kicked off the DHS S&T Directorate's Whole -of -Government Virtual R&D Showcase https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/virtual-rd-showcase > as part of an expert panel discussion, "Opioids Detection and Partnerships: Responding -197-
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to a Public Health Crisis." The panel highlighted PNNL's partnership with DHS S&T, industry, and communities to improve detection of synthetic opioids toward stronger and more resilient communities.

As part of that partnership, PNNL's fentanyl handling and detection experts are helping assess the performance of detection equipment used by emergency responders. The work informs standards and tools for quickly detecting fentanyl and its analogs. Advances in both these areas aim to reduce the exposure of dangerous drugs to emergency responders.

Kristin Omberg, leader of PNNL's Chemical and Biological Signatures group, worked with fellow subject -matter experts on the Biodefense Policy Landscape Analysis Tool https://bplat.pnni.gov/ >. Unlike any other product of its type available, the tool captures relevant biodefense policy directives and sections of the U.S. Code in a format conducive to visualization.

Launched in 2018, it was designed to help the government understand the current state of the U.S. biodefense enterprise.

Building on that work, Omberg and her team also developed the National Response Framework Policy Landscape Analysis Tool
https://www.pnni.gov/news-media/pnnl-debuts-tool-explore-national-response- framework> for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The visualization tool, debuted in March 2021, lays out the United States' strategy for responding to any type of emergency. It parses the framework's requirements and elements in the form of icicle and sunburst charts.

Robert Ewing is a chemist at PNNL and the lead inventor of the VaporlD technology, which was named Geekwire's Innovation of the Year https://www.pnni.gov/news-media/pnnls-vapor-detection-technology-named-geekwires- innovation-year> in 2019. Before a public version hits the streets —or the -198-
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12/7/22, 4:54 PM
Fentanyl Analogs I PNNL
airport, or the mailroom, or any number of places where public safety is imperative —portability and integration into existing screening methods are key hurdles that need to be overcome.

These are just a few examples of collaborations between PNNL experts and DHS, industry, and communities to improve detection equipment and methods used by emergency responders to sniff out fentanyl analogs and other dangerous opioids.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has established a preeminent capability to research opioids. (Video: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

RESEARCH TOPICS
National Security I Human Health
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RESEARCH
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Z2Centers for Disease
. Control and Prevention
National Center for Health Statistics
U.S. Overdose Deaths In 2021 Increased Half as Much
as in 2020 - But Are Still Up 15%
For Immediate Release: May 11, 2022
Contact: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, Office of Communication (301) 458-4800 E-mail: [email protected]
Provisional data from CDC's National Center for Health Statistics indicate there were an estimated 107,622 drug overdose deaths in the United States during 2021, an increase of nearly 15% from the 93,655 deaths estimated in 2020. The 2021 increase was half of what it was a year ago, when overdose deaths rose 30% from 2019 to 2020.

The data is featured in an interactive web data visualization. The 2021 data presented in this visualization are provisional - they are incomplete and subject to change.

The new data show overdose deaths involving opioids increased from an estimated 70,029 in 2020 to 80,816 in 2021.

Overdose deaths from synthetic opioids (primarily fentanyl), psychostimulants such as methamphetamine, and cocaine also continued to increase in 2021 compared to 2020.

The biggest percentage increase in overdose deaths in 2021 occurred in Alaska, where deaths were up 75.3%, while overdose deaths in Wyoming did not increase at all in 2021 and deaths in Hawaii declined 1.8% from the same point in 2020. The visualization includes:
• Reported and predicted (estimated) provisional counts of deaths due to drug overdose occurring nationally and in each jurisdiction.
• U.S. map of the percentage changes in provisional drug overdose deaths for the 12-month period ending in December 2021 compared with the 12-month period ending in December 2020, byjurisdiction. • Reported and predicted provisional counts of drug overdose deaths involving specific drugs or drug classes occurring nationally and in selected jurisdictions.

NCHS releases both reported and predicted provisional drug overdose death counts each month. They represent the numbers of these deaths due to drug overdose occurring in the 12-month periods ending in the month indicated. These counts include all seasons of the year and are insensitive to variations by seasonality. Deaths are reported by the jurisdiction in which the death occurred.

DRUG TYPE (DEATHS 2021) (DEATHS 2020)
Synthetic Opioids (fentanyl) 71,238 57,834
Psychostimulants (meth) 32,856 24,576
Cocaine 24,538 19,927
Natural/semi-synthetic (prescription) 13,503 13,722
Page last reviewed: May 11, 2022
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1/1

Espanola Other Languages
Centers for Disease
►"
�' Control and Prevention
Opioids
Opioids Home
Fentanyl
What is fentanyl?
Pharmaceutical fentanyl is a synthetic opioid, approved for treating severe pain, typically advanced cancer pain.' It is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. It is prescribed in the form of transdermal patches or lozenges and can be diverted for misuse and abuse in the United States.

However, most recent cases of fentanyl-related harm, overdose, and death in the U.S. are linked to illegally made fentanyl.z It is sold through illegal drug markets for its heroin -like effect. It is often mixed with heroin and/or cocaine as a combination product —with or without the user's knowledge —to increase its euphoric effects.

Learn More: Fentanyl Data
Deaths involving illicitly manufactured fentanyl are on the rise Rates of overdose deaths involving synthetic
opioids other than methadone, which includes
fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, increased over
56% from 2019 to 2020. The number of
overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids in
2020 was more than 18 times the number in
2013. More than 56,000 people died from
overdoses involving synthetic opioids in
2020. The latest provisional drug overdose
death counts through June 2021 suggest an
acceleration of overdose deaths during the
COVID-19 pandemic.

What can be done?
Overdose deaths involving
synthetic opioids in 2020 were
over `P `' the number in
Y
2013.

The increase in overdose deaths highlights the need to ensure people most at risk of overdose can access care, as well as the need to expand prevention and response activities. CDC issued a Health Alert Network Advisory to medical and public health professionals, first responders, harm reduction organizations, and other community partners recommending the following actions as appropriate based on local needs and characteristics:
• Expand distribution and use of naloxone and overdose prevention education • Expand awareness about and access to and availability of treatment for substance use disorders • Intervene early with individuals at highest risk for overdose • Improve detection of overdose outbreaks to facilitate more effective response Related Pages
• CDC MMWR: Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths - United States, 2017-2018 -202-
1/2

• Fentanyl: Preventing Occupational Exposure to Emergency Responders • CDC Health Advisory Network Update: Rising Numbers of Deaths Involving Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogs, Including Carfentanil, and Increased Usage and Mixing with Non-opioids • CDC Health Advisory Network Update: Influx of Fentanyl-laced Counterfeit Pills and Toxic Fentanyl-related Compounds Further Increases Risk of Fentanyl-related Overdose and Fatalities • CDC Health Advisory Network Update: Increases in Fentanyl Drug Confiscations and Fentanyl-related Overdose Fatalities • NCHS Data Brief: Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999-2020 p [PDF] Additional Resources
• National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws: Naloxone F', • DEA Issues Nationwide Alert on Fentanyl as Threat to Health and Public Safety F", • Tracking Fentanyl and Fentanyl-Related Substances Reported in NFLIS-Drug by State, 2016-2017 0 F' • SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Toolkit ® [PDF] F',
• Call Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222.

References

1. Algren D, Monteilh C, Rubin C, et al. Fentanyl-associated fatalities among illicit drug users in Wayne County, Michigan (July 2005-May 2006). Cr Journal Of Medical Toxicology: Official Journal of the American College Of Medical Toxicology [serial online]. March 2013; 9(1):106-115.

2. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, DEA Investigative Reporting, January 2015.

3. Hedegaard H, Minino AM, Spencer MR, Warner M. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999-2020. NCHS Data Brief, no 428 ® . Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOL https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:112340 PI

4. CDC Health Alert Network Advisory: Increase in Fatal Drug Overdoses Across the United States Driven by Synthetic Opioids Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, CDCHAN-00438, 2020 Dec 14.

Last Reviewed: June 1, 2022
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Drug Scheduling
https://www.dea.gov/ > FULL MENU https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling#fullmenu > EN https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling > I ES https://www.dea.gov/es/node/2181 > Drug Scheduling
Drug Schedules
Drugs, substances, and certain chemicals used to make drugs are classified into five (5) distinct categories or schedules depending upon the drug's acceptable medical use and the drug's abuse or dependency potential. The abuse rate is a determinate factor in the scheduling of the drug; for example, Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and the potential to create severe psychological and/or physical dependence. As the drug schedule changes-- Schedule II, Schedule III, etc., so does the abuse potential-- Schedule V drugs represents the least potential for abuse. A Listing of drugs and their schedule are located at Controlled Substance Act (CSA) Scheduling or CSA Scheduling by Alphabetical Order. These lists describes the basic or parent chemical and do not necessarily describe the salts, isomers and salts of isomers, esters, ethers and derivatives which may also be classified as controlled substances. These lists are intended as general references and are not comprehensive listings of all controlled substances.

Please note that a substance need not be listed as a controlled substance to be treated as a Schedule I substance for criminal prosecution. A controlled substance analogue is a substance which is intended for human consumption and is structurally or pharmacologically substantially similar to or is represented as being similar to a Schedule I or Schedule II substance and is not an approved medication in the United States. (See 21 U.S.C. §802(32)(A) for the definition of a controlled substance analogue and 21 U.S.C. §813 for the schedule.) Schedule I
Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Some examples of Schedule I drugs are: heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote.

Schedule II
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Drug Scheduling
Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous. Some examples of Schedule II drugs are: combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin Schedule III
Schedule III drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence. Schedule III drugs abuse potential is less than Schedule I and Schedule II drugs but more than Schedule IV. Some examples of Schedule III drugs are: products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone Schedule IV
Schedule IV drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some examples of Schedule IV drugs are: Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol
Schedule V
Schedule V drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics.

Schedule V drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes.

Some examples of Schedule V drugs are: cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or per 100 milliliters (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectolin Alphabetical listing https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/c_cs_alpha.pdf > of Controlled Substances
Cite
SAMHSA Behavioral Health Treatment Locator
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12/7/22, 4:54 PM Drug Scheduling
Policies
https://www.dea.gov/drug-
information/drug-
scheduling>
Accessibility, Plug -ins & Policy_
https://www.dea.gov/resources/accessibility%20and%20policv > Legal Policies & Disclaimers
www.justice.gov/espqnol/politicas-
Legales-y-descargos-de-
responsabilidades>
No FEAR Act
https://www.justice.gov/jmd/no-
fear-act-notice-november-2-
2006>
Privacy Policy-
http://www.justice.gov/s/spanish/privacy spanish.html> U.S. Department of Justice EEO
Policy
https://www.justice.gov/jmd/file/790081 /download>
USA.gov
https://www.usa ov/espanol/>
Whistleblower Protection
https://www.justice.gov//pardon/whistleblower-
protection-enhancement-act>
Dopartmenl
ay Fn/orcemao�P�
United States Drug Enforcement Administration
DEA.gov is an official site of the U.S. Department of Justice https://www.justice.gov/ > www.lin www.in
cebook. itter.co kedin.c stagra
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DEA CaMaetcGenter
ahq/> q> pany/dr deahq>
(202) [email protected]
Contact the Webmaster
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Drugs of Abuse

A DEA RESOURCE GUIDE
2022 Edition

PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY
Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice -210-

-2ll -

00- Contents -0 0--
Contents..............................................................3 Welcome..............................................................5

1. Controlled Substances Act................................6 Drug Scheduling...................................................18 ScheduleI............................................................18 ScheduleII...........................................................28 ScheduleIII..........................................................30 ScheduleIV..........................................................34 ScheduleIV..........................................................35 ScheduleV...........................................................37 Federal Trafficking Penalties
................................38
Federal Trafficking Penalties—Marijuana
.............39
II. U.S. Chemical Control.......................................40 III. Introduction to Drug Classes ...........................46 Narcotics.............................................................50 Fentanyl............................................................ 52 Heroin...............................................................54 Hydromorphone
................................................56
Methadone........................................................58 Morphine...........................................................59 Opium...............................................................60 Oxycodone.......................................................61 Stimulants............................................................ 62 Amphetamines..................................................64 Cocaine............................................................65 Khat..................................................................67 Methamphetamine.............................................68 Depressants........................................................70 Barbiturates......................................................72 Benzodiazepines...............................................73 GH B..................................................................74 Rohypnol®.................................................................................................76 Hallucinogens......................................................78 Ecstasy/MDMA.................................................80 Ketami n e...........................................................82 LSD..................................................................84 Peyote & Mescaline...........................................85 Psilocybin.........................................................86 Steroids...............................................................88 Marijuana/Cannabis...............................................90 Marijuana Concentrates.....................................93 Vaping...............................................................94 Inhalants..................................................................96 Designer Drugs....................................................98 BathSalts.........................................................98 K2/Spice.........................................................100 Synthetic Opioids............................................102 Drugs of Concern..............................................104 DXM................................................................104 Kratom............................................................106 Salvia Divinorum..............................................107 IV. Resources........................................................108 -212-

-213-

Welcome

TO THE LATEST EDITION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
Education plays a critical role in preventing substance use and misuse. Drugs of Abuse, A DEA Resource Guide, is designed to be a reliable resource on the most commonly abused and misused drugs in the United States. This comprehensive guide provides important information about the harms and consequences of drug use by describing a drug's effects on the body and mind, overdose potential, origin, legal status, and other key facts.

Drugs of Abuse also offers a list of additional drug education and prevention resources, including the DEA websites:
www.DEA.gov; www.JustThinkTwice.com , aimed at teenagers; www.GetSmartAboutDrugs.com , designed for parents, educators, and caregivers; www.CampusDrugPrevention.gov , for higher education, and www.

Operation Prevention.com for opioid curricula.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 5
-214-

Controlled
Substances
Act
F-0.0-99-
. Imm
Ac,
LL
7 CONTROLLING DRUGS OR OTHER

SUBSTANCES THROUGH FORMAL

SCHEDULING
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) places all
substances which were in some manner regulated
under existing federal law into one of five schedules.

This placement is based upon the substance's
accepted medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or dependence liability. The Act also provides a mechanism for substances to be controlled (added to or transferred between schedules) or decontrolled (removed from
control). The procedure for these actions is found in
Section 201 of the Act (21 U.S.C. §811).

Proceedings to add, delete, or change the schedule of
a drug or other substance may be initiated by the Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS), or by petition from
any interested party, including:
• The manufacturer of a drug
• A medical society or association
• A pharmacy association
• A public interest group concerned with drug abuse
• A state or local government agency
• An individual citizen
When a petition is received by the DEA, the agency
begins its own investigation of the drug. The DEA
also may begin an investigation of a drug at any time
based upon information received from law enforcement
laboratories, state and local law enforcement and
regulatory agencies, or other sources of information.

Once the DEA has collected the necessary data, the
DEA Administrator, by authority of the Attorney General, requests from HHS a scientific and medical evaluation
and recommendation as to whether the drug or other
substance should be controlled or removed from control.

Drugs of Abuse 2022 EDITION: A DEA Resource Guide 7

This request is sent to the Assistant Secretary for
Health of HHS.

The Assistant Secretary, by authority of the
Secretary, compiles the information and transmits
back to the DEA: a medical and scientific
evaluation regarding the drug or other substance, a
recommendation as to whether the drug should be
controlled, and in what schedule it should be placed
The medical and scientific evaluations are binding
on the DEA with respect to scientific and medical
matters and form a part of the scheduling decision.

Once the DEA has received the scientific and
medical evaluation from HHS, the Administrator will
evaluate all available data and make a final decision
whether to propose that a drug or other substance
should be removed or controlled and into which
schedule it should be placed.

If a drug does not have a potential for abuse, it
cannot be controlled. Although the term "potential
for abuse" is not defined in the CSA, there is much
discussion of the term in the legislative history of the Act. The following items are indicators that a drug or
other substance has a potential for abuse:
(1) There is evidence that individuals are taking
the drug or other substance in amounts sufficient
to create a hazard to their health or to the safety of
other individuals or to the community.
(2) There is significant diversion of the drug or other substance from legitimate drug channels.
(3) Individuals are taking the drug or other
substance on their own initiative rather than on the
basis of medical advice from a practitioner.
(4) The drug is a new drug so related in its action
to a drug or other substance already listed as having
a potential for abuse to make it likely that the drug
will have the same potential for abuse as such drugs,
thus making it reasonable to assume that there may
8 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
be significant diversions from legitimate channels,
significant use contrary to or without medical advice,
or that it has a substantial capability of creating
hazards to the health of the user or to the safety
of the community. Of course, evidence of actual
abuse of a substance is indicative that a drug has a
potential for abuse.

In determining into which schedule a drug or other
substance should be placed, or whether a substance
should be decontrolled or rescheduled, certain
factors are required to be considered.

These factors are listed in Section 201 (c), [21
U.S.C. § 811 (c)] of the CSA as follows:
(1) The drug's actual or relative potential for abuse.
(2) Scientific evidence of the drug's
pharmacological effect, if known. The state of
knowledge with respect to the effects of a specific
drug is, of course, a major consideration. For
example, it is vital to know whether or not a drug has
a hallucinogenic effect if it is to be controlled due to that effect.

The best available knowledge of the
pharmacological properties of a drug should be
considered.
(3) The state of current scientific knowledge
regarding the substance. Criteria (2) and (3) are
closely related. However, (2) is primarily concerned
with pharmacological effects and (3) deals with all
scientific knowledge with respect to the substance.
(4) Its history and current pattern of abuse. To
determine whether or not a drug should be controlled,
it is important to know the pattern of abuse of that
substance.
-217-

(5) The scope, duration, and significance of abuse.

In evaluating existing abuse, the DEA Administrator
must know not only the pattern of abuse, but also
whether the abuse is widespread.
(6) What, if any, risk there is to the public health.

If a drug creates dangers to the public health, in
addition to or because of its abuse potential, then
these dangers must also be considered by the
Administrator.
(7) The drug's psychic or physiological
dependence liability. There must be an assessment
of the extent to which a drug is physically addictive or psychologically habit forming.
(8) Whether the substance is an immediate
precursor of a substance already controlled. The
CSA allows inclusion of immediate precursors on
this basis alone into the appropriate schedule and
thus safeguards against possibilities of clandestine
manufacture. After considering the above listed
factors, the Administrator must make specific findings
concerning the drug or other substance. This will
determine into which schedule the drug or other
substance will be placed. These schedules are
established by the CSA. They are as follows:

Schedule I
• The drug or other substance has a high potential
for abuse.
• The drug or other substance has no currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States.
• There is a lack of accepted safety for use of
the drug or other substance under medical
supervision.
• Examples of Schedule I substances include
heroin, gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB),
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana, and
methaqualone.

Schedule II
• The drug or other substance has a high potential
for abuse.
• The drug or other substance has a currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States or a currently accepted medical use with
severe restrictions.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead
to severe psychological or physical dependence.
• Examples of Schedule II substances include
morphine, phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine,
methadone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and
methamphetamine.

Schedule III
• The drug or other substance has less potential
for abuse than the drugs or other substances in
Schedules I and 11.
• The drug or other substance has a currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead
to moderate or low physical dependence or high
psychological dependence.
• Anabolic steroids, codeine products with aspirin
or acetaminophen, and some barbiturates are
examples of Schedule III substances.

Schedule IV
• The drug or other substance has a low
potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other
substances in Schedule III.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 9
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• The drug or other substance has a currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead
to limited physical dependence or psychological
dependence relative to the drugs or other
substances in Schedule III.
• Examples of drugs included in Schedule IV are
alprazolam, clonazepam, and diazepam.

Schedule V
• The drug or other substance has a low
potential for abuse relative to the drugs or
other substances in Schedule IV.
• The drug or other substance has a currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States.
• Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead
to limited physical dependence or psychological
dependence relative to the drugs or other
substances in Schedule IV.
• Cough medicines with codeine are examples of
Schedule V drugs.

When the DEA Administrator has determined that
a drug or other substance should be controlled,
decontrolled, or rescheduled, a proposal to take
action is published in the Federal Register. The
proposal invites all interested persons to file
comments with the DEA and may also request a
hearing with the DEA. If no hearing is requested, the
DEA will evaluate all comments received and publish
a final order in the Federal Register, controlling the
drug as proposed or with modifications based upon
the written comments filed. This order will set the
effective dates for imposing the various requirements
of the CSA.
10 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
If a hearing is requested, the DEA will enter into
discussions with the party or parties requesting
a hearing in an attempt to narrow the issue for
litigation. If necessary, a hearing will then be held
before an Administrative Law Judge. The judge will
take evidence on factual issues and hear arguments
on legal questions regarding the control of the drug.

Depending on the scope and complexity of the
issues, the hearing may be brief or quite extensive.

The Administrative Law Judge, at the close of the
hearing, prepares findings of fact and conclusions of
law and a recommended decision that is submitted
to the DEA Administrator. The DEA Administrator will
review these documents, as well as the underlying
material, and prepare his/her own findings of fact
and conclusions of law (which may or may not be
the same as those drafted by the Administrative Law
Judge). The DEA Administrator then publishes a final
order in the Federal Register either scheduling the
drug or other substance or declining to do so.

Once the final order is published in the Federal
Register, interested parties have 30 days to appeal
to a U.S. Court of Appeals to challenge the order.

Findings of fact by the Administrator are deemed
conclusive if supported by "substantial evidence."
The order imposing controls is not stayed during the
appeal, however, unless so ordered by the Court.

Emergency or Temporary Scheduling
The CSA was amended by the Comprehensive
Crime Control Act of 1984. This Act included a
provision which allows the DEA Administrator to
place a substance, on a temporary basis, into
Schedule I, when necessary, to avoid an imminent
hazard to public safety.

This emergency scheduling authority permits the
scheduling of a substance which is not currently
-219-

controlled, is being abused, and is a risk to public
health while the formal rulemaking procedures
described in the CSA are being conducted. This
emergency scheduling applies only to substances
with no accepted medical use.

A temporary scheduling order may be issued for
two years with a possible extension of up to one year
if formal scheduling procedures have been initiated.

The notice of intent and order are published in the
Federal Register, as are the proposals and orders for
formal scheduling. [21 U.S.C. § 811 (h)]
Controlled Substance Analogs
Controlled substance analogs are substances that
are not formally controlled substances, but may
be found in illicit trafficking. They are structurally
and pharmacologically similar to Schedule I or
II controlled substances and have no legitimate
medical use. A substance that meets the definition of
a controlled substance analogue and is intended for
human consumption may be treated under the CSA
as if it were a controlled substance in Schedule 1. [21 U.S.C. § 802(32), 21 U.S.C. § 813]
International Treaty Obligations
United States treaty obligations may require that
a drug or other substance be controlled under
the CSA, or rescheduled if existing controls are
less stringent than those required by a treaty. The
procedures for these scheduling actions are found in
Section 201 (d)of the Act. [21 U.S.C. § 811 (d)]
The United States is a party to the Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, which
was designed to establish effective control over
international and domestic traffic in narcotics, coca
leaf, cocaine, and cannabis. A second treaty, the
Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971,
which entered into force in 1976 and was ratified
by Congress in 1980, is designed to establish
comparable control over stimulants, depressants,
and hallucinogens.

REGULATION
The CSA creates a closed system of distribution
for controlled substances. The cornerstone of this
system is the registration of all those authorized by
DEA to handle controlled substances. All individuals
and firms that are registered are required to maintain
complete and accurate inventories, and records of all
transactions involving controlled substances, as well
as security for the storage of controlled substances.

Registration
Any person who handles or intends to handle
controlled substances must obtain a registration
issued by DEA. A unique number is assigned to
each legitimate handler of controlled drugs such as
importer, exporter, manufacturer, distributor, hospital, pharmacy, practitioner, and researcher.

This number must be made available to the
supplier by the customer prior to the purchase
of a controlled substance, and its validity can be
verified online through the Diversion Control Division
website at www.DEAdiversion.usdoj.gov . Thus, the
opportunity for unauthorized transactions is greatly
diminished.

Recordkeeping and Reporting
The CSA requires that complete and accurate
records be kept of all quantities of controlled
substances manufactured, imported, exported,
received, delivered, distributed, dispensed, or
otherwise disposed. Each substance must be
physically inventoried every two years. Some limited
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 11
-220-

exceptions to the recordkeeping requirements apply
to certain categories of registrants.

From these records it is possible to trace the
flow of any drug from the time it is first imported
or manufactured, through the distribution level, to
the pharmacy or hospital that dispensed it, and
then to the actual patient who received the drug.

The mere existence of this requirement is sufficient
to discourage many forms of diversion. It actually
serves large drug corporations as an internal
check to uncover diversion, such as pilferage by
employees.

There is one distinction between scheduled
items for record keeping requirements. Records
for Schedule I and II drugs must be kept separate
from all other records maintained by the registrant.

Records for Schedule III, IV, and V substances must
be kept in a "readily retrievable" form, or maintained
separately from all other records.

Distribution
Maintaining records is required for distribution of
a controlled substance from one manufacturer to
another, from manufacturer to distributor, and from
distributor to dispenser. In the case of Schedule I
and II drugs, the supplier must first receive a special order from the customer. This order form (DEA
Form 222) is issued by DEA only to persons who
are properly registered to handle Schedule I and II
controlled substances.

The form is preprinted with the name and address
of the customer. The drugs must be shipped to this
name and address. The use of this form is a special
reinforcement of the registration requirement; it
ensures that only authorized individuals may obtain
Schedule I and II drugs.
12 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
Controlled Substance Ordering System (CSOS)
— Electronic Order Forms
Any registrant permitted to order Schedule II
controlled substances may do so electronically via
the DEA Controlled Substance Ordering System
(CSOS). The use of electronic orders is optional;
registrants may continue to issue orders on a paper
DEA Form 222. CSOS allows for secure electronic
transmission of controlled substance orders without
the supporting paper DEA Form 222. The adoption
of the CSOS standards is the only allowance for
the electronic transmission of Schedule II controlled
substance orders between controlled substance
manufacturers, distributors, pharmacies, and other
DEA authorized entities. CSOS uses Public Key
Infrastructure (PKI) technology, which requires
CSOS users to obtain a CSOS digital certificate
for electronic ordering. The electronic orders must
be signed using a digital signature issued by a
Certification Authority (CA) operated by DEA.

Digital certificates can be obtained only by
registrants and individuals granted power of attorney
by registrants to sign orders. A registrant must
appoint a CSOS coordinator who will serve as that
registrant's recognized agent regarding issues
pertaining to issuance of, revocation of, and changes
to, digital certificates issued under that registrant's DEA registration. A CSOS digital certificate will
be valid until the DEA registration under which it
is issued expires or until the CSOS CA is notified
that the certificate should be revoked. Certificates
will be revoked if the certificate holder is no longer
authorized to sign Schedule II orders for the
registrant, if the information on which the certificate is based changes, or if the digital certificate used
to sign electronic orders has been compromised,
stolen, or lost.
-221-

One benefit of using the CSOS system is that
participants who are registered in other schedules
in addition to Schedule II can then use this same
system to also order those other controlled
substances.

Another benefit of the DEA Form 222 is the special
monitoring it permits. The form is issued in triplicate:
the customer keeps one copy; two copies go to the
supplier, who, after filling the order, keeps a copy
and forwards the third copy to the nearest DEA
office.

For drugs in Schedules III, IV, and V, no order form
is necessary, but both the supplier and the purchaser
must still maintain records of all transactions
involving these controlled substances and those
records must contain specific information required by
DEA regulation.

The supplier in each case, however, is under an
obligation to verify the authenticity of the customer.

The supplier is held fully accountable for any drugs
that are shipped to a purchaser who does not have
a valid registration. Manufacturers must submit
periodic reports of the Schedule I and II controlled
substances they produce in bulk and dosage forms.

They also report the manufactured quantity and
form of each narcotic substance listed in Schedule
III. Distributors of controlled substances must
report the quantity and form of all their transactions
of controlled drugs listed in Schedules I and II,
narcotics listed in Schedule III, and GHB. Both
manufacturers and distributors are required to
provide reports of their annual inventories of
these controlled substances. This data is entered
into a system called the Automated Reports and
Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS). It enables
the DEA to monitor the distribution of controlled
substances throughout the country, and to identify
retail level registrants that receive unusual quantities of controlled substances.

Dispensing to Patients
The dispensing of a controlled substance is the
delivery by a practitioner of the controlled substance
to the ultimate user, who may be a patient or
research subject. Special control mechanisms
operate here as well. Schedule I drugs are those
that have no currently accepted medical use in the
United States; therefore, they may be used in the
United States only in research situations.

They generally are supplied by only a limited
number of firms to properly registered and qualified
researchers. Controlled substances may be
dispensed by a practitioner by direct administration,
by prescription, or by dispensing.

Records must be maintained by the practitioner of
all dispensing of controlled substances and of certain
administrations.

The CSA does not require the practitioner to
maintain copies of prescriptions unless such
substances are prescribed in the course of
maintenance or detoxification treatment of an
individual. Certain states require the use of multiple - copy prescriptions for Schedule II and other specified
controlled substances.

The determination to place drugs on prescription
is within the jurisdiction of the FDA. Unlike other
prescription drugs, however, controlled substances
are subject to additional restrictions.

Schedule II prescription orders must be written and
signed by the practitioner; they may not be telephoned
into the pharmacy except in an emergency. In
addition, a prescription for a Schedule II drug may
not be refilled. For Schedule III and IV drugs, the
prescription order may be either written or oral (that
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 13
-222-

is, by telephone to the pharmacy). In addition, the
patient may (if authorized by the practitioner) have
the prescription refilled up to five times and at any
time within six months from the date the prescription
was issued.

Schedule V includes some prescription drugs and
many narcotic preparations, including antitussives
and antidiarrheals. Even here, however, the law
imposes restrictions beyond those normally required
for the over-the-counter sales; for example, the
patient must be at least 18 years of age, must offer
some form of identification, and have his or her
name entered into a special log maintained by the
pharmacist as part of a special record.

Electronic Prescriptions
On March 31, 2010, DEA published in the Federal
Register the Electronic Prescriptions for Controlled
Substances interim final rule which became effective
June 1, 2010. The rule provides practitioners with
the option of writing prescriptions for controlled
substances electronically and also permits
pharmacies to receive, dispense, and archive these
electronic prescriptions.

Persons who wish to dispense controlled
substances using electronic prescriptions must select
software that meets the requirements of this rule. As
of June 1, 2010, only those electronic applications
that comply with all of DEA's requirements as set
forth in 21 C.F.R. §1311 may be used to electronically
create, transmit, receive/archive controlled
substances prescriptions, and dispense controlled
substances based on those prescriptions.

Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer
Protection Act of 2008
On October 15, 2008, the President signed into
law the Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer
14 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
Protection Act of 2008, often referred to as the
Ryan Haight Act. This law amends the CSA by
adding a series of new regulatory requirements
and criminal provisions designed to combat the
proliferation of so-called "rogue Internet sites"
that unlawfully dispense controlled substances by
means of the Internet. The Ryan Haight Act applies
to all controlled substances in all schedules. An
online pharmacy is a person, entity, or Internet
site, whether in the United States or abroad, that
knowingly or intentionally delivers, distributes, or
dispenses, or offers or attempts to deliver, distribute, or dispense, a controlled substance by means of the
Internet.

This law became effective April 13, 2009. As of
that date, it is illegal under federal law to deliver,
distribute, or dispense a controlled substance by
means of the Internet unless the online pharmacy
holds a modification of DEA registration authorizing
it to operate as an online pharmacy.

Quotas
DEA limits the quantity of Schedule I and
II controlled substances and specific List
chemicals (pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and
phenylpropanolamine) that may be produced in
the United States in any given calendar year for
legitimate medical, scientific and research needs,
inventory, and lawful exports. By utilizing available
data on sales and inventories of these controlled
substances, and taking into account estimates
of drug usage provided by the FDA, the DEA
establishes annual aggregate production quotas
for Schedule I and II controlled substances and the
List I chemicals pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and
phenylpropanolamine.

The aggregate production quotas and the
assessment of annual needs are allocated among
-223-

the various manufacturers who are registered
to manufacture the specific substance or listed
chemical. DEA also allocates the amount of
bulk material that may be procured by those
DEA registered manufacturers that prepare the
substances into dosage units.

Security
DEA registrants are required by regulation to
maintain certain security for the storage and
distribution of controlled substances. Manufacturers
and distributors of Schedule I and II substances
must store controlled substances in specially
constructed vaults or highly rated safes, and
maintain electronic security for all storage areas.

Lesser physical security requirements apply
to retail level registrants such as hospitals and
pharmacies. All registrants are required to make
every effort to ensure that controlled substances
in their possession are not diverted into the illicit
market. This requires operational as well as physical
security. For example, registrants are responsible for
ensuring that controlled substances are distributed
only to other registrants that are authorized to
receive them, or to legitimate patients.

Controlled Substance Theft or Significant Loss
Should a theft or significant loss of any controlled
substance occur, a registrant must implement the
following procedures within one business day of the
discovery of the theft or loss.

A. Notify DEA and Local Police
The theft of controlled substances from a registrant
is a criminal act and a source of diversion that
requires notification to DEA.

A registrant must notify in writing the local DEA
Field Office within one business day of discovery of
a theft or significant loss of a controlled substance.

Although not specifically required by federal law or
regulations, the registrant should also notify local
law enforcement and state regulatory agencies.

Prompt notification to enforcement agencies will
allow them to investigate the incident and prosecute
those responsible for the diversion. If there is a
question as to whether a theft has occurred or a
loss is significant, a registrant should err on the
side of caution and report it to DEA and local law
enforcement authorities.

DEA must be notified directly. This requirement is
not satisfied by reporting the theft or significant loss in any other manner. For example, a corporation
which owns or operates multiple registered sites and
wishes to channel all notifications through corporate
management or any other internal department
responsible for security, must still provide notice
directly to DEA in writing within one business day
upon discovery and keep a copy of that notice for its
records. The notice must be signed by an authorized
individual of the registrant.

B. Complete DEA Form 106
A registrant must also complete a DEA Form 106
(Report of Theft or Loss of Controlled Substances)
which can be found online at www.DEAdiversion .
usdoj.gov under the Quick Links section. The
DEA Form 106 is used to document the actual
circumstances of the theft or significant loss and
the quantities of controlled substances involved.

A paper version of the form may also be obtained
by writing to the Drug Enforcement Administration.

If completing the paper version, the registrant
should send the original DEA Form 106 to the local
DEA Diversion Field Office and keep a copy for its
records.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 15
-224-

PENALTIES
The CSA provides penalties for unlawful
manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of
controlled substances. The penalties are basically
determined by the schedule of the drug or other
substance, and sometimes are specified by drug
name, as in the case of marijuana. As the statute
has been amended since its initial passage in 1970,
the penalties have been altered by Congress. The
following charts are an overview of the penalties
for trafficking or unlawful distribution of controlled
substances. This is not inclusive of the penalties
provided under the CSA.

User Accountability/Personal Use Penalties
On November 19, 1988, Congress passed the Anti -
Drug Abuse Act of 1988, P. L. 100-690. Two sections
of this Act represent the U.S. Government's attempt
to reduce drug abuse by dealing not just with the
person who sells the illegal drug, but also with the
person who buys it. The first new section is titled
"User Accountability," and is codified at 21 U.S.C.
§ 862 and various sections of Title 42, U.S.C. The
second involves "personal use amounts" of illegal
drugs, and is codified at 21 U.S.C. § 844a.

User Accountability
The purpose of User Accountability is to not only
make the public aware of the federal government's
position on drug abuse, but to describe new
programs intended to decrease drug abuse by
holding drug users personally responsible for their
illegal activities, and imposing civil penalties on
those who violate drug laws.

It is important to remember that these penalties
are in addition to the criminal penalties drug users
are already given, and do not replace those criminal
penalties.
16 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
The new User Accountability programs call for
more instruction in schools, kindergarten through
senior high, to educate children on the dangers
of drug abuse. These programs will include
participation by students, parents, teachers,
local businesses and the local, state, and federal
government.

User Accountability also targets businesses
interested in doing business with the federal
government. This program requires those
businesses to maintain a drug -free workplace,
principally through educating employees on the
dangers of drug abuse, and by informing employees
of the penalties they face if they engage in illegal
drug activity on company property. There is also
a provision in the law that makes public housing
projects drug -free by evicting those residents who
allow their units to be used for illegal drug activity, and denies federal benefits, such as housing
assistance and student loans, to individuals
convicted of illegal drug activity. Depending on
the offense, an individual may be prohibited from
ever receiving any benefit provided by the federal
government.

Personal Use Amounts
This section of the 1988 Act allows the government
to punish drug offenders with minor infractions
without giving the offender a criminal record if the
offender is in possession of only a small amount of
drugs.

This law is designed to impact the "user" of illicit
drugs, while simultaneously saving the government
the costs of a full-blown criminal investigation.

Under this section, the government has the option of
imposing only a civil fine on individuals possessing
only a small quantity of an illegal drug. Possession
of this small quantity, identified as a "personal use
-225-

amount," carries a civil fine of up to $10,000.

In determining the amount of the fine in a
particular case, the drug offender's income and
assets will be considered. This is accomplished
through an administrative proceeding rather than
a criminal trial, thus reducing the exposure of
the offender to the entire criminal justice system,
and reducing the costs to the offender and the
government.

The value of this section is that it allows the
government to punish a minor drug offender, gives
the drug offender the opportunity to fully redeem
himself or herself, and have all public record of the
proceeding destroyed. If this was the drug offender's
first offense, and the offender has paid all fines, can pass a drug test, and has not been convicted of a
crime after three years, the offender can request
that all proceedings be dismissed.

If the proceeding is dismissed, the drug offender
can lawfully say he or she had never been
prosecuted, either criminally or civilly, for a drug
offense.

The law has imposed two limitations on this
section's use. It may not be used if (1) the drug
offender has been previously convicted of a federal
or state drug offense; or (2) the offender has already
been fined twice under this section.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 17
-226-

Drug Scheduling
This document is a general reference and not a comprehensive list. This list describes the basic or parent chemical and does not describe the salts, isomers and salts of isomers, esters, ethers, and derivatives which may also be controlled substances. While some positional isomers have been identified here, they are shown as examples, and the chart does not include every potential positional isomer. Cannabimimetic agents as defined under the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act were placed into Schedule I even though they are not included in this particular list. Please visit deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedulesAndex for the most recent updates to the list.

SCHEDULE I

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
(1-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-te-
7014
N
FUB-144
tramethylcyclopropyl)methanone
1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine
7458
N
PCPy, PHP, rolicyclidine
1-(2-Phenylethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetoxypiperidine
9663
Y
PEPAP, synthetic heroin
1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpro-
7083
N
5F-CUMYL-PINACA; SGT-25
pan-2-yl)-1 H-indazole-3-carboxamide
1-[1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine
7470
N
TCP, tenocyclidine
1-[1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl]pyrrolidine
7473
N
TCPy
1-Methyl-4-phenyl4-propionoxypiperidine
9661
Y
MPPP, synthetic heroin
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy4-(n)-propylphenyl) ethana-
7524
N
2C-P
mine (2C-P)
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy4-ethylphenyl) ethanamine
7509
N
2C-E (Positional Isomer: 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-di-
(2C-E )
methylphenethylamine (2C-G))
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) ethanamine
7508
N
2C-D
(2C-D)
2-(2,5-Dimethoxy4-nitro-phenyl) ethanamine
7521
N
2C-N
(2C-N)
2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine (2C-H)
7517
N
2C-H
2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-
7536
N
25B-NBOMe, 2C-B-NBOMe, 2513, Cimbi-36
benzyl) ethanamine (25B-NBOMe)
2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine
7519
N
2C-C
(2C-C)
2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-
7537
N
25C-NBOMe, 2C-C-NBOMe, 25C, Cimbi-82
benzyl) ethanamine (25C-NBOMe)
2-(4-Ethylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine
7385
N
2C-T-2
(2C-T-2 )
2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine
7518
N
2C-1
(2C-I)
2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-
7538
N
251-NBOMe, 2C-1-NBOMe, 251, Cimbi-5
benzyl) ethanamine (251-NBOMe)
2-(4-Isopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) elhan-
7532
N
2C-T-4 (Positional Isomer: 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-eth-
amine (2C-T-4)
ylthioamphetamine (Aleph-2))
2-(ethylamino)-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohex-
7286
N
MXE
an-1-one (methoxetamine)
18 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-227-

SCHEDULEI

SUBSTANCE DEA NUMBER NARCOTIC OTHER NAMES
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine 7348
(2C-T-7)
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine 7399
2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine 7396
2'-Fluoro ortho-fluorofentanyl (N-(1-(2fluoro-
phenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(2fluorophenyl) 9855
propionamide; also known as 2'-fluoro 2fluoro-
fentanyl)
2-methoxy-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phe- 9825
nylacetamide
3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine 7390
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 7400
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine 7405
3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine 7404
3-Fluoro-N-methylcathinone (3-FMC) 1233
3-Methylfentanyl 9813
3-Methylthiofentanyl 9833
4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR; 4,5-dihy-
dro-4methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-2-oxazolamine; 1595
4-methyl-5(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-ox-
azol-2-amine)
4 methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexiophenone 7446
(MPHP)
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine 7391
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 7392
4-chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophe none
7443
(4-chloro-a-PVP)
4-CN-CUMYL-BUTINACA (1-(4-cyanobu-
tyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1 H-indazole-3-car-
7089
boxamide)
4-Fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (N-(4-fluoro-
phenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyra-
9824
mide)
4-Fluoro-N-methylcathinone (4-FMC)
1238
4F-MDMB-BINACA (4F-MDMB-BUTINACA or
methyl 2(1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbox-
7043
amido)-3,3dimethylbutanoate)
4-Methoxyamphetamine
7411
4'-Methyl acetyl fentanyl (N-(1-(4methylpheneth-
9819
yl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide)
4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine 7395
N 2C-T-7 (Positional Isomer: 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-eth-
ylthioamphetamine (Aleph-2))
N DOET
N DMA, 2,5-DMA
Y
Y Methoxyacetyl fentanyl
TMA (Positional Isomers: 2,4,5-Trimethoxy-am-
N phetamine (TMA-5), 2,4,6-Trimethoxy-amphet-
amine (TMA-6), Escaline)
N MDA, Love Drug
N MDMA, Ecstasy, XTC
N N-ethyl MDA, MDE, MDEA
N 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one)
(Positional isomer: 2-FMC)
Y China White, fentanyl
Y China White, fentanyl
N
N MPHP
N DOB, 4-bromo-DMA
N 2C-B, Nexus, has been sold as Ecstasy, i.e.

MDMA
N 4-chloro-a-PVP
N 4-cyano-CUMYL-BUTINACA; 4-CN-CUMYL
BINACA; CUMYL4CN-BINACA; SGT-78
Y Para-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl
N flephedrone; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)
propan-1-one) (Positional isomer: 2-FMC)
N
N PMA
Y
N DOM, STP (Positional Isomer: 2,5-Dime-
thoxy-3,4-dimethylphenethylamine (2C-G))
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 19
-228-

SUBSTANCE
4-methyl-alpha-ethylaminopentiophenone (4-
MEAP)
4-Methyl-alphapyrrolidinopropiophenone
(4-McPPP)
4-Methylaminorex (cis isomer)
4-Methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC)

SCHEDULEI

DEA NUMBER NARCOTIC
7245 N
7498 N
1590 N
1249 N
5F-AB-PINACA (N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobu-
tan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1 H-indazole-3-car-
7025
boxamide)
5F—ADB; 5F—MDMB—PINACA (Methyl
2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-lH-indazole-3-carboxam-
7034
ido)-3, 3-dimethylbutanoate)
5F—AMB (Methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-inda-
7033
zole-3-carboxamido)-3-methyl buta noate )
5F—APINACA, 5F—AKB48 (N-(adaman-
tan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-lH-indazole-3-car-
7049
boxamide)
5F-CUMYL-P7AICA (1-(5-fluoropen-
tyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]
7085
pyridine-3-carboxamide)
5-Fluoro-UR-144 and XLR11 [1-(5-Fluoro-pen-
tyl)lH-indol-3-yi](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)
7011
methanone
5F-PB-22 (Quinolin-8-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-lH-in-
7225
dole-3-carboxylate)
5-Methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
7401
5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine
7439
5-Methoxy-N-N-dimethyltryptamine
7431
AB-CHMINACA (N-(1-amino-3-methyl-l-
oxobutan-2-yl)-l-(cyclohexylmethyl)-
7031
1 H-indazole-3-carboxamide
AB-FUBINACA (N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobu-
tan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1 H-indazole-3-car-
7012
boxamide)
AB-PINACA (N-(1-amino-3-methyl-
1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-lH-indazole-
7023
3-carboxamide)
Acetorphine
9319
Acetyl Fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperi-
9821
din-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide )
Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl
9815
ff

OTHER NAMES
4-MEAP
McPPP, 4-methyl-a-pyrrolidi nopropiophenone,
1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-propan-1 -
one)
U4Euh, McN-422
2-(ethylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one)
(Positional Isomers:3-methylethcathinone (3-
MEC), 4-ethylmethcathinone (4-EMC), 4-methyl-
buphedrone (4-McMABP;4-McBP), 3,4-dimeth-
ylmethcathinone(3,4-DMMC),N-ethylbuphedrone
(NEB ), N-ethyl-N-methylcathi none(E M C) )
N 5F-ADB, 5F-MDMB-PINACA
N 5F-AMB
N 5F-APINACA, 5F-AKB48
W
N 5-Fluoro-UR-144, XLR-11 and XLR11
N 5-Fluoro-PB-22; 5F-PB-22
N MMDA
N 5-MeO-DIPT (Positional Isomer: 5-Me-
thoxy-N,N-dipropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DPT))
N 5-MeO-DMT (Positional Isomer: 4-Me-
thoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-MeO-DMT))

N AB-CHMINACA

N AB-FUBINACA

N AB-P I NACA
20 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-229-

SCHEDULE I

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Acetyldihydrocodeine
9051
Y
Acetylcodone
Acetylmethadol
9601
Y
Methadyl acetate
Acryl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperi-
gg11
Y
Acryloylfentanyl
din-4-yl)-N-phe nylacryla m ide)
ADB—FUBINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-
oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-
7010
N

ADB-FUBINACA
carboxamide)
ADB-PINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-
oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carbox-
7035
N

ADB-PINACA
amide)
AH-7921 (3,4-dichloro-N-[(1-dimethylamino)
9551
Y
AH-7921
cyclohexylmethyl]benzamide))
Allylprodine
9602
Y
Alphacetylmethadol except levo-alphacetylmeth-
9603
Y
adol
Alpha-ethyltryptamine
7249
N
ET, Trip
Alphameprodine
9604
Y
Alphamethadol
9605
Y
Alpha-methylfentanyl
9814
Y
China White, fentanyl
Alpha-methylthiofentanyl
9832
Y
China White, fentanyl
Alpha-methyltryptamine
7432
N
AMT (Positional Isomer: N-Methyltryptamine)
alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (a-PBP)
7546
N
1 -phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1 -yl)butan-1 -one)
alpha-pyrrolidinoheptaphenone (PV8)
7548
N
PV8
alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (a-PHP)
7544
N
a-PHP
a-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, 1-phenyl-2- (pyr-
alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (a-PVP)
7545
N
r olidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one)(Positional isomers:
4-methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (4-McPBP),
1-phenyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)butan-1-one)
AM2201 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)
7201
N
AM2201
indole)
AM-694 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)
7694
N
AM-694
indole)
Aminorex
1585
N
has been sold as methamphetamine
APINACA and AKB48 N-(1-Adamantyl)-1-pen-
7048
N
APINACA and AKB48
tyl-1 H-indazole-3-carboxamide
Benzethidine
9606
Y
Benzylmorphine
9052
Y
Betacetylmethadol
9607
Y
Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl
9831
Y
China White, fentanyl
Beta-hydroxyfentanyl
9830
Y
China White, fentanyl
N-[1-[2-hydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl]piperi-
Beta-hydroxythiofentanyl
9836
Y
din-4-yl]-N-phenylpropionamide, N-[1-[2-hydroxy-
2-(2-th ienyl )ethyl]-4-pi pe rid inyl]-N-phenyl propa n- amide
Betameprodine
9608
Y
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 21
-230-

SCHEDULEI

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Betamethadol
9609
y
beta -Methyl fentanyl (N-phenyl-N-(1-(2-
phenylpropyl)piperidin-4-yl)propionamide; also
9656
y
known
as (3-methyl fentanyl
beta' -Phenyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperi-
din-4-yl)-N,3-
9842
y
diphenylpropanamide; also known as P'-phenyl
fentanyl; 3-phenylpropanoyl fentanyl)
Betaprodine
9611
y
Butonitazene (2-(2-(4-butoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-
1Hbenzimidazol-1-yi)-N,N-diethylethan-l-
9751
y
amine)
Bufotenine
7433
N
Mappine, N,N-dimethylserotonin
Brorphine (1-(1-(1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)piperi-
1-[l-[l-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-1,3-
din-4-yl)l, ,3-
9098
y
dihydro-2H benzimidazol-2-one)
dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-one)
Butonitazene (2-(2-(4-butoxybenzyl)-5-nitro
1Hbenzimidazol-1-yl)-N,N-diethylethan-l-
9751
y
amine)
bk-MBDB; 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methyl-
Butylone
7541
N
amino)butan-1-one) (Positional Isomers:
ethylone (bk-MDEA; MDEC), dimethylone (bk-
MDDMA; MDDMC))
N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbutyra-
Butyryl Fentanyl
9822
y
mide, N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbu-
tanamide
Cathinone
1235
N
Constituent of"Khat" plant
Clonitazene
9612
y
Codeine methylbromide
9070
y
Codeine-N-oxide
9053
y
CP-47,497 (5-(1,1-Dimethylhepty-
7297
N
CP-47,497
I)-2-[(1 R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl-phenol)
CP-47,497 C8 Homologue (5-(1,1-Dimethyloc-
7298
N
CP-47,497 C8 Homologue
tyl)-2-[(1 R,3S)3-hydroxycyclohexyl-phenol)
Cyclopentyl fentanyl
9847
y
N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclopen-
tanecarboxamide
Crotonyl fentanyl ((E)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-
4-yl)-
9844
y
phenylbut-2-enamide)
Cyclopropyl Fentanyl
9845
y
N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclopro-
panecarboxamide
Cyprenorphine
9054
y
Desomorphine
9055
y
Dextromoramide
9613
y
Palfium, Jetrium, Narcolo
Diampromide
9615
y
Diethylthiambutene
9616
y
22 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-231-

SCHEDULE I

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Diethyltryptamine
7434
N
DET, N,N-Diethyltryptamine (Positional Isomer:

N-Methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (MiPT))
Difenoxin
9168
Y
Lyspafen
Dihydromorphine
9145
Y
Dimenoxadol
9617
Y
Dimepheptanol
9618
Y
Dimethylthiambutene
9619
Y
Dimethyltryptamine
7435
N
DMT
Dioxaphetyl butyrate
9621
Y
Dipipanone
9622
Y
Dipipan, phenylpiperone HCI, Diconal, Wellconal
Drotebanol
9335
Y
Metebanyl, oxymethebanol
Ethyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1 H-indazole-3-carbox-
7036
N
5F-EDMB-PINACA
amido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate
Ethyl methylthiambutene
9623
Y
7547
1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-
Ethylone
N
(ethylamino)propan-1-one; 3,4methylenedioxy-
N-ethylcathinone; bk-MDEA; MDEC
Etodesnitazene; etazene (2-(2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)
1Hbenzimidazol-1-yl)-N,N-diethylethan-l-
9765
Y
amine)
Etonitazene
9624
Y
Etorphine (except HCI)
9056
Y
Etoxeridine
9625
Y
Fenethylline
1503
N
Captagon,amfetyline,ethyltheophylline amphet-
amine
Fentanyl carbamate (ethyl (1-phenethylpiperi-
9851
Y
din-4-yl )(phenyl )carbamate)
Fentanyl related -substances as defined in 21
9850
Y
CFR 1308.11(h)
Flunitazene
(N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5- nitro-
9756
Y
1 H-benzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine)
Furanyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperi-
9834
Y
din-4-yl)-N-phe nylfu ran-2-carboxam ide)
Furethidine
9626
Y
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid
2010
N
GHB, gamma hydroxybutyrate, sodium oxybate
Heroin
9200
Y
Diacetylmorphine, diamorphine
Hydromorphinol
9301
Y
Hydroxypethidine
9627
Y
Ibogaine
7260
N
Constituent of "Tabernanthe iboga" plant
Isobutyryl fentanyl
9827
Y
N-(l-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylisobutyr-
amide
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 23
-232-

SCHEDULEI

SUBSTANCE DEA NUMBER NARCOTIC
Isotonitazene (N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4 isopropoxy-
benzyl)-5nitro-lH-benzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-l-
9614
amine)
JWH-018 (also known asAM678) (1 -Pentyl-3-(1 -
7118
naphthoyl)indole)
JWH-019 (1-Hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole)
7019
JWH-073 (1-Butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole)
7173
JWH-081 (1-Pentyl-3-(1-(4-methoxynaphthoyl)
7081
indole)
JWH-122 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methyl-l-naphthoyl)
7122
indole)
JWH-200 (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naph-
7200
thoyl)indole)
JWH-203 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)
7203
indole)
JWH-250 (I-Pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)
6250
indole)
JWH-398 (I-Pentyl-3-(4-chloro-l-naphthoyl)
7398
indole)
Ketobemidone
9628
Levomoramide
9629
Levophenacylmorphan
9631
Lysergic acid diethylamide
7315
MAB-CHMINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3dimeth-
yl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-lH-in-
7032
dazole-3-carboxam ide)
Marihuana
7360
Marihuana Extract
7350
MDMB—CHMICA, MMB—CHMINACA (Methyl
2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-lH-indole-3-carboxam-
7042
ido)-3, 3-dimethylbutanoate)
MDMB—FUBINACA (Methyl 2-(1-(4-fluoroben-
zyl)-lH-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethyl-
7020
butanoate)
MDPV(3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone)
7535
Mecloqualone
2572
Mephedrone (4-Methyl-N-methylcathinone)
1248
Mescaline
7381
Methaqualone
2565
Methcathinone
1237
Methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1 Hindazole-3-car-
7021
boxamido)-3- methylbutanoate
Methyl 2-(l-(5-fluoropentyl)-1 H-indole-3-carbox-
7041
amido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate
24 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
y
y
y
N
N
N
N
N

OTHER NAMES
N, N-diethyl-2-[[4-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]meth-
yl]-5-nitrol H-benzimidazole-1-ethanamine
JWH-018 and AM-678
JWH-019
JWH-073
JWH-081
JWH-122
JWH-200
JWH-203
JWH-250
JWH-398
Cliradon
LSD, lysergide
MAB-CHMINACA and ADB-CHMINACA
Cannabis, marijuana

MDMB-CHMICA, MMB-CHMINACA

N MDMB-FUBINACA
N MDPV
N Nubarene
(Positional Isomers: 3-Methyl-methcalhinone,
N Buphedrone, Ethcathinone, N,N-Dimethyl-cathi-
none)
N Constituent of"Peyote" cacti
N Quaalude, Parest, Somnafac, Opitimil, Mandrax
N N-Methylcathinone, "cat"
N FUB—AMB, MMB— FUBINACA, AMB—FUBINACA
N 5F-MDMB-PICA
-233-

SCHEDULE I

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Methyldesorphine
9302
Y
Methyldihydromorphine
9304
Y
Methylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylcathi-
(Positional Isomer: 2,3-methylenedioxymeth-
7540
N
cathinone (2,3-MDMC, 1-(benzo[d][1,3]diox-
none)
ol-4-yl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one))
Metodesnitazene (N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-methoxy-
benzyl)
9764
Y
1 H-benzimidazol-1- yl)ethan-1-amine)
Metonitazene (N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4- methoxyben-
zyl)-5-
9757
Y
nitro-1 Hbenzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine)
MMB-CHMICA, AMB-CHMICA (methyl
2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1 H-indole-3-carboxam-
7044
N
ido)-3-methylbutanoate )
Morpheridine
9632
Y
Morphine methylbromide
9305
Y
Morphine methylsulfonate
9306
Y
Morphine-N-oxide
9307
Y
MT-45 (1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)
9560
Y
MT-45
piperazine))
Myrophine
9308
Y
N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenyltetrahy-
9843
Y
Tetrahydrofuranyl fentanyl
d ro fu ra n-2-ca rb o xa m i d e
N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidinA-yl)
9816
Y
Ortho-fluorofentanyl or 2-fluorofentanyl
propionamide
N-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-inda-
7047
N
FUB-AKB48; FUB-APINACA; AKB48 N-(4-FLU-
zole-3-carboxamide

OROBENZYL)
N,N-Dimethylamphetamine
1480
N
nap hthylpyrovalerone; 1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-
Naphyrone
1258
N
(pyrrolidin-1 -yl)pentan-1 -one) (Positional Isomer:
a-naphyrone)
N-Benzylpiperazine
7493
N
BZP, 1-benzylpiperazine
N-Ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine
7455
N
PCE
N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
7482
N
JB 323
N-Ethylamphetamine
1475
N
NEA
N-ethylhexedrone
7246
N
N-Ethylpentylone (1-(1,3-benzodiox-
7543
N
Ephylone
ol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)-pentan-1-one)
N-Hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
7402
N
N-hydroxy MDA
Nicocodeine
9309
Y
Nicomorphine
9312
Y
Vilan
NM2201; CBL2201 (Naphthalen-1-yl 1-(5-fluoro-
7221
N
pentyl)-1 H-indole-3-carboxylate)
N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
7484
N
JB 336
Noracymethadol
9633
Y
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 25
-234-

SCHEDULE I

SUBSTANCE DEA NUMBER NARCOTIC
Norlevorphanol
9634
Normethadone
9635
Normorphine
9313
Norpipanone
9636
N-pyrrolidino etonitazene; etonitazepyne
9758
(2-(4-ethoxybenzyl
Ocfentanil
9838
ortho-Fluoroacryl fentanyl (N-(2-fluoro-
9852
phenyl)-N-(1 phenethylpiperid in-4-yl)acrylamide)
ortho-Fluorobutyryl fentanyl (N-(2-fluoro-
phenyl)-N-(l phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide;
9846
also known as 2fluorobutyryl fentanyl)
ortho-Fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (N-(2-fluoro-
phenyl)-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyra-
9853
mide)
ortho-Methyl acetylfentanyl (N-(2-methyl-
phenyl)-N-(1 phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide;
9848
also known as 2methyl acetylfentanyl)
ortho-Methyl methoxyacetyl fentanyl (2-methoxy-
N-(2methylphenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin4-yl)
9820
acetamide)
Para-chloroisobutyryl fentanyl 9826
Para-fluorobutyryl fentanyl 9823
Para-Fluoro furanyl fentanyl (N-(4-fluoro-
phenyl)-N-(1phen ethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-car- 9854
boxamide)
Para-Fluorofentanyl 9812
Parahexyl 7374
Para-methoxybutyryl fentanyl 9837
PB-22 (Quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyl-lH-indole-3-car- 7222
boxylate)
Para-Methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), 1245
1-(4methoxyphenyl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine
Para-Methylfentanyl (N-(4-methyl-
phenyl)-N-(1phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propio- 9917
namide; also known as 4methylfentanyl)
Pentedrone (a-methylaminovalerophenone) 1246
Pentylone 7542
26 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

OTHER NAMES
Phenyldimazone
2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)
ethyl)l Hbenzimidazole
N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-methoxy-N-(1-pheneth-
yl pipe ridin-4-yl)acetamide
2-methyl methoxyacetyl fentanyl
N-(4-ch loro phenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl )
isobutyramide
N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)
butyramide
y China White, fentanyl
N Synhexyl,
y N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperid in-4-
yl)butyramide
N QUPIC; PB-22
N
y
2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one)(Posi-
tional Isomers:3-methylethcathinone (3-MEC),
N 4-ethylmethcathinone (4-EMC), 4-methylbu-
phedrone (4-McMABP;4-McBP), 3,4-dimethyl-
methcathinone (3,4-DMMC),N-ethylbuphedrone
(NEB),N-ethyl-N-methylcathinone(EMC))
bk-MBDP; 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methyl-
amino)pentan-1-one) (Positional Isomers:

N dibutylone (bk-DMBDB) and propylone
(3',4'-methylened foxy-N-p ropylaminocath inone,
1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-(propylamino)
propan-1-one))
-235-

SCHEDULEI

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Peyote
7415
N
Cactus which contains mescaline
Phenadoxone
9637
Y
Phenampromide
9638
Y
Phenomorphan
9647
Y
Phenoperidine
9641
Y
Operidine, Lealgin
Phenyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-
phenylbenzamide; also known as benzoyl
9841
Y
fentanyl)
Pholcodine
9314
Y
Copholco, Adaphol, Codisol, Lantuss, Pholcolin
Piritramide
9642
Y
Piridolan
Proheptazine
9643
Y
Properidine
9644
Y
Propiram
9649
Y
Algeril
Psilocybin
7437
N
Constituent of "Magic mushrooms"
Protonitazene (N,N-diethyl-2-(5-nitro-2-(4-
propoxybenzyl)-lH-benzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-l-
9759
Y
amine)
Psilocyn
7438
N
Psilocin, constituent of "Magic mushrooms"
Racemoramide
9645
Y
SR-18 (Also known as RCS-8) (1-Cyclohexy-
7008
N
SR-18 and RCS-8
lethyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl) indole)
SR-19 (Also known as RCS-4) (1-Pen-
7104
N
SR-19 and RCS-4
tyl-3-[(4-methoxy)-benzoyl] indole
Tetra hydrocannabinols
7370
N
THC, Delta-8 THC, Delta-9 THC, dronabinol and
others
Thebacon
9315
Y
Acetylhydrocodone, Acedicon, Thebacetyl
Thiofentanyl
9835
Y
Chine white, fentanyl
Thiofuranyl fentanyl (N-(1-phenethylpiperi-
din-4-yl)-N-phenylthiophene-2-carboxamide;
9839
Y
also known as 2thiofuranyl
fentanyl; thiophene fentanyl)
THJ-2201 [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-lH-indazol-3-
7024
N
THJ-2201
yl](naphthalen-l-yl)methanone
Tilidine
9750
Y
Tilidate, Valoron, Kitadol, Lak, Tilsa
Trimeperidine
9646
Y
Promedolum
U-47700 (3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)
9547
Y
U-47700
cycloh exyl]-N-methylbenzam id e )
UR-144(1-Pentyl-lH-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-te-
7144
N
UR-144
tramethylcyclopropyl )metanone
Valeryl fentanyl
9840
Y
N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpentan-
amide
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 27
-236-

SCHEDULE II

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
1-Phenylcyclohexylamine
7460
N
PCP precursor
1-Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile
8603
N
PCC, PCP precursor
4-Anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidine (ANPP)
8333
N
ANPP, Despropionyl fentanyl
Alfentanil
9737
Y
Alfenta
Alphaprodine
9010
Y
Nisentil
Amobarbital
2125
N
Amytal, Tuinal
Amphetamine
1100
N
Dexedrine, Adderall, Obetrol
Anileridine
9020
Y
Leritine
Bezitramide
9800
Y
Burgodin
Carfentanil
9743
Y
Wildnil
Coca Leaves
9040
Y
Cocaine
9041
Y
Methyl benzoylecgonine, Crack
Codeine
9050
Y
Morphine methyl ester, methyl morphine
Dextropropoxyphene, bulk (non -dosage forms)
9273
Y
Propoxyphene
Dihydrocodeine
9120
Y
Didrate, Parzone
Dihydroetorphine
9334
Y
DHE
Diphenoxylate
9170
Y
Dronabinol in an oral solution in a drug product
approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and
7365
N
Syndros
Drug Administration
Ecgonine
9180
Y
Cocaine precursor, in Coca leaves
Ethylmorphine
9190
Y
Dionin
Etorphine HCl
9059
Y
M 99
Fentanyl
9801
Y
Duragesic, Oralet, Actiq, Sublimaze, Innovar
Glutethimide
2550
N
Doriden, Dorimide
Hydrocodone
9193
Y
dihydrocodeinone
Hydromorphone
9150
Y
Dilaudid, dihydromorphinone
Isomethadone
9226
Y
Isoamidone
LAAM, long acting methadone, levomethadyl
Levo-alphacetylmethadol
9648
Y
acetate
Levomethorphan
9210
Y
Levorphanol
9220
Y
Levo-Dromoran
Lisdexamfetam ine
1205
N
Vyvan se
Meperidine
9230
Y
Demerol, Mepergan, pethidine
Meperidine intermediate -A
9232
Y
Meperidine precursor
Meperidine intermediate-B
9233
Y
Meperidine precursor, normeperidine
Meperidine intermediate-C
9234
Y
Meperidine precursor
Metazocine
9240
Y
28 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-237-

SCHEDULE II

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Methadone
9250
Y
Dolophine, Methadose, Amidone
Methadone intermediate
9254
Y
Methadone precursor
Methamphetamine
1105
N
Desoxyn, D-desoxyephedrine, ICE, Crank,
Speed
Methylphenidate
1724
N
Concerta, Ritalin, Methylin
Metopon
9260
Y
Moramide-intermediate
9802
Y
Morphine
9300
Y
MS Contin, Roxanol, Oramorph, RMS, MSIR
Nabilone
7379
N
Cesamet
Noroxymorphone
9668
Y
Opium extracts
9610
Y
Opium fluid extract
9620
Y
Opium poppy
9650
Y
Papaver somniferum
Opium tincture
9630
Y
Laudanum
Opium, granulated
9640
Y
Granulated opium
Opium, powdered
9639
Y
Powdered opium
Opium, raw
9600
Y
Raw opium, gum opium
Oripavine
9330
Y
Oxycodone
9143
Y
OxyContin, Percocet, Endocet, Roxicodone,
Roxicet,
Oxymorphone
9652
Y
Numorphan
Pentobarbital
2270
N
Nembutal
Phenazocine
9715
Y
Narphen, Prinadol
Phencyclidine
7471
N
PCP, Sernylan
Phenmetrazine
1631
N
Preludin
Phenylacetone
8501
N
P2P, phenyl-2-propanone, benzyl methyl ketone
Piminodine
9730
Y
Poppy Straw
9650
Y
Opium poppy capsules, poppy heads
Poppy Straw Concentrate
9670
Y
Concentrate of Poppy Straw, CPS
Racemethorphan
9732
Y
Racemorphan
9733
Y
Dromoran
Remifentanil
9739
Y
Ultiva
Secobarbital
2315
N
Seconal, Tuinal
Sufentanil
9740
Y
Sufenta
Tapentadol
9780
Y
Thebaine
9333
Y
Precursor of many narcotics
Thiafentanil
9729
Y
Thianil
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 29
-238-

SCHEDULE III

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC OTHER NAMES
[3,2-c]-furazan-5a-androstan-17p-ol
4000
N
[3,2-c]pyrazole-androst-4-en-17p-ol
4000
N
13Beta-ethyl-17beta-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one
4000
N
17A]pha-methyl-3alpha,17beta-dihydroxy-5al-
4000
N
pha-androstane
17AIpha-methyl-3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5al-
4000
N
pha-androstane
17AIpha-methyl-3beta,17beta-dihydroxyan-
4000
N
drost-4-ene
17AIpha-methyl-4-hydroxynandrolone(17alpha-
methyl-4-hydroxy-17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-
4000
N
one)
17AIpha-methyl-delta 1-dihydrotestosterone
(17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methyl-5alpha-an-
4000
N 17-Alpha-methyl-1-testosterone
drost-1-en-3-one)
17a-Methyl-5a-androstan-17p-ol
4000
N
17a-methyl-androst-2-ene-3,17p-dial
4000
N
17a-methyl-androsta-1,4-diene-3,17p-diol
4000
N
17a-Methyl-androstan-3-hydroxyimine-17p-oI
4000
N
17P-Hydroxy-androstano[2,3-d]isoxazole
4000
N
17(3-Hydroxy-androstano[3,2-c]isoxazole
4000
N
18a-Homo-3-hydroxy-estra-2,5(10)-dien-17-one
4000
N
19-Nor-4,9(10)-androstadienedione
4000
N
19-Nor4-androstenediol (3beta,17beta-dihy-
droxyeslr-4-ene; 3alpha,17beta-dihydroxye-
4000
N
str-4-ene)
19-Nor4-androstenedione (estr-4-en-3,17-di-
4000
N
one)
19-Nor-5-androstenediol (3beta, 1 7beta-dihy-
droxyestr-5-ene; 3alpha,17beta-dihydroxye-
4000
N
str-5-ene)
19-Nor-5-androstenedione (estr-5-en-3,17-di-
4000
N
one)
1-Androstenediol (3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5al-
pha-androst-l-ene; 3alpha,17beta-dihy-
4000
N
droxy-5alpha-androst-l-ene)
1-Androstenedione (5alpha-androst-1-en-3,17-
4000
N
dione)
2a,17a-dimethyl-17p-hydroxy-5p-androstan-3-
4000
N
one
2a,3a-epithio-17a-methyl-5a-androstan-17p-oI
4000
N
3Alpha,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane
4000
N
3Beta, 17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane
4000
N
3p-hydroxy-estra-4,9,11-trien-17-one
4000
N
4-Androstenediol (3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-an-
4000
N 4-AD
drost-4-ene)
30 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-239-

SCHEDULE III

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
4-Androstenedione (androst-4-en-3,17-dione)
4000
N
4-ch loro-17a-methyl-17p-hydroxy-androst-4-en-
4000
N
3-one
4-chloro-17a-methyl-17p-hydroxy-androst-4-
4000
N
ene-3,11-dione
4-chloro-1 7a-methyl-androst-4-ene-3p, 17p-diol
4000
N
4-chloro-17a-methyl-androsta-1,4-diene-3,17p-
4000
N
diol
4-Dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxyandros-
4000
N
Anabolex, Andractim, Pesomax, Stanolone
tan-3-one)
4-Hydroxy-19-nortestosterone (4,17beta-dihy-
4000
N
droxyestr-4-en-3-one)
4-Hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
4000
N
Listed as 4-Hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-di-
one[3,2-c]pyrazole-5a-androstan-17p-ol
4-Hydroxytestosterone (4,17beta-dihydroxyan-
4000
N
drost-4-en-3-one)
5-Androstenediol (3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-an-
4000
N
drost-5-ene)
5-Androstenedione (and rost-5-en-3,1 7-d ione)
4000
N
5a-Androstan-3,6,17-trione
4000
N
6-bromo-androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione
4000
N
6-bromo-androstan-3,17-dione
4000
N
6a-Methyl-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
4000
N
Amobarbital & noncontrolled active ingred.
2126
N
Amobarbital suppository dosage form
2126
N
Anabolic steroids
4000
N
"Body Building" drugs
Androstanedione (5alpha-androstan-3,17-dione)
4000
N
Aprobarbital
2100
N
Alurate
Barbituric acid derivative
2100
N
Barbiturates not specifically listed
Benzphetamine
1228
N
Didrex, Inapetyl
Bolasterone (7alpha,17alpha-dimethyl-17be-
4000
N
ta-hydroxyand rost-4-en-3-one )
Boldenone (17beta-hydroxyandrost-1,4-di-
4000
N
Equipoise, Parenabol, Vebonol, dehydrotestos-
ene-3-one)
terone
Boldione
4000
N
Buprenorphine
9064
Y
Buprenex, Temgesic, Subutex, Suboxone
Butabarbital (secbutabarbital)
2100
N
Butisol, Butibel
Butalbital
2100
N
Fiorinal, Butalbital with aspirin
Butobarbital (butethal)
2100
N
Soneryl (UK)
Calusterone (7beta,17alpha-dimethyl-17beta-hy-
4000
N
Methosarb
droxyandrost-4-en-3-one)
Chlorhexadol
2510
N
Mechloral, Mecoral, Medodorm, Chloralodol
Chlorphentermine
1645
N
Pre -Sate, Lucofen, Apsedon, Desopimon
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 31
-240-

SCHEDULE III

SUBSTANCE DEA NUMBER NARCOTIC OTHER NAMES
Clortermine 1647
Clostebol(4-chloro-17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-
4000
en-3-one)
Codeine & isocluinoline alkaloid 90 mg/du
9803
Codeine combination product 90 mg/du
9804
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (4-chloro-
17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methylandrost-1,4-di-
4000
en-3-one)
Delta 1 -di hyd rotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5al-
4000
pha-androst-1-en-3-one)
Desoxymethyltestosterone
4000
Dihydrocodeine combination product 90 mg/du
9807
Dronabinol (synthetic) in sesame oil in soft gela-
7369
tin capsule as approved by FDA
Drostanolone (17beta-hydroxy-2alpha-meth-
4000
yl-5alpha-and rosta n-3-one)
Embutramide
2020
Estra-4,9,11-triene-3,17-dione
4000
Ethylestrenol (17alpha-ethyl-17beta-hydroxye-
4000
str-4-ene)
Ethylmorphine combination product 15 mg/du
9808
Fluoxymesterone (9-fluoro-17alpha-meth-
4000
yl-11 beta, 1 7beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one)
Formebolone (2-formyl-17alpha-methyl-llal-
4000
pha,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3-one)
Furazabol (17alpha-methyl-17beta-hydroxyan-
4000
drostano[2,3-c]-furazan)
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid preparations
2012
Ketamine
7285
Lysergic acid
7300
Lysergic acid amide
7310
Mestanolone (1 7alpha-methyl-1 7beta-hy-
4000
droxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one)
Mesterolone (11alpha-methyl-17beta-hydroxy-5al-
4000
pha-and rostan-3-one)
Methandienone (17alpha-methyl-17beta-hy-
4000
droxyandrost-1,4-dien-3-one)
Methandriol (17alpha-methyl-3beta,17beta-dihy-
4000
droxyandrost-5-ene)
Methasterone (2alpha,17alpha-dimethyl-5al-
4000
pha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one )
Methenolone (1-methyl-17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-
4000
androst-1-en-3-one)
Methyldienolone (17alpha-methyl-17beta-hy-
4000
droxyestra-4,9(10)-dien-3-one)
Methyltestosterone (17alpha-methyl-17beta-hy-
4000
droxyandrost-4-en-3-one)
N Voranil
N Alfa-Trofodermin, Clostene, 4-chlorotestosterone
Y Codeine with papaverine or noscapine
Y Empirin,Fiorinal,Tylenol,ASA or APAP w/codeine
N Oral-Turinabol
N 1-Testosterone
N
Y Synalgos-DC, Compal
N Marinol, synthetic THC in sesame oil/soft gelatin
as approved by FDA
N Drolban, Masterid, Permastril
N Tributane
N
N Maxibolin, Orabolin, Durabolin-O, Duraboral
Y
N Anadroid-F, Halotestin, Ora-Testryl
N Esiclene, Hubernol
N Frazalon, Miotolon, Qu Zhi Shu
N Xyrem
N Ketaset, Ketalar, Special K, K
N LSD precursor
N LSD precursor
N Assimil, Ermalone, Methybol, Tantarone
N Androviron, Proviron, Testiwop
N Dianabol, Metabolina, Nerobol, Perbolin
N Sinesex, Stenediol, Troformone
N Methasterone; 2a,17a-dimethyl-17p-hydroxy-
5a-androstan-3-one
N Primobolan, Primobolan Depot, Primobolan S
N
N Android, Oreton, Testred, Virilon
32 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-241-

SCHEDULE III

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Methyltrienolone (1 7alpha-methyl-1 7beta-hy-
4000
N
Metribolone
droxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one)
Methyprylon
2575
N
Noludar
Mibolerone (7alpha,17alpha-dimethyl-17beta-hy-
4000
N
Cheque, Matenon
droxyestr-4-en-3-one)
Morphine combination product/50 mg/(100 ml or
9810
Y
100 gm)
Nalorphine
9400
Y
Nalline
Nandrolone (17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one)
4000
N
Deca-Durabolin, Durabolin, Durabolin-50
Norbolethone (13beta,17alpha-diethyl-17be-
4000
N
Genabol
ta-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one)
Norclostebol (4-chloro-17beta-hydroxyestr-4-
4000
N
Anabol-4-19, Lentabol
en-3-one
Norethandrolone (17alpha-ethyl-17beta-hy-
4000
N
Nilevar, Pronabol, Solevar
droxyestr-4-en-3-one)
Normethandrolone (1 7alpha-methyl-1 7beta-hy-
4000
N
Lutenin, Matronal, Orgasteron
droxyestr-4-en-3-one)
Opium combination product 25 mg/du
9809
Y
Paregoric, other combination products
Oxandrolone (17alpha-methyl-17beta-hydroxy-
4000
N
Anavar, Lonavar, Oxandrin, Provitar, Vasorome
2-oxa-5alpha-androstan-3-one)
Oxymesterone (17alpha-methyl-4,17beta-dihy-
4000
N
Anamidol, Balnimax, Oranabol, Oranabol 10
droxyandrost-4-en-3-one)
Oxymelholone (17alpha-methyl-2-hydroxymeth-
4000
N
Anadrol-50, Adroyd, Anapolon, Anasteron,
ylene-17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one)
Pardroyd
Pentobarbital & noncontrolled active ingred.
2271
N
FP-3
Pentobarbital suppository dosage form
2271
N
WANS
Fycompa, [2-(2-oxo-I-phenyl-
Perampanel
2261
N
5-pyridin-2-yl-I ,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl) benzonitrile
1 Phendimetrazine
1615
N
Plegine, Prelu-2, Bontril, Melfiat, Statobex
Prostanozol(17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androsta-
4000
N
Prostanozol; [3,2-c]pyrazole-5a-an-
no[3,2-c]pyrazole)
drostan-17p-ol
Secobarbital & noncontrolled active ingred
2316
N
Secobarbital suppository dosage form
2316
N
Stanozolol (17alpha-methyl-17beta-hydroxy-5al-
4000
N
Winstrol, Winstrol-V
pha-and rost-2-eno[3,2-c]-pyrazole )
Stenbolone (17beta-hydroxy-2-methyl-5alpha-
4000
N
androst-1-en-3-one)
Stimulant compounds previously excepted
1405
N
Mediatric
Sulfondiethylmethane
2600
N
Sulfonethylmethane
2605
N
Sulfonmethane
2610
N
Talbutal
2100
N
Lotusate
Testolactone (13-hydroxy-3-oxo-13,17-secoan-
4000
N
Teolit, Teslac
drosta-1,4-dien-17-oic acid lactone)
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 33
-242-

SCHEDULE III

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Testosterone (17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-
4000
N
Android-T, Androlan, Depotest, Delatestryl
one)
Tetrahydrogestrinone (13beta, 17alpha-dieth-
4000
N
THG
yl-17beta-hydroxygon-4,9,11-trien-3-one)
Thiamylal
2100
N
Surital
Thiopental
2100
N
Pentothal
Tiletamine & Zolazepam Combination Product
7295
N
Telazol
Trenbolone (17beta-hydroxyestr-4,9,11-trien-3-
4000
N
Finaplix-S, Finajet, Parabolan
one)
Vinbarbital
2100
N
Delvinal, vinbarbitone

SCHEDULE IV

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Alfaxalone
2731
N
Alfaxan, 5a-pregnan-3a-of-11,20-dione
Alprazolam
2882
N
Xanax
Barbital
2145
N
Veronal, Plexonal, barbitone
Bromazepam
2748
N
Lexotan, Lexatin, Lexotanil
Butorphanol
9720
N
Stadol, Stadol NS, Torbugesic, Torbutrol
Camazepam
2749
N
Albego, Limpidon, Paxor
Carisoprodol
8192
N
Soma
Cathine
1230
N
Constituent of "Khat" plant, (+)-norpseudoephed-
rine
Chloral betaine
2460
N
Beta Chlor
Chloral hydrate
2465
N
Noctec
Chlordiazepoxide
2744
N
Librium, Libritabs, Limbitrol, SK-Lygen
Clobazam
2751
N
Urbadan, Urbanyl
Clonazepam
2737
N
Klonopin, Clonopin
Clorazepate
2768
N
Tranxene
Clotiazepam
2752
N
Trecalmo, Rize, Clozan, Veratran
Cloxazolam
2753
N
Akton, Lubalix, Olcadil, Sepazon
Delorazepam
2754
N
Daridorexant [(S)-2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-
1 H'benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2methylpyrrolidin-
1-yl](5-methoxy-2-
2410
N

QUVIVIQ
(2H-1,2, 3-triazol-2yl )
phenyl)methanone
Dexfenfluramine
1670
N
Redux
Dextropropoxyphene dosage farms
9278
Y
Darvon, propoxyphene, Darvocet, Propacet
34 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-243-

SCHEDULE IV

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
Diazepam
2765
N
Valium, Diastat
Dichloralphenazone
2467
N
Midrin, dichloralantipyrine
Diethylpropion
1610
N
Tenuate, Tepanil
Difenoxin 1 mg/25 ug AtSO4/du
9167
Y
Motofen
Eluxadoline
9725
N

VIBERZI
Estazolam
2756
N
ProSom, Domnamid, Eurodin, Nuctalon
Elhchlorvynol
2540
N
Placidyl
Ethinamate
2545
N
Valmid, Valamin
Ethyl loflazepate
2758
N
Fencamfamin
1760
N
Reactivan
Fenfluramine
1670
N
Pondimin, Ponderal
Fenproporex
1575
N
Gacilin, Solvolip
Fludiazepam
2759
N
Flunitrazepam
2763
N
Rohypnol, Narcozep, Darkene, Roipnol
Flurazepam
2767
N
Dalmane
Fospropofol
2138
N
Lusedra
Halazepam
2762
N
Paxipam
Haloxazolam
2771
N
Ketazolam
2772
N
Anxon, Loftran, Solatran, Contamex
(1 R,2S)-2-[(2,4-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)oxymeth-
Lemborexant
2245
N
yl]-2-(3fluorophenyl)-
N-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)cyclopropane-1 carbox-
amide
Loprazolam
2773
N
Lorazepam
2885
N
Ativan
Lorcaserin
1625
N
Belviq
Lormetazepam
2774
N
Noctamid
Mazindol
1605
N
Sanorex, Mazanor
Mebutamate
2800
N
Capla
Medazepam
2836
N
Nobrium
Mefenorex
1580
N
Anorexic, Amexate, Doracil, Pondinil
Meprobamate
2820
N
Miltown, Equanil, Micrainin, Equagesic, Mepro-
span
Methohexital
2264
N
Brevital
Methylphenobarbital (mephobarbital)
2250
N
Mebaral, mephobarbital
Midazolam
2884
N
Versed
Modafinil
1680
N
Provigil
Nimetazepam
2837
N
Erimin
Nitrazepam
2834
N
Mogadon
Nordiazepam
2838
N
Nordazepam, Demadar, Mader
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 35
-244-

SUBSTANCE
Oxazepam
Oxazolam
Paraldehyde
Pemoline
Pentazocine
Petrichloral
Phenobarbital
Phentermine
Pinazepam
Pipradrol
Prazepam
Quazepam
Remimazolam
(4H-imidazol[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepine 4-propi-
onic acid)4H-
imidazol[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-4-propionic
acid
S e rd exmethyl p he n id ate
Sibutramine
Solriamfetol (2-amino-3-phenylpropyl car-
bamate;
benzenepropanol, beta -amino-, carbamate
(ester))
SPA
Suvorexant
Temazepam
Tetrazepam
Tramadol (2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-me-
thoxyphenyl )cyclohexanol )
Triazolam
Zaleplon
Zolpidem
Zopiclone

SCHEDULE IV

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
2835
N
Serax, Serenid-D
2839
N
Serenal, Convertal
2585
N
Paral
1530
N
Cylert
9709
N
Talwin, Talwin NX, Talacen, Talwin Compound
2591
N
Pentaerythritol chloral, Periclor
2285
N
Luminal, Bellergal-S
1640
N
lonamin, Fastin, Adipex-P, Obe-Nix, Zantryl
2883
N
Domar
1750
N
Detaril, Stimolag Fortis
2764
N
Centrax
2881
N
Doral
8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(2-pyrid i nyl)-(4S )-methyl
ester, benzenes ulfonate (1:1) and also, methyl
2846
N
3-[(4S)-8-bromo4H-1-methyl-6-pyridin-2-yI-4H-
imidazo[1,2a][
1,4]benzod iazepi n4yi]
propanoate benzenesulfonic acid
1729
N
1675
N
Meridia
1650 N
1635
N
1-dimethylamino-1,2-diphenylethane, Lefetamine
MK-4305, [(7R)-4-(5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-
2223
N
yl)-7-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl][5-methyl-2-(2H-
1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl]methanone
2925
N
Restoril
2886
N
Myolastan, Musaril
9752
Y
Tramadol
2887
N
Halcion
2781
N
Sonata
2783
N
Ambien, Ivadal, Stilnoct, Stilnox
2784
N
Lunesta
36 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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SCHEDULE V

SUBSTANCE

DEA NUMBER

NARCOTIC

OTHER NAMES
BRV, UCB-34714, Briviact, ((2S)-2-[(4R)-2-
Brivaracetam
2710
N
oxo-4-
propylpyrrolidin-1-yl] butanamide)
2H-tetrazole-2-ethanol, alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-,
Cenobamate [(1 R)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(tetra-
2720
N
carbamate (ester), (alphaR)-; carbamic acid
zol-2-yl)ethyl]carbamate
(R)-(+)-1-(2chlorophenyl)-
2-(2H-tetrazol-2-yl)ethyl ester)
Codeine preparations - 200 mg/(100 ml or 100
Y
Cosanyl,Robitussin A-C,Cheracol,Cerose,Pedi-
gm)
acof
Difenoxin preparations - 0.5 mg/25 ug AtSO4/du
Y
Motofen
Dihydrocodeine preparations 100mg/(100 ml or
Y
Cophene-S, various others
100 gm)
Diphenoxylate preparations 2.5 mg/25 ug AtSO4
Y
Lomotil, Logen
Ethylmorphine preparations 100 mg/(100 ml or
Y
100 gm)
Ezogabine
2779
N
Potiga
Ganaxolone (3a-hydroxy-3p-methyl-5a-pregnan-
2401
N
20-one)
Lacosamide
2746
N
Vimpat
Lasmiditan[2,4,6-trifluoro-N-(6-(1-methylpiperi-
2790
N
Reyvow
d ine-4-carbonyl )pyridine-2-yl-benzamide]
Opium preparations - 100 mg/(100 ml or 100
Y
Parepectolin, Kapectolin PG, Kaolin Pectin P.G.
gm)
Pregabalin
2782
N
Lyrica
Pyrovalerone
1485
N
Centroton, Thymergix
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 37
-246-

FEDERAL TRAFFICKING PENALTIES

DRUG/SCHEDULE

QUANTITY

PENALTIES

QUANTITY

PENALTIES
Cocaine (Schedule II)
500-4999 grams mixture
First Offense:
5 kgs or more mixture
First Offense: Not less than
Cocaine Base (Schedule II)
28-279 grams mixture
Not less than 5 yrs,
280 grams or more
10 yrs, and not more than life,
and not more than
mixture
If death or serious injury, not
40 yrs. If death or
less than 20 or more than life.

Fentanyl (Schedule II)
40-399 grams mixture
serious injury, not
400 grams or more
Fine of not more than $10 mil -
less than 20 or more
mixture
lion if an individual, $50 million
Fentanyl Analogue
10-99 grams mixture
than life. Fine of not
more than $5 million
100 grams or more
if not an individual.
(Schedule I)
if an individual, $25
mixture
Second Offense: Not less
Heroin (Schedule I)
100-999 grams mixture
million if not an
1 kg or more mixture
than 15 yrs, and not more than
life. If death or serious injury,
LSD (Schedule I)
1-9 grams mixture
individual.
10 grams or more
life imprisonment.

Second Offense:
mixture
Fine of not more than $20
Methamphetamine
5-49 grams pure or
Not less than 10
yrs, and not more
50 grams or more
million if an individual, $75
million if not an individual.
than life. If death or
pure or
(Schedule II)
50-499 grams mixture
serious injury, life
500 grams or more
2 e More Prior
Offenses:
imprisonment.
mixture
Not less than 25 years. Fine of
PCP (Schedule II)
10-99 grams pure
Fine of not more
than $8 million if an
100 gm or more
not more than $20 million if an
or 100-999 rams
g
individual, $50 million
pure or 1 kg or
individual, $75 million if not an
mixture
if not an individual.
more mixture
individual.

PENALTIES
Other Schedule I & II Any amount
First Offense: Not more than 20 yrs. If death or serious injury, not less than drugs (and any drug
20 yrs, or more than life. Fine $1 million if an individual, $5 million if not an product containing Gamma
individual.

Hydroxybutyric Acid)
Second Offense: Not more than 30 yrs. If death or serious bodily injury, life Flunitrazepam (Schedule IV) 1 gram
imprisonment. Fine $2 million if an individual, $10 million if not an individual.

Other Schedule III drugs Any amount
First Offense: Not more than 10 years. If death or serious injury, not more than 15 yrs. Fine not more than $500,000 if an individual, $2.5 million if not an individu- al.

Second Offense: Not more than 20 yrs. If death or serious injury, not more than 30 yrs. Fine not more than $1 million if an individual, $5 million if not an individual.

All other Schedule IV drugs Any amount
First Offense: Not more than 5 yrs. Fine not more than $250,000 if an individ- Flunitrazepam (Schedule IV) Other than 1 gram or
ual, $1 million if not an individual.
more
Second Offense: Not more than 10 yrs. Fine not more than $500,000 if an individ- ual, $2 million if other than an individual.

All Schedule V drugs Any amount
First Offense: Not more than 1 yr. Fine not more than $100,000 if an individual, $250,000 if not an individual.

Second Offense: Not more than 4 yrs. Fine not more than $200,000 if an individ- ual, $500,000 if not an individual.
38 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-247-

FEDERAL TRAFFICKING PENALTIES -MARIJUANA
DRUG
Marijuana (Schedule 1)
Marijuana (Schedule 1)
Marijuana (Schedule 1)
Marijuana (Schedule 1)
Hashish (Schedule 1)

QUANTITY
1,000 kg or more marijuana mixture;
or 1,000 or more marijuana plants
100 kg to 999 kg marijuana mixture;
or 100 to 999 marijuana plants
More than 10 kgs hashish;
50 to 99 kg marijuana mixture
More than 1 kg of hashish oil;
50 to 99 marijuana plants
Less than 50 kg marijuana (except 50
or more marijuana plants regardless of
weight);
1 to 49 marijuana plants;
10 kg or less
Hashish Oil (Schedule 1) 1 kg or less
1st OFFENSE
Not less than 10 yrs. or more than life.

If death or serious bodily injury, not less
than 20 yrs., or more than life. Fine not
more than life. Fine not more than $10
million if an individual, $50 million if
other than an individual.

Not less than 5 yrs. or more than 40
yrs. If death or serious bodily injury, not
less than 20 yrs., or more than life. Fine
not more than life. Fine not more than
$5 million if an individual, $25 million if
other than an individual.

Not less than 20 yrs. If death or serious
bodily injury, not less than 20 yrs., or
more than life. Fine $1 million if an
individual, $5 million if other than an
individual.

Not more than 5 yrs. Fine not more
than $250,000, $1 million if other than
an individual
Not more than 5 yrs. Fine not more
than $250,000, $1 million if other than
an individual.

Not more than 5 yrs. Fine not more
than $250,000, $1 million if other than
an individual.
2nd OFFENSE *
Not less than 15 yrs. or more than life.

If death or serious bodily injury, life
imprisonment. Fine not more than $20
million if an individual, $75 million if
other than an individual.

Not less than 10 yrs. or more than life.

If death or serious bodily injury, life
imprisonment. Fine not more than $8
million if an individual, $50 million if
other than an individual.

Not less than 30 yrs. If death or serious
bodily injury, life imprisonment. Fine
$2 million if an individual, $10 million if
other than an individual.

Not more than 10 yrs. Fine $500,000
if an individual, $2 million if other than
individual
Not more than 10 yrs. Fine $500,000
if an individual, $2 million if other than
individual
Not more than 10 yrs. Fine $500,000
if an individual, $2 million if other than
individual
*The minimum sentence for a violation after two or more prior convictions for a felony drug offense have become final is not less than 25 years im- prisonment and a fine up to $20 million if an individual and $75 million if other than an individual.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 39

1 l
-249-

0 11E
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
employs a multifaceted approach to combat
drug trafficking which includes enforcement,
interdiction, and education. A lesser known
approach which combines elements from
all three of these facets is chemical control.

Large quantities of chemicals are required to
synthesize, extract, and purify most illicit drugs.

The DEA has long recognized the need to monitor
these chemicals as part of its overall drug control
strategy.

During the 1980s there was a tremendous
increase in the clandestine production of controlled
substances, particularly methamphetamine in
the United States. There was also a proliferation
of clandestine laboratories producing controlled
substance analogs, very potent and dangerous
variations of controlled narcotics, stimulants, and
hallucinogens. Furthermore, DEA learned that U.S.
firms were exporting large quantities of chemicals,
such as acetone, methylethylketone, and potassium
permanganate to cocaine producing countries.

Significant amounts of these chemicals ultimately
were diverted to clandestine cocaine laboratories. It
became clear that mandatory controls were needed
to control the distribution of these chemicals in order to have an impact on the clandestine laboratory
problem.

DEA embarked upon a broad chemical control
program in 1989 that began with the Chemical
Diversion and Trafficking Act (CDTA) of 1988. The
CDTA regulated 12 precursor chemicals, eight
essential chemicals, tableting machines, and
encapsulating machines by imposing recordkeeping
and import/export reporting requirements
on transactions involving these products. It
resulted in effectively reducing the supply of illicit
methamphetamine. The number of clandestine
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 41
-250-

laboratories seized in the first three years following
the law's implementation reversed the trend of the
previous three decades and resulted in a decline.

Currently, DEA regulates 42 chemicals which are
commonly used in illicit drug production.

Maintaining this success requires continuous
effort to thwart traffickers' never-ending search
for new methods of diversion and new precursor
materials.

The foundation of the government's program to
prevent chemical diversion is based on additional
laws such as the Domestic Chemical Diversion
Control Act of 1993 (DCDCA), the Comprehensive
Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996 (MCA),
the Methamphetamine Anti -Proliferation Act of
2000 (MAPA), and the Combat Methamphetamine
Epidemic Act of 2005 (CMEA). This is illustrated by
changes in the patterns of diversion:
• When the quantity of U.S. chemicals shipped
to cocaine manufacturing areas declined,
chemical suppliers from other parts of the world
emerged as new sources of supply. The U.S.
government then undertook an aggressive
international campaign to educate and elicit
the support of other nations in establishing
chemical controls. Today, there is a broad level
of international agreement regarding the actions
that must be taken to achieve chemical control.

Many nations have passed laws to prevent the
diversion of chemicals.
• As a result of government controls, ephedrine
and other chemicals used to manufacture
methamphetamine became more difficult to
divert. Traffickers then began using over-the-
counter capsules and tablets that contained
these ingredients. As chemicals rendered
into legitimate medicines purportedly for the
commercial market, these products were
exempted from the CDTA requirements. The
DCDCA closed this loophole and required DEA
registration for all manufacturers, distributors,
importers, and exporters of List I chemicals. It
also established recordkeeping and reporting
requirements for transactions in single -entity
ephedrine products.
• When single -entity ephedrine products
became regulated, drug traffickers turned
to pseudoephedrine. This was addressed
by the MCA which expanded regulatory
control of lawfully marketed drug products
containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and
phenylpropanolamine (PPA)I.
• MAPA focused on the continuing retail level
diversion by constricting retail transactions
of pseudoephedrine and PPA drug
products. It reduced the threshold for such
transactions from 24 grams to nine grams
of pseudoephedrine or PPA base in a single
transaction and limited package sizes to contain
no more than three grams of pseudoephedrine
or PPA base. The Act also increased penalties
for chemical diversion and provided for
restitution to the government for cleanup costs.
• The CMEA further restricted retail level
transactions by redefining nonprescription
products that contain ephedrine,
('Due to concerns regarding harmful side effects that
phenylpropanolamine (PPA) can have, on November 6, 2000, the Food and Drug Administration invoked a voluntary withdrawal of over -the counter PPA products intended for human consumption. 42 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-251-

pseudoephedrine, and PPA as "scheduled listed
chemical products (SLCPs)." The Act requires
all regulated sellers of SLCPs to complete a
required training and self -certification process
effective September 30, 2006. On this date,
stores were required to keep all SLCPs behind
the counter or in a locked cabinet. Consumers
wishing to purchase SLCPs are required to
show identification and sign a logbook for each
purchase. The Act also implements daily sales
limits of 3.6 grams per purchaser and purchase
limits of nine grams of these products in a 30
day period to any person.
• All of these federal laws (CDTA, DCDCA, MCA,
MAPA, and CMEA) imposed varying degrees
of reporting requirements on the chemical and
pharmaceutical industries. Yet the involvement
of private industry and the public should not
be limited to the laws passed by Congress.

The voluntary support by industry constitutes
a powerful resource for protecting the health
and safety of the nation. IDEA encourages each
firm to be vigilant and to become a partner in
combating the diversion of chemicals used in
illegal drug production.
• It is DEA's goal to effectively regulate while
maintaining a positive working relationship
with the regulated community and to educate
the regulated community on the various laws
regarding precursor chemicals and their
implementing regulations. IDEA understands
that it can best serve the public interest by
working in voluntary cooperation with the
chemical industry in developing programs
designed to prevent the diversion of regulated
chemicals into the illicit market.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 43
-252-

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE PRODUCED
Listed Chemicals regulated
under the Controlled Fc
�m
Substances Act
C.F.R. §§ 1309, 1310, a�Q �� °°� �c °� Q� cc
See 21, ° � F a F ° � ° a ti
and 1314 for details Frwc r� m°� .�c a�\� arc Q�0
0 OO
March 2019 r� ,� Om�Q �c� �c Q aF� a �� -X

1. 4-Anilinopiperidine a

2. N-Acetylanthranilic Acid 2

3. Alpha-Phenylacetoacetonitrile 3 (PAAN)

4. Anthranilic Acid 1

5. Alpha-Phenylacetcacetonitrile 3 (APAAN)

6. Benzaldehyde

7. Benzyl Cyanide

8. Benzylfentanyl'
N 9. Ephedrine 3&7
J

10. Ergocristine'

11. Ergonovine'

72. Ergotamine'

13. Ethylamine'

14. Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)

15. Hydriodic Acid

16. Hypophosphorcus Acid' ■

17. Iodine ■

18. Isosafrole

19. MethylAlpha-phenylacetoac-
etate (MAPA) 9

20. Methylamine'

21. 3, 4-Methylenedioxyph enyl-2-Propa none

22. N-Methylephedrine 3

23. N-Methylpseudoephedrine 3

24. N-phenethyl-4-Piperidone (NPP)

25. Nitroethane

26. Norpseudoephedrine 3

27. Phenylacetic Acid 2

28. Phenylpropanofamine 3&1

29. Phosphorus (red) ■

30. Phosphorus (white or yellow) ■

31. Piperidine'

32. Piperonal (heliotropin)
♦
40 40
♦
0 0
♦
30 30
♦
♦
0 0
♦
4 4
♦
1 1
♦
0 0
♦
♦
0 0
♦
0 0
♦

0.010

0.010
♦

0.020

0.020
♦ ♦
1 1
♦
0 0
■

1.7 1.7
■
0 0
■
0 0
♦ ♦ ♦
4 4
♦
♦
0 0
♦ ♦
1 1
♦ ♦ ♦
4 4
♦
1 1
♦
1 1
♦
0 0
♦
♦

2.5 2.5
♦

2.5 2.5
♦
1 1
♦

2.5 2.5
■
0 0
■
0 0
♦

0.500

0.500
♦ ♦ ♦
4 4
■ Reagent
♦ Precursor

DOMESTIC
IExo ss
44 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-253-

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE PRODUCED
Listed Chemicals regulated
under the Controlled �a
Substances Act a�Q \°�
See 21, C.F.R. §§ 1309, 1310, �m� c° Jc Q `'
1313, and 1314 for details �F\ ° F Q� Q° Ja°° BOO
March 2019 Q c°�c �� 0 p Q '-"YP

33. PMK Glycidic 10
♦
♦
♦
0 0

34. PMK Glycidic acid'
♦
♦
♦
0 0

35. Propionic Anhydride
♦

0.001

36. Pseudoephedrine 311
♦ ♦
1 1

37. Safrole
♦
♦
♦
4 4

38. Acetic Anhydride
♦
♦
♦ 7,023
1,023
_ 39. Acetone
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
150
1,500

40. Benzyl Chloride
♦
1 4
N
J 41. Ethyl Ether
• • s
•
•
•
•
•
• • •
• • 135.8
1,364

42. Hydrochloric Acids&6
■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■
■
■
■
■
■ ■ ■
■ N/C
222.3
42a. Hydrogen Chloride Gas s&6
■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■
■
■
■
■
■ ■ ■
■ 0
27 43b. Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
•
•
•
•
•
145

1.455

44. Methyl Isobutyl Ketone °
•
•
•
•
•
N/C

1.523

45. Potassium Permanganate
■
55 500

46. Sodium Permanganate
■
55 500

47. Sulfuric Acid s&6
■ ■
■
■
■
■
■ N/C
347

48. Toluene
• •
•
• • 159
1,591

DOMESTIC

IMPORTS &

EXPORTS

KILOGRAMS
KEY
• = Solvent ■ = Reagent ♦ = Precursor
and its salts
z and its salts and esters
3 and its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers Exports only, to all Western Hemisphere except Canada
s Exports to all South American countries & Panama — Domestic for HCI gas 6 Threshold for HCI acid and sulfuric acid is 50 gallons, the equivalent weight in kilograms is shown For pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and ephedrine drug products, see 21 USC § 802 (45)(A) and 21 C.F.R. Part 1314 N/C = Not Controlled
a Including its amides, its carbamates, and its salts
and its optical isomers
10 and its optical and geometric isomers
11 and its salts, optical and geometric isomers and salts of optical and geometric isomers Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 45
-254-

III. Introduction to Drug Classes

/Q/
FA
i
4 The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) regulates five
classes of drugs:
• Narcotics
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
• Anabolic Steroids
Each class has distinguishing properties, and drugs
within each class often produce similar effects.

However, all controlled substances, regardless of
class, share a number of common features. This
introduction will familiarize you with these shared
features and define the terms frequently associated
with these drugs.

All controlled substances have abuse potential
or are immediate precursors to substances with
abuse potential. With the exception of anabolic
steroids, controlled substances are abused to alter
mood, thought, and feeling through their actions
on the central nervous system (brain and spinal
cord). Some of these drugs alleviate pain, anxiety,
or depression. Some induce sleep and others
energize.

Though some controlled substances are
therapeutically useful, the "feel good" effects of
these drugs contribute to their abuse. The extent to
which a substance is reliably capable of producing
intensely pleasurable feelings (euphoria) increases
the likelihood of that substance being abused.

DRUG ABUSE
When controlled substances are used in a manner
or amount inconsistent with the legitimate medical
use, it is called drug abuse. The non -sanctioned
use of substances controlled in Schedules I through
V of the CSA is considered drug abuse. While legal
pharmaceuticals placed under control in the CSA
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 47
-256-

are prescribed and used by patients for medical
treatment, the use of these same pharmaceuticals
outside the scope of sound medical practice is
drug abuse.

DEPENDENCE
In addition to having abuse potential, most
controlled substances are capable of producing
dependence, either physical or psychological.

Physical Dependence
Physical dependence refers to the changes that
have occurred in the body after repeated use of a
drug that necessitates the continued administration
of the drug to prevent a withdrawal syndrome.

This withdrawal syndrome can range from mildly
unpleasant to life -threatening and is dependent on a
number of factors, such as:
• The drug being used
• The dose and route of administration
• Concurrent use of other drugs
• Frequency and duration of drug use
• The age, sex, health, and genetic makeup of
the user
Psychological Dependence
Psychological dependence refers to the perceived
"need" or "craving" for a drug. Individuals who
are psychologically dependent on a particular
substance often feel that they cannot function
without continued use of that substance.

While physical dependence disappears within
days or weeks after drug use stops, psychological
dependence can last much longer and is one of the
primary reasons for relapse (initiation of drug use
after a period of abstinence).

Contrary to common belief, physical dependence
is not addiction. While individuals with a substance
use disorder are usually physically dependent on
the drug they are abusing, physical dependence
can exist without addiction. For example, patients
who take narcotics for chronic pain management
or benzodiazepines to treat anxiety are likely to be
physically dependent on that medication.

ADDICTION
Addiction is defined as compulsive drug -seeking
behavior where acquiring and using a drug
becomes the most important activity in the user's
life. This definition implies a loss of control regarding drug use, and the person with a substance use
disorder will continue to use a drug despite serious
medical and/or social consequences. In 2020, an
estimated 37.3 million Americans aged 12 or older
were current (past month) illicit drug users, meaning
they had used an illicit drug during the month prior
to the survey interview. This estimate represents

13.5% of the population aged 12 or older. Illicit
drugs include marijuana, cocaine (including crack),
heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, methamphetamine,
opioids, or prescription psych otherape utics
(including pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants,
and sedatives) that were misused.'
Drugs within a class are often compared with
each other with terms like potency and efficacy.

Potency refers to the amount of a drug that
must be taken to produce a certain effect, while
efficacy refers to whether or not a drug is capable
of producing a given effect regardless of dose.

Both the strength and the ability of a substance to
produce certain effects play a role in whether that
drug is selected by the drug user.
')Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:

Detailed Tables; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 48 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-257-

It is important to keep in mind that the effects
produced by any drug can vary significantly and
are largely dependent on the dose and route of
administration. Concurrent use of other drugs can
enhance or block an effect, and substance users
often take more than one drug to boost the desired
effects or counter unwanted side effects. The risks
associated with drug abuse cannot be accurately
predicted because each user has his/her own
unique sensitivity to a drug. There are a number of
theories that attempt to explain these differences,
and it is clear that a genetic component may
predispose an individual to certain toxicities or even
addictive behavior.

Youth are especially vulnerable to drug abuse.

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse,
young Americans engaged in unprecedented levels
of illicit drug use in the last third of the twentieth
century. Today, about 41% of young people have
used an illicit drug by the time they leave high
school and about 6% of eighth graders, 11 % of
tenth graders, and 21 % of twelfth graders are
current (within the past month) users.2
Substance use in youth can result in tragic
consequences with untold harm to themselves, heir
families, and others. The 2016 Surgeon General's
Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health identified
risk factors for youth which might lead them into
substance abuse. These include being raised in
a home where the parents or other relatives use
drugs, living in neighborhoods and going to schools
where drug use is common, and associating with
peers who use substances. Nearly 70% of those
who try an illicit drug before the age of 13 develop
OMonitoring the Future Survey, 2021; National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
a substance use disorder in the next 7 years,
compared with 27% of those who first try an illicit
drug after the age of 17.3
In the sections that follow, each of the classes of
drugs is reviewed and various drugs within each
class are profiled.

Although marijuana is classified in the
CSA as a hallucinogen, a separate section is
dedicated to that topic. And while Cocaine is not
pharmacologically a narcotic, it is defined as such
under the CSA in 21 USC 802 (17)(D), but is listed
in this guide under stimulants. There are also a
number of substances that are abused but not
regulated under the CSA. Alcohol and tobacco, for
example, are specifically exempt from control by
the CSA. In addition, a whole group of substances
called inhalants are commonly available and widely
abused by children. Control of these substances
under the CSA would not only impede legitimate
commerce, but also would likely have little effect on
the abuse of these substances by youngsters. An
energetic campaign aimed at educating both adults
and youth about inhalants is more likely to prevent
their abuse. To that end, a section is dedicated to
providing information on inhalants.

Al'acing Addiction in America. The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health, October2016. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 49
-258-

WHAT ARE NARCOTICS?
Also known as "opioids," the term "narcotic" comes from the Greek word for "stupor" and originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. Though some people still refer to all drugs as "narcotics," today "narcotic" refers to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi -synthetic substitutes. A more current term for these drugs, with less uncertainty regarding its meaning, is "opioid." Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs like OxyContin®, Vicodin®, codeine, morphine, methadone, and fentanyl.

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
The poppy Papaver somniferum is the source for all natural opioids, whereas synthetic opioids are made entirely in a lab and include meperidine, fentanyl, and methadone. Semi -synthetic opioids are synthesized from naturally occurring opium products, such as morphine and codeine, and include heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone. Teens can obtain narcotics from friends, family members, medicine cabinets, pharmacies, nursing homes, hospitals, hospices, doctors, and the Internet.

What are common street names?
Street names for various narcotics/opioids include:
• Smack, Horse, Mud, Brown Sugar, Junk, Black Tat, Big H, Paregoric, Dover's Powder, MPTP (New Heroin), Hillbilly Heroin, Lean or Purple Drank, OC, Ox, Oxy, Oxycotton, Sippin Syrup III III HI�iIIjiIII�I :i�rl�cl
OxyContin® 160 mg tablet
50 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
What do they look like?
Narcotics/opioids come in various forms, including:
• Tablets, capsules, skin patches, powder, chunks in
varying colors (from white to shades of brown and
black), liquid form for oral use and injection, syrups, suppositories, and lollipops
How are they abused?
• Narcotics/opioids can be swallowed, smoked,
sniffed, or injected.

What is their effect on the mind?
Besides their medical use, narcotics/opioids produce a
general sense of well-being by reducing tension, anxiety, and aggression. These effects are helpful in a therapeutic setting but contribute to the drugs' abuse. Narcotic/opioid use comes with a variety of unwanted effects, including drowsiness, inability to concentrate, and apathy.
-259-

Psychological dependence
Use can create psychological dependence. Long
after the physical need for the drug has passed, the
user may continue to think and talk about using drugs
and feel overwhelmed coping with daily activities.

Relapse is common if there are no changes to the
physical environment or the behavioral motivators that
prompted the abuse in the first place.

What is their effect on the body?
Narcotics/opioids are prescribed by doctors to treat
pain and diarrhea, suppress cough, and put people to
sleep. Effects depend heavily on the the dose, how it
is taken, and previous exposure to the drug. Negative
effects include:
• Slowed physical activity, constriction of
the pupils, flushing of the face and neck,
constipation, nausea, vomiting, and slowed
breathing
As the dose is increased, both the pain relief and the
harmful effects become more pronounced. Some of
these preparations are so potent that a single dose can be lethal to an inexperienced user. However, except in
cases of extreme intoxication, there is no loss of motor coordination or slurred speech.

Physical dependence and withdrawal
Physical dependence is a consequence of chronic
opioid use, and withdrawal takes place when drug
use is discontinued. The intensity and character of the physical symptoms experienced during withdrawal are
directly related to the particular drug used, the total daily dose, the interval between doses, the duration of use, and the health and personality of the user. These
symptoms usually appear shortly before the time of
the next scheduled dose.

Early withdrawal symptoms often include:
• Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, and sweating
As the withdrawal worsens, symptoms can include:
• Restlessness, irritability, loss of appetite, nausea, tremors, drug craving, severe depression,
vomiting, increased heart rate and blood
pressure, and chills alternating with flushing and
excessive sweating
However, without intervention, the withdrawal
usually runs its course, and most physical symptoms
disappear within days or weeks, depending on the
particular drug.

What are their overdose effects?
Overdoses of narcotics are not uncommon and can
be fatal. Physical signs of narcotics/opioid overdose
include:
• Constricted (pinpoint) pupils, cold clammy skin,
confusion, convulsions, extreme drowsiness, and
slowed breathing
Which drugs cause similar effects?
With the exception of pain relief and cough
suppression, most central nervous system
depressants (like barbiturates, benzodiazepines,
and alcohol) have similar effects, including slowed
breathing, tolerance, and dependence.

What is their legal status in the United States?
Narcotics/opioids are controlled substances that vary
from Schedule I to Schedule V, depending on their
medical usefulness, abuse potential, safety, and
drug dependence profile. Schedule I narcotics, like
heroin, have no medical use in the U.S. and are illegal to distribute, purchase, or use outside of medical
research.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 51
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WHAT IS FENTANYL?
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid drug approved
by the Food and Drug Administration for use as
an analgesic (pain relief) and anesthetic. It is
approximately 100 times more potent than morphine
and 50 times more potent than heroin as an
analgesic.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Fentanyl was first developed in 1959 and introduced
in the 1960s as an intravenous anesthetic. It is
legally manufactured and distributed in the United
States. Licit fentanyl pharmaceutical products are
diverted via theft, fraudulent prescriptions, and
illicit distribution by patients, physicians, nurses,
physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and
pharmacists.

From 2011 through 2021, both fatal overdoses
associated with abuse of clandestinely produced
fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, and law enforcement
encounters increased markedly.

According to the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC), overdose deaths involving
synthetic opioids, excluding methadone were
involved in roughly 2,600 drug overdose deaths
each year in 2011 and 2012, but from 2013 through
2021, the number of drug overdose deaths involving
synthetic opioids, excluding methadone increased
dramatically each year, to more than 68,000 in
2021. The total number of overdose deaths for
this category was greater than 258,000 for 2013
through 2021. These overdose deaths involving
synthetic opioids is primarily driven by illicitly
manufactured fentanyl, including fentanyl analogs.

Consistent with overdose death data, the trafficking,
distribution, and abuse of illicitly produced fentanyl
and fentanyl analogs positively correlates with the
associated dramatic increase in overdose fatalities.
52 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
A lethal dose of fentanyl
What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Apache, China Girl, China Town, Dance Fever,
Friend, Goodfellas, Great Bear, He -Man,
Jackpot, King Ivory, Murder 8, and Tango &
Cash.

What does it look like?
Clandestinely produced fentanyl is encountered
either as a powder or in fake tablets and is sold
alone or in combination with other drugs such as
heroin or cocaine.

Fentanyl pharmaceutical products are currently
available in the following dosage forms: oral
transmucosal lozenges commonly referred to as
fentanyl "lollipops" (Actiq@), effervescent buccal
tablets (Fentoraft sublingual tablets (Abstralft
sublingual sprays (Subsys®), nasal sprays
(Lazandaft transdermal patches (Duragesic®), and
injectable formulations.

How is it abused?
Fentanyl can be injected, snorted/sniffed, smoked,
taken orally by pill or tablet, and spiked onto blotter paper. Illicitly produced fentanyl is sold alone or
in combination with heroin and other substances
-261-

and has been identified in fake pills, mimicking
pharmaceutical drugs such as oxycodone. Fentanyl
patches are abused by removing its gel contents and
then injecting or ingesting these contents. Patches
have also been frozen, cut into pieces, and placed
under the tongue or in the cheek cavity. According
to the National Forensic Laboratory Information
System - National Estimates Based on All Reports
estimates, reports on fentanyl (both pharmaceutical
and clandestinely produced) increased from 4,697
in 2014 to over 117,045 in 2020, as reported by
federal, state, and local forensic laboratories in the
United States.

What is the effect on the body?
Fentanyl, similar to other commonly used opioid
analgesics (e.g., morphine), produces effects
such as relaxation, euphoria, pain relief, sedation,
confusion, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting,
urinary retention, pupillary constriction, and
respiratory depression.

What are the overdose effects?
Overdose may result in stupor, changes in pupillary
size, cold and clammy skin, cyanosis, coma, and
respiratory failure leading to death. The presence
of triad of symptoms such as coma, pinpoint pupils,
and respiratory depression are strongly suggestive
of opioid poisoning.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs that cause similar effects include other
opioids such as morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone,
hydromorphone, methadone, and heroin.

What is the legal status in the Federal Control
Substances Act?
Fentanyl is a Schedule II narcotic under the United
States Controlled Substances Act of 1970.

Fake rainbow oxycodone M30 tablets containing fentanyl
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 53
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WHAT IS HEROIN?
Heroin is a highly addictive drug and it is a rapidly
acting opioid.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally
occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of
certain varieties of poppy plants grown in:
• Mexico, South America, Southeast Asia and
Southwest Asia
Heroin is available in the United States in several
forms, primarily white powder from Mexico, and to a
lesser extent, South America and Southwest Asia;
and "black tar" and brown powder from Mexico.

What are common street names?
Common street names for heroin include
• Big H, Black Tar, Chiva, Hell Dust, Horse, Negra,
Smack, and Thunder
What does it look like?
Heroin is typically sold as a white or brownish
powder, or as the black sticky substance known on
the streets as "black tar heroin." Although purer
heroin is becoming more common, most street
heroin is "cut' with other drugs, especially fentanyl,
or with substances such as sugar, starch, powdered
milk, or quinine.

How is it abused?
Heroin can be injected, smoked, or sniffed/snorted
High purity heroin is usually snorted or smoked.

What is its effect on the mind?
Because it enters the brain so rapidly, heroin is
particularly addictive, both psychologically and
physically. Heroin users report feeling a surge of
54 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
euphoria or "rush" followed by a twilight state of
sleep and wakefulness.

What is its effect on the body?
One of the most significant effects of heroin use
is addiction. With regular heroin use, tolerance to
the drug develops. Once this happens, the person
must use more heroin to achieve the same intensity.

As higher doses of the drug are used over time,
physical dependence and addiction to the drug
develop.

Effects of heroin use include:
• Drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted
pupils, nausea, a warm flushing of the skin, dry
mouth, and heavy extremities
What are its overdose effects?
Because heroin users do not know the actual
strength of the drug or its true contents, they are at
a high risk of overdose or death.

The effects of a heroin overdose are:
• Slow and shallow breathing, blue lips and
fingernails, clammy skin, convulsions, coma,
and possible death
Which drugs cause similar effects?
Other opioids such as OxyContin®, Vicodin0,
codeine, morphine, methadone, and fentanyl can
cause similar effects as heroin.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Heroin is a Schedule I narcotic under the Controlled
Substances Act meaning that it has a high potential
for abuse, no currently accepted medical use
in treatment in the United States, and a lack of
accepted safety for use under medical supervision.
-263-

Ej
Brown powder heroin
Heroin liquid packets
White powder heroin
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 55
-264-

WHAT IS HYDROMORPHONE?
Hydromorphone belongs to a class of drugs called
"opioids," which includes morphine. It has an
analgesic potency approximately two to eight times
greater than that of morphine and has a rapid onset
of action.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Hydromorphone is legally manufactured and
distributed in the United States. However, users can
obtain hydromorphone from forged prescriptions,
"doctor -shopping," theft from pharmacies, and from
friends and acquaintances.

What are the street names?
Common street names include:
• D, Dillies, Dust, Footballs, Juice, and Smack
What does it look like?
Hydromorphone comes in:
• Tablets, capsules, oral solutions, and injectable
formulations
How is it abused?
Users may abuse hydromorphone tablets by
ingesting them. Injectable solutions, as well as
tablets that have been crushed and dissolved in a
solution may be injected as a substitute for heroin.

What is its effect on the mind?
When used as a drug of abuse, and not under a
doctor's supervision, hydromorphone is taken to
produce feelings of euphoria, relaxation, sedation,
and reduced anxiety. It may also cause mental
clouding, changes in mood, nervousness, and
restlessness. It works centrally (in the brain) to
reduce pain and suppress cough. Hydromorphone
use is associated with both physiological and
psychological dependence.

What is its effect on the body?
Hydromorphone may cause:
• Constipation, pupillary constriction, urinary
retention, nausea, vomiting, respiratory
depression, dizziness, impaired coordination,
loss of appetite, rash, slow or rapid heartbeat,
and changes in blood pressure
What are its overdose effects?
Acute overdose of hydromorphone can produce:

Severe respiratory depression, drowsiness
progressing to stupor or coma, lack of skeletal
muscle tone, cold and clammy skin, constricted
pupils, and reduction in blood pressure and heart
rate
Severe overdose may result in death due to
respiratory depression.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs that have similar effects include:
• Heroin, morphine, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and
oxycodone
What is its legal status in the United States?
Hydromorphone is a Schedule II narcotic under
the Controlled Substances Act with an accepted
medical use as a pain reliever. Hydromorphone
has a high potential for abuse and use may lead to
severe psychological or physical dependence.
56 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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Hydromorphone pills
Hydromorphone injectable
solution
Hydromorphone
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 57
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WHAT IS METHADONE?
Methadone is a synthetic (man-made) narcotic.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
German scientists synthesized methadone during
World War II because of a shortage of morphine.

Methadone was introduced into the United States in
1947 as an analgesic (Dolophine0).

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Amidone, Chocolate Chip Cookies, Fizzies with
MDMA, and Wafer
What does it look like?
Methadone is available as a tablet, oral solution,
or injectable liquid. Tablets are available in 5 mg
and 10 mg formulations. As of January 1, 2008,
manufacturers of methadone hydrochloride tablets
40 mg (dispersible) have voluntarily agreed to
restrict distribution of this formulation to only
those facilities authorized for detoxification and
maintenance treatment of opioid addiction, and
hospitals. Manufacturers will instruct their wholesale
distributors to discontinue supplying this formulation
to any facility not meeting the above criteria.

How is it abused?
Methadone can be swallowed or injected.

What is its effect on the mind?
Abuse of methadone can lead to psychological
dependence.

What is its effect on the body?
When an individual uses methadone, he/she may
experience physical symptoms like sweating,
itchy skin, or sleepiness. Individuals who abuse
58 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
0 Methadone
methadone risk becoming tolerant of and physically
dependent on the drug.

When use is stopped, individuals may experience
withdrawal symptoms including:
• Anxiety, muscle tremors, nausea, diarrhea,
vomiting, and abdominal cramps
What are its overdose effects?
The effects of a methadone overdose are:
• Slow and shallow breathing, blue fingernails
and lips, stomach spasms, clammy skin,
convulsions, weak pulse, coma, and possible
death
Which drugs cause similar effects?
Although chemically unlike morphine or heroin,
methadone produces many of the same effects.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Methadone is a Schedule II narcotic under the
Controlled Substances Act. While it may legally be
used under a doctor's supervision, its non -medical
use is illegal.
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WHAT IS MORPHINE?
Morphine is a non -synthetic narcotic with a high
potential for abuse and is derived from opium. It is
used for the treatment of pain.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
In the United States, a small percentage of the
morphine obtained from opium is used directly for
pharmaceutical products. The remaining morphine is
processed into codeine and other derivatives.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Dreamer, Emsel, First Line, God's Drug, Hows,
M.S., Mister Blue, Morf, Morpho, and Unkie
What does it look like?
Morphine is marketed under generic and brand name
products, including:
• MS-ContinO, Oramorph SRO, MSIRO,
RoxanolO, KadianO, and RMSO
How is it abused?
Traditionally, morphine was almost exclusively used
by injection, but the variety of pharmaceutical forms
that it is marketed as today support its use by oral
and other routes of administration.

Forms include:
• Oral solutions, immediate -and extended -
release tablets and capsules, and injectable
preparations
Those dependent on morphine prefer injection
because the drug enters the bloodstream more
quickly.

What is its effect on the mind?
Morphine's effects include euphoria and relief of
pain. Chronic use of morphine results in tolerance,
and physical and psychological dependence.

What is its effect on the body?
Morphine use results in relief from physical pain,
decrease in hunger, and inhibition of the cough
reflex.

What are its overdose effects?
Overdose effects include:
• Cold and clammy skin, lowered blood pressure,
sleepiness, slowed breathing, slow pulse rate,
coma, and possible death
Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs causing similar effects as morphine include:
• Opium, codeine, heroin, methadone,
hydrocodone, fentanyl, and oxycodone
What is its legal status in the United States?
Morphine is a Schedule II narcotic under the
Controlled Substances Act.
s mi
R� Sc. IM. or S10,
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12/112020
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 59

WHAT IS OPIUM?
Opium is a highly addictive non -synthetic narcotic that is extracted from the poppy plant, Papaver somniferum.

The opium poppy is the key source for many narcotics,
including morphine, codeine, and heroin.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
The poppy plant, Papaversomniferum, is the source
of opium. It was grown in the Mediterranean region as
early as 5000 B.C., and has since been cultivated in a
number of countries throughout the world. The milky
fluid that seeps from its incisions in the unripe seedpod of this poppy has been scraped by hand and air-dried to produce what is known as opium.

A more modern method of harvesting for
pharmaceutical use is by the industrial poppy straw
process of extracting alkaloids from the mature dried
plant (concentrate of poppy straw). All opium and poppy straw used for pharmaceutical products are imported into the United States from legitimate sources in regulated
countries.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Ah-pen-yen, Aunti, Aunti Emma, Big O, Black Pill,
Chandoo, Chandu, Chinese Molasses, Chinese
Tobacco, Dopium, Dover's Powder, Dream Gun,
Dream Stick, Dreams, Easing Powder, Fi-do-nie,
Gee, God's Medicine, Gondola, Goric, Great
Tobacco, Guma, Hop/hops, Joy Plant, Midnight
Oil, Mira, O, O.P., Ope, Pen Yan, Pin Gon, Pox,
Skee, Toxy, Toys, When-shee, Ze, and Zero
What does it look like?
Opium can be a liquid, solid, or powder, but most poppy straw concentrate is available commercially as a fine
brownish powder.

How is it abused?
Opium can be smoked, intravenously injected, or taken in pill form. Opium is also abused in combination with other drugs. For example, "Black" is a combination of marijuana, opium, and methamphetamine, and "Buddha" is potent
marijuana spiked with opium.

What is its effect on the mind?
The intensity of opium's euphoric effects on the brain
depends on the dose and route of administration. It works quickly when smoked because the opiate chemicals pass
into the lungs, where they are quickly absorbed and then sent to the brain. An opium "high" is very similar to a heroin "high"; users experience a euphoric rush, followed by
relaxation and the relief of physical pain.

What is its effect on the body?
Opium inhibits muscle movement in the bowels leading
to constipation. It also can dry out the mouth and mucous membranes in the nose. Opium use leads to physical and
psychological dependence, and can lead to overdose.

What are its overdose effects?
Overdose effects include:
• Slow breathing, seizures, dizziness, weakness,
loss of consciousness, coma, and possible death
Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs that cause similar effects include:
• Morphine, codeine, heroin, methadone,
hydroquinone, fentanyl, and oxycodone
What is its legal status in the United States?
Opium is a Schedule II narcotic under the Controlled
Substances Act. Most opioids are Schedule 11, III, IV, or V drugs. Some drugs that are derived from opium, such as
heroin, are Schedule I drugs.
60 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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WHAT IS OXYCODONE?
Oxycodone is a semi -synthetic narcotic analgesic and
historically has been a popular drug of abuse among
the narcotic abusing population.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Oxycodone is synthesized from thebaine, a
constituent of the poppy plant.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Hillbilly Heroin, Kicker, OC, Ox, Roxy, Perc, and
Oxy
What does it look like?
Oxycodone is marketed alone as OxyContin® in 10,
20, 40 and 80 mg extended -release tablets and other
immediate -release capsules like 5 mg OxyIR®. It is
also marketed in combination products with aspirin
such as Percodan® or acetaminophen such as
Roxicet®.

How is it abused?
Oxycodone is abused orally or intravenously. The
tablets are crushed and sniffed or dissolved in water
and injected. Others heat a tablet that has been
placed on a piece of foil then inhale the vapors.

Oxycodone pills
What is its effect on the mind?
Euphoria and feelings of relaxation are the most
common effects of oxycodone on the brain, which
explains its high potential for abuse.

What is its effect on the body?
Physiological effects of oxycodone include:
• Pain relief, sedation, respiratory depression,
constipation, papillary constriction, and cough
suppression. Extended or chronic use of
oxycodone containing acetaminophen may
cause severe liver damage
What are its overdose effects?
Overdose effects include:
• Extreme drowsiness, muscle weakness,
confusion, cold and clammy skin, pinpoint
pupils, shallow breathing, slow heart rate,
fainting, coma, and possible death
Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs that cause similar effects to oxycodone
include:
• Opium, codeine, heroin, methadone,
hydrocodone, fentanyl, and morphine
What is its legal status in the United States?
Oxycodone products are in Schedule II narcotic
under the Controlled Substances Act.

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WHAT ARE STIMULANTS?
Stimulants speed up the body's systems. This class
of drugs includes:
• Prescription drugs such as amphetamines
[Adder- all@ and Dexedrine% methylphenidate
[Concerta® and Ritalin% diet aids [such as
Didrex@, Bontril®, Preludin®, Fastin®, Adipex
PO, lonomin®, and Meridia@l and other
illicitly used drugs such as methamphetamine,
cocaine, methcathinone, and other synthetic
cathinones that are commonly sold under the
guise of "bath salts."
WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Stimulants are diverted from legitimate channels
and clandestinely manufactured exclusively for the
illicit market.

Ritalin SR 20mg tablet
Crack Cocaine
What are common street names?
Common street names for stimulants include:
• Bennies, Black Beauties, Cat, Coke, Crank,
Crystal, Flake, Ice, Pellets, R-Ball, Skippy,
Snow, Speed, Uppers, and Vitamin R
What do they look like?
Stimulants come in the form of:
• Pills, powder, rocks, and injectable liquids
How are they abused?
Stimulants can be pills or capsules that are
swallowed. Smoking, snorting, or injecting
stimulants produces a sudden sensation known as a
"rush" or a "flash."
Abuse is often associated with a pattern of binge
use — sporadically consuming large doses of
stimulants over a short period of time. Heavy users
may inject themselves every few hours, continuing
until they have depleted their drug supply or
reached a point of delirium, psychosis, and physical
exhaustion. During heavy use, all other interests
become secondary to recreating the initial euphoric
rush.

What is their effect on the mind?
When used as drugs of abuse and not under a
doctor's supervision, stimulants are frequently taken
to:
• Produce a sense of exhilaration, enhance
self-esteem, improve mental and physical
performance, increase activity, reduce appetite,
extend wakefulness for prolonged period, and
"get high"
Chronic, high -dose use is frequently associated
with agitation, hostility, panic, aggression, and
suicidal or homicidal tendencies.
62 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-271-

Paranoia, sometimes accompanied by both
auditory and visual hallucinations, may also occur
Tolerance, in which more and more drug is
needed to produce the usual effects, can develop
rapidly, and psychological dependence occurs.

In fact, the strongest psychological dependence
observed occurs with the more potent stimulants,
such as amphetamine, methylphenidate,
methamphetamine, cocaine, and methcathinone.

Abrupt cessation is commonly followed by
depression, anxiety, drug craving, and extreme
fatigue, known as a "crash."
What is their effect on the body?
Stimulants are sometimes referred to as uppers and
reverse the effects of fatigue on both mental and
physical tasks.

Therapeutic levels of stimulants can produce
exhilaration, extended wakefulness, and loss of
appetite. These effects are greatly intensified when
large doses of stimulants are taken.

Taking too large a dose at one time or taking large
doses over an extended period of time may cause
such physical side effects as:
• Dizziness, tremors, headache, flushed skin,
chest pain with palpitations, excessive
sweating, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.

What are their overdose effects?
In overdose, unless there is medical intervention,
high fever, convulsions, and cardiovascular collapse
may precede death. Because accidental death
is partially due to the effects of stimulants on the
body's cardiovascular and temperature- regulating
systems, physical exertion increases the hazards of
stimulant use.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Some hallucinogenic substances, such as ecstasy,
have a stimulant component to their activity.

What is their legal status in the United States?
A number of stimulants have no medical use in the
United States but have a high potential for abuse.

These stimulants are controlled in Schedule I. Some
prescription stimulants are not controlled, and some
stimulants like tobacco and caffeine don't require
a prescription — though society's recognition of
their adverse effects has resulted in a proliferation
of caffeine -free products and efforts to discourage
cigarette smoking.

Stimulant chemicals in over-the-counter products,
such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, can be
found in allergy and cold medicine. As required by
The Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of
2005, a retail outlet must store these products out
of reach of customers, either behind the counter
or in a locked cabinet. Regulated sellers are
required to maintain a written or electronic form
of a logbook to record sales of these products. In
order to purchase these products, customers must
now show a photo identification issued by a state or
federal government. They are also required to write
or enter into the logbook: their name, signature,
address, date, and time of sale. In addition to the
above, there are daily and monthly sales limits set
for customers.

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WHAT ARE AMPHETAMINES?
Amphetamines are stimulants that speed up the body's
system. Some are legally prescribed and used to treat
attention -deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Amphetamines were first marketed in the 1930s as
Benzedrine in an over-the-counter inhaler to treat nasal congestion.

By 1937 amphetamines were available by prescription
in tablet form and were used in the treatment of the
sleeping disorder narcolepsy and ADHD.

Over the years, the use and abuse of clandestinely
produced amphetamines have spread. Today,
clandestine laboratory production of amphetamines has
mushroomed, and the abuse of the drug has increased
dramatically.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Bennies, Black Beauties, Crank, Ice, Speed,
and Uppers
What do they look like?
Amphetamines can look like pills or powder. Common
prescription amphetamines include amphetamine and
dextroamphetamine (Adderall®), dextroamphetamine
(Dexedrine®), lisdexamphetamine (VyvanseTM) and
methamphetamine (Desoxyn®).

How are they abused?
Amphetamines are generally taken orally or injected.

However, the addition of "ice," the slang name of
crystallized methamphetamine hydrochloride, has
promoted smoking as another mode of administration.

Just as "crack" is smokable cocaine, "ice" is smokable
methamphetamine.
64 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
What is their effect on the mind?
The effects of amphetamines are similar to cocaine,
but their onset is slower and their duration is longer.

In contrast to cocaine, which is quickly removed
from the brain and is almost completely metabolized,
methamphetamine remains in the central nervous
system longer, and a larger percentage of the drug
remains unchanged in the body, producing prolonged
stimulant effects.

Chronic abuse produces a psychosis that resembles
schizophrenia and is characterized by paranoia, picking at the skin, preoccupation with one's own thoughts, and auditory and visual hallucinations. Violent and erratic behavior is frequently seen among chronic users of
amphetamines.

What is their effect on the body?
Physical effects of amphetamine use include:
• Increased blood pressure and pulse rates,
insomnia, loss of appetite, and physical
exhaustion
What are their overdose effects?
Overdose effects include:
• Agitation, increased body temperature,
hallucinations, convulsions, and possible death
Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs that cause similar effects include:
• Dexmethylphendiate, phendimetrazine, cocaine,
crack, and khat
What is their legal status in the United States?
Many amphetamines are Schedule II stimulants, which
means that they have a high potential for abuse and
a currently acceptable medical use (in FDA -approved
products). Pharmaceutical products are available only
through a prescription that cannot be refilled.
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WHAT IS COCAINE?
Cocaine is an intense, euphoria -producing stimulant
drug with strong addictive potential.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Cocaine is derived from coca leaves grown
in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. The cocaine
manufacturing process takes place in remote jungle
labs where the raw product undergoes a series
of chemical transformations. Colombia produces
about 90 percent of the cocaine powder reaching
the United States. Most of the cocaine entering the
United States comes through Mexico.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Blow, Coca, Coke, Crack, Flake, Snow, and
Soda Cot
What does it look like?
Cocaine hydrochloride (HCI) is usually distributed
as a white, crystalline powder. Cocaine
Cocaine powder
HCI is often diluted ("cut") with a variety of
substances, the most prominent cutting agent
is phenyltetrahydroimidazothiazole (levamisole,
dexamisole, etc.) which was previously used as an
anti -worm medication but is no longer approved for
use in the United Sates.

It is believed to be "cut" to stretch the amount
of the product and increase profits for dealers or
prolong the drug's effect. In contrast, cocaine base
(crack) looks like small, irregularly shaped chunks
(or "rocks") of a whitish solid
How is it abused?
Powdered cocaine (i.e., cocaine hydrochloride) can
be snorted or injected into the veins after dissolving
in water. Cocaine base (crack) is smoked, either
alone or on marijuana or tobacco. Cocaine is also
used in combination with an opiate, like heroin, a
practice known as "speedballing." Although injecting
into veins or muscles, snorting, and smoking are
the common ways of using cocaine, all mucous
membranes readily absorb cocaine. Cocaine users
often binge on the drug until they are exhausted or
run out of cocaine.

What is its effect on the mind?
The intensity of cocaine's euphoric effects depends
on how quickly the drug reaches the brain, which
depends on the dose and method of abuse.

Following smoking or intravenous injection, cocaine
reaches the brain in seconds, with a rapid buildup in
levels. This results in a rapid -onset, intense euphoric effect known as a "rush."
By contrast, the euphoria caused by snorting
cocaine is less intense and does not happen as
quickly due to the slower build-up of the drug in the
brain. Other effects include increased alertness and
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excitation, as well as restlessness, irritability, and
anxiety.

Tolerance to cocaine's effects develops rapidly,
causing users to take higher and higher doses.

Taking high doses of cocaine or prolonged use, such
as binging, usually causes paranoia. The crash that
follows euphoria is characterized by mental and
physical exhaustion, sleep, and depression lasting
several days. Following the crash, users experience
a craving to use cocaine again.

What is its effect on the body?
Physiological effects of cocaine include increased
blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils,
insomnia, and loss of appetite. The widespread abuse
of highly pure street cocaine has led to many severe
adverse health consequences such as:
• Irregular heartbeat, ischemic heart conditions,
sudden cardiac arrest, convulsions, strokes, and
death
In some users, the long-term use of inhaled cocaine
has led to a unique respiratory syndrome, and
chronic snorting of cocaine has led to the erosion of
the upper nasal cavity.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Other stimulants, such as amphetamine and
methamphetamine, cause effects similar to cocaine
that vary mainly in degree.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Cocaine is a Schedule II drug under the Controlled
Substances Act, meaning it has a high potential
for abuse and has an accepted medical use
for treatment in the United States. Cocaine
hydrochloride solution (4 percent and 10 percent)
is used primarily as a topical local anesthetic for
the upper respiratory tract. It also is used to reduce
bleeding of the mucous membranes in the mouth,
throat, and nasal cavities. However, more effective
products have been developed for these purposes,
and cocaine is now rarely used medically in the
United States.

Cocaine bricks, seized by DEA
66 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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WHAT IS KHAT?
Khat is a flowering evergreen shrub that is abused
for its stimulant -like effect. Khat has two active
ingredients, cathine and cathinone.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Khat is native to East Africa and the Arabian
Peninsula, where the use of it is an established
cultural tradition for many social situations.

What are common street names?
Common street names for khat include:
• Abyssinian Tea, African Salad, Catha, Chat, Kat,
and Oat
What are its overdose effects?
The dose needed to constitute an overdose is not
known, however it has been historically associated
with those who are long-term chewers of the leaves.

Symptoms of toxicity include:
• Delusions, loss of appetite, difficulty with
breathing, and increases in both blood pressure
and heart rate
Additionally, there are reports of liver damage
(chemical hepatitis) and of cardiac complications,
specifically myocardial infarctions. This mostly occurs among long-term chewers of khat or those who have
chewed too large a dose.

What does it look like?
Khat is a flowering evergreen shrub. Khat that is sold
and abused is usually just the leaves, twigs, and
shoots of the khat shrub.

How is it abused?
Khat is typically chewed like tobacco, then retained
in the cheek and chewed intermittently to release
Khat plant
the active drug, which produces a stimulant -like
effect. Dried khat leaves can be made into tea or a
chewable paste, and khat can also be smoked and
even sprinkled on food.

What is its effect on the mind?
Khat can induce manic behavior with:
• Grandiose delusions, paranoia, nightmares,
hallucinations, and hyperactivity
• Chronic khat abuse can result in violence and
suicidal depression.

What is its effect on the body?
Khat causes an immediate increase in blood pressure
and heart rate. Khat can also cause a brown staining
of the teeth, insomnia, and gastric disorders. Chronic
abuse of khat can cause physical exhaustion.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Khat's effects are similar to other stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine.

What is its legal status in the United States?
The chemicals found in khat are controlled under the
Controlled Substances Act. Cathine is a Schedule
IV stimulant, and cathinone is a Schedule I stimulant
under the Controlled Substances Act, meaning that it
has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States, and
a lack of accepted safety for use under medical
supervision.

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WHAT IS METHAMPHETAMINE?
Methamphetamine (meth) is a stimulant. The FDA -
approved brand -name medication is Desoxyn®.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Mexican drug trafficking organizations have become
the primary manufacturers and distributors of
methamphetamine throughout the United States,
including in Hawaii. Domestic clandestine laboratory
operators also produce and distribute meth but on
an exponenentially smaller scale. The methods used
depend on the availability of precursor chemicals.

Currently, this domestic clandestinely produced meth
is mainly made with diverted products that contain
pseudoephedrine. Mexican methamphetamine is
made with different precursor chemicals. The Combat
Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 requires
retailers of non-prescription products containing
pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine
to place these products behind the counter or in a
locked cabinet.

Consumers must show identification and sign a
logbook for each purchase.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Batu, Bikers Coffee, Black Beauties, Chalk,
Chicken Feed, Crank, Crystal, Glass, Go -Fast,
Hiropon, Ice, Meth, Methlies Quick, Poor Man's
Cocaine, Shabu, Shards, Speed, Stove Top, Tina,
Trash, Tweak, Uppers, Ventana, Vidrio, Yaba, and
Yellow Barn
What does it look like?
Regular meth is a pill or powder. Crystal meth
resembles glass fragments or shiny blue -white "rocks"
of various sizes.

Methamphetamine in finished form
How is it abused?
Meth is swallowed, snorted, injected, or smoked. To
intensify the effects, users may take higher doses of the drug, take it more frequently, or change their method of intake.

What is its effect on the mind?
Meth is a highly addictive drug with potent central
nervous system (CNS) stimulant properties.

Those who smoke or inject it report a brief, intense
sensation, or rush. Oral ingestion or snorting produces a long-lasting high instead of a rush, which reportedly can continue for as long as half a day. Both the rush
and the high are believed to result from the release of very high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine into
areas of the brain that regulate feelings of pleasure.

Long-term meth use results in many damaging effects,
including addiction.

Chronic meth users can exhibit violent behavior,
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anxiety, confusion, insomnia, and psychotic features
including paranoia, aggression, visual and auditory
hallucinations, mood disturbances, and delusions
— such as the sensation of insects creeping on or
under the skin.

Such paranoia can result in homicidal or suicidal
thoughts. Researchers have reported that as much
as 50 percent of the dopamine -producing cells in
the brain can be damaged after prolonged exposure
to relatively low levels of meth. Some studies
suggested that the use of methamphetamine may
also result in serotonergic neurotoxicity.

What is its effect on the body?
Taking even small amounts of meth can result in
• Increased wakefulness, increased physical
activity, decreased appetite, rapid breathing
and heart rate, irregular heartbeat,
increased blood pressure, and hyperthermia
(overheating)
High doses can elevate body temperature to
dangerous, sometimes lethal, levels, and cause
convulsions and even cardiovascular collapse and
death. Meth use may also cause extreme anorexia,
memory loss, and severe dental problems.

What are its overdose effects?
High doses may result in death from stroke, heart
attack, or multiple organ problems caused by
overheating.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Cocaine and potent stimulant pharmaceuticals,
such as amphetamines and methylphenidate,
produce similar effects.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Methamphetamine is a Schedule II stimulant
under the Controlled Substances Act, which
means that it has a high potential for abuse and a
currently acceptable medical use (in FDA -approved
products). It is available only through a prescription
that cannot be refilled. Today there is only one legal
meth product, Desoxyn®. It is currently marketed in
5, 10, and 15-milligram tablets (immediate release
and extended release formulations) and has very
limited use in the treatment of obesity and ADHD.

Mefhamphetamine in finished form
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WHAT ARE DEPRESSANTS?
Depressants will induce sleep, relieve anxiety and
muscle spasms, and prevent seizures.

Barbiturates are older drugs and include butalbital
(Fiorinaft phenobarbital, Pentothal@, Seconal@,
and Nembutal®. A person can rapidly develop
dependence on and tolerance to barbiturates,
meaning a person needs more and more of them to
feel and function normally. This makes them unsafe,
increasing the likelihood of coma or death.

Benzodiazepines were developed to replace
barbiturates, though they still share many of
the undesirable side effects including tolerance
and dependence. Some examples are Valium@,
Xanax@, Halcion@, Ativan@, Klonopin@, and
Restoril@. Rohypnol@ is a benzodiazepine that is
not manufactured or legally marketed in the United
States, but it is used illegally.

Lunesta@, Ambien@, and Sonata@ are sedative -
hypnotic medications approved for the short-
term treatment of insomnia that share many of
the properties of benzodiazepines. Other CNS
depressants include meprobamate, methaqualone
(Quaalude@), and the illicit drug GHB.

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Generally, legitimate pharmaceutical products
are diverted to the illicit market. Teens and others
can obtain depressants from the family medicine
cabinet, friends, family members, the Internet,
doctors, and hospitals.
70 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
Xanax 0.25,0.5 and ]mg scored tablets
What are common street names?
Common street names for depressants include:
• Barbs, Benzos, Downers, Georgia Home Boy, GHB,
Grievous BodilyHarm, Liq uidX,Nerve Pil Is, Phenn ies,
R2, Reds, Roofies, Rophies,Tranks, and Yellows
What do they look like?
Depressants come in the form of pills, syrups, and
injectable liquids.

How are they abused?
Individuals abuse depressants to experience
euphoria. Depressants are also used with other
drugs to add to the other drugs' high or to deal with
their side effects. Users take higher doses than
people taking the drugs under a doctor's supervision
for therapeutic purposes. Depressants like GHB
and Rohypnol are also misused to facilitate sexual
assault.

What is their effect on the mind?
-279-

Depressants used therapeutically do what they are
prescribed for:
• To induce sleep, relieve anxiety and muscle
spasms, and prevent seizures
They also:
• Cause amnesia (leaving no memory of events
that occur while under the influence), reduce
reaction time, impair mental functioning and
judgment, and cause confusion
Long-term use of depressants produces physical
and psychological dependence and tolerance.

What is their effect on the body?
Some depressants can relax the muscles.

Unwanted physical effects include:
• Slurred speech, loss of motor coordination,
weakness, headache, lightheadedness, blurred
vision, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, low blood
pressure, and slowed breathing
Prolonged use of depressants can lead to
physical dependence even at doses recommended
for medical treatment. Unlike barbiturates, large
doses of benzodiazepines are rarely fatal unless
combined with other drugs or alcohol. But unlike the
withdrawal syndrome seen with most other drugs
of abuse, withdrawal from depressants can be life
threatening.

What is their legal status in the United States?
Most depressants are controlled substances that
range from Schedule I to Schedule IV under the
Controlled Substances Act, depending on their
risk for abuse and whether they currently have an
accepted medical use. Many of the depressants
have FDA -approved medical uses. In the United
States, Rohypnol® and Quaaludes® are not
manufactured or legally marketed, and have no
accepted medical use.

Klonopin 5mg tablet
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 71

WHAT ARE BARBITURATES?
Barbiturates are depressants that produce a wide
spectrum of central nervous system depression
from mild sedation to coma. They also have been
used as sedatives, hypnotics, anesthetics, and
anticonvulsants.

Barbiturates are classified as:
• Ultrashort, Short, Intermediate, Long -acting
WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Barbiturates were first introduced for medical use in
the 1900s, and today, few substances are in medical
use.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Barbs, Block Busters, Christmas Trees, Goof
Balls, Pinks, Red Devils, Reds & Blues, and
Yellow Jackets
What do they look like?
Barbiturates come in a variety of multicolored pills
and tablets. Users prefer the short -acting and
intermediate barbiturates such as Amytal0 and
Seconal®.

How are they abused?
Barbiturates are abused by swallowing a pill or
injecting a liquid form. Barbiturates are generally
abused to reduce anxiety, decrease inhibitions, and
treat unwanted effects of illicit drugs.

Barbiturates can be extremely dangerous because
overdoses can occur easily and lead to death.
72 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
What is their effect on the mind?
Barbiturates cause:
• Mild euphoria, lack of restraint, relief of anxiety,
and sleepiness
Higher doses cause:
• Impairment of memory, judgment, and
coordination; irritability; and paranoid and
suicidal ideation
• Tolerance develops quickly and larger doses
are then needed to produce the same effect,
increasing the danger of an overdose.

What is their effect on the body?
Barbiturates slow down the central nervous system
and cause sleepiness.

What are their overdose effects?
Effects of overdose include:
• Central nervous system depression, decreased
respiration, increased heart rate, decreased
blood pressure, decreased urine production,
decreased body temperature, coma, and
possible death
Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs with similar effects include:
• Alcohol, benzodiazepines like Valium®
and Xanax®, tranquilizers, sleeping pills,
Rohypnol®, and GHB
What is their legal status in the United States?
Barbiturates are Schedule II, III, and IV depressants
under the Controlled Substances Act.
-281-

WHAT ARE BENZODIAZEPINES?
Benzodiazepines are depressants that produce
sedation and hypnosis, relieve anxiety and muscle
spasms, and reduce seizures.

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Benzodiazepines are only legally available through
prescription. Many users maintain their drug supply
by getting prescriptions from several doctors, forging
prescriptions, or buying them illicitly. Alprazolam and conazepam are the two most frequently encountered
benzodiazepines on the illicit market.

What are common street names?
Common street names include Benzos and Downers.

What do they look like?
The most common benzodiazepines are the
prescription drugs Valium@, Xanax@, Halcion@,
Ativan@, and Klonopin@. Tolerance can develop,
although at variable rates and to different degrees.

Shorter -acting benzodiazepines used to manage
insomnia include estazolam (ProSom@), flurazepam
(Dalmane@), temazepam (Restoril@), and triazolam
(Halcion@). Midazolam (Versed@), a short -acting
benzodiazepine, is utilized for sedation, anxiety,
and amnesia in critical care settings and prior to
anesthesia. It is available in the United States as an
injectable preparation and as a syrup (primarily for
pediatric patients).

Benzodiazepines with a longer duration of action
are utilized to treat insomnia in patients with daytime anxiety. These benzodiazepines include alprazolam
(Xanax@), ch lord iazepoxid e (Librium@), clorazepate
(Tranxene@), diazepam (Valium@), halazepam
(Paxipam@), lorzepam (Ativan@), oxazepam
(Serax@), prazepam (Centrax@), and quazepam
(Doral@). Clonazepam (Klonopin@), diazepam, and
clorazepate are also used as anticonvulsants.

How are they abused?
Abuse is frequently associated with adolescents and
young adults who take the drug orally or crush it up
and snort it to get high.

Abuse is particularly high among heroin and
cocaine users. Additionally, opioid users often co -
abuse benzodiazepines to enhance euphoria.

What is their effect on the mind?
Benzodiazepines are associated with amnesia,
hostility, irritability, and vivid or disturbing dreams.

What is their effect on the body?
Benzodiazepines slow down the central nervous
system and may cause sleepiness and relaxed
mood.

What are their overdose effects?
Effects of overdose include:
• Extreme drowsiness, confusion, impaired
coordination, decreased reflexes, respiratory
depression, coma, and possible death. Overdose
effects of concomitant use of benzodiazepines
and opioids include: Profound sedation,
respiratory depression, coma, and death.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs that cause similar effects include:
• Alcohol, barbiturates, sleeping pills, and GHB
What is their legal status in the United States?
Benzodiazepines are controlled in Schedule IV of the
Controlled Substances Act.

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WHAT IS GHB?
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is another name
for the generic drug sodium oxybate. Xyrem® (which
is sodium oxybate) is the trade name of the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) -approved prescription
medication. Xyrem® is approved as a treatment to
improve daytime sleepiness and muscle weakness
with narcolepsy (a disorder marked by sudden,
unexplained, spontaneous fatigue, napping, or falling
asleep throughout the day).

Analogs that are often substituted for GHB include
GBL (gamma butyrolactone) and 1,4 BD (also
called just "BD"), which is 1,4-butanediol. These
analogs are available legally as industrial solvents
used to produce polyurethane, pesticides, elastic
fibers, pharmaceuticals, coatings on metal or plastic,
and other products. They are also sold illicitly as
supplements for bodybuilding, fat loss, reversal of
baldness, improved eyesight, and to combat aging,
depression, drug addiction, and insomnia.

GBL and BD are sold as "fish tank cleaner," "ink
stain remover," "ink cartridge cleaner," and "nail
enamel remover" for approximately $100 per bottle
— much more expensive than comparable products.

Attempts to identify the abuse of GHB analogs
are hampered by the fact that routine toxicological
screens do not detect the presence of these analogs.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
GHB is produced illegally in both domestic and foreign
clandestine laboratories. The major source of GHB
on the street is through clandestine synthesis by local operators. At bars or "rave" parties, GHB is typically
sold in liquid form by the capful or "swig" for $5 to
$25 per cap. Xyrem@ has the potential for diversion
and abuse like any other pharmaceutical containing a
controlled substance.

GHB
GHB has been encountered in nearly every region
of the country.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Easy Lay, G, Georgia Home Boy, GHB, Goop,
Grievous Bodily Harm, Liquid Ecstasy, Liquid X,
and Scoop
What does it look like?
GHB is usually sold as a liquid or as a white powder
that is dissolved in a liquid, such as water, juice, or alcohol. GHB dissolved in liquid has been packaged in
small vials or small water bottles. In liquid form, GHB is clear and colorless and slightly salty in taste.

How is it abused?
GHB and its analogs are misused for their euphoric
and calming effects and because some people
believe they build muscles and cause weight loss.

GHB and its analogs are also misused for their
ability to increase libido, suggestibility, passivity, and to cause amnesia (no memory of events while under the
influence of the substance) — traits that make victims
who unknowingly consume GHB vulnerable to sexual
74 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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assault and other criminal acts.

GHB misuse became popular among teens and
young adults at dance clubs and "raves" in the 1990s
and gained notoriety as a date rape drug. GHB is
taken alone or in combination with other drugs, such
as alcohol (primarily), other depressants, stimulants,
hallucinogens, and marijuana.

The average dose ranges from 1 to 5 grams
(depending on the purity of the compound, this can
be 1-2 teaspoons mixed in a beverage). However, the
concentrations of these "home-brews" have varied so
much that users are usually unaware of the actual dose
they are drinking.

What is its effect on the mind?
GHB occurs naturally in the central nervous system
in very small amounts. Use of GHB produces CNS
depressant effects including:
• Euphoria, drowsiness, decreased anxiety,
confusion, and memory impairment
GHB can also produce both visual hallucinations and
— paradoxically — excited and aggressive behavior.

GHB greatly increases the CNS depressant effects of
alcohol and other depressants.

What is its effect on the body?
GHB takes effect in 15 to 30 minutes, and the effects
last 3 to 6 hours. Low doses of GHB produce nausea.

At high doses, GHB overdose can result in:
• Unconsciousness, seizures, slowed heart
rate, greatly slowed breathing, lower body
temperature, vomiting, nausea, coma, and
death.

Regular use of GHB can lead to addiction and
withdrawal that includes:
• Insomnia, anxiety, tremors, increased heart rate
and blood pressure, and occasional psychotic
thoughts. Currently, there is no antidote
available for GHB intoxication. GHB analogs are
known to produce side effects such as:
• Topical irritation to the skin and eyes, nausea,
vomiting, incontinence, loss of consciousness,
seizures, liver damage, kidney failure, respiratory
depression, and death
What are its overdose effects?
GHB overdose can cause coma and death.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
• GHB analogs are often abused in place of GHB.

Both GBL and BD metabolize to GHB when
taken and produce effects similar to GHB.
• CNS depressants such as barbiturates and
methaqualone also produce effects similar to
GHB.

What is its legal status in the United States?
GHB is a Schedule I controlled substance, meaning
that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under
medical supervision. FDA -approved GHB products
are Schedule III substances under the Controlled
Substances Act. In addition, GBL is a List I chemical.

GHB was placed on Schedule I of the Controlled
Substances Act in March 2000. However, when sold as
FDA -approved GHB products (such as Xyrem®), it is
considered Schedule III, one of several drugs that are
listed in multiple schedules.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 75

WHAT IS ROHYPNOL?
Rohypnol@ is a trade name for flunitrazepam, a
CNS depressant that belongs to a class of drugs
known as benzodiazepines. Flunitrazepam is also
marketed as generic preparations and other trade
name products outside of the United States.

Like other benzodiazepines, Rohypnol® produces
sedative -hypnotic, anti -anxiety, and muscle relaxant
effects. This drug has never been approved for
medical use in the United States by the Food and
Drug Administration. Outside the United States,
Rohypnol® is commonly prescribed to treat
insomnia. Rohypnol@ is also referred to as a "date
rape" drug.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Rohypnol@ is smuggled into the United States from
other countries, such as Mexico.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Circles, Forget Pill, Forget -Me -Pill, La Rocha,
Lunch Money Drug, Mexican Valium, Pingus,
R2, Reynolds, Roach, Roach 2, Roaches,
Roachies, Roapies, Robutal, Rochas Dos,
Rohypnol, Roofies, Rophies, Ropies, Roples,
Row -Shay, Ruffies, and Wolfies
What does it look like?
Prior to 1997, Rohypnol@ was manufactured as
a white tablet (0.5-2 milligrams per tablet), and
when mixed in drinks, was colorless, tasteless, and
odorless. In 1997, the manufacturer responded to
concerns about the drug's role in sexual assaults by
reformulating the drug.

Rohypnol@ is now manufactured as an oblong
olive green tablet with a speckled blue core that
when dissolved in light-colored drinks will dye the
liquid blue. However, generic versions of the drug
may not contain the blue dye.

How is it abused?
The tablet can be swallowed whole, crushed and
snorted, or dissolved in liquid. Adolescents may
abuse Rohypnol® to produce a euphoric effect often
described as a "high." While high, they experience
reduced inhibitions and impaired judgment.

Rohypnol is also used in combination with alcohol
to produce an exaggerated intoxication.

In addition, abuse of Rohypnol@ may be
associated with multiple -substance abuse. For
example, cocaine users may use benzodiazepines
such as Rohypnol@ to relieve the side effects (e.g.,
irritability and agitation) associated with cocaine
binges.

Rohypnol is also misused to physically and
psychologically incapacitate victims targeted
for sexual assault. The drug is usually placed in
the alcoholic drink of an unsuspecting victim to
Rohypnol
Flunitrazepam
Caia con frasco con _7:-' • ..
7n comPrimidos _.. ft
.

Rohypnol® tablets
76 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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incapacitate them and prevent resistance to sexual
assault. The drug leaves the victim unaware of what
has happened to them.

What is its effect on the mind?
Like other benzodiazepines, Rohypnol@ slows down
the functioning of the CNS producing:
• Drowsiness (sedation), sleep (pharmacological
hypnosis), decreased anxiety, and amnesia (no
memory of events while under the influence of
the substance)
Rohypnol@ can also cause:
• Increased or decreased reaction time, impaired
mental functioning and judgment, confusion,
aggression, and excitability
What is its effect on the body?
Rohypnol@ causes muscle relaxation. Adverse
physical effects include:
• Slurred speech, loss of motor coordination,
weakness, headache, and respiratory
depression
Rohypnol@ also can produce physical dependence
when taken regularly over a period of time.

What are its overdose effects?
High doses of Rohypnol@, particularly when
combined with CNS depressant drugs such as
alcohol and heroin, can cause severe sedation,
unconsciousness, slow heart rate, and suppression
of respiration that may be sufficient to result in
death.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Drugs that cause similar effects include
GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate) and other
benzodiazepines such as alprazolam (e.g.,
Xanax@), clonazepam (e.g., Klonopin@), and
diazepam (e.g., Valium@).

What is its legal status in the United States?
Rohypnol@ is a Schedule IV substance under
the Controlled Substances Act. Rohypnol@ is not
approved for manufacture, sale, use, or importation
to the United States. However, it is legally
manufactured and marketed in other countries.

Penalties for possession, trafficking, and distribution involving one gram or more are the same as those
of a Schedule I drug.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 77

WHAT ARE HALLUCINOGENS?
Hallucinogens are among the oldest known group of
drugs used for their ability to alter human perception
and mood.

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Hallucinogens can be synthetically produced in illicit
laboratories or found in plants or fungi.

MDALVEtsrasy
LSD Blotter Sheet
What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Acid, Fry, Mind Candy, Mushrooms, Shrooms,
Special K, STP, X, and ecstasy (or XTC)
What do they look like?
Hallucinogens come in a variety of forms. MDMA or
ecstasy tablets are sold in many colors with a variety
of logos to attract youth. LSD is sold in the form of
saturated paper (blotter paper), typically imprinted
with colorful graphic designs. Other hallucinogens
are sold as powders.

How are they abused?
The most commonly abused hallucinogens such as
psiliocybin-containing mushrooms, LSD, and MDMA
(ecstasy) are typically taken orally or smoked.

What is their effect on the mind?
Sensory effects include perceptual distortions that
vary with dose, setting, and mood. Psychological
effects include distortions of thought associated
with time and space. Time may appear to stand
still. Forms and colors may change, and may
take on new significance. Weeks or even months
after some hallucinogens have been taken, the
user may develop an uncommon disorder called
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)
or experience "flashbacks." HPPD can include
fragmentary recurrences of certain aspects of the
drug experience in the absence of actually taking
the drug. The occurrence of HPPD is unpredictable,
but may be more likely to occur during times of
stress and seems to occur more frequently in
younger individuals.
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What is their effect on the body?
Physiological effects include elevated heart rate,
increased blood pressure, dilated pupils, and often
can induce nausea and vomiting.

What are their overdose effects?
Serious psychological harm can occur after
administration. Effects such as fear, depression,
anxiety, and paranoia can occur and be long-
lasting. Deaths exclusively from acute overdose of
LSD, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, mescaline
and other hallucinogens are less common.

Deaths generally occur due to suicide, accidents,
dangerous behavior, inadvertently eating poisonous
plant material, or poly -substance use.
�rl
MDMA/Ecsrasy tablets
A severe overdose of PCP or ketamine can
result in:
• Respiratory depression, coma, convulsions,
seizures, and death due to respiratory arrest
What is their legal status in the United States?
Many hallucinogens are Schedule I under the
Controlled Substances Act, meaning that they have
a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States, and
a lack of accepted safety for use under medical
supervision.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 79

WHAT IS ECSTASY/MDMA?
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) acts
as both a stimulant and hallucinogen, producing an
energizing effect, distortions in time and perception,
and enhanced enjoyment of tactile experiences..

Adolescents and young adults use it to reduce
inhibitions and to promote:
• Euphoria, feelings of closeness, empathy, and
sexuality
Although MDMA is known among users as ecstasy,
researchers have determined that many tablets
sold as ecstasy may not contain any MDMA, or
may contain MDMA in combination to other harmful
drugs, such as:
• Methamphetamine, ketamine, cocaine,
cathinones, and caffeine
In addition, other drugs similar to MDMA, such as
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) or para-
methoxyamphetamine (PMA), are often sold as
ecstasy, which can lead to overdose and death
when the user takes additional doses to obtain the
desired effect.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
MDMA is a synthetically produced drug. Western
Europe is the primary source for MDMA seized in
the United States. Some MDMA coming in from
Canada is also seized, but with significantly fewer
incidents than from Europe.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Adam, Beans, Clarity, Disco Biscuit, E, Ecstasy,
Eve, Go, Hug Drug, Lover's Speed, MDMA,
Peace, STP, X, and XTC
What does it look like?
MDMA is mainly distributed and sold in tablet form
often with logos, creating brand names for users
to seek out. The colorful pills are often hidden
among colorful candies. MDMA is also distributed in
capsules, powder, and liquid forms.

How is it abused?
MDMA use mainly involves swallowing tablets (50-
150 mg), which are sometimes crushed and snorted,
occasionally smoked, but rarely injected. MDMA is
also available as a powder.

Users may take MDMA by "stacking" (taking
three or more tablets at once) or by "piggy -backing"
(taking a series of tablets over a short period of
time) tablets. One trend among young adults is
referred to as "candy flipping," which is the co -abuse of MDMA and LSD.

MDMA is considered a "party drug" or "club
drug" As with many other drugs of abuse, MDMA
is rarely used alone. It is common for users to mix
MDMA with other substances, such as alcohol and
marijuana.

What is its effect on the mind?
MDMA mainly affects brain cells that use the
chemical serotonin to communicate with each other.

Serotonin helps to regulate mood, aggression,
libdo, sleep, and sensitivity to pain. Clinical studies suggest that MDMA may increase the risk of long-
term, perhaps permanent, problems with memory
and learning.

MDMA causes changes in perception, including
euphoria and increased sensitivity to touch, energy,
sensual and sexual arousal, need to be touched,
and need for stimulation.

Some unwanted psychological effects include:
80 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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• Confusion, anxiety, depression, paranoia, sleep
problems, and drug craving
The onset of these effects usually occur within 30
to 45 minutes of after administration and usually last
4 to 6 hours, but they may last weeks.

What is its effect on the body?
Users of MDMA experience many of the same
effects and face many of the same risks as
users of other stimulants such as cocaine and
amphetamines. These include increased motor
activity, alertness, heart rate, and blood pressure
Some unwanted physical effects include:
• Muscle tension, tremors, involuntary teeth
clenching, muscle cramps, nausea, faintness,
chills, sweating, and blurred vision
Severe dehydration can result from the combination
of the drug's effects and the crowded and hot
conditions in which the drug is often taken.

Studies suggest chronic use of MDMA can produce
damage to the serotonin system.

What are its overdose effects?
In high doses, MDMA can interfere with the body's
ability to regulate temperature. On occasions, this
MDMA/Ecstasy pills
can lead to a sharp increase in body temperature
(hyperthermia), resulting in liver, kidney, or
cardiovascular system failure, swelling of the
brain, and even death. Furthermore, repeated use
of MDMA over a short period of time may lead to
potentially harmful concentrations of MDMA within
the body due to the complex metabolism of MDMA.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
MDMA produces both amphetamine -like stimulation
and mild mescaline -like hallucinations.

What is its legal status in the United States?
MDMA is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled
Substances Act, meaning it has a high potential
for abuse, no currently accepted medical use
in treatment in the United States, and a lack of
accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

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WHAT IS KETAMINE?
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that has
some hallucinogenic effects. Ketamine distorts the
perception of sight and sound and makes the user
feel disconnected and not in control. It is referred to as a "dissociative anesthetic hallucinogen" because
it makes patients feel detached from their pain and
environment.

Ketamine can induce a state of sedation (feeling
calm and relaxed), immobility, relief from pain,
and amnesia (no memory of events while under
the influence of the drug) and is abused for the
dissociative sensations and hallucinogenic effects.

Ketamine has also been used to facilitate sexual
assault.

Ketamine is an approved medical product as an
injectable, short -acting anesthetic for use in humans
and animals and as esketamine (Spravato0; the
active form of the drug) as a nasal spray for treatment resistant depression.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Ketamine is produced commercially in a number of
countries, including the United States. Most of the
ketamine illegally distributed in the United States is
diverted or stolen from legitimate sources, particularly veterinary clinics, or smuggled into the United States
from Mexico.

Distribution of ketamine typically occurs among
friends and acquaintances, most often at nightclubs,
parties, music festivals, and concerts; street sales of ketamine are rare.

How is it abused?
Ketamine, along with the other "club drugs," has
become popular among teens and young adults
at dance clubs, musical festivals, and concerts.

Ketamine is manufactured commercially as a powder
82 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
Vials containing liquid ketamine
or liquid. Powdered ketamine is also formed from
pharmaceutical ketamine by evaporating the liquid
using hot plates, warming trays, or microwave ovens, a
process that results in the formation of crystals, which are then ground into powder.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Cat Tranquilizer, Cat Valium, Jet K, Kit Kat,
Purple, Special K, Special La Coke, Super Acid,
Super K, and Vitamin K
What does it look like?
Ketamine comes in a clear liquid and a white or off-
white powder. Powdered ketamine (100 milligrams
to 200 milligrams) typically is packaged in small
glass vials, small plastic bags, and capsules as well
as paper, glassine, or aluminum foil folds.

Powdered ketamine is cut into lines known as
bumps and snorted, or it is smoked, typically in
marijuana or tobacco cigarettes. Liquid ketamine
is injected or mixed into drinks. Ketamine is found
by itself or often in combination with MDMA,
amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine.
-291-

What is its effect on the mind?
Ketamine produces hallucinations. It distorts
perceptions of sight and sound and makes the user
feel disconnected and not in control. A "Special K" trip is touted as better than that of LSD or PCP because
its hallucinatory effects are relatively short in duration, lasting approximately 30 to 60 minutes as opposed to
several hours.

Slang for experiences related to Ketamine or effects
of ketamine include:
• "K-land" (refers to a mellow & colorful experience)
• "K-hole" (refers to the out -of -body, near death
experience)
• "Baby food" (users sink in to blissful, infantile
inertia)
• "God" (users are convinced that they have met
their maker)
The onset of effects is rapid and often occurs
within a few minutes of taking the drug, though
taking it orally results in a slightly slower onset of
effects. Ketamine may cause unwanted side effects
such as: agitation, depression, cognitive difficulties, unconsciousness, and amnesia.

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder
(HPPD) has been reported several weeks after
ketamine use and may include experiencing
prolonged visual disturbances
What is its effect on the body?
A couple of minutes after taking the drug, the user may experience an increase in heart rate and blood pressure that gradually decreases over the next 10 to 20 minutes.

Ketamine can make users unresponsive to stimuli.

When in this state, users experience:
• Involuntarily rapid eye movement, dilated pupils,
salivation, tear secretions, and stiffening of the
muscles, possible nausea
Ketamine in various forms
What are its overdose effects?
An overdose can cause unconsciousness and
dangerously slowed breathing.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Other hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD, PCP, and
mescaline can cause hallucinations. There are also
several drugs such as GHB, Rohypnol®, and other
depressants that are misused for their amnesiac or
sedative properties to facilitate sexual assault.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Since the 1970s, ketamine has been marketed in the
United States as an injectable, short -acting anesthetic for use in humans and animals. In 1999, ketamine,
including its salts, isomers and salts of isomers, became a Schedule III non -narcotic substance under the
Controlled Substances Act. It currently has accepted
medical uses for short-term sedation and anesthesia. In addition, in 2019, FDA approved the S(+) enantiomer of
ketamine (esketamine) nasal spray version (Spravato®)
for treatment -resistant depression that is only available at a certified doctor's office or clinic. Ketamine has
the potential for abuse, which may lead to moderate
or low physical dependence or high psychological
dependence.

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LSD
WHAT IS LSD?
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent
hallucinogen that has a high potential for abuse and
currently has no accepted medical use in treatment
in the United States.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
LSD is produced in clandestine laboratories in the
United States.

What are common street names?
Common names for LSD include:
• Acid, Dots, Mellow Yellow, and Window Pane
What does it look like?
LSD is an odorless and colorless substance with
a slightly bitter taste. LSD is available in saturated
absorbent paper (e.g., blotter paper, divided
into small, decorated squares, with each square
representing one dose), tablets or "micro dots,"
saturated sugar cubes, or in a liquid form.

What is its effect on the body?
The physical effects include:
• Dilated pupils, higher body temperature,
increased heart rate and blood pressure,
sweating, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry
mouth, and tremors
How is it abused?
LSD is abused orally.

What is its effect on the mind?
During the first hour after ingestion, users may
experience visual changes with extreme changes
in mood. While under the influence, the user
may suffer impaired depth and time perception
accompanied by distorted perception of the shape
LSD blotter paper
and size of objects, movements, colors, sound,
touch, and the user's own body image.

The ability to make sound judgments and see
common dangers is impaired, making the user
susceptible to personal injury. It is possible for users to suffer acute anxiety and depression after an LSD
"trip." Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder,
which may include fragmentary recurrences
of certain aspects of the drug experience or
"flashbacks" have been reported days, and even
months, after taking the last dose.

What are its overdose effects?
Longer, more intense "trip" episodes may occur with
larger doses. Serious psychological harm can occur
after administration, including fear, depression,
anxiety, and paranoia, and can be long-lasting.

Death after LSD use is rare.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
LSD's effects are similar to other hallucinogens,
such as PCP, mescaline, and psilocybin.

What is its legal status in the United States?
LSD is a Schedule I substance under the Controlled
Substances Act. Schedule I substances have a high
potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical
use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of
accepted safety for use under medical supervision.
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-293-

WHAT ARE PEYOTE AND
MESCALINE?
Peyote is a small, spineless cactus. The active
ingredient in peyote is the hallucinogen mescaline.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
From earliest recorded time, peyote has been used
by indigenous peoples in northern Mexico and
the southwestern United States as a part of their
religious rites. Mescaline can be extracted from
peyote or produced synthetically.

What is its effect on the body?
Following the consumption of peyote and mescaline,
users may experience:
• Intense nausea, vomiting, dilation of the pupils,
increased heart rate, increased blood pressure,
a rise in body temperature that causes heavy
perspiration, headaches, muscle weakness, and
impaired motor coordination
Which drugs cause similar effects?
Other hallucinogens like LSD, psilocybin
(mushrooms), and PCP
What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Buttons, Cactus, Mesc, and Peyoto
What does it look like?
The top of the peyote cactus is referred to as the
"crown" and consists of disc -shaped buttons that are
cut off.

How is it abused?
The fresh or dried buttons are chewed or soaked
in water to produce an intoxicating liquid. Peyote
buttons may also be ground into a powder that can
be placed inside gelatin capsules to be swallowed,
or smoked with a leaf material such as cannabis or
tobacco.

What is its effect on the mind?
Abuse of peyote and mescaline will cause varying
degrees of:
• Illusions, hallucinations, altered perception of
space and time, and altered body image
Users may also experience euphoria, which is
sometimes followed by feelings of anxiety.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Peyote and mescaline are Schedule I substances
under the Controlled Substances Act, meaning that
they have a high potential for abuse, no currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under
medical supervision.

Peyote cactus
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WHAT IS PSILOCYBIN?
Psilocybin comes from certain types of psilocybe
mushrooms. Psilocybin is metabolized in the body to
the active drug psilocyn, also present in many of the
same mushrooms.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Psilocybin mushrooms are found in Mexico, Central
America, and the United States.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Magic Mushrooms, Mushrooms, and Shrooms
What does it look like?
Mushrooms containing psilocybin are available
fresh or dried and have long, slender stems topped
by caps with dark gills on the underside. Fresh
mushrooms have white or whitish -gray stems; the
caps are dark brown around the edges and light
brown or white in the center. Dried mushrooms are
usually rusty brown with isolated areas of off-white.

How is it abused?
Psilocybin mushrooms are ingested orally. They
may also be brewed as a tea or added to other
foods to mask their bitter flavor.

What is its effect on the body?
The physical effects include:
• Nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and lack
of coordination
i
Psilocybin musbrooms
What is its effect on the mind?
The psychological consequences of psilocybin
use include hallucinations and an inability to
discern fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and a
psychotic -like episode also may occur, particularly if a user ingests a high dose.

What are its overdose effects?
Effects of overdose include:
• Longer, more intense "trip" episodes,
challenging experiences (physical and
emotional), psychosis, and possible death
86 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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Abuse of psilocybin mushrooms could also lead to poisoning if one of the many varieties of poisonous mushrooms is incorrectly identified as a psilocybin-containing mushroom.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Psilocybin effects are similar to other hallucinogens, such as mescaline and LSD.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Psilocybin is a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act, meaning that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

Psilocybin mushrooms
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-296-

WHAT ARE STEROIDS?
Anabolic steroids are synthetically produced variants of the naturally occurring male hormone testosterone that are abused in an attempt to promote muscle growth, enhance athletic or other physical performance, and improve physical appearance.

Testosterone, trenbolone, oxymetholone, methandrostenolone, nandrolone, stanozolol, boldenone, and oxandrolone are some of the anabolic steroids that are most commonly encountered by United States law enforcement.

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Most illicit steroids are smuggled into the U.S. from abroad. Steroids are also illegally diverted from legitimate sources (theft or inappropriate prescribing). The Internet is the most widely used means of buying and selling anabolic steroids. Steroids are also bought and sold at gyms, bodybuilding competitions, and schools from teammates, coaches, and trainers.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
e Arnolds, Juice, Pumpers, Roids, Stackers, and Weight Gainers tnC oop9 W n a?
10 M Val
oepsollTestos une' What do they look like?
b 200 mg per I Steroids are available in:
• Tablets and capsules, sublingual -tablets, liquid drops, gels, creams, transdermal patches, subdermal implant pellets, and water -based and oil -based injectable solutions
Depo-Testosterone
The appearance of these products varies depending on the type and manufacturer.

How are they abused?
Steroids are ingested orally, injected intramuscularly, or applied to Noc ote,_s as 1resWemi the skin. The doses abused are often 10 to 100 times higher than 0 SeteInjectl ,V: the approved therapeutic and medical treatment dosages. Users MR ^u^L typically take two or more anabolic steroids at the same time in a .aa r
+omL cyclic manner, believing that this will improve their effectiveness and ,enev minimize the adverse effects.

Testosterone Cypionnte li 'euion, USP
88 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-297-

What is their effect on the mind?
Case studies and scientific research indicate that
high doses of anabolic steroids may cause mood
and behavioral effects.

In some individuals, anabolic steroid use can
cause dramatic mood swings, increased feelings of
hostility, impaired judgment, and increased levels of
aggression (often referred to as "roid rage").

When users stop taking steroids, they may
experience depression that may be severe enough
to lead one to commit suicide.

Anabolic steroid use may also cause psychological
dependence and addiction.

What is their effect on the body?
A wide range of adverse effects is associated with
the use or abuse of anabolic steroids. These effects
depend on several factors including:
• Age, sex, the anabolic steroid used, amount
used, and duration of use
In adolescents, anabolic steroid use can stunt the
ultimate height that an individual might otherwise
achieve.

In boys, anabolic steroid use can cause early
sexual development, acne, and stunted growth.

In adolescent girls and women, anabolic steroid
use can induce permanent physical changes, such
as deepening of the voice, increased facial and body
hair growth, menstrual irregularities, male pattern
baldness, and lengthening of the clitoris.

In men, anabolic steroid use can cause shrinkage
of the testicles, reduced sperm count, enlargement
of the male breast tissue, sterility, and an increased
risk of prostate cancer.

In both men and women, anabolic steroid use can
cause high cholesterol levels, which may increase
the risk of coronary artery disease, strokes, and
heart attacks. Anabolic steroid use can also cause
acne and fluid retention. Oral preparations of
anabolic steroids, in particular, can damage the liver.

Users who inject anabolic steroids run the risk
of contracting various infections due to non -sterile
injection techniques, sharing of contaminated
needles, and the use of steroid preparations
manufactured in non -sterile environments. All
these factors put users at risk for contracting viral
infections such as HIV/AIDS or hepatitis B or C, and
bacterial infections at the sight of injection.

Users may also develop endocarditis, a bacterial
infection that causes a potentially fatal inflammation
of the heart lining.

What are their overdose effects?
Anabolic steroids are not associated with overdoses.

The adverse effects a user would experience
develop from the use of steroids over time.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
There are several substances that produce effects
similar to those of anabolic steroids. These include
human growth hormone (hHG), clenbuterol,
gonadotropins, and erythropoietin.

What is their legal status in the United States?
Anabolic steroids are Schedule III substances
under the Controlled Substances Act. Only a small
number of anabolic steroids are approved for either
human or veterinary use. Anabolic steroids may be
prescribed by a licensed physician for the treatment
of testosterone deficiency, delayed puberty, low red
blood cell count, breast cancer, and tissue wasting
resulting from AIDS.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 89

WHAT IS MARIJUANA?
Marijuana is a mind -altering (psychoactive)
drug, produced by the Cannabis sativa plant.

Marijuana has over 480 constituents. THC (delta-
9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is believed to be the main
ingredient that produces the psychoactive effect.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Marijuana is grown in the United States, Canada,
Mexico, South America, Caribbean, Africa, and Asia.

It can be cultivated in both outdoor and indoor
settings.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Aunt Mary, BC Bud, Blunts, Boom, Chronic,
Dope, Gangster, Ganja, Grass, Hash, Herb,
Hydro, Indo, Joint, Kif, Mary Jane, Mota, Pot,
Reefer, Sinsemilla, Skunk, Smoke, Weed, and
Yerba
What does it look like?
Marijuana is a dry, shredded green/brown mix
of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves from the
Cannabis sativa plant. The mixture typically is
green, brown, or gray in color and may resemble
tobacco.

How is it abused?
Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette (called
a joint) or in a pipe or bong. It is also smoked in
blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of
tobacco and refilled with marijuana, sometimes in
combination with another drug. Marijuana can also
be mixed in foods (edibles) or brewed as a tea.

What is its effect on the mind?
When marijuana is smoked, the active ingredient
THC passes from the lungs and into the
bloodstream, which carries the chemical to the
organs throughout the body, including the brain.

In the brain, THC connects to specific sites called
cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells and influences
the activity of those cells.

Many of these receptors are found in the parts of
the brain that influence:
• Pleasure, memory, thought, concentration,
sensory and time perception, and coordinated
movement
The short-term effects of marijuana include:
• Problems with memory and learning, distorted
perception, difficulty in thinking and problem -
solving, and loss of coordination
The effect of marijuana on perception and
coordination are responsible for serious impairments
in learning, associative processes, and psychomotor
behavior (driving abilities).

Long term, regular use can lead to physical
dependence and withdrawal following
discontinuation, as well as psychological addiction
or dependence.

Clinical studies show that the physiological,
psychological, and behavioral effects of marijuana
vary among individuals and present a list of common
responses to cannabinoids, as described in the
scientific literature:
• Dizziness, nausea, tachycardia, facial flushing,
dry mouth, and tremor initially
• Merriment, happiness, and even exhilaration at
high doses
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• Disinhibition, relaxation, increased sociability,
and talkativeness
• Enhanced sensory perception, giving rise to
increased appreciation of music, art, and touch
• Heightened imagination leading to a subjective
sense of increased creativity
• Time distortions
• Illusions, delusions, and hallucinations are rare
except at high doses
• Impaired judgment, reduced coordination, and
ataxia, which can impede driving ability or lead
to an increase in risk -taking behavior
• Emotional lability, incongruity of affect,
dysphoria, disorganized thinking, inability
to converse logically, agitation, paranoia,
confusion, restlessness, anxiety, drowsiness,
and panic attacks may occur, especially in
inexperienced users or in those who have taken
a large dose
• Increased appetite and short-term memory
impairment are common
M
� � a
Mar�uana Leaves
What is its effect on the body?
Short-term physical effects from marijuana use may
include:
• Sedation, bloodshot eyes, increased heart
rate, coughing from lung irritation, increased
appetite, and increased blood pressure
(although prolonged use may cause a decrease
in blood pressure).

Marijuana smokers experience serious health
problems such as bronchitis, emphysema, and
bronchial asthma. Extended use may cause
suppression of the immune system. Withdrawal
from chronic use of high doses of marijuana causes
physical signs including headache, shakiness,
sweating, and stomach pains and nausea.

Withdrawal symptoms also include behavioral
signs such as:
• Restlessness, irritability, sleep difficulties, and
decreased appetite
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What are its overdose effects?
No deaths from overdose of marijuana have been
reported. Although, there have been an increasing
number of emergency room visits involving
marijuana edibles.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Hashish and hashish oil are drugs made from the
cannabis plant that are like marijuana, only stronger.

Hashish (hash) consists of the THC-rich resinous
material of the cannabis plant, which is collected,
dried, and then compressed into a variety of forms,
such as balls, cakes, or cookie like sheets. Pieces
are then broken off, placed in pipes or mixed with
tobacco and placed in pipes or cigarettes, and
smoked.

The main sources of hashish are the Middle East,
North Africa, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

Hashish oil (hash oil, liquid hash, cannabis oil) is
produced by extracting the cannabinoids from the
plant material with a solvent. The color and odor of
the extract will vary, depending on the solvent used.

A drop or two of this liquid on a cigarette is equal to a single marijuana joint. Like marijuana, hashish and
hashish oil are both Schedule I drugs.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Marijuana is a Schedule I substance under the
Controlled Substances Act, meaning that it has
a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States, and
a lack of accepted safety for use under medical
supervision.

Although some states within the United States
have allowed the use of marijuana for medicinal
92 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
purpose, it is the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
that has the federal authority to approve drugs for
medicinal use in the U.S. To date, the FDA has not
approved a marketing application for any marijuana
product for any clinical indication. Consistent
therewith, the FDA and DEA have concluded that
marijuana has no federally approved medical use
for treatment in the U.S. and thus it remains as a
Schedule I controlled substance under federal law.

Marinol is a synthetic version of THC in a capsule
(also referred to as dronabinol, the generic or
International Nonproprietary Name given to THC),
prescribed for the control of nausea and vomiting
caused by chemotherapeutic agents used in the
treatment of cancer and to stimulate appetite in
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
patients. Marinol is a Schedule III drug under the
Controlled Substances Act.

Syndros is an oral dronabinol (THC) solution that
is used for the treatment of anorexia associated with
weight loss in patients who have failed to respond
adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments.

Syndros is a Schedule II drug under the Controlled
Substances Act.

Epidoloex is an oral solution of cannabidiol (CBD)
that has no more that 0.1 % THC, used to treat two
epilepsy conditions, Dravet syndrome, and Lennox-
Gestaut syndrome. Epidoloex is excluded from
control under the Controlled Substances Act by
virtue of the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018,
Public Law 115-334.
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WHAT ARE MARIJUANA
CONCENTRATES?
A marijuana concentrate is a highly potent
concentrated form of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
that is most similar in appearance to either honey or
butter, and commonly referred to or known on the
street as "honey oil' or "budder."
WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Marijuana concentrates contain extraordinarily high
THC levels that could range from 40 to 80 percent.

This form of marijuana can be up to four times
higher in THC content than high grade or top shelf
marijuana, which normally measures around 20
percent THC levels.

Many methods are utilized to convert or
"manufacture" marijuana into marijuana
concentrates. One method is the butane extraction
process. This process is particularly dangerous
because it uses highly flammable butane to
extract the THC from the cannabis plant. Given
the flammable nature of butane, this process has
Marijuana concentrate
Image by Erik Fende rson
resulted in violent explosions. THC extraction labs
are being reported nationwide, particularly in the
western states and in states where local and state
marijuana laws are more relaxed.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• 710 (the word "OIL" flipped and spelled
backwards), wax, ear wax, honey oil, budder,
butane hash oil, butane honey oil (BHO),
shatter, dabs (dabbing), black glass, and errl.

What does it look like?
Marijuana concentrates are similar in appearance to
honey or butter and are either brown or gold in color
How is it used?
Marijuana concentrates can be mixed with various
food or drink products to be consumed orally;
however, smoking remains the most popular route
of administration by use of water or oil pipes. A
disturbing aspect of this emerging threat is the
inhalation of concentrates via electronic cigarettes
(also known as e-cigarettes) or vaporizers. Many
marijuana concentrate users prefer the e-cigarette/
vaporizer because it is smokeless, sometimes
odorless, and easy to hide or conceal. The user
takes a small amount of marijuana concentrate,
referred to as a "dab," then heats the substance
using the e-cigarette/vaporizer producing vapors
that ensures an instant "high" effect upon the user.

Using an e-cigarette/vaporizer to inhale marijuana
concentrates is commonly referred to as "dabbing"
or "vaping."
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What is Vaping?
Vaping is the act of inhaling and exhaling an
aerosol or vapor made from a liquid or dry material
that is heated in an electronic powered device,
called an electronic cigarette, or e-cigarette. The
liquid can contain flavoring, nicotine, or marijuana
concentrates. Dry herb vape devices can heat
dry marijuana without combusting it and without
using additional liquid. Generally, the vaping device
consists of a battery, a cartridge for containing the
e-liquid or dry marijuana, and a heating component.

Vaping devices come in a variety of shapes and
sizes, with some resembling USB flash drives, pens,
or other everyday objects that are often difficult for
parents and teachers to recognize.

What are common street names?
• Common street names include: E-cigs,
e-hookahs, mods, vape pens, vapes, tank
systems, and Juuls or Juuling (after the Juul
brand of vaping devices).

What are the effects of vaping?
Vaping is not considered safe, especially for teens
and young adults, since the adolescent brain is still
developing and inhaling any substance through
these devices may be harmful. Additionally, some
devices might explode, resulting in burns and other
injuries. Most vaping devices contain and release
a number of potentially toxic substances including
metals and volatile organic compounds from the
devices and solvents used. Some of these have
been linked to cell and DNA damage. Inhaling the
heated air and contents has been shown to burn
lung tissue.
,I
k
lu lu u
E-pipe E-cigar Large -size Medium-sized Disposable
tank devices tankd device e-cigarette
Rechargeable
e-cigarette
Source: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. 94 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
-303-

What are the Effects of Using Marijuana Concentrates?
Being a highly concentrated form of marijuana, the effects upon the user may be more psychologically and physically intense than plant marijuana use. To date, long term effects of marijuana concentrate use are not yet fully known; but, the effects of marijuana use are known.

These effects include:
• paranoia, anxiety, panic attacks, and hallucinations. Additionally, the use of plant marijuana increases one's heart rate and blood pressure, although prolonged use can produce hypotension. Plant marijuana users may also experience withdrawal and addiction problems.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 95
-304-

WHAT ARE INHALANTS?
Inhalants are invisible, volatile substances found in
common household products that produce chemical
vapors that are inhaled to induce psychoactive or
mind altering effects.

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
There are more than 1,000 products that are very
dangerous when inhaled — things like typewriter
correction fluid, air conditioning refrigerant, felt
tip markers, spray paint, air freshener, butane,
and even cooking spray. See products abused
as inhalants at www.inhalants.org/product.htm
(National Inhalant Prevention Coalition).

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Gluey, Huff, Rush, and Whippets
What do they look like?
Common household products such as glue, lighter
fluid, cleaning fluids, and paint all produce chemical
vapors that can be inhaled.

Paint thinner
How are they abused?
Although other abused substances can be inhaled,
the term "inhalants" is used to describe a variety of
substances whose main common characteristic is
that they are rarely, if ever, taken by any route other than inhalation.

Inhalants are breathed in through the nose or the
mouth in a variety of ways, such as:
• "Sniffing" or "snorting"
• "Bagging"— sniffing or inhaling fumes from
substances sprayed or deposited inside a
plastic or paper bag
• "Huffing" from an inhalant -soaked rag
stuffed in the mouth, or inhaling from
balloons filled with nitrous oxide
Inhalants are often among the first drugs that
young children use. About 1 in 5 kids report having
used inhalants by the eighth grade. Inhalants are
also one of the few substances abused more by
younger children than by older ones.

What is their effect on the mind?
Inhalant abuse can cause damage to the parts of
the brain that control thinking, moving, vision, and
hearing. Cognitive abnormalities can range from
mild impairment to severe dementia.

What is their effect on the body?
Inhaled chemicals are rapidly absorbed through the
lungs into the bloodstream and quickly distributed
to the brain and other organs. Nearly all inhalants
produce effects similar to anesthetics, which slow
down the body's function. Depending on the degree
of abuse, the user can experience slight stimulation,
feeling of less inhibition, or loss of consciousness.

Within minutes of inhalation, the user experiences
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Highlighter markers
intoxication along with other effects similar to
those produced by alcohol. These effects may
include slurred speech, an inability to coordinate
movements, euphoria, and dizziness. After heavy
use of inhalants, users may feel drowsy for several
hours and experience a lingering headache.

Additional symptoms exhibited by long-term
inhalant users include:
• Weight loss, muscle weakness, disorientation,
inattentiveness, lack of coordination, irritability,
depression, and damage to the nervous system
and other organs
Some of the damaging effects to the body may
be at least partially reversible when inhalant abuse
is stopped; however, many of the effects from
prolonged abuse are irreversible.

Prolonged sniffing of the highly concentrated
chemicals in solvents or aerosol sprays can induce
irregular and rapid heart rhythms and lead to heart
failure and death within minutes. There is a common
link between inhalant use and problems in school
— failing grades, chronic absences, and general
apathy.

Other signs include:
• Paint or stains on body or clothing; spots or
sores around the mouth; red or runny eyes or
nose; chemical breath odor; drunk, dazed, or
dizzy appearance; nausea; loss of appetite;
anxiety; excitability; and irritability
What are their overdose effects?
Because intoxication lasts only a few minutes,
users try to prolong the high by continuing to inhale
repeatedly over the course of several hours, which
is a very dangerous practice. With successive
inhalations, users may suffer loss of consciousness
and/or death.
"Sudden sniffing death" can result from a single
session of inhalant use by an otherwise healthy
young person. Sudden sniffing death is particularly
associated with the abuse of butane, propane, and
chemicals in aerosols.

Inhalant abuse can also cause death by
asphyxiation from repeated inhalations, which lead
to high concentrations of inhaled fumes displacing
the available oxygen in the lungs, suffocation by
blocking air from entering the lungs when inhaling
fumes from a plastic bag placed over the head,
and choking from swallowing vomit after inhaling
substances.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Most inhalants produce a rapid high that is
similar to the effects of alcohol intoxication.

What is their legal status in the United States?
The common household products that are misused
as inhalants are legally available for their intended
and legitimate uses. Many state legislatures have
attempted to deter youth who buy legal products to
get high by placing restriction on the sale of these
products to minors.

Even though some substances are not currently
controlled by the Controlled Substances Act, they
pose risks to individuals who abuse them.

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Recently, the abuse of clandestinely synthesized
drugs has re-emerged as a major worldwide problem.

These drugs are illicitly produced with the intent of
developing substances that differ slightly from controlled substances in their chemical structure while retaining
their pharmacological effects. These substances are
commonly known as designer drugs and fall under
several drug categories. The following section describes these drugs of concern and their associated risks.

Bath Salts
WHAT ARE "BATH SALTS?"
Synthetic stimulants often referred to as "bath
salts" are from the synthetic cathinone class of
drugs. Synthetic cathinones are central nervous
stimulants and are designed to mimic effects similar
to those produced by cocaine, methamphetamine,
and MDMA (ecstasy). These substances are often
marketed as "bath salts," "research chemicals,"
"plant food," "glass cleaner," and labeled "not
for human consumption," in order to circumvent
application of the Controlled Substance Analogue
Enforcement Act. Marketing in this manner attempts
to hide the true reason for the products' existence —
the distribution of a psychoactive/stimulant
substance for abuse.

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Synthetic cathinones are manufactured in East
Asia and have been distributed at wholesale levels
throughout Europe, North America, Australia, and
other parts of the world.

Bath salts
What are common street names?
• Bliss, Blue Silk, Cloud Nine, Drone, Energy-1,
Ivory Wave, Lunar Wave, Meow Meow, Ocean
Burst, Pure Ivory, Purple Wave, Red Dove,
Snow Leopard, Stardust, Vanilla Sky, White
Dove, White Knight, White Lightning
What does it look like?
Websites have listed products containing these
synthetic stimulants as "plant food" or "bath salts,"
however, the powdered form is also compressed in
gelatin capsules. The synthetic stimulants are sold
at smoke shops, head shops, convenience stores,
adult book stores, gas stations, and on Internet sites
and often labeled "not for human consumption."
98 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION
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How are they abused?
"Bath salts" are usually ingested by sniffing/snorting.

They can also be taken orally, smoked, or put into a
solution and injected into veins.

What are their effects on the mind?
These synthetic substances are abused for their
desired effects, such as euphoria and alertness.

Other effects that have been reported from the
use of these drugs include psychological effects
such as confusion, acute psychosis, agitation,
combativeness, aggressive, violent, and self-
destructive behavior; as well as paranoia,
hallucinations, and delusions.

What is their effect on the body?
Adverse or toxic effects associated with the abuse
of cathinones, including synthetic cathinones,
include rapid heartbeat; hypertension; hyperthermia;
prolonged dilation of the pupil of the eye; breakdown
of muscle fibers that leads to release of muscle fiber
contents into bloodstream; teeth grinding; sweating;
headaches; palpitations; seizures.

What are their overdose effects?
In addition to effects above, reports of death from
individuals abusing drugs in this class indicate
the seriousness of the risk users are taking when
ingesting these products.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
They cause effects similar to those of other
stimulants such as methamphetamine, MDMA, and
cocaine.

What is their legal status in the United States?
In July 2012, the U.S. Government passed Pub.L.
112-144, the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention
Act (SDAPA), that classified a number of synthetic
substances under Schedule I of the Controlled
Substances Act. SDAPA 15 synthetic cannabinoid
compounds identified by name, two synthetic
cathinone compounds (mephedrone and MDPV),
and nine synthetic hallucinogens known as the 2C
family in the most restrictive category of controlled
substances. These substances were restricted by this
law. Subsequently, methylone and ten (10) synthetic
cathinones that were subject to temporary control
were permanently controlled by DEA through the
administrative process. Another synthetic cathinone,
N-ethylpentylone, was controlled in 2018 and six
other synthetic cathinones, N-ethylhexedrone,
a-PHP, 4-MEAP, MPHP, PV8, and 4-Chloro-a-PHP,
were temporarily contolled in 2019.

Other synthetic cathinones may be subject
to prosecution under the Controlled Substance
Analogue Enforcement Act which allows these
dangerous substances to be treated as Schedule I
controlled substances if certain criteria can be met.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 99

WHAT IS K2?
K2 and Spice are just two of the many trade names or
brands for synthetic designer drugs that are intended
to mimic THC, the main psychoactive ingredient of
marijuana. These designer synthetic drugs are from
the synthetic cannabinoid class of drugs that are often marketed and sold under the guise of "herbal incense"
or "potpourri."
Synthetic cannabinoids are not organic, but are
chemical compounds created in a laboratory. Since
2009, law enforcement has encountered hundreds of
different synthetic cannabinoids that are being sold as "legal" alternatives to marijuana. These products are
being abused for their psychoactive properties and are
packaged without information as to their health and
safety risks.

Synthetic cannabinoids are sold at small
convenience stores, head shops, gas stations, and
via the Internet from both domestic and international
sources. These products are labeled "not for
human consumption" in an attempt to shield the
manufacturers, distributors, and retail sellers from
criminal prosecution. This type of marketing is nothing more than a means to make dangerous, psychoactive
substances widely available to the public.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
The vast majority of synthetic cannabinoids are
manufactured in Asia without manufacturing
requirements or quality control standards. The bulk
powdered chemical is smuggled into the United States
typically as misbranded imports and have no legitimate
medical or industrial use.

What are common street names?
There are numerous street names of synthetic
cannabinoids as drug manufacturers try to appeal to
and entice youth and young adults by labeling these
100 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION xaispi,,
products with exotic and extravagant packaging.

Some of the many street names of K2/Spice synthetic
marijuana are:
• "Spice, K2, Blaze, RedX Dawn, Paradise,
Demon, Black Magic, Spike, Mr. Nice Guy, Ninja,
Zohai, Dream, Genie, Sence, Smoke, Skunk,
Serenity, Yucatan, Fire, Skooby Snax, and Crazy
Clown.

What does it look like?
These chemical compounds are generally found in
bulk powder form, and then dissolved in solvents, such
as acetone, before being applied to dry plant material
to make the "herbal incense" products. After local
distributors apply the drug to the dry plant material, they package it for retail distribution. As these products have no accepted medical use, this process is done without
pharmaceutical -grade chemical purity standards, or any concern for the user. It ignores any control mechanisms that would serve to ensure a uniform concentration of
the powerful and dangerous drugs contained in each
package. The disregard for the public's safety and
often encountered "hot spots" in the drug packaging can result in a user ingesting a highly concentrated portion of the drugs without their knowledge, often leading to
serious adverse health effects. The bulk powder can
also be dissolved in solution intended to be used in
e-cigarette or other vaping devices.
-309-

How is it abused?
Spraying or mixing the synthetic cannabinoids on
plant material provides a vehicle for the most common
route of administration - smoking (using a pipe, a
water pipe, or rolling the drug -laced plant material
in cigarette papers). In addition to the cannabinoids
laced on plant material and sold as potpourri and
incense, liquid cannabinoids have been designed to
be vaporized through both disposable and reusable
electronic cigarettes.

What are its overdose effects?
Severe adverse effects have been attributed to the
abuse of synthetic cannabinoids, including nausea,
vomiting, agitation, anxiety, seizures, stroke, coma,
and death by heart attack or organ failure. Acute
kidney injury requiring hospitalization and dialysis in several patients reportedly having smoked synthetic
cannabinoids has also been reported by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Synthetic cannabinoids are marketed as an alternative
to THC, the main psychoactive constituent of
marijuana, however they are much more potent and
have been shown to cause side effects that are more
severe than those reported from THC.

What is its effect on the mind?
Acute psychotic episodes, dependence, and
withdrawal are associated with use of these synthetic
cannabinoids. Some individuals have suffered from
intense hallucinations. Other effects include severe
agitation, disorganized thoughts, paranoid delusions,
and violence after smoking products laced with these
substances.

What is its effect on the body?
State public health and poison centers have issued
warnings in response to adverse health effects
associated with abuse of herbal incense products
containing these synthetic cannabinoids. These
adverse effects included tachycardia (elevated heart
rate), elevated blood pressure, unconsciousness,
tremors, seizures, vomiting, hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, pallor, numbness, and tingling. This is in
addition to the numerous public health and poison
centers which have similarly issued warnings
regarding the abuse of these synthetic cannabinoids.

In some instances, the adverse health effects can
be long-lasting even after the user quits using the
substances.

What is its legal status in the United States?
These substances have no accepted medical use in
the United States and have been reported to produce
adverse health effects. Currently, 43 substances are
specifically listed as Schedule I substances under the
Controlled Substances Act either through legislation
or regulatory action. In addition there are many
other synthetic cannabinoids that meet the definition
for "cannabimimetic agent' under the Controlled
Substances Act and thus are Schedule I substances.

There are many synthetic cannabinoid substances
that are being sold as "incense," "potpourri," and other products that are not controlled substances. However,
synthetic cannabinoids may be subject to prosecution
under the Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement
Act which allows non -controlled drugs to be treated
as Schedule I controlled substances if certain criteria can be met. The DEA has successfully investigated
and prosecuted individuals trafficking and selling these dangerous substances using the Controlled Substance
Analogue Enforcement Act.

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WHAT ARE SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS?
Synthetic opioids are substances that are synthesized
in a laboratory and that act on the same targets in the brain as natural opioids (e.g., morphine and codeine)
to produce analgesic (pain relief) effects. In contrast, natural opioids are naturally occurring substances
extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties
of poppy plants. Some synthetic opioids, such as
fentanyl, methadone, and buprenorphine have been
approved for medical use.

Clandestinely produced synthetic opioids
structurally related to the Schedule II opioid
analgesic fentanyl were trafficked and abused
on the West Coast in the late 1970s and 1980s.

In the 1980s, DEA controlled several of these
illicitly produced synthetic opioids such as alpha-
methylfentanyl, 3-methylthiofentanyl, acetyl-alpha-
methylfentanyl, beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl, alpha-
methylthiofentanyl, thiofentanyl, beta-hydroxyfentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl, and 3-methylfentanyl.

As of 2013, there has been a re-emergence in
the trafficking and abuse of various clandestinely
produced synthetic opioids, including several
substances related to fentanyl. Some common
illicitly produced synthetic opioids that are currently encountered by law enforcement include, but are
not limited to, acetyl fentanyl, butyryl fentanyl,
beta- hydroxythiofentanyl, furanyl fentanyl,
4-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, acryl fentanyl, U-47700,
benzimidazole-opioids such as etonitazene and
isotonitazene.

WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN?
Synthetic opioids are believed to be synthesized
abroad and then imported into the United States.

What do they look like?
Clandestinely produced synthetic opioids have been
encountered in powder form and were identified on
bottle caps and spoons, detected within glassine
bags, on digital scales, and on sifters which
demonstrates the abuse of these substances as
replacements for heroin or other opioids. These
drugs are also encountered as tablets, mimicking
pharmaceutical opioid products. Clandestinely
produced synthetic opioids are encountered as a
single substance in combination with other opioids
(fentanyl, heroin, U-47700, benzimidazole-opioids
e.g., etonitazene and isotonitazene) or other
substances.

How are they abused?
Abuse of clandestinely produced synthetic opioids
parallels that of heroin and prescription opioid
analgesics. Many of these illicitly produced synthetic
opioids are more potent than morphine and heroin
and thus have the potential to result in a fatal
overdose.

Clandestinely produced fake oxycodone tablets that
contain fentanyl.
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What are their effects?
Some effects of clandestinely produced synthetic
opioids, similar to other commonly used opioid
analgesics (e.g., morphine), may include relaxation,
euphoria, pain relief, sedation, confusion,
drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, urinary
retention, pupillary constriction, and respiratory
depression.

What are their overdose effects?
Overdose effects of clandestinely produced
synthetic opioids are similar to other opioid
analgesics. These effects may include stupor,
changes in pupillary size, cold and clammy skin,
cyanosis, coma, and respiratory failure leading to
death. The presence of triad of symptoms such as
coma, pinpoint pupils, and respiratory depression
are strongly suggestive of opioid poisoning.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Some drugs that cause similar effects include
other opioids such as morphine, hydrocodone,
oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone, and
heroin.

Synthetic Opioid powder U-47700.

What is their legal status in the United States?
Many synthetic opioids are currently controlled
under the Controlled Substances Act. The DEA
temporarily placed U-47700, isotonitazene, and
several other substances that are structurally related
to fentanyl, such as acetyl fentanyl, butyryl fentanyl, beta-hydroxythiofentanyl, and furanyl fentanyl, in
Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. In
February 2018, the DEA temporarily placed fentanyl-
related substances in Schedule I of the CSA.

Other synthetic opioid substances may be subject
to prosecution under the Controlled Substance
Analogue Enforcement Act which allows non -
controlled substances to be treated as Schedule I
substances if certain criteria are met. The IDEA has
successfully investigated and prosecuted individuals
trafficking and selling these dangerous substances
using the Controlled Substances Analogue
Enforcement Act.

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Even though some substances are not currently controlled by the Controlled Substances Act, they pose risks to individuals who abuse them. The following section describes these drugs of concern and their associated risks.

DXM
WHAT IS DXM?
Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a cough suppressant
found in more than 120 over-the-counter (OTC) cold
medications, either alone or in combination with other How is it abused? drugs such as analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen),
antihistamines (e.g., chlorpheniramine), decongestants
(e.g., pseudoephedrine), and/or expectorants (e.g.,
guaifenesin). The typical adult dose for cough is 15
to 30 mg taken three to four times daily. The cough -
suppressing effects of DXM persist for 5 to 6 hours
after ingestion. When taken as directed, side effects are rarely observed.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
DXM users can obtain the drug at almost any
pharmacy or supermarket, seeking out the products
with the highest concentration of the drug from among
all the OTC cough and cold remedies that contain it.

DXM products and powder can also be purchased on
the Internet.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• CCC, Dex, DXM, Poor Man's PCP, Robo, Rojo,
Skittles, Triple C, and Velvet
What does it look like?
DXM can come in the form of:
• Cough syrup, tablets, capsules, or powder
104 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION DXM is abused in high doses to experience euphoria
and visual and auditory hallucinations. Users take
various amounts depending on their body weight and
the effect they are attempting to achieve. Some users
ingest 250 to 1,500 milligrams in a single dosage, far
more than the recommended therapeutic dosages
described above.

Illicit use of DXM is referred to on the street as
"Robo-tripping," "skittling," or "dexing," derived from the products that are most commonly abused, Robitussin
and Coricidin HBP. DXM abuse has traditionally
involved drinking large volumes of the OTC liquid
cough preparations. More recently, however, abuse of
tablet and gel capsule preparations has increased.

These newer, high -dose DXM products have
particular appeal for users. They are much easier to
consume, eliminate the need to drink large volumes of
unpleasant -tasting syrup, and are easily portable and
concealed, allowing an abuser to continue to abuse
DXM throughout the day, whether at school or work.

DXM powder, sold over the Internet, is also a source
of DXM for abuse. (The powdered form of DXM poses
additional risks to the user due to the uncertainty of
composition and dose.)
DXM is also distributed in illicitly manufactured tablets containing only DXM or mixed with other drugs such as
pseudoephedrine and/ or methamphetamine.
-313-

DXM is abused by individuals of all ages, but its
abuse by teenagers and young adults is of particular
concern. This abuse is fueled by DXM's OTC availability and extensive "how to" abuse information on various
websites.

What is its effect on the mind?
Some of the many psychoactive effects associated
with high -dose DXM include:
• Confusion, inappropriate laughter, agitation,
paranoia, euphoria, and hallucinations
• Other sensory changes, including the feeling of
floating and changes in hearing and touch
Long-term abuse of DXM is associated with severe
psychological dependence. Abusers of DXM describe
the following three dose -dependent "plateaus":

What is its effect on the body?

DOSE (MG) BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS
100-200 Mild Stimulation
200-400 Euphoria and hallucinations
300-1500 Distorted visual perceptions
Loss of motor coordination
Out of body sensations
DXM intoxication involves:
• Over -excitability, lethargy, loss of coordination,
slurred speech, sweating, hypertension, nausea,
vomiting, and involuntary spasmodic movement
of the eyeballs
The use of high doses of DXM in combination with
alcohol or other drugs is particularly dangerous, and
deaths have been reported. Approximately 5-10 percent
of Caucasians are poor DXM metabolizers and at
increased risk for overdoses and deaths. DXM taken
with antidepressants can be life threatening.

OTC products that contain DXM often contain other
ingredients such as acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine,
and guaifenesin that have their own effects, such as:
• Liver damage, rapid heart rate, lack of
coordination, vomiting, seizures, and coma
To circumvent the many side effects associated with
these other ingredients, a simple chemical extraction
procedure has been developed and published on the
Internet that removes most of these other ingredients in cough syrup.

What are its overdose effects?
DXM overdose can be treated in an emergency room
setting and generally does not result in severe medical consequences or death. Most DXM-related deaths are
caused by ingesting the drug in combination with other
drugs. DXM-related deaths also occur from impairment
of the senses, which can lead to accidents.

Which drugs cause similar effects?
Depending on the dose, DXM can have effects similar to
marijuana or ecstasy. In moderate to high doses its out - of -body effects are similar to those of ketamine or PCP.

What is its legal status in the United States?
DXM is a legally marketed cough suppressant that is
neither a controlled substance nor a regulated chemical under the Controlled Substances Act.

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WHAT IS KRATOM?
Kratom is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia. Consumption of its leaves produces both stimulant effects (in low doses) and sedative effects (in high doses), and can lead to psychotic symptoms, and psychological and physiological dependence. Kratom leaves contain two major psychoactive ingredients (mitragynine and 7-hydroxymytragynine). These leaves are crushed and then smoked, brewed with tea, or placed into gel capsules. Kratom has a long history of use in Southeast Asia, where it is commonly known as thang, kakuam, thom, ketum, and biak. In the U.S., the abuse of kratom has increased markedly in recent years.

How is it abused?
Mostly abused by oral ingestion in the form of a tablet, capsule, or extract.

Kratom leaves may also be dried or powdered and ingested as a tea, or the kratom leaf may be chewed.

What are the effects?
At low doses, kratom produces stimulant effects with users reporting increased alertness, physical energy, and talkativeness. At high doses, users experience sedative effects. Kratom consumption can lead to addiction.

Several cases of psychosis resulting from use of kratom have been reported, where individuals addicted to kratom exhibited psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations, delusion, and confusion.

What does it do to the body?
Kratom's effects on the body include nausea, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, increased urination, tachycardia, vomiting, drowsiness, and loss of appetite. Users of kratom have also experienced anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, hepatotoxicity, seizure, and hallucinations.

What is its legal status?
Kratom is not controlled under the Controlled Substances Act; however, Kratom tree
" 4 ' 5. 6 7 a 9
Leaf of kratom tree
Kratom capsules
there may be some state regulations or prohibitions against the possession and use of kratom. The FDA has not approved Kratom for any medical use. In addition, DEA has listed kratom as a Drug and Chemical of Concern.
106 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION -315-

WHAT IS SALVIA DIVINORUM?
Salvia divinorum is a perennial herb in the mint
family that is abused for its hallucinogenic effects.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
Salvia divinorum is native to certain areas of the
Sierra Mazaleca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is one
of several plants that are used by Mazatec Indians
for ritual divination. Salvia divinorum plants can be
grown successfully outside of this region. They can
be grown indoors and outdoors, especially in humid
semitropical climates.

What are common street names?
Common street names include:
• Maria Pastora, Sally-D, and Salvia
What does it look like?
The plant has spade -shaped variegated green
leaves that look similar to mint. The plants
themselves grow to more than three feet high, have
large green leaves, hollow square stems, and white
flowers with purple calyces.

Leaver of the Salvia divinorum plant
How is it abused?
Salvia can be chewed, smoked, or vaporized.

What is its effect on the mind?
Psychic effects include perceptions of bright lights,
vivid colors, shapes, and body movement, as well
as body or object distortions. Salvia divinorum may
also cause fear and panic, uncontrollable laughter,
a sense of overlapping realities, paranoia, and
hallucinations.

Users typically experience rapid onset of intense
hallucinations that can impair judgment and disrupt
sensory and cognitive functions.

Salvinorin A is the principal ingredient responsible
for the psychoactive effects of Salvia divinorum.

What is its effect on the body?
Adverse physical effects may include:
• Loss of coordination, dizziness, and slurred
speech
Which drugs cause similar effects?
When Salvia divinorum is chewed or smoked, the
hallucinogenic effects elicited are similar to those
induced by Scheduled hallucinogenic substances
but can have a faster onset and be more intense.

What is its legal status in the United States?
Neither Salvia divinorum nor its active constituent
Salvinorin A has an approved medical use in the
United States. Salvia divinorum is not controlled
under the Controlled Substances Act. Salvia
divinorum is, however, controlled by a number of
states. Since Salvia divinorum is not controlled by
the CSA, some online botanical companies and
drug promotional sites have advertised Salvia as
a legal alternative to other plant hallucinogens like
mescaline.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 107 -316-

RECOVERY
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DRUG USE PREVENTION

RESOURCES
Drug use prevention programs are designed
and implemented on many levels. The federal
government has instituted a number of national
drug use prevention programs which reach targeted
populations through public service announcements,
grant programs, educational programs, and the
sharing of expertise. State and local governments
also have a significant number of prevention
programs that are tailored to address particular
problems and needs. Law enforcement and the
military have brought drug use prevention expertise
into classrooms and communities; businesses
have also contributed significantly to drug use
prevention through sponsored programs, drug -
free policies, and corporate support for community
initiatives. Other segments of society, including
faith -based institutions, civic organizations, and
private foundations are also active forces in drug use
prevention.

On the next page is a partial list of drug use
prevention agencies and programs. There are many
other outstanding efforts which are ongoing across
the nation; it is impossible to include them all. Some
programs are aimed at particular populations or
specific drugs. Within a given agency, there may
be many prevention programs that are aimed at
different audiences.

Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION 109 -318-

FEDERAL DRUG USE PREVENTION AGENCIES AND PROGRAMS:

Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention:

CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and
Control helps protect America's health by tracking
injuries and deaths to look for dangerous trends,
researching the best ways to prevent injuries and
violence, developing prevention strategies, evaluating
effectiveness of prevention strategies, and supporting
states in implementing programs.
www.cdc.gov/injury
Drug Enforcement Administration:

In addition to dismantling major drug trafficking
organizations, DEA is committed to reducing the
demand for drugs in America. DEA's community
outreach and prevention support is carried out by
employees across the United States who work in
communities to share expertise and information on
drug trends, emerging problems, the dangers of
drugs, and available resources.
www.dea.gov
www.deatakeback.com
www.JustThinkTwice.com
www.GetSmartAboutDrugs.com
www.Cam up sDrugPrevention.gov
www.OperationPrevention.com
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas
High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA)
program, created by Congress with the Anti -Drug
Abuse Act of 1988, provides assistance to Federal,
State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies
operating in areas determined to be critical drug -
trafficking regions of the United States. This grand
program is administered by the Office of National
Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). There are currently 33
HIDTAs, and HIDTA-designated counties are located
in 50 states, as well as in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia.
www.whitehouse.gov/ondco
National Guard Counterdrug Program
The National Guard's Counterdrug Program supports
military, law enforcement, and community -based
counterdrug operations at all levels of government
to anticipate, deter, and defeat illicit drug threats to enhance national security and protect our society.
www.nationalauard.mil/leadershmRoomnt-staff/J-3/
counterdrua
National Institute on Drug Abuse:

NIDA's mission is to advance science on the causes
and consequences of drug use and addiction and
to apply that knowledge to improve individual and
public health. This includes ensuring the effective
translation, implementation, and dissemination of
scientific research findings to improve prevention
and treatment of substance use disorders and
enhance public awareness of addiction as a brain
disorder.

Office of National Drug Control Policy:

ONDCP works to reduce drug use and its
consequences by leading and coordinating the
development, implementation, and assessment of
U.S. drug policy.
www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov
110 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION -319-

Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration:

SAMHSA's mission is to reduce the impact of
substance abuse and mental illness on America's
communities. Its Offices and Centers provide
national leadership and assistance for quality
behavioral health services while supporting
states, territories, tribes, communities, and local
organizations through grants and contract awards.

SAMHSA's Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
(CSAP) works with IDEA to improve behavioral
health through evidence -based prevention
approaches. SAMHSA's Office of Tribal Affairs and
Policy works with tribal nations and tribal groups to
address behavioral health issues that affect Native
people.
www.samhsa.gov
www.samhsa.gov/prevention
U.S. Department of Education:

ED's Office of Safe and Healthy Students
is committed to serving states and school
communities by providing resources, direct
support, and technical assistance on topics that
affect the well-being, health, and safety of the
nation's young people.
www.ed.gov
Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION I I I -320-

Other Anti -Drug Organizations:

Community Anti -Drug Coalitions of America
www.cadca.org
National Association of State Alcohol
and Drug Abuse Directors
www.nasadad.org
National Crime Prevention Council
www.ncpc.orq
National Families in Action
www.nationalfamilies.org
Elks Drug Awareness Program
www.elks.org/dap
Partnership to End Addiction
www.drugfree.org
DEA Educational Foundation
Youth Dance Program
www.deaeducationalfoundation.org
Drug Abuse Resistance Education
www.dare.com
Law Enforcement Exploring
exploring.learningforlife.org/services/career-
exploring/law-enforcement/
America's Poison Centers
www.poisoncenters.org
Students Against Destructive Decisions
www.sadd.org
Young Marines
www.youngmarines.com
National Prevention Network
www.nasadad.org/npn-4
Mentor Foundation USA
www.mentorfoundation.org
Drug Free America Foundation
www.dfaf.ora
National Family Partnership
www.nf
Lions Club International Foundation
www.lcif.orci/en/our-worWyouthAndex.php
Mark Wahlberg Youth Foundation
www.markwahlbergyouthfoundation.org
NAS PA -Student Affairs Administrators
in Higher Education
www.naspa.org
National Association of Police
Athletic/Activities League
www.national ap l.org
112 Drugs of Abuse I A DEA Resource Guide: 2022 EDITION -321-

Drug Enforcement Administration
Community Outreach and Prevention Support Section
8701 Morrissette Drive
Springfield, VA 22152
202-307-7936
[email protected]
-322-

A DEA RESOURCE FOR PARENTS, EDUCATORS & CAREGIVERS
WWW.GETSMARTABOUTDRUGS.COM

GET THE FACTS ABOUT DRUGS
www.justthinktwice.com
Campus Drug Prevention
macampusdrugprevention.gov
OPERATI "- N

PREVENTI N
www.operationprevention.com

SENATE BILL No. 13
Introduced by Senator Ochoa Bogh
(Coauthor: Senator Grove)
December 5, 2022
An act to add Section 11369 to the Health and Safety Code, relating to controlled substances.

LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST
SB 13, as introduced, Ochoa Bogh. Controlled substances.

Existing law makes it a crime to possess for sale or purchase for purpose of sale, transport, sell, furnish, administer, give away, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, derive, process, or prepare various controlled substances, including, among others, fentanyl, peyote, and various other opiates and narcotics.

This bill would require a person who is convicted of, or who pleads guilty or no contest to, the above crimes to receive a written advisory of the danger of manufacturing or distribution of controlled substances and that, if a person dies as a result of that action, the manufacturer or distributor can be charged with voluntary manslaughter or murder. The bill would require that the fact the advisory was given be on the record and recorded on the abstract of conviction.

Vote: majority. Appropriation: no. Fiscal committee: yes.

State -mandated local program: no.

The people of the State of California do enact as follows:
1 SECTION 1. Section 11369 is added to the Health and Safety 2 Code, to read:
3 11369. (a) This section shall be known, and may be cited, as 4 Alexandra's Law.
99 -324-

SB 13 —2-
1 (b) The court shall advise a person who is convicted of, or who 2 pleads guilty or no contest to, a violation of Section 11351, 11352, 3 or 11379.6 of the following:
4 "You are hereby advised that the illicit manufacture or 5 distribution of controlled substances, either real or counterfeit, 6 inflicts a grave health risk to those who ingest or are exposed to 7 them. It is extremely dangerous to human life to manufacture or 8 distribute real or counterfeit controlled substances. If you do so, 9 and a person dies as a result of that action, you can be charged 10 with voluntary manslaughter or murder."
11 (c) The advisory statement shall be provided to the defendant 12 in writing, either on the plea form or after sentencing, and the fact 13 that the advisory was given shall be on the record and recorded in 14 the abstract of the conviction.

C
99 -325-

Yucaipa City CouncilDecember 12, 2022

Yucaipa City Council
December 12, 2022