Agenda Item No. R
CITY OF YUCA.IPA.
AGENDA REPORT
To� Honorable Mayor and City Council
FROM: Trevor Benson, Emergency Services Coordinator I
FOR: City Council Meeting of March 13, 2023
SUBJECT: Adoption of Resolution 2023-06, the City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
RECOMMENDATION:
That City Council adopt Resolution. No. 2023-06, adopting the City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update, authorizing future non -substantive amendments to the Plan, and rescinding Resolution No. 2016-36.
DISCUSSION:
The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) was enacted on October 10, 2000, establishing new requirements for state and local government agencies to submit a comprehensive Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) to the California Governor's Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) and to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in order to be eligible for hazard mitigation grant funding. The regulation further requires that the LHMP be updated and resubmitted to FEMA for approval every five years in order for an agency to remain eligible for FIRMA hazard mitigation assistance programs.
The current LHMP for the City of Yucaipa was approved by City Council on August 8, 2016 with Resolution No. 2016-36. Consistent with the standards set forth by FEMA, the updated LHMP describes the process for identifying hazards, risks and vulnerabilities; identifying and prioritizing mitigation actions; encouraging the development of local mitigation; and providing technical support for those efforts. The current LHMP expired on September 19, 2020, and requires an update every five years to be eligible for funding related to disaster recovery.
In June of 2019, the City applied for funding from the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Planning Sub -application for the purpose of updating the LHMP. Subsequently, on April 13, 2020, the City was notified by Cal OES that the City's application was successful and that City was awarded the grant, in the amount of $64,782 for the update process.
Since that time, the City staff and the awarded consultant have been working diligently to update the LHMP. According to complex compliance standards set forth by FEMA, the City reviewed and revised the LHMP to reflect changes in development, progress in local mitigation efforts, and changes in priorities. Consistent with the standards set forth by FEMA, the LHMP describes the process for identifying hazards, risks and vulnerabilities; identifies and prioritizes mitigation actions; encourages the development of local mitigation; and provides technical support for those efforts. The updated LHMP represents the City's continued commitment to reduce risks from natural hazards and serves as a guide for decision -makers as they commit resources toward 182
City Council Agenda Report
Adoption of the 2022 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update For the Meeting of March 13, 2023
reducing the effects of potential hazards. The updated LHMP also builds on the objectives established in the Public Safety Element of the City's updated General Plan. On March 1, 2023, the City was notified by FEMA that our LHMP Update was "Approved Pending Adoption" by local government.
It is staff s recommendation that City Council adopt Resolution No. 2023-06, adopting the City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update as approved by FEMA. Formal adoption of the City's Plan is the final step in meeting the requirements of the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, and establishes the City's continued eligibility for FEMA hazard mitigation assistance programs.
FISCAL IMPACT:
There is no direct fiscal impact as a result of adopting the City of Yucaipa LHMP Update.
However, Council adoption of the LHMP is a prerequisite for receiving any hazard mitigation grant funds, pre -disaster mitigation grant funds, disaster response costs and mitigation project reimbursements linked to damages resulting from a federal and/or state disaster declaration, Attachments:
Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2022 (Dated January 2023) Resolution No. 2023-06
FEMA Approved Pending Adoption (APA) letter.
FEMA - City of Yucaipa review tool, showing all requirements met.
Approved by:
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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Preface.............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Purpose of the Plan..........................................................................................................................1
1.3 Scope of the Pian.............................................................................................................................1
1.4 Hazard Mitigation Planning Directive................................................................................................1
1.5 Promulgation Authority.....................................................................................................................2
1.6 Plan Adoption.................................................,................................................................................2
2. PLANNING PROCESS........................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Overview. ............. ............................................... . ................................................................ .......... 3
2.2 Methodology and Timeline................................................................................................................ 3
2.3 Planning Team.................................................................................................................................4
2.3.1 Role of the Planning Team ...................... ................................................... ............................. 4
2.3.2 Members...........................................................................,......................................................4
2.3.3 Planning Team Meetings_ .................................................. ................................................... 5
2.4 Coordination with Other Jurisdictions, Agencies, and Organizations ................................................ 6 2,41 Stakeholder Mitigation -related Planning Resources................................................................ 7
2.5 Public Involvement........................................................................................................................... 7
2.5.1 LHMP Awareness Campaign.................................................................... 8 2,5.2 Hazard Education Campaign................................................................................................... 8
3. COMMUNITY PROFILE.............................................................................................I..... 9
3.1 Overview ................ .................. .................. .................................... .................. ........................ ..._., 9
3.2 Physical Setting................................................................................................................................9
3.3 History............................................................................................................................................11
3.4 Climate...................................................................................................................12
3.5 Demographics .... ......................................................... .......... .............. ....... ........... _................. ......13
3.6 Economy.........................................................................................................................................15
3.7 Land Use.........................................................................................................................................16
3.71 Existing Land Use..................................................................................................................17
3.7.2 Proposed Land Use...............................................................................................................18
3.7.3 Development Trends..............................................................................................................18
3.8 Assets.............................................................................................................................................19
3.8.1 General Assets......................................................................................................................19 3,8.2 Key Assets.............................................................................................................................19
4. CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................... 21
4.1 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 21 4.2 Personnel
Resources..................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.1 City of Yucaipa Workforce..................................................................................................... 29 4.2.1.1
Administrative Services.................................................................................................22
4.2.1.2 Community Development Services...............................................................................23
4.2.1.3 Public Works.................................................................................................................23
4.2.1.4 Engineering_ ............................................................ .................................................... 23 4.2.1.5
Fire Services.................................................................................................................24
4.2.1.6 Police Services............................................................................................................24 City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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4.2.1.7 General Services/City Clerk.......................................................................................... 25 4.2.1.8 Community Services..................................................................................................... 25 4.2.2 Contractors/Vendors ..............................................................................................................25
4.2.3 Volunteers..............................................................................................................................26
4.2.4 Mutual Aid AgreementstPartnerships..................................................................................... 26 43 Mitigation Governance Resources.................................................................................................. 27 4.3.1 Codes, Regulations, Ordinances, and Laws.......................................................................— 27 4.3.2 Plans, Reports, and Studies.................................................................................................. 28 4.3.3 Programs and Policies..........................................................................................................31
4.4 Technical Resources...................................................................................................................... 32 4A.1 Proficiencies and Expertise....................................................................................................32
4.4.2 Technology............................................................................................................................32
4.4.3 Communications....................................................................................................................32
4.5 Financial Resources.......................................................................................................................33
4.5.1 General Fund.........................................................................................................................33
4.5,2 Grants and Bonds..................................................................................................................35
5. HAZARD ASSESSMENT.....................................................................t.................t.......... 37
5.1 Overview ... ................................................................................................................................ 37 5.2 Hazard Identification.......................................................................................................................37
6.3 Hazard Screening Criteria.............................................................................................................. 38 5.4 Hazard Profile.................................................................................................................................39
5.4.1 Tier I...................................................................................................................................... 39 5.4.1.1 Drought......................................................................................................................... 39 5.4.1.2 Earthquake....................................................................................................................41
5.4.1.3 Energy Disruption..........................................................................................................48
5.4.1.4 Flooding.......................................................................................................................49
5.4.1.5 Landslide ........................... ..... ............................ -......................................................... 52 5.4.1.6 Wildfire.......................................................................................................................... 54 5.4.2 Tier II...................................................................................................................................... 58 5.4.2.1 Extreme Temperature................................................................................................... 58 5.4.2.2 Infectious Disease.........................................................................................................62
5.4.2.3 Technology Disruption................................................................................................... 64 5.4.2.4 Windstorm....................................................................-...............................................66
54.3 Tier III..................................................................................................................................... 70 5.4.3.1 Civil Disturbance........................................................................................................... 70 5.4.3.2 Dam Failure.............................................................................................................71
5.4.3.3 Terrorism.......................................................................................................................72
6. RISK ASSESSMENT......................................................................................................... 74 6.1 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 74 6.2 Tier I...............................................................................................................................................75
6.2.1 Drought....,... .......................................................... ............................................................. - 75 6.2.2 Earthquake............................................................................................................................75
6.2.3 Energy Dlsruption............................... --.............................................................................. 78 6.14 Flooding ....................... ............ ............................................................................................ -79
6.2.5 Landslide............................................................................................................................... 79 City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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6.2.6 Wildfire...................................................................................................................................80
6.3 Tier
II.............................................................................................................................................. 80 6.3.1
Extreme Temperature............................................................................................................80
6.3,2
Infectious Disease..................................................................................................................80
6.3.3 Technology Disruption...........................................................................................................80
6.3.4 Windstorm..........................................................................................................................,.,..81
6.4 Tier
IIl.............................................................................................................................................81
6.4.1 Civil Disturbance....................................................................................................................81
6.4.2 dam Failure...........................................................................................................................81
6.4.3 Terrorism............................................................................................................................... 82 7. MITIGATION STRATEGY ..............................................................................................83
7.1 Overview.............................................................................. .............. ............................... 83
7.2 Mitigation Goals and Objectives..................................................................................................... 83
7.3 Progress Implementing Mitigation Measures..................................................................................84
7.4 Proposed Mitigation Measures...................................................................................................... A6
7.5 Mitigation Measure Prioritization Methodology............................................................................... 89
7.6 Mitigation Measure Implementation Plan........................................................................................ 89
8. PLAN MAINTENANCE.................................................................................................... 94
8.1 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 94
8.2 Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the Plan................................................................................94
8.3 Integration with Other Planning Efforts...........................................................................................94
8.4 Continued Stakeholder and Public Involvement.............................................................................95
8.5 Point of Contact. ............ ................. ....................... ......... ............................................................ 95 APPENDIX A ADOPTION RESOLUTION..................................................................... 96 APPENDIX B PLANNING TEAM ATTENDANCE MATRIX ...................................... 97
APPENDIX C PUBLIC OUTREACH MEETING ANNOUNCEMENTS AND
PRESENTATIONS.................................................................................................................1. 98 APPENDIX D CITY OF YUCAIPA KEY ASSETS......................................................... 99 APPENDIX E HISTORICAL CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKES................................102.
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Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PREFACE
Impacts from hazards can cause deaths; leave people injured or displaced; cause significant damage to homes, buildings, businesses, public infrastructure, and the environment; and cost tremendous amounts in terms of response and recovery dollars and economic loss. While some hazards cannot be prevented from happening, their impacts can be reduced or eliminated through well -organized, strategic mitigation efforts.
After disasters, repairs and reconstruction are often completed in such a way as to simply restore to pre -disaster conditions. Such efforts expedite a return to normalcy; however, the replication of pre -disaster conditions can result in a cycle of damage, reconstruction, and repeated damage. The goal of mitigation, defined as actions (measures) taken to reduce and/or eliminate losses of life and property, is to break that cycle by reducing the community's vulnerability to hazards.
The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan's (LHMP) process includes an assessment of hazards in the community, an evaluation of current mitigation capabilities, an assessment of risk, and the identification of possible mitigation measures that support revised (or validated) mitigation goals and objectives. Mitigation goals and objectives should reflect changing conditions, priorities, and needs. Implementing strong mitigation measures can also bring greater public awareness to hazards further supporting a more efficient and effective response and recovery.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PLAN
The purpose of a LHMP is to provide a strategic road map to assist the City of Yucaipa to become more resilient to hazards.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PLAN
The scope of this plan is to: 1) assess relevant existing conditions and capabilities within the City; 2) identify potential hazards and their impacts within the City; and 3) propose mitigation measures to address the impacts to the high -priority hazards within the City. In support of the above scope, this update will: evaluate mitigation progress since the approved and adopted LHMP: implement and document a comprehensive planning process: present actions to maintain and integrate the LHMP with other plans: and, establish methods to continuously inform and educate the public on hazards and potential actions that can be taken to reduce and/or eliminate impacts.
1.4 HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING DIRECTIVE
Robert T, Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act), Public Law (PL)100-707, signed into law November 23,1988; amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93-288. This Act constitutes the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities especially as they pertain to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and FEMA programs.
Section 322 of the Stafford Act (42 U.S.C. 5165), enacted under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000), P.L.106-390, outlines the mitigation plan requirement. The section requires that local governments, as a condition of receiving federal disaster mitigation funds, have a mitigation plan that describes the process for identifying hazards, assessing risk, and identifying mitigation measures/actions.
Further details about requirements for mitigation plans are found in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at Title 44, Chapter 1, Part 201 and the associated Interim Final Rule changes. The CFR and associated rule changes establishes planning and funding criteria for states and local communities. As per requirements, a local mitigation plans must be prepared, reviewed, updated, and approved by FEMA every five (5) years to remain eligible. After FEMA approval, the mitigation plan must be adopted by the local jurisdiction.
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Introduction
In support of the mitigation plan requirement, FEMA has developed guidance, including a Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide. The guidance provides insight into the federal and state governments review process and provides information on how FEMA interprets the various requirements of the regulation and offers a Regulatory Checklist (aka Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool}. The Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool demonstrates how the Local Mitigation Plan meets the regulation in 44 CFR §201.6 and offers States and FEMA Mitigation Planners an opportunity to provide feedback to the community.
1.5 PROMULGATION AUTHORITY
The Promulgation Authority for the City of Yucaipa is the City Council. Members of the City Council for the City of Yucaipa include:
Mayor
Justin Heaver
Mayor Pro Tern
Bobby Duncan
Council Member
Matt Garner
Council Member
Jon Thorp
Council Member
Chris Venable
1.6 PLAN ADOPTION
After receiving the "Approval Pending Adoption" letter from FEMA, the City of Yucaipa City Council adopted the LHMP on XXX. A Resolution of the City Council of the City of Yucaipa, California, adopting the LHMP is located in Appendix A.
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Planning Process
2. PLANNING PROCESS
2.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to capture the methodology (planning process) used by the City of Yucaipa to update the LHMP. The planning process emphasized involving the "whole communit} 'in the planning process. The whole community concept promotes the inclusion of not only emergency managers but other District department representatives, as well as, outside partners (e.g., surrounding countieslcities, special districts, lifelines companies) to participate in the LHMP effort. The methodology also includes outreach to the general public to bring awareness to community hazards and the planning effort. Soliciting and considering input from diverse interests is essential to building a comprehensive plan and gaining community -wide support for the plan.
2.2 METHODOLOGY AND TIMELINE
To complete the update of LHMP, the City of Yucaipa incorporated a three (3) phase planning process:1) Prepare; 2) Develop; and, 3) Finalize (Figure 2.1). Phase 2- Develop, has three (3) sub -phases that establish the current conditions, determine the risk and vulnerabilities, and identifies strategies and projects. In addition to the phases, Figure 2.1 also depicts the timeline to complete the project. This methodology is in alignment with the FEMA guidance, however, sequence and naming of phases were adjusted to better suit needs, Figure 2.1• Planning Methodology
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2 months I i-2 months 11 1.2 months I 2-3 months I 2-3 months I Out of scope Underthe Prepare phase general project tasks were completed. This included conducting an Administrative Kickoff meeting with the consultant, validation of the Planning Team, an identification of the Public Outreach effort, and a Kickoff meeting with the Planning Team.
As mentioned, the Develop phase had three (3) sub -phases. During the Existing Conditions sub -phase, the Planning Team confirmed current City mitigation capabilities, including identification of departments supporting mitigation, current governance guiding mitigation efforts, identification of fiscal resource availability to possibly support mitigation, discussion of key assets, and identification and description of local hazards within the City.
Under the Risk Assessment sub -phase, the Planning Team reviewed exposure and impacts of hazards within the City; and prioritized hazards. The final sub -phase, Mitigation Strategies, had the Planning Team discuss previous City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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mitigation efforts, identify and prioritize new mitigation projects, and develop an implementation plan for each project.
Throughout the Develop Phase, plans and other documents, both internal and external, were also analyzed and leveraged to ensure decisions were based on the best available information and that proposed actions were compatible with other efforts. And conversely, efforts were made to encourage results from the LHMP planning process were considered and incorporated into other planning efforts.
The last phase of the planning process methodology was Finalize. During this phase the Planning Team reviewed and provided additional comments on the complete LHMP before being forwarded to the California Governor's Office of Emergency Services (Cal DES) and FEMA. This phase also included addressing both Cal OES and FEMA comments and working with the City Council to adopt the LHMP.
During the planning process, draft LHMP sections (i.e,, Capabilities, Hazards, Risk, Mitigation Strategies) were disseminated for review and comment as the Planning Team moved through each phase and sub -phase. This helped the Planning Teams focus their review on the subject matter at hand and enforced the relationship between the phases, At the end of the planning process, another review cycle was provided, this time with all draft sections under one cover.
2.3 PLANNING TEAM
Building on the whole community concept, a Planning Team was established to assist the City update the LHMP.
The Planning Team was led by representatives from the City of Yucaipa's Emergency Manager Coordinator. The Emergency Manager Coordinator took on the responsibilities of Project Manager; and coordinated Planning Team activates. Additionally, the City hired a consultant (APetrow Consulting) to provide technical support through the process and preparation of the final LHMP. The consultant was responsible forfacilitating Planning Team meetings and updating the LHMP sections. Together, the Emergency Manager Coordinator and the consultant made up the "Core" Planning Team.
2.3. 1 Role of the Planning Team
A Planning Team was established to review, guide, provide insighttmaterial, and reach consensus on the LHMP.
The primary goal of the Planning Team is to help define and identify the strategies within the LHMP; and provide and review material. For the update, the Planning Team identified new or emerging hazards, validated key assets, reviewed vulnerabilities to hazards, and identified new mitigation actions.
2.3.2 Members
The City took several efforts to engage and include as many Planning Team members as possible. The Core Planning Team used a phased approach to contact Planning Team members. This included conducting initial one- on-one phone calls to introduce the project and confirm the best point person (representative) for their organization.
Next the City sent out emails inviting the representatives to become part of the Planning Team. This was then followed up with meeting invites to attend each of the Planning Team meetings. The City also reached back out to any Planning Team member who failed to respond and/or failed to attend Planning Team meetings, Keeping the Planning Team to a manageable number of members while ensuring the entire community is well represented is a challenge. To help with this, Planning Team members acted as liaisons to the greater community, exchanging thoughts on the LHMP with other groups in the community. Each Planning Team member was then responsible for bringing in these outside perspectives to the Panning Team. Planning Team members were selected based on current emergency management responsibilities and familiarity with prior mitigation planning and programs. An email invite was sent out to each Planning Team member and a series of follow-up telephone calls were conducted to discuss to project and confirm participation. The following are Planning Team members:
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Table 2.1• Planning Team Members
Name
Trevor Benson
AgencylDepartment
City of Yucaipa
Title
Emergency Services Coordinator)
Jennifer Crawford
City of Yucaipa
Assistant City Manager
Fermin Preciado
City of Yucaipa
Dir of Development Services/City Engineer
Landon Kern
City of Yucaipa
Assistant City Engineer
Ben Matlock
City of Yucaipa
Planning Manager
Grant Mal inowski
City of Yucaipa
Yucaipa Fire Chief
Paul Jacome
City of Yucaipa
Yucaipa Police Sergeant
Can Whitten
City of Yucaipa
Yucaipa Police Sergeant
Shane Massoud
City of Yucaipa
Public Information Officer
Lucia Hudec
Yucaipa-Calimesa Joint Unified School District
Director, Special Projects
Tim RyanYucaipa-Calimesa
Joint Unified School District
Safety
Eric VreemanYucaipa-Calimesa
Joint Unified School District
Assistant Superintendent
Matt Porras
Yucaipa Valley Water District
Implementation Manager
Jennifer Ares
Yucaipa Valley Water District
Nater Resource Manager
John Wrobel
Yucaipa Valley Water District
ublic Works Manager
Esther Martinez
City of Redlands, Fire Department
Emergency Manager
aiza Benson
City of Calimesa
Deputy City Cleric
Michael Munoz
San Bernardino County, OES
Assistant Emergency Services Manager
Adam Eventov
Southern California Gas Company
Public Affairs Manager
Aileen Flores ISouthern
California Edison
Government Relations Manager
ndrew Petrov
Petrow Consulting lHazard
Mitigation Consultant
2.3.3 Planning Team Meetings
Below is a list of the Planning Team meetings and a brief overview of the meeting agenda items. For each Planning Team meeting, a PowerPoint presentation was developed to help facilitate the discussion. Below is a list of the Planning Team meetings (Table 2.2); Planning Team member attendance at each meeting can be found in Appendix B.
Table 2.2- Planning Team Meetings
b.
..
Feb 9, 2021
Planning Team kickoff meeting. Discussed logisticstschedule, planning process, and role of the Planning Team.
Apr 13, 2021
Discussed initial review of current LHMP and Existing Conditions information. Focused on requirements, areas of the plan that need updates and/or possible reorganization. Also discussed/reviewed: 1) hazards in the community; 2) key assets; and, 3) development trends over the last 5 years.
May 19, 2021
Recap of last meeting, review of updated and needed information. Also walked through an exercise to prioritize community hazards.
Sep 14, 2021
Recap of last meeting, review of updated and needed information, provided status update, and next steps. Initial discussion on Risk Assessment.
Mar 1, 2022
Recap of last meeting, review of updated and needed information, provided status update, and reviewed Risk Assessment. Initial discussion on Mitigation Strategies, City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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May 10, 2022
Recap of last meeting, review of updated and needed information, provided status update, and reviewed Mitigation Strategies.
May 19, 2022
Review of the administrative draft of the LFIMP with the planning team, emphasis on areas needing some information
une 9, 2022
Review of Mitigation Measures with select planning team members Aug 30, 2022
Draft Plan- Review of draft LHMP; including Public Comments Nov 2022-Jan 2023
Draft Plan- Review of Cal OES/FEMA Comments on draft LHMP
2.4 COORDINATION WITH OTHER JURISDICTIONS, AGENCIES, AND ORGANIZATIONS The City of Yucaipa has a long-standing practice to involve community stakeholders in the development of all plans, projects, and programs that will affect the community at large. Since incorporation, the City realized the need for cohesive and consistent goals and thus founded a stakeholder group referred to as "Joint Issues Group". The Joint Issues Group meets monthly to provide progress reports and discuss issues that could affect the community at large. Solutions to the issues are incorporated across all plans, including the LHMP.
In addition to the Joint Issues Group members, there are other community partners (agencies, organizations, businesses and non -governmental entities) that are concerned with hazards. Planning Team members contact representatives of these various entities to solicit input relative to natural and man-made hazards to ensure compatibility across plans and/or determine how to incorporate mutual actions into the City's mitigation program.
While the City of Yucaipa does contact and arrange meetings with these entities as needed, a large portion of the coordination is done through efforts by San Bernadino County OES. San Bernadine County OES holds regular regional coordination meetings to discuss emergency management issues, challenges, and potential actions. The following is a list of some of the community partners the City of Yucaipa coordinates with; • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
• California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES)
* California Department of Transportation (Cal Trans)
• California Highway Patrol (CHP)
• State Clearinghouse
Ca Dept of Toxic and Substances Control
• Ca Dept of Fish and Game
• Regional Water Quality Control Board
• Southern California Association of Governments (SLAG) • San Bernardino Associated Governments (SanBAG)
• National Weather Service (NWS)
• US Army Corps of Engineers (ACE)
• USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service
• San Bernardino County (OES, Public Works, Public Health, Animal Control) • Inland Empire Resource Conservation district (IERCD)
• San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District
Yucaipa Valley Water District
• Yucaipa-Calimesa Joint Unified School District
Yucaipa Valley Chamber of Commerce
• Building Industry Association of Southern California
• Public and Private Business Sectors
Local Churches
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Local Mobile Home Park Owner, Manager and Residents
• Local Non -Profit Agencies (American Red Cross, United Way) • Local Utility Companies
• Local Waste Hauler
• Medical Sector (local clinics)
• San Bernardino Community College District — Crafton Hills Z4.9 Stakeholder Mitigation -related Planning Resources To ensure consistency within the region, the City of Yucaipa Planning Team reviewed and/or was made aware of other HMPs from the State of California and surrounding jurisdictions. These stakeholder plans contained an array of information on various topics that helped augment information within the updated LHMP. These plans provided additional insight into all sections within the City's LHMP (i.e., Community Profile, Hazard Profile, Capabilities Assessment, Risk Assessment, Mitigation Strategy, and Plan Maintenance). This list included'. • State of California Hazard Mitigation Plan
• County Multi -Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plans
o San Bernardino, Riverside
• City LHMPs
o Redlands, Calimesa
• Special District LHMP
o Yucaipa Valley Water District,
• Southern California Edison Wildfire Mitigation Plan
While not technically considered a mitigation plan, the Planning Team also reviewed available Emergency Operations Plans (EOPs) and the General Plan Safety Elements from the jurisdictions above. The value of reviewing EOPs is to understand how the City of Yucaipa and other communities within the region will respond to events and the type of equipment and facilities they will be reliant upon. Gaining this perspective, the Planning Team was able to incorporate these considerations into its LHMP. Although there is a concerted effort to incorporate LHMP information into the General Plan Safety Elements, that is not always the case. A review of the Safety Elements can provide additional insight into hazards within the community and present a closer tie to community -wide goals and objectives.
The Planning Team also reviewed and/or was made aware of other hazard -specific resources, This included a variety of resources. Some of the more relevant resources were drought contingency plans. These contingency plans helped to guide California through years of serious previous drought occurrences. The following are examples of some of the more recent drought plans;
• California's Drought of 2007-2009, An Overview, November 2010 • 2010 California Drought Contingency Plan
• California's Drought, An Update, 2008
• California's Drought, Water Conditions & Strategies to Reduce Impacts (March 2009) • 2007-2009 Drought Timeline
• California Drought (2001) (San Bernardino County)
• Critical Water Shortage Contingency Plan, Governors Advisory Drought Planning Panel
2.5 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
For the purposes of the LHMP, the public is defined as any person within the jurisdiction or adjacent areas, not part of the Planning Team nor acting in an official capacity of a recognized form (or level) of government, agency, City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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or company. There were two (2) different campaigns used to involve the public with mitigation: one informing the public of the efforts to update to the LHMP; and the other, educating the public of hazards and possible mitigation actions. Because of challenges with COVID-19, some usual City campaign activities were altered or canceled. It is the intent to resume more public outreach activities once deemed appropriate and safe again. Below is a summary of the campaigns:
2.5.1 LHMP Awareness Campaign
The options to solicit input from public on the LHMP was limited to virtual video public meetings due to COVID-19 pandemic. The City provided notices of the meetings through the City's website ( www.yucaipa.org) , other city social media accounts (i.e., Facebook, Unkedln, Instagram, Twitter), and through leveraging community partner public outreach efforts (i,e., chamber of commerce). Copies of the City's public meeting announcements and the public presentations can be found in Appendix C. There were two (2) meetings held with the public, one at the beginning of the process and one at the end of the Planning Team review process. The first meeting (June 23, 2021) was to bring awareness of the effort and to solicit input on items the public would like to see addressed in the LHMP. The second meeting (August 23, 2022) was to present the Planning Team's draft LHMP and solicit feedback on any deficiencies or omissions. The feedback from both public meetings was limited, most involving clarification between mitigation and response/recovery activities. Many of the comments validated the work done by the Planning Team (i.e., list of hazards, impacts from hazards, and mitigation strategies). The public comments were discussed with the Planning Team. The public will also have another opportunity to comment on the LHMP. Prior to City Council adoption of the final Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, the item was placed on the agenda for a public hearing and posted for public review on the City's website. Any significant public comments will be captured and considered during the next update.
2.5.2 Hazard Education Campaign
Over the past several years, the City of Yucaipa undertook several initiatives to inform the public of hazards in the community and discussed possible mitigation actions. The City conducts targeted community -based stakeholder and public meetings and staffs the public information booths during the annual community events.
One of the targeted community -based meetings revolved around mobile homes. City staff work closely with the 42 mobile home parks that contain approximately 4,300 lots/spaces. City staff regularly receives input from the mobile home community on various issues related to mitigation strategies and emergency preparedness planning. In support of these efforts and to inform other efforts, the City has also used surveys in the past to determine the level of knowledge local citizens already have about potential disasters and assess areas of vulnerability to various types of disasters,
During the annual community events (Yucaipa Music & Arts Festival, Autumnfest, Winterfest, Summer Concerts in the Park, Emergency Preparedness Expo), City staff provides literature and handouts pertaining to hazards, proposed mitigation strategies, and emergency preparedness. These events provide a one-on-one opportunity to better understand citizens' concerns and preparedness levels.
The City of Yucaipa also offers ongoing Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training, as well as a yearly CERT refresher courses. CERT helps the City educate citizens about community hazards and trains citizens to be self-sufficient following a major disaster, while staffing information booths provides City staff with the opportunity to hand out pamphlets and information pertaining to mitigation strategies and emergency and disaster preparedness.
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3. COMMUNITY PROFILE
3.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to present an overview of the City of Yucaipa, providing the Planning Team with a common understanding of the existing conditions and perspective on select aspects within the community. Gaining a common understanding of the existing conditions provides the basis on which the Planning Team can assess the impacts of hazards, as well as, identify needed mitigation actions.
3.2 PHYSICAL SETTING
The City of Yucaipa is located 75 miles east of Los Angeles in the eastern portion of San Bernardino County, between the cities of Redlands and Calimesa/Riverside County (Figure 3.1). The city encompasses approximately 18,000 acres (28 square miles) and is accessible by Interstate 10 in the south and California State Highway 38 to the north (Figure 12), The City of Yucaipa has adopted a sphere of influence (SOI) adjacent to its northern borders. a city's S01 addresses unincorporated lands adjacent to city boundaries that are defined by the county local agency formation commission (LAFCC) as areas likely to be served or annexed by the city in the future, Cities do not have regulatory control over these lands, but they do have the authority to designate their preference for land use planning in the county areas if the properties are annexed to the city sometime in the future. the City of Yucaipa's S01 includes about 1,600 acres of predominantly vacant hillsides adjacent to the City's northwest boundary.
Figure 3.1• Regional Setting Map
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Figure 3.2- City Boundary Map
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The Yucaipa Valley is located within the Upper Santa Ana River Valley in the extreme eastern portion of the San Bernardino Valley. "Yukaipa't," the Indian name from which Yucaipa was derived, means "a village around a marshy area". The City is bounded on the northwest by the Grafton Hills and on the north and east by mountainous terrain, at the foot of the San Bernardino Mountains (Figure 3.3), The topography of the City begins at an approximate elevation of 2,000 feet at the west end, adjacent to the point at which the 10 freeway enters Yucaipa from the west. Elevations increase in the northeast and eastern portions of the City to approximately 4,000* feet, which represents an elevation change of 2,000 feet. Within the potential SOI, elevations may range as high as 5,000 feet. The heart of the City's elevation is between 2,000 and 3,000 feet. Much of the area on the northwest portion of the City above 2,400 feet has been designated by the City as an open space preserve.
Figure 3.3- City Geographic Features Map
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Wilson Creek bisects the City along a northeast to southwesterly direction. Another major creek bisects the City from east to west in the southern part of the City and is known as Wildwood Creek, Through erosion, each of these major tributaries have created definite elevation changes adjacent to these creeks and are sometimes referred to as "benches". The Yucaipa watershed encompasses approximately 40 square miles and is generally defined as the area that drains Wilson Creek and Wildwood Creek to Live Oak Canyon. The topography of the area is one of steep hills and broad, steeply sloping valleys. Elevations range from about 8,700 feet in the upper reaches of the watershed to about 1,900 feet at the lower end of the watershed.
Another scenic aspect of the area is its vegetation, specifically the concentration of oak woodlands along Wildwood Canyon. The grasslands, coastal sage scrub and other areas of vegetation within the northern portion of the City add to its scenic character. The introduced vegetation, which includes many mature trees, within the developed portion of the City is another of the City's important scenic resources. Other distinctive areas of introduced vegetation include Yucaipa Valley Golf Course along the foothills of the Crafton Hills, the Yucaipa Regional Park, and the local parks within the City.
3.3 HISTORY
The community that became Yucaipa grew out of the natural landscape. Rivers flowing southwest from the San Bernardino mountains deposited minerals downstream over thousands of years, creating a fertile environment for inhabitants of the valley. The Yuhaviatam, referred to as Serrano Indians by later explorers, were the first inhabitants of the Yucaipa Valley, Later missionaries, homesteaders, and pioneers would be drawn by the grassy plains, creeks, shaded canyons, and rich grassy lands of the Yucaipa Valley.
Fed by downstream wash from the mountains, Yucaipa's fertile valley and climate were well suited for agriculture, its first industry, During the 1800s, the Yucaipa Valley was used as grazing land for a satellite property of San Gabriel Mission's Rancho San Bernardino. For the next 100 years, the Yucaipa Valley became known for its agriculture and ranching enterprises. Yucaipa lands were transferred from the missions to Antonio Maria Lugo in 1842, and later to Diego Sepulveda. Vestiges of this ranching history are still visible around the area.
Shortly following California statehood in 1850, settlers began to migrate to the Yucaipa Valley. John Dunlap settled on the Sepulveda Ranch, which became known as "Dunlap Acres." In 1869, Dunlap expanded agricultural operations to include grain. The Dunlaps also built Casa Blanca in 1882 and the first school on Cherrycroft Drive, now restored under private ownership. Ranches were also established in Wildwood Canyon, the North Bench area, and Live Oak Canyon. The only other early industry in the Yucaipa Valley to generate as much excitement was gold mining, which had a short-lived success due to mining in the Grafton Hills.
The early 1900s saw changes in Yucaipa Valley's agriculture, from large-scale ranching to apple orchards. From 1900 to 1910, the Redlands -Yucaipa Land Company bought 11,000 acres in Yucaipa, and soon thereafter, developers began to sell ranches to make way for a burgeoning apple industry. For several decades, apple production became a staple for the local economy, and the goal was to create the "apple kingdom" of the Southwest. As people migrated to Yucaipa in search of wealth, a town center began to form at the corner of Yucaipa Boulevard and California Street,
The 1940s marked another significant turning point in Yucaipa. Yucaipans were actively involved in the worldwide war effort. From sending soldiers abroad to running top-secret projects, Yucaipa residents lent their time and experience to the war effort. During this time, Yucaipa became known as "The Egg Basket of Southern California" for its poultry operations. Peach production replaced the apple industry, which gradually moved to Oak Glen. A landing strip was also established in the area known now as Chapman Heights, and a volunteer fire department was established.
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By the 1950s, Yucaipans had survived the Depression and the war, and now settled down to focus on family and community. The 1950s and 1950s were boom years, with ranches giving way to housing for residents. Yucaipa saw arrival of a hospital and sheriffs station. The first mobile -home park was built in 1947, and many other parks followed. In 1963, the Yucaipa Joint Unified School District was established after more than a decade of discussions. Devastating floods during the 1960s also led to drainage infrastructure projects to guard against future flooding.
Yucaipa's recent history is denoted by its transition to cityhood. The 1970s brought Crafton Hills College, one of only 113 in California. The 1980s and 1990s saw the redevelopment of citrus groves into the Chapman Heights planned development. During the 1980s, the Yucaipa Valley Water District opened a modern wastewater treatment plant and built water systems to serve the community. This period also brought the County Regional Park. After many attempts at cityhood, Yucaipa voters passed Measure K and became an incorporated city on November 27, 1989,
Since incorporation, the City of Yucaipa has continued to preserve the community's character and maintain a careful balance between the needs of business, residents, and the environment. The City adopted a new plan for the freeway corridor that will support Yucaipa's local economy. Civic leaders, residents, and stakeholders have preserved Crafton Hills and Wildwood Canyon State Park. Capital improvements have improved water, sanitation, roads, and other infrastructure. Revitalization efforts have also strengthened the Uptown as a central gathering place for the community.
3.4 CLIMATE
Temperatures in the San Bernardino Valley range from an average high of 80°F and an average low of 53°F. The record high for the area is 1171F and the record low is 17°F. The annual average rainfall for the area is 15.6 inches.
The climate is characterized by hot dry summers when temperatures can rise above 100°F, and moderate winters, with rare freezing temperatures. A major portion of the precipitation occurs between December and March. Snow in the upper reaches of the area is possible but is not considered an important contributing factor to runoff.
Within the City of Yucaipa, the hottest month is August (79°F average), the coldest month is December (52°F average), the wettest month is February (1.30" average) and the windiest month is July (6 mph average). The figure below (Figure 3.4) presents the annual weather temperature and precipitation averages for Norton Air Force Base located 12 miles near Yucaipa,
Figure 3.4- Norton Air Force Base Annual Weather Averages Jan
Feb
M1 r
Apr
Llay
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Od
62 63
60 57
53 53
d7
:la
aq
��
0,65
1.3 o a5
02 0.05
001
0.07 City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
12 Nov Deg
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a 12 0.44
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Community Profile
3.5 DEMOGRAPHICS
The City of Yucaipa Housing Element (2014-2021) provides detailed information and a breakdown of the demographics within the City of Yucaipa. The following are excerpts from the Housing Element that are significant to the City's mitigation efforts.
The City of Yucaipa is the 16�h most populous city in San Bernardino County, with a population of 51,376 as of the 2010 Census. In recent decades, San Bernardino County has been one of the fastest growing counties in the region, Between 1990 and 2000, the City's population increased 25% as new single-family housing tracts, like Chapman Heights and other developments, were built. This rate of growth continued in the early 2000s, fueled by a regional housing construction boom that peaked in 2006. Yucaipa is projected to grow in population by 9% between 2010 and 2020, At buildout of the community is anticipated to be about 75,000 residents.
As depicted in Figure 3.5, Yucaipa has an older population than San Bernardino County as a whole, with a higher percentage of middle age and senior adults.
Figure 3.5- Age Characteristics in Yucaipa versus Sari Bernardino County 100%
20%
o%
Sim aerrivono
(01AIV
Sernar Add115165 and Oder)
0 Vdd* Age, 145.64 yoars'�
* Family Fnmming (25-")
i Young Aduli(1 a-24)
Ch6dren (0-17 years;r
Table 3.1 show changes in the age of Yucaipa residents from 2000 to 2010 according to the US Census. Over the past decade, the largest increase in Yucaipa residents was among middle- aged adults, ages 45-64 years, who are presumably attracted to Yucaipa's single-family detached housing with large homes and yards. Seniors did not increase much in number, and actually declined as a share of residents. However, seniors still comprise a much larger share of Yucaipa's population than seniors living in San Bernardino County as a whole, Table 3.1- Age Characteristics in Yucaipa (2000.2010)
Age
0-17years
.•
Residents
11,762
2000
29%
m
.•
13,444
.
26%
18-24 year's
3,134
8%
4,489
10%
25-44years
11,213
27%
12,536
24%
45-64 years
8,723
21%
14,064
27%
65+ years
6,375
15%
6,834
13%
Total
41,207
51,376
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For decades, the southern California region has become more diverse. As depicted in Figure 3.6, countywide, Hispanics are the largest group, with 49% the total population, followed by Whites at 33%., African Americans at 9%, and Asians at 7%. These demographic trends are evident to a lesser degree in Yucaipa. In Yucaipa, Whites have declined from 77% in 2000 to 66% by 2010, while Hispanics have increased in share to 27%. There has also been a marked increase in Asian/Pacific Islander residents.
Figure 3,6- Age Characteristics in Yucaipa versus San Bernardino County I oa%
30%
60%
40%
20%
EN
Yucaipa San Bernardino
County
Other
■ man
EUdir- c
. Hispanic
. White
Understanding the household make-up is an important consideration in helping to understand the potential needs after emergency events. Figure 3.7 compares the household composition of San Bernardino County and Yucaipa residents.
Figure 3.7- Age Characteristics in Yucaipa versus San Bernardino County ao�
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Table 3.2 depicts show changes in the household types for Yucaipa residents, In 2010, married family households with children comprised 25% of Yucaipa's households, lower than in San Bernardino County. Yucaipa also has a larger share of seniors. As a result, Yucaipa has a smaller average household size (2.8 versus 3.3) than San Bernardino County.
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Table 3.2• Household Types
Household Type
Family Households
000
Number of
Households
Percent of
•Households
2010
Number of Percent of
Total
Married with Children
3,924
26%
4,469 25%
Married No Children
4,300
28%
5,373 29%
Ail Other Families
2,455
16%
3,257 18%
Nonfamily Households
Sin le Persons
3.838
25%
4198 23%
Unrelated Persons
676
4 %
934 5 %
Total Households
15,193
18,231
very a household size
2.7 2,8
The City of Yucaipa Housing Element (2014-2020) also identifies several special housing needs populations within the city. In emergency management this is important information as they are in many cases, they may also be considered vulnerable populations. These populations include:
Senior Citizens- some of the more pressing senior issues include disabilities, limited income, overpayment • People with Disabilities- disabilities include sensory, physical, mental, self -care • Homeless People- includes both individuals and families
3.6 ECONOMY
The following are excerpts on the economy from the City of Yucaipa Housing Element (2014.2021) that are significant to the City's mitigation efforts.
In 2010, approximately 25,156 Yucaipa residents older than 16 years were in the labor force (Census, 2010).
Yucaipa's labor force participation rate (63%) is identical to that of San Bernardino County. This is an interesting fact given that seniors make up a higher share of the residents in Yucaipa than the county. This is likely due to lower unemployment figures--8.9% for Yucaipa versus 11.1% in the County (EDD 2012).
As shown in Table 3.3, Yucaipa residents work in three (3) key business sectors:1) health and education; 2) retail, services and entertainment; and 3) goods production, These sectors account for 62% of jobs held by Yucaipa residents while 74% of all jobs in Yucaipa are in these sectors. However, it is important to note that employers in Yucaipa's job base offer only one third of all jobs needed to support Yucaipa residents, meaning that many residents must commute to surrounding communities.
Table 3.3- Employment in Yucaipa (2010)
Economic.
Health and Education
Jobs Hold.Jobs
Outside
5,104
29%
Hold by
1,767 30%
Retail, Services, Entertainment
3,497
20%
1,784
30%
Dods Production
2,302
13%
826,113
14%
Public Administration
1,636
9%
333
2%
Knowled a -based Industries
1,628
9%
278
6%
Utilities and Distribution
1,490
9%
926
5%
All Other Sectors
3,450
5,914
16%
Total
17471+20%
100%
100%
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In 2010, the City's median household income was approximately $57,000, or approximately 109% of the $52,000 in the county. This is a significant increase in the past decade, the median income in Yucaipa was $39,000 or only 93% of the median county household income in 2000. It also reflects the type of housing growth during that period, Table 3.4 details the income distribution of households in Yucaipa.
Table 3.4• Household Income in Yucaipa (2010)
Income category
Extremely Low Income
N umber of
Households.,
2,214
Percentage .
13%
Very low Income
1,833
11%
Other Low Income
2,751
16%
Moderate Income
2,820
16%
Above Average Income
7,572
44%
7otall
17,1901
100%
In the City of Yucaipa, 74°% (13,503) of households own a home and 26% (4,728) rent a home (Census, 2010). In the county, the homeownership rate is lower, 63% of the units are owner occupied and 37% are renter occupied.
3.7 LAND USE
Land Use in the City of Yucaipa is guided by the General Plan, Zoning Laws, and Municipal Building Codes.
Yucaipa has a variety of residential and commercial districts, each with a distinct purpose and identity. Residential neighborhoods or larger planning areas range from the rustic North Bench and Wildwood Canyon areas to the established Central Core (including Uptown) and Chapman heights, to the lower density Dunlap Acres. Dunlap Industrial and Uptown each have different types of businesses that cater to different consumers. Looking forward, the Freeway Corridor and College Village will also have distinct districts. This element supports opportunities to create a cohesive and attractive image for each district and neighborhood, Yucaipa's Land Use Plan includes three (3) related parts: 1) description of allowed land uses; 2) overlay districts; and 3) the location of allowed land use. Table 3.5 provides a summary of the permitted Land Uses and the maximum density.
Table 3.5- City of Yucaipa Permitted Land Uses
Land Use
Residential
Maximum Density j
Rural Living RL
1 dwelling unit) rosy acre
Single Residential(IRS)
6.1 dwelling unit) toss acre
Multiple Residential RM
8,7 dwelling unit) rosy acre
Multiple Residential RM-24
20 24 dwelling units! rosy acre
Commercial
Neighborhood Commercial CN
0.50 Floor to Area Ratio
General Commercial CG
1.0 Floor to Area Ratio
Service Commercial CS
1,2 Floor to Area Ratio
Commercial Industrial IC
1.0 Floor to Area Ratio
Other Land Uses
Institutional IN
0.8 Floor to Area Ratio
Floodwa FW
None
Parks P
0.25 Floor to Area Ratio
Open Space OS and 08-PD
None
Planned Development PD
Various
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3.7.1 Existing Land Use
The San Bernardino County Assessor contains parcel information with Land Type and Use for the City of Yucaipa.
The following Table (Table 3.6) provides a breakdown of the Land Type for the City of Yucaipa in the San Bernardino County Assessor information.
Table 3.6- Land Use Type by Acreage - City of Yucaipa
Land Type]Use
Administrative)Professional
Acreage
P
Agricultural
1,989.24
Commercial
1.024,11
Industrial
129.56
Public Facilities
1,477.42
Residential
11,681.74
Multiple Zoning
27.22 Restricted
19.23 TOTAL
16 353.95
According to the City of Yucaipa Housing Element (2014-2021), there are 19,740 existing housing units in the City.
Of the existing units, Single family make up 72% (14,1.20 units), Multiple Family make up 7% (1,273 units), and Mobile Homes make up 22% (4,347 units). Figure 3.8 depicts the current Land Use within the City of Yucaipa.
Figure3.8'r Yucaipa Existing Land Use Map
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City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Community Profile
3.7.2 Proposed Land Use
Proposed Land Use represents the potential development within the City if all land is developed to its full use capacity. In most communities, this represents a greater buildout than what is existing. As mentioned, this potential is guided by the General Plan, Zoning Laws, and Municipal Building Codes. The General Plan Land Use Map (Figure 3.9) illustrates the location and allowed land uses, while Table 3.7 depicts the potential "buildout" within Yucaipa.
Figure 3.9- Yucaipa Land Use Plan
LAND USE PLAN
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Table 3.7- Yucaipa Land Use Plan Buildout Estimate
Residential
Footage..
.�
Rural Livia RL
2,910
7,512
Single Residential(IRS)
14,965
38,290
MUltl Ie Residential RM
8,146
20,755
Multi le Residential RM-24
1,454
3,916
Commercial
8.0 14,603
Industrial
1.1 1,203
Institutional
0.5 2 488
Planned Development
2,604
6,802
194
TOTAL
30,079
9.6 77,27
18,488
3.7.3 Development Trends
Development has significantly slowed in the last few years; this trend is expected to continue over the next few years. Yucaipa supports strategic growth to position itself for the future. One of the key tools to assist with strategic growth is the General Plan and the Community Economic Development Strategy, City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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The City of Yucaipa adopted its updated General Plan in April 2016. This was the first comprehensive update since the inaugural 1992 General plan was adopted shortly after incorporation. The General Plan is a 20-year document that meets the long-term challenges of adopting land use plans and integrates strategies to support state priorities consistent with AB 32 and SB 375. The update affords added ability to heavily concentrate on strategic development of targeted land use, circulation, air quality, infrastructure and public facilities, and open space and conservation elements. It enables the community to create long-term prosperity, promote equity, strengthen the economy, protect the environment, and create a safe and healthy community as it moves forward for the next twenty years. As required by state law, and Environmental Impact Report (EIR) was prepared and approved for the General Plan. The purpose of the EIR is to identify and mitigate impacts of the General Plan, including the availability of local resources (i.e., water, electricity) and exposure to local hazards by the proposed buildout (population and structures). City staff who worked on the EIR were also members of the past and present mitigation Planning Teams, and such, bought that knowledge and information into the EIR process. All future development will be constructed in accordance with the General Plan and all current design standards and building codes and are not expected to increase and/or contribute to community vulnerability from natural or technological hazards.
Additionally, the City intends to reference the LHMP and Climate Action Plan against new construction. Both of these plans reflect the City of Yucaipa's commitment to sustainable development.
3.8 AssETs
The City of Yucaipa has many assets at its disposal. However, for the purposes of the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, assets are going to be classified by General Assets and Key Assets. General Assets will include general population (residents) of the city, total general building stock, and city staff/employees. Key Assets will include assets determined by the City to be "key" in the response and recovery from events/incidents and those needed to maintain business continuity.
3.8.1 General Assets
According to the US Census Bureau, the City had 51,376 residents in 2010. However, the City currently estimates it population to be around 55,013 in 2022 according to the World Population Review website, The City does not track the number of commercial, industrial, and other general building stock. However, it does track the number of residential units. As mentioned previously, according to the City of Yucaipa Housing Element (2014-2021), there are 18,231 housing structures in the City. A breakdown of the structure types can be found in section 3.5 Demographics, Another source of general building stock information is available through the FEMA-supported Hazus tool. The Hazus tool leverages available building stock information as it's default information when assessing earthquake, flood, and hurricane scenarios. According to the Hazus information used to assess earthquake risk, there are a total of 18,788 structures in the City of Yucaipa: 18,018 for Residential use, 425 for Commercial use, 22 for Industrial use, and 323 other kinds of structures. A more detailed breakdown of the Hazus default information for the City of Yucaipa can be found under Chapter 6- Risk Assessment.
Another general asset is City staff/employees. These are individuals who are available to support a variety of necessary activities. According to City of Yucaipa records there are 60 stafflemployee working for the City in 2022.
3.8.2 Key Assets
The list of key assets represents the government owned and/or operated assets, as well as, some privately owned and operated assets that are needed to ensure efficient and effective return to normal from events. It is important to note that the City refines and adjusts its emergency management practices and business continuity requirements on a regular basis, and as such, some assets may be added and/or remove from the list. It is expected that when the Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) and/or Continuity of Government/Operations Plan (COG/COOP) are updated and strategies are identified, the City will become more aware of the need for certain assets.
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The City of Yucaipa is also active with various organizations and other efforts to identify, track, and protect key (critical) assets. Tracking the vulnerability of different components may be done using various programs and systems, including the National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program (NCIPP), the Automated Critical Asset Management System (ACAMS), and other tools which can be used to determine which assets, systems, or networks are nationally critical, state critical, or locally critical based on current risk profiles. Sector partnerships and communication networks, which partner with asset owners to identify high -priority sites in each sector also play a key role in this effort.
The California State Threat Assessment Center (STAG) is the centerpiece of the State's information sharing environment (ISE) and provides for the State's subsequent ability to maintain situational awareness over its broad threat domains in an effort to prevent and mitigate the threats against the lives and property of its citizens. A unique and notable function of the STAC is its ability to aggregate data from all of California's fusion centers, to include national and international data, and in doing so, to provide a larger more contextual strategic assessment of any given situation of relevance to California. This is especially vital in the critical infrastructure/key resource (C1/KR) protection domain, where the vulnerability and/or exploitation of assets may have grave import and consequence.
A list of the Key Assets can be found in Appendix D.
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4. CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
4.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to capture the different resources available to the City in support of its mitigation efforts. To efficiently demonstrate these resources, the section has been organized into the following subsections; Personnel Resource; Mitigation Governance Resources; Technical Resources; and Fiscal Resources. Diagnosis
4.2 PERSONNEL RESOURCES
This sub section demonstrates the City's capability to dedicate and/or assign, long-term or short-term, workforce to mitigation efforts. There are several ways the City can provide personnel resources: directly from the City's current workforce; through ContractslVendors, through Volunteers; and through Mutual Aid Agreements and/or Partnerships.
4,2.1 City of Yucaipa Workforce
The City of Yucaipa is a "General Law" City that is governed by a City Council/City Manager form of government.
The City observes State laws and makes local laws, Figure 4.1 depicts the organizational structure of the City of Yucaipa.
Figure 4.1— City of Yucaipa Organizational Structure
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The Yucaipa City Council is comprised of five (5) Councilmembers. Each share equal voting powers on all items coming before the Council up until 2016. Councilmembers are elected at -large to four-year terms, with elections held in November of even -numbered years. The Council meets annually to choose one of its members as Mayor City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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and another of its members as Mayor Pro-Tem. Beginning with the November 2016 Election, Councilmembers were elected from geographically defined districts. The City Council has the power to make and enforce all laws and regulations with respect to municipal affairs but works through the City Manager and does not give orders or instructions to any subordinates of the city manager. The City Council also serves as the Board of Directors for the Successor Agency to the Yucaipa Redevelopment Agency and the Yucaipa Housing Authority, The City Council appoints the City Manager and City Attorney and members of all advisory boards, commissions and committees.
The City Manager is the Chief Administrative Officer of the City and is responsible for the efficient and effective operation of all City functions. This department implements Council policies, programs, and directives and is responsible for the annual presentation of the City's budget document. The City Manager serves as an advisor to the City Council on matters of finance, administration, resource allocation and future needs of the community. In addition, the City Manager serves as the City Treasurer and Executive Director of the Successor Agency. The City Manager of Yucaipa is responsible for identifying key management personnel, with alternates, and alternative facilities to conduct government operations, based on the hazard analysis. Each department will be responsible for identifying key departmental personnel with backups and alternates for each position in the City's organization.
Departmental Cooperation. It shall be the duty of all subordinate officers and the city clerk, city treasurer and city attorney to assist the City Manager in administering the affairs of the city efficiently, economically, and harmoniously. Below is a summary of the other City Department's role as it pertains to mitigation:
4.2.1.1 Administrative Services
The Administrative Services Department is primarily an internal service department providing service to all City operating departments. The department is responsible for finance, budgeting and accounting, risk management, and human resources functions. This department manages various grant programs (including Community Development Block Grants and law enforcement grants) and is responsible for coordinating all external financing, the investment of City funds, and the preparation of the annual operations and capital budgets. In addition, the department is responsible for the provision of service to the community in the area of Animal Control, in coordination with the General Services Department. The department has taken the lead role in the dissolution of the former Yucaipa Redevelopment Agency. Emergency Management support responsibilities include:
Financial support, response, and recovery for the emergency1disaster • Support the response effort and the acquisition, transportation and mobilization of resources Oversee the procurement and allocation of supplies and materials not normally provided through mutual aid channels
Ensure the payroll, accounts payables, and revenue collection process continues Collection, sorting, tracking, and distribution of donations • Maintain current addresses and telephone numbers of all City employees • Coordinate with the American Red Cross (ARC) and Community Services personnel to arrange for and conduct feeding and sheltering for Disaster Service Workers (DSWs) and their families • Assist with the Employee Message Center where employees or their families may call in or receive status reports
• Handle questions and problem solve in the areas of health benefits • Collect paperwork on damaged City facilities
• Process claims for injuries to emergency responders including DSWs • Act as liaison with contracted third -party administrator for workers compensation and risk liability City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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4.2.1.2 Community Development Services
The Development Services Department is primarily responsible for all Planning Services, Economic Development, Housing, Code Enforcement, Building and Safety, Engineering, and Public Works. The Department's mission is to protect and enhance the community's quality of life by ensuring implementation of the City Council's adopted goals, policies and strategies for sustainable economic development and enhancement. Emergency Management support responsibilities include:
• Inspect and post as necessary all damaged buildings, both public and private, and determine if they are safe or if they should be evacuated
• Estimate the extent of damage / cost of repair of structures • Assist in the Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA) with local, state, and federal organizations to determine losses and recovery needs
Coordinate the City damage assessment assignments for City facilities, possible shelter sites, and structures throughout the community
• Assist with the review and permit process of the repair or replacement of damaged structures, both public and private
4.2.1.3 Public Works
The Public Works Department is responsible for all aspects of the City's public works operations and provides a wide range of services. The Public Works Department consists of two divisions: Parks and Facilities Maintenance and Street Maintenance. The Parks and Facilities Maintenance Division is responsible for maintaining 160 acres of developed park land and daily maintenance of all City facilities. This division is also responsible for the City's motor pool operations, maintenance and upkeep of the municipal swimming pool, and ball field preparation. The Street Maintenance Division is responsible for the maintenance of all street and drainage facilities located within public rights -of -way. The Division is funded by gas tax receipts, solid waste franchise fees, and a portion of Measure I revenues. Emergency Management support responsibilities include:
• Provide assistance with barricades, sandbags, road closures, debris removal, emergency road repair, traffic control, and damage surveys and assessments of roadways and facilities • Eliminate an immediate threat to lives or public health and safety • Take protective measures to minimize damage to private and public facilities • Demolition and removal of public and private buildings and structures that pose an immediate threat to the safety of the general public
• Tracking through documentation of all emergency activities Provide technical assistance and/or equipment within their capability for the City and other jurisdictions within the State in accordance with the Public Works Mutual Aid Agreement
4.2.1.4 Engineering
The Engineering Department is responsible for all aspects of the City's engineering, design, and construction operations and provides a wide range of services for nearly any aspect of private land development activities. The Engineering Department is responsible for the construction of all improvements occurring in public rights -of -way or easements and develops and administers the Capital Improvement Program and the Annual Pavement Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects. Staff reviews and provides input for all private development projects and checks all maps and improvement plans for conformance with the Development Code and applicable regulations.
Staff also issues all encroachment permits and inspects all construction within the public rights -of -way, Emergency Management support responsibilities include:
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• Conduct a damage assessment of City traffic signal system • Assist in determining safe evacuation routes
• Assist with inspections and/or liaison with utility companies Assist with damage surveys within the City
4.2.1.5 Fire Services
The City assumed responsibility for fire protection and paramedic services on July 1, 1999. Fire protection and paramedic services are provided to the City through a contractual agreement with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CALFIRE). The City and the County Fire Department developed an agreement to provide similar services to Oak Glen and the unincorporated regions along the eastern boundaries of the City. The agreement was renewed in July 2000 for a five-year period and is continuous until cancelled by either party.
CALFIRE currently provides the following emergency services: fire suppression, hazardous materials protection, emergency medical treatment including basic and advanced life support transportation, earthquake and fire safety planning, fire inspections and building plan reviews. Emergency Management support responsibilities include:
Respond to all types of fires, including structure, vegetation, vehicles and/or aircraft Assist with medical aids from injuries or medical conditions Respond to all types of hazardous materials spills, exposures, and releases Assist with swift water, steep terrain, vehicle collisions, confined spaces, and structural collapses rescues Mutual Aid
4,2,1.E Police Services
The San Bernardino County Sheriffs Department provides law enforcement services for the city as well as the neighboring communities of Angelus Oaks, Forest Falls, Oak Glen and Mentone. The county area patrolled by deputies assigned to Yucaipa Station is approximately 225 square miles and has a population of over 10,000 residents. The Yucaipa Police Department's paid staff is supplemented by 87 volunteers who annually donate over 21,000 hours of services. These dedicated professionals provide the staffing for line reserves, citizen patrol, search & rescue team, a mounted posse, a chaplain corps, and explorer scouts. In addition to patrol services, the station has a traffic detail which includes a Major Accident Investigation Team (MATT) investigator. The station has a detective bureau, Multiple Enforcement Team (MET), Quality of Life officer, School Resource Officer and an officer who specializes in investigations involving Adult Protective Services and Children and Family Services. Yucaipa Station personnel have the added responsibility of providing security to those who frequent the unincorporated areas that surround the city, including the scenic San Gorgonio Wilderness, The San Gorgonio Wilderness contains over 28 designated camps, 8 United States Forestry Service (USFS) public campgrounds, numerous public hiking trails and dry camp locations. This area which is home to the highest peak in Southern California (San Gorgonio Peak) can have an influx of over 10,000 campers on any given day. Emergency Management support responsibilities include:
Protect lives, property, and the environment
• Coordinate emergency response with all departments and agencies involved with the event Activate and support all activities in the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Access and perimeter control
Evacuation of threatened populations to safe areas
Dissemination of accurate and timely emergency public information and warnings to the public • Identify the need and request mutual aid pertaining to police services City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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4.2.1.7 General Services/City Clerk
The Department of General Services is responsible for the administration of franchise agreements, solid waste and recycling, project management for the construction of City facilities, Information Systems, Community Activity Grants, special projects (as assigned) and the communication, marketing and promotion of City projects, programs and services through digital media outlets, The Assistant City Manager also provides oversight to the Administrative Services and Community Services Departments and serves as the acting City Manager when designated. Other Department functions include the implementation of all statutory City Clerk functions; ensuring compliance with federal, state and local statues and regulations; and duties associated with the administration of the City's Mobile home Rent Stabilization Program and the Annual Mobile home Permit to Operate. The Department strives for excellence in customer service, providing services, programs and opportunities that improve the quality of life for Yucaipa residents. Emergency Management support responsibilities include:
• Serve as the Emergency Services Coordinator
• Serve as the City's Liaison to the San Bernardino County OES, Cal DES, and FEMA • Coordinate emergency response with all departments and agencies involved with the event • Provide for a secure and safe place for all vital records of the City • Must be present at City Council meetings and is responsible for recording the meeting minutes • Assist with the Local Emergency Proclamation and Resolution process • Install, activate, and maintain information systems for the EOC • Oversee internal information management utilizing WEB EOC • Repair computer and technology -related equipment and services in City facilities • Oversee Event Tracking
• Dissemination of information to the general public
• Coordinate radio communications (amateur, hand-held, short wave, etc.) • Provide information systems support as needed
4.2.1.8 Community Services
The Community Services Department is responsible for the administration of the City's Recreation Sports, Classes, Special Events, "S.T.A.R.S." Before and After School Program, Teen Programs, Aquatics, Senior Services, Shelters, Special Event Permits Administration and Facility Management of the City of Yucaipa Scherer Center, Community Center and Park. In addition, the Department is responsible for the supervision and allocation of City and shared School District Sports facilities. Emergency Management support responsibilities include:
• Lead role for Shelter Operations in being first responders in the opening and operation of the shelter(s) — congruent upon the arrival of the American Red Cross for operation relief • Arranging for the acquisition or use of required transportation resources • Coordinate and oversee the management of and support of the E00 and other essential facilities and sites used during disaster operations
4.2.2 ContractorsNendors
The City can hire contract employees or augment personal through vendor agreements. A contract or vendor employee is an individual retained by the City for a predetermined time and price. Benefits of hiring contractivendor employees include:
• Ability to hire workers for short-term projects, on an as -needed basis • Ability to hire highly skilled individuals for which there is no one in-house qualifications — usually little to no downtime as noticed with orrboarding new staff City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Lower overhead operating costs
— do not need to pay faxes (social security, workers compensation) or provide benefits (unemployment, health, sick leave, vacation time, retirement, or profit sharing) — usually do not need to provide office space or equipment Disadvantages of hiring contract employees include:
• May work for several employers simultaneously and may not be available when needed • Integrating with City staff can be difficult because of remote working and unfamiliar with city organization and resources
4.2.3 Volunteers
The City can leverage volunteer workers. A volunteer worker is considered anyone who agrees to work for free, however, California labor laws narrow in on a more specific definition of a volunteer. According to California Labor Code Section 1720A, an individual must perform services freely and without coercion for a civic, humanitarian, or charitable purpose to be considered a volunteer. To legally volunteer, an individual must offer their services to a public agency or nonprofit organization. Businesses may not legally utilize volunteers.
California labor law permits the extension of workers' compensation to volunteers during their time in service, Workers' compensation is a type of insurance that covers employees in the event of industrial accidents or occupational injury. Often, public agencies will grant volunteers insurance protection under workers' compensation to help encourage volunteering and avoid the potential for lawsuits. In order to be deemed an employee for workers' compensation, the organization, whether public or private, usually must declare a volunteer as such prior to an injury incident. Under the law, this declaration should be in writing through a resolution of the governing body of the organization or agency, such as its board of directors.
Unpaid internships are another volunteer opportunity that can be leverage, however, some criteria must be meet.
California Labor Relations Department has provided some clarification regarding unpaid internships. Unpaid internships are a type of volunteering that is intended to provide educational opportunities and, in some cases, school credit for volunteers. As of April 2010, the California Labor Relations Department applies six (6) criteria based on federal law when determining the legality of an unpaid internship:1) the experience must resemble those of vocational schools, 2) the experience is primarily for the benefit of the intern, 3) the intern does not displace a regular employee, 4) the intern's services provide no immediate advantage to the employer, 5) the intern is not entitled to a job at the end of his internship, and 6) both the employer and intern have a mutual understanding that no compensation is expected for the internship.
4.2.4 Mutual Aid AgreementslPartnerships
Mutual Aid Agreements and Partnerships are another method of augmenting City staff in support of mitigation efforts, Inter jurisdictional arrangements to assure public safety, protection and other assistance services today generally are in the form of "mutual aid" agreements. Mutual aid and other agreements provide for cooperative efforts and for provision or receipt of services and aid to or from other agencies or jurisdictions when local capabilities are exceeded by an emergency event. Through mutual aid agreements, individual City agencies coordinate emergency response planning with adjacent cities, the County of San Bernardino, the State, federal agencies and other public and private organizations, such as the School District and the American Red Cross.
Partnerships with the City generally include those entities that provide critical lifelines (i.e,, electricity, natural gas, water, telecommunications, waste management) Local telephone service is provided by Verizon. Several providers, including Verizon, provide long distance phone service to Yucaipa and also provide internet access via FIGS, DSL, cable modem, satellite, and dialup features. City residents have a number of options for internet City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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service, including service by Verizon, Time Warner cable, and local ISPs. All major cellular phone service provider companies are licensed and monitored by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Southern California Edison (SCE) supplies electrical energy to the City of Yucaipa. Southern California Gas Company (SoCal Gas) is the supplier of natural gas to the City of Yucaipa. Currently, SoCal Gas maintains transmission and distribution lines throughout the City. Most lines operate at a medium pressure of approximately 30 to 60 pounds per square inch (psi). Most Yucaipa streets have SoCal Gas network pipelines running under them. The Public Utilities Commission (PUC) regulates So Cal Gas. Waste hauling in the City is provided by Burrtec Industries.
Since its incorporation in November 1989 the City of Yucaipa and the Yucaipa Valley Water District have formed a unique and longstanding partnership. The City is responsible for capital improvement projects that help to protect groundwater resource conservation and flood management, and the Yucaipa Valley Water District is responsible as a water provider for the community. As a result of this partnership, these individual agencies work daily to protect, preserve and mitigate the severity of drought conditions in ways that are co -beneficial to residents and water users.
Yucaipa Valley Water District and the City of Yucaipa work aggressively and interactively where it comes to hazard mitigation planning, and both the City and the District co-author mitigation plans to address water -related hazards, including drought. The City, the District, a Joint Issues Task Force comprised of lead agencies within the community, water retailers, and other interested groups attest regularly to the severity of the growing drought concerns regionally and in the community. These groups regularly monitor statewide conditions and actions taken on a near daily basis, as the growing threat continues to emerge.
Another of City of Yucaipa's partners is the San Bernardino County Flood Control District. Yucaipa's large drainage facilities include major creek systems that are owned by the San Bernardino County Flood Control District, and include Oak Glen Creek, Wilson Creek, and Wildwood Creek. The City and its major groundwater resource partners have effectively protected existing and future groundwater resource assets by constructing major detention basins including the Oak Glen Creek Basins Project and the Wildwood Creek Basins Project. The Wilson Creek Detention Basin project is currently under construction.
4.3 MITIGAMN GOVERNANCE RESOURCES
This sub section demonstrates the variety of governance directly related to or which influence mitigation efforts within the City. This governance generally falls under 1) Laws, Regulations, Codes, and Ordinances; 2) Plans, Studies, and Reports; and 3) Programs and Policies. While the intent is to capture City -level information, there is some material that have direct implications on the City. To ensure there is a comprehensive list of governance, state -level and county -level information is also captured. This governance was collected because it contained information on various vital topics and provided and/or augmented information for several sections of the LHMP (i.e., Community Profile, Hazard Profile, Capabilities Assessment, Risk Assessment, Mitigation Strategy, and Plan Maintenance). While the City does have influence and can offer suggestions on adjustments and revisions to other organizations' materials, it has more control and greater ability to adjust (or revise) Laws, Regulations, Codes, Ordinances, Plans, Studies, and Reports, Programs, and Policies which it develops. Departments within the City regularly review governance and make recommendations for any necessary changes. This assessment of the City governance was also conducted as part of this process (see Section 7.3).
4.3.1 Codes, Regulations, Ordinances, and Laws
The City has adopted codes and regulations to govern development, construction, and land use activities. They include construction standards, siting requirements, use limitations, study requirements and mitigation requirements which help directly or indirectly minimize the exposure of people and property to loss or injury resulting from disasters. As such, they are an effective tool and capability which the City may continue to use to City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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reduce the amount of damage or harm arising from disasters. This plan provides an opportunity to review existing regulations to determine if they are effective or whether they need to be revised in certain areas to more adequately prevent loss or injury from disasters.
Zoning Regulations
The Development Code regulates the use of land and buildings, the height, bulk, location of structures, the amount of open space and the density of population by establishing zone classifications. a Subdivision Regulations
The City's subdivision regulations are outlined in the Development Code, which establishes standards to regulate the division and merger of land and defines minimum lot sizes, densities and development standards. • Building Code
Chapter 15.04,010 of the Yucaipa Municipal Code adopted by reference the California Building Code Volumes 1 and 2, 2013 Edition (Part 2, Title 24, California Code of Regulations), which incorporates and amends the International Building Code, 2012 Edition, including California Building Code Appendices F, G, H, I and J, (published by the International Code Council) as the Building Code of the City of Yucaipa ht Fire Code
Chapter 15.04.110 of the Yucaipa Municipal Code adopted by reference the California Fire Code, 2013 Edition (Part 9, Title 24, California Code of Regulations), including all appendices, which incorporates and amends the International Fire Code, 2012 Edition, published by the International Code Council ■ Urban Runoff Pollution Control
Title 13, Chapter 13.04 of the Municipal Code addresses water quality and stormwater runoff. The purpose of this Chapter is to promote and ensure the future health, safety and general welfare of inhabitants of the City by controlling discharges into the City storm drain system. This will be accomplished by federal, state and local laws and regulations prescribing regulations to effectively prohibit non-stormwater discharges into the City's stormwater drainage system and to specifically achieve the following objectives: (A.) Control discharges from spills, dumping or disposal of materials other than stormwater; (B.) Reduce the discharge of pollutants in all stormwater discharges to the maximum extent practicable; (C.) Protect and enhance the water quality of local, state and federal watercourses, water bodies, ground water and wetlands in a manner pursuant to and consistent with federal, state and local laws and regulations; and (D.) Establish penalties for violations of the provisions of the Chapter. • Floodplain Management Regulations
The City has adopted floodplain management regulations in Division 5, Chapter 2, Article 2 of the Development Code. The purpose of the article is to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare and to minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions in specific areas.
4.3.2 Plans, Reports, and Studies
This section reviews City plans and highlights the elements that are relevant to mitigation and can support future implementation of activities identified in the LHMP. The City of Yucaipa has adopted the philosophy that plan integration is an essential element to future and long-term community sustainability. The City's long-term goal is to integrate all aspects of comprehensive planning and development to correlate with a continuum of adopted codes and standards to support this philosophy. Current and future plans will define important City policies and support the ordinances and activities described below. For example, the goal is to enhance the objectives of hazard mitigation, including the Health and Safety Element of the General Plan, Other Plans focus on different aspects of City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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disaster management such as emergency response. Other plans have implications that are relevant to hazard mitigation, such as plans related to spending on public facilities and storage of hazardous materials.
General Plan
All cities and counties in California are required to adopt a General Plan that lays out major policy goals. The City of Yucaipa adopted a comprehensive General Plan Update in April 2016, This update was the first comprehensive 20-year update since the inaugural 1992 General Plan adopted shortly after incorporation. The General Plan includes elements, which are sections that address a variety of important topics. The element most closely related to the LHMP is the Public Safety Element, which focuses on reducing risks posed by natural and technological hazards and other human caused emergency events. Other elements also provide guidance relevant to mitigation, including the Community Design and Land Use, Housing and Neighborhoods, ParkslRecreationlTrailslOpen Space, Economic Development, Transportation, and Public Services and Facilities. For example, the Community Design and Land Use Element restricts land uses and density in hazardous areas, thereby limiting the number of people and buildings exposed to hazards.
Protecting the public's health, safety, and welfare is a fundamental goal of any municipality, and this goal is a central part of Yucaipa's mission. Yucaipa is committed to protecting its residents from natural and human -caused hazards due to geology, flooding, wildfires, severe weather, air pollution, and ciimate change. The Public Safety Element is designed to address the community's safety, health, and welfare as they relate to these hazards.
Yucaipans cherish the hills, landforms, and creeks in their community. When coupled with a built environment of homes, buildings, and infrastructure systems, however, these features are also the source of hazards. Earthquake faults that flank the hills can trigger landslides. The streams and rivers that created the "benches" and canyons over time can overflow channels and lead to flooding. The grasslands covering the hills present a risk of wildland fires. Even severe weather can present safety hazards.
In light of these concerns, this Public Safety Element is intended to: (1) recognize the local hazards associated with Yucaipa's natural environment (geology, landforms, waterways, and weather), and (2) identify methods to manage these risks and protect people, property, infrastructure, and structures from harm. As the policies and actions are implemented over the next 20 years, the City of Yucaipa will be increasingly less impacted by disasters, and in the process, become more self-reliant, sustainable, and prosperous. ■ Master Plan of Drainage
The City's Master Plan of Drainage (MPD) provides an assessment of drainage and infrastructure needs and a plan for the maintenance and construction of detention basins to protect from flooding hazards. The City updated the Master Plan of Drainage (MPD) in 2012. The approved study allows staff to use the information as a new basis for design of all future drainage improvement projects within the City. The possibility of reducing drainage flows downstream by adding detention basin facilities upstream will result in cost savings for future drainage improvement projects while enhancing water quality, groundwater recharge, aesthetics, and reducing environmental impacts throughout the system. The results of the MPD update indicate that it will result in a substantive reduction in peak flow rates during a 100-year design storm.
• Fire Service Plan
The Yucaipa Fire Department, through a contract with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), prepares a fire services plan to provide fire protection and emergency medical services to the City.
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■ Emergency Operations Plan
The City's Emergency Operations Plan provides a comprehensive organizational and procedural guide for preparing for, responding to, and recovering from natural disasters or human -caused emergencies. ■ Urban Water Management Plan
The Yucaipa Valley Water District's Urban Water Management Plan was updated in 2010 in conformance with the requirements of the California Urban Water Management Planning Act and the Water Conservation Bill of 2009.
The Plan describes and evaluates the District's water supply sources, the efficient uses of the water supply, demand management measures with implementation strategy/schedule, and other information and programs. ■ Water Shortage Contingency Plan
The Yucaipa Valley Water District developed and adopted an Water Shortage Contingency Plan (1992), The current plan builds on that original plan, the District's experience in implementation during the 1987-1992 drought, and changed requirements under the law. It also is a supplement to the District's Urban Water Management Plan, San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan The City of Yucaipa partnered in a group of 21 cities working together through the San Bernardino Associated Governments to adopt the San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan. The Executive Summary affirms that the City of Yucaipa has determined that Greenhouse Gas Emissions create a distinct hazard to the City, creating a need to ensure that Yucaipa addresses Climate Adaptation through policies and proposals that will mitigate the inherent factors including, but not limited to, drought, extreme heat, loss of groundwater resources, energy loss and cumulative effects of GHG emissions.
The City of Yucaipa appends, by reference, the San Bernardino Associated Governments/ San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and Reduction Plan. However, various segments of this Plan are parsed throughout this Climate Adaptation component of our Updated Local Hazard Mitigation Plan to uphold the format of this Plan and for ease of readership and reference.
Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies (CEDS) Plan The City of Yucaipa is in the process of developing a Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies (CEDS) Plan that will bring together the public and private sectors in the creation of an economic roadmap to diversify and strengthen regional economics. Future adoption of this Plan will help to ensure economic preservation of the community and can be used as a social and financial component of successful hazard mitigation programs and projects.
Freeway Corridor Specific Plan
The City of Yucaipa Freeway Corridor Specific Plan provides the planning tools necessary to guide development for the 1,242-acre Freeway Corridor planning area. The Plan offers a mixture of residential, commercial, and business park development and provides community amenities such as trails, two potential elementary schools, and open space areas that help to create a cohesive community. ■ Oak Glen Creek Specific Plan
One of the key elements of the Oak Glen Creek Specific Plan is the implementation of the Wilson III Basin project, which provides for flood attenuation downstream, removing most of the Dunlap corridor 100-year FEMA zone, and also provides groundwater recharge, habitat restoration and preservation and water quality improvements as well.
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4.3.3 Programs and Policies
Fire Hazard Abatement
On May 30,1990, the City Council adopted Ordinance No. 25 pertaining to the regulation of refuse abatement and approved a contract with the County of San Bernardino to provide administrative services associated with that regulation. This is often referred to as the "Weed Abatement Contract". Pursuant to the contract, the County provides the following services to the City:
• Conduct initial property survey twice per year
Prepare and mail abatement notices to the owners of the properties in violation Conduct follow-up inspections to determine owner compliance • Conduct enforcement operations for properties that have not been brought into compliance, including but not limited to, issuance of administrative citations that subject the owners to civil, monetary penalties and conducting court -authorized abatement of the properties at the owner's expense. • Respond to "calls for service" consisting generally of complaints received from the public concerning properties with fire hazards.
• Abatement of weeds along roadsides or alleys within the City boundaries will be performed at the discretion of the County and only when determined by the County to be a fire hazard. i Storm Tree Clean -Up
The City provides a storm tree clean-up program to the residents of Yucaipa after major storm events. Yucaipa residents may drop off "tree material only" at a designated location within a designated timeframe. This is a free service for the residents of Yucaipa and there is no limit on the amount of tree debris that can be dropped off. The City will then process the tree debris and the "chipped" material will be made available to Yucaipa residents once the processing period has been completed.
Capital Improvement Program (CIP)
The CIP outlines the annual appropriations in the City's budget for capital improvement projects such as street or park improvements, building construction, and various kinds of major facility maintenance. Capital improvement projects are supported by expenditure plans, which detail funding sources and expenditure amounts. They are often multi -year projects, which require funding beyond the one-year period of the annual budget. • National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
The City joined the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) on January 28, 1991 and is committed to continuing to be a participating member in the future. The federal government administers the NFIP with communities that have been identified as flood prone. FEMA, through the Federal Insurance Administration, makes flood insurance available to the residents of Yucaipa, provided the City adopts and enforces adequate floodplain management regulations that meet the minimum NFIP requirements. The City's Floodplain Safety Overlay District (Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 5 of Volume II of the Yucaipa Municipal Code (the "Development Code") establishes regulations for development and construction within flood prone areas.
Every seven (7) years FEMA schedules a Community Assistance Visit (CAV) with the City to maintain periodic contact and evaluate the effectiveness of local floodplain management practices and to offer assistance if needed.
The purpose of the CAV meetings is to provide City staff with the most current information on the NFIP, give them an opportunity to discuss concerns they may have, and assess the City's enforcement of the local ordinance that was adopted to meet requirements of the NFIP. As stated in each CAV report, Yucaipa's floodplain management program appropriately and effectively regulates development in the floodplain and the procedures and methodology City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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in which development permits, inspections, and guidance are provided to builders and homeowners are satisfactory. These practices demonstrated that the City of Yucaipa was in full compliance with NFIP regulations. ■ Additional Programs
The following programs are sponsored by the City of Yucaipa to mitigate the potential effects of excess materials that could impact waste disposal and landfill capabilities following a major catastrophic event:
• Annual Household Hazardous Waste Events
• Residential Recycling Program
• Household Hazardous Waste Municipal Collection Centers • Curbside -Residential Bulky Item Service
• Curbside Waste Oil/Recycling Program
Free Mulch and Compost Program
• Reuse and Recycle Guide
• How to Reduce Junk Mail
• Tire Disposal
Sharps Disposal
4.4 TECHNICAL RESOURCES
This section demonstrates the City's capabilities to support mitigation efforts. The City can provide technical resources through in-house proficiencies and expertise, through the availability and utilization of technology, and through different methods of communications with internal staff and external stakeholders/partners.
4.4.1 Proficiencies and Expertise
While being a smaller city and contracting with external organizations for services (Fire Protection, Public Safety), the City maintains several valuable proficiencies and expertise to support mitigation efforts. The City has access to staff with skills in EngineeringlConstruction, Planning, Environmental, Project/Grant Management, and Economic Development.
4.4.2 Technology
A significant capability available to support mitigation efforts is the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) group.
GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data, GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns and relationships. The GIS group is able to analyze and generate reports of critical data (land use, built environment, natural environment), able to demonstrate potential ramifications of actions or events, and generate graphic representation of results. Additionally, the City has been increasing its information technology capabilities.
This includes providing secure platforms to store and access information, means of ensuring continuity of government, virtual meeting and team building capabilities, and general technical support.
4.4.3 Communications
The City of Yucaipa utilizes several platforms to communicate with internal staff and external partners. The City has standard methods (telephone/cell phones, emails) and has inoperable communication capabilities (radio communications and satellite communications). In addition to the above 2-way communications platforms, there are several "push" platforms that can be used. These consist of television, broadcast radio, websites, and social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Nextdoor).
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4.5 FINANCIAL RESOURCES
This sub section demonstrates the City's fiscal resources that may be leveraged to support mitigation efforts. This is generally done by understanding revenue streams and planned expenditures. This sub section will provide insight to funds that may be reallocated or how to obtain additional funds to support mitigation efforts,
4.5.1 General Furl!
The City of Yucaipa has a General Fund, including the Fire Services Fund and adopted revenues, of $77,029,678 for FY 2020-2021. The adopted expenditure for 2020-2021 is and estimated $27,420,85; leaving a projected balance of $49,609AE After consideration of other funds (i.e., special revenue, capital projects, internal services, redevelopment, housing authority) balances, revenues, estimates the projected General Fund balance for 2020- 2021 is an estimated $55,578,856, An overview of the City of Yucaipa fund structure is illustrated in Figure 4.2, Figure 4.2- City of Yucaipa Fund Structure
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One of the key analytical tools used during the budget process is a comprehensive seven (7)-year financial forecast for the General Fund. This forecast considers key revenue and expenditure projection factors such as population, increases in the consumer price index (CPI) and other growth factors. The trending of these key factors and their effect on revenues and expenditures for the past ten years provides a historical basis for the seven-year financial forecast.
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As part of the mid -year budget review process, the revenue assumptions included in the forecast are comprehensively reexamined based on actuals for the prior year, as well as emerging trends at the mid -point of the year, Accordingly, with a few notable exceptions, the revenue projections reflected in the Budget rely heavily on the projections made as part of the seven-year forecast.
Sources used in developing these revised projections include economic trends as reported in the national media, forecast data for San Bernardino County, economic and fiscal information developed by the State Legislative Analyst and the State Department of Finance, and materials prepared by the League of California Cities and State Controller's Office, Ultimately, however, the revenue projections reflect the staffs best judgment about the performance of the local economy overthe next two years and how it will affect City revenues. The following figures (Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4) illustrate where the money (or funds) come from and where the money (or funds) goes.
Figure 4.3- Where the Money Comes From
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The following provides a brief description of the City's top general revenue sources along with the general assumptions used in preparing revenue projections. These sources account for over 80% of total general revenues.
Y General Property Tax
Under Proposition 13 (adopted in June of 1978) property taxes for general purposes may not exceed 1% of market value. Property tax assessment, collection and apportionment are performed by the County. The City receives approximately 20%-25% of the levy within its limits. Assessment increases to reflect current market value are allowed when property ownership changes or when improvements are made; otherwise, increases in assessed value are limited to 2% annually.
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• Sales and Use Tax
The City receives 1 % from all taxable retail sales occurring in its limits. This is collected for the City by the State of California, along with their component of the sales tax (6,25% for the State General Fund, 0.25% for San Bernardino County and 0.5% for local transportation purposes and public safety purposes (Measure I), for a total sales tax rate in San Bernardino County of 8.00%).
■ Franchise Fees
Franchise Fees are levied by the City on a variety of utilities at various rates. The State sets franchise fees for utilities regulated by them (most notably gas and electricity): 1 % of gross sales or 2% of revenues attributable to their investment in infrastructure, whichever is greater. The City sets rates on a gross receipts basis for the following utilities: cable television (5%), and solid waste collections (10%). • Motor Vehicle In -Lieu
The State Revenue and Taxation code imposes an annual license fee of 2% of the market value of motor vehicles in lieu of a local motor vehicle property tax. Cities and counties equally share 81.25% of the total tax collected statewide; the State then distributes this revenue to cities and counties on a per capita basis, Motor Vehicle In -Lieu taxes have increased over the last several years but were reduced during 2000-2001 due to the calculation method imposed by the State to utilize actual population estimates. During 2003-2004 the City experienced a decrease in Vehicle License Fee (VLF) by the State as a bailout measure employed by the State in the amount of approximately $550,000. An additional bailout contribution occurred in both 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 in the amount of approximately $330,000 per year,
■ Development Related Fees
Development related fees recover costs for planning, building and safety, engineering, and fire plan check services.
Cost recovery for these services is generally set at 100% of total costs.
4.5.2 Grants and Bonds
The City of Yucaipa has the ability to pursue and obtain a variety of grants and bonds that can be utilized to support mitigation efforts. Below is a sample of some of the grant programs that are more focused on mitigation that are available to the City:
• Hazard Mitigation Grant Program jHMGP)
This FEMA administered program provides grants to states and local governments following a presidential disaster declaration, The funds can be used to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures. According to the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, communities must have a LHMP approved to receive HMGP funds. Funds will be granted only to projects that conform to local and state mitigation plans. Federal grant funds can provide 75% of a project's total cost; applicants must provide 25% matching funds. After any federally declared disaster, between 15%- 20% of the amount spent by FEMA on disaster response and relief costs is made available in the form of HMGP grants to communities in the affected state.
• Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program
FMA provides funding to assist states and communities in implementing measures to reduce or eliminate the long- term risk of flood damage to buildings, manufactured homes, and other structures insurable under the National Flood Insurance Program, On July 29, 2010, the City of Yucaipa was awarded a Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant to prepare a risk -based flood plan. This project will be completed by June 30, 2013.
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Building Resiliency in Communities (BRIO)
FEMA developed the BRIO program (formerly the Pre -disaster Mitigation- PDM program) to coincide with the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 that requires communities to prepare local hazard mitigation plans, such as this plan. Funds are generated from a percentage of the annual federally declared disasters for competitive grants, technical assistance, and program support, FEMA grants can fund 75% of a project; applicants must provide 25% matching funds. Funds are only granted to communities with an approved LHMP and supported projects must be identified in those plans.
■ Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL)
According to the National Flood Insurance Program, the City of Yucaipa has zero repetitive loss properties within its jurisdiction.
• Community Development Block Grants (CDBG)
CDBGs are administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to fund housing, economic development, public works, community facilities and public service activities serving lower income people, These funds can be used for mitigation works. CDBG funds are considered local funds once they are received, and thereby are eligible to provide the 25% local match required for receipt of the HMGP or BRIO funds. ■ All Other Grant Programs
The City of Yucaipa utilizes other federal and state grant programs to supplement the City's budget and allow flexibility to increase infrastructure and opportunity capabilities allowing for more efficient use of tax dollars. Some of these other programs include HUD Disaster Recovery Assistance, HUD Neighborhood Stabilization Program, and US Small Business Administration (SBA) Loan Program.
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5. HAZARD ASSESSMENT
5.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to capture the approach used by the Planning Team to assess (identify and prioritize) hazards within the City. This is an important step to ensure all potential hazards are considered and relevant hazards ranked as to the greatest concern to the City. This section also presents relevant information (profiles) on each hazard identified within the City, The "Hazard Proffer" provide a description of the hazard, the location and/or extent of the hazard within the City, the history of the hazard within the City, and the probability of the hazard occurring in the City. The Planning Team utilized the Hazard Profiles when prioritizing the hazards.
5.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Using the current I,HMP as a starting point, the Planning Team assessed which hazard remain in the community.
As during the last LHMP, the Planning Team determined that natural hazards would still be the primary focus, but the team did include some manmade hazards. The Planning Team also reviewed hazards identified in the State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the San Bernardino County Hazard Mitigation Plan, the Riverside County Hazard Mitigation Plan, and some local Hazard Mitigation Plans from surrounding cities to assess whether to expand the list of hazards included in the LHMP. Through this review the Planning Team identified thirteen (13) natural hazards:
• Civil Disturbance
i Dam Failure
Drought
• Earthquake
Energy Disruption
• Extreme Temperature
• Flooding
Infectious Disease
Landslide
Technology Disruption
• Terrorism
Wildfire
• Windstorm
The Planning Team decided to renamelexpand some hazards (i.e,, High Winds/Straight-line Winds into Windstorms, Extreme Heat into Extreme Temperature), add some new hazards (i.e., Civil Disturbance, Infectious Disease, Technology Disruption), and remove some hazards (i.e., Climate Adaption, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Groundwater Reduction) from the 2016 LHMP. It is worth to note that while the hazards that were removed are no longer standalone hazards, they are either covered under other hazards or are covered as an element under the "Climate Change Considerations" portion of each hazard profile.
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5.3 HAZARD SCREENING CRITERIA
The intent of screening of hazards is to help prioritize which hazard creates the greatest concern in the community.
The Planning Team utilized a non -numerical ranking system for the update process. This process consisted of generating a non -numerical ranking (High, Medium, or Low) rating for the 1) Probability and 2) Impact from each screened hazard. The definition of "High", "Medium", and "LoW are as follows; Probability
Hitch- There has been historic occurrences and a strong likelihood that the hazard will occur again in the community or region.
Medium- There may or may not have been a historic occurrence but there is above average likelihood that the hazard will occur in the community or region.
Low- There have been no historic occurrences but there is a below average likelihood that the hazard will occur in the community or region.
Impact
Hitch- If occurrence, the consequences will be significant in terms of building damage and loss of life.
Medium- If occurrence, the consequences will be considerable in terms of building damage and loss of life.
Low If occurrences, the consequences will be negligible in terms of building damage and loss of life.
The hazards were then placed in the appropriate/corresponding box/cell. The Planning Team then divided the table into three (3) categories. The "Red" boxes represent the higher priority hazards, and the "Green" and "White" boxes represent additional levels of priority. The table below (Table 5.1) depicts the results from the hazard screening:
Table 5.1: Hazard Assessment Screening Matrix
Drought
Energy Disruption
Landslide
Wildfire
Earthquake Extreme Temperature
Flooding Infectious Disease
Technology Disruption
Windstorm
Civil Disturbance
Dam Failure
Terrorism
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5.4 HAZARD PROFILE
The Hazard Profiles include the incorporation of all new information, material, and reports to better help the Planning Team and the community understand the hazard. The hazards are organized alphabetically by the priority screening ranking (i.e., Tier 1, Tier II, and Tier III). The hazards assessed by the Planning Team are summarized below:
5.4.1 Tier 1
The hazards, in alphabetical order, under Tier I include: Drought; Earthquake; Energy Disruption; Flooding; Landslide; and, Wildfire.
5.4.1 A Drought
e Ranking- Probability- HIGH; Impact- MEDIUM
• Description
A drought is a period of drier -than -normal conditions that results in water -related problems. Precipitation (rain or snow) falls in uneven patterns across the country. When no rain or only a small amount of rain falls, soils can dry out and plants can die. If dry weather persists and water supply problems develop, the dry period can become a drought. Droughts differ from typical emergency events such as floods or wildfires, in that they occur slowly over a multiyear period. California has faced numerous challenges in recent years, including a nearly decade -long drought on the Colorado River, snowpacks that are below normal, and court -mandated reductions in the amount of water available for delivery by the State Water Project. This often leads to depleted local water supplies in reservoirs and a decline in water levels in groundwater basins, This is further exacerbated by increasing water demands from urban sprawl and population growth.
The U.S. Drought Monitcr, established in 1999, is a weekly map of drought conditions produced jointly by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska -Lincoln. The map is based on measurements of climatic, hydrologic and soil conditions as well as reported impacts and observations from more than 350 contributors around the country. Droughts are generally categorized into five (5) categories, D1) Abnormally Dry, D2) Moderate Drought; D3) Severe Drought; D4) Extreme Drought; and, D5) Exceptional Drought. There are many considerations that are factored into the determining the drought status; these include consideration of status on the: Palmer Drought Severity Index; CPC Soil Moisture Model; USGS Weekly Streamflow; Standardized Precipitation Index; and Objective Drought Indicator Blends.
The State of California, Department of Water Resources (DWR) website (www,water.ca,gov) is an excellent resource to obtain drought information, water conditions, groundwater and reservoir capabilities, precipitation levels, and links to conservation measures, agencies and groups who share a common goal to protect this California resource. Private individuals will also find information and links pertinent to agricultural water needs, landscaping tips, and wildland fire protection for properties located within the Urban Wildland Interface area prevalent to Yucaipa. Other Drought -related websites include:
California Governor's Office- Proclamation of Drought Emergency California Water Conservation- Save our Water Campaign
California Department of Food and Agriculture
California Department of Water Resources- Current Water Conditions California Data Exchange Center- Snow Pack/Water Levels California State Water Resources Control Board- Water Rights and Actions California Natural Resources Agency
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• California Department of Public Health- Drinking Water Program • California State Water Project
• US Department of Agriculture- Drought Designations by County CA County Designations • U5 Department of Agriculture - Disaster and Drought Assistance Information USDA Programs ■ Location and Extent
The U,S, Drought Monitor, established in 1999, is a weekly map of drought conditions produced jointly by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska -Lincoln. The map is based on measurements of climatic, hydrologic and soil conditions as well as reported impacts and observations from more than 350 contributors around the country. Droughts are generally categorized into five (5) categories:
• D9 - Abnormally Dry
• D2- Moderate Drought
• D3- Severe Drought
D4- Extreme Drought
• D5- Exceptional Drought
The entire City is subject to drought conditions and water shortages. While drought conditions can alter normal day-to-day lives, in Yucaipa they can also be devastating because of the local groundwater table. Groundwater is water that has passed through the earth's surface and is found in soil layers. The soil layer immediately below the ground surface is the "zone of aeration", where gaps between soil particles are filled with both airand water. Below this layer is the "zone of saturation", where the gaps between soil particles are filled with water. The groundwater surface, or water table, is the boundary between these two layers. As the amount of groundwater increases or decreases, the water table rises or falls accordingly. When the entire area below the ground is saturated, flooding occurs because all subsequent precipitation is forced to remain on the surface. Drought events usually have advanced warning because of monitoring and can last for months and years.
Y History
California and specifically Southern California, has experienced several severe droughts and based on current trends can expect more droughts in the future. It was only recently that the State of California emerged from a proclaimed a State of Emergency due to extremely dry conditions. The longest duration of drought (DI-D4) in California lasted 376 weeks beginning on December 27, 2011, and ending on March 5, 2019. The most intense period of drought occurred 2014 and 2017, where at its peak over 50% of the land in California was under Exceptional Drought (D4) conditions, San Bernardino County and the City of Yucaipa have experienced several droughts, most recently during the statewide drought from 2011-2019. • Probability of Occurrence
In any given year, California and the City of Yucaipa can be subject to drought conditions. This is especially true since much of the water is provided by outside resources, resources that a shared with others. It is also important to note that droughts do not happen overnight, they are a slow buildup of conditions. On average, seventy-five percent (75%) of the state's annual precipitation occurs in the "w0t season November fhru March. December, January, and February generally see the most precipitation but there have been many early and late season storms that bring in a substantial amount of precipitation. One of the best ways to predict drought conditions is to study the status of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) patterns. In California. ENSO is a periodic shifting of ocean atmosphere conditions in the tropical Pacific that ranges from El Nino (warm phase) to neutral to La Nina (cold City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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phase). La Nina conditions tend to favor a drier outlook for Southern California; while the El Nino conditions favor stronger, and wetter storms.
Climate Change Considerations
Climate change has the potential to make drought events more common in the West, including California. Extreme heat creates conditions more conducive for evaporation of moisture from the ground, thereby increasing the possibility of drought. A warming planet could lead to earlier melting of winter snowpacks, leaving lower stream flows and drier conditions in the late spring and summer. Snowpacks are important in terms of providing water storage and ensuring adequate supply in the summer, when water is most needed, Changing precipitation distribution and intensity have the potential to cause more of the precipitation that does fall to run-off rather than be stored. The result of these processes is an increased potential for more frequent and more severe periods of drought.
6.4.1.2 Earthquake
■ Ranking- Probability- MEDIUM; Impact- HIGH
• Description
An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth's surface, For hundreds of millions of years, the forces of plate tectonics have shaped the Earth as the huge plates that form the Earth's surface move slowly over, under, and past each other. Sometimes the movement is gradual. Al other times, the plates are locked together, unable to release the accumulating energy. When the accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break free causing the ground to shake. Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries where the plates meet; however, some earthquakes occur in the middle of plates.
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A fault is a fracture between blocks of the earth's crust where either side moves relative to the other along a parallel plane to the fracture, There are three different types of earthquake faults:1) Normal, 2) Thrust; and, 3) Strike -slip.
Normal fault and Thrust faults are examples of dip -slip faults. Dip -slip faults are slanted fractures where the blocks mostly shift vertically. If the earth above an inclined fault moves down, the fault is called a normal fault, but when the rock above the fault moves up, the fault is called a reverse (or thrust) fault. Thrust faults have a reverse fault with a dip of 45' or less. Strike -slip faults are vertical or almost vertical rifts where the earth's plates move mostly horizontally. From the observer's perspective, if the opposite block looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip style is called a right lateral fault; if the block moves left, the shift is called a left lateral fault.
Norma! Fault Thrust Fault Strike -slip Fault
Ground shaking and ground deformation are the specific hazards associated with earthquakes. The severity of these hazards depends on several factors, including soil and slope conditions, proximity to the fault, magnitude, and the type of earthquake. Below is an overview of the hazards associated with earthquakes:
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Ground Shaking- Ground shaking is the motion felt on the earth's surface caused by seismic waves generated by the earthquake. The strength of ground shaking depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, the type of fault, distance from the epicenter (where the earthquake originates), and local soil conditions, The most intense shaking could damage structures,
Liquefaction- Liquefaction is the phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose, saturated soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid. This can occur on young, loose, unconsolidated sediments.
Liquefaction causes two types of ground failure: lateral spread and loss of bearing strength. Lateral spreads develop on gentle slopes and entail the sidelong movement of large masses of soil as an underlying layer liquefies. Loss of bearing strength occurs when the soil supporting structures liquefy, causing the structures to settle, resulting in damage and, in some cases, collapse.
Surface Fault Rupture- the sudden sliding of one part of the earth's crust past another releases the vast storage of elastic energy in the rocks as an earthquake. The resulting fracture is known as a fault, while the sliding movement of earth on either side of a fault is called fault rupture. Fault rupture generally begins below the ground surface at the earthquake hypocenter, typically between three and ten miles below the ground surface in California. If an earthquake is large enough, the fault rupture will reach the ground surface (referred to as "surface fault rupture"), wreaking havoc on structures built across its path. Structures built across the fault are a risk of significant damage from surface fault rupture. In California, the 1972 Alquist-Priola Earthquake Fault Zoning Act prohibits the siting of most structures for human occupancy across traces of active faults that constitute a potential hazard to structures from surface faulting, Landslides- Earthquake -induced landslides are secondary earthquake hazards that occur from ground shaking. They can destroy the roads, buildings, utilities, and other critical facilities necessary to respond and recover from an earthquake. Many communities in Southern California have a high likelihood of encountering such risks, especially in areas with steep slopes. (NOTE: while mentioned here, landslides are covered under a separate hazards)
m Location and Extent
The majority of earthquakes in California are caused by the movement of the Pacific and North American plates.
The area where the Pacific and North American plates meet is called the "San Andres Fault'. The Pacific plate is moving northwest, scraping horizontally past North America at a rate of about 50 millimeters (2 inches) per year.
About two-thirds of this movement occurs on the San Andreas fault and some parallel faults- the San Jacinto, Elsinore, and Imperial faults. Over time, these faults produce about half of the significant earthquakes of our region, as well as many minor earthquakes, The San Andreas Fault is commonly broken into two (2) segments: the northern and southern segments. The southern segment of the San Andreas fault has an area known as the "big bend The "big bend" ,w from the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley to the eastern end of the ;.131 .?' San Bernardino mountains is an area where the Pacific and North American plates push into each other, compressing the earth's crust forming the mountains of Southern California and creating hundreds of additional faults.
These faults produce thousands of small earthquakes each year and our significant earthquakes in the region.
As depicted in Figure 5.1, Yucaipa is in a seismically active region. The City's location in the Yucaipa Plain, and the Crafton and Yucaipa Hills, coupled with the many streams that flow through the community, has contributed to its naturally undulating terrain. The San Bernardino segment of the San Andreas transacts the northern portion of City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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the community along the base of Yucaipa Ridge. The San Andreas is the dominant fault in southern California and is capable of producing an 8.0 magnitude (M) earthquake. Yucaipa also has surface traces of active smaller faults capable of producing damaging earthquakes. The Chicken Hill Fault runs through west Yucaipa and parallels Oak Glen Road south of Yucaipa Boulevard. The Crafton Hills Fault runs along the southeast front of the Crafton Hills of Yucaipa. Northern Yucaipa is also transected by a series of fault lines, designated Aiquist-Priolo Zones (AP zones).
Fiore J.'I- I-aCa1 i":'.11lIts
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The City of Yucaipa has also developed a Geologic Hazard Overlay District as part of its General Plan (Figure
5.2). The Geologic Hazard Overlay District map depicts the areas susceptible to liquefaction, including the Alquist- Priolo zone, and also areas susceptible to earthquake induced landslides.
Figure 5.2• Geologic Hazard Overlay District
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Kquie5 I
GEOLOOK HAZARD
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The effect of an earthquake on various locations throughout the felt area is called the intensity. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such as people awakening, movement of furniture, damage to chimneys, and total destruction of property. The intensity scale currently used in the United States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale (Table 5,2), It was developed in 1931 by the American seismologists Harry Wood and Frank Neumann. This scale is composed of increasing levels of intensity designated by Roman numerals that range from imperceptible shaking (MMI 1) to catastrophic destruction (MMI X). It does not have a mathematical basis; instead, it is an empirical scale based on observed effects.
Table 5.2. Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale
Shaking
DescriptionIntensity
I
Not Felt
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions 11 Weak
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings III
Weak
felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings.
Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck
IV
Light
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened.
Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably V
Moderate
Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop
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VI
Strong
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight
VII
Very
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in Strong
well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
V11It. ..
Severe
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. ;.
Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
Violent
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well -designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
Extreme
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
Many people are familiar with the Richter scale, a method of rating earthquakes based on the amplitude of seismic waves, an indirect measure of energy released (Table 5.3). The Richter scale is logarithmic. Each one -point increase corresponds to a 10-fold increase in the amplitude of the seismic waves and a 32-fold increase in energy released. For example, an earthquake registering magnitude 7.0 on the Richter scale releases over 1,000 times more energy than an earthquake registering magnitude 5.0. It should be noted that while an earthquake may have many intensity values across the impacted area, there is just one Richter magnitude associated with each event.
Table 5.3• Earthquake Effects Associated with various Richter Magnitudes Magnitude
0-1.9
Earthquake Effects
Micro - Not felt by people
2.0-2.9
Mirror- Felt by few people
3.0-3.9
Minor- Felt by some people, inside objects can be seen shaking
4.0-4.9
Light- Felt by most people, inside object shake and fall
5.0-5.9
Moderate - Felt by everyone, damage and possible collapse of unreinforced buildings
6.0-6.9
Strong - Felt by everyone, widespread shaking/damage, some buildings collapse
7.0-7.9
Major - Felt by everyone, widespread shaking/damage, many buildings collapse Great- Felt by everyone, widespread shaking/damage, most buildings collapse The City rests primarily on alluvium deposited by the Yucaipa Creek and its tributaries. Older deposits consisting of alluvial fan conglomerate and other decomposed, clay -rich alluvia cover Central Yucaipa and Dunlap Acres.
Younger alluvial deposits cover the river wash areas and Dunlap Acres west of Oak Glen Road. Parts of west Yucaipa are on Reservoir Canyon Hill, which is composed of crystalline rocks and older alluvium. Crafton Hills and Yucaipa Hills are composed of crystalline and metamorphic rock. Yucaipa's geologic setting can, under certain circumstances, present hazardous conditions. These hazards are most frequently triggered by seismic events.
Unstable Soils- Yucaipa's clay soils and young, relatively low- compacted soils can shrink or swell depending on moisture content. This occurs particularly during flood or earthquake. Structures on these soils may experience shifting, cracking, and breaking damage as soils shrink, subside, or expand. Unstable soils are primarily adjacent to the drainage courses.
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Slope Instability- Slope failures occur most often along steep canyons, hillsides, and channels and can be triggered by flooding and earthquakes. Although Yucaipa has a low to moderate potential, landslides have occurred in Crafton Hills and in northern Yucaipa, These areas are also subject to a higher risk of mud/debris flow due to the topography,
Ground Subsidence- Ground subsidence involves the settling of ground surface due to extraction of oil, gas, or groundwater. Although Yucaipa does not have extraction fields, the Yucaipa Basin is in overdraft and thus has a low to moderate potential for ground subsidence throughout the community. Isolated cases of ground subsidence have occurred in the past.
Soil Corrosiveness- Many studies in Yucaipa have documented the presence of corrosive soils, which are those with a low pH. Corrosive soils can be responsible for premature eroding of buried metal pipes and concrete foundations. In terms of location, Yucaipa's soils can be corrosive on its adjacent hillsides, in Central Yucaipa, and portions of Dunlap Acres.
W History
Historical and geological records show that California has a long history of seismic events. Southern California has thousands of earthquakes every year. While some may cause damage, most are not even felt. The last significant earthquake on the southern segment of the San Andreas fault was in 1857, and there has not been a rupture of the fault along its southern end from San Bernardino to the Salton Sea since 1690, Of the significant California earthquakes (Appendix E), the twenty-four (24) of them have been in and around the City of Yucaipa area. Below is a list of the more recent, significant earthquakes in the area, • Newport -Inglewood Earthquake, 6.4m (1933)
• San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake, 6.5m (1971)
• Whittier Narrows Earthquake 5.9m (1987)
• Sierra Madre Earthquake 5.8m (1991)
• Landers Earthquake 7.3m (1992)
• Big Bear Earthquake 6Arn (1992)
• Highland Earthquake 5.Om (1994)
• Crafton Hills Earthquake 4.5m (1998)
• Yucaipa Earthquake 5.1m (2001)
• Yucaipa Earthquake 5.2m (2003)
Chino Hills Earthquake 5.4m (2008)
• City of Los Angeles Earthquake 4,7m (2009)
• EI Mayor Cucapah Earthquake 7,2m (2010)
• Calimesa 4.1 m (2011)
• La Habra Earthquake 5.1 m (2014)
• Fontana Earthquake 4.4m (2014)
• Running Springs 4.6m (2014)
• Fontana 4.2m (2015)
• Big Bear Lake 4.Om (2015)
Muscoy 4.4m (2015)
• Banning 4.4m (2016)
• Cabazon 4.5m (2017)
• Big Bear 3,5m (2018)
• Trona (2019)
• Ridgecrest 7.1 m (2019)
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■ Probability of Occurrence
Earthquakes can occur almost everywhere in the region. Earthquakes can strike suddenly, occur at any time of the year and at any time of the day or night without warning. The probability of a significant (M6.7 or greater) earthquake occurring in Southern California in the next 30 years has been estimated to be 97% by the 2007 California Working Group on Earthquake Probability, as shown in Figure 5.3, California Area 30-Fear Earthquake Probabilities. (USGS Open -File Report 2007-1437)
Figure 5.3- California Area 30-Year Earthquake Probabilities
CALIFORNIA AREA
EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITIES
Magrllmde KCalif. F 5,Calif.
6.7 93% 97%
7.0 68% 82%
7.5 15% 37%
0.0 2% 3%
Rratmbili if do om irxiuua the
Ca b&. Su6duemn Zone.
30-Yuar
Earthquake
Zbo blll[y
704!:
16`}
IR
0.1%
0.01%
a.061%
`s c--, C M USGS
�wv
III Climate Change Considerations
To date, no credible evidence has been provided that links climate to earthquakes. However, climate and weather does play a significant role in the response and recovery from earthquakes. Effects from climate change could create cascading complications and impacts.
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5.4.1.3 Energy Disruption
• Ranking- Probability- HIGH; Impact- MEDIUM
U Description
According to Edison International/Southern California Edison (SCE), there are four (4) types of intentional energy disruptions: 1) Planned, 2) Unscheduled, 3) Demand -Side Management, and 4) Load Shedding. Unintentional (or unplanned) disruptions can and will occur as a result of human intervention, purposeful or accidental, natural disasters, and equipment malfunction. For the purposes of this LHMP, Energy Disruption hazards are confined to rolling blackouts, brownouts, and Public Safety Power Shutdown (PSPS) events.
A brownout is a partial, temporary reduction in total system capacity, while a blackout is a complete interruption in power. A brownout is caused by high electricity demand that is near or above a utility's production capacity, When this occurs, the utility may reduce the flow of electricity to certain areas to prevent a blackout. The state of California has also implemented "Flex Alerts" to bring awareness to times in which supply and demand of power could become an issue. A blackout is a large-scale service interruption that can happen as a result of severe weather or equipment failure at power plants.
California relies on a series of facilities, equipment, and systems to deliver energy throughout the state. The facilities, equipment, and systems (lines) are owned and operated by private companies, partnerships, and some local governments; each relying on the main transmission line (the California Backbone) to buy and sell energy within the western grid. Because SCE is part of the western power grid, increases in other parts in the west region could curtail the energy available to the City. This means there are other factors that can play into energy disruption:
1) increased demand within the city; and, 2) increased demand elsewhere.
PSPS events are initiated by power utility companies and are implemented in response to severe weather events.
The purpose is to mitigate the increased fire risk during "red flag" weather conditions. Red flag weather conditions include high winds, low humidity, and high temperatures. By shutting off power, the utility companies are ensuring that electrical equipment, which can arc and spark, during severe events, will not exacerbate or start a fire, ■ Location and Extent
An Energy Disruption events can occur throughout the entire City and can last for a few hours or in some cases a few days. Depending on the cause of energy disruption there may or may not be advanced warning (i.e., PSPS).
There is no universal or common scale to measure levels of Energy Disruption. Most Energy Disruption is generally defined by types (cause) of disruption and duration.
• History
Southern California has experienced a population growth over the years. This coupled with changes to daily lifestyles (heavier reliance on power) and changing weather patterns have contributed to a higher demand for power over recent years. Because of this, the City of Yucaipa, like other parts of California, have had energy shortage events related to the failure of the statewide or regional systems not being able to meet demand. The Energy Shortage events usually occur during the warmer summer months and have lasted for a few hours and in some cases days. Recently, the City has experienced several Energy Shortage events due to the power company's implementing PSPS events in response to Red Flag weather conditions, Similar to the power outage during the summer months, these PSPS energy shortage are relativity short in duration.
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■ Probability of Occurrence
There are no studies that predict the probability of Energy Shortage/Power Outage events; however, it is expected that there is a higher probability of events occurring during the warmer summer months and during iced Flag (high temperatures, low humidity, high wind) events.
• Climate Change Consideration
Climate can play a significant role in Energy ShortagelPower Outage events. As temperatures rise due to changing conditions, it will have significant impacts on energy supply and demand. Additionally, changing climate conditions can create more Red Flag events, causing the power companies to consider turning off power to lessen the potential fire threat.
5.4.1.4 Flooding
• Ranking- Probability- MEDIUM; Impact- HIGH
it Description
A flood is a temporary condition (short -duration or long -duration) of partial or complete inundation on land that is normally dry. This condition is generally caused by precipitation (i.e., rainfall). Several factors determine the severity of floods, including rainfall intensity and duration, antecedent moisture conditions, surface permeability, and geographic characteristics of the watershed such as shape and slope. Other causes of flooding can include a ruptured dam or levee, rapid ice or snow melting in the mountains, under -engineered infrastructure, or even a poorly placed beaver dam can overwhelm a river or channel and send water spreading over adjacent land or floodplains. According to FEMA, there are several different types of floods and under some there are subtypes.
The flooding types and subtypes include:
• Riverine Flooding- River/Stream Overbank Flooding, Flash Floods, Dam and Levee Failure, Alluvia Fans, Ice Jam Flooding, Moveable Bed Streams
Urban Drainage- drainage system capacity deficiencies
Ground Failures- Mud flood and Mudflows, Subsidence, Liquefaction (NOTE: Mudflows are covered under Landslide hazard; Subsidence and Liquefaction hazards are covered under Earthquake hazard) Fluctuating Lake Levels- Increase volume caused by rain, snowmelt, and other runoffs Coastal Flooding and Erosion- Storm Surge
In California, some of the more common types of flooding fall under Riverine Flooding (i.e., flash flooding), Urban Flooding, and Coastal Flooding (i.e., storm surge), Floods can take several hours to days to develop. A flash flood is a flood occurring in a watershed where the time of travel of the peak of flow from one end of the watershed to the other is less than six hours. Coastal flooding occurs when storms produce large ocean waves that sweep across coastlines making landfall. The following flood characterization designates the amount of time for response:
Flood Watch- a flood is possible in the area. Advanced warning Flood Warning- flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in the area. Advanced warning Flash Flood Watch- a flash flood is possible in the area. Little -to -no advanced warning Flash Flood Warning- flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in the area. Little -to -no advanced warning
The standard for riverine flooding is the so-called 100-year flood," a benchmark used by the FEMA to establish a standard of flood control in communities throughout the country. Thus, the 100-year flood is also referred to as the "regulatory" or "base" flood. Actually, there is little difference between a 100-year flood and what is known as the 10-year flood. Both terms are really statements of probability that scientists and engineers use to describe how City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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one flood compares to others that are likely to occur, In fact, the 500-year flood and the 10-year flood are only a foot apart on flood elevation which means that the elevation of the 100-year flood falls somewhere in between, The term 100-year flood is often incorrectly used and can be misleading. It does not mean that only one flood of that size will occur every 100 years. What it actually means is that there is a one percent (1 %) chance of a flood of that intensity and elevation happening in any given year. In other words, it is the flood elevation that has a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded each year. And it could occur more than once in a relatively short period of time.
Location and Extent
Riverine flooding in Yucaipa is the most significant issue. Yucaipa is bisected by several waterways. Wilson Creek divides into three (3) main tributaries, with Gateway Wash as the north fork, Oak Glen Creek the south fork, and Wilson Creek located between them. The central area of Yucaipa is divided into two main drainage systems, which are the area drained by Chicken Springs Wash (a tributary of Wilson Creek), and the area drained by Yucaipa Creek, which is tributary to Wildwood Creek, Wiidwood Creek flows westerly through the southern portion of the watershed and joins Wilson Creek at the City limits. The watershed also includes several additional areas. They are an area tributary to Mill Creek, a large natural area in the easterly portion which is tributary to Little San Gorgonio Creek, a relatively small area adjacent to the southerly limits (tributary to the County Line Channel) whose flows go southwesterly into Riverside County, a relatively small area in the easterly limits along the San Bernardino Freeway (1-10) (and drains into the City of Redlands), and a relatively small area in the northeasterly portion which is tributary to the unincorporated area of Crafton.
FEMA is responsible for identifying flood hazards for communities across the nation. FEMA prepares Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) that delineate Special Flood Hazard Areas - a 100-year and 500-year flood event.
The California Department of Water Resources also has identified areas prone to a 100-year flood using approximate assessment procedures, without specific depths and other flood hazard data. Based on this information, the City of Yucaipa has prepared a Floodplain Safety Overlay District map (Figure 5.4).
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Figure 5.4• Floodplain Safety Overlay District
IV f
Hazard Assessment
FLDDDPLAIH SAFETY
OVERLAY PISTRI[T
40,
Y-
.r
orl�
YUCAI PA
uryrnn,. rinN
Urban flooding is also an issue in Yucaipa. Although Yucaipa's flood control and drainage infrastructure direct the majority of floodwaters, flooding during intense storms is inevitable due to the volume of water draining from the mountains. Moving debris can quickly overwhelm or impede well- designed channels and basins, spilling onto streets and property. Typically, storm drains are designed for normal rainfall and provide protection from a normal storm event. However, when larger storms occur or storm drains are blocked, flooding may occur. Several areas in Yucaipa are more susceptible to urban flooding. In particular, Dunlap Acres and areas below the confluence at Yucaipa Creek and Wildwood Creek are subject to flooding. Areas where roads decline below grade (low water crossings) or where limited infrastructure is in place are also susceptible to flooding. In addition to the riverine urban flooding, Yucaipa is also prone to mudflows, However, mudflows are covered under the Landslide hazard.
Because of modern weather technologies Flood events usually have advance notices or some indication of the possibility of flooding in the area. Traditionally flooding has occurred in the winter months, but the area has been known to have flooding in the spring and fail too. A Flood event can last a few hours or in some instances, they can last for a week or more.
21 History
Because of Yucaipa's steep terrain and seasonal storm events, the community is subject to a wide range of flooding hazards. The predominant flooding hazards are riverine flooding, mudflows, dam inundation, and urban flooding.
Damaging floods have been reported in the Yucaipa area as early as 1862. Major floods are known to have occurred also in 1884, 1914, 1927, 1938, 1943, 1950, 1963, and 1969. Nine major flood events have been recorded in the last 145 years or about one every 16 years. The 1969 flood event, which was actually two (2) separate flood events in January and February 1969, were the most damaging on record for the Yucaipa Valley. More recent flooding events include,
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• 2021/22 DecemberlJanuary- Flash Flood/Mudslides
• 2011 January- Flash Flood/Mudslides
• 2010 January- Flash Flood/Mudslides
• 2005 January- Flash Flood
• 2002 November- Flash Flood
1999 August- Flash Flood
1995 January- Storm
• 1993 February- Storm
• 1992- Winter Storms
• 1989 November- Storm
■ Probability of Occurrence
Annually, the City of Yucaipa has the probably of experiencing a Flood event. Yucaipa has generally warm -to -dry weather and averages only 20 inches of rainfall annually. Therefore, most of the creeks are dry during most of the year, except along their upper reaches, which may have small, sustained year-round flow. However, Yucaipa is also subject to intense local storms. Floodwaters from the upper reaches of the mountains converge in Yucaipa's waterways, creating the potential for flooding and safety hazards. However, as mentioned above, the FEMA FIRMS provide an indicator of the probability of flooding happening over a given period of time. With the 100-year Flood zone indicating a one percent (1 %) chance of a flood of that intensity happening annually.
Climate Change Considerations
Climate change acts as an amplifier to flood hazards. Extreme weather events have become more frequent over the past 40 to 50 years and this trend is projected to continue, Rising sea levels and shifting weather patterns (temperate, winds) are expected to have a significant impact on rainfall frequency, intensity and distribution, which in turn will have a significant impact on the frequency of flood occurrences. Additionally, warmer weather patterns increase snowmelt, which in turn produces more runoff to the lower elevations.
5.4.1.5 Landslide
• Ranking- Probability- HIGH; Impact- MEDIUM
a Description
Landslides can be defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down an incline. According to the USGS, the term "landslide" encompasses five (5) modes of slope movement; falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows.
• Falls are masses of soil or rock that dislodge from steep slopes and free -fall, bounce, or roll downslope. • Topples move by the forward pivoting of a mass around an axis below the displaced mass. • Spreads (lateral) commonly induced by liquefaction of material in an earthquake, move by horizontal extension and shear or tensile fractures.
• Slides displace masses of material along one or more discrete planes.
In "rotational" sliding, the slide plane is curved, and the mass rotates backwards around an axis parallel to the slope;
In "translational" sliding, the failure surface is more or less planar, and the mass moves parallel to the ground surface.
• Flows mobilize as a deforming, viscous mass without a discrete failure plane.
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Landslides can be caused by natural processes or by man-made activities. Landslides occurs when down -slope forces (gravity) exceed the resistance (strength) of the earth materials. Landslides can be initiated by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion, changes in ground water, earthquakes, volcanic activity, disturbance by human activities, or any combination of these factors. Two (2) of the more common types of landslides include:
Mudtiows- defined as flows or rivers of liquid mud down a hillside on the surface of normally dry land. They occur when water saturates the ground, usually following long and heavy rain falls, or rapid snow melt. Mud forms and flows down slope if there is no ground cover such as brush or trees to hold the soil in place.
Debris Flow- defined when water begins to wash material from a slope or when water sheets off of a newly burned stretch of land. Chaparral land is especially susceptible to debris flows after a fire. The flow will pick up speed and debris as it descends the slope. As the system gradually picks up speed it takes on the characteristics of a basic river system, carrying everything in its path along with it.
Fast-moving (or rapidly -moving) landslides present the greatest risk to human life, and people living in or traveling through areas prone to rapidly moving landslides are at increased risk of serious injury. Debris- flows can travel down a hillside with speeds up to 200 miles per hour (though more commonly, 30-50 miles per hour), depending on the slope angle and type of earth and debris in the flow.
Slow -moving landslides can occur on relatively gentle slopes and can cause significant property damage but are less likely to result in serious human injuries. Slow -moving slides include rotational slides, where sliding material moves along a curved surface, and translational slides, where movement occurs along a flat surface. These slides are generally slow -moving and can be deep. Slumps are small rotational slides that are generally shallow.
The size of a landslide usually depends on the geology and the initial cause of the landslide. Landslides vary greatly in their volume of rock and soil; the length, width, and depth of the area affected; frequency of occurrence; and speed of movement. Some characteristics that determine the type of landslide are slope of the hillside, moisture content, and the nature of the underlying materials. Landslides are given different names, depending on the type of failure and their composition and characteristics.
Many landslides are difficult to mitigate, particularly in areas of large historic movement with weak underlying geologic materials. As communities continue to modify the terrain and influence natural processes, it is important to be aware of the physical properties of the underlying soils as they, along with climate, create landslide hazards.
Proper planning cannot completely eliminate the threat of landslides to the safety of people, property, and Infrastructure; however, without proper planning, landslide hazards will be even more common and more destructive.
Location and Extent
The location and extent of landslides are extremely difficult. to predict and are usually based .on historical events and/or soil type and topography. Areas susceptible to landslides in the City are depicted on the Geologic Hazard Overlay District map (see Figure 5.2 under Earthquake). However, it is important to note, that these areas are more susceptible to traditional landslides occurrences; landslides not associated_ with wildfire _burn areas and subsequence rainstorm events. This new dynamic expands the location of possible landslides (i.e., debris and mudflows) to other areas within the City. Generally, areas most susceptible to mudflow/debris flows include steep slopes, landforms subject to erosion, and river channels. In areas burned by forest and brush fires, a lower threshold of rainfall may trigger mudflows.
12 History
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. Over ' a has
experienced many smaller mud/debris flows and landslides along the Crafton Hills. northern Yucaipa, the Yucaipa Ham, and Oak Glen areas. However, the recent occurrence of landslides_ has increased due to the Ch s proximity to wildfire burn areas and exposure to rainstorms. Recent, the City of Yucaipa experienced a significant mudflow event in the northeastern portion of tie City. This event was a direct result from the El Dorado Wildfire burn areas and an intense rainstorm,
small po#ign of Me 1;-A. eel nnrner of t" Kann f491'Ad +n hnV- n mnrinrn+n +n hinh niiennn+ii.ili#+n landslidac..and rnntainctwo mapped landslide areas
■ Probability of Occurrence
Landslides are a common hazard in California. Weathering and the decomposition of geologic materials produce conditions conducive to landslides, and human activity further exacerbates many landslide problems. It is difficult to estimate the probability of occurrence for landslide as no landslide susceptibility maps have been prepared for renen4 y +here haS hear. IRGFeased rwbability for mu dflews and debris flews due to Wildfire Yucaipa. However, TGGI..Tf[�TTGTL�f[ITZ7G+�'TTf7G7G��GO�7fGVCfflR7T]�QiTTfQOTIG7V .7"17I"I�I�QGZ77lT'f7Vi7Tl� events in the area, the probability for mudflows and debris flows has increased as evident by the recent mudflow event in October of 2022. As mentioned under History, this event was a direct result from the El Dorado wildfire burn areas,
a Climate Change Considerations
Climate change can increase the probability, frequency, and/or intensity of landslides. Changes in precipitation, specifically the increased frequency of intense precipitation, can result in significant water run-off, which may cause landslides. Additionally, increase in wildfire hazards will result in loss of hillside vegetation. The loss of hillside vegetation will increase the likelihood of debris and mudflows. This could result in landslides occurring in areas not previously identified.
5.4.1.6 Wildfire
Ranking- Probability- HIGH; Impact- MEDIUM
• Description
A wildfire is a type of fire that spreads through all types of vegetation. It often begins unnoticed, spreads quickly, and is usually signaled by dense smoke that may be visible from miles around. Wildfires can be caused by human activities (such as arson or campfires) or by natural events such as lightning. Wildfires often occur in forests or other areas with ample vegetation. The following factors contribute significantly to wildfire behavior and can be used to identify wildfire hazard areas.
%JC- As slope increases, the rate of wildland fire spread typically increases. South facing slopes are also subject to more solar radiation, making them drier and thereby intensifying wildland fire behavior.
However, ridge tops may mark the end of wildland fire spread, since fire spreads more slowly or may even be unable to spread downhill.
Fuel- The type and condition of vegetation plays a significant role in the occurrence and spread of wildland fires. Certain types of plants are more susceptible to burning or will burn with greater intensity. Dense or overgrown vegetation increases the amount of combustible material available to fuel the fire (referred to as the "fuel load"). The ratio of living to dead plant matter is also important. The risk of fire is increased significantly during periods of prolonged drought as the moisture content of both living and dead plant matter decreases.
The fuel's continuity, both horizontally and vertically, is also an important factor.
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Weather- The most variable factor affecting wildland fire behavior is weather. Temperature, humidity, wind, and lightning can affect chances for ignition and spread of fire. Extreme weather, such as high temperatures and low humidity, can lead to extreme wildland fire activity. By contrast, cooling and higher humidity often signals reduced wildland fire occurrence and easier containment.
Responsibility for wildland fire prevention and suppression includes the City, State, and the Federal government.
The Federal government has the primary responsibility in Wildwood Canyon, Yucaipa Hills, and National Forest.
These Federal Responsibility Areas (FRA) total 8% of the acreage within the City and sphere of influence. Areas where the State has primary responsibility, State Responsibility Areas (SRA) comprise 17%, primarily in the Crafton Hills and El Dorado Ranch Park. Local Responsibility Areas (LRA) comprise most of the developed areas in Yucaipa.
Location and Extent
Yucaipa's dry weather conditions, topography, high winds, and vegetation place the City at a very high risk of wildfire. Expansive open areas are susceptible to destructive wildland fires, which can be exacerbated by dry weather and Santa Ana winds. The National Fire Plan designates Yucaipa as a "community at risk" of high wildland fire hazard (CAL Fire 2014). Vegetation fuel types in the City include annual grasses and a variety of brush with low fuel moisture that are highly susceptible to and capable of carrying fire. fipes have
According to CAL Fire, half of the City of Yucaipa is designated as a very high fire severity zone (VHFSZ) based on fuels, terrain, and weather. These lands are characterized by fire -prone land cover - primarily valley grasslands, mixed chaparral, and shrub communities. Significant residential growth is planned over the buildout of Yucaipa; however, only 3,500 units will be located in a VHFSZ, Of those total units, only a fraction is permitted within SRA lands (-200 units) or within FRA lands (-150 units).
The CDF has assessed both State Responsibility Areas (SRA) and Local Responsibility Areas (LRA). For the SRA CDF uses three (3) different zones to classify fire hazard severity in the State of California, while for the LRA CDF uses eight 8 different zones to classify the fire severity zones. The CDF-FRAP Fire Hazard Severity Zones consist of:
• SRA- Moderate (Yellow):
• SRA- High- (Orange):
• SRA- Very High (Red)-:
• LRA- Very High (Rely
• LRA- High (Orange))
* LRA- Moderate (Yellow
• LRA, Unzoned (Gree):
• LRA- Other Very High (Light Red):
LRA- Other High (Light Orange):
• LRA- Other Moderate (Light Yellow):
• LRA- Other Unzoned (Light Grey):
The City contacted CDF to obtain some clarification on the above categories, but CDF indicated thatthe categories are based on many factors (i.e,, terrain, fuel, weather) and are adjusted regularly based on new information_(i.e., City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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probability of an area burning, fire behavior). Because of the dynamic factors, CDF does not publish definitive definitions of the categories for public dissemination. However_the CDF website does provide this explanation:
Classification of a wildland zone as Moderate, High or Vern High fire hazard is based on the average hazard across the area included in the zone, which have a minimum size of 200 acres. In wildands, hazard is a function of modeled flame length under the worst conditions and.annual burn probability. Both these factors generally increase with increasing hazard level, buf there may be instances where one value is Very dbhh and the other is low, pushing the overall hazard into a more intermediate ranking. On average, both modeled flame length and burn probability increase by roughly 40-6'0% between hazard classes. yeas is based on the fire hazard of the adlac.._,...- _._ Classification outside of wildland a h ent wildland and the probability of flames and embers threatening buildings..' The City of Yucaipa designated fire -prone areas with a fire safety overlay district, Figure 5.5, Fire Safety Overlay District, designates these areas as FR-1 (very high fire severity zones) and FR-2, which are lands vulnerable to fire due to proximity to FR-1 areas.
Figure 5.5- Designated Flre,prone Areas. City of Yucaipa �i;,'-:'''Lt+'
FIRE SAFETY
OVERLAY DISTRIR
{3
NOW
•
+ , W.,, A—
IDMWINwJr+l
InMLI, V..k1
While Wildfire events can occur without warnina. there are instances where the spread of the Wildfire can orovide or some weather indicator (i.e., Red Flag Warning) can provide some warning. Wildfires events can occur any time of the year but are typically worse during hotter dryer months. Durations of wildfires can last a few hours up to a few weeks.
History
Wildfires are a threat throughout the year. Since 2000, the City of Yucaipa has experienced many wildland fires due to natural causes. human error. and arson. Over the past decade. all of the notable fires have occurred in hillsides surtoundina Yucaipa. In 2010 several wildfires in the hills in the northeast portion of the City burned the natural vegetation for roughly 2,500 acres of land. One structure and one outbuilding were destroyed, and the loss City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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of vegetation resulted in considerable debris being washed down over roads onto streets, In 2009, two separate fires in the hills in the eastern part of the City burned over 1,900 acres resulting in the loss of natural vegetation and causing significant damage from mud and debris in subsequent winter storms. In 2006 a fire in the Crafton hills in the northwest part of the City burned natural vegetation in about 60 acres. In 1997 a fire in the hills in the northeast portion of the City burned the natural vegetation in about 20,000 acres of land. Although no homes were destroyed, the loss of vegetation resulted in considerable debris being washed down over roads on into a park.
Other notable wildfires in Yucaipa include;
Year
Name
Acres Burned
2020 06 05
El Dorado Fire
22,680 acres
20191010
Sandalwood Fire
1,011 acres
2015
Mill 2 Fire
35 acres
2013
Mentone/Yucaipa Fire
534 acres
2013 06 28
Mill Fire
100 acres
2009 09 23
Craffon Fire
350 acres
2009 08 31
Pendleton Fire
860 acres
2009 08 30
Oak Glen 3 Fire
1,015 acres
2009 05 07
Park Fire
200710 26
Jefferson Fire
125 acres
2007 07 03
Ridge Fire
280 acres
200610 29
Esperanza Fire
41,173 acres
2003 08 25
Cedar Fire
273,246 acres
2003 08 25
Old Fire
91,281 acres
2003 08 15
Aug 2003 Wildfire
2001 10 21
Oct 2001 Fire
2001 07 08
Bryant Fire
1998 08 31
Aug 1998 Fire
199710 29
Fremont Fire
19951017
Bluff Fire
199310 27
Mill Creek Fire
1987 0717
Wash Fire
• Probability of Occurrence
The maiority of work done to estimate the probability of wildfire occurrence has been focused on identifvina the potential areas where wildfire could occur. Wildfires present a significant potential for disaster in the southwest United States, a region of relatively high temperatures, low humidity, and low precipitation during the summer, and during the spring, moderately strong daytime winds. As previously mentioned, fuel (vegetation), weather, and topography are the significant elements in identifying areas of potential threat of wildfire occurrences. The areas surroundinu the City are marked by mountains, foothills, and canyons that are covered in susceptible vegetation.
A large amount of the native vegetation in the area is commonly called chaparral: chaparral is a dense and scrubby bush that has evolved to persist in a fire -prone habitat. Chaparral plants will eventually age and die; however, they will not be replaced by new growth until a fire rejuvenates the area. Chamise,_m_ anz_anita and ceanothus are all examples of chaparral which are quite common in the area.
The region's climate, with its warm and dry summers, contributes to low relative humidity, and low fuel moistures.
When combined with NO fuel loading, the potential for a catastrophic wildfire event is significant. Three (3) weather conditions that may cause the ignition of and/or impact the behavior of wildfires are as follows. 1) thunder and City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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lightning storms; 2) high wind events; and, 3) hot, dry (low humidity) periods, Additionally, 4wf.�A-drought conditions make this hazard increasingly prevalent. +ha�o ;o„oro burning ^^^dltieRsAnother factor to consider is the actions ,— of people with the surrounding conditions. "*fi;g-aa4-Understanding that some wildfires are human caused increases the probability the stage is sa+ for the occurrence of large, destructive wildfires.
Climate Change Considerations
Climate change plays a significant role in wildfire hazards. The changing conditions from wet to dry can create more fuel and introduce new areas to higher wildfire risk; the increased possibility of high winds increase risk and present a challenge, and drought conditions could hinder ability to contain fires. Large wildfires also have several indirect effects beyond those of a smaller, local fire. These may include air quality and health issues, road closures, business closures, and other forms of losses. Furthermore, large wildfires increase the threat of other disasters such as landslide and flooding.
5.4.2 Tier 9
The hazards, in alphabetical order, under Tier 11 include: Extreme Temperature; Infectious Disease; Technology Disruption; and, Windstorm.
5.4.2.1 Extreme Temperature
M Ranking- Probability- MEDIUM; Impact- MEDIUM
• Description
For the purposes of the LHMP, Extreme Temperatures include both 1) extreme heat and 2) extreme cold weather conditions,
Extreme Heat- The United States Center for Disease Control (CDC) states that "While there is no single agreed upon definition of an extreme heat event, most definitions refer to an extended period of time (several days or more) with unusually hot weather conditions that potentially can harm human health". The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency defines extreme heat events as "periods of summertime weather that are substantially hotter and/or more humid than typical for a given location at that time of year." Extreme heat can result in significant economic impacts, effect agriculture and livestock, and may cause damage to homes and businesses. The National Weather Services (NWS) issues the following excessive heat products:
Heat Advisory is a period of excessive heat. The combination of hot temperatures and high humidity will create a situation in which heat related illnesses are possible Excessive Heat Watch is a prolonged period of excessive heat is possible within about 48 hours Excessive Heat Warning is a prolonged period of excessive heat is expected within about 24 hours.
When combined with humidity, high temperatures can create higher "perceived" heat and greater risk. Figure 5.6 shows the National Weather Services (NWS) Heat Index which describes how hot the heat -humidity combination makes the airfeel. As relative humidity increases, the air seems warmer than it actually is because the body is less able to cool itself via evaporation of perspiration.
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Figure 5.5.. Heat Index
HW5 Heat index Temperature (OF)
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 100 110
40 80 81 83 85 88 91 94 97 101 105 109
45 80 82 84 87 89 93 96 100 104 109 114 119 124.
ym 50 81 83 85 88 91 95 99 103 108 113 116 124
a 55 81 84 66 89 93 97 101 106 112 117 124
�0 80 82 84 Sa 91 95 100 105 110 116 123
05 82 85 89 93 98 103 108 114 121
x 70 83 86 90 95 100 105 112 119
x 75 84 88 92 97 103 109 116 124
m 80 84 89 94 100 106 113 121
85 85 90 96 102 910 117
90 86 91 98 105 113 122,
96 $6 93 100 105 117
100 ja7 95 103 :11Z .121
Likelihood of Real Citordors With Prolonged Exposure or Strenuous Activity © CaLkon [J Exuerrn Caoorl 0 Darrgrar E rzxVerhe Dtngsr Prolonged high temperatures can pose a risk to vulnerable populations, particularly if combined with power outages. As the Heat Index rises, so do health risks. Specifically; • When the Heat Index is 90°F, heat exhaustion is possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity When it is 90" to 105°F, neat exhaustion is probable with the possibility of sunstroke or heat cramps with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity
• When it is 105' to 129°F, sunstroke, heat cramps or Meat exhaustion is likely, and heatstroke is possible with prolonged exposure andbr physical activity
• When it is 1307 and higher, heatstroke and sunstroke is extremely likely with continued exposure.
Physical activity and prolonged exposure to the heat increase the risks The NWS initiates its Heat Index Program Alert procedures when the high temperature is expected to exceed 105' to 110' (depending on local climate) for at least two consecutive days.
Extreme Gold- As with extreme heat events, there is no standard definition for extreme cold events. What constitutes extreme cold varies in different parts of the country. However, extreme cold (or freeze) conditions are generally noted when there are sustained temperatures below freezing (32T). When combined with precipitation, ice can form on roadways, trees, and power lines creating secondary hazard conditions. Cold fronts and polar vortexes are common terms used when discussing extreme cold events.
Extreme cold can result in significant damage to homes and businesses (e.g., from burst pipes), effect agriculture and livestock, and may cause economic impacts as well. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides three (3) different categories of actions for freeze events:
• Frost Advisory is issued when the minimum temperature is forecast to be 33 to 36 degrees on clear and calm nights during the growing season.
r Freeze Watch is issued when there is a potential for significant, widespread freezing temperatures within the next 24-36 hours.
• Freeze warning is issued when significant, widespread freezing temperatures are expected.
Prolonged freezing temperatures can pose a risk to vulnerable populations, particularly if combined with power outages. Exposure to cold can cause significant health problems, such as frostbite or hypothermia and become life -threatening. When combined with extreme cold temperatures, winds can compound the events creating a phenomenon known as "wind chill" factor.
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Wind Chill is the term used to describe the rate of heat loss on the human body resulting from the combined effect of low temperature and wind, As winds increase, heat is carried away from the body at a faster rate, driving down both the skin temperature and eventually the internal body temperature. Animals are also affected by wind chili; however, cars, plants and other objects are not. Figure 5.7 shows the NWS Wind Chill Chart which uses science and other information to provide an accurate, understandable, and useful formula for calculating the dangers from winter winds and freezing temperatures.
Figure 5.7- Wind Chill Chart
• Location and Extent
Because of modern weather technologies Extreme Temperature events usually have advance notices. The entire city is subject to Extreme Heat and/or Cold conditions. Extreme Temperature events can last a few days or even a few weeks. Typically, extreme heat events happen in the summer months while extreme cold events happen in the winter months, Measurements for extreme heat and cold are presented under the description (see Figure 5.6 and 5.7).
• History
While the City and the County have not experienced many extreme cold events, they have experienced many extreme heat events. To date, the State of California has not received a Federal Disaster Declaration related to extreme heat events, Notwithstanding that fact, California has been subjected to numerous heat waves leading to blackout conditions, crop loss, illness, and death. The most severe regional heat and cold events include; • Palm. Springs (2021.1- Strong high pressure brought a dry heat to inland areas. Temperatures reached 123° in Palm Springs, tying the highest reading on record. • Los Angeles County (2020)- A major heat wave struck the region, temperatures of 121 degrees were recorded in Los Angeles County (the highest temperature on record in County) • Los Angeles County (2018)- extreme heat waves occurred throughout Southern California, The hottest day of the heat waves occurred on July 6 when temperatures reached 114°F in Santa Ana, CA. A second but less intense extreme heat wave occurred on July 25 where regional temperatures went above 100OF in places like Burbank and the 95°F at Long Beach Airport. • Lon B�(2017)- Southern California experienced two extreme heat days, The weather monitoring station at Long Beach Airport indicated that temperatures reached 1057 that day, City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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• Los Angeles (2010L On Sept. 27, 2010, Downtown L.A. reached a record high of 113 degrees. The heat wave lasted nearly three (3) days, with an average of about 100 degrees. It was so hot that the thermometer broke, according to the L.A. Times.
• Woodland Hills (2006)- In the valley, the heat peaked at an all-time record of 119 degrees on July 22, 2006. Here's what NPR had to say about the heat wave: Temperatures like that, combined with unusually high humidity and very little night-time cooling, have left much of California feeling more like Texas.
Statewide, at least 30 deaths have been linked to the heat over the past week and a half. These are the temps from Woodland Hills during that year: Jul 21 (113 degrees), Jul 22 (119 degrees), Jul 23 (112 degrees), Jul 24 (108 degrees), Jul 25 (105 degrees).
• Palm Springs (1995)- temperatures reached above 115 degrees for four days during the month of July.
Not to mention, a 123-degree-record has been set 4 times there - July 28 and 29,1995; August 1993; and July 1979 - according to a forecaster from the NWS.
• Burbank (1971)- Located northwest of Downtown, the city of Burbank reached an all-time high of 113 degrees on Sept. 12, 1971. For nearly four days, the average was about 105 degrees. Here's the breakdown, Sep 11 (105 degrees), Sep 12 (113 degrees), Sep 1 (112degrees), Sep 14 (109 degree), Sep 15 (94 degrees).
• Los Angeles (19551- According to the National Weather Service, the longest consecutive heat wave in Downtown Los Angeles lasted for eight days, from Aug. 31 to Sept. 7 In 1955. At least most folks had newly installed air conditioning systems, which became popular in the '50s. Nearly 1 million units were purchased in 1953, just in time for DTLA's major heat wave. Below are the blazing temps from that 1955 summer, according to a NWS spokesperson: Aug 31 (101 degrees), Sep 1 (110 degrees), Sep 2 (108 degrees), Sep 3 (103 degrees), Sep 4 (101 degrees), Sep 5 (100 degrees), Sep 6 (102 degrees), Sep 7 (100 degrees), Sep 8 (96 degrees).
• Riverside (1925)- a record temperature of 118 degrees was set on July 17,1925. Miraculously, it had only reached 108 degrees the day before and 102 the day after, But Riverside's longest streak of high temps came in 1917 and 2007, when it reached 110 degrees from June 14 through June 17 and from Sept. 1 through Sept. 4.
■ Probability of Occurrence
In any given year the City could experience Extreme Heat or Cold weather events.
Climate Change Consideration
Climate change will also cause extreme weather events (heat and cold) to happen more often. Studies show that by the end of this century, the number of days with temperatures reaching 1007 or more is projected to increase dramatically across the United States as a result of climate change. What the public now considers to be an exceptional event could become routine across much of the country, As temperatures rise and extreme heat events become longer, more severe, and more frequent, experts expect to see more health problems and deaths caused by heat. Researchers have looked at a variety of scenarios and models, and consistently have reached the same conclusions:
• With climate change, the number of deaths due to extreme heat is expected to keep increasing over time. • Higher emissions scenarios project a more dramatic rise in heat -related deaths over time.
These projections are not precise. For example, they assume that the death rate associated with a particular level of extreme heat (such as a 100OF day in Chicago) will be similar to the patterns observed in the past. But if the relationship between heat and death rates changes in the future, the expected number of deaths might increase City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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or decrease. For example, people might get more use to extreme heat and communities might plan and prepare for heat more effectively. Changes in demographics could also affect the number of heat -related deaths.
5.4.2.2 Infectious Disease
* Ranking- Probability- MEDIUM; Impact- MEDIUM
• Description
Infectious Disease is a broad term used to describe illness caused by a specific type of bacterium, parasite, virus, or fungus organisms. Below is a brief overview of the main infectious disease types:
• Bacterial Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases from strep throat to meningitis and tuberculosis. • Fungal Infections- There are roughly 300 types of fungi known to cause infectious disease. Common types include ringworm, bfastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and pneumocystis pneumonia.
Parasitic Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases including malaria, Chagas disease, and toxocariasis.
• Viral Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases including the common cold, influenza, mononucleosis, smallpox, and HIV/AIDS.
These organisms can be transmitted:
• Person -to -person (e.g., measles, mumps, meningococcal disease, tuberculosis) • By consuming contaminated food or water, also known as foodborne (e.g., salmonella, E.coli, botulinum toxin)
• Through animal bites (i.e., mosquito, ticks, fleas) also known as vector -borne (e.g., West Nile virus, dengue, Zika, malaria).
Newly emerging infectious diseases include Ebole, Zika, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), avian influenza. The current pandemic (COVID-19) is linked to the SARS virus. The SARS ccronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a virus identified in 2003. SARS-CoV is thought to be an animal virus from an as -yet -uncertain animal reservoir, perhaps bats, which spread to other animals (civet cats) and first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002. In 2019, in Wuhan China a new coronavirus was discovered. The coronavirus is closely related to the SARS coronavirus. The new virus goes by both COVID-19, standing for coronavirus disease 2019, and SARS CoV-2. Additional detail about the impacts of the COVID 19 can be found under the History section.
Also, of concern are the threats of potential biological terrorism (bioterrorism), the intentional release or spread of disease (or toxins). Bioterrorism, also known as biological warfare, is not new and has been used for centuries. As early as 600 BC, military leaders have implemented practices to poison water supplies and infect citizens/soldiers to gain strategic advantages in their efforts to conquer territories. Today there have been occurrences are both at the large scale (by military) and small scale (by terrorist organizations or individuals). No matter the purpose, the release of organisms could have devastating effects on an international, national, state, or local level if it is a highly infectious disease.
Location and Extent
An infectious disease incident can occur throughout the entire city any time during year and can last a few weeks or in some cases years. While the initial occurrence of an Infectious Disease event can occur without warning, there are instances where the spread of the Infectious Disease can provide some warning or indication (i.e., Covid 19). Depending on the category of the Infectious Disease (see below), the duration can last a few days, all the way up to years,
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Infectious disease emergencies are incidents caused by these organisms, with the potential for significant illness or death in the population. The impact of infectious disease emergencies can also the local economy through loss of production and costs of treating or preventing spread of the disease. The ability to recover from an infectious disease emergency will depend on:
The type of biological agent (organism)
• The availability of prophylaxis (i.e., vaccine) for responders and the public • The scale of the current and ongoing exposure
• The mode of transmission and whether transmission can be interrupted • Whether the event is affecting critical infrastructure such as transportation, law enforcement, health care, and the medical and food supply chains.
There are three (3) common levels (or categories) of infectious disease emergencies: Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics.
Outbreak- when there are more cases than would be normally expected, often suddenly, of an infectious disease in a community or facility.
E ip demic- when there are more cases than would be normally expected of an infectious disease, often suddenly, in a population of a large geographic area.
Pandemic- refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.
Outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics can occur when a new virus emerges to which the population has little immunity. Public Health measures are used to control outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics of infectious diseases, and are especially important for diseases with high morbidity or mortality and limited medical prophylaxis and/or rapid treatment. Public Health measures to control disease include:
• Isolation and quarantine of persons or products, and legal closure of food establishments • Control of contaminated food through recall of product • Control of contaminated water through "Do Not Use", "Do Not Drink" or "Boil Water" orders • Vector control spraying to target animals, bugs, andlor inspects History
Infectious diseases have been of concern for many years. It is only recently because of COVID-19 thatthe potential risk has been heightened. As sited by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the 20th century saw three (3) pandemics, the most notable of which was the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic that was responsible for 20 million deaths throughout the world. The pandemics are now known to represent three (3) different antigenic subtypes of influenza A virus: H1 N1 (Spanish influenza in 1918), H2N2 (Asian Influenza in 1987), and H3N2 (Hong Kong Influenza in 1968). Not classified as true pandemics are three (3) notable epidemics: a pseudo pandemic in 1947 with low death rates, an epidemic in 1977 that was a pandemic in children, and an abortive epidemic of swine influenza in 1976 that was feared to have pandemic potential. Major influenza epidemics show no predictable periodicity or pattern, and all differ from one another. Evidence suggests that true pandemics with changes in hemagglutinin subtypes arise from genetic reassortment with animal influenza A viruses.
Currently, the world is dealing with the effects of COVID-19. According to the CDC, COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Although most people who have COVID-19 have mild symptoms, COVID-19 can also cause severe illness and even death. Some groups, including older adults and people who have certain underlying medical conditions, are at increased risk of severe illness. Because it is a new virus, scientists are City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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learning more each day. New cases of and death rates from COVID-19 are rising globally each day. Potential vaccines are being tested but to date, there is no known cure.
Locally, the City of Yucaipa has been impacted by COVID-19 both from an economic standpoint, as well as its citizen impacted by the virus. Other infectious disease events include the 2009 H1 N1, 2003 Avian Flu, 2015-17 Zika, 2014-16 West African Ebola; 2015 West Nile, 2013 large scale Tuberculosis, 2004 botulism Type A, 2003 West Nile, and the 2020 Hepatitis A outbreak.
Probability of Occurrence
There is an annual risk of experiencing an infectious disease outbreak in the City of Yucaipa. While there is a continued threat from a novel influenza virus the potential threat of outbreaks and epidemics have been increased due expanding global trade and accessible national and international travel. Infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics occur on an ongoing basis.
Aside from the City of Yucaipa currently dealing with the effects from COVID-19, annual outbreaks of the seasonal flu usually occur during the late fall through early spring. Most people have natural immunity, and a seasonal flu vaccine is generally available. According to the CDC, in a typical year, approximately 5 to 20 percent of the population gets the seasonal flu and flu -related deaths range from 3,300 to 48,600 (average 23,600).
Bird flu (H51\11) is an influenza A virus subtype that is highly contagious among birds; although rare, some human infections with the Bird flu virus have occurred, Most confirmed cases have occurred in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, Europe and the Near East. According to the CDC, there are currently no confirmed human cases of Bird flu infections, but it remains a serious concern with the potential to cause a deadly pandemic.
Swine flu (H1N1) was first detected in the United States in April 2009. This virus was a unique combination of influenza virus genes never previously identified in either animals or people. The Swine flu virus caused more illness in young people and pregnant women than is usual for prior flu seasons and was declared a Worldwide Pandemic by the World Health Organization.
Climate Change Considerations
While many vector -borne diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and murine typhus, are rarely seen in the United States, the United States are susceptible to these vector -borne diseases. Many vector -borne diseases are climate sensitive and ecological shifts associated with climate change are expected to impact the distribution and incidences of these diseases. Changes in temperature and precipitation directly affect vector born disease transmission through pathogen -host interaction, and indirectly through ecosystem changes and species composition. As temperatures increases vectors can spread into new areas that were previously too cold. For example, two (2) mosquito vectors that carry malaria are now found at the U.S.-Mexico border.
5.4.2.3 Technology Disruption
• Ranking- Probability- MEDIUM; Impact- MEDIUM
■ Description
Technology disruption includes both deliberate (cyber-attacks) or accidental (equipment failure or human error) actions that can cause the loss of use of technology and/or data. A cyber threatlattack is a circumstance or event that has or indicates the potential to exploit technology vulnerabilities and to adversely impact organizational operations, organizational assets (including information and information systems), individuals, other organizations, or society. Critical infrastructure, such as utilities and telecommunications, are also potential targets. Cyber threatslattacks are most easily described as either external threats (where attacks originate outside of established networks) or internallinsider threats (where attacks originate from users who have existing access to an internal City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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network). Examples of cyber threatslattacks include malware and hacking, phishing, denial of service attacks, ransomware, and state -sponsored hacking. Any one of these threats, if initiated, and successful, can produce a cyber-attack that has major implications throughout the organization. Recent report produced by Verizon (2020) analyzes 32,002 security incidents and 3,950 confirmed breaches from 81 global contributors from 81 countries and indicate the following trends:
86% of data breaches for financial gain - up from 71 % in 2019 Cloud -based data under attack — web application attacks double to 43% 67% of breaches caused by credential theft, errors and social attacks - Clearly identified cyber-breach pathways enable a "Defender Advantage" in the fight against cyber-crime On -going patching successful - fewer than 1 in 20 breaches exploit vulnerabilities - 37% of credential theft breaches used stolen or weak credentials 25% involved phishing
Human error accounted for 22%
■ Location and Extent
Technology Disruptions can happen anywhere within the City but will generally be targeted towards larger corporations or government organizations. Depending on the cause of the distribution, there may or may not be advanced warning and Technology Disruptions events can last a few hours, days, and in some instances a few weeks/months. There is no universal or common scale to measure levels of Technology disruption. Most Technology Disruption is generally defined by types (cause) of disruption and duration. ■ History
While there have been several smaller cyber threats and hacking, none have reached a level of significance.
However, the frequency of cyber-attacks on public and private sector organizations in general, continues to rise. d Probability of Occurrence
The probability of technology disruptions is on the rise globally, national, and locally, The probability of occurrence of cyber threats is rapidly increasing, especially with increased reliance on the Internet and cloud -based computing.
However, cyber security threatslattacks will generally be targeted towards larger corporations or state/national governments which are not located within the county.
Local governments are increasingly being targeted by cyber criminals on the basis that they have fewer resources to defend themselves. Unlike natural hazards, where there is historical data, and some predictive modeling can occur, cyber-attacks are an emerging hazard, which are more challenging to anticipate 14 Climate Change Considerations
While there is little evidence to link climate change to increase in occurrences of cyber security threatslattacks, the target could be related to persons/groups with issues with individuals or companies they perceive to have effect on the climate (i.e., greenhouse gas producers) within the community. And much like terrorism, depending on the consequence of the cyber-attack, it could hinder the response and recovery efforts.
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5.4.2.4 Windstorm
Ranking- Probability- MEDIUM; Impact- MEDIUM
to Description
Winds are often referred to according to their strength, and the direction from which they are blowing. Wind is caused by the difference in pressure from one point on the earth's surface to another; air moving from the area of "highee' pressure to the area of "lower" pressure. The difference in pressure over a certain distance, determines the strength of the wind. Air does not move directly from the point of highest pressure to the point of lowest pressure.
The earth's rotation affects the air flow by deflecting it to the right. This effect is called the Coriolis Effect. In the Northern Hemisphere, this causes air to flow clockwise around high-pressure areas and counter -clockwise around low-pressure areas. Winds are also measured using the Beaufort Scale. The Beaufort Scale categories winds using Force categories between 0-12 to measure speed and summarize descriptions (Table 5.4).
Table 5.4- Beaufort Scale
CategM
Speed
Description
'0
0-1
Calm. Smoke rises vertical) and the sea is flat.
1 1-3
Light air. The direction of the wind is shown by drifting smoke, but not wind vanes. 2 4 7
Light breeze. Wind is felt on the face, leaves rustle, and wind vanes move. Small wavelets appear on the ocean, but do not break.
3 8-12
Gentle breeze. Leaves and small twigs are in motion, and light flags extend. Large wavelets appear on the ocean and crests begin to break.
4 13-18
Moderate breeze. Dust and loose paper become airborne, and small branches move. Small waves appear on the ocean.
5 19-24
Fresh breeze. Small trees begin to sway and moderate waves appear. 6 25-31
Strong breeze. Large branches are in motion, and holding an umbrella becomes difficult.
Large waves begin to form.
7 32-38
Near gate. Whole trees are in motion, and walking against the wind can be hard. Foam from breaking waves is blown in streaks.
8 39-46
Gale, Walking is difficult and twigs break off trees.
9 47-54
Severe gale. There is slight structural damage, and the crests of waves begin to toeele. 10 55-63
Storm. Trees are uprooted and there is considerable damage to structures. Very high waves form in long, overhanging crests.
11 63 72
Violent storm. There is widespread structural damage, exceptionally high waves form, and the ocean is completely covered in foam.
12 >73
Hurricane. There is devastating structural damage. On the ocean, the air is filled with foam and spray.
Windstorms are traditionally categorized into two (2) types; 1) cyclonic winds and 2) straight-line winds:
Cyclonic wards (hurricane and tornadoes) are associated with higher winds and significant amount of precipitation, Cyclonic winds swirl counter -clockwise in the northern hemisphere or clockwise in the southern hemisphere. The biggest differences between hurricanes and tornadoes are how big they are and how long they last. Hurricanes are typically hundreds of miles in diameter, with high winds and heavy rains over the entire region, Hurricanes can last for days or even weeks. Tornadoes usually last no more than a few minutes.
Damaging wind from thunderstorms is much more common than damage from tornadoes. In fact, many confuse damage produced by thunderstorms (i.e., straight-line winds) are often erroneously attribute to City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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tornadoes. Hurricanes are measured using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Winds Scale (Table 5.5), while tornadoes are measured using the Fujita Tornado Scale (Table 5.6), Table 5.5- Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
Category
Speed
Description
Very dangerous winds will produce some damage: Well -constructed frame homes could 1 74-95
have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap and shallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that could last a few to several days Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage, Well -constructed frame homes 2 96-110
could sustain major roof and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads, Near -total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks.
Devastating damage will occur: Well-built framed homes may incur major damage or 3 111 129
removal of roof decking and gable ends. Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads, Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes
Catastrophic damage will occur: Well-built framed homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or 4 130-156
uprooted and power poses downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months
Catastrophic damage will occur: A high percentage of framed homes will be destroyed, 5 >156
with total roof failure and wall collapse. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months
Table 5.6- Fujita Tornado Scale
Category
Speed
Description
Gale Tornado. Light Damage: Some damage to chimneys; breaks twigs and branches off FO
40-72
trees; pushes over shallow -rooted trees; damages signboards; some windows broken; hurricane wind speed begins at 73 miles per hour.
Moderate Tornado. Moderate Damage: Peels surfaces off roofs; mobile homes pushed off 171
73-112
foundations or overturned; outbuildings demolished; moving autos pushed off the roads; trees snapped or broken.
Significant Tornado. Considerable Damage: Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes F2
113-157
demolished; frame houses with weak foundations lifted and moved; boxcars pushed over; large trees snapped or uprooted: light -object missiles generated.
Severe Tornado. Severe Damage: Roofs and some walls torn off well -constructed houses; F3
158-206
trains overturned; most trees in forests uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown; weak pavement blown off roads.
Devastating Tornado. Devastating Damage: Well -constructed homes leveled; structures with F4
207-260
weak foundations blown off some distance; cars thrown and disintegrated; large missiles enerated; trees in forest uprooted and carried some distance away.
Incredible Tornado. Incredible Damage: Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and F5
261-31 B
carried considerable distance to disintegrate; automobile sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 300 feet 100 meters): trees debarked; incredible phenomena will occur.
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F6-12
1 >319 1 The maximum wind speeds of tornadoes are not expected to reach the F5 wind speeds.
Straight-line winds come in a variety of forms and names (i.e., gale, thunderstorms, fronts, derecho,
u pd rafts)down drafts, downburst- microburst, microburst, haboob, and Santa Ana) and generally are associated with little -to -no rain. Of the straight-line winds, the Santa Ana winds are the most common and well known in Southern California.
The Santa Ana winds are strong, extremely dry down -slope winds that Where the
originate inland and affect coastal Southern California and northern Baja wind begins
California. Santa Ana winds blow mostly in autumn and winter but can o;��`,:r::
arise at other times of the year also. They can range from hot to cold,' depending on the prevailing temperatures in the source regions —the v�
Great Basin and upper Mojave Desert. The winds are known especially for the hot d weather often the hottest of the ear that the bring in'0 dry ( year) Y 9
`
the fall and are infamous for fanning regional wildfires.- ',
Hot, dry, and dusty Santa Ana winds are widely believed (in Southern S+Y '',;;' •�
California, at least) to affect people's moods and behavior negatively.
There is some belief the winds create positive ions, which are believed -
to affect mood negatively, Many believe this to be the cause for the =
statistical increase in the number of suicides and homicides during these w :;-I, -
�'
times. For all of these reasons, Santa Ana winds are sometimes known �,YIyMNMMMIM �1 i,
as the "devil winds" across Southern California.
Another source for damaging winds is downdraft. As air rises, it will cool to the point of condensation where water vapor forms tiny water droplets, comprising the cumulus cloud we see, As the air continues to rise further condensation occurs and the cloud grows. Near the center of the updraft, the particle begin to collide and coalescence forming larger droplets. This continues until the rising air can no longer support the ever-increasing size of water drops. Once the rain drops begin to fall friction causes the rising air to begin to fall towards the surface itself. Also, some of the falling rain will evaporate. Through evaporation, heat energy is removed from the atmosphere cooling the air associated with the precipitation. As a result of the cooling, the density of the air increases causing it to sink toward the earth. The downdraft also signifies the end of the convection with the thunderstorm and it subsequent decrease. When this dense rained -cooled air reaches the surface it spreads out horizontally with the leading edged of the cool air forming a gust front. The gust front marks the boundary of a sharp temperature decrease and increase in wind speed. The gust front can act as a point of lift for the development of new thunderstorm cells or cut off the supply of moist unstable air for older cells, Downbursts are defined as strong winds produced by a downdraft over a horizontal area up to 6 miles (10 kilometers), Downbursts are further subdivided into microbursts and macrobursts.
A microburst is a small downburst with an outflow less than 2'/z miles (4 kilometers) in horizontal diameter and last for only 2-5 minutes; a microburst is larger with a horizontal extent more than 21/z miles (4 km) in diameter. Also a microburst is not quite as strong as a microburst but still can produce winds as high as 130 mph (210 km/h). Despite their small size, microbursts can produce destructive winds up to 168 mph (270 kmlh). Both can create hazardous conditions on the ground and in the air. Of particular concern in the air is for pilots and have been responsible for several disasters.
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In the desert southwest, dust storms (Haboobs) are a rather frequent occurrence due to downbursts. The city of Phoenix, Arizona typically has 1-3 dust storms each summer due to the cooler dense air spreading out from thunderstorms. On July 5, 2011, a massive dust storm resulted in widespread areas of zero or near zero visibility in Phoenix (see photo). The wind that produced this storm was generated by downbursts from thunderstorms with winds up to 70 mph (110 kp/h).
• Location and Extent
Windstorm events can occur any time of the year and generally last for a few hours but in some instance can last for days. Because of modern weather technologies, there are generally advanced warning for Windstorm events, The entire City is susceptible to various types of windstorms. However, Santa Ana winds are the most predominant type of windstorm in the region. Figure 5.8 depicts the wind patterns (i.e., Santa Ana wind paths, hurricane paths, and onshore wind intensities) that influence the area and are the primary driving force behind windstorms.
Windstorms generally last for a few hours but in some instances can last for days. hrw
History
Figure 5,8- Wind Patterns Affecting Southern California f "W SPPW hn41
low
9 71 - 14M
1F" 4h
M 110
•.00.}ri
an-90]
ata-ars
aft .8M
r.n w
7.A f.n
fj,,Iso
7no .1ri
,rm
i.:NREL.
r
Tornadoes and hurricanes are rare in the area but the City of Yucaipa has experienced a few. However, as mentioned, significant straight-line winds events are more common in the region. Over the past five (5) years, the City has noticed an increase in local straight-line wind events. Many of the straight-line wind events do not rise to the level of significance or require the activation of the City's EOC but they do leave behind a trail of damage. The straight-line wind events range in strength of wind and duration but they all have similar impacts; downed trees and powerlines, injuries, and minor structural damage, These straight-line wind events create issues for local resident and business, including property damage and traffic congestion. Windstorms can also contribute and/or exacerbate other hazards (NOTE: history of wind -driven events are covered under the primary hazard- i.e., wildfire).
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In December 2011, the winds led to "state of emergency" declarations in several municipalities after 80+ mph gusts toppled hundreds of trees, power lines, and traffic signals throughout the San Gabriel Valley. Approximately 230,000 people were left without power for an extended period after the incident.
While City Crews are regularly impacted by wind -related events, a particularly bad storm occurred in the City of Yucaipa during the weekend of November 20-November 21, 2004. The storm was preceded by large amounts of wind, followed by a heavy rainfall event that produced snow at elevations above 2,000 ft. in the City of Yucaipa. (Note: elevations range from 2,000 ft. to the west and over 4,000 ft. to the east within the posted City Limits). ■ Probability of Occurrence
The City is at risk of windstorms at any given time during the calendar year, However, they are more likely to occur in the autumn and winter months. Santa Ana winds, which commonly occur between October and February, and can, reach speeds of more than 100 miles per hour, Tornadoes and/or Hurricanes occur infrequently in California, which has a statewide average of just 5 tornadoes/hurricanes a year. This is significantly less than states located in the US' "tornado alley', which can experience as many as 50-100 tornadoes per year or along the southern Atlantic US/Gulf of Mexico region which can experience twelve (12) named storms, six (6) hurricanes, and three (3) major hurricanes each year. In addition, most California tornadoes and hurricanes are considered "weak"; the historical average occurrence rate of Strong —Violent events in California is zero.
R Climate Change Considerations
Climate change will play a significant role with windstorm events. The changing conditions are expected to cause a significant amplification to many existing conditions. Because of this, climate change might impact the frequency and intensity of windstorms. Climate change, although still being studied, could have an effect on high- and low- pressure zones. High- and low-pressure zones are created by many factors, but many are related to uneven heating of the ea0h's surface by the sun. Many of the factors that go into the heating of the earth's surface, but many may be impacted by Climate change (i.e., type of vegetation in areas impact ability to absorb heat, amount of snow cover which reflects heat). In addition to altering and possibly increasing frequency of significant winds in the area. This indicates that the City of Yucaipa could experience a greater number of windstorm events in the future.
5.4.3 Tier III
The hazards, in alphabetical order, under Tier III include: Civil Disturbance; Dam Failure; Groundwater Resource Reduction; and, Terrorism.
5.4.3.1 Civil Disturbance
• Ranking- Probability- LOW; Impact- MEDIUM
• Description
Civil Disturbance is a term generally used to describe disorderly conduct or a breakdown of orderly society by a large group of people. Civil Disturbance can range from a form of a protest to riots. ■ Location and Extent
Civil Disturbance can occur in any part of the City of Yucaipa. However, it is generally located within larger, more concentrated, commercial areas. Civil Disturbance events can occur any time of the year and can last for a few hours or in some cases a few days. Some Civil Disturbance events can occur without warning, while other times there is limited advance warning. There is no universal or common scale to measure levels of Civil Disturbance.
Most Civil Disturbance is generally defined by types of disturbance.
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m History
No significant historical incidents to report to date. However, there have been a few small incidents that have occurred due to recent social and political movements.
Probability of Occurrence
There are no studies that predict the probability of civil disturbance occurrences. • Climate Change Considerations
While there is no direct linkage between climate change and civil disturbances, there could be indirect linkages. As climate change impacts are either felt or perceived to be felt it could ignite passions within people to demonstrate against possible causes or enablers.
5.4.3.2 Dam Failure
Ranking- Probability- LOW; Impact- MEDIUM
■ Description
Because of California's seasonal and climatic conditions, water storage is critical. Dams and reservoirs help store the water necessary for agriculture, hydroelectric power, recreational activities, environmental protection, and a stable drinking water supply. They are also critical tools in flood and debris control. Based on the function, dams can be classified as: storage dam, diversion dam, detention dam, debris dam, or coffer dam. In addition to the classifications there are several types of dams:
Gravity Dams- concrete, rubber masonry
• Embankment Dams- earth or rock
Arch/Multiple Arch Dams- concrete
Buttress Dams- concrete, timber, steel
Along with their many benefits, dams and reservoirs present formidable consequences if not properly designed, built, and maintained. Failures to dams and reservoir are generally due to old age, poor designleonstruction, lack of maintenance, structural damage, improper siting, landslides flowing into a reservoir, or terrorist actions.
Structural damage is often a result of a flood, erosion, or earthquake. A catastrophic dam/reservoir failure could inundate the area downstream. The degree of flood Impact is dependent upon topography, vegetation, duration and intensity of rainfall with consequent storm water runoff, The force of the water is large enough to carry boulders, trees, automobiles, and even houses along a destructive path downstream. Another factor in dam/reservoir failures is heavy or increased precipitation, especially in very short periods of time. This increase in rainfall can crested dams, weaken structures, and erode supports. The potential for casualties, environmental damage, and economic loss is great. Damage to electric generating facilities and transmission lines could impact life support systems in communities outside the immediate hazard area.
0 Location and Extent
Yucaipa has four (4) "open" reservoirs. Built in 1978, three (3) reservoirs are located in Yucaipa Regional Park and serve recreational purposes. These dams are owned and operated by the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District. The fourth reservoir is located in Crafton Hills, above the Yucaipa Regional Park. Originally built in 2001, the Crafton Hills Dam was improved in 2013, and the reservoir was tripled in size in 2014. The City of Yucaipa has additional "closed" reservoirs (either above or below grade) that are owned, operated, and maintained by the Yucaipa Valley Water District, Western Heights Water Company, and South Mesa Water Company. The location of potential dam inundation in Yucaipa is depicted on Figure 5.4 in the Flood hazard profile. The extent of Dam City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Failure events can vary since there are many factors that need to be considered. Considerations include land use downstream from the dam, the amount of water the dam can hold, the amount of water currently behind the dam, and potential increased volume of water in the area. With all this needed to be factored in, Dam Failure events can last hours, days, weeks, months, and in some worst -case situation (i.e., Oroville Dam) years. Dam Failures can happen any time of the year. There is no universal or common scale to measure levels of Dam Failure. Most Dam Failures are defined by types of structural failure. While some Dam Failure events can occur without warning, sometimes they limited advance warning is available. The duration of Dam Failures can range from a few hours to weeks, months, or even years (i.e., Oroville). ■ History
Dam Failure ranked low or insignificant disaster and may be secondary to earthquakes. Engineering studies of dams in the area indicate that a breech in any San Bernardino County dam is not expected to inundate Yucaipa.
Probability of Occurrence
Dam failure events are infrequent and usually coincide with the events that cause them, such as earthquakes, landslides, excessive rainfall and snowmelt. These Impacts can also be exacerbated by aging or poor maintenance of the structures. There is a "residual risk" associated with dams; residual risk is the risk that remains after safeguards have been implemented. For dams, the residual risk is associated with events beyond those that the facility was designed to withstand. However, the probability of occurrence of any type of dam failure event is considered to be low in today's regulatory and dam safety oversight environment. • Climate Change Considerations
Increased rainfall from changing climate conditions could present a risk to dams and reservoirs in area if volume of runoff is greater than the dam's capacity. This could cause the County to release stored water into the downstream water courses in order to ensure the integrity of the dam.
5.4.3.3 Terrorism
Ranking- Probability- LOW; Impact- MEDIUM
• Description
There is no single, universally accepted definition of terrorism, and it can be interpreted in many ways. Code of Federal Regulations (28 CFR, Section 0,85) defines terrorism as "...the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." The term terrorism usually refers to intentional, criminal malicious acts. Terrorists typically exploit vulnerabilities, targeting elements in the community that can produce devastating disruptions to essential systems such as voice, email and internet connectivity or create significant chaos and/or fear. For the purposes of the LHMP, terrorism will also include the use of weapons of mass destruction (biological, chemical, nuclear, radiological); arson, incendiary, explosive, and armed attacks; industrial sabotage; intentional hazardous materials releases; and cyber-attacks.
Location and Extent
Terrorism can occur throughout the entire City but due to terrorisms' intended purpose to cause the greatest amount of destruction it would most likely happen in more populous areas (high value, visually recognized targets) where more devastation, fear, and chaos will ensue. The extent of Terrorism events will vary depending on the several factors, including the type of attack, the target, the impact, the time of day, and weather conditions. Except in rare cases, Terrorism events have no advanced warning andcan last hours, days, weeks, months, and in some City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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worst -case years. There is no universal or common scale to measure levels of Terrorism. Most Terrorism events are generally defined by types of events or the intended target.
History
The threat of domestic terrorism has grown significantly during the past several years While it had been a focus in prior years, terrorism prevention and preparedness changed fundamentally following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York, Washington, D.D. and Pennsylvania. Since this date, terrorism has become a fact of life for all Americans. Congress enacted the Homeland Security Act of 2002 establishing the federal Department of Homeland Security to prevent, protect against and respond to acts of terrorism in the United States.
Terrorist events have continued to occur in California A recent example is a widely publicized terrorist act in San Bernardino, California, where 14 people lost their lives in a terrorist attack at a San Bernardino County health facility. This attack resulted in hardening of facilities within County ownership, increased security measures, and similar mitigation measures to minimize or defeat the potential for recurrence. • Probability of Occurrence
All areas of the United States are potential targets for both domestic and international terrorist attacks. The City of Yucaipa has an obligation to secure protection and preservation of public facilities, critical infrastructure, and lifeline services.
At the local level, law enforcement and public safety agencies designate Terrorism Liaison Officers (TLOs) who are trained in the review and assessment of local reporting and conducting outreach to other public safety agencies, critical infrastructure operators, and community groups. The TLO is the local agency point of contact for all terrorism -related alerts, requests for information, warnings, and other notifications from regional, state, or federal homeland security agencies. Through a single web -based state terrorism website, the TLO and his or her agency will have access to all available terrorism alerts, notices, information, and documents through a searchable database and daily information exchange with key federal, state, and local agencies. In the City of Yucaipa, the Yucaipa Police Department (San Bernardino County Sheriffs DepartmenUcontractual) and the Yucaipa Fire Department are charged with this responsibility.
Y Climate Change Considerations
While there is little evidence to link climate change increasing occurrences of terrorism. However, depending on the type of attack, it could intensify the incident (i.e., high wind event during an Improvised Explosive Device- !ED event), and/or hinder the response and recovery efforts (i,e., restrict movement, eliminate preestablished evacuation routes).
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6. RISK ASSESSMENT
6.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to estimate the potential impacts from hazards within the City of Yucaipa.
While an emphasis will be on the built environment and the general population; other areas may be considered (i.e., economy, lifeline systems/infrastructure, environment). Considerations will also include potential impacts to the Key Assets identified by the City of Yucaipa under section 3,0- Community Profile.
Understanding the potential damage and losses is essential to decision -making at all levels of government, providing a basis for developing plans, policies, programs, and projects. To accomplish this, two (2) approaches were used;
a Scientific Loss Estimation Modeling
The scientific loss estimation modeling efforts included the utilization of the FEMA Hazus model. Hazus is a nationally applicable standardized methodology that estimates potential losses from floods, earthquakes, hurricane winds and tsunamis. Hazus uses state-of-the-art Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software to map hazard data and estimate potential physical damage to residential, commercial, schools, critical facilities, and infrastructure; economic loss, including lost jobs, business interruptions, repair, and reconstruction cost; and, social impacts, including estimating shelter requirements, displaces households, and population exposure to the hazard.
Hazus standard configuration allows for "out -of -the -bob' regional or community -wide loss assessment using default (Level 1) building inventory databases, aggregated to the census tract (for earthquakes) or census block (for floods) level. Hazus also allows for the replacement or augmentation of the default date with data that better reflects the area. FEMA sponsored a pilot project (San Bernardino County Essential Facilities Risk Assessment-SBEFRA) to perform a risk assessment of essential facilities using its loss estimation model/tool (Hazus). The objective of the pilot project was to demonstrate the synergy between Hazus and FEMA's Map Modernization program to update Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs) for three (3) Southern California counties (Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino) and to illustrate the types of information Hazus can generate for hazard mitigation planning. In the SBEFRA pilot project, Hazus was used to estimate the impact of two (2) different earthquakes and three (3) different riverine floods on each of the county's essential facilities. An overview of the enhanced default data used in Hazus is provided in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2.
Table 6.1 - HAZUS Building Counts by Occupancy
beneral
Occupancy...g
Residential
Building
$2,851,671
Contents
$1,425,828
Building Square
28,999
Building Count
18,018
Commercial
$222,773
$233,979
2,267
425
Industrial
$12,406
$18,606
165
22 Other
$282 340
$189,956
1,932
323
TOTAL
$3,369,190
$1,868,369
33,263
18,788
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Table 6.2- HAZUS Building Counts by Structure Type
General • • 1'
Concrete
Building
Value 000
$68 662
Contents
ReplacementReplacement
2,0%
Building
Count
107
Count
1%
Manufactured Housing
$164,197
4.9%
4,606
26%
Precast Concrete
$26,431
0.8%
39 0%
Reinforced Masonry
$159,190
4.7%
234
1%
Steel
$34,046
1.0%
55 0%
Unreinforced Masan
$17,19B
0.5%
26 0%
Wood Frame other
$333 764
9.9%
365
2%
Wood Frame (Single family)
$2,569,702
76.2%
13,337
71 %
TOTAL
$3 369190
18,788
u Exposure Assessment
Because scientific loss estimation models are not available for all types of hazards, an exposure assessment was used on some hazards to identify potential impacts. There are two (2) kinds of exposure assessments: 1) quantitative when there is a hazard exposure area (or footprint); and, 2) qualitative when an exposure area (footprint) does not exist.
A hazard exposure footprint enables you to determine areas in the planning area where you are either "in" or "out" of the hazard (i.e., wildfire, dam failure). With this footprint, the Planning Team was able to determine elements within the hazard area and conduct an assessment of the potential impact. As part of the FEMA-funded SSEFRA project, an exposure assessment was done for select key assets (Fire Stations, Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs), Schools, and Wastewater Treatment Plants).
For those hazards where an exposure footprint does not exist (Le., drought), an assessment of the potential impact is done for the entire City. Neither approach provides an estimate of potential damage but provides an understanding of the exposure and as such, the potential losses during events. Types of elements that were considered during the exposure assessment were the build environment, population, economy, lifelines, and the environment.
6.2 TIER I
6.2.1 Drought
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City. A drought event could have a considerable impact on:
Population- Fatal and nonfatal injuries; restricted/limited use of water resources • Buildings- None expected
• Economy- Loss of revenueiproperty, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs • Environment- Loss of vegetation and wildfire
• Lifelines- Damage to local or regional fackitleslequipmentlsystems
6.2.2 Earthquake
Regional earthquake loss estimates were done using Hazus, with the improved regional building and essential facility inventory databases. A summary of the risk assessment results, including the impacts of liquefaction; for the M7.8 Shakeout Scenario, a M6.7 San Jacinto scenario earthquake and a M6.7 Chino Hills Scenario earthquake are presented in Table 6.3 and Table 6.4.
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Table 6.3 - Hazus Eehquake Risk Assessment- By General Building Stock Direct Economic Losses for Buildings
($1,000)
Cost of Structural Damage
85,748
4,738
468
Cost of Non -Structural Damage
314,631
20,765
2,070
O
Total
400,379
25,503
2,538
Building Loss Ratio %
11.90%
0.80%
0.10%
Cost of Contents Damage
92,948
7,786
860
Inventory Loss
1,011
102
14 Relocation Loss
52,398
3,164
279
E
Capital -Related Loss
9,451
225
11 0
Rental Income loss
16,927
648
54 Wage Losses
17,353
366
17 Total Direct Economic Losses
590,46E
37,795
3,773
% Of Countywide Loss
2.70%
0. 70%
0.10%
Total Building Exposure Value
$ 3,369,190
Casualties
Trauma Injuries
1 Q 0
M
Other non -trauma hospitalized injuries
7 0 0
a
Total hospitalized injuries
8 0
0 m
Cn
Injuries requiring Emergency Department Visits
285
6 13
1 _
2 Injuries treated on an Outpatient basis
505
Fatalities
5 0
0 NO Casualties
803
19 3
Hospital visits requiring EMS transport
20 0
0 Trauma injuries
2 0
0 Other (non -trauma) hospitalized injuries
13 0
0 0
Total hospitalized injuries
15 0
Injuries requiring Emergency Department Visits
704
20 3
Injuries treated on an Outpatient basis
11270
42 6_
Fatalities
6 0
0 z
Total Casualties
1,995
62 9
Hospital visits requiring EMS transport
46 1
0 Shelter
Number of Displaced Households
1,068
27 1
Number of People Requiring Short-term Shelter
362
9 0
Debris (thousands of tons)
Brick, Wood & Other (Light) Debris 149
7 1
Concrete & Steel (Heavy) Debris 131
3 0
Total
280
10 1
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Table 6.4 — Hazus Earthquake Risk Assessment- By Building Type Building Damage Count by General Building Type
None
4 85
105
Slight
16 18
2 43
3 0
2 Moderate
Extensive
30 0
0 Complete
14 0
0 Total
107
107
107
None
0 933
3,331
Slight
1 1,669
1,044
Moderate
65 1,891
231
Extensive
826
113
1 ca
Complete
3,714
1 0
Total
4,606
4,606
4,606
None
4 28
38 Slight
13 9
1 Moderate
17 2
_
0 Extensive
4 0
0 Complete
0 0
0 Total
39 39
39 —
None
29 196
232
Slight
61 31
2 Moderate
92 6
0 2
Extensive
43 0
0 '2
Complete
8 0
0 oc I
Total
234
234
234
None
2 45
54 Slight
8 9
1 z
Moderate
25 2
0 Extensive
16 0
0 Cam lets
5 0
0 Total
55 55
55 None
0 12
22 �9
Slight
1 9
3 U
Moderate
4 5
0 Extensive
7 0
0 Complete
14 0
0 Total
26 26
26 City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
77 264
Risk Assessment
v
None
43 325
381
r)
Slight
143
57 3
E
Moderate
137
3 0
Extensive
48 0
0 o
Complete
12 0
0 4
Total
385
385
385
None
2,719
11,358
13,223
Sli ht
7,552
1,906
113
Moderate
2,804
73 1
Extensive
249
0 0
Complete
13 0
0 Total
13,337
13,337
13,337
cn
None
2,801
12,982
17,386
R
Slight
7,796
3,707
1,168
¢,
Moderate
3,188
1,984
233
Extensive
1,224
114
1 In
Complete
3,780
1 0
¢
Total
18,788
18,788
18,788
In addition to the Hazus, the City of Yucaipa, as part of the FEMA-funded SBEFRA Project, also did an exposure assessment against some key assets. As mentioned, as part of the FEMA-funded SBEFRA Project, an exposure assessment was done for select key assets within the City. The results of the earthquake exposure assessment are depicted in Table 6.5.
Table 6.5 — Select Key Asset Earthquake Exposure Assessment Fire Stations
LOC
(1)
Schools-
Schools-
CRY
Wastewater
(1)
(3)
YCJilSC
(226)
ROP
(9)
Alquist-
priolo
6.2,3 Energy Disruption
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City. An Energy Disruption event could have a considerable impact on:
Population - Fatal and non -fatal injuries; restricted access/use. Of particular consideration is the impacts to vulnerable populations (i.e., age, disabilities, homeless) Buildings- Structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
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Economy- Loss of revenuelproperty, cost of responselcarelclean up, increased operating costs • Environment- None expected
Lifelines- Damage to local or regional facilities/equipment/systems
6.2.4 Flooding
To conduct the vulnerability assessment, a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used. A quantitative assessment of earthquake risk was performed with City provided data and FEMA's Hazus software. For flooding, the City conducted a hydrology analysis using the Army Corp of Engineers HEC-RAS River Analysis System and reports available from the City and various other public sources, including the FEMA-funded SBEFRA Project.
Under the SBEFRA Project, three (3) flood scenarios were analyzed, a 100-year flood, a 100-year flood without levee protection, and a 500-year flood, Error! Reference source not found. 6.6 provides the H anus losses estimated forthe County in each of these scenarios. Unfortunately, the County results can't be disaggregated to individual City -level using publicly -available information.
G
Table 6.6- Regional Flood Impacts to San Bernardino County (Hazus) Economic loss due to building damage ($B)
Total building -related direct economic loss ($13)
# of buildings in the Complete Damage State
Total # Displaced Households
Total # people needing short-term shelter
Debris Generated (million tons)
*-100-year Flood without levee protection
0.46 1.6
1.4 5.4
345
350
14,828
62,856
32,095
138,991
0.1 0.23
2.7 8.6
1,105
86,062
231,452
0.37 A flood exposure analysis of the key assets under the SBEFRA project was performed. The analysis identified twenty-three (23) school buildings in the 100-year flood zone; one (1) Fire Station in the 500-year flood zone with levee protection; and one (1) wastewater treatment plant in an area of possible flooding, marked as "undetermined" on the map.
Additionally, according to the NFIP, the City of Yucaipa has no repetitive loss properties within its jurisdiction.
6.2.5 Landslide
Because there is a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team assessed potential impacts against the building stock, population, and key assets within and around the hazard footprint. The current hazard footprint (see Figure 5.5, under Hazard Assessment) is located in areas with very little development and population. However, potential impacts from a landslide could include, • Population- Fatal and non -fatal injuries; restrict access/use • Buildings- Minor
Economy- Minor
• Environment- Loss of vegetation, ground displacement
• Lifelines- Minor
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6.Z6 Wildfire
Because there is a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team assessed potential impacts against the Wildfire Safety Zone map. The current hazard footprint (see Figure 5.6, under Hazard Assessment) covers a large portion of the City, areas of development and dense population. Impacts from Wildfire events could include:
• Population- fatal and non -fatal injuries; restricted access/use • Buildings- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy loss of revenue/property, cost of responselcarelclean up, increased operating costs • Environment- loss of vegetationlwildlife, ground displacement, contamination • Lifelines- damage to facilitieslinfrastructure!systems, loss of equipment A wildfire exposure analysis of the key assets under the SBEFRA project was performed. The analysis identified only one (1) fire station in the Very High zone; all other key assets were outside of the Fire Hazard Severity zones.
6.3 TIER II
6.3.1 Extreme Temperature
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City. Impacts from Extreme Temperature events could include:
• Population- Fatal and non -fatal injuries; illnesses
• Buildings- Structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality, repurposing
• Economy- Loss of revenue/property, cost of responselcarelclean up, increased operating costs • Environment- Loss of vegetation/wildlife
• Lifelines- Damage to local or regional facilities/equipment/systems
6.3.2 Infectious Disease
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City. Impacts from Infectious Disease events could include:
• Population- Fatal and non -fatal injuries; restricted access/use • Buildings- Repurposingladaptive reuse of space, increased equipment use, deferred maintenance • Economy- Loss of revenuelproperty, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs • Environment- None expected
• Lifelines- High demands on facilities/equipment/systems
6.3.3 Technology Disruption
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City. Impacts from Technology Disruption events could include:
• Population- Fatal and non -fatal injuries; restricted accessluse • Buildings- Non-structural damage, loss of building content (equipment) and functionality • Economy- Loss of revenuelprope rty, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs • Environment- None expected
• Lifelines- Damage to local or regional facililieslequipmentlsystems City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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6.3.4 Windstorm
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City. Both types of winds (cyclonic and straight line) have been known to carry spores (fungus) into areas, spores that causes Coccidioidomycosis ("Valley Fever"). Symptomatic infection (40% of cases) usually presents as an influenza -like illness with fever, cough, headaches, rash, and myalgia (muscle pain). Serious complications include severe pneumonia, lung nodules, and disseminated disease, where the fungus spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of Coccidioidomycosis can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, abscesses, bone lesions, severe joint pain, heart inflammation, urinary tract problems, meningitis, and often death.
Impacts from Windstorms events could include.
Population_- fatal and non -fatal injuries; restricted access/use Bulldirros- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content and functionality Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs Environment- loss of vegetationlwildlife, ground displacement, contamination Lifelines- damage to local or regional faciiitieslequipmentlsystems
6.4 TIER III
6.4.1 Civil Disturbance
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City. Impacts from Civil Disturbance events could include:
* Population- fatal and nonfatal injuries; restricted access/use Buildings- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content and functionality, repurposing
Economy- loss of revenuelproperty, cost of responseicarelclean up, increased operating costs Environment- loss of vegetation/wildlife, contamination Lifelines- damage to facilities/equipment/systems
6.4.2 Dam Failure
Because there is a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team assessed potential impacts against the Dam Inundation Zone map. The current hazard footprint (see Figure 5.5, under Hazard Assessment) covers a small portion of the City where there is little development and low population. Impacts from Dam Failure events could include:
Population- fatal and non -fatal injuries; restricted access/use - 8u00gs- structural and non-structural damage, loss of building content and functionality, repurposing
Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating costs Environment- loss of vegetationlwildlife, ground displacement, contamination Lifelines- damage to facilitieslinfrastructure!systems, loss of equipment A dam failure exposure analysis of the key assets under the SBEFRA project was performed. The analysis identified all key assets were outside of the dam inundation zones.
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6.4.3 Terrorism
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City. Impacts from Terrorism events could include:
• Population- fatal and non -fatal injuries; restricted access/use Buildstructural and non-structural damage, loss of building content and functionality, repurposing
Economy- loss of revenue/property, cost of response/care/clean up, increased operating casts • Environment loss of vegetation/wildlife, contamination Lifelines- damage to local and regional facilities/equipment/systems City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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7. MITIGATION ST1tATRGY
7.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to present the proposed mitigation measures the City of Yucaipa has identified to help reduce and/or eliminate impacts from hazards within the City. The vision of the Mitigation Strategy is to help create a disaster resistant and sustainable community. The City of Yucaipa Mitigation Strategy was derived from the in-depth review of the work done to gain a common understanding of the community (Section 3.0) and its mitigation capabilities (Section 4.0) and assessing that against the hazards within the City (Sections 5,0 and 6,0) to identify proposed measures focused on actions the City can take to reduce the impacts and/or increase its capabilities to respond and recover from the impacts.
The Mitigation Strategy is guided by the goals and objectives, recognizing both mitigation challenges and opportunities. This section also reassesses previous proposed measures to determine if they are still valid and needed moving forward. Included in the Mitigation Strategy is an implementation plan and a relative ranking for each mitigation measure.
7.2 MITIGATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The mitigation goals and objectives were developed based on current needs with careful consideration of the goals and objectives within the City of Yucaipa's General Plan and the City's Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). While the LHMP, the General Plan, and the EOP serve different purposes, there is overlap between the plans. Ensuring that the mitigation goal and objectives are compatible with the General Plan and EOP will help ensure all of the plans are working together. Below are the Mitigation Goals and Objectives:
• GOAL 1: Minimize Loss of Lives and Injuries
Objective 1.1 Improve understanding of the hazards (location, vulnerability, and measures needed).
Objective 1.2 Exchange information about hazards, vulnerabilities, and mitigation measures with all levels of governments, private sector, and the public.
Objective 1.3 Ensure that all facilities meet current applicable regulations, standards, and ordinances designed to protect life safety.
Objective 1.4 Identify and modify high risk structures to meet life safety standards.
Objective 1.5 Improve emergency communications and public warning systems.
Objective 1.6 Develop policies/procedures to better serve disadvantaged and vulnerable populations. • GOAL 2. Minimize Damage to Structures, Property, and Equipment Objective 2.1 Encourage new development to occur in locations to avoid/minimize exposure to hazards.
Objective 2.2 Develop and adopt enhanced land use, design, and construction policies designed to reduce property loss to hazards.
Objective 2.3 Incorporate mitigation Into repairs, major alterations, new development, and redevelopment projects in areas subject to substantial life safety risks.
Objective 2.4 Ensure that all facilities meet current applicable codes, standards, and ordinances, encourage incorporation of mitigation measures for all structures.
Objective 2.5 Encourage non-structural retrofitting on elements and equipment within facilities, o GOAL 3: Protect the Environment
Objective 3.1 Implement mitigation and watershed protection strategies that reduce loss of wildlife, habitat, and water.
Objective 3.2 Implement mitigation and protection strategies that reduce loss of cultural, historic, and environmental resources.
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Objective 3.3 Enhance, rehabilitate, and protect natural systems and environmental resources.
Objective 3.4 Encourage balance between natural resource management and land use planning. • GOAL 4: Promote Public Awareness of Hazards
Objective 4.1 Develop and implement strategies to bring a greater understanding of the risks associated with hazards, individual preparedness activities, and the benefits of hazard mitigation.
Objective 4.2 Develop and implement strategies to bring a greater understanding of mitigation, disaster preparedness, and recovery programs.
Objective 4.3 Establish and maintain partnerships between all levels of local government, the private sector, the business community, community groups, and institutions of higher learning that exchange information on hazards and the benefits of mitigation measures.
GOAL 5: Improve Emergency Management Capabiiity
Objective 5.1 Identify the need for, and acquire, any special emergency management equipment to enhance response capabilities for specific hazards.
Objective 5.2 Develop and maintain emergency operations plans, including Response, Recovery, Protection, Prevention, Mitigation plans.
Objective 5.3 Establish and maintain emergency management systems and facilities, Objective 5.4 Develop and maintain Public -Private Partnerships.
Objective 5,5 Develop and maintain Memorandums of Understanding/Mutual Aid Agreements.
Objective 5.6 Develop, maintain, and share essential data (demographics, hazards, buildings, resources, personnel),
Objective 5.7 Develop, maintain, and implement emergency management training curriculum.
Objective 5.8 Design and implement disaster response exercises (tabletop, functional, full-scale).
GOAL 6: Ensure Continuity of Government and Operations
Objective 6.1 Develop, maintain, and exercise Business Continuity Plans, ensuring compatibility with emergency operations plans.
Objective 6.2 Ensure reliability for vital communications.
Objective 63 Protect vital records.
Objective 6.4 Protect essential Informatlor Technology equipment and systems.
Objective 6.5 Promote resiliency of essential functions to minimize economic loss/disruption.
Objective 6.6 Maintain list of Key Assets and ensure their functionality after hazard events.
Objective 6.7 Maintain a list of essential personnel and vendors with contact information.
Objective 6.8 Identify and acquire any necessary equipment to maintain functionality,
7.3 PROGRESS IMPLEMENTING MITIGATION MEASURES
The City of Yucaipa has been activity working to reduce and/or eliminate risk from threats and hazards over the past five (5) years. Some of the work was guided by the City's 2016 LHMI' but a large percentage of the work was identified after the approval and adoption of the plan, through the Capital Improvement Program.
Table 7.1 identifies the status of previous mitigation measures included in the 2016 LHMP, 'fable 7.1- Status of Previous Proposed Mitigation Measures Mitigation Measure
Status
11th Street Storm Drain
Completed
13th Street Detention Basin
Completed
ADA Accessible Curb Rams
Completed
California Street @ Wildwood Creek Multipurpose Basin
Not Needed
Citywide Photovoltaic Carport Canopy System
Not Started
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Mitigation Measure
Status
Dunlap Drain Phase I & II
Completed
Fire En ine wl equipment)
Completed
Fire Marshall Vehicle
Started
Fire Station 2 Seismic Retrofit/Improvements
Completed
Fire Station No, 4
Not Started
Flood Corridor Program
Completed
Library and Education Center
Not Started
Master Plan of Drainage Update
Completed
Maxicom Irrigation System
Completed
Misc Drainage Capacity Enhancing Improvements
Completed
Pendleton Drive- low water crossing
Started
Performing Arts Center
Completed
Personal Protective Clothing
Started
Photovoltaic Carport Caropy System(Community Park
Completed
Radio, Fire Fixed
Started
Radio, Fire Hand-held
Started
Radio, Fire Vehicle
Started
Radio, Medic
Started
Oak Glen Creek Basin
Completed
Regional Detention Basin 4 Wildwood Creeks
Not Started
Rescue Tool (Jawsl
Started
Sand Canyon Parkin Lot Tennis Center
Not Started
Security Cameras Phase I, II & III
Started
Self -cant. Breath App
Started
Smoke Ejector
Started
Storm Drain Improvements- 4th Street
Completed
Street LI htin - Uptown Target Areas
Completed
Construction of Crafton Hills College Regional Fire Training Center and Related facilities Not Started
Utility Pale RelocationlUndergrounding
Started
Wildwood Creek @ 3rd Street- low water crossing
Completed
Wildwood Creek 0 Fremont Street- low water crossing
Completed
Wildwood Creek @ Live Oak Canyon Road- low water crossing Not Started
Wilson Creek @ 1 Oth Street- low water crossing
Completed
Wilson Creek @ 13t' Street- law water crossing
Completed
Wilson Creek @ Avenue D- low water crossing
Completed
Wlson Creek/Dunlap Drain Phase I1
Completed
Wilson III Detention Basin
Started
Wilson III/Innovation Center Improvements
Started
Yucaipa Boulevard, Civic Center, 5th Street Commercial Storm Drain Completed
131h Street Sport Complex
Completed
18th Street Sidewalk/Avenue E/ Yucaipa Boulevard
Not Needed
5Th Street Sidewalk/Avenue FJYucai a Boulevard
Not Needed
7th Street Pool Slide & Shade
Not Needed
BMX Park
Not Needed
Computer
Not Needed
Concrete Driveway
Not Needed
Dunlap Neighborhood Park
Not Started
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Mitigation Measure statas
El Dorado Ranch Park
Started
Equestrian Center/Neighborhood Park
Not Needed
Heart Monitor Defib. Unit
Not Needed
Large Nozzles
Not Needed
Oak Glen/Zan'a Neighborhood Park
Not Needed
Santa Ana and Tributary Ecosystems Restoration
Completed
Wide Area Network in Uptown and Parks
Not Needed
Wildwood Creek Trails Program
Not Needed
7.4 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES
As mentioned, the proposed mitigation measures were identified from the in-depth review of the work done in the LHMP (Community Profile- Section 3.0, Capabilities Assessment- Section 4.0, Hazard Assessment - Section 5.0, and Risk Assessment- Section 6,0), The proposed measures focused on current priorities and actions the City can take to reduce the impacts andlor increase its capabilities. Part of this work included an assessment of current capabilities (i.e., plans, policies, laws, programs) to determine if they are effective at addressing the risk or whether it needed to be expanded and/or improved, The proposed mitigation measures (Table 7.2) reflect those considerations.
Table 7.2- Proposed Mitigation Measures
Mitigation Measure
Hazard
o.
1 City Yard Relocation Project - Phase II Building
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 5, 6
Construction
2 Conduct an Assessment of City -owned Facilities; perform Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Structural and Non-structural Retrofits as needed
3 Create and maintain a Ke Asset Database
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 5, 6
4 Develop and maintain a Hazards Public Outreach Program; Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
acquire necessary material/equipment/systems to support implementation
5 Develop and maintain a Vegetation Management Plan
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4
6 Develop and maintain an Emergency Public
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Communications Plan; acquire necessary equipment and
maintains stems to support implementation
7 Develop and maintain an Energy Strategic Plan(s); acquire Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
necessary equipment to support implementation
8 Develop and maintain Business Continuity Plan(s),
Multi -hazard
1, 4, 5, 6
emphasize foss of technology Tech Down situation
9 Develop and maintain Emergency Circulation (Traffic)
Multi -hazard
1, 4, 5, 6
Plan(s); acquire necessary equipment to support
implementation
10 Develop and maintain Memorandums of Understanding
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
(MOUs) and Public -Private Partnerships in support of
emergency management and business continuity
11 Develop and/or incorporate Emergency Management
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Training and Exercise Program into existing training and exercise programs
12 Establish and maintain a primary and alternative
Multi -hazard
1, 3, 4, 5, 6
Emergency Operations Center(s); acquire necessary
equipment to support implementation
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13 Establish and maintain the Hazard Mitigation and/or
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Emergency Management Planning Team
14 Purchase Fire Fighting equipment (i.e., Fire Marshall Multi -hazard
2, 3, 5, 6
Vehicle
15 Build or augment existing Fire Stations (i.e., Fire Station Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
No, 4-
16 Installation of Traffic Signal at Oak Glen Road and 2nd Multi -hazard
1, 4, 5
Street
17 Build or augment existing_ facilities that can be used during Multi -hazard
1, 4, 5, 6
emer encies i.e. Library and Education Center
18 Participate and continue support of the OA Stakeholder Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Group
19 Purchase Fire Fighting equipment i.e. Radio, Fire Fixed Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 5, 6
20 Purchase Fire Fighting equipment (i.e., Radio, Fire (Hand- Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 5, 6
held
21 Purchase Fire FIqhtinq equipment i.e. Radio, Fire Vehicle Mufti -hazard
1, 2, 3, 5 6
22 Purchase Fire Fiqhtinq a ui ment i,e, Radio, Medic
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 5, 6
23 Purchase Fire Fighting equipment i.e. Rescue Tool Maws Multi -hazard
1,5
24 Build or augment existing facilities that can be used during Multi -hazard
1, 4, 5, 6
emergencies (i,e.. and Canycn Parking Lot (Tennis
Center
25 Purchase Public Safety equipment (i.e., Security Cameras= Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Phase I, II & III
26 Purchase Fire Fightng equipment i.e. Self -cant. Breath Multi -hazard'
1,5
App
27 Purchase Fire Fighting equipment i.e. Smoke Ejector
Multi -hazard
1,5
28 Update and maintain an Emergency Operations Plan
Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 5, 6
(EOP); acquire necessary equipmentisystems to support
-implementation
29 Construction of Crafton Hills College Regional Fire Training Multi -hazard
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Center and Related facilities
30 Coordinate with the County, surrounding locai cities, and Civil Disturbance
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
the regional Fusion Center
31 Coordinate with Ca Department of Water Resources to
Dam Failure
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
better understand risk and potential actions
32 Develop and maintain a Drought Emergency Plan; acquire Drought
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
equipment, supplies, and other material as needed to
support role
33 Coordinate with the Water District to better understand risk Drought
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and potential actions
34 Develop and maintain a Water ConservationlManagement Drought
1, 2, 3,45
Plan; implement recommendations
35 El Dorado Ranch/Five Winds Ranch Park Tree and
Drought
2,3
Irrigation Improvements
36 Conduct an Assessment of City -owned Facilities; perform Earthquake
11 2, 51 6
Structural and Non-structural Retrofits as needed
37 Conduct an assessment of Non-structural Hazards In
Earthquake
1, 2, 5, 6
buildings and maintain a database of implemented
miti ation actions.
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38 Develop protocols and ensure appropriate personnel are Earthquake
5,6
signed tip and receive Earthquake Notifications from USGS 39 Citywide Photovoltaic Carport Canopy System
Energy
1, 2, 3, 5, 6
Disruption
40 Coordinate with Southern California Edison Emergency Energy
1, 2, 3, 5, 6
Management to better understand risk and potential actions Disruption
41 Coordinate with State of California local Governments; Extreme
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
acquire equipment, supplies, and other material as needed Temperature
to support role
42 Develop and maintain an Extreme Temperature
Extreme
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Emergency Plan; acquire equipment, supplies, and other
Temperature
material as needed to support implementation
43 Conduct an Urban Flood Runoff Study and install
Flooding
1, 2, 3, 5
aepropriate flood control measures
44 Continue support of the County Floodplain Management Flooding
1, 2, 3,5
Plan
45 Flood Corridor Program
Flooding
1, 2, 3,5
46 Pendleton Drive- low water crossing
Flooding
1, 2, 3,5
47 Regional Detention Basin 4 Wildwood Creek
Flooding
1,2, 3,5
48 Wildwood Creek Gay Live Oak Canyon Road- low water
Flooding
1, 2, 3,5
crossing
49 Wilson I and Wilson II (Phase I and II) - Mass Grading and Flooding
1,2J5
Channel Improvements
56 Wilson III Basin Phase IA and Phase 18 Projects - Mass Flooding
1,2J5
Grading and Channel Improvements
51 Wilson III/Innovation Center Improvements
Flooding
1, 2, 3, 5
52 Develop, maintain, and disseminate an Infectious Disease Infectious
1, 3, 4, 5, 6
Response Plan; acquire equipment,
Disease
53 Purchase Personal Protective Clothing
Infectious
1,6
Disease
54 Coordinate with surrounding stakeholders to conduct a Landslide
1, 2, 3, 4,
Slope Stabilization Study and implement recommendations 55 Conduct a Risk Assessment of the locations and
Technology
1, 2, 5, 6
equipment within the network rooms; acquire necessary
Disruption
equipment
56 Develop and maintain a Technology Master Plan; acquire Technology
1, 2, 5, 6
equipment as needed to support implementation
Disruption
57 Develop and maintain IT Incident Response Plans;
Technology
1, 2, 5, 6
implement recommendations
Disruption
fib
Equipment procurement and installation to ensure stable, Technology
1, 2, 5, 6
secure, and safe networks stem and equipment.
Disruption
59 Coordinate with the County, surrounding local cities, and Terrorism
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
the regional Fusion Center; acquire equipment, supplies, and other material as needed to support role
60 Incorporate Defensive Space Standards in existing and Terrorism
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
future building designs
61 Ensure Fire Resistant Materials are incorporated into Wildfire
1, 2, 3, 4,
existing building modifications and/or future development City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Mitigation Strategy
62 Incorporate Defensive Space Standards in existing and Wildfire
1, 2, 3, 4,
future building designs
63 NRCS Phase II - El Dorado lire Mitigation and Storm
Wildfire
1, 2, 3, 4,
Season Preparation Project
64 Utility Pole Relocation/Under roundin
Windstorm
1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6
7.5 MITIGATION MEASURE PRIORITIZATION MI_THOdOLOGY
The Planning Team utilized a feasibility assessment to help prioritize mitigation measures. A feasibility assessment helps understand possible challenges that could hinder the ability to implement a mitigation measure. An excellent feasibility assessment tool is the STAPLEE criteria. STAPLEE is an acronym with each letter representing an area that should be assessed for the project While there is a series of questions that can be asked under each area, the list below presents the general concept behind each area:
• Social: Do you have community support to implement the project? Technical: Does the technology exist to implement the project? • Administrative: Do you have the organizationlstaff to implement and sustain the project? • Political: Do you have the political support to implement the project? • Legal: Do you have appropriate legal authority to implement the project? Economic: Do you have the funds to implement and is it cost-effective? Environmental: What kind of impact will the project have on the environment? Each proposed mitigation measure was assessed against the STAPLEE and given a score between 1-5, where 5 is favorable/beneficial (or NO major issues/opposition) and 1 is unfavorable/not beneficial (or major issueslopposition) for each of the STAPLEE criteria. The scores were then totaled, and a final score was established for each mitigation measure. A relative comparison of mitigation measures heips understand which mitigation measure may have the greatest success for implementation. However, this ranking does not preclude the City from funding mitigation measures lower on the list, especially if funding is available.
7.6 MITIGATION MEASURE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
The following table (Table 7.3) reflects the implementation plan for each mitigation measure. The implementation plan identifies the lead City department responsible for the action, the estimated cost, potential funding source to support the action, and the proposed timeframe for completion. For convenience, the City developed ranges for both the project costs and project timeframes. While some funding sources are listed, the City intends to actively search for other possible funding sources to help implement mitigation measures, however, those other funding sources were not known while creating the implementation plan, The City also recognizes that Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grants include the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIG), and Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) funding.
Table 7.3- Proposed Mitigation Measures- Implementation Plan Mitigation,
6 Develop and maintain an Emergency
Administrative
$100,000-
1-3
General,
33 Public Communications Plan; acquire
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
necessary equipment and maintain
systems to support implementation
3 Create and maintain a Key Asset
Community
$100,000-
1-3
General
31 Database
Services
$500,000
years
City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
89 276
Mitigation Strategy
38 Develop protocols and ensure
Administrative
$1,000,000
1-3
General,
28 Radio, Fire Vehicle
years
HMA
22 Purchase Fire Fiahtlna eauipment (i.e..
Fire Services
<$100,000
1 year
General,
28 Radio, Medic
HMA
23 Purchase Fire Fiahtlna equipment (i.e,.
Fire Services
<$100,000
1 year
General,
28 Rescue Tool Jaws
HMA
25 Purchase Public Safety equipment fi,e„
Police
$100,000-
1-3
General,
28 Security Cameras- Phase I, II & III)
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
90 277
Mitigation Strategy
26 Purchase Fire Fighting equipment (i.e.,
Fire Services
<$100,000
1 year
General,
28 Self -cant, Breath App
HMA
27 Purchase Fire Fighting equipment-(i.e.,
Fire Services
<$100,000
1 year
General,
28 Smoke Ejector
HMA
28 Update and maintain an Emergency
Administrative
$100,000-
1-3
General,
28 Operations Plan (EOP); acquire
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
necessary equipmenUsystems to
support implementation
31 Coordinate with Ca Department of
Engineering
<$100,000
1 year
General,
28 Water Resources to better understand
HMA
risk and potential actions
33 Coordinate with the Water District to
Public Works
<$100,000
1 year
General,
28 better understand risk and potential
HMA
actions
40 Coordinate with Southern California
Public Works
<$100,000
1-3
General,
28 Edison Emergency Management to
years
HMA
better understand „risk and potential
----
actions
45 F&d Corridor Program
Engineering
$500,000-
3-5
General,
28 $1,000,000
years
HMA
55 Conduct a Risk Assessment of the
General
$100,000-
1-3
General,
28 locations and equipment within the
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
network rooms; acquire necessary
equipment
56 Develop and maintain a Technology
General
$100,000-
1-3
General,
28 Master Plan; acquire equipment as
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
needed to support implementation
57 Develop and maintain IT Incident
General
$100,000-
1-3
General,
28 Response Plans; implement
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
recommendations
58 Equipment procurement and installation
General
$100,000-
1-3
General,
28 to ensure stable, secure, and safe
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
networks stem and equipment.
13 Establish and maintain the Hazard
Administrative
<$100,000
1-3
General,
27 Mitigation and/or Emergency
Services
years
HMA
Mang ement Planning Team
14 Purchase Fire F0ting eaulyment (i.e.,
Fire Services
$100,000-
1-3
General,
27 Fire Marshall Vehicle
$300,000
years
HMA
18 Participate and continue support of the
Administrative
1100,000
1 year
General,
27 CA Stakeholder Group
Services
HMA
44 Continue support of the County
Public Works
4100,000
1 year
General,
27 Flood lain Management Plan
HMA
5 Develop and maintain a Vegetation
Fire Services
$100,000-
1-3
General,
26 Management Plan
$300,000
years
HMA
7 Develop and maintain an Energy
Engineering
$100,000-
1-3
General,
26 Strategic Plan(s); acquire necessary
$300,000
years
HMA, Ca
equipment to support implementation
Energy
Commission
City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
91 278
Mitigation Strategy
15 Build or augment existing Fire Stations
Fire Services
>$1,000,000
3-5
General,
26 i.e. Fire Station No. 4
years
HMA
32 Develop and maintain a Drought
Public Works
$100,000-
1-3
General,
26 Emergency Plan; acquire equipment,
$300,000
years
HMA
supplies, and other material as needed
to support role
36 Conduct an Assessment of City -owned
General
$300,000-
1-3
General
26 Facilities; perform Structural and Non-
Services
$500,000
years
structural Retrofits as needed
37 Conduct an assessment of Non-
General
$100,000-
1-3
General,
26 structural Hazards in buildings and
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
maintain a database of implemented
mitigation actions.
52 Develop, maintain, and disseminate an
Community
$100,000-
1-3
General,
26 Infectious Disease Response Plan;
Development
$300,000
years
HMA
acquire equipment,
62 Incorporate Defensive Space Standards
Police
$100,000-
1-3
General,
26 in existing and future building designs
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
11 Develop and/or incorporate Emergency
Administrative
$100,000-
1-3
General,
25 Management Training and Exercise
Services
$300,000
years
HMA
Program into existing training and
exercise programs
34 Develop and maintain a Water
Public Works
$100,000-
1-3
General,
25 Conservation/Management Plan;
$300,000
years
HMA
implement recommendations
39 Citywide Photovoltaic Carport Canopy
Engineering
$300,000-
1-3
General,
25 System
$500,000
years
HMA. Ca
Energy
Commission
41 Coordinate with State of California local
Community
$300,000-
1-3
General,
25 Govemments; acquire equipment,
Services
$500,000
years
HMA
supplies, and other material as needed
to support role
61 Ensure Fire Resistant Materials are
Fire Services
$100,000-
1-3
General,
25 incorporated into existing building
$300,000
years
HMA
modifications and/or future development
64 Utility Pole Relocation/Undergrounding
Public Works
>$1,000,000
3-5
General,
25 ears
HMA, SCE
42 Develop and maintain an Extreme
Community
$300,000-
1-3
General,
24 Temperature Emergency Plan; acquire
Development
$500,000
years
HMA
equipment, supplies, and other material
as needed to support implementation
43 Conduct an Urban Flood Runoff Study
Engineering
$300,000-
1-3
General
24 and install appropriate flood control
$500,000
years
measures
46 Pendleton Drive- low watercrossing
Public Works
$500,000-
3-5
General,
24 $1,000,000
years
HMA
47 Regional Detention Basin 4 (Wildwood
Public Works
$500,000-
3-5
General,
24 Creek)
$1,000,000
years
HMA
City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
92 279
Mitigation Strategy
48 Wildwood Creek @ Live Oak Canyon
Public Works
$500,000-
3-5
General,
24 Road- low water crossing$1
A00,000
ears
HMA
49 Wilson I and Wilson II (Phase I and 11) :
General
$500,000-
3-5
General,
24 Mass Grading and Channel
Services
$1,000,000
years
HMA
Im rovements
50 Wilson III Basin Phase IA and Phase 18
General
$500,000-
3-5
General,
24 Projects - Mass Grading and Channel
Services
$1,000,000
years
HMA
Improvements
51 Wilson IIIlinnovation Center
General
$500,000-
3 5
General,
24 Improvements
Services
$1,000,000
years
HMA
60 Incorporate Defensive Space Standards
Fire Services
$100,000-
1-3
General,
24 in existing and future building designs
$300,000
years
HMA
17 Build or augment existing facilities that
Community
>$1,000,000
3-5
General,
29 can be used during emergencies
Services
years
HMA
Library and Education Center
24 Build or augment existing facilities that
General
>$1,000,000
3-5
General
23 can be used during emergencies Re..
Services
years
Sand Canyon Parking Lot (Tennis
Center
35 El Dorado Ranch/Five Winds Ranch
Public Works
$300,000-
1-3
General
23 Park Tree and Irrigation Improvements
$500,000
years
54 Coordinate with surrounding
Engineering
$300,000-
1-3
General,
23 stakeholders to conduct a Slope
$500,000
years
HMA
Stabilization Study and implement
recommendations
63 MRCS Phase II - El Dorado Fire
Public Works
$300,000-
1-3
General,
23 Mitigation and Storm Season
$500,000
years
HMA
Preparation Project
29 Construction of Crafton Hills College
Community
>$1,000,000
3-5
General
22 Regional Fire Training Center and
Development
years
Fund, HMA
Related facilities
12 Establish and maintain a primary and
Community
$500,000-
3-5
General,
21 alternative Emergency Operations
Services
$1,000,000
years
HMA
Center(s); acquire necessary equipment
to support implementation
City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
93 280
Plan Maintenance
8. PLAN MAINTENANCE
8.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to present the actions the City of Yucaipa will take to ensure the LHMP remains current and up to date. In addition to ensuring the LHMP remains current, this section presents the efforts the City of Yucaipa will take to educate and bring awareness to stakeholders and the general public about hazards, City efforts to address the hazards, and potential actions that can be taken within the home. This section also presents the City's intended to encourage the incorporation of information from the LHMP into other planning efforts. The City of Yucaipa believes the effectiveness of the LHMP depends on the implementation of proposed mitigation measures and the integration of information into other existing City plans, policies, and programs.
8.2 MONITORING, EVALUATING AND UPDATING THE PLAN
The City of Yucaipa Emergency Management Coordinator supported by the Police Captain and the Fire Chief for emergency response, will work with the Planning Team to monitor, evaluate, review, and update information in the LHMP. The City of Yucaipa Emergency Management Coordinator will facilitate an annual meeting with the Planning Team to review all of the information in the LHMP, with a heavy emphasis on the proposed mitigation measures. Each City Department identified as the lead for the mitigation measure will discuss the intent and benefit of the mitigation measure and provide a status update. This review will coincide with the development of the City's and its Departments annual budget increasing the chances of inclusion of mitigation measures in the Capital Improvement Program. In order for projects to be considered by the City in the budget process, the projects must be submitted to the City Council before July 1 of every calendar year.
The City of Yucaipa Emergency Management Coordinator will encourage the integration of mitigation topics into other City planning meetings. The Emergency Management Coordinator will ensure that the LHMP is an agenda item and/or incorporated into the discussion during those meetings whenever appropriate.
In addition to the annual Planning Team meeting, City of Yucaipa Emergency Management Coordinator will facilitate ad hoc meetings to review the LHMP after: an emergency declaration (Federal, State, Regional, County, and/or City), after an event that required activation of the City's Emergency Operations center, or during an update of the City of Yucaipa General Plan,
The City of Yucaipa Emergency Management Coordinator will also lead the effort to update the LHMP. The City of Yucaipa Emergency Management Coordinator will ensure all information obtained from all of these meetings will be captured and made available for the next LHMP update. Understanding the need not to have the LHMP expire, the Emergency Management Coordinator will begin the process of updating the LHMP two (2) years prior to the plan expiration date. If the City decided to seek a Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant or the assistance of a consultant to support the LHMP update effort the Emergency Management Coordinator will incorporate appropriate time to account for those needs.
8.3 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANNING EFFORTS
Integration of the LHMP with other City programs, processes, and planning efforts is essential to the success of building a disaster resilient community. Ensuring all City plans and programs are consistent and working together towards common goals is vital part of this effort. The City of Yucaipa supports an all -hazard approach, encouraging information sharing between City Departments and the incorporation of information into other planning efforts. As other plans are developed, the LHMP information will be leveraged and incorporated when other plans could benefit from a better understanding of hazards and the potential City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
94 281
Elan Maintenance
mitigation measures that can be taken. The City intended to incorporate the LHMP into the Safety Element of the City of Yucaipa General Plan and the City of Yucaipa Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) after the last update, however, due to completing priorities and shifting priorities from the challenges of covid the information in the LHMP was not fully incorporated. After adoption and approval of this LHMP, the City of Yucaipa will work to better incorporate and validate the information in the Safety Element and EOP. As any other plans are developed, the City will encourage the incorporation of information from the LHMP andlor encourage the use of the LHMP to assess other efforts.
8.4 CONTINUED STAKEHOLDER AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
A critical part of maintaining the LHMP is ongoing stakeholder and public review and participation. The City is committed to the direct involvement of stakeholder and the public providing feedback and comments on the LHMP on a continued basis. The City will follow the public involvement process described under Section 2 of this Plan. Stakeholders and the public will continue to be apprised of LHMP actions through the City's website (http.11 www.yucaipa.org) , City social media platforms, and through the local media. All proposed changes to the LHMP will be subject to stakeholder and public review prior to City Council action.
8.5 POINT OF CONTACT
City of Yucaipa
Trevor Benson, Emergency Services Coordinator
34272 Yucaipa Boulevard, Yucaipa, CA 92399
909 797-2489 Ext: 2601 [email protected]
City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
95 282
APPENDIX A Adoption Resolution
Appendix A
City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
96 283
Appendix B
APPENDIX B Planning Team Attendance Matrix
Trevor Benson
i
X
X
X
i
X
Sherrie O'Connell
X
X
X
X
X
X
Jennifer Crawford
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Fermin Preciado
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Landon Kern
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ben Matlock
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Grant Malinowski
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Paul Jacome
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Dan Whitten
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Shane Massoud
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lucia Hudec
X
X
X
X
X
X
Tim Ryan
X
X
X
X
X
Eric Vreeman
X
X
X
X
Matt Porras
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Jennifer Ares
X
X
X
X
X
X
John Wrobel
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Esther Martinez
X
X
X
Yaiza Benson
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Michael Munoz
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Adam Eventov
X
X
X
X
X
X
Aileen Flores
X
X
X
X
X
X
Andrew Petrow
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
97 284
Appendix C
APPENDIX C Public Outreach Meeting Announcements and Presentations City of Yucaipa Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
98 285
PUBLIC INVITATION
PUBLIC MEETING TO GATHER INPUT ON THE UPDATE TO THE CITY OF
YUCAIPA LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Contact: Sherrie O'Connell
Emergency Services Coordinator
(909) 797-2489 Ext 260
A virtual public meeting to solicit and collect input for the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) is scheduled for Tuesday, June 23, 2021 at 6 p.m. via the following link: Click here to join the meeting Or call in (audio only) +1 951-465-8385„662705105#i United States, Riverside Phone Conference ID: 662 705 105C
The purpose of the LHMP is to identify hazards that have the potential to impact the City of Yucaipa and identify actions that will reduce and/or eliminate the impacts from those hazards. As per FEMA regulations, the LHMP must be updated every 5 years to receive federal Hazard Mitigation Assistance grants. The City of Yucaipa is in the process of updating the LHMP, which was last approved in 2016.
During this meeting, the public is invited to comment on the proposed update planning process, which hazards should be included in the LHMP, and what types of mitigation actions should be considered. As part of the planning process, local officials and stakeholders will assess current capabilities against expected impacts to identify actions that can be implemented to reduce risk and future losses from hazards. Public involvement is critical to the plan as the LHMP must represent the current needs and values of the community. City staff members and a consultant will be on hand to answer any questions. All comments received from the public will be documented and considered for inclusion into the LHMP.
A second meeting with the public will be scheduled once an administrative draft of the updated LHMP is available. The public will be provided another opportunity to comment on the plan contents. After incorporation of all comments, the City of Yucaipa will work with California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) and FEMA for review and approval of the LHMP. 286
8/30/2022
clry u�-
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Update
PUBLIC OUTREACH PRESENTATION
TUNE XL 7oill
1 Definition of Mitigation
FEMA defines Mitigation as the "effort to reduce at climrnore 10,5 rq rife and property by ressening the fmpocts frorn horural ■ Part of the 015a5ter Cyctt
• Benefits of mitigation Include: ` t
• Saved lives f Gds L
• Reduced domago to prnpnrty
• Reduced.: r.,5mit letset •••-f
• Mlnlmlzcd;octal disruption
Shorter rmovoryperlod fortha community
J
Local Hazard Mitigation Plans (corps.)
(30At
* la develop the 5•ycar strategy to reduce and/or eliminate impacts from hazards 461ECtMES
• Apply a comprehensive pla nnmg approach
whole community (reglowl;takholdtr;}
• M�ISMaraNs
Fngagetha puealK
• understand capabilities and vulnerabilities to hazards 'Identify projects and actions
• fntegrated with other planning efforts
5 2
a
u
Purpose of the Meeting
• Introduce the Pr4j0Ct fl and why were are doing if)
• Gain Common Understanding of!
• MingitiPn
• Local Hazard Mlligatlon Plans 1111l
• Awareness of the current LHMP and Update Process
• What hazards are belog addressed
• How the LHMP will be updated
■ Set expectations moving forward (Now you can keep updated) Local Hazard Mitigation Plans
BACKGROUND
• FEMA provides funds after disasters to mitigate future impacts • Historically difficult to Identify eligible projects
• PM55ure to otllladte ll
• In 2000. FEMA itiiised regulations to require an LHMP to received mitigation funds
■ LHMP must he comprehensive and Identify projects
• Rl M1.1srbeinLnMPtobeiftiblefor funding
Focal Hazard Mitigation Plans (cons.}
Loco?s prepare, adopt, and maintain
must bemaintalnedandupdatedave 5years
• MV4l havCa FEMAappr4ved LHMPta raGel4ad Haiard Mltlgatl4ngWnb. -Cal Ol reviews
• FEMA approves
Who it are Cal OES/FEMA are looking fur,...,.
• p roprr documrniatlon of pl3nnmg process
• Current community, hazard, and ImpacL information
• Valldationildnntihratlon at projects and actions
• Mrthod for plan review lupdatmEl and implementation
• V[!Idrcwon l!oii w.r, idout!d
287
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7 I
City of Yucaipa LHviP
•Last Approved and Adapted In 2016
•Can he found on the Clty's Webslte
•Included the following hazards (prFgrity hazard; in GREEN) • 6h 11.. Ad.,pwil
PAm Flidwro
FdrthQWLe
• Fluod�nlr
• High WIndWSrrdyhs•hn• Wlndu
L.MeAldl
' ToerOntrll
• Wildl�res
•Mit,Zian Actions focused on priority hazards
City of Yucaipa LHMP (coat.)
Planning Team
• Representatives from City Departments
Representatives from Regional Stakeholders
5tAt!
• county
Sp.W 06trlcts
• xvn,gwe_tal Cganlratlom
Ldp —$
h W PIK61 "Am raellili n
ButlNesiel pprge eM�loymert mrpomtlontl
• Consultant
Public Outreach Effort
■9eeau$e of challenges with COVID-19, al will be done virtually -Two (2) public meetings
• Project kltkoff (rillsmecring)
• Draft plan review )TRD)
.Status Updates
CAY Social Medla (Website, Facebeok, Instagram, Twitter) Other 50001 Wslia (Stakeholder social media platforms]
'City LHMP Update Point of Contact
• Sherrie D'Connell-(509)7q7-2499/soconnelldpyucalpe.org I
10 City of Yucaipa LHMP {cant.}
City of Yucaipa LHMP (corm)
Current Status of LHMP Uptl-m
• t101d Initiol Meeting& with Plahning TCOIn
•Discwm,6 rlwrtam Plan and the process
to update the Plan
• Rcvlewcd and Vpdatrd Hirards Iprlorlty
hazards In GREEIV]
• C1,41 bisturhancr
Gruundwatac Pvwune Reduction
• Dxm F[Inro
Infectious bhs
• [!algae
Lundsllde
• Earth4+•trPe
TFehnalogv plsrv0VQA
• Carrar5hvrssiv
reeroWm
• Entrrmr rrmnrrxturr
Wildfire
• FlaualnP
Windstorm
Next Steps
■ Solicit public input/comments
■ Hold Planning Team meetings
d Prepare and Review draft LHIMP sections
■ Pr❑vide status updates to the public
288
8/30/2022
Thank You
■ Sherrie O'Connell
f9091 797-2489
• [email protected]
13 289
KJBIAC INVITATION
PUBLIC MEETING TO GATHER INPUT ON THE UPDATE TO THE CITY OF
YUCAIIPA LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Contact: Trevor Benson
Emergency Services Coordinator (909) 797-2489 Ext 260
A virtual public meeting to invite public comments for the administrative draft update to the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) is scheduled for Tuesday, August 23, 2022 at 6 p.m. via the following link: Click here to join the meeting Or call io (audio only) +1 951-465- 8385,1434289754 United States, Riverside Phone Conference ID: 143 428 975#.
The purpose of the LHMP is to identify hazards that have the potential to impact the City of Yucaipa and identify actions that will reduce and/or eliminate the impacts from those hazards.
As per FEMA regulations, the LHMP must be updated every 5 years to receive federal Hazard Mitigation Assistance grants. The City of Yucaipa is in the process of updating the LHMP, which was last approved in 2016.
During this meeting, the public is invited to comment on the administrative draft update to the hazard mitigation plan.
As part of this update, local officials and stakeholders assessed current capabilities against expected impacts to identify actions that can be implemented to reduce risk and future losses from hazards.
Public involvement is critical to the plan as the LHMP must represent the current needs and values of the community. City staff members and a consultant will be on hand to answer any questions. All comments received from the public will be documented and considered for inclusion into the LHMP.
After incorporation of all comments, the City of Yucaipa will work with California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) and FEMA for review and approval of the LHMP.
City of Yucaipa
34272 Yucaipa Boulevard, Yucaipa, CA 92399-9950
909/797-2489 FAX 909/790-9203 www.yucaipa.org
290
8/30/2022
1 3
rin uv�
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
P0104", Update
PUBLIC OUTREACH PRESENTATION
AUGUST 13,:022
Review of Project
■ Update the CityofYucaipa LHMP
• FEMA provides funds after disasters to mitigate future impacts • Historically difficult tp identify eligible projects
• FEMA revised regulations io require a LHMP to received miligatlon funds • LHMP must be comprehensive and Identify projects to be eligible LHMPs must be updated every S years
• Last Approved and Adopted in 2016
Understanding of LHMPs
GOAL _
•To develop the strategy to reduce and/or eliminate impacts from hazards
OBJECTIVES
'Apply a comprehensive planning approach
• Whore Community (regional stakeholders)
Mu$U-hazards '
Engage the public
,understand capabilities and vufnernbiiities to hazards -Identify projects and actions
, lye. , , r,, .;!tl„I!„•., Planninr, .,ftirt5
'"T""�ntx:raner•.•rrxitre•r�r-
2 4
G
Purpose of the Meeting
• Review Project
• En5ure Commpn Understanding of:
Mitigation
Local Hazard Mitigation Plans RHMPi
Understand Update Process and Revised LHMP Content
How was the LHMP updated
whys I,atardi are being addressed
• What kind of measures (projects) are being recommended Encourage public Feedback on Revised LHMP
Understanding of Mitigation
Part of the Disaster Cycle
FEMA defines Mitigation as the effort to reduce .�<, I �•rw rrnd/or eliminate loss of life and property by
lessening the impacts from hazards"
Benefits of mitigatlon Include: wudr t a
• Saved lives
...v..r errrr,r
• Reduced damage to property
Reduced econornkc losses
• Minimized soclal disruptionR1°iwir
Shorter recovary parlod far the tommunhy
Understanding of LHMPs (cant.)
•Lotal5 prepare, adopt. and maintain
• Must be mnlmtolnfid and upented query § y0ars
• Must have a FEMA-approved LHMP to received Hazard Mltlgation grants -Cal OES reviews
-FEMA approves
What are CalOES/FEMA ore looking for......
Proper dtiwmantdtion Of planning pr 40
Current community, ha;and• and Impact Information
• Validation/Identification of projects and acllons
• Method for plan review (updalinn) ard Implcmrmak4n
VerinC-atlon pion was adaplcd
291
1 8/30/2022
Understand Update Process
planning Team
�Y, • City Departments/Consultant
• Reglonal Stakeholders
Slam, Couns4� SpaaUl plsvires,
""''''''TT Nv mm•ntalC anUa<wns.
ulc11Mrs, lnns, h'apitalslCarc FauUurs,
I apmu•mniovmn�,�
7 Understand Measures in LHMP
•Projects from previous City LHMPs
ProjeCts from Current Capital improvement Program list
-Projects that address gaps in:
Capabliities
• Reduce Patemlal Impaets (ReJpgnteJReepver)
• Projects needed for:
• Caminulky of Govr:rnmcnt
• l}peratYans
• Mutual hid
I
Thank You
Trevor Benson (City of Yucaipa)
(909) 797.2489
• [email protected]
Andy Petrow (Consultant)
(819) 294.5471
• petrowa@msn,com
11 8
1.0 Understand Hazards in LHMP
• Civil Disturbance
• Infectious Disease
• dam Failure
• Landslide
• Drought
+ Technology Disruption
• Earthquake
Terrorism
• Energy Disruption
Wildfire
• Extreme Temperatures
Windstorm
• Flooding
15REEN• In(14ded in Z014 LHMP
Public Feedback
R Copy of draft LHMP is available on City Website
Will Review with Planning Team
R Will Address and/or Incorporate where Appropriate
After Public Comments will Submit to Cal 4ES/FEMA
292
2 Appendix D
APPENDIX D City of Yucaipa Key Assets
Fire Stations
— Fire Station No. 1, 11416 Bryant Street (State-owned) — Fire Station No. 2, 32664 Yucaipa Blvd
— Fire Station No. 3, 34259 Wildwood Canyon Road
Government Facilities
— City HahlEmergency Operations Center, 34272 Yucaipa Blvd., Yucaipa — Yucaipa Police Department/San Bernardino County Sheriff, 34144 Yucaipa Blvd. — Public Works Yard, 11377 2nd Street
— Scherer Senior Center, 12202 Tst Street
— Yucaipa Community Center, 34900 Oak Glen Road
— Yucaipa Performing Arts Center —12062 California Street — Incubator Center
Public Facilities and Park Facilities
— San Bernardino County, Library, Yucaipa Branch, 5th Street (City -owned building) — Yucaipa Transit Center, Yucaipa Blvd.
— Yucaipa Equestrian Center, 13272 California Street
— 7th Street Park
— Yucaipa Community Park
— Wildwood lurk
— Avenue A Park
— Ed Dorado Ranch Park
— Wildwood Canyon State Park (State run facility)
— Yucaipa Regional Park (County run facility)
Z Medical Facilities
Kaiser (in planning stage)
Yucaipa Urgent Care
• Major Roads and Bridges
— 3rd Street
— 3rd Street Bridge at Wildwood Creek
— 5th Street
— 5th Street Bridge at Wildwood Creek
— 5th Street Bridge at Wilson Creek
— 10th Street Bridge at Wilson Creek
— 6th Place Bridge at Wildwood Creek
— 13th Street at Wilson Creek
— Avenue D at Wilson Creek
— Dunlap Boulevard Bridge at Wilson Creek
— 14th Street
— 14th Street Bridge at Wilson Creek
W 16th Street Bridge at interstate 10
— Fremont Street Bridge at Wilson Creek
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Appendix D
— Fremont Street
— Avenue "E" Bridge at Wilson Creek
— Avenue E
— Date Avenue
— Avenue H
— Bryant Street
— Bryant Street Bridge at Wildwood Creek
— Bryant Street Bridge at Oak Glen Creek
— California Street
— California Street Bridge at Wildwood Creek
— County Line Road
— Colorado Street
— Calimesa Boulevard
— Calimesa Boulevard Bridge at Wildwood Creek
— Chapman Heights Road
— Highway 38
— Interstate 10
— Mesa Grande
— Mesa Grande Bridge at Wildwood Creek
— Oak Glen Road
— Oak Glen Road Bridge at Wilson Creek
-- Oak Mesa Road
— Live Oak Canyon Road
— Wildwood Canyon Road
— Wildwood Canyon Road Bridge at Wildwood Creek
— Yucaipa Boulevard Bridge at Wilson Creek
— Yucaipa Boulevard
— Sand Canyon Road
— Sunnyside Drive
— Carter Street
— FirAvenue
— Ivy Avenue
Schools
— Calimesa Elementary School 13523 2nd Street
Competitive Edge Charter Academy 34450 Stonewood Drive
— Chapman Heights Elementary School 33692 Cramer Road
— Dunlap Elementary School 32870 Avenue E
Green Valley High School 35948 Susan Street
— Inland Leaders Charter School 12375 California Street — Mesa View Middle School 800 Mustang Way
— Oak View High School (Educational Center) 12358 Sixth Street — Park View Middle School 34875 Tahoe Drive
— Ridgeview Elementary School 11021 Sunnyside Drive
— Valley Elementary School 12333 8th Street
— Wildwood Christian Academy 35145 Oak Glen Road
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294
Appendix D
— Wildwood Elementary School 35972 Susan Street
— Yucaipa High School 33000 Yucaipa Blvd,
— Craffon Hills College and Cralton Hills Fire Academy 11711 Sand Carryon Road — District Education Center
— District Maintenance and Operations Yard
■ Utilities --Water
— Yucaipa Valley Water District
— Yucaipa Valley Water District Wastewater Treatment Plant South Mesa Water Company
— Western Heights Water Company
• Equipment
-- Backup Generator (Fire Station 1)
— Backup Generator (Police Department)
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Appendix F
APPENDIX E
Historical California Earthquakes
2010 04 05
Sierra El Mayor Earthquake (Northern Baja California)
M 7.2
2010 0316
Near Pico Rivera, Los Angeles Basin
M 4.4
2010 01 10
Gorda Plate Earthquake
M 6.5
2010 01 10
Offshore Northern California
M 6.5
2009 06 08
San Francisco Bay Area, California
M 3.5
2009 0518
Greater Los Angeles Area, California
M 4.7
2009 04 30
Northern California
M 3.5
2009 03 30
Northern California
M 4.3
2009 03 08
San Francisco Bay area, California
M 3.5
2009 01 09
Greater Los Angeles Area, California
M 4.5
2008 07 29
China Hills
M 5.5
2008 04 30
Northern California
M 5.4
200710 31
San Francisco Bay Area, California
M 5.6
2007 08 09
Greater Los Angeles area, California
M 4.4
2007 07 20
San Francisco Bay area, California
M 4.2
2007 07 02
Central California
M 43
2007 05 09
Offshore Northern California
M 5.2
200610 20
Northern Califomia
M 4.5
2005 09 22
Central California
M 4.7
2005 0617
Off the Coast of Northern California
M 6.6
2005 0616
Yucaipa
M 4.9
2005 0615
Off the Coast of Northern California
M 7.2
2005 0612
Southern California
M 5.2
2005 05 06
Central California
M 4.1
2004 09 28
Central California
M 6.0
2004 05 30
Pine Mountain Club, California
M 3.0
200312 22
San Simeon, California
M 6.6 (Fatalities 2)
20031019
near Orinda, California
M 3.5
200310 07
near Imperial Beach, California
M 3.6
2003 0913
near Simi Valley, California
M 3.4
2003 09 05
near Piedmont, California
M 4.0
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Appendix F
2003 08 27
Val Verde, California
M 19
2003 0815
Humboldt Hill, California
M 6.3
2003 05 26
Seven Trees, California
M 3.8
2003 05 26
Muir Beach, California
M 3.4
2003 05 25
Santa Rosa, California
M 4.2
2003 05 24
Brawley, California
M 4.0
2003 0311
Twentynine Palms Base, California
M 4.6
2003 02 22
Big Bear City, California
M 5.2
2003 02 02
Dublin, CA, Swarm
M 4.1
2003 01 25
Keene, California
M 4.7
200212 24
Pacifica, California
M 3.6
200211 24
Swarm near San Ramon, California
M 3.9
2002 09 03
Yorba Linda, California
M 4.8
2002 0617
Bayview, California
M 5.3
2002 0514
Gilroy, California
M 4.9
2002 0316
near Channel Islands Beach, California
M 4.6
2000 09 03
Napa, California
M 5.0
19991016
Hector Mine, California
M 7.1
1994 09 01
Cape Mendocino, California
M 7.0
1994 01 17
Northridge, California
M 6.7 (Fatalities 60)
1992 06 28
Landers, California
M 7.3 (Fatalities 3)
1992 06 28
Big Bear. California
M 6.5
1992 04 25
Cape Mendocino, California
M 7.2
1992 04 23
Joshua Tree
M 6.2
1991 0817
Honeydew, California
M 7.0
1991 06 28
Sierra Madre, California
M 5,6 (Fatalities 2)
1989 1018
Loma Prieta, California
M 6.9 (Fatalities 63)
1989 08 08
Santa Cruz County, California
M 5.4 (Fatalities 1)
198711 24
Superstition Hills, California
M 6.7
198711 24
Superstition Hills, California
M 6.5 (Fatalities 2)
198110 04
Whittier Narrows, California
M 5.6 (Fatalities 1)
198710 01
Whittier Narrows, California
M 5.9 (Fatalities 8)
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Appendix F
1986 07 21
Chalfant Valley, California
M 6.2
1986 07 08
North Palm Springs, California
M 6.1
198411 23
Round Valley, California
M 5.8
1984 04 24
Morgan Hill, California
M 6.2
1983 05 02
Coalinga, California
M 6.4
198011 08
Humboldt County, California
M 7.2
1980 05 27
Mammoth Lakes, California
M 6.0
1980 05 25
Mammoth Lakes, California
M 6.2
1980 01 27
Livermore, California
M 5.8
1980 01 24
Livermore Valley, California
M 5.8
19791015
Imperial Valley, Mexico California Border
M 6.4
1979 08 06
Coyote Lake, California
M 5.7
1975 08 01
Oroville, California
M 5.8
1971 02 09
San Fernando, California
M 6.6 (Fatalities 65)
196910 02
Santa Rosa, California
M 5.7 (Fatalities 1)
1966 0912
Truckee, California
M 5.9
1966 06 28
Parkfield, California
M 6.1
1957 03 22
Daly City, California
M 5.3 (Fatalities 1)
195510 24
Concord, California
M 5.4 (Fatalities 1)
195412 21
Eureka, California
M 6.5 (Fatalities 1)
1952 08 22
Kern County, California
M 5.8 (Fatalities 2)
1952 07 21
Kern County, California
M 7.3 (Fatalities 12)
1940 0519
Imperial Valley, California
M 7.1 (Fatalities 9)
1934 06 08
Parkfield, California
M 6.1
1933 0311
Long Beach, California
M 6.4 (Fatalities 115)
1932 06 06
Eureka, California
M 6.4 (Fatalities 1)
192711 04
Lompoc, California
M 7.1
192610 22
Monterey Bay, California
M 6.1
1926 06 29
Santa Barbara, California
M 5.5 (Fatalities 1
1925 06 29
Santa Barbara, California
M 6.8 Fatalities 13)
1923 01 22
Humboldt County, California
M 7.2
1922 0310
Parkfield, California
M 6.1
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Appendix F
1922 01 31
Eureka, California
M 7.3
1918 04 21
San Jacinto, California
M 6.8 (Fatalities 1)
1915 06 23
Imperial Valley, California
M 6.3 (Fatalities 6)
1911 07 01
Calaveras fault, California
M 6.5
1906 0418
San Francisco, California
M 7.8 (Fatalities 3000)
1901 0303
Parkfield, California
M 6.4
189912 25
San Jacinto, California
M 6.7 (Fatalities 6)
1899 0416
Eureka, California
M 7.0
1898 0415
Mendocino County, California
M 6.8
1898 03 31
Mare Island, California
M 6.3
1897 06 20
Calaveras fault, California
M 6.3
1892 04 21
Winters, California
M 6.4
1892 0419
Vacaville, California
M 6.4 (Fatalities 1)
1892 02 24
Imperial Valley, California
M 7.8
1890 02 24
Corralitos, California
M 63
187311 23
California Oregon Coast
M 7.3
1872 03 26
Owens Valley, California
M 7A (Fatalities 27)
186810 21
Hayward, California
M 6.8 (Fatalities 30)
186510 08
Santa Cruz Mountains, California
M 6.5
1857 01 09
Fort Tejon, California
M 7,9 (Fatalities 1)
183806
San Francisco area, California
M 6.8
1836 0610
South San Francisco Bay region, California
M 6�5
181212 21
West of Ventura, California
M 7.1 (Fatalities 1)
181212 08
Southwest of San Bernardino County, California
M 6.9 (Fatalities 40)
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RESOLUTION NO.2023-06
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF YUCAIPA,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE CITY OF YUCAIPA LOCAL HAZARD
MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE, AUTHORIZING FUTURE NON -
SUBSTANTIVE AMENDMENTS TO THE PLAN, AND RESCINDING
RESOLUTION NO.2016-36.
WHEREAS, the preservation of life and property is an inherent responsibility of local, State and Federal government; and
WHEREAS, the City is charged and entrusted with the protection of persons and property prior to and during emergencies, and/or disaster conditions; and WHEREAS, the goal of a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is to minimize, reduce or eliminate loss of life and/or property; and
WHEREAS, this Local Hazard Mitigation Plan represents a comprehensive description of the City's commitment to reducing, preventing or eliminating potential impacts of disasters caused by natural and human -caused hazards; and
WHEREAS, the City of Yucaipa previously adopted its Local Hazard Mitigation Plan with the adoption of Resolution No. 2016-36; and
WHEREAS, the City Council desires to rescind Resolution No. 2016-36 and adopt the updated Local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000; and
WHEREAS, the City has undertaken a comprehensive planning effort in developing the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan by organizing resources, assessing risks, and developing and implementing a mitigation plan and monitoring process; and WHEREAS, the Hazard Mitigation Plan is a Federal requirement under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 for the City to receive Federal funds for disaster recovery and mitigation; and
WHEREAS, the Hazard Mitigation Plan establishes a coordinated effort to support mitigation activities and identifies measures to combat natural and man-made hazards within our City; and
WHEREAS, the Hazard Mitigation Plan is an extension of the State of California Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan, and will be reviewed and exercised periodically and revised as necessary to meet changing conditions; and
WHEREAS, the City of Yucaipa agrees to adopt this Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and urges all officials, employees, public and private organizations, and citizens, individually and 300
collectively, to do their share in furthering the goals and objectives of hazard mitigation within the City of Yucaipa,
NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF YUCAIPA DOES HEREBY RESOLVE, DETERMINE AND ORDER AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1. Resolution No. 2016-36 is hereby rescinded.
Section 2. The City Council approves the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan of the City of Yucaipa.
Section 3. The City Council authorizes the Emergency Services Coordinator to make necessary administrative and operational changes to the plan that are in keeping with the intent of the plan as approved.
Section 4. The City Council authorizes the Emergency Services Coordinator, or his duly appointed representative, to perform all duties required to carry out the Local Lazard Mitigation Plan.
Section S. That the City Clerk shall certify to the passage and adoption of this resolution and enter it into the book of original resolutions.
PASSED, APPROVED, AND ADOPTED this 13'h day of March 2023.
ATTEST:
KIM METZLER, CITY CLERK
Resolution No. 2023-06
JUSTIN BEAVER, MAYOR