Avalon City Council
September 15, 2026

AVALON CITY COUNCIL MEETING
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 2026 — 5:00 PM
410 AVALON CANYON ROAD, AVALON, CA 90704
AGENDA
In compliance with the Americans with Disability Act, if you need special assistance to participate in this meeting, please contact the City Clerk’s Office (310) 510-0220. Notification 48 hours prior to the meeting will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to ensure accessibility to this meeting. (28 CFR 35. 102-35.104 ADA Title II). All public records relating to an agenda item on this agenda are available for the public inspection at the time the records are distributed to all, or a majority of all, members of the City Council. Such records shall be available at City Hall located at 410 Avalon Canyon Rd. Additionally, space for interpreters will be provided at City Hall The public may attend the meeting in person or via zoom by logging into the following:Zoom Meeting Link:
https://usO6web.zoom.us/j/899422831 90?pwd=7NSKQye31MyAF5O21 LK3LZ8sQtU8H5. 1 Meeting ID: 899 4228 3190Passcode: 231255
Zoom meetings will have captions in English or Spanish, at the option of the public attending.

In addition, for the public’s convenience, but not participation, the meeting can be viewed:

On local cable: Catalina Broadband Solutions channel 3
Streaming on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/CityofAvalonCA

CALL TO ORDER I PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE I INVOCATION I ROLL CALL

ANNOUNCEMENTS I WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS

DEPARTMENT HEAD REPORTS

CITY MANAGER REPORT I CITY ATTORNEY REPORTCOUNCILMEMBER REPORTS I REQUESTS I MAYOR REPORT

PRESENTATIONS

1. A representative from Townsend Public Affairs will provide a legislative update. (15 minutes).

ORAL COMMUNICATION
Members of the public may address the City Council at this time. No action will be taken onnon-agenda items at this meeting. Speakers should limit comments to two (2) minutes each.

CITY COUNCIL AGENDA
SEPTEMBER 15, 2026
PAGE 2

CONSENT CALENDAR
ActionsAlthough the live recording is the official record of public meetings, minutes are preparedfor the Councils approval.

Recommended Action
Approve minutes from the September 1, 2026 regular City Council Meeting.

2. Warrants
Expenditures Submitted for Approval:
• US Bank General Account Warrants totaling $1,078,330.20 • One payroll totaling $295,000.22.
• Two electronic fund transfers totaling $60,059.26.

Recommended Action
Approve the disbursements for August 24, 2026 through September 4, 2026 totaling $1,433,389.68.

3. Resolution Supporting Proposition 1 the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Action of 2026
The City is a member of the League of California Cities and supports Cal Cities’ 2026 Advocacy Priority to secure investments to increase the supply of affordable housing, including programs that assist in providing financing for affordable housing, as well as the development of fiscal tools and incentives to assist local governments in their efforts toencourage housing, and finance the infrastructure to support housing and theestablishment of an ongoing state commitment for funding affordable housing.

Recommended Action
Adopt a resolution supporting Proposition 1, the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026, which authorizes $11.25 billion in state general obligation bonds to fund several housing affordability programs.

4. Adoption of the City of Avalon Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, local jurisdictions must maintain a FEMA approved Local Hazard Mitigation Plan to remain eligible for federal disaster assistanceand mitigation grant funding. LHMPs are required to be updated every five years. The City of Avalon initiated its LHMP update in February 2025 to ensure continued complianceand to strengthen the community’s preparedness and resilience.

Recommended Action
Adopt a resolution approving the City of Avalon’s Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) and authorize staff to submit the final plan to the California Office of Emergency Services (Cal QES) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for formal approval.

CITY COUNCIL AGENDA
SEPTEMBER 15, 2026
PAGE 3
GENERAL BUSINESS5. Authorization to Purchase a Used Articulating Boom Lift for the Public Works Department The Public Works Department currently does not possess an articulating boom lift. An articulating boom lift is purpose built for accessing elevated, hard to reach areas safelyand efficiently. It offers improved maneuverability, stability, and worker safety compared to continuing to use the telehandler for personnel elevation especially on Front Street.

Recommended Action
Authorize the purchase of a used 2020 Snorkel 460SJ articulating boom lift from Herc Rentals, located in Carson, California, at a total cost not-to-exceed $55,000. Sufficient funds exist in the Public Works Vehicle Replacement budget account #13825-6781.

6. Approval of Professional Services Agreement with West Coast Arborists, Inc. for Annual Tree Trimming ServicesThe City maintains public trees located along City streets, public facilities, park areas, cemetery, and other City-owned properties. Routine tree trimming and maintenance are necessary to ensure public safety, protect infrastructure, reduce potential hazards, and promote the health and longevity of City trees. The Public Works Department annually contracts with a qualified professional tree maintenance company to perform specialized tree pruning beyond the City’s regular maintenance capabilities.

Recommended Action

1. Per the City’s procurement policy, authorize the City Manager or designee to execute an agreement with West Coast Arborists, Inc. (WCA) to provide professional services forannual tree trimming and related tree inventory services within the City of Avalon in anamount not-to-exceed $139,500. 2. Authorize the City Manager or designee to execute a budget adjustment transferring $25,000 from the Professional Services Fund (10250- 5005) to the Tree Trimming Services Account Fund (10250-5125), for a total contractamount not-to-exceed $175,000, including the WCA agreement, freight, contractor housing, and related project expenses.

7. Contract for Townsend Public Affairs (TPA)
Townsend Public Affairs (TPA) was initially retained in 2018 to assist the City with grant administration during the absence of Staff in charge of grant related projects. The City determined the value of services provided by TPA, which includes grant administration and legislative advocacy, is an ongoing asset to the City.

Recommended Action
Authorize the City Manager to execute a contract with Townsend Public Affairs (TPA) for grant management and legislative advocacy for a five-year term at an initial cost of $5,000 per month gradually increasing to $7,000 per month by 2029.

CITY COUNCIL AGENDA
SEPTEMBER 15, 2026
PAGE 4

8. Award a Contract for the Green Pleasure Pier Deck Replacement Project Deck replacement on the Green Pleasure Pier is a top priority within the Green PleasurePier overall maintenance strategy. In December 2026, thanks to an allocation requested by Senator Lena Gonzales, the California Legislature and Governor approved a $1 million grant from the state general fund to support the City of Avalon’s Green Pleasure Pier Deck Replacement Project. On August 20, 2026 City Staff released a Request forProposals (RFP) from qualified bidders to perform the work. This report was authored in advance of the scheduled bid deadline — Monday, September 14 at 4 p.m. City Staff will provide the bid results and bid analysis under separate cover.

Recommended Action

1. Consider award of a contract to the lowest responsible bidder to complete the scope of work identified as the Green Pleasure Pier Deck Replacement Project (RFP-2026- 267006), or 2. If the bid of the lowest responsible bidder exceeds the Fiscal Year 2026-27 budget ($1.2 million) the City Council may, a.) by a 4/5 vote reject all bids and authorizethe City Manager or his designee to negotiate a revised scope with the lowest responsible bidder, or b.) authorize a contract agreement for the total contract price conditioned on a forthcoming budget amendment to be considered at the next regular City Council meeting.

ADJOURN

NOTICE OF POSTING
I, Devin Elise Hart, declare that the City Council Agenda for Tuesday, September 15, 2026 was posted on Friday, September 11, 2026 on the City’s website, www.cityofavalon.qov/agendacenter, and at City Hall, 410 Avalon Canyon Road.

Devmn Elise Hart, Senior Management Analyst

CITY OF AVALON CITY COUNCIL
MEETING DATE: September 15, 2026 AGENDA ITEM: 1
ORIGINATING DEP: City Clerk CITY MANAGER: ________ PREPARED BY: Gabrielle Morones, City Clerk SUBJECT: City Council Minutes
RECOMMENDED ACTION(S): Approve minutes from the September 1, 2026 regular City Council Meeting.

REPORT SUMMARY: Although the live recording is the official record of public meetings, minutes are prepared for the Council’s approval.

FISCAL IMPACTS: N/A.

GOAL ALIGNMENT: Not Aligned.

CONSEQUENCES OF NOT FOLLOWING RECOMMENDED ACTION: N/A.

FOLLOW UP ACTION: File minutes in the City Clerk’s office.

ADVERTISING, NOTICE AND PUBLIC CONTACT: The item was properly listed on the posted agenda pursuant to the Brown Act.

ATTACHMENTS:
- September 1, 2026 regular City Council Meeting Minutes.

AVALON CITY COUNCIL MEETING WHICH WILL ALSO INCLUDED

A MEETING OF THE CITY OF AVALON CITY COUNCIL

ACTING AS THE HOUSING AUTHORITY
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 1,2026

MINUTES
CALL TO ORDER - 5:00 p.m.

ROLL CALL - Present: Mayor Anni Marshall, Councilmembers Michael Ponce, YeseniaDe La Rosa, Lisa Lavelle, Donna Lopez. Also present: City Manager David Maistros, City Clerk Gabrielle Morones, and City Attorney Scott Campbell.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS - City staff received three written correspondences regarding Item #6. CPUC Draft Resolution T-17934. Copies have been distributed to the City Council and are on file in the City Clerk’s Office.PRESENTATIONS

1. A representative from Catalina Island Health provided an update regarding the organization.

2. A representative from Catalina Film Festival provided a presentation regarding the festival’s annual events.

CONSENT CALENDAR-There were four items on the Consent Calendar. Motion toapprove made by Michael Ponce, seconded by Lisa Lavelle. (All Ayes)

1. Actions
Approved minutes from the August 12, 2026 Special City Council Meeting andAugust 18, 2026 regular City Council Meeting.

2. Warrants
Approved a US Bank General Account Warrants totaling $1,963,121.69, one payroll totaling $295,898.38, four electronic fund transfers totaling $279,238.37 for a total disbursement of $2,538,258.44 for August 10, 2026 through August 21,2026.

3. RFP for Former Public Transit Kiosk on Crescent Avenue Authorized the City Manager or his designee to circulate a request for proposals for qualified vendors to lease the former public transit kiosk on Crescent Avenue.

CITY COUNCIL/HOUSING AUTHORITY MINUTES
SEPTEMBER 1, 2026
PAGE 2

4. Adopt an Ordinance Amending Chapter 9-5, Article 6 (Accessory Dwelling Units) of Title 9 of the Avalon Municipal Code, implementing housing program 14 as set forth in the 6th Cycle General Plan Housing Element and Finding the Action to be Statutorily Exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act Under Public Resources Code 21080.17
Adopted Ordinance No. 1232-26 of the City Council of the City of Avalon Amending Chapter 9-5 Residential Zones, Article 6 “Accessory Dwelling Units” of Title 9 of the Avalon Municipal Code and Finding the Action to be Statutorily Exempt from CEQA Under Public Resources Code §21080.17.

GENERAL BUSINESS5. Letter Regarding Forthcoming Wildfire Liability Reform The City Council discussed recent emergency legislation changes to the Wildfire Liability Reform that would not impose any limitations on public agency recovery costs resulting from utility-caused fires. City Council expressed that they werepleased with recent changes in the legislation and provided direction to staff to draft a letter that encourages passage of the liability act with protections for cities.

Motion to approve made by Lisa Lavelle, seconded by Michael Ponce. (All Ayes)

6. CPUC Draft Resolution T-17934

1. City Council discussed submitting a written communication to the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) in response to the Draft Resolution T-17934 on behalf of the City of Avalon. 2. City Council approved letter to be submitted prior to the filing deadline of September 3, 2026 at 5:00 PM.

Motion to approve made by Michael Ponce, seconded by Lisa Lavelle. (All Ayes) The following General Business item was the Avalon City Council acting as the Housing Authority

7. 206 F. Whittley Retaining Wall Change Order #2

1. Authorized the City Manager or his designee to execute the second amendment to the construction contract between the City of Avalon and Jordahl Construction Inc. incorporating Change Order #2 and increasing the contract sum by $171,318 fora total not-to-exceed amount of $1,158,573.2. Amended the Fiscal Year26-27 Budget by allocating an additional $100,000 to Capital Improvement Project #205015, Fund #15325-6547.

Motion to approve made by Michael Ponce, seconded by Lisa Lavelle. (4 Ayes-Marshall, De La Rosa, Lavelle and Ponce; 1 No-Lopez)

CITY COUNCILIHOUSING AUTHORITY MINUTES
SEPTEMBER 1, 2026
PAGE 3
Mayor Marshall adjourned the meeting at 7:01 p.m.

I, Gabrielle Morones, City Clerk, do hereby certify that the digital recording of the regular City Council Meeting on September 1, 2026, is the official record of the Council Meetingand is on file and maintained in City Hall.

Gabrielle Morones, City Clerk

CITY OF AVALON CITY COUNCIL
MEETING DATE: September 15, 2026 AGENDA ITEM:

ORIGINATING DEP: Finance CITY MANAGER: S)A\
PREPARED BY: Matthew Baker, Finance Director
SUBJECT: Warrants
RECOMMENDED ACTION(S): Approve the disbursements for August 24, 2026 through September 4, 2026 totaling $1,433,389.68.REPORT SUMMARY: These disbursements through September 4th are comprised of warrants from the US Bank General Account totaling $1,078,330.20, one payroll totaling $295,000.22, and other electronic fund transfers totaling $60,059.26.

ITEM DESCRIPTION AMOUNT DATE
GF US BANK WARRANTS CK# 42524-42599 991,053.48 08/28/26GF US BANK WARRANTS CK# 42600-42603 23,616.43 08/28/26GF US BANK WARRANTS CK# 42604-4261 1 63,660.29 09/02/26 PAYROLL 295,000.22 09/09/26EFT -CALPERS RETIREMENT 50,761.51 09/04/26EFT - HARBOR/REC CREDIT CARD AND BANK SERVICE FEES 9,297.75 09/04/26 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS $1,433,389.68
GOAL ALIGNMENT: Ongoing meeting of City obligations.

FISCAL IMPACTS: There are sufficient funds available, and the expenditures are included in the FY25-26 Budget and FY26-27 Budget.

CONSEQUENCES OF NOT FOLLOWING RECOMMENDED ACTION: N/A
FOLLOW UP ACTION: N/A
ADVERTISING, NOTICE AND PUBLIC CONTACT: Pursuant to the Brown Act.ATTACHMENTS: Audit Certificate, Warrant Lists, U.S. Bank Credit Card Detail

CITY OF AVALON
AUGUST 24TH - SEPTEMBER 4 2026 DISBURSEMENTS
September 15, 2026

ITEM DESCRIPTION AMOUNT DATE
OF US BANK WARRANTS CK# 42524-42599 991,053.48 08/28/26 GF US BANK WARRANTS CK# 42600-42603 23616.43 08/28/26
GE US BANK WARRANTS CK# 42604-42611 63,660.29 09/02/26
PAYROLL 295,000.22 09/09/26
EFT - CALPERS RETIREMENT 50,761.51 09/04/26
EFT - HARBOR/REC CREDIT CARD AND BANK SERVICE FEES 9,297.75 09/04/26 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS $ 1,433,389.68

CERTIFICATE
IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 32702

OF THE GOVERNMENT CODE, I CERTIFY

THAT THE ABOVE DEMANDS ARE ACCURATE

AND THAT FUNDS ARE AVAILABLE FOR
PAYMENT.

APPROVED AND AUDITED THIS
9 DAY OF SEPTEMBER 2026 I CERTIFY UNDER PENALTY OF PERJURY THAT THE FOREGOING IS TRUE ANDCORRECT.

AUDIF LOMMITTEE -LISA LAVELLE EXECUTED THIS 15 DAY OP SEPTEMBER 2026 AUUiT’:OMMIrrEE-DONNA LOPEZ FINANCE DIRECTOR - MATTHEW BAKER

CITY OF AVALON

WARRANT DISBURSEMENTS
August 28, 2026

CHECK DATE

NUMBER ISSUED
42524 ou/2u/2o2642525 00/28/202642526 00/26/202642527 08/28/2026 42528 08/20/202642529 08/20/202642530 08/28/202642531 08/28/202642532 08/28/2026 42533 08/28/202642534 08/28/202642535 08/20/202642536 08/28/202642537 08/20/202642538 00/28/202642539 08/28/2026 42540 08/28/202642541 08/20/202642542 00/28/202642543 00/28/202642544 08/28/2026 47545 00/28/202642546 00/28/202642547 08/28/202642548 08/28/202642549 08/28/2026 42550 08/28/202642551 00/28/202642552 00/28/202642553 08/28/202642554 08/28/202642555 08/28/2026 42556 08/28/202642557 08/20/202642558 08/28/202642559 08/28/202642560 08/28/2026 42561 08/28/202642562 00/28/202642563 08/20/202642564 08/28/202642565 08/28/202642566 08/28/202642567 08/28/2026 42568 08/28/2026
42569 08/28/2026
42570 08/28/202642571 08/28/202642572 08/28/202642573 08/28/202642574 08/28/2026 42575 08/28/202642576 08/28/202642577 08/28/202642578 08/28/202642579 08/28/2026 42580 08/28/2026
42581 08/28/2026
42582 08/20/202642503 08/28/202642584 08/28/202642585 08/28/202642586 08/28/2026 42587 08/28/202642588 00/28/202642589 00/20/202642598 08/20/202642591 08/28/202642592 08/28/202642593 08/28/292642594 08/28/202642595 08/28/2026 42596 08/20/202642597 00/28/202642598 08/28/202642599 08/28/2026

AMOUNT NAME
11,398.39 AAA OIL, INC
146.40 AIR SOURCE INDSSTRIES
2,160.93 ALL STAR FIRE EQUIPMENT, INC
4,818.00 ALFRAANAI.TTICAL LABORATORIES, INC. - AMAZON CAPITAL SERVICES, INC. 11,244.83 AMAZON CAPITAL SERVICES, INC.
3,847.16 AT&T2,1S7.77 AVALON BOAT STAND
208,726.97 CR&R INCORPORATED
919.00 AVAI.ON FIRE FIGHTERS LOCAL 2295 - AVALON EREIGHT SERVICES, LLC 25,980.40 AVALON FREIGHT SERVICES, LLC
8,524.44 AVALON MOORING & DIVING
300.08 BENTDAHL, MARY
36,42S.6S REST, REST & KRIEGER, LLP
876 00 ROE ENGINEERS
51 75 BRE RRGSSARD
S,326.09 CATALINA BEVERAGE CO

49.SS CATALINA BROADBAND SOLUTIONS
4,241.00 CATALINA CANYON INN
048.20 CATALINA CANYON INN
141,667.00 CATALINA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

87.00 CATALINACOFFEE & COOKIE CO.
848.20 CATALINA ISLAND INN
10,300.73 CATALINA ISLAND VACATIONS RENTALS
610.S0 CATALINA ISLANDER
3,198.00 CATALINA PEST CONTROL
422.19 CATALINAXAMAHA
S6,93695 CIRCUIT TRANSIT, INC.55,992.66 CO. OP LOS ANGELES SHERIFF’S DEPT. 346.45 COAST TO COAST SOLUTIONS949.05 COYLE REPRODUCTIONS, INC 2,193.08 DAPEER, ROSENRLIT & LITVAK,LLP
11,836.00 OCCM INEOASTRUCTSRE, INC.
1,00000 DEWEY PEST CONTROL

DION & SONS MARINE ESELS INC
3,603.17 DION & SONS MARINE FSELS INC
382.43 EDISON
43,894.67 ENGEO
24,083.33 AVALON SHOREBOAT SERVICE CORP
1,500.00 ESFRY, INC.

S1.7S FELTS, DANIEL
S,R274S GFO-LOGIC ASSOCIATES, LLC
316.26 GRAINGER
S1.7S GRAYSON KLINE
S,437.S0 HARBOR CUSTOM CANVAS
20,160.00 INTERNATIONAL CONSULTING SERVICES
176.28 JONES, PETER138.25 J000AHL CONSTRUCTION
4,108.S3 KONA TEES SCREENPRINTING & EMRROID
1,431.31 L.N. CURTIS & SONS
211.69 L N. CURTIS & SONS
900.00 LIEBERT CASSIDS WHITMORE497.18 LINDE GAS & EQUIPMENT INC.

S1.7S MACGSGAN-CASSIDY, CINDY
2,227.00 MASA
1,0S7.32 MACCHEWS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
777.99 MCDONALD, AUDRA754.54 MCMASTER-CARR721.36 MEG-TECH RESOURCE, INC. 1,435.11 NAPAAGTO FARTS
16,OS91S FYRFORMANCE TRUCK REPAIR, INC
996.55 QUILL CORP
S,170.S0 QUINN COMPANY
311.49 RICOH USA, INC.
1,827.S0 RSG, INC
106.91 SEC HOLDINGS, LLC
9,412.91 SIRIA’S CLEANING SERVICE
100,S68.60 SLATER WATERPROOYING, INC.
92,493.00 SLATER WATERPROOPING, INC.
8,916.92 ELIE AARON LIPSOH
18,750.00 VEGA, LDMUNDO
1,S06.S6 VERIZON WIRELESS
801.08 VORTEX INDUSTRIES, INC.

S1.75 MARSHALL, ANN
412.36 XEROX CORPORATION
$ 991,053.4R

DESCRIPTION
FUEL: ALL DEPARTMENTS
SUPPLIES: FIRESUPPLIES: TIRE SAFESERVICE: WATER SAMP
VOID: MULTI STUB CHECKSUPPLIES: ALL DEPARTMENTSCOMMGNICATIONS: ALLSERVICE: HA000RCONTRACT SERVICES: 07/2026UNIFORMS: FIRE VOID: MULTI STUB CHECKSERVICE: HARBORSERVICE HARRORSERVICE : RECREATIONLEGAL PEES: 07/2026SERVICE: PLANNINGBEIMB:CANGIDATE STATEMENT SUPPLIES: ALL DEPARTMENTS
INTERNET: ALL DEPARTMENTSLODGING: CIP 188085
LODGING: WWTP REPAIR
TOT: 09/2026SUFFLIES: ALL DEPARTMENTS
LODGING: AUDITORSLOGGING: WWTP CBESV
ADVERTISING: ALL DEPARTMENTS
SERVICE: CONTRACTSERVICE: VEHICLES
CONTRACT SERVICES 07202
RESIDENT DLPSTT: 07/2
SUPPLIES: FIRESUPPLIES: VEHICLESSERVICE: VEHICLESPBL EXPANSION CIP 24S01SERVICE: ALL GLPARTMENTS VOID: MULTI STUB CHECK
FUEL: HARBORUTILITIES: ALL DEPTMOLE:FROI CIF010011: SBEACR: CIFR2OSXX4 CONTACT: SERVICES 09/20SERVICE: ITBEIMB:CANDIDATE STATEMENTFBL EXPANSION: CIP2O2S SUPPLIES: FIRE
REIMB:CANDIDATE STATEMENT
SUPPLIES: RECREATIONSERVICE: CIPSERVICE: CIF
TIRE DISPOSALSUPPLIES: FIRESUPPLIES: FIRESUPPLIES: FIRE ANNUAL DUES: ADMINISTRATON
SUPPLIES: WELDINOREIMB:CANDIOATE STATEMENTRUES’ 01/2026,09/2026

SUFFLIES CEMETERY
RETIREE INS: 09/202
SDPPLIFS:PUBLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: FIRESUPPLIES: GABAOL
FIRE ENGINE 7 REPAIR
SUPPLIES: ALL GEFARTMENTSSUPPLIES:PURLIC &‘ORKS
COPIER LEASE: SUPPLIESSERVICE: S/A
UNIFORMS: HAR000 DEPARTMENT
SERVICE: RECREATION : 2NG HALF 08/2026SERVICE: CIP10000SSERVICE: CIP 20S012SERVICE: ADMINISTRATIONCONTRACT SEBVICES:0R/20COMMUNICATIONS: ALLSERVICE: ADMINISTRATION REIMB:CANDIDATE STATEMENT
COPIER LEASE: ADMINISTRATION

CITY OF AVALON

WARRANT DISRURSEMENTS
August 2R, 2026

CHECK DATENUMRER ISSUED AMOUNT NAME DESCRIPTION
42E00 08/20/2025 49.45 AMAZON CAPITAL SERVICCS, INC. SUPPLIES: ALL DEFTS42601 08/20/2026 16,382.25 RKF LNOINLLRS SERVICE: FLANNINO42662 08/28/2026 2,854.24 CATALINA CANYON INN LODOINO: CIF 18060542603 00/28/2026 4,330.49 THF HILLEE COMPANIES, LLC SERVICL: ALL DLPTS $ 23,616.43

CITY OF AVALON

WARRANT DISBURSEMENTS
September 2, 2026

CHECK DATE

NUMBER ISSUED AMOUNT NAME DESCRIPTION
42604 09/02/2026 16,710.00 4LEAF, INC. SERVICE: PLANNING4260S 09/02/2026 710.00 4LEAF, INC. SERVICE: PLANNING42606 09/02/2026 1,692.S6 AVALON MOORING & DIVING SERVICE: HARBOR42607 09/02/2026 14,605.00 SOUTHWEST MARINE RESOURCE, INC SERVICE: HARBOR 4260R 09/02/2026 . CORPORATE PAYMENT SYSTEMS VOID: MUI.T-STUR CHECK42609 09/02/2026 - CORPORATE PAYMENT SYSTEMS VOID: MUIr-STUB CHECK42610 09/02/2026 - CORPORATE PAYMENT SYSTEMS VOID: MULE-STUB CHECK42611 09/02/2026 29,892.73 CORPORATE PAYMENT SYSTEMS CREDIT CARD CHARGES U.S RANK $ 63.660 29
Poge 1 of 1

CITY OF AVALON
US BANK CREDIT CARD CHARGES PAID SEPTEMBER 2, 202E
September 15, 2026

DESCRIPTION DEPARTMENT
OFFICE SUFFLIES: ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION

TRAININO & DUES AOMINISTEATION
SUPPLIES: FLOAT MAINTENANCE PURLIC WORKSSUPPLIES. SMALL TOOLS PORLIC WORKSSUPPLIES MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES PUELIC WORKS SOPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES EURLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES POELIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PORLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PUBLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PORLIC ‘A’ORKSSUPPLIES MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES POELIC WORKSSUPPLIES CONERENCE ROOM AOMINISTRATIONSUPPLIES: CASITA AOMINISTRATION SOPPLIER ADMINISTRATIONSOPPLIES: CASITA AOMINISTRATIONSOPPLIER ADMINISTRATIONSURSCRIPTION: IT AOMINISTRATIEINSUPPLIES: CONPRENCE ROOM ADMINISTRATIONSUESCRIPTION: IT ADMINISTRATIONSUPPLIES: TIRES FOR HANOTROCK FIRESUPPLIES: ROPE FIRESUPPLIES: CIP 10004R (GREEN PIER) PUBLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: CIP 1ESO4R (GREEN PIER) PURLIC WORKSROPPLIES: SMALL TOOLS PURLIC WORKS SOPPLIES: CIP 100049 )OREEN PIER) PURLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: OP 100349 (GREEN PIER) PURLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: CIP IRRO4R (GREEN PIER) PURLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: CIP 1R0049 (GREEN PIER) PUELIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES )PW) PORLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: CIP RERG4R (GREEN PIER) POELIC WORKSSUPPLIES: RECTCLE )CITT HALL) PUELIC WORKSSUPPLIER: RECTCLE (CITY HALL) PORLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES (CITY HALL) PIJRLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: EIRE PIREEUEL; CITY WARHOUSE WAS OUT FIRE SUPPLIES: PIRE FIRESERVICE: COMMUNICATIONS AOMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT ADMINISTRATIONSERVICE: COMMUNICATIONS ADMINISTRATIONSERVICE: COMMUNICATIONS ADMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT ADMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT ADMINISTRATIONSUBSCRIPTION: IT ADMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT ADMINISERATIONSUESCRIPTION: IT ADMINISTRATIONSUESCRIPTION: IT AOMIHISTRATION SERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT AOMINISTRATIONCONTRACT SERVICE TRAVEL ADMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT AOMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT AOMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT ADMINISTRATIONSUESCRIPTION: IT ADMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT ADMINISTRATIONSERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT ADMINISTRATIONSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES POELIC EVORKS RESTROOM : MAINTENCE PURLIC WORKS
SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PORLIC RVORKSRESTROOM : MAINTENCE PORLIC RVORKS SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PURLIC WORKS
SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PURLIC WORKS
SUPPLIES: SMALL TOOLS PURLIC SVORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES PUELIC WORKSSUPPLIER: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PORLIC WORKSSOPPLIER: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES POELIC WORKSSUPPLIER: SMALL TOOLS PIIRLIC WORKSSUPPLIER: SMALL TOOLS PORLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE GE PREMISES PURLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES PURLIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES PUELIC WORKSSUPPLIER: STREET MAINTENCE POELIC WORKSSUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES HAREORSUPPLIES: VEHICLE MAINTENANCE PURLIC WORKSSUPPLIER. METER FOR WATEE/REWER LEAKS PURLIC WORKSSUPPLIES. FLOAT MAINTENANCE PURLIC WORKSSUMMER PROGRAM: MOVIE ON THE REACH RECREATIONSUPPLIES: SUMMER PROGRAM RECREATIONSUPPLIES: OAT CAMP RECREATION TRAVEL: RECREATION RECREATION
SUPPLIES: OAT CAMP RECREATIONSUPPLIER: DAY CAMP RECREATIONSUMMER PROGRAM: MOVIE ON THE REACH RECREATIONSUPPLIER: DAY CAMP RECREATION SUPPLIER: DAY CAMP RECREATION

LAST NAME POSTDATE AMTURD VENDOR
S. CAMPRELL R/12/2G2R 14.RR CANVAG. MORONE5 R/3/202R 300.OG CALIFORNIA MUCICIPAL CLERKR ASS.PHILP H 7/27/202R RR.2R CHETR HARDWAREPHILP H. 7/3G/202R 101.39 CHETS HARDWAREPHILP H. 8/6/2026 ZR 73 CNETR HARDWAREPHILP H. R/IR/2G26 12.11 CNETS HAROWAREPHILP H. R/1R/2G26 R.OR CHETS HARDWARE PHILP H. R/12/2G26 46.29 CHETR HARDWAREPHILP H. R/12/202R 113.71 PERRLY REACH RUILDINU SUPPLYPHILP N. R/13/202A 77.15 CHEYR HARDWAREPHILP H. R/17/202R 2RR.R7 PERRLY REACH BUILDING SUPPLYOEVIN K HART 7/17/2R2R 133.60 AMAZONOEVIN E HART 7/22/2R2R IR.73 AMAZON OEVIN E HART 7/29/2026 )74.R3( SMARTSIGN CLOVEROEVIN E HART 7/30/2GZR RG.70 AMAZONDEVIN E HART 7/3R/2G26 3R1.27 AVALDN PASSGE TIN E HART R/UR/ZOZR 11.95 OROPROUDEVIN E HART R/17/202R 1,SGR.GR AMAZONORVIN E HART R/17/ZRZR 15.00 OUICKERIGNS I. MEIEERT 7/28/202R R3.RR LOWER
I. MEEEERT 7/3G/2R2R 4RG.R4 RAM CARRIS SOULOTIONS
I. GILRERT 7/RR/2R26 262.01 PERRLY REACH ROILDING SUPPLY I. GILRERY 7/17/202R 491.RR PERRLY REACH BUILDING SUPPLY

3. GILRERT 7/29/2026 4R.37 CHETS HARDWARE2. GILRERT 7131/2026 SRU.R2 CHETS HAROWARE2. GILRERT 7/30/2026 USSR CHETR HARDWAREI. GILEERT R/R/2G2R 102.RR CHETS HARDWAREI. GILEERT R/UR/2026 27.RR CHETS HARDWAREI. GILBERT 1/10/2025 21.13 THE HOME DEPOTS. GILRERT R/12/202R RI 22 CHETR HARDWARE

3. GILRERT 0/12/2025 7711 CHETR HARDWARE
I GILRERT 1/12/2125 34 6R CHETR HARDWAREI. GILEERT 8/13/2026 37.16 CHETR HARDWAREC- CISNEROR 7/23/2026 174.03 COSTCG .COMC. CISNEROS 8/R/2026 95.37 AVALON GASTATIONC. CISNEROR 7/14/2026 SRR.R3 VONSM. DAILEY 7/17/2026 743.03 CYRERLYNKM. DAILEY 7/22/202R 157.31 STAPLEREA DAILEY 7/27/2025 3102 RIP.USM. DAILEY 7/21/2026 151.15 AVALON PASSlvi. DAILEY 7/29/2026 47.93 SYNOLOGYM. DAILEY 7/29/2025 55.00 STARLINKM. OAILEY 7/31/2026 62.00 GETIOAN .COMM OAILEY 6/3/2026 234.00 DOMOTZ WI. DAILEY 6/3/2026 1,850.95 DIv1ItDELL HIGHER EDUCATIONST. DAILEY 1/4/2026 464.00 ININTRUSIONOPRM. GAlLEY 1/4/2025 05.50 EXCLAIMER EARNROROUGHM. DAILEY 1/5/2026 99.00 CATALINA EXPRESSM. GAlLEY 1/10/2025 30574 MICROSOPTM. DAILEY 1/12/2026 364 SR NETGEARST. DAILEY 1/12/2026 30.00 SCHNEIDER ELECTRICM. DAILEY 1/17/2026 21.00 CLOUDFAREM. DAILEY R/17/2026 169.79 RLOEALLYTECHNOLOGYM. DAILEY 1/17/2026 109.15 R&H PHOTO ROGELIO H. 7/16/2026 106.92 CHRTS HARDWAREROGELIG H. 7/20/2026 103.34 CHETS HARDWAREXOGELIO H. 7/22/2026 132.76 PERRLY REACH BUILDING SUPPLYROGELIO H 7/24/2025 66.36 PERRLY REACH RUILDING SUPPLYROGELIO H. 7/27/2025 02.62 CHETS HARDWAREROGELIO H 7/27/2026 3014 CHETS HARDWAREROGELID H. 7/30/2026 136.37 THE HOME DEPOTROGELIO H. 8/3/2026 79.28 CHETS HARDWAREROGELID H. 8/3/2026 79.19 CHETR HARDWAREROGELIO H. 8/7/2026 51.16 CHETS HARDWAREROGELIO H. 8/10/2026 39.75 HARBOR EREIGHT TOOLSROGELIO H. 1/13/2026 39.60 CHETR HARDWAREROGELID H. 8/13/2026 27.R4 CHETR HARDWARERGGELiO H. 8/17/2026 44.08 CHETS HARDWAREROGELIG H. 8/17/2026 41.45 CHETS HARDWAREROGELIG H. 8/17/2026 6828 CHETS HARDWAREP. SANCHEZ 0/17/2025 29.44 CHETS HARDWARE

1. HMIELAK 7/23/2026 280.53 ORANGE COUNTY MONSTERI. HMIELAK 7/30/2026 2,808.24 HACH COMPANYI. HMIELAK 8/13/2026 750.35 EPLARTICS SANDIEGO DAVID W. HART 7/16/2026 415.00 SWANK MOTION PICTURES
DAVID W. HART 7/20/2026 11.97 CHETS HARDWARE
DAVID IV. HART 7/20/2026 40.40 VONSDAVID W. HART 7/21/2026 90.00 CATALINA EXPRESSDAVID W. HART 7/22/2026 32.6R VDNRDAVID ST. HART 7/23/2026 21.07 VONSDAVID IV. HART 7/23/2026 41R.00 SWANK MOTION PICTURESDAVID ST HART 7/24/2026 30.96 VONSDAVID W. HART 7/27/2026 7.49 VONS

CITY OF AVALON
US BANK CREDIT CARD CHARGES PAID SEPTEMBER 2,2026
SepEember 15, 2026
$ 29,892.73 CHECK426B8-42611

LASTNAME POSTDATE AMTUSD VENDOR DESCRIPTION DEPARTMENT
OAVIO W. HART 7/27/2026 2654 VONS SUPPLIES. DAY CAMP RECREATIONDAVIOW. HART 7/2R/202R 130.RR STARLINK SUBSCRIPTION: IT RECREATION OAVIO W. HART 7/29/2526 21.R7 VONS SUPPLIES: OAY CAMP RECREATIONGAYIO W. HART 7/30/2026 415.00 SWANE MOTION PICTURES SUMMER PROGRAM: MOVIE ON THE REACH RECREATION DAVID W. HART 7/31/2026 22.82 VONS SUPPLIES: DAY CAMP RECREATIONDA’JIO ‘A’. HART R/4/2026 41 25 STARLINK SUBSCRIPTION: IT RECREATIONDAVIO ST. HART 8/S/2026 447 VONS SUPPLIES OAT CAMP RECREATION OAVID W. HART S/S/2026 4BS.00 SWANK MOTION PICTURES SUMMER PROGRAM: MOVIE ON THE REACH RECREATIONOAVIO W. HART 0/6/2026 23.15 AVALON PASS SUPPLIES RECREATION OAVIO 59. HART 0/7/2026 1491 CHETS HAROVJARE SUPPLIES: SMALL TOOLS RECREATION OAVIO ST. HART 8/7/2026 44.00 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES RECREATION DAVID W HART 0/10/2026 2767 VONS SUPPLIES DAY CAMP RECREATIONDAVID SV HART 0/10/2026 6640 VONS SUPPLIES: OAT CAMP RECREATION OAVIO A’ HART 0/10/2026 226S VONS SUPPLIES’ DAT CAMP RECREATIONDAS’IO ‘,S’. HART 0/12/2026 41S00 SWANK MOTION PICTURES SSMMER PROGRAM: MOVIE ON THE REACH RECREATIONDAVID 59. HART 0/13/2026 63.6S VONS SUPPLIES: OAT CAMP RECREATION DAVIOW HART 0/14/7026 114.74 VONS SUPPLIES. DAT CAMP RECREATIONOAVIO W. HART B/17/2026 32.18 LLOYDS OP AVAEON SUPPLIES’ DAY CAMP RECREATIONK. SCHMIDT 7/20/2026 27.12 UBER TRAINING & TRAVEL HARBOR K SCHMIDT 7/20/2026 30.29 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES HARBORK. SCHMIDT 7/20/2026 22.12 CHETS HAROWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PBEMISES HARBOR K. SCNMIOT 7/20/2026 SH.S1 CNETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES HARBORK. SCHMIDT 7/20/2026 61.92 PEBBLY BEACH BUILOING SUPPLT SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES HARBORK. SCHMIDT 7/22/2026 22.04 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES HARBORK SCHMIDT 7/24/2026 332.08 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES HARBOR K. SCHMIDT 7/31/2026 200.00 CATALINA PEST CONTROL PESTICIDE SPRAYING HARBORK SCHMIDT B/3/202B 45.00 CATALINA EXPBESS TBAININD & TRAVEL HARBORK. SCHM!DT 8/3/2026 4.07 UBER TBAINING K,TBAVEL HARBOB K SCHMIDT 0/3/2026 11.96 UBEB TRAINING & TRAVEL HARBORK. SCHMIDT 8/7/2026 30.8S CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES. MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES HARBORK. SCHMIDT 8/7/2026 97749 DATATEL COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS HABBOR K. SCHMIDT 0/10/2026 216.98 SF AMERICAN HAT MAKERS SUPPLIES: PPE HARBORK SCHMIDT R/SS/2526 19.00 SENDHUBSMS COMMUNICATIONS HARBOR K SCHMIDT 0/11/2026 34.67 TOPSIDE ACCENDENTAL/ REIMBURSED PAYMENT WITH CHECK HARBDRK. SCHMIDT 0/12/2026 2063 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES HARBDR D. MAISTROS 7/20/2026 290.70 STICKER MULE TRAPTIC SAPETT SUPPLIES ADMINISTRATIOND. MAISTRUS 8/3/2026 49601 VISTAPRINT SUPPLIES: BUSINESS CARDS ADMINISTRATION D. MAISTROS 0/4/2026 20000 CALIFORNIA ANIMAL WELPARE TBAINING / CERTIPICATION ADMINISTRATIOND. S’IAISTRDS 0/7/2026 72S.00 LEAGSE OP CALIPDRNIA STATP: CDNFEBENCE ADMINISTRATION S. MDNTDDMEBT 7/20/2026 4500 CATALINA ESPRESS TBAINING & TRAVEL HARBOR S. MDNTGDPAEBH 7/21/2026 20.42 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OP PREMISES HARBOR S. MONTGOMERY 7/22/2026 7.20 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES HARBOR L SUBID 7/20/2026 712 S7 HARBOR PBEIGHT TDDLS SUPPLIES’ SMALL TOOLS GARAGEL. RURID 7/24/2026 32.22 CHETS HARDWARE MAINTENANCE: VEHICLES GARAGE L. RURID 7/31/2026 37.40 CHETS HARDWARE MAINTENANCE: VEHICLES GARAGEL. RUBID 0/3/2026 163.67 LDWES MAINTENANCE: VEHICLES GARAGEL. RUBID 8/4/2026 07.32 URER TRAVEL PART DELIVERY GARAGE L RUBID 8/7/2026 14.82 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: SMALL TOOLS GARAGEL. RGRIO 0/17/2026 179.09 CHETS HARDWARE MAINTENANCE: VEHICLES GARAGE L. RUBIO 0/17/2026 9R.OB CHESS HARDWARE MAINTENANCE: VEHICLES GARAGE L. SURiD 8/37/2026 994.28 RAT DEETER’S TIRE SOWN MAINTENANCE: VEHICLES GARAGE M. ALEGRIA 7/16/2026 2.99 APPLE.CDM SERVICE. FIRE FIREM. ALEGRIA 7/17/2026 250.00 STABLINK SERVICE: FIRE FIREM. ALEGRIA 7/23/2026 83.91 VONS SUPPLIES: P180 FIRE M. ALEGRIA 7/24/2026 142.87 VDNS SUPPLIES’ FIRE FIREM. ALEGBIA 2/31/2026 71.16 WM SUPEBCENSER SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES FIRE M. ALEGRIA 7/31/2026 171 75 LDWES SUPFLIES- MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES FIRE63. ALEGRIA 1/3/2026 249 23 HOMEWDOD SUITES TRAINING & TRAVEL: FIRE FIRE M. AEEGRIA 8/5/2026 400.00 CALIFDBNIA FIRE CHIEFS MEMBERSHIP DUES FIREM. ALEGRIA 8/7/2028 2,010.96 PINPROS INC SUPPLIES- FIRE AFD COIN FIREM. ALEGRIA 0/17/2026 250.00 STARLINK SERVICE- FIRE FIRE M. ALEGBIA 0/17/2026 299 APPLE.COM SERVICE: FIRE FIRE
Ni. BAKER 7/23/2026 9463 4TE FORTE SERVICE: OFERATIDN COSTS- RANK FEES FINANCE 63 BAKES 7/23/2026 1,403 SB 4TF FORTE SERVICE: OPERATION CDSTS- RANK FEES FINANCEM RAKER 7/24/2026 8900 2ODM.CGM SUBSCRIPTION: IT FINANCE M. BAKER 8/4/2026 300.00 200M.CDM SUBSCRIPTION: IT FINANCEM. BAKER 8/10/2026 2,384.72) SF PATCHBGX SYNERGY SERVICE: OPERATION COSTS-IT FINANCEM. BAKES 0/12/2026 2,14304 SP PATCHBDS SYNERGY SERVICE- OPERATION COSTS-IT TINANCE JEFF H. 7/20/2026 4S.46 THE SAND TRAP WDBK LUNCH: EMPLOYEE MEALS PUBLIC WORKSJEFF H, 7/20/2026 13.64 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PUBLIC WORKSJEFF H. 7/20/2026 65,00 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: SMALL TOOLS PUBLIC WORKSJEFF H. 7/23/2026 57.29 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: STREET MAINTENANCE PUBLIC WORKS JEFF N, 7/30/2026 10.61 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: STREET MAINTENANCE PUBLIC WGSKSJEFF N. 7/31/2026 44.06 CHESS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: STREET MAINTENANCE JEFF H. K/10/2026 27,67 CHESS HARDWARE SUPPUES: STREET MAINTENANCEJEFF H, 0/10/2026 50,67 CHETS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: STREET MAINTENANCE JEFF H. B/JS/2026 4628 CHESS HARDWARE SUPPLIES: MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES PoKe 2 of 2

CITY OF AVALON CITY COUNCIL
MEETING DATE: September 15, 2026 AGENDA ITEM:
________
ORIGINATING DEP: Administration CITY MANAGER: ‘VW\
PREPARED BY: Devin Hart, Senior Management Analyst
SUBJECT: Resolution Supporting Proposition I the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Action of 2026
RECOMMENDED ACTION(S): Adopt a resolution supporting Proposition 1, the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026, which authorizes $1 1 .25 billion in state general obligation bonds to fund several housing affordability programs.

REPORT SUMMARY: This item appears on the agenda at the request of a member of the City Council.

The Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026 would authorize the state to issue $1 1.25 billion in general obligation bonds to fund several categories of existing housing programs, including:
• Multifamily Housing Program
• Infill Infrastructure Grant Program
• CalHome Program• Farmworker Housing
• Tribal Housing Grant Program
• Higher Education student housing
• Local pilot programs
• Veterans’ Housing
The City of Avalon is a member of the League of California Cities and supports Cal Cities’ 2026 Advocacy Priority to secure investments to increase the supply of affordable housing, including state and federal programs that assist in providing financing for affordable housing, as well as the development of fiscal tools and incentives to assist local governments in their efforts to encourage housing and finance the infrastructure to support housing and the establishment an ongoing state commitment for funding affordable housing.

Major Provisions:

The Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026 is a measure placed on the November 3, 2026 ballot by the Legislature that would replenish existing housing programs for the development, preservation, and rehabilitation of affordable housing projects. Additionally, the measure would provide funding to support the development of youth and veteran housing and promote homeownership in California. Here are the specific funding allocations proposed in the ballot measure:
• $5.1 billion to the Multifamily Housing Program.
• $1 .25 billion to provide farm and home aid for veterans under the Veterans’ Farm and Home Purchase Act of 1974.
• $1.15 billion to the Housing Rehabilitation Loan Fund, to be used for supportive housing. Up to 15% shall be used to assist in the acquisition, conversion, orrehabilitation of interim housing to permanent housing. • $750 million to the Portfolio Reinvestment Program to preserve existing affordable housing projects.
• $600 million to the CalHome Program.
• $500 million to the Home Purchase Assistance Fund for home purchase assistance programs.
• $500 million for the Infill Infrastructure Grant Program to assist in the construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure to support high-density, affordable, and mixedincome housing in infill locations. • $450 million to the Joe Serna, Jr. Farmworker Housing Grant Fund to support housing for agricultural employees and their families.
• $350 million for new affordable student housing projects. • $200 million to fund the acquisition and rehabilitation of unrestricted housing units and attach long-term affordability restrictions on housing units. • $200 million to the Affordable Housing Innovation Fund to assist local housing trust funds in developing, owning, lending, or investing in affordable housing. • $200 million to the Tribal Housing Grant Program to help tribes rebuild and reconstitute their communities.
• $150 million for youth housing defined as housing for current or former foster youth, homeless minors or youth, or youth at risk of homelessness.

Background:

The state uses general obligation bonds to fund various housing programs. Bonds are a way the state borrows money to cover the up-front costs of a development and then repays the money plus interest over time.

Proposition 1 would allow the state to sell $1 1 .25 billion in general obligation bonds for housing purposes. This amount consists of (1) a $10 billion bond for a variety of housing programs that would be repaid by the State’s General Fund and (2) a $1 .25 billion bond that would be repaid by veterans’ payments on their home loans.

According to the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office, Prop. 1 would provide subsidies for as many as 40,000 multifamily rental units and about 1,200 beds for university students. The funds could also help up to 40,000 households, including about 2,100 veterans, with homeownership.

Arguments in Support:

Proponents of the measure argue that it gives Californians the opportunity to provide housing to working families, veterans, people with disabilities and seniors; helps prevent homelessness by keeping vulnerable persons in their homes; expands homeownership opportunities; and maintains strict fiscal accountability and transparency without new taxes. They also argue that it would jumpstart the construction of tens of thousands ofshovel-ready affordable homes across California.

The League of California Cities which has long supported investments that increase the supply of affordable housing also supports Prop. 1. Cal Cities maintains that, if approved by the voters, Prop. 1 would replenish funding for several successful state programs used by cities to support affordable housing and infrastructure. Prop. 1 could also fund innovative local programs like regional housing trusts and support cities in meeting theirRegional Housing Need Assessment (RHNA) goals for current and future cycles.

In addition to funding new affordable housing projects, the measure would fund the rehabilitation and preservation of existing affordable housing, increase funding forhomeownership programs, and support specific housing projects — such as student housing, infill development, supportive housing, and foster youth housing. The No argument against Proposition 1 was submitted to the California Secretary of State.

FISCAL IMPACT: According to the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office, the state General Fund cost to repay the bond would be $500 million to $600 million annually for about 25 years. The estimated annual cost would be about one-quarter of 1% (0.25%) of the state’s total General Fund budget.

GOAL ALIGNMENT: Affordable Housing.

FOLLOW UP ACTION: Submit resolution to baIIotmeasures(äcaIcities.orq.

ADVERTISING, NOTICE AND PUBLIC CONTACT: The item was properly listed on the posted agenda pursuant to the Brown Act.

ATTACHMENTS:
- Resolution
- Proposition I Fact Sheet
RESOLUTION NO.

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AVALON
SUPPORTING PROPOSITION 1: THE VETERANS AND
AFFORDABLE HOUSING BOND ACT OF 2026
WHEREAS Cal Cities and its member cities advocate for secure investments to increase the supply of affordable housing; and
WHEREAS, Proposition 1, the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026, will appear on the November 3, 2026 statewide ballot and authorize the state to issue $1 1 .25 billion in state general obligation bonds to provide funding to build and preserve affordable homes and expand homeownership opportunities across California; and WHEREAS, Proposition 1 is anticipated to provide funding to fast-track numerous already-approved, shovel-ready affordable homes, turning stalled projects into homes for families who need them; and
WHEREAS, Proposition 1 is anticipated to provide funding to build homes working families can afford, so that the teachers, firefighters, and nurses who serve the City of Avalon can afford to live in the community they serve; and WHEREAS, Proposition I honors our veterans by dedicating $1.25 billion solely to veterans’ housing and homeownership opportunities, including the CalVet Home Loan Program, which has already helped almost a million veterans and their families; and WHEREAS, Proposition 1 helps our most vulnerable neighbors by providing funding to create and preserve housing for low-income residents, seniors, those who are homeless or at risk of homelessness, foster youth experiencing homelessness, and people with disabilities; and
WHEREAS, Proposition 1 does not raise taxes, but may unlock matching federal funds, bringing tax dollars Californians send to Washington back home to California; and WHEREAS, Proposition 1 comes with strict accountability, public reporting, and clear requirements, so that voters can see how many homes get built, where, and at whatcost; and WHEREAS, Proposition 1 benefits veterans, seniors, low- and middle-income Californians, persons with disabilities, working families, farmworkers, students, first-time homebuyers, and our youth; and
WHEREAS, the City of Avalon finds that the safe, affordable homes and veteran housing investments made possible by Proposition 1 are in the best interest of the residents of Avalon;
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the City of Avalon supports Proposition 1, the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026.

Adopted on this 1 5th day of the month of September in 2026 by the following vote:

AYES:

NAYS:

ABSENT:

ABSTAIN:

Ann H. Marshall, Mayor
ATTEST:

Gabrielle Morones, City Clerk
Safe, Affordable Homes for Veterans,
Seniors, & Working Families —Strict Accountability, No New Taxes Proposition 1 authorizes $11.25 billion in bond funding to build and preserve affordable homes and expand
homeownership opportunities across California — with strict accountability, transparency, and withoutraising taxes.

It fast-tracks more than 40,000 already-approved,shovel-ready affordable homes — turning stalled projects into homes.
• Helps create and preserve housing to help those who are one crisis away from homelessness stay off the streets. • Honors Our Veterans: $1.25 billion for veterans’ housing and homeownership through the CalVet Home Loan Program, which has helped almost a million veterans and their families. • Fast-Tracks Shovel-Ready Homes: Funds more than 40,000 already-approved affordable homes, turning projects stalled only by funding into homes for families who need them. • Builds Homes Working Families Can Afford: So the teacher, firefighter, and nurse who serve your community can afford to live in it.
• Helps Seniors & Our Most Vulnerable: Creates and preserves housing for low-income seniors, survivors of domestic violence and their families, at-risk and foster youth experiencing homelessness, and people with disabilities.
• No New Taxes: Unlocks federal matching funds, bringing tax dollars we send to Washington back home to California.
• Strict Accountability: Every dollar comes with strict accountability, public reporting, and clear requirements.

Voters will be able to see exactly how many homes get built, where, and at what cost.

The measure benefits veterans, seniors, low-and-middle income Californians, persons with disabilities, working families, farmworkers, students, first-time homebuyers, our youth and more. of California households can
afford a median-priced home
of renters spend over 30% of
their income on rent
of the state’s budget currently
goes to housing
+ Multifamily Housing Program: The backbone of the
investment — $5.1 billion to fund affordable housingconstruction across the state. + Veterans housing: Helps those who served buy
affordable homes through the CalVet Home Loan
Program, with $1.25 billion dedicated solely to veterans. + Supportive housing: Pairs homes with services that
people experiencing homelessness need to maintainlong-term housing stability, backed by $1.15 billion. + Portfolio Reinvestment Program: Protects and
reinvests in the affordable homes California alreadyhas — $750 million. + CaiHome: Expands homeownership for low-income
families by investing $600 million in affordable homeconstruction, rehabilitation, and homebuyer assistance. + Home Purchase Assistance Fund: Gives first-time
and low-income homebuyers a boost through $500
million in support.
+ Infiui Infrastructure Grants: Invests $500 million to build or improve things like roads, utilities, and other basicinfrastructure needed for affordable and mixed-incomehousing in areas that are already developed. + Farmworker housing: Sets aside $450 million through
the Joe Serna, Jr. Farmworker Housing Grant Fund.
0 Student housing: Directs $350 million toward
new affordable housing, split between UC and CSU,
to ease the cost burden on college students.
+ Tribal housing, local housing trust funds, and
preserving existing affordable homes. Each backed
by $200 million.

California has one of the largest populations of homeless Veterans ifl the nation. After their service, our veterans deserve a place to call home. Prop 1 delivers on that promis&’ — Michael Blecker President, CA Association of veterans Services Agency Paid for by Yes on Prop 1 Californians for Homes Jobs and Affordability 2026 Sponsored by Affordable Housing Organizations Committees Top Funders
Building a Better California
Self Help Enterprises
Century Housing Corporation
7’cN /2/ ( L (
\i lr) / I F(11S1 AI IVF I”JFORNI1\TIO\J
Home Bill Information California Law Publications Other Resources My Subscriptions My Favorites SB-417 The Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026. (2025-2026) SHARE THIS: - X Date Published: 06/25/2026 09:00 PM
Senate Bill No. 417
CHAPTER 16
An act to add Part 16.1 (commencing with Section 54050) to Division 31 of the Health and Safety Code,and to add Article 5ab (commencing with Section 998.750) to Chapter 6 of Division 4 of the Military and Veterans Code, relating to housing, by providing the funds necessary therefor through an election for the issuance and sale of bonds of the State of California and for the handling and disposition of those funds, and declaring the urgency thereof, to take effect immediately.

Approved by Governor June 25, 2026. Filed with Secretary of State June 25, 2026.

LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL’S DIGEST
SB 417, LimOn. The Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026.

Under existing law, there are programs providing assistance for among other things, emergency housing,multifamily housing, farmworker housing, home ownership for very low and low-income households, and downpayment assistance for first-time home buyers. Existing law also authorizes the issuance of bonds inspecified amounts pursuant to the State General Obligation Bond Law and requires that proceeds from the saleof these bonds be used to finance various existing housing programs, capital outlay related to infill development, brownfield cleanup that promotes infill development, and housing-related parks. Existing law, the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2018, authorized, the issuance of bonds in the amount of $4,000,000,000 tofinance various existing housing programs, as well as infill infrastructure financing and affordable housing matching grant programs, as well as financing for a specified program for farm, home, and mobilehome purchase assistance for veterans, pursuant to the State General Obligation Bond Law.

This bill would enact the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026, which, if adopted, would authorizethe issuance of bonds in the amount of $11,250,000,000, pursuant to the State General Obligation Bond Law. Ofthe proceeds from the sale of these bonds, $10,000,000,000 would be used to finance programs to fund affordable rental housing and home ownership programs, including, among others, the Multifamily Housing Program, the CalHome Program, and the Joe Serna, Jr. Farmworker Housing Grant Program, and $1,250,000,000 would be used to provide additional funding for the above-described program for farm, home, and mobilehome purchase assistance for veterans, as provided.

This bill would provide for submission of the bond act to the voters at the November 3, 2026, statewide general election, in accordance with specified law.

This bill would declare that it is to take effect immediately as an urgency statute.

Vote: 2/3 Appropriation: no Fiscal Committee: yes Local Program: no THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:

SECTION 1. This act shall be known, and may be cited, as the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026.

SEC. 2. Part 16.1 (commencing with Section 54050) is added to Division 31 of the Health and Safety Code, to read:

PART 16.1. Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026 CHAPTER 1. General Provisions54050. Together with Article 5ab (commencing with Section 998.750) of Chapter 6 of Division 4 of the Military and Veterans Code, this part shall be known, and may be cited, as the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026.54051. This part shall only become operative upon adoption by the voters at the November 3, 2026, statewide general election.
54052. For purposes of this part, “fund” means the Affordable Housing Bond Act Trust Fund of 2026 created pursuant to Section 54054.

CHAPTER 2. Affordable Housing Bond Act Trust Fund of 2026 and Program 54054. (a) The Affordable Housing Bond Act Trust Fund of 2026 is hereby created within the State Treasury. It is the intent of the Legislature that the proceeds of bonds issued and sold pursuant to this part, exclusive of refunding bonds issued pursuant to Section 54076, be deposited into the fund and used to fund affordable rental housing and home ownership programs as described in this chapter.(b) The proceeds of bonds issued and sold pursuant to this part for the purposes specified in this chapter shall beallocated in the following manner:
(1) Five billion one hundred million dollars ($5,100,000,000) to be deposited into the Housing Rehabilitation Loan Fund established pursuant to Section 50661 to be used for the Multifamily Housing Program authorizedby Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2. At least 10 percent of assisted units in each development receiving these funds shall be affordable to extremely low income households. (2) One billion one hundred fifty million dollars ($1,150,000,000) to be deposited into the Housing Rehabilitation Loan Fund established pursuant to Section 50661 to be used for supportive housing, as described in Section 50675.14, pursuant to the Multifamily Housing Program authorized by Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2. The administering entity shall offer capitalized operating subsidy reserves for supportive housing units in developments receiving these funds. (A) (I) Up to 15 percent of this amount shall be made available as grants to eligible entities specified inSection 50675.1.3 to acquire capital assets for the acquisition, conversion, or rehabilitation of interimhousing to permanent housing, including scattered site projects for persons who are homeless, chronically homeless, or are at risk of homelessness, as defined in Part 578.3 of Title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations, the purchase of affordability covenants and restrictions for units, relocation costs for individuals who are being displaced as a result of rehabilitation of existing units, and capitalized operating subsidies for units purchased, converted, or altered with funds provided by this section. (ii) Any program or project that uses funds received for any of the purposes described in this subparagraph shall be subject to the regulatory streamlining provisions of Section 50675.1,5 of the Health and Safety Code and subdivision (i) of Section 50675.1.3.(iii) Any conflict between the other requirements of the Multifamily Housing Program (Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2) and this paragraph shall be resolved in favor of this paragraph, as may be set forth in the guidelines authorized pursuant to Section 54077. (B) (i) One hundred fifty million dollars ($150,000,000) of this sum shall be used for youth housing. (ii) For purposes of this subdivision, “youth housing” means housing for current or former foster youth,homeless minors or youth, or youth at risk of homelessness, including, but not limited to, housing that assists them develop the skills and resources they need to make a successful transition to independent, self-sufficient adulthood.
(iii) Funds made available under this subparagraph shall be used only for the capital costs of developing, acquiring, rehabilitating, or preserving youth housing, and shall not be used to fund the operation ordelivery of services. (iv) Any funds not encumbered for the purpose of this subparagraph within three years of availability shall revert for general use in the Multifamily Housing Program authorized by Chapter 6,7 (commencingwith Section 50675) of Part 2. (3) Seven hundred fifty million dollars ($750,000,000) to be appropriated by the Legislature, to the program commonly known as the Portfolio Reinvestment Program established pursuant to Chapter 5.5 (commencing with Section 50606) of Part 2. Any funds not encumbered for the purposes of this paragraph by November 3, 2036, shall revert for general use in the Multifamily Housing Program authorized by Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2.
(4) Two hundred million dollars ($200,000,000) to be appropriated by the Legislature, to a program to fund the acquisition and rehabilitation of unrestricted housing units and attach long-term affordability restrictions onthe housing units, while safeguarding against the displacement of current residents. Any funds not allocated by the administering entity within the first three years shall be made available by the administering entity for the Multifamily Housing Program (Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2). (5) Six hundred million dollars ($600,000,000) to be deposited into the Self-Help Housing Fund establishedpursuant to Section 50697.1. The moneys in the fund shall be available for the CalHome Program authorizedby Chapter 6 (commencing with Section 50650) of Part 2, to provide direct, forgivable loans to assist development projects involving multiple home ownership units, including single-family subdivision, for self-help mortgage assistance programs, and for manufactured homes. These funds may also be expended for any authorized purpose of the program. Any funds not encumbered for the purposes of this paragraph by November 3, 2036, shall revert for general use in the Multifamily Housing Program authorized by Chapter 6.7(commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2.(6) Five hundred million dollars ($500,000,000) to be deposited into the Home Purchase Assistance Fund established pursuant to Section 51342. Notwithstanding Section 13340 of the Government Code and Section 50697.1, these funds are hereby continuously appropriated to the California Housing Finance Agency withoutregard to fiscal years, for purposes of the home purchase assistance program established pursuant to Chapter6.8 (commencing with Section 51341) of Part 3. (7) Four hundred fifty million dollars ($450,000,000) to be deposited into the Joe Serna, Jr. Farmworker Housing Grant Fund, established pursuant to Section 50517.5, to fund grants or loans, or both, for the construction or rehabilitation of housing for agricultural employees and their families or for the acquisition of manufactured housing as part of a program to address and remedy the impact of current and potential displacement of farmworker families from existing labor camps, mobilehome parks, or other housing. Thesefunds may also be expended for any authorized purpose of the program. These funds may also be used to provide technical assistance pursuant to Section 54007. Any funds not encumbered for the purposes of thisparagraph by November 3, 2036, shall revert for general use in the Multifamily Housing Program authorized by Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2.
(8) Two hundred million dollars($200,000,000) to be appropriated by the Legislature, to the Tribal Housing Grant Program established pursuant to Chapter 6.4 (commencing with Section 50651) to finance housing andhousing-related activities that will enable tribes to rebuild and reconstitute their communities. Any funds not encumbered for the purposes of this paragraph by November 3, 2036, shall revert for general use in the Multifamily Housing Program authorized by Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2. (9) Five hundred million dollars ($500,000,000) for the Infill Infrastructure Grant Program of 2019 establishedpursuant to Section 53559 of the Health and Safety Code for infill incentive grants to assist in the new construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure that supports high-density affordable and mixed-income housing in locations designated as infill. Any funds not encumbered for the purposes of this paragraph byNovember 3, 2036, shall revert for general use in the Multifamily Housing Program authorized by Chapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2.(10) Three hundred fifty million dollars ($350,000,000) to be appropriated by the Legislature for new affordable student housing projects. This funding shall be split evenly among the University of California and the California State University. Funded student housing projects shall meet the terms specified in subdivision (f) of Section 17201 of the Education Code. For these projects, the University of California and California StateUniversity shall meet the accountability and reporting requirements specified in subdivisions (i) and (0) ofSection 17201 of the Education Code.(11) Two hundred million dollars ($200,000,000) to be deposited in the Affordable Housing Innovation Fund established pursuant to subparagraph (F) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 53545. Moneys in thefund shall be available, upon appropriation by the Legislature, pursuant to the Local Housing Trust Fund Matching Grant Program established pursuant to Section 50842.2 to fund competitive grants or loans to local housing trust funds that develop, own, lend, or invest in affordable housing and be used to create pilotprograms to demonstrate innovative, cost-saving approaches to creating or preserving affordable housing.Local housing trust funds shall be derived on an ongoing basis from private contribution or governmental sources that are not otherwise restricted in use for housing programs. These funds may also be expended forany authorized purpose of this program. Any funds not encumbered for the purposes of this paragraph within three years of availability shall be reverted for general use in the Multifamily Housing Program authorized byChapter 6.7 (commencing with Section 50675) of Part 2, unless the Department of Housing and Community Development determines that the funds should revert sooner due to diminished demand.(12) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) to (11), inclusive, the Business, Consumer Services and Housing Agency or its successor and its administering departments may, upon appropriation by the Legislature, align or streamline the programs funded pursuant to this subdivision to improve efficiency and accelerate thedeployment of funds, provided that expenditures remain consistent with the purposes and eligible usesapproved by the voters and the Legislature. 54056. (a) The Legislature may, from time to time, amend any law related to programs to which funds are, or have been, allocated pursuant to this chapter for the purposes of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of those programs or to further the goals of those programs. (b) The Legislature may amend this chapter in order to reallocate the proceeds of bonds issued and soldpursuant to this part among the programs to which funds are to be allocated pursuant to this chapter asnecessary to effectively promote the development of affordable housing in this state. (c) The Department of Housing and Community Development or administering entity may disburse any fundsmade available to housing development projects pursuant to this chapter during the construction period.

CHAPTER 3. Fisc& Provisions
54060. Bonds in the total amount of ten billion dollars ($10,000,000,000), exclusive of refunding bonds issued pursuant to Section 54076, or so much thereof as is necessary as determined by the committee, are hereby authorized to be issued and sold for carrying out the purposes expressed in this part and to reimburse theGeneral Obligation Bond Expense Revolving Fund pursuant to Section 16724.5 of the Government Code. Any bond, when sold, issued, and delivered, shall be and constitute a valid and binding general obligation of the state, and the full faith and credit of the state is hereby pledged for the punctual payment of both principal of, and interest on, those bonds as the principal and interest become due and payable.54062. The bonds authorized by this part shall be prepared, executed, issued, sold, paid, retired, and redeemedas provided in the State General Obligation Bond Law (Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 16720) of Part 3 of Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code), except subdivisions (a) and (b) of Section 16727 of the Government Code, and all of the provisions of that law as amended from time to time apply to the bonds and to this part, except as provided in Section 54078, and are hereby incorporated in this part as though set forth in full in this part.
54064. (a) Solely for the purpose of authorizing the issuance and sale, pursuant to the State General Obligation Bond Law, of the bonds authorized by this part, the Housing Finance Committee created by Section 53524 is continued in existence. For the purposes of this part, the Housing Finance Committee is “the committee” as thatterm is used in the State General Obligation Bond Law. (b) References to the “board” as used in this part and in the State General Obligation Bond Law, shall mean theHousing Development and Finance Committee. This authority may be delegated to the Department of Housing and Community Development or the California Housing Finance Agency for programs they administer. The Department of Housing and Community Development is designated the “board” for programs administered by the department, and the California Housing Finance Agency is the “board” for programs administered by the agency.
54066. Upon request of the board stating that funds are needed for purposes of this part, the committee shalldetermine by resolution whether or not it is necessary or desirable to issue and sell bonds, and, if so, the amount of bonds to be issued and sold. Successive issues of bonds may be authorized and sold to carry out those actions progressively, and it is not necessary that all of the bonds authorized to be issued be sold at anyone time. Bonds may bear interest subject to federal income tax. 54068. There shall be collected annually, in the same manner and at the same time as other state revenue is collected, in addition to the ordinary revenues of the state, a sum in the amount required to pay the principal of,and interest on, the bonds each year. It is the duty of all officers charged by law with any duty in regard to thecollections of state revenues to do and perform each and every act that is necessary to collect that additionalsum.54070. Notwithstanding Section 13340 of the Government Code, there is hereby continuously appropriated from the General Fund in the State Treasury, for the purposes of this part, an amount that will equal the total of bothof the following:
(a) The sum annually necessary to pay the principal of and interest on, bonds issued and sold pursuant to this part, as the principal and interest become due and payable. (b) The sum that is necessary to carry out Section 54074, appropriated without regard to fiscal years. 54072. The board may request the Pooled Money Investment Board to make a loan from the Pooled Money Investment Account, in accordance with Section 16312 of the Government Code, for purposes of this part. The amount of the request shall not exceed the amount of the unsold bonds that the committee has, by resolution,authorized to be sold, excluding any refunding bonds authorized pursuant to Section 54076, less any amount loaned pursuant to this section and not yet repaid and any amount withdrawn from the General Fund pursuant to Section 54074 and not yet returned to the General Fund. The board shall execute any documents as required by the Pooled Money Investment Board to obtain and repay the loan. Any amount loaned shall be deposited into thefund to be allocated in accordance with this part. 54074. For purposes of carrying out this part, the Director of Finance may authorize the withdrawal from theGeneral Fund of an amount not to exceed the amount of the unsold bonds that the committee has, by resolution, authorized to be sold, excluding any refunding bonds authorized pursuant to Section 54076, less any amount loaned pursuant to Section 54072 and not yet repaid and any amount withdrawn from the General Fundpursuant to this section and not yet returned to the General Fund. Any amounts withdrawn shall be deposited into the fund to be allocated in accordance with this part, Any moneys made available under this section shall be returned to the General Fund, plus the interest that the amounts would have earned in the Pooled Money Investment Account, from moneys received from the sale of bonds that would otherwise be deposited into that fund.
54076. The bonds issued and sold pursuant to this part may be refunded in accordance with Article 6 (commencing with Section 16780) of Chapter 4 of Part 3 of Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code.

Approval by the voters of the sale and issuance of bonds as described in this part includes approval of the sale and issuance of bonds issued to refund bonds issued pursuant to this part, including any prior issued refunding bonds. A bond refunded with the proceeds of a refunding bond as authorized by this section may be legallydefeased to the extent permitted by law in the manner and to the extent set forth in the resolution, as amended from time to time, authorizing that refunded bond.
54076.5. Proceeds of the bonds, in an amount not to exceed the principal amount of bonds authorized to beissued by the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026 (excluding any refunding bonds issued pursuant to Section 54076), are expected to be and may be used to reimburse any lawfully available source used to pay costs of projects or programs (including funds of particular state departments or agencies that may be spent oncosts of the projects or programs) authorized pursuant to the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026and paid after November 3, 2026, provided, however, any costs that are to be reimbursed from proceeds of bonds shall not have been paid from the proceeds of any other indebtedness unless that prior indebtedness willbe retired with the proceeds of the bonds. 54077. To implement the funding detailed in Section 54054, the administering entity may adopt guidelines establishing requirements for administration of its financing programs. The guidelines are not subject to Chapter

3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code. 54078. Notwithstanding any provisions in the State General Obligation Bond Law, the maturity date of any bond authorized by this part shall not be later than 35 years from the date of issuance of the bond.54080. The proceeds from the sale of bonds authorized by this part are not “proceeds of taxes” as that term isused in Article XIII B of the California Constitution, and the disbursement of these proceeds is not subject to thelimitations imposed by that article. 54082. Notwithstanding any provision of the State General Obligation Bond Law with regard to the proceeds from the sale of bonds authorized by this part that are subject to investment under Article 4 (commencing with Section 16470) of Chapter 3 of Part 2 of Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code, the Treasurer may maintain a separate account for investment earnings.
54083. Notwithstanding any other provision of this part, or of the State General Obligation Bond Law, if the Treasurer sells bonds pursuant to this chapter that include a bond counsel opinion to the effect that the interest on the bonds is excluded from gross income for federal tax purposes under designated conditions or is otherwiseentitled to any federal tax advantage, the Treasurer may maintain separate accounts for the investment of bond proceeds and for the earnings and investment of earnings on those proceeds. The Treasurer may use or direct the use of those proceeds or earnings to pay any rebate, penalty, or other payment required under federal law ortake any other action with respect to the investment and use of those bond proceeds required or desirable underfederal law to maintain the tax exempt status of those bonds and to obtain any other advantage under federal law on behalf of the funds of this state.
54084. (a) Subject to subdivision (b), all moneys derived from premiums and accrued interest on bonds sold pursuant to this part shall be transferred to the General Fund as a credit to expenditures for bond interest. (b) Amounts derived from premiums may be reserved and used to pay the costs of bond issuance before transfer to the General Fund.

CHAPTER 4. Accountability
54088. The administering entity shall publish in an annual report detailed information regarding the investments resulting from this bond pursuant to Section 50408 of the Health and Safety Code.

SEC. 3. Article 5ab (commencing with Section 998.750) is added to Chapter 6 of Division 4 of the Military and Veterans Code, to read:

Article 5ab. The Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026998.750. Together with Part 16,1 (commencing with Section 54050) of Division 31 of the Health and Safety Code, this article shall be known, and may be cited, as the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026. 998.751. (a) (1) The State General Obligation Bond Law (Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 16720) of Part 3 of Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code), as it may be amended from time to time, is adopted for the purpose of the preparation, execution, issuance, sale, retirement, redemption, and repayment of, and otherwiseproviding with respect to, the bonds authorized to be issued by this article, and the provisions of that law areincluded in this article, as though set out in full in this article, except for both of the following:
(A) Subdivisions (a) and (b) of Section 16727 and subdivision (a) of Section 16755 of the State General Obligation Bond Law shall not apply.
(B) Paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section 16753 of the State General Obligation Bond law shall bereplaced in full by the following: “The Treasurer shall require that a successful bidder in a competitive sale or underwriter in a negotiated sale provide a good faith deposit of at least one-half of 1 percent of the principal amount of the bonds for which the bidder is the successful bidder or for which an underwriter submits a proposal. The good faith deposit shall be in the amount that is reasonably determined by the Treasurer at least one day prior to a competitive sale or negotiated sale of bonds, as applicable, The Treasurer shall specify the form of the deposit, which may be a cashier’s check, a surety bond, a wire transfer of funds, or a combination thereof. The deposit shall not bear interest.” (2) All references in this article to “herein” refer both to this article and that law as incorporated herein. (b) For purposes of the State General Obligation Bond Law, the Department of Veterans Affairs is designated the “board.”
998.752. As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings:
(a) “Board” means the Department of Veterans Affairs.
(b) “Bond” means a veterans bond, a state general obligation bond, issued pursuant to this article adopting the provisions of the State General Obligation Bond Law as provided herein.(c) “Bond act” means this article authorizing the issuance of state general obligation bonds and adopting the State General Obligation Bond Law by reference.
(d) “Committee” means the Veterans’ Finance Committee of 1943 established by Section 991. (e) “Fund” means the Veterans’ Farm and Home Building Fund of 1943 established by Section 988.(f) “Payment Fund” means the Veterans’ Bonds Payment Fund established by Section 988.6. 998.753. For the purpose of creating a fund to provide farm and home aid for veterans in accordance with the Veterans’ Farm and Home Purchase Act of 1974 (Article 3.1 (commencing with Section 987.50)), and of all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto, the committee may create a debt or debts, liability or liabilities, of the State of California, in the aggregate amount of not more than one billion two hundred fifty million dollars ($1,250,000,000), not including the amount of any refunding bonds issued in accordance with Section 998.762,in the manner provided herein. 998.754. (a) All bonds authorized by this article, when sold, issued, and delivered, shall be and constitute a valid and legally binding general obligation of the State of California, and the full faith and credit of the State of California is hereby pledged for the punctual payment of both principal of and interest on the bonds as the principal and interest become due and payable.
(b) There shall be collected annually, in the same manner and at the same time as other state revenue is collected, the sum, in addition to the ordinary revenues of the state, as is required to pay the principal of and interest on, these bonds becoming due and payable each year. It is the duty of all officers charged by law withany duty in regard to the collection of state revenues to do and perform each and every act that is necessary to collect that additional sum.
(c) On the dates on which funds are to be remitted pursuant to Section 16676 of the Government Code for thepayment of debt service on the bonds in each fiscal year, there shall be transferred to the Payment Fund to pay the debt service all of the moneys in the fund, not in excess of the amount of debt service then due and payable.

If the moneys transferred on the remittance dates is less than the debt service then due and payable, the balance remaining unpaid shall be transferred to the General Fund out of the fund as soon as it shall become available, together with interest thereon from the remittance date until paid, at the same rate of interest as borne by the bonds, compounded semiannually. Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, this subdivision shall apply to all veterans’ farm and home purchase bond acts pursuant to this chapter. This subdivision does not grant any lien on the fund, the Payment Fund, or the moneys therein to the holders of any bonds issued under this article. For the purposes of this subdivision, “debt service” means the principal (whether due at maturity, by redemption, or acceleration), premium, if any, or interest payable on any date with respect to any series of bonds. This subdivision shall not apply, however, in the case of any debt service that is payablefrom the proceeds of any refunding bonds. 998.755. Notwithstanding Section 13340 of the Government Code, there is hereby continuously appropriated fromthe General Fund in the State Treasury, for purposes of this article, without regard to fiscal yeai a sum of moneys that will equal both of the following:
(a) That sum annually necessary to pay the principal of, and the interest on, the bonds issued and sold asprovided herein, as that principal and interest become due and payable. (b) That sum necessary to carry out Section 998.756.
998.756. For the purposes of this article, the Director of Finance may authorize the withdrawal from the General Fund of a sum of moneys not to exceed the amount of the unsold bonds which have been authorized by the committee to be sold pursuant to this article, excluding any refunding bonds authorized pursuant to Section998.762, less any amount loaned pursuant to Section 998.757 and not yet repaid and any amount withdrawnpursuant to this section and not yet returned to the General Fund. Any sums withdrawn shall be deposited into the fund. Any moneys made available under this section to the board shall be returned by the board to the General Fund, plus the interest that the amounts would have earned in the Pooled Money Investment Account, from the sale of bonds for the purpose of carrying out this article. 998.757. The board may request the Pooled Money Investment Board to make a loan from the Pooled Money Investment Account, in accordance with Section 16312 of the Government Code, for the purposes of carrying out this article, less any amount withdrawn pursuant to Section 998.756 and not yet returned to the General Fund.

The amount of the request shall not exceed the amount of unsold bonds which the committee has, by resolution, authorized to be sold for the purpose of carrying out this article, excluding any refunding bonds authorized pursuant to Section 998.762, less any amount loaned pursuant to this section and not yet repaid and any amount withdrawn pursuant to Section 998.756 and not yet returned to the General Fund. The board shall execute whatever documents are required by the Pooled Money Investment Board to obtain and repay the loan.

Any amounts loaned shall be deposited into the fund to be allocated by the board in accordance with this article. 998.758. Upon request of the board, supported by a statement of its plans and projects approved by theGovernor, the committee shall determine by resolution whether or not it is necessary or desirable to issue any bonds authorized pursuant to this article in order to carry out the board’s plans and projects, and, if so, the amount of bonds to be issued and sold. Successive issues of bonds may be authorized and sold to carry outthese plans and projects, progressively, and it is not necessary that all the bonds be issued or sold at any one time.
998.759. (a) As long as any bonds authorized pursuant to this article are outstanding, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall, at the close of each fiscal year require a survey of the financial condition of the Division of Farm and Home Purchases, together with a projection of the division’s operations, to be made by an independent public accountant of recognized standing. The results of each survey and projection shall be reported in writingby the public accountant to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, the California Veterans Board, the appropriate policy committees dealing with veterans affairs in the Senate and the Assembly, and the committee.(b) The Division of Farm and Home Purchases shall reimburse the public accountant for these services out of anymoneys that the division may have available on deposit with the Treasurer. 998.760. (a) The Treasurer shall issue and sell the bonds authorized by this article in the amount determined by the committee to be necessary and desirable pursuant to Section 998.758. The bonds shall be issued and sold upon the terms and conditions specified in a resolution to be adopted by the committee pursuant to Section 16731 of the Government Code.
(b) Whenever the committee deems it necessary for an effective sale of the bonds, the committee may authorize the Treasurer to sell any issue of bonds at less than their par value, notwithstanding Section 16754 of theGovernment Code. However, the discount on the bonds shall not exceed 3 percent of the par value thereof. 998.761. Out of the first moneys realized from the sale of bonds as provided herein, there shall be redeposited into the General Obligation Bond Expense Revolving Fund, established by Section 16724.5 of the Government Code, the amount of all expenditures made for the purposes specified in that section, and the moneys may beused for the same purpose and repaid in the same manner whenever additional bond sales are made. All moneys deposited in the fund that are derived from premium and accrued interest on bonds sold pursuant to this articleshall be reserved in the fund and shall be available for transfer to the General Fund as a credit to expenditures for bond interest, except that amounts derived from premium may be reserved and used to pay costs of bond issuance prior to any transfer to the General Fund.
998.762. Any bonds issued and sold pursuant to this article may be refunded in accordance with Article 6 (commencing with Section 16780) of Chapter 4 of Part 3 of Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code. The approval of the voters for the issuance of bonds pursuant to this article includes approval for the issuance of bonds issued to refund bonds originally issued under this article or any previously issued refunding bonds. Any bond refunded with the proceeds of refunding bonds as authorized by this section may be legally defeased to the extent permitted by law in the manner and to the extent set forth in the resolution, as amended from time totime, authorizing that refunded bond. 998.763. Notwithstanding any provision of the State General Obligation Bond Law or this article, if the Treasurersells bonds pursuant to this article for which bond counsel has issued an opinion to the effect that the interest on the bonds is excludable from gross income for purposes of federal income tax purposes, subject to anyconditions that may be designated, or otherwise entitled to any federal tax advantage, the Treasurer may maintain separate accounts for the investment of bond proceeds and for the earnings on those proceeds, andmay use or direct those proceeds or earnings to pay any rebate, penalty, or other payment required by federallaw or take any other action with respect to the investment and use of bond proceeds required or permitted pursuant to federal law necessary or desirable to maintain the tax-exempt status of the bonds or to obtain anyother advantage pursuant to federal law on behalf of the funds of this state. 998.764. The proceeds from the sale of bonds authorized by this article are not “proceeds of taxes” as that term is used in Article XIII B of the California Constitution, and the disbursement of these proceeds is not subject to the limitations imposed by Article XIII B. “Declaration of Intent” proceeds of the bonds, in an amount not toexceed the principal amount of bonds authorized to be issued by this article (excluding any refunding bonds issued pursuant to Section 998.762), are expected to be and may be used to reimburse any lawfully available source used to pay costs of projects or programs (including funds of particular state departments or agencies that may be spent on costs of those projects or programs) authorized pursuant to this article and paid after November 3, 2026, provided, however, any costs that are to be reimbursed from proceeds of bonds shall not have been paid from the proceeds of any other indebtedness unless that prior indebtedness will be retired with the proceeds of the bonds.

SEC. 4. Sections 2 and 3 of this act shall become operative upon the adoption by the voters of the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026.SEC. 5. Sections 2 and 3 of this act shall be submitted to the voters as a single measure, the Veterans and Affordable Housing Bond Act of 2026, at the November 3, 2026, statewide general election, in accordance with provisions of the Government Code and the Elections Code governing the submission of a statewide measure to the voters.

SEC. 6. This act is an urgency statute necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety within the meaning of Article IV of the California Constitution and shall go into immediate effect. The factsconstituting the necessity are:In order to maximize the time available for the analysis and preparation of the proposed issuance of bonds pursuant to this act, it is necessary that this act take effect immediately.

CITY OF AVALON CITY COUNCIL
MEETING DATE: September 15, 2026 AGENDA ITEM:

ORIGINATING DEP: Fire/Administration CITY MANAGER: _______ PREPARED BY: Michale Alegria, Fire Chief Aliana Gonzales, Administrative Analyst
SUBJECT: Adoption of the City of Avalon Local Hazard Mitigation Plan RECOMMENDED ACTION(S): Adopt a resolution approving the City of Avalon’s Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) and authorize staff to submit the final plan to the California Office ofEmergency Services (Cal OES) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for formal approval.

REPORT SUMMARY: Under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, local jurisdictions must maintain a FEMA-approved Local Hazard Mitigation Plan to remain eligible for federal disaster assistance and mitigation grant funding. LHMPs are required to be updated every five years.

The City of Avalon initiated its LHMP update in February 2025 to ensure continued compliance and to strengthen the community’s preparedness and resilience.

After a competitive RFP process, the City began working with Francisco Soto of Tandem Solutions to review hazard data, past incidents affecting the Island, and updated climate and coastal modeling. Staff engaged stakeholders including Los Angeles County agencies,Catalina Island Conservancy, local businesses, and residents.

Avalon’s unique location on Santa Catalina Island presents distinct hazard conditions, including limited evacuation routes, coastal exposure, and reliance on off-island supply chains.

The LHMP addresses these island-specific vulnerabilities and outlines strategies to reduce long-term risks. The LHMP identifies and evaluates the following primary hazards relevant to Avalon; earthquakes and seismic activity, wildfire, coastal storms, high surf, coastal erosion, flooding and stormwater events, landslides, slope failures, drought, extreme heat, climate change impacts, public safety and emergency access limitations.

As part of the planning process, staff hosted stakeholder and community outreach efforts to gather feedback and identify community priorities. Staff also conducted a hazard risk assessment, evaluated vulnerabilities to key infrastructure, developed mitigation strategies,and incorporated climate adaptation strategies that align with state guidance and local environmental conditions.

The draft LHMP has undergone initial review by Cal OES and FEMA, with feedback indicating that the plan meets the required federal criteria. Adoption by resolution by the City Council isthe final step before FEMA approval.

GOAL ALIGNMENT: Public Safety.

FISCAL IMPACTS: There is no direct fiscal impact associated with adopting the LHMP.

Approval strengthens the City’s eligibility for FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), BRIC grants, Flood Mitigation Assistance, and other federal and state funding opportunities that can significantly offset the cost of future resilience projects.

CONSEQUENCES OF NOT FOLLOWING RECOMMENDED ACTION: The City may not beeligible for federal disaster assistance and non-emergency mitigation funding.

FOLLOW UP ACTION: Send the adoption documentation to FEMA for formal approval of theplan to complete the approval process.

ADVERTISING, NOTICE AND PUBLIC CONTACT: Pursuant to the Brown Act.ATTACHMENTS:

1. Resolution

2. City of Avalon Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.

RESOLUTiON NO.____________

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AVALON, CALIFORNIA,

AUTHORIZING THE ADOPTION OF THE CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MIT!GATION PLAN
WHEREAS, the City of Avalon recognizes the threat that natural hazards pose to people and property within the City of Avalon; and
WHEREAS, the City of Avalon has prepared a local hazard mitigation plan, hereby known as the City of Avalon Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, August 2026 in accordance with federal laws, including the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended; the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as amended; and the National Dam Safety Program Act, as amended; and WHEREAS, City of Avalon Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, August 2026 identifies mitigation goals and actions to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property in the City of Avalon from the impacts of future hazards and disasters; and WHEREAS, adoption by the City Council demonstrates its commitment to hazard mitigation and achieving the goals outlined in the City of Avalon Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, August 2026

NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AVALON, CALIFORNIA, THAT:

The City Council adopts the City of Avalon Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, September 15, 2026. While content related to the City of Avalon may require revisions to meet the plan approval requirements, changes occurring after adoption will not require the City of Avalon to re-adopt any further iterations of the plan. Subsequent planupdates following the approval period for this plan will require separate adoptionresolutions.

PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED on the 1 5th day of September, 2026.

Ann H. Marshall, Mayor
ATTEST:

Gabrielle Morones, City Clerk
2026

CITY OF AVALON

LOCAL HAZARD

MITIGATION
PLAN
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

RECORD OF REVIEWS AND

REVISIONS
Revision
# Date Revisions Made Entered By
2 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

PLAN DISTRIBUTION
Method of Distribution Plan I Distributed To (Name and (Email, Post on Server, Department!Organization Date Version Provide Hard Copy, etc.) 3 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
RECORD OF REVIEWS AND REVISIONS 2PLAN DISTRIBUTION 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 Hazard Mitigation Planning 71 .2 Local Mitigation Planning Requirements 81.3 Hazard Mitigation Plan Description 91.4 Assembly Bill 2140 10

1.4.1 Grant Programs with Mitigation Plan Requirements 101.4.2 Stafford Act Grant Programs 101.4.3 National Flood Insurance Act Programs 10 SECTION 2: HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING ORGANIZATION AND PROCESS. 12

2.1 Plan History 122.2 Plan Purpose and Authority 122.3 Planning Process Description 132.4 Hazard Mitigation Planning Team 13

2.4.1 PlanningTeamActivities 13

2.5 Other Jurisdictions Agency/Organizational Participation 142.6 Community Engagement 152.7 Incorporation into Other Planning Mechanisms 152.8 Review of Existing Plans, Reports, Technical Documents, and Data 16 SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA DESCRIPTION 19

3.1 Location and Description 193.2 Geology 213.3 Climate 213.4History 213.5 Government 223.6 Economy 22

3.6.1 Tourism 22
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

3.7 Demographics 223.8 Land Use 23

3.9 Changes in Development 25
SECTION 4: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 26

4.1 HazardAnalysis 264.2 Disaster Proclamation History and Process 26

4.3 Hazard Identification 284.5 Hazard Profiles 35

4.5.1 Climate Change 364.5.2 Dam Failure 434.5.3 Drought 48

4.5.4 Earthquake! Geologic Hazards 544.5.5 Erosion 614.5.6 Extreme Weather (Storm Surge, Severe Wind, Costal Flooding, Hurricane) 644.5.7 Flooding 724.5.8 Fire 78

4.5.9 Human-Caused Hazards 834.5.10 Landslide 894.5.11 Tsunami 934.5.12 Utility Disruption 98 SECTION 5: RISK ASSESSMENT 102

5.1 Hazard Risk Rating 1025.2 Populations and Infrastructure at Risk 105

5.3 Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern 1055.4 Analysis of Potential Losses by Hazard 108

5.4.1 Climate Change 1085.4.2 Dam Failure 1095.4.3 Drought 1125.4.4 Earthquake/Geological Hazards 1135.4.5 Extreme Weather (Storm Surge, Severe Winds, Costal Flooding, Hurricane/Tropical Storm) 116

5.4.6 Flooding 1205.4.7 Fire 1235.4.8 Landslide 127
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

5.4.9 Human-Caused Hazards 130

5.4.10 Tsunami 132

5.4.11 Utility Disruption (Loss of Water & Power Outage) 135 SECTION 6: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT 136

6.1 Existing Authorities, Policies, Programs, and Resources 136

6.1.1 Planning and Regulatory Capabilities 1366.1.2 Administrative and Technical Capabilities 138

6.1.3 Fiscal Capabilities 143

6.1.4 Education and Outreach Capabilities 145

6.2 National Flood Insurance Program Participation 145
SECTION 7: MITIGATION STRATEGY 147

7.1 Hazard Mitigation Statement 147

7.2 Hazard Mitigation Goals and Objectives 1477.3 Mitigation Actions/Projects and Implementation Strategy 148

7.3.1 New Mitigation Actions 148

7.4.2 Mitigation Action Plan 149
SECTION 8: PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES 158

8.1 Monitoring and Evaluation 1588.2 Plan Update 1588.3 Continued Public Involvement 159 APPENDIX A— LOCAL MITIGATION PLAN REVIEW TOOL 162
APPENDIX B — PLANNING TEAM MEETING DOCUMENTATION 163
APPENDIX C — PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION 166APPENDIX D -ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 186 6 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
The City of Avalon (City) has prepared this update to the 2004 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) to assess the natural, technological, and human-caused risks to the City so as to reduce the potential impact of the hazards by creating mitigation strategies. The 2026 LHMP Update represents the City’s commitment to create a safer, more resilient, community by taking actions to reduce risk and by committing resources to lessen the effects of hazards on the people and property of the City of Avalon.

This Plan complies with the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act (2000), Federal Register 44 CFR Parts 201 and 206, which modified the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act by adding a new section, 322 - Mitigation Planning. This law, as of November 1, 2004, requires local governments to develop and submit hazardmitigation plans as a condition of receiving Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) andother mitigation project grants. The City Manager’s Office and Police Department have coordinated preparation of the LHMP in cooperation with other Avalon departments,community stakeholders, partner agencies, and members of the public.

This introduction to the LHMP provides a brief description of hazard mitigation planning, local mitigation plan requirements, and an outline of the 2026 LHMP. There is also an overview of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) programs and grants related to hazard mitigation. The 2026 LHMP Update will be referred to herein as “LHMP” or “Plan.”

1.1 Hazard Mitigation Planning
FEMA defines hazard mitigation as “any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.” In general, hazard mitigation is work done to minimize the impact of a hazard event before it occurs, with the goal of reducing losses from future disasters. 44 CFR § 201.1(b) describes the purpose of mitigation planning is for local governments to identify the hazards that impact them; toidentify actions and activities to reduce losses from those hazards; and to establish a coordinated process to implement the plan, taking advantage of a wide range of resources.

For the City of Avalon, hazard mitigation planning is a process in which the City will:
• Identify and profile hazards that affect the local area Analyze the population and facilities at risk from those hazards • Develop a mitigation strategy and actions to lessen or reduce the impact of the hazards profiled
• Implement the strategy and actions that may involve planning, policy changes, programs, projects, and other activities.
7 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
The City’s implementation of mitigation actions, which may be short-term or long-term strategies, is the primary objective of the planning process. This type of planning willsupplement the City’s comprehensive emergency management program.

1.2 Local Mitigation Planning Requirements
Hazard mitigation planning is governed by the Stafford Act, as amended by the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000), and by federal regulations implementing the Stafford Act. DMA 2000 revised the Stafford Act to require state, local, and tribal governments to develop and submit to FEMA a mitigation plan that outlines processes for identifying the natural hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities of the jurisdiction. Plans must be submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO) for initial review and coordination. The State will then send the plan to the appropriate FEMA Regional Office for formal review and approval. Plan approval by FEMA is a prerequisite to receiving federal hazard mitigation grant funds.

FEMA promulgated 44 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 201, the federalregulations governing the planning process, plan content, and the process for obtaining approval of the plan from FEMA to implement the mitigation planning requirements of the Stafford Act. The planning requirements set forth in the CFR are identified throughout thisplan mirroring the order of the FEMA Regulation Checklist in the Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool.Federal law and the State of California’s requirements for hazard mitigation plans require coverage of only natural hazards. The City’s 2004 Hazard Mitigation Plan does not include technological and human-caused hazards. The 2026 LHMP Update discusses both natural and technological/human-caused hazards and includes a description and analysis of each hazard.

FEMA has produced a Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool, which has been tailored byRegion IX as an appendix to the Local Mitigation Planning Handbook (2023), to demonstrate how the LHMP meets the regulation in 44 CFR § 201 .6 and offers State and FEMA Mitigation Planners an opportunity to provide feedback to the jurisdiction. The PlanReview Tool has a regulation checklist that provides a summary of FEMA’s evaluation of whether the plan has addressed all requirements. Local planners can also use the checklist prior to submitting the plan for approval to ensure they have addressed all the requirements. The Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Regulation Checklist is provided in Appendix A of this document.
8 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

1.3 Hazard Mitigation Plan Description
The 2026 LHMP consists of the sections and appendices described below:

Table 1-1: Plan Sections, Appendices, and Descriptions
Section 1: Section 1 includes an introduction to hazard mitigation planning, lists Introduction the LHMP planning requirements, provides a description of the plan, and discusses grants related to hazard mitigation.

Section 2: Hazard Section 2 describes the planning process for the 2026 LHMP, Mitigation Planning including an overview of how the LHMP was prepared, identification of Organization and the LHMP planning team, involvement of outside agencies and Process communities, the inclusion of related plans, reports, and information, and stakeholder and public outreach activities.

Section 3: Planning Section 3 includes a description of the natural and built states of the Area Description City, including climate, geography, demographics, land use, and economic conditions.

Section 4: Hazard Section 4 provides a list of the hazards identified in the 2026 LHMP, a Identification profile of each hazard and hazard summary.

Section 5: Risk Section 5 provides a risk assessment of the planning area and Assessment identifies how each hazard affects the City’s infrastructure, population, and households.

Section 6: Capability Section 6 provides an assessment of authorities, policies and Assessment programs, and resources was conducted to identify capabilities that reduce vulnerability to hazards.

Section 7: Mitigation Section 7 identifies and evaluates the current, ongoing, and completedStrategy mitigation projects and programs in the City and lists mitigation strategies for reducing potential losses.

Section 8: Plan Section 8 describes procedures for updating the LHMP to keep it Maintenance current and for continued public engagement in the planning process.Procedures Appendix A Appendix A contains the FEMA Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool, which documents the City’s compliance with the local hazard mitigation plan requirements of 44 CFR Part 201.

Appendix B Appendix B contains documentation of the planning process for the planning team, including invitations, attendee lists, meetings minutes,presentations, emails, etc.

Appendix C Appendix C contains documentation of the planning process, including surveys, social media outreach and opportunity for comment for thestakeholders and public, and other stakeholder/public outreach efforts.

Appendix D Appendix D lists acronyms and abbreviations used in the 2026 LHMP. ‘9
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

1.4 Assembly Bill 2140
The California Disaster Assistance Act limits the state share for any eligible project to no more than 75% of total state eligible costs, except that the state share shall be upto 100%of total state eligible costs connected with certain events. AB 2140 prohibits the state share for any eligible project from exceeding 75% of total state eligible costs unless the local agency is located within a city, county, or city and county that has adopted a localhazard mitigation plan in accordance with the federal DMA 2000 as part of the safety element of its general plan, in which case the Legislature may provide for a state shareof local costs that exceeds 75% of total state eligible costs. 1 ri [ ciiirere
Currently, five (5) FEMA grant programs provide funding to local entities that have a FEMA approved local mitigation plan meeting federal hazard mitigation plan requirements. Two (2) of the grant programs are authorized under the Stafford Act. The remaining three (3)programs are authorized under the National Flood Insurance Act and the Bunning Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act.Funding is provided to state, local, and tribal governments that have an approved HMP through the following programs:

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
The HMGP provides grants to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures afterdeclaration of a major disaster. The purpose of the HMGP is to reduce the loss of life and property due to natural disasters and to enable mitigation measures to be implemented during the immediate recovery from a disaster. To qualify for HMGP funding, projects must provide a long-term solution to a problem and the project’s potential savings must exceed the cost of implementing the project.

HMGP funds may be used to protect either public or private property or to purchase property that has been subjected to, or is in danger of, repetitive damage. The amount of funding available for the HMGP under a particular disaster declaration is limited. Underthe program, the federal government may provide a state or tribe with up to 20% of thetotal disaster grants awarded by FEMA and may provide up to 75% of the cost of projects approved under the program.

1.4.3 National Fluc ; UFi 1’ct Programs
Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program
The goal of the Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Grant Program is to reduce or eliminate flood insurance claims under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). This program places emphasis on mitigating repetitive lass properties (RLP). The primary source of 10 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
funding for the FMA program is the National Flood Insurance Fund. Grant funding is available for planning, project, and technical assistance. Project grants are awarded to local entities to apply mitigation measures to reduce flood losses to properties insuredunder the NFIP. In the Fiscal Year (FY) 2014, FMA funding totaled $89 million. The costshare for this grant is 75% federal and 25% nonfederal. However, a cost-share of 90% federal and 10% nonfederal is available in certain situations to mitigate severe repetitive loss (SRL) properties.

Repetitive Flood Claims Program
The Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC) Program provides funding to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of flood damage to residential and non-residential structures insured under the NFIP. Structures considered for mitigation must have had one or more claim paymentsfor flood damage. All RFC grants are eligible for up to 100% federal assistance.

I 11
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
SECTION 2: HAZARD MITIGATION

PLANNING ORGANIZATION AND

PROCESS
The requirements for documentation of the LHMP planning process are described below.This section summarizes the planning area’s hazard mitigation planning efforts in 2026.

In addition, the section describes public and stakeholder outreach efforts as part of theLHMP planning process. The section also summarizes the review and incorporation of existing plans, studies, and reports used to develop the LHMP. Documentation of the2026 LHMP planning process for the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team (HMPT) is provided in Appendix B, and documentation of the process for the public and stakeholders is found in Appendix C. These appendices document the planning meetings and outreach and include meeting agendas, presentation, sign-in sheet,minutes, social media materials and other documentation used to conduct the planningprocess.

The planning process began with the City establishing the HMPT and emailing stakeholders within the planning area to invite them to participate in the process. The Cityalso posted a notice on its website announcing the planning process that contained a mechanism to provide input and feedback. In addition, the City identified the financial and technical resources required to update the LHMP. Once all the City’s financial andtechnical resources were identified, the City established the HMPT and created a schedule for the process.2.1 Plan History
The City has prepared this 2026 LHMP update to the 2004 LHMP to guide hazard mitigation planning to reduce risks from natural and other hazards and to serve as a guide for stakeholders.

2.2 Plan Purpose and Authority
The purpose of the Plan is to identify natural and human-caused hazards that impact the City, to assess the vulnerability and risk posed by those hazards to City-wide human and structural assets, to develop strategies for mitigation of those identified hazards, to present future maintenance procedures for the plan, and to document the planningprocess. The Plan is prepared in compliance with DMA 2000 requirements and representsan updated LHMP.

The requirements for adopting this LHMP by all local governing bodies, as set forth in the Stafford Act and as amended by DMA 2000 and its implementing regulations, are described below. The local planning requirements are documented throughout the LHMP 12 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
and in Appendix A, the FEMA Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool. This Plan Review Tool is documented in the governing body meeting resolution documented in Section 8.Funding for the development of the Plan was provided by the Hazard Mitigation GrantProgram. Tandem Solutions was retained by the City to provide consulting services in guiding the planning process and LHMP development.2.3 Planning Process Description In December 2024, the planning process for the 2026 LHMP began. Select staff from various departments in the City, and other stakeholders were invited to join the HMPT to develop the 2026 LHMP. Representatives from the County of Los Angeles and City of Avalon were invited to the HMPT meetings. Documentation of participant outreach and a list of members of the HMPT are located in Appendices B and C.Email solicitations were sent to other utility companies and cities surrounding Avalon,requesting participation in the LHMP planning process. Documentation of the emails is contained in Appendix C, Public Engagement Process.2.4 Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Members of the HMPT are listed in Table 2-1 below.

Table 2-1: LHMP Planning Team
Department or Agency Member Name Key Role
City of Avalon Administrator Devin Hart Planning Team Member City of Avalon Administrator Aliana Gonzales Planning Team MemberCity of Avalon Harbor Kevin Schmidt Planning Team MemberCity of Avalon City Manager David Maistros Planning Team MemberCity of Avalon Public Works Jamie Hmielak Planning Team MemberCity of Avalon Public Works Bob Greenlaw Planning Team MemberCity of Avalon Fire Department Michael Alegria Planning Team Member Tandem Lee Rosenberg Tandem Planner
Tandem Francisco Soto Tandem Project Manager

2.4.1 Planning Team Activities
Three (3) meetings were held with the HMPT. Representatives from the City held the responsibility of chairing the HMPT. The City project manager reviewed all documents and sent out meeting notices via email. Appendix B documents the LHMP planning activities.

The HMPT’s responsibility included providing feedback on hazards that affect the planning area, reviewing drafts, and participating in developing mitigation activities. 13 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 2-2: Planning Activities
Date Activity Purpose
0111512025 Planning Team Introduce core HMPT members, review the project Meeting #1 management plan, and align expectations. Describe the regulatory issues of LHMP, the value of them,
and the LHMP planning process. Distribute datacollection forms. 02/11/2025 Planning Team Review potential hazards and select those that pose Meeting #2 risks. Use CPRI. Review status of 2008 mitigation activities and update status. Review data-collectionsheet inputs, begin to develop potential mitigationactivities. Request information for hazard analysisand potential losses 5/15/2025 Planning Team Review risk assessment and potential losses.

Meeting #3 Develop draft mitigation goals and actions. Review past plan mitigation activities

2.5 Other Jurisdictions
AgencylOrganizational Participation
External organizations participated in HMPT meetings. They were invited via an MS Outlook invitation to the meetings and to review the plan’s development. Appendix B, HMPT Meetings notes, documents their engagement. Table 2-3 lists the organizations and attendees:

Table 2-3: Organization Participation
Organization Staff
Los Angeles County Sheriffs Matthew KingLos Angeles County Fire Matthew LuttonLong Beach Unified School District (Academia) Emma Peguero Catalina Conservancy (Non-Profit) Jim Luttjohann
Southern California Edison David SpencerSanta Catalina Island Company (Business) Chuck LenzCatalina Island Health Jason Clay PERC Water (Wastewater Treatment Plant) David West
American Red Cross (Non-Profit)) Gabrielle McCormick
Copies of the draft LHMP were provided to the City HMPT and distributed to the public for their review. Comments received from these partners are incorporated in the final draft 14 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
of the LHMP and are documented in Appendix C.2.6 Community Engagement The City provided public notification through its website, press releases, and social media accounts. Additionally, the City conducted an online survey to solicit input on the hazards that the City faces and the types of mitigation activities the City should undertake. The draft LHMP was placed on the City website; and hard copies were posted at City Hall andcity libraries for public review and comment. Finally, notification of the draft LHMP reviewand adoption by the City Council was advertised as required by the Brown Act.

The public survey received 55 responders and was used to select hazards and rank theireffects on the City. Wildfire and Earthquake were ranked as the two (2) top hazards ofconcern to the public. This input was also used to inform the Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) in Section 5. Finally, survey input was used to select mitigation actions. Input frompublicly posting the draft LHMP was used to refine the Plan and to prepare it for submission for review. Appendix C contains a full description of the process for and documentation of community outreach efforts and public participation.

On March, 2025, the City posted information about the LHMP Update process on its website and social media channels; and invited the public to take a Hazard Mitigation Survey to gather information about the public’s knowledge of hazards in the City and theirlevel of preparedness. Appendix C contains screenshots of the website, social media,and survey. The City also invited surrounding cities and other stakeholders to review the 2026 LHMP. Appendix C contains the invitation and feedback received.

2.7 Incorporation into Other Planning
Mechanisms
The LHMP planning process provided the City with an opportunity to review and expand on policies contained in its capital improvement plan (CIP) and other plans. The City views the CIP and the LHMP as complementary documents that work together to reduce risk exposure to the residents of its service area. Many of the ongoing recommendations identified in the LHMP are programs or projects that are in the CIP.

The City shall incorporate hazard mitigation identification and risk assessment, and plan recommendations and mitigation actions contained in the 2026 LHMP into the following documents:
• City of Avalon Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) — Hazards identified in this LHMP will be incorporated into the EOP. Additionally, the City will incorporate training and exercises based on scenarios identified in the LHMP to improve preparedness.
• Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) — Mitigation Actions identified in the LHMP will be incorporated into future iterations of the CIP.
15 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Community Rating System (CRS) — The City will Integrate LHMP strategies into the CRS to improve floodplain management and potentially lower flood insurance premiums for residents.

Incorporating action items and processes from the 2026 LHMP into various planning documents will be completed as other plans are updated, and new plans are developed.

These efforts may coincide with the Plan Maintenance Method and Schedule activities listed in Section 8. Additional action items may be implemented by creating new public educational programs, continued interagency coordination, and public input and participation. Additional action items may be implemented by creating new public educational programs, continued interagency coordination, and public input and participation.

2.8 Review of Existing Plans, Reports,Technical Documents, and Data In updating the LHMP, the HMPT used a large number of resource documents andreferences. Table 24 contains a comprehensive list of guidance, policy tools, extant plans, and authorities incorporated to create the current Plan.

Table 2-4: Resource Documents and References Reviewed
and Incorporated in the Plan
R:fer:ncedDocum:nt Resource Description of Reference and Its Use California State Hazard Technical Provides the State of California’s Mitigation Plan (2023) and Planning Hazard Mitigation Plan for 2023-2028.https:Ilwww.caloes.ca.qovlwp- Resource Describes hazards that informed thecontent/uploads/Hazard- hazard analysis and risk assessment Mitiqation/Documents/2023- portion of this LHMP.

California-SHMP Volume1 11.10.2023.pdf
County of Los Angeles All Technical Describes hazards that informed the Hazards Mitigation Plan (2020) and Planning hazard analysis and risk assessmenthttps://ceo.lacounty.gov/wp- Resource sections of this LHMP. content/uploads/2023/08/Countvof-Los-Angeles-All-Hazards M itigation-PIan-APPROVED-05-
2020. pdf
16 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 2-4: Resource Documents and References Reviewed
and Incorporated in the Plan
California Energy Commission(2018). California’s FourthClimate Change Assessmenthttps://www.energy.ca.gov/datareports/reports/californias-fourth climate-change-assessment
FEMA Dam Safetyhttps://www.fema.gov/emergencymanagers/risk-management/damsafetyNational Weather Service https://www.weather.g ov/
United States Geological Survey
Earthquake Hazards Program.https://www. usgs. gov/programs/ear thguake-hazards
California Department ofConservationhttps://www. conservation.ca.gov/cg s/geohazardsCalifornia Department of Water
Resources
https://water. ca.gov/Programs/AllPrograms/Division-of-Safety-ofDams/Inundation-Mapshttps://fmds.water. ca.gov/webgis/? appid=dam prototype v2
Federal Emergency Management
Agency
Description of Reference and Its Use
Describes monitoring, analysis,
and modeling of climate as well as
efforts designed to reduce emissions.

Database used in the dam failure
hazard profiling. Used in the risk
assessment.

Technical Source for hazard information, data
Resource sets, and historical event records. Used
in the risk assessment.

Source for geological hazard data and
incident data. Used in the risk
assessment.

Identifies significant geologic hazards
that exist, or are likely to exist, so that
informed land use and emergencyresponse planning decisions can bemade.Provides information on dam safety, alist of dams within California and daminundation maps for dams in theplanning area.

Resource for LHMP guidance (How-To
series), floodplain and flood-related
NFIP data (mapping, repetitive loss,NFIP statistics), and historic hazard incidents. Used in the risk assessmentand mitigation strategy.

Referenced Document
or Technical Source
Resource
Type
Technical
and Planning
Resource
Technical
Resource
Western Regional Climate Center
https://wrcc.d ri.edu/
Online resource for climate data used inclimate discussion.

Technical
Data
Website
Data
Technical
and Planning
Resource
Technical
and Planning
Resource
Technical
and Planning
Resource
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CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 2-4: Resource Documents and References Reviewed
and Incorporated in the Plan
Referenced Document Resource Description of Reference and Its Use or Technical Source Type Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Technical Resource for cybersecurity andSecurity Agency and Planning cyberattack guidance, especially https:Ilwww.cisa.gov/ Resource regarding critical infrastructure and public utilities. Describes historical
cybersecurity incidents and lessons
learned. Used in the risk assessment
and mitigation strategy.

HAZUS-MH Technical Base data sets within the program were Resource used in the vulnerability analysis.

National Centers for Technical Online resource for weather-related Environmental Information Resource data and historic hazard event data.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data- Used in the risk assessment. access
National Integrated Drought Technical Source for drought-related projections Information System (2025) Resource and conditions. Used in the riskhttps://www.drought.ciov/droughtl assessment.California Energy Commission Technical Describes monitoring, analysis,(2018). California’s Fourth and Planning and modeling of climate as well asClimate Change Assessment Resource efforts designed to reduce emissions. https://www.energy. ca.gov/datareports/reports/californias-fourth cli mate-change-assessment
California Governor’s Office of Technical Provides a tool for the general public to Emergency Services and Planning discover hazards in their area http://myhazards.caloes.ca.gov/ Resource (earthquake, flood, fire, and tsunami) and learn steps to reduce personal risk.
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CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
SECTION 3: PLANNING AREA

DESCRIPTION
The following section provides an overview of the City’s planning area. It includes a description of the natural and population characteristics.

3.1 Location and Description
Built along the crescent shaped coast of Avalon Bay, Avalon is the only incorporated city on Santa Catalina Island (“Catalina Island”). The City of Avalon (City) is officiallyconsidered the southernmost city in Los Angeles County. Avalon is situated on SantaCatalina Island approximately 35km south by southwest of Los Angeles Harbor Breakwater. Avalon covers a total area of 19.82 sq. km, of which only 7.47 sq. km is occupied by land, and 12.35 sq. km is covered by water. Part of the Channel Islands,Catalina Island is only a short boat ride from the harbor in Newport Beach, and other parts of the coast.

Avalon, and many other parts of Catalina Island, were originally home to the people of the Tongva tribe. Unfortunately, the native population was forced off the island when California was colonized by Spain. During the 1800’s, intrepid tourists set up a tent cityon Avalon every summer. Later, with its perfect climate and glamorous casino, Avalonbecame a popular getaway for the rich and famous. Now home to a wide variety of hotels, restaurants, and boutiques, Avalon is the perfect place for a fun-filled escape.

Today, Avalon, CA is a small, but bustling town. There are less than 4,000 residents on Catalina - most of them living in Avalon, but the Island sees up to one million visitors a year. Avalon has its own hospital, police and fire department, but they also receive backupfrom the mainland, when needed. All schools on the island are officially part of the Long Beach Unified School District.

Visitors looking to soak in some rays can chill on one of Catalina’s three (3) public beaches South Beach, Middle Beach, and Step Beach. For those seeking a more exclusive experience, Descanso Beach is a private beach with cabanas and lounge chairs available to rent, as well as an open-air restaurant and bar. After a quick dip, stroll themany restaurants and shops along Crescent Avenue, also known as Front Street to thelocals.

The City’s most popular attractions include the historic Catalina Casino, the Green Pier,the Lover’s Cove Marine Preserve and the Tour Plaza which offers several options to explore Catalina Island.
19 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
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20 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

3.2 Geology
Avalon is situated on Santa Catalina Island, which is part of the Channel Islands archipelago. The island is primarily composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks that date back to the Miocene epoch. This geological diversity includes volcanic rocks, such as andesite and basalt, alongside sedimentary formations like sandstone and shale. The island’s topography is marked by rugged hills, steep cliffs, and serene valleys. The geology of Catalina Island consists generally of Msozoic-age metamorphic basementcomplex, Micoene-age intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, and some scattered deposits of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Pleistocene terrace deposits, older alluvial, and recent alluvial deposits are also locally present. The unique geology of Catalina Island contributes to its rich biodiversity and supports a variety of endemic plant and animalspecies. Over millions of years, tectonic activity and erosion have shaped the island,giving rise to its current form and features.

3.3 Climate
The winters are long, chilly, and mainly clear in Avalon, while the summers are pleasant, arid, and clear. The average annual temperature fluctuates between 53°F and 74° F, rarely falling below 48°F or rising over 81°F. August is the year’s hottest month having an average daily high temperature of more than 72°F. Having an average daily temperatureof less than 65°F, December is the year’s coldest month. On average, Avalon receives 14 inches of rain and zero (0) inches of snow yearly.

3.4 History
The City of Avalon is a unique, tourist-oriented community located on the island of Santa Catalina, 22 miles southwest of Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors. Santa Catalina Island is 76 square miles in area, with approximately 88% of the land comprised of a conservancy area maintained in its natural state in perpetuity. Incorporated in 1913, thecommunity of Avalon has a unique and colorful history. While the tiny island had been inhabited for nearly 7,000 years by original Native Americans, it was not until the 1800s that large-scale development of Avalon occurred.

Changing hands a number of times during the late 1800s and early 1900s, Catalina Island has belonged to the Wrigley family since 1919. Early settlers on Catalina Island raised sheep and cattle in the mid-i 800s. This introduced a ranching industry that continued insome form until the mid-1950s. Mining and the occasional use of the island by the U.S.government during wartime had also colored its history. In the late 1880s, George Shattoembarked on a campaign to turn Catalina Island into a tourist destination, planning and building Avalon as the focal point and activity hub of Catalina Island. 21 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

3.5 Government
The City has a Council Member form of government with three (3) City Councils, each electing a Councilmember to a four(4)-year term. The Mayor is an at-large or Citywideelected position serving a two (2)-year term.

The City Council serves as Avalon’s corporate board of directors and is responsible for establishing City policy. Its mission is to represent the citizens of Avalon, make policydecisions, exercise fiscal responsibility and authority, and to serve the best interests of allcitizens of Avalon. The City Council works closely with the City Manager to ensure that policy is effectively implemented.

3.6 Economy
In the late 1880s, owner George Shatto embarked on a campaign to turn Catalina Islandinto a tourist destination, planning and building the town of Avalon as the focal point of the island and hub of this activity.

Successive owners continued to nurture his idea, constructing hotels, golf courses, and new tourist attractions and encouraging hunting, fishing, and other outdoor pursuits. In 1975, Santa Catalina Island Conservancy, a non-profit operating foundation, ownership to approximately 42,139 acres of Catalina, 88% of the Island’s 76 square miles. Today, Avalon remains Catalina Island’s principal tourist attraction.Avalon’s 10.62% poverty rate is accompanied by an average household income of $84,090. The median rental cost for the past few years is $1 ,636 per month, while the median value of a home is $712,500.

3.6.1 Tourism
Santa Catalina Island averages over one (1) million visitors a year via ferries, cruise ships,helicopters, private boats, or planes. Visitor-driven revenues average $19,000,000 annually with Transient Occupancy Tax (TOT/Bed Tax) making up almost $9,000,000 of that revenue.The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had an effect on the tourism industry for the island. Cruise ships deposit as many as 2,000 people a week for brief stopovers while the Catalina Express ferries thousands more each day from mainland ports, including many who stay at hotels. During COVID-19, the Catalina Express onlymade a couple runs a day, mainly carrying islanders to the mainland for doctorappointments or other essential trips while bringing a few utility workers over to keep things running. Within the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

3.7 Demographics
According to the most recent U.S. Census data, Avalon has a population of approximately 3,500 residents. The city exhibits a diverse community, with a significant Hispanic or 22 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Latino population, making up over 60% of residents, while non-Hispanic Whites comprise about 35%. This demographic composition contributes to a vibrant cultural atmosphere, evident in local festivals, cuisine, and community traditions that reflect both Hispanic and non-Hispanic influences. The median age in Avalon is around 38 years, reflecting a mix of families, working adults, and retirees. This age distribution suggests that Avalon is home to both young families and older adults, creating a dynamic environment where different generations interact and contribute to community life. Households in Avalon area blend of families and individuals, with an average household size of about 2.6 people.

This suggests that many homes consist of couples with children, single parents, or individuals living alone, highlighting the variety of living arrangements found throughout the city. The combination of diverse backgrounds, age groups, and household types makes Avalon a unique and inclusive place to live, offering a welcoming environment forboth long-term residents and newcomers.

3.8 Land Use
The Land Use Element of the 2030 General Plan establishes Avalon’s fundamental land use philosophy, which is to improve the economic health and vitality of the area, direct development to the most suitable locations, and maintain the environmental, social, and physical health and vitality of the area. The Land Use Element focuses on the organization of the community’s environment by establishing the type, intensity, location, and characterof land uses that will be permitted in the future.88% of Catalina Island is owned by the Santa Catalina Island Conservancy (referred to in this document as the “Conservancy”). About 13% belongs to the Santa Catalina Island Company (referred to in this document as the “Company”); individually owned lots in Avalon comprise less than one percent (1%) of the total City acreage.Avalon is not only designed as a prestigious destination for outdoor recreation and scenic beauty, but also as a staging area for visitors to enjoy the attractions of the entire island, which include hiking, camping, and ecological tours. Over time, Catalina Island has become more accessible and now attracts a broad spectrum of visitors seekingrecreation, ecological and historical tours, as well as rest and relaxation. Avalon has been a destination for generations of families of all income groups in Southern California by providing quick access to a place unlike any other in the region. The community is designed to provide services to all types of visitors and maintain the sense of place that is part of the draw for tourists and residents alike. Compatibility between tourism and permanent residents is essential to the economic success of the community. The limited physical area of the City requires that special attention be given to the balance between tourism and residents.
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CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

3.9 Changes in Development
Tracking previous and future growth in potential hazard areas provides an overview of increased exposure to hazards within a community. HMP updates must be revised toreflect changes in development within the planning area during the previous performanceperiod of the plan, as stated in 44 CFR Section 201 .6(d)(3). The Plan must describe changes in development in hazard-prone areas that increased or decreased vulnerabilitysince the last plan was approved.

The City has adopted a general plan that governs land-use decisions and policymaking, as well as a building code and specialty ordinances based on state and federal mandates.

This 2026 LHMP update assumes that some new development over the performance period occurred in hazard areas. All new developments would have been regulatedpursuant to local programs and codes, such as the International Building Code, and flood damage prevention requirements of the NFIP. Therefore, it is assumed that hazard vulnerability did not measurably increase, even if exposure did. 25 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
SECTION 4: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
This section of the LHMP includes requirements for hazard profiles and a risk assessment, as provided in the CFR. The goal of mitigation is to reduce the future impactsof hazards, including loss of life, property damage, disruption to the local economy, and the expenditure of public and private funds for recovery.4.1 Hazard Analysis A hazard analysis consists of identifying, screening, and profiling each hazard. The hazard analysis encompasses natural, human-caused, and technological hazards.Natural hazards result from unexpected or uncontrollable natural events of significant size and destructive power. Human-caused hazards result from human activity andencompass technological hazards. Technological hazards are generally accidental or result from events with unintended consequences (for example, accidental release ofhazardous materials).

The goal of mitigation is to reduce the future impacts of hazards, including loss of life, property damage, disruption to the local economy, and expenditure of public and private funds for recovery. Hazard identification was conducted as part of the planning process for the LHMP. For the 2026 LHMP, the potential risk for each hazard was rated using the CPRI. The CPRI examines four (4) criteria for each hazard (probability,magnitude/severity, warning time, and duration). Table 4-5 provides the results of theCPRI which were used to both select applicable hazards to include in the LHMP and to determine risk.4.2 Disaster Proclamation History and
Process
When there is a condition of extreme peril or potential peril to the safety of persons and property, and the condition is beyond the capability of the local jurisdiction to control effectively, the local governing body (city council, board of supervisors, or a personauthorized by ordinance) may proclaim that a local emergency exists. The localgovernment may request the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) Director to concur in their proclamation of a local emergency and to provide assistance under the California Disaster Assistance Act (CDAA).

If sufficient conditions occur, the state may proclaim a state of emergency to fully commit state and mutual aid assistance and provide resources to assist local government.

Following the proclamation of a state of emergency, the Cal OES Director mayrecommend that the Governor request a Presidential declaration of a major disaster under the authority of Public Law 93-288. The Governor’s request to the President is submittedthrough FEMA. 26 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-1 below lists the state and federal disaster declarations affecting Los Angeles County since 2020. In the last 5 years, there have not been any disaster declarationsaffecting Los Angeles County for dam failure, extreme heat, and tsunami.” Table 4-1: Los Angeles County Disaster Proclamation History (2020-2025) Year Disaster # Hazard Declaration
2020 FM-5374-CA Fire BOBCAT FIRE2020 FM-5297-CA Fire GETTY FIRE2020 FM-5296-CA Fire TICK FIRE2020 FM-5293-CA Fire SADDLERIDGE FIRE2020 DR-4482-CA Biological COVID-19 PANDEMIC2020 EM-3428-CA Biological COVID-192021 DR-4569-CA Fire WILDFIRES2023 DR-4699-CA Severe Storm SEVERE WINTER STORMS, STRAIGHT-LINE

WINDS, FLOODING, LANDSLIDES, AND

MUDSLIDES
2023 DR-4683-CA Flood SEVERE WINTER STORMS, FLOODING,

LANDSLIDES, AND MUDSLIDES
2023 EM-3592-CA Flood SEVERE WINTER STORMS, FLOODING,

LANDSLIDES, AND MUDSLIDES
2023 EM-3591-CA Flood SEVERE WINTER STORMS, FLOODING, AND

MUDSLIDES
2024 FM-5537-CA Fire BRIDGE FIRE2024 DR-4769-CA Severe Storm SEVERE WINTER STORMS, TORNADOES,

FLOODING, LANDSLIDES, AND MUDSLIDES
2025 FM-5605-CA Fire CANYON FIRE2025 FM-5551-CA Fire HURST FIRE2025 FM-5550-CA Fire EATON FIRE2025 FM-5549-CA Fire PALISADES FIRE2025 FM-5548-CA Fire FRANKLIN FIRE2025 DR-4856-CA Fire WILDFIRES AND STRAIGHT-LINE ‘MNDS 27 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

4.3 Hazard Identification
A list of all hazards that had the potential to occur in the City was presented to stakeholders in the first HMPT meeting and to the general public through a survey.

FEMA guidance identifies several hazards that communities should evaluate for inclusion in a HMP. Communities may also consider additional hazards for their plans. The HMPTreviewed other potential hazards, excluding ones that do not pose a threat or are not a significant concern to the city of Avalon.

Hazards shown below in Table 4-2 are recommended for consideration by FEMA, areincluded in the 2023 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan (SHMP), or if it is included in the Los Angeles County Hazard Mitigation Plan (LAC HMP). Hazards that are marked “yes” to be included in the LHMP are described below in Section 4.5.

Table 4-2: Hazard Evaluation for Avalon LHMP
Recommended I I d d Hazard for Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Consideration in
Agricultural SHMP No Because there are no large agricultural Pests areas in the community, the HMPT did
not identify this as a hazard of concern
for the City.

Air Pollution SHMP No Air pollution is a state and regional issue that is addressed through plans and
regulations administered by the South
Coast Air Quality Management Districtand/or California Air Resources Board.

Due to mandated regulations from
SCAQMD and CARB, the HMPT did not
identify this as a hazard of concern that
could be addressed in this plan.

Aircraft SHMP No Catalina Airport a privately owned airport Incident located 6.4 miles (10.2 km) northwest of
the central business district of Avalon, inthe middle of Catalina Island. Long Beach Airport is located within 20 miles
of the City.

Given the lack of control over this assetand few past incidents associated withaircraft incidents have occurred, the HMPT determined that this hazard
should not be included in the plan.

Aquatic SHMP No There are no aquatic invasive species in Invasive Avalon that could endanger theSpecies community. _____ ___________28 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-2: Hazard Evaluation for Avalon LHMP
Recommended I I d d Hazard for Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Consideration
Avalanche FEMA guidance No Avalon is not located within potential SHMP avalanche zones.

Civil SHMP No Historically, protests that have affected Disturbance or the mainland have not impacted Avalon.Riot For this reason, the HMPT did not identify this as a hazard of concern.

Climate SHMP Yes Climate change is discussed as aChange LAC HMP function of each relevant hazard and is mentioned throughout the Plan. Avalonhas been impacted and will continue to see impacts of sea-level rise.

Coastal FEMA guidance Yes Santa Catalina Island is an island Flooding and SHMP located off the coast of Long Beach,
Storm California. Coastal flooding and storms
impact the island annually.

Cyber Threats SHMP Yes With the increase in cyber threats occurring throughout California and the
nation, the HMPT is concerned about thepotential effects on vital records, communications, and infrastructure
systems.

Dam Failure FEMA guidance Yes The Middle Ranch Reservoir, also known SHMP as Thompson’s Reservoir, is the main
LAC HMP gauge for assessing the fresh water
supply conditions for Santa Catalina
Island. Due to City’s location
downstream of these facilities, the HMPT
identified dam failure as a hazard of
concern.

Drought SHMP Yes While the HMPT is confident in the
LAC HMP current hydrologic infrastructure to
supply water for the City, drought can
potentially impact the operations of
Avalon. Long term drought can reduce
available water from the Middle Ranch
Reservoir and various others The HMPT
considers drought to be both a local and
regional issue. It is addressed in both the
State and Los Angeles County HMPs.
29 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-2: Hazard Evaluation for Avalon LHMP
Recommended I d d Hazard for inLHMP Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Consideration Loss of Power SHMP Yes Avalon is at risk of power outages and has experienced them annually. The City
worked directly with Southern California
Edison to mitigate potential impacts.

The HMPT identified loss of power as a
hazard of concern.

Epidemic, SHMP No Avalon is in Los Angeles County, whichPandemic, has experienced several health-related Vector-Borne incidents in the past. Although Avalon
Disease was impacted by previous pandemics,
the the City felt it was best to address
issues related to infectious diseases andother public health issues through the Los Angeles County Department ofPublic Health preparedness planningmechanisms such as the Public HealthEmergency Response Plan.

Erosion FEMA guidance Yes Erosion continues to be a problem for SHMP the City, particularly around the winter
season where storms and high tides
erode the beach front and hillsides.

HMPT identified erosion as a hazard of
concern for the City.

Expansive Soil FEMA guidance No Expansive soils were not identified by the HMPT as a hazard of concern. Whilethey could exist, the City requires compliance with the California BuildingCode, which is intended to mitigate hazards associated with this condition.

Extreme Cold FEMA guidance No Temperatures in the City do not reach a SHMP level that would be considered a danger
to public safety. Due to this, the HMPT
did not identify this as a hazard of
concern.

Extreme Heat FEMA guidance No Extreme Heat conditions have not SHMP occurred frequently in Avalon and is not
expected to be a recurring event.

Extreme heat was not identified by theHMPT s a hazard of concern. 30 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-2: Hazard Evaluation for Avalon LHMP
Recommended
Hazard for Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion
Consideration
Fault Rupture FEMA guidance Yes There are several faults that can impact SHMP Avalon and cause major damage.

LAC HMP
The HMPT identifies fault rupture as a
hazard of concern.

Flooding FEMA guidance Yes Flooding presents a significant challenge SHMP for Avalon, affecting its environment,
infrastructure, and community. The
effects of climate change have onlyexacerbated the issue.

The HMPT identified flooding as a
hazard of concern included in the
Flooding profile.

Fracking SHMP No Fracking does not occur in the City.Hail FEMA guidance No Hail that is severe enough to pose a threat to people and property is too rare
in Avalon to be included.

Hazardous SHMP No The presence of uses for storing,Materials manufacturing, disposing, andrelease transporting hazardous materials was identified as a concern for the HMPT.

Hurricane FEMA guidance Yes Historically, hurricanes do not occur in SHMP Avalon. Although Tropical Storm Hillary
impacted the City in August 2023, no
damage from Hilary was reported in
Avalon. Climate change will continue to
increase the chances for futurehurricanes, because of this, the HMPt decided to include it as a profiled hazard.

Infrastructure SHMP No Infrastructure failure can pose a threat to Failure people and property in Avalon. The
HMPt did not believe there have been
any reoccurring failures that would
warrant profiling the hazard.

Landslide FEMA guidance Yes Landslides associated with earthquakes SHMP and flooding can occur in the hilly
sections of the Avalon. This hazard is
included in the discussion of the SeismicHazards section.

I 31
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-2: Hazard Evaluation for Avalon LHMP
Recommended
Hazard for Incltided Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion
Consideration Ifl
Levee Failure SHMP No Avalon does not have any levees in its jurisdiction.

Lightning FEMA guidance No Although lightning does occasionally occur in Avalon, it does not pose a
significant threat to people or property.

Liquefaction FEMA guidance Yes Avalon’s susceptibility to liquefaction is SHMP influenced by its coastal location and
LAC HMP geological makeup. The City has areas
with loose, unconsolidated sediments,which can be prone to liquefaction during strong seismic events.

The HMPT identified liquefaction as a
hazard of concern.

Methane SBC HMP No The City does not have methaneContaining containing soils that pose a threat to the Soils public health and safety of residents and
businesses. The HMPT did not identify
this as a hazard of concern to the City.

Natural Gas SHMP No The City does not have a network ofPipeline natural gas pipelines that pose a threatHazards to the public health and safety of residents and businesses. The HMPT
did not identify this as a hazard ofconcern to the City.

Oil Spills SHMP No There is no history of oil drilling and extraction within the City. Based on this,
the HMPT did not identify this as a
hazard of concern to the City.

Power Failure SHMP Yes Power failures have occurred in the City and are usually the result of severe
weather.

The HMPT identified power failure as a
hazard of concern.

Radiological SHMP No There are no known major sources of Accidents radiation in Avalon or the immediate
surrounding area that could pose aserious threat to the community. 32 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-2: Hazard Evaluation for Avalon LHMP
Recommended d d Hazard for Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Consideration
Sea-level Rise FEMA guidance Yes The City is located along the coast and SHMP has experienced the effects of various
tsunamis. The HMPT identified this as a
hazard of concern for the City
Seiche FEMA guidance No There are no major bodies of water in SHMP Avalon that could be subjected to seiche.

Seismic FEMA guidance Yes Avalon is in a seismically active area Shaking SHMP where shaking can be severe enough to
damage property or cause loss of life.

For this reason, the HMPT determined it
should be addressed in this plan.

Severe Wind FEMA guidance Yes Severe Weather includes discussions regarding, severe wind, and rain, which
are weather-related hazards that are
most common in Avalon.

Severe Weather FEMA guidance Yes Severe Weather includes discussions and Storms SHMP regarding, severe wind, and rain, which are weather-related hazards that are
most common in Avalon.

Storm Surge FEMA guidance Yes Avalon is a coastal community that experiences storm surge annually. The
HMPT identified this as a hazard of
concern to the City.

Subsidence FEMA guidance Yes Avalon’s underlying geology includes sedimentary rocks and tectonic activity,
which can contribute to ground
movement. Subsidence is not discussed
as a stand-alone hazard but rather is a
function of the Seismic Hazard profile.

Terrorism SHMP Yes The HMPT was not concerned about
terrorism incidents posing a threat to
public safety.

Thunderstorm SHMP No Thunderstorms that cause damage and endanger public safety are rare in the
Southern California region. The HMPT
did not identify this as a hazard of
concern.

I 33
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-2: Hazard Evaluation for Avalon LHMP
Recommended Included Hazard for in Reason for Inclusion or Exclusion Consideration Transportation SHMP No Avalon does not have a rail or bus Accidents system that would cause a significant
number of accidents. The HMPT did notidentify transportation accidents as ahazard of concern.

Tornadoes FEMA guidance No No tornadoes are known to have SHMP occurred in Avalon. The HMPT did not
identify this as a hazard of concern.

Tree Mortality SHMP No The HMPT did not identify this as a hazard of concern.

Tsunami FEMA guidance Yes Avalon is a coastal community. The SHMP HMPT identified this as a hazard of
concern to the City.

Urban Fire SHMP Yes Avalon does have an urban population.

LAC HMP The HMPT identified urban fires as a risk
to property and life in Avalon.

Volcano SHMP No There are no volcanoes near Avalon to
reasonably pose a threat. The HMPT didnot identify this as a hazard of concern to the City
Wildiand Fire FEMA guidance Yes Portions of the City are in the very high SHMP fire danger zone as determined by CAL
LAC HMP FIRE.

The HMPT identified wildland fire as a
hazard of concern.

After hazard evaluation and the organizational changes made by the HMPT, this Plan discusses 12 broad hazard types with their respective sub-categories. The planning teamdecided to combine Storm Surge, Severe Wind, Hurricane and Coastal Flooding into a single hazard named Extreme Weather. Additionally, the planning team combined Fault Rupture, Seismic Shaking, Subsidence, and Liquification into a single hazard namedEarthquake/Geologic Hazards. Table 4-3 lists are the hazards and associated sub hazards that will be profiled in this LHMP.
34 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-3: Hazards Préfile in 2026 LHMP Update
Hazard Profile Sub-Categories
Climate Change Discussed as a standalone hazard and in all Hazard Categories
Dam FailureDrought
Earthquake/Geologic Hazards Seismic Shaking Fault Rupture Subsidence Liquefication
Landslide/ErosionExtreme Weather Storm Surge Coastal Flooding Severe Wnd Hurricane
FloodingFire Urban Fire Wfldland FireHuman-Caused Hazards Cyber Attack Terrorism Tsunami
Utilities Disruption Power Outage
Loss of Water

4.5 Hazard ProfilesThe hazards that exist in the City are profiled below. Each hazard profile includes adescription of the type, location, extent, previous occurrences, regulatory environment, and probability of future events within the description. Maps and graphs are used in this Plan to display hazard identification data.

The 2026 LHMP lists 12 hazards that affect the planning area based on historical information, the presence of the hazard, and the likelihood of future occurrences of thehazard. Hazard profiles serve as the basis for the risk assessment. 35 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

4.5.1 Climate Change
Hazard Description
The earth’s climate is changing. The State has warmed about 2.0°F in the last century.

Heat waves are becoming more common throughout the southwestern U.S., and snow is melting earlier in spring. In the coming decades, changing climate is likely to decrease the Colorado River’s water flow, threaten livestock’s health, increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires, and convert some rangelands to the desert.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) describes climate change as “any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. Inother words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, which occur over several decades or longer.”Many people confuse climate change with global warming, the recent and ongoing rise in global average temperatures near Earth’s surface. However, global warming represents only one aspect of climate change. The Earth’s average temperature has risen by 1.4°F over the past century and is projected to rise another 2.0°F to 11.5°F over the next hundred years. Rising global temperatures have been accompanied by changes in weather and climate. Many places have seen changes in rainfall, resulting in more floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves. The planet’soceans and glaciers have also experienced changes, with every glacier and permanent icefield in the State of California receding or melting entirely. Oceans are warming andbecoming more acidic, ice caps are melting, and sea levels are rising. The effects of theseindicators include:
• Greenhouse Gases: Human activities have increased the emissions of greenhouse gases. As a result of the increase in emissions, average concentrations of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere are also increasing. • Weather and Climate: Average U.S. and global temperatures are increasing while weather and climate attributes, such as precipitation, drought and tropical cyclone activity, are changing.
• Oceans: Average oceanic temperatures are increasing. Sea levels are rising worldwide due to thermal expansion and increases from ice melt, and waters are becoming more acidic.

Snow and Ice: Glaciers in the U.S. and worldwide are generally shrinking, whilesnowfall and snow cover in the U.S. have decreased overall. The extent of the Arctic Sea ice is declining.
• Health and Society: Warmer temperatures and later fall frosts allow ragweed plants to produce pollen later into the year, potentially prolonging allergy season.

The length of ragweed pollen season has increased at 10 out of 11 locations studied in the central U.S. and Canada since 1995. The change becomes more pronounced from south to north.
36 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
• Ecosystems: Many areas are experiencing earlier spring events, such as peak stream runoff and flower blooms. Bird migration patterns are changing, and wildfire zone size has increased.

History
Climate change has occurred throughout the planet’s history due to variations in theearth’s inclination to the sun, volcanic activity, and other factors such as asteroid impactsand the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface rises and falls. The planet’s temperature correlates to the amount of solar radiation arriving at the surface and the climate with it.

In relatively recent history, the last glacial period, popularly known as the Ice Age, occurred from c. 110,000 to 12,000 years ago. This most recent glacial period is part of a larger pattern of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation (c. 2,588,000 years ago to present). From this point of view, scientists consider this “ice age”to be merely the latest glaciation event in a much larger ice age that dates back over two (2) million years and is still ongoing.

During this last glacial period, there were several changes between glacier advance and retreat. The Last Glacial Maximum, the maximum extent of glaciation within the last glacial period, was approximately 22,000 years ago. While the general pattern of global cooling and glacier advance was similar, local differences in the development of glacier advanceand retreat make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent. Generally, temperature variation and glaciation patterns have lagged in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CD2) content. Figure 4-1 depicts global variations during the past 400,000 years as a correlation between temperature and atmospheric C02 content in part per million.

Figure 4-1: Temperature and Atmospheric CO2 Variation Past 400,000 Years 4 0
24 H

2.a, I—
a,
a,
-ijrt,GiI Ar,Iat to Hec.ii VnIu,
300
260
240 &
220
-10
420000 300U0
200
200000 -210000 140000 7000() 0
Ye*r (BCE NejatIve)
Alfl,o-2FI( (,rhon I)iC)X d
10 37
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
For 22,000 years ago, the planet has slowly warmed, and the glaciers retreated to highnorthern latitudes and mountains. In the last several decades of this period, human activity has likely led to a rapid increase in atmospheric C02 and a matching rise in global temperature. The result has been that climate change may be accelerating. Figure 4.2 provides a graphical depiction of the recent history of temperature rise.

Location
Figure 4-2: Temperature Rise Since 1880
Warming and climate change are occurring globally with wide variations based on location and latitude, The polar regions have experienced particularly rapid changes in climate with increased ice melt and more sea-ice-free days. Climate change by its very definition is a global phenomenon, and so it is expected to affect the entire City.Extent Climate change is likely to affect the entire earth’s population. More widespread droughtand associated crop failure, movement of invasive species, more frequent wildfires, increased energy emergencies, and more intense climate events such as storms and extreme heat will occur throughout Southern California. The entire planning area issubject to climate change.

Specific Likely Impacts on California
Increasing droughts and higher temperatures will likely affect Ciifornia’s top agricultural Global Land and Ocean Temperature Anomalies, June
11 :2
r ‘
WI’
‘2C 3) ‘P42 1P5C ‘ë cc ip.:
38 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
products, including cattle, dairy, and vegetables. Hot temperatures threaten the health of cows and cause them to eat less, grow more slowly, and produce less milk. Livestockoperations could also be impaired by fire, the lack of water, and changes in the landscape from grassland to woody shrubs, more typical of a desert. Reduced water availability would also create challenges for irrigated farms, which account for two-thirds of the water used in the state.

Wildfires, changing landscapes, higher temperatures, and drought are likely to increasethe severity, frequency, and extent of wildfires which could harm property, livelihoods, and human health, On average, more than two percent (2%) of the land in California has burned per decade since 1984. Wildfire smoke can reduce air quality and increasemedical visits for chest pains, respiratory problems, and heart problems. The combination of more fires and drier conditions may expand deserts and otherwise change parts of California’s landscape. Many plants and animals living in arid lands are already near thelimits of what they can tolerate. A warmer and drier climate would generally extend deserts to higher elevations and expand their geographic ranges.

In some cases, native vegetation may persist and delay or prevent the expansion of the desert. In other cases, fires or livestock grazing may accelerate the conversion ofgrassland to desert in response to a changing climate. For similar reasons, some forests may change to deserts or grassland.

Warmer and drier conditions make forests more susceptible to pests. Drought reducesthe ability of trees to defend against attacks from pests such as bark beetles which have infested 100,000s of acres in California. Temperature controls the life cycle and winter mortality rates of many pests. With higher winter temperatures, some pests can persist year-round, and new pests and diseases may become established.

Hot days can be unhealthy, even dangerous. Certain people are especially vulnerable, including children, the elderly, the sick, and the poor. High air temperatures can causeheat stroke and dehydration and affect people’s cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems. Higher temperatures are amplified in urban settings where paved and othersurfaces tend to store heat. Construction crews may have to increasingly operate onaltered time schedules to avoid the heat of the day.

Rising temperatures can increase the formation of ground-level ozone, a key component of smog. Ozone has various health effects, aggravates lung diseases such as asthma,and increases the risk of premature death from heart or lung disease. The U.S. EPA and the California Air Resources Board have been working to reduce ozone concentrations.

As the climate changes, continued progress toward clean air will be more difficult.

Probability of Future Events
Climate change is an ongoing, long-term hazard. The effects of increased C02 in the atmosphere will likely increase and persist for hundreds or thousands of years.

Regulatory Context
The State of California has stepped into a lesdership role in planning for reducing 39 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the potential impacts of climate change. Key laws, regulations, and policies helping to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissionsinclude:

The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (Assembly Bill lAB] 32 and Senate Bill ISB1 32): AB 32 is the primary legislation that has driven GHG regulation and analysis in California between 2006 and 2016 by instructing the California Air Resource Board(CARB) to develop and enforce regulations for reporting and verifying statewide GHG emissions. The heart of the bill is the requirement that statewide GHG emissions be reduced to 1990 levels by 2020. Based on CARB’s calculations of emissions levels, California must reduce GHG emissions by approximately fifteen percent (15%) below 2005 levels to achieve this goal. In September 2016, the Governor signed SB 32, which builds upon the statewide targets for 2020 by establishing a longer-term target so that “statewide greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to 40% below the 1990 levels by 2030.” The bill further authorized CARB to adopt regulations to achieve the maximumtechnologically feasible and cost-effective greenhouse gas emissions reductions.

California Executive Orders S-3-05 (2005) and B-30-15 (2015): These two (2) executiveorders highlight longer-term GHG emissions reduction targets for the state, though such targets have not yet been adopted by the legislature and signed into law. Specifically, Executive Order (EO) S-3-05 seeks to achieve a reduction of GHG emissions of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050, consistent with the scientific consensus that developed regions will need to reduce emissions at least 80% below 1990 levels to limit global warming to 2.0°C. Executive Order B-30-15 seeks to establish an interim target betweenthe 2020 target established through AB 32 and the long-term targets in EO S-3-05, to achieve a reduction of GHG emissions of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.

CEQA and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Senate Bill 97): In 2007, the Natural Resources Agency was directed by the legislature to prepare amendments to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, providing direction to lead agencies onhow to analyze and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

Senate Bill 379 (2015) Planning and Zoning Law: This legislation requires that the nextrevision of a jurisdiction’s local hazard mitigation plan on or after January 1, 201 7, or, if the local jurisdiction has not adopted a local hazard mitigation plan, beginning on or before January 1, 2022, include a review and update of the safety element to address climateadaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to that city or county. The bill would require the update to include a set of goals, policies, and objectives based on a vulnerability assessment, identifying the risks that climate change poses to the local jurisdiction and the geographic areas at risk from climate change impacts.

California has also prepared programs and guidance for local governments to consider in identifying hazards and adapting to a changing climate.

California Climate Adaptation Sgy Executive Order S-I 3-08: In 2008, the Governor signed EO S-i 3-08, which directed the California Natural Resources Agency to lead a statewide effort to develop a climate adaptation strategy. Published in 2009, the statewide plan describes climate trends and the potentia! impacts of climate change on key sectors, 40 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
and it outlines short- and long-term actions that state and local governments can take toaddress future climate impacts.California Adaptation Planning Guide (APG): Published in 2012, this statewide resource serves as a guide to local governments to identify, evaluate, and plan for the range of unavoidable consequences their community may face in the future due to climate change.

The APG includes a step-by-step process for conducting a vulnerability assessment and identifying potential adaptation strategies.

City Response to Climate ChangeGeneral Approaches—Mitigation and AdaptationCommunities and governments worldwide are working to address, evaluate and prepare for climate changes that are likely to impact communities in coming decades. Generally, climate change discussions encompass two (2) separate but inter-related considerations:mitigation and adaptation. The term ‘mitigation” can be confusing because its meaning changes across disciplines:
• Mitigation in emergency management—as generally addressed in this hazard mitigation plan— is typically defined as the effort to reduce loss of life and propertyby lessening the impact of disasters. • Mitigation in climate change discussions is defined as a human intervention to reduce impacts on the climate system. It includes strategies to reduce greenhouse gas sources and emissions and enhance greenhouse gas sinks.

In this chapter, mitigation is used as defined by the climate change community. In the other chapters of this plan, mitigation is primarily used in an emergency management context.

Adaptation refers to adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or anticipated effects of climate change. These adjustments may moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. Mitigation and adaptation are related, as the world’s ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will affect the degree of adaptation that will benecessary. Some initiatives and actions can both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support adaptation to likely future conditions.

Societies across the world need to adapt to climate change. Farmers are altering crops and agricultural methods to deal with changing rainfall and rising temperature; architectsand engineers are redesigning buildings; planners are looking at managing water supplies to deal with droughts or flooding.

Adaptive capacity goes beyond human systems. Some ecosystems can adapt to change and buffer surrounding areas from the impacts of change. Forests can bind soils and hold large volumes of water, releasing it through the year; floodplains can absorb water duringpeak flows; coastal ecosystems can attenuate waves and reduce erosion. Other ecosystem services—such as food provision, timber, materials, medicines, and recreation—can provide buffers in the face of changing conditions.

I 41
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Ecosystem-based adaptation is the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall strategy to help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. This includes sustainable management, conservation and restoration of specific ecosystems that provide key services.

Avalon Sea Level Rise and Climate Adaptation PlanThe purpose of the Sea Level Rise and Climate Change Adaptation Plan (SLR Adaptation Plan, SLR AP) study is to develop a road map for the City to identify the risks to coastalresources and infrastructure and evaluate strategies to minimize, mitigate, or prevent damage from sea level rise and climate change. Coastal resources and infrastructure include assets that are needed for the movement of people and goods, health and safety, emergency egress, business livelihood, coastal access and recreation, and social interests. The goal of the plan is to provide solutions that meet the needs of coastalresources over their lifetime, being both functional in the present and adaptable into the future, ultimately informing the goals, objectives, and policies incorporated in the Coastal Hazards chapter of the City Local Coastal Program.
42 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
:1. i::) t U
Hazard DescriptionDams and reservoirs of jurisdictional size are defined in the California Water Code Sections 6000 through 6008. There are currently more than 1,400 dams of jurisdictional size in California. Approximately 1,250 of these dams are under the jurisdiction of California’s Department of Water Resources, Division of Safety of Dams. Dams and reservoirs owned by the federal government are not subject to state jurisdiction except as otherwise provided by federal law. In California, there are currently 149 dams owned by federal government agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Reclamation, Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Military.

Los Angeles County leads the state as being the county with the most jurisdictional-size dams, containing 100 dams. The term “dam failure” encompasses a wide variety ofcircumstances. Situations that would constitute a dam failure vary widely, from developing problems to a partial or catastrophic collapse of the entire dam. Potential causes of dam failure are numerous and can be attributed to deficiencies in the original design of the dam, the quality of construction, the maintenance of the dam and operation of theappurtenances while the dam is in operation, and acts of nature, including precipitation inexcess of the design, flood, and damage from earthquakes.

Water overtopping the dam crest is a common cause of failure in earth dams. Overtopping will cause erosion of the dam crest and an eventual dam breach. Piping of each dam is another common form of failure. Piping is a form of erosion that occurs undergroundcaused by rodent burrowing and extensive root systems from vegetation growing on andaround the dam.

This type of disaster is especially dangerous because it can occur suddenly, providing little warning or evacuation time for the downstream communities. The flows resulting from dam failure generally are much larger than the capacity of the downstream channels and therefore lead to extensive flooding. Flood damage occurs due to the momentum of the flood caused by the sediment-laden water flooding over the channel banks and impactdebris carried by the flow.

History
Avalon has not been included in any federal disaster declarations or state emergency proclamations related to dam failure. Dams within Los Angeles County have failed or had the potential to fail within the past 100 years. Major incidents include:
• March 12, 1928 — The St. Francis Dam catastrophically failed, and the resulting flood caused as many as 400 fatalities. The collapse is considered one of the worst American civil engineering disasters of the 201h century and remains the second greatest loss of life due to a disaster in California’s history. • December14, 1963—The Baldwin Hills Dam inundated the neighborhood of South Los Angeles when the darn suffered a catastrophic failure and flooded the 43 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
residential neighborhoods surrounding it. It began with signs of lining failure, followed by increasingly serious leakage through the dam at its east abutment. After three (3) hours, the dam breached, with a total release of 250 million U.S. gallons resulting in five (5) deaths and the destruction of 277 homes. Vigorous rescue efforts averted a greater loss of life.

February 9, 1971 — The San Fernando region was struck by one of the most devastating earthquakes in California history. With a Richter magnitude of 6.6, it claimed 65 lives and caused damage estimated at half a billion dollars. It wasCalifornia’s third-worst earthquake in terms of lives lost, only exceeded by SanFrancisco, 1906, and Long Beach, 1933. The San Fernando quake could have been a catastrophe instead of just a costly disaster. That conclusion arises from itsmost striking episode: the near collapse of the lower dam at the Van Norman reservoir. The 1,100-foot dam held 3.6 billion gallons of water, but it was only half full; the water level was 36 feet below the lip. The top thirty feet of the structure crumbled, leaving the water only six feet (6 ft.) from the top and fresh chunks ofearth falling off with each aftershock.A University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)study estimated that the collapse of the dam could have killed between 71,600 and 123,400 people.

Location
There are three (3) reservoirs that can impact Avalon, the largest is the Wrigley Reservoir). This structure is owned by the Santa Catalina Island Conservancy and is located in the Middle Ranch Area. The other two reservoirs are small water tanks thathold water from the Wrigley Reservoir.

The Thompson Dam inundation path shows that the floodway of dam would contain most of the water. Since this area is largely underdeveloped, the risk posed by this hazard could be considered low.

Thompson Dam was constructed in 1923-1 924 under the supervision of David Malcolm Renton. Developing Catalina Island as a resort meant undertaking a major public works project to find water sources on the island through a system of wells and reservoirs. Prior to 1919, the majority of fresh water on the island was supplied by barge. Waterdevelopment culminated in 1924 in the construction of a 100,000,000-gallon reservoir, contained by the Thompson Dam, which was connected to supply the town of Avalon via 12 miles of pipeline from the island interior. A major feature of the achievement was the engineering to lay the pipe over a 1,460-foot mountain peak. The water is delivered to a large reservoir in Falls Canyon used to store surface water that then helps recharge the groundwater in the aquifer.
44 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Figure 4-3: City of Avalon Dam Inundation Zones
I 45
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Extent
The Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD) uses a scale for defining the intensity or potential severity of dam failure solely based on potential downstream impacts to life and property.

Additionally, the hazard is not related to the condition of the dam or its pertinent structures.

This scale has four (4) categories which include the Federal categories and adds a fourthcategory of extremely high”. Table 4-6 outlines the downstream hazard potential classifications used by DSOD. The Thompson dam is classified as Significant on thescale.

Table 4-6: California Department of Water Resources Division of Safety of Dams — Downstream Hazard Classifications
Downstream Hazard
Potential
Classifications
Low
Significant
HighExtremely High
Potential Downstream Impacts on Life and Property
No probable loss of human life and low economic and
environmental losses. Losses are expected to be principally limited to the owner’s property.

No probable loss of human life, but it can cause economic loss, environmental damage, impacts to critical facilities, or othersignificant impacts.

Expected to cause the loss of at least one human life.Expected to cause considerable loss cf human life or would resultin an inundation area with a population of 1000 or more.

Figure 4-5: Wrigley Reservoir, Santa Catalina Island
46 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Probability of Future EventsDam/reservoir failure can result from numerous natural or human activities. Earthquakes, internal erosion, improper siting, structural and design flaws, or rising floodwaters can all result in the collapse or failure of a dam or reservoir. A dam/reservoir failure may also be a result of the age of the structure or inadequate spillway capacity. The probability of a future dam failure affecting the City is unknown. While possible, it is unlikely that a damfailure event will occur within the next 10 years. Event history is less than or equal to 10% likelihood per year.

Regulatory ContextIn California, the regulation of dams is primarily overseen by the DSOD under theDepartment of Water Resources. This division is responsible for the review, approval, and supervision of dam construction, maintenance, and safety protocols to prevent failure andmitigate risks associated with dam operations.

Impact of Climate Change
Severe weather such as more powerful rainstorms are likely to occur as a result of climate change. Atmospheric rivers which can create flooding throughout California may occur more frequently due to warmer weather and more moisture in storm systems. Climate change has the potential to cause more frequent and more heavy precipitation incidents.

The results could be additional flows into with the potential for overtopping or other dam failure mechanisms for the Thompson Dam and Reservoir.
47 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
4[oui
Hazard DescriptionDrought is a normal part of virtually every climate on the planet, including areas of high and low rainfall. It is different from normal aridity, which is a permanent characteristic of the climate in areas of low rainfall. Drought is the result of a natural decline in the expected precipitation over an extended period, typically one (1) or more seasons in length. The severity of drought can be aggravated by other climatic factors, such as prolonged high winds and low relative humidity.

Drought is a complex natural hazard which is reflected in the following four (4) definitions commonly used to describe it:
• Meteorological drought is defined solely on the degree of dryness, expressed as a departure of actual precipitation from an expected average or normal amount basedon monthly, seasonal, or annual time scales • Hydrological drought is related to the effects of precipitation shortfalls on streamflows and reservoir, lake, and groundwater levels• Agricultural drought is defined principally in terms of naturally occurring soil moisture deficiencies relative to water demands of plant life, usually arid crops • Socioeconomic drought associates the supply and demand of economic goods or services with elements of meteorological, hydrologic, and agricultural drought.

Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for water exceeds the supply asa result of a weather-related supply shortfall. It may also be called a watermanagement drought.

A drought’s severity depends on numerous factors, including duration, intensity, geographic extent, and regional water supply demands by humans and vegetation. Dueto its multi-dimensional nature, drought is difficult to define in exact terms and also poses challenges in terms of comprehensive risk assessments.

Drought differs from other natural hazards in three (3) ways. First, the onset and end of a drought are difficult to determine due to the slow accumulation and lingering effects of anevent after its apparent end. Second, the lack of an exact and universally accepteddefinition adds to the confusion of its existence and severity. Third, in contrast with other natural hazards, the impact of drought is less obvious and may be spread over a larger geographic area. These characteristics have hindered the preparation of drought contingency or mitigation plans by many governments.

Droughts may cause a shortage of water for human and industrial consumption, hydroelectric power, recreation, and navigation. Water quality may also decline, and thenumber and severity of wildfires may increase. Severe droughts may result in the loss of agricultural crops and forest products, undernourished wildlife and livestock, lower land values, and higher unemployment.
48 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
History
California and the western region of the U.S. have historically experienced several multiyear drought conditions. The City experienced severe drought from April 2007 through December 2009 and severe to exceptional drought from February 2013 through January 2017. A severe to exceptional drought began in 2020 and ended during the winter of 2022-2023 (U.S. Drought Monitor, YEAR OF SOURCE).

The following maps show the extent of drought conditions in California from February 2025, 2020, and 2015. They also include a chart showing the history of drought conditions in California from 2001 through early 2025.

Figure 4-7: California Drought Monitor February 2025
U.S. Drought Monitor
February 11, 2025
USDM values for California
Abnormally Dry 12.5%
Dl Moderate Drought 19.7%
Severe Drought 13.4%
Extreme DroughtExceptional Drought

21.2%0.00%
Total Area in Drought 54.30%
a
100%
< 90%
80/o
.! 70%
60%
a 50%
40%

0. 30%
20%
10% Al Ii ii,
Drought.gov
49 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Figure 4-8: California Drought Monitor February 2020
50 U.S. Drought Monitor
February 11, 2020
USDM values for California
‘fl
DO AbnormalLy Dry 36.6%
Moderate Drought 9.5%
Severe Drought 0.0%
Extreme Drought 0.0%Exceptional Drought 0.00%
Total Area in Drought 9.50%
Drought.gov
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Location
Avalon relies heavily on natural sources of water since it is unable to import water from the State Water Project like most agencies in the mainland. When a drought is in effect, the entire City is affected.

Extent
The National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) Act of 2006 (Public Law 109- 430) prescribes an interagency approach for drought monitoring, forecasting, and earlywarning. The NIDIS maintains the U.S. Drought Portal, a centralized, web-based access Figure 4-9: California Drought Monitor February 2015
51 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Probability of Future Events
As this HMP is being developed, California is not experiencing severe drought. Extreme drought persisted from 2012 to 2016. After an extremely wet winter during 2017 —2018,drought conditions returned in 2021 and lasted to 2024.

Drought in California is a common occurrence that can last for multiple years. It is often associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), when La Nina conditions result in decrease winter precipitation. The regional climate is characterized by a distinct dry season (approximately May to September) and wet season (approximately October to April) defined by a few large precipitation events, though additional peaks in precipitation can occur. There is a high probability that multi-year drought will occur during any 25-yearperiod. point to several drought-related resources, including the U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) and the U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook (USSDO).

The primary indicators for these maps for the Western U.S. are the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index and the 60-month Palmer Z-index. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PSDI) is a commonly used index that measures the severity of drought for agriculture and water resource management. It is calculated from observed temperature andprecipitation values and estimates soil moisture. However, the Palmer Index is not considered consistent enough to characterize the risk of drought on a nationwide basis.

Commonly used drought severity classifications are depicted in Figure 4-7.

Drought Severity Classification
Ranges
Category Description Possible ln,pacts
3bnorrrlal
Dry
Gorg bIn thought h0rt.rrr dessa Jonoropianlaro, 5io0 ol crops or pastureS Co,,â1 001of driu0t *011w Ingenog eerier dof’<O, pacijos rnpr not tuty ,enooerrd
USGS Weekly
Streanctiow
(Pe,centiles)
PaIn,er Drought
Index
I On-i 0
CPC Soil
Moisture Model
(Percentlles
21-ti]
Olrjontioo Storl and
Long-wren Orousict
redeem, Blond.

Poeueoliruel
Standardized
P,ecipitatloe Indea
(SPI)
21-30 OSlo-07
Scene damage to crops pasrurue, moon-a.,cser.nrS or web Sew, corn. roalor shortages 01 Moderate Drought devobpng or flatwent. onkunlary waler-nsa :rnsirncnflrroornrled
21-30
roy apsslUw Sees.. ucele, waler strorragos
-—re, mstrbeens rço.od
11-20 11-20 .8lo-1 2
-3.010-3.9. 6.10 6.10
11-20
•I.31o.1,5 6.10
Figure 4-7: Commonly Used Drought Severity Classifications 52 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Impact of Climate Change
Climate change is profoundly impacting California’s water resources, including those ofCatalina Island. Climate change is leading to more variable weather patterns, which canresult in longer and more severe droughts. Increased variability in weather further exacerbates the challenges faced by water resource management. Severe droughts can result in water rationing and loss of public and private landscaping within the city. Regionwide impacts include large-scale tree die-offs, increasing the likelihood and severity of wildiand fires.

Regulatory Context
The State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board) and the nine (9) RegionalWater Quality Control Boards (Regional Boards) protect water quality and allocate surface water rights. The Legislature created the State Water Board in 1967. The mission of the Water Board is to ensure the highest reasonable quality for waters of the State while allocating those waters to achieve the optimum balance of beneficial uses. The jointauthority of water allocation and water quality protection enables the Water Board toprovide comprehensive protection for California’s waters. Regional Boards are semi autonomous and have broad responsibilities within the framework of State regulatoryguidance. The Department of Water Resources manages water usage, including waterdelivery to two-thirds of California’s population through the State Water Project.

Impacts and Vulnerabilities
Within the City, severe drought may result in water rationing and loss of public and private landscaping. Since Avalon is an Island, it does not have access to the same water resources as those in the mainland. Because of this, a severe drought would result in having to import water.
53 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
4Earth_g akel Ge o log IC1::dS
Hazard Description
An earthquake is the vibration of the earth’s surface following a release of energy in the earth’s crust. This energy can be generated by a sudden dislocation of the crust or by a volcanic eruption. Most destructive quakes are caused by dislocations of the crust. The crust may first bend and then, when the stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, breakand snap to a new position. In the process of breaking, vibrations called “seismic waves”are generated. These waves travel outward from the source of the earthquake at varying speeds.The City is located in a high seismic risk zone. This region is one of the most seismically active in the world, marked by the number of large, damaging earthquakes that have occurred in the past. The following geologic hazards are associated with earthquakes and may be caused by seismic activity, increasing the resulting damage:Seismic shaking caused by a strong earthquake is probably the most important seismichazard that can be expected anywhere in the City and larger Southern California area.

The amount of earthquake shaking at a site is associated with the earthquake magnitude;the type of earthquake fault; the distance between the site and the earthquake source;the geology of the site; and how the earthquake waves decrease or increase as theytravel from their source to the site in question. Shaking from the earthquake intensifies with a greater magnitude and closer distance to the epicenter. Softer soils andtopographic ridges can also amplify seismic ground motions.

Liquefaction
Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which soil’s strength and stiffness are reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loadings. Liquefaction and related phenomena have been responsible for tremendous amounts of damage in historical earthquakes around the world. Liquefaction can result in the settling and compacting of unconsolidated sediment in the event of a major earthquake. Liquefaction may increase as the groundacceleration and duration of shaking increase.

Liquefaction could not be mapped as a part of this p:an because of data limitations.

Subsidence
Land subsidence is defined as the lowering of the land surface. Many different factors can cause the land surface to subside, such as a sinkhole or underground mine collapse,or during a major earthquake. Land subsidence can also occur when large amounts ofgroundwater have been excessively withdrawn from an aquifer. The clay layers within theaquifer compact and settle, resulting in lowering the ground surface in the area from which the groundwater is being pumped. Over time, as more water is removed from the area, the ground drops and creates a cone. Once the water has been removed from thesediment, it cannot be replaced.

Land subsidence can occur in various ways during an earthquake. Movement that occurs 54 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
along faults can be horizontal or vertical or have a component of both. As a result, a largearea of land can subside drastically during an earthquake. Land subsidence can also be caused during liquefaction. Liquefaction can result in the settling and compacting of unconsolidated sediment in the event of a major earthquake. This can result in thelowering of the land surface.

History
Southern California is one of the most seismically active areas in the U.S. The region has experienced at least nine (9) earthquakes of Magnitude 6.5 or higher since 1812. Avalon has not been included in any federal disaster declarations or state emergency proclamations related to earthquake/geological hazards. Table 4-8 includes historical earthquakes recorded in Southern California greater than magnitude 6.5.

Table 4-8 Historical Earthquakes Recorded in Southern California Date Magnitude Fault Name (Incident Name)
7/5/2019 7.1 Garlock (Ridgecrest)
1/17/1994 6.7 Northridge Thrust (Northridge Earthquake) 2/911971 6.5 San Fernando (San Fernando Earthquake)
7121/1954 7.5 White Wolf5/1 8/1 949 6.9 Imperial (Imperial Valley Earthquake) 11/4!1 927 7.1 Unknown (Lompoc Earthquake)
412111918 6.8 San Jacinto
11911857 7.9 San Andreas (Fort Tejon Earthquake)
12/811812 7.5 San Andreas (Wrightwood Earthquake) — Location The frequency and strength of earthquakes depend on the number and type of faults that pass through an area. Avalon is not located within an Alquist-Priolo Fault-Rupture Hazard Zone (California Geological Survey, 1999) and is therefore not subject to surface rupture.

However, six (6) active and potentially active faults are located within 25 miles of Avalon.

An active fault is defined as a fault showing evidence of surface displacement during Holocene time (within the last approximately 11,700 years). A potentially active fault is defined as a fault showing evidence of surface displacement during Quaternary time (within the last approximately 2.6 million years).

Figure 4-9 depicts regional faults that could create severe ground shaking in Avalon.

Although no known faults are located within Avalon, the aforementioned fault systems could cause property damage, possibly resulting in injury and loss of life in the event of a major earthquake due to ground motion. The level of impact resulting from any seismic activity wiil depend on factors such as: distance from epi’enter, earthquake magnitude,and characteristics of soils and subsurface geology. 55 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MtTIGATION PLAN — PreQt Faults Nr / [] City Boundary ed0 500010.000 A Feet — Qt Faults
Figure 4-3: Regional Fault Lines
56 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Stagecoach Rd
f3itdpatkRd
City Boundary
Road
Ocean
Av&on Golf Course
Seismic Shake Potential(2% at 50 years)
025 - 0.350.351 - 0.450.451 - 0.55
Figure 4-10: City of Avalon Earthquake Shake Potential Map 57 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
ExtentEarthquake
Two (2) scales are used to measure the severity and intensity of an earthquake. The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale measures the ground shaking intensity in terms of acceleration, velocity, and displacement. The Moment Magnitude (Mw) Scale measures the severity of the earthquake by the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake. The Mw scale, based on the concept of seismic moment, is uniformlyapplicable to all sizes of earthquakes. The extent of damage from an earthquake is determined by the magnitude of the earthquake, distance from the epicenter, andcharacteristics of surface geology. Table 4-9 shows an approximate correlation between the Mw and the MMI Scale and its effects.

Table 4-9: Severity (Mw) and Intensity (MMI) Comparison Magnitude
(Mw)

1.0-3.0 I

3.0 - 3.9 II — Ill II. Felt only by a few persons
at rest, especially on upper
floors of buildings.

IV. Felt indoors by many,outdoors by few during the
day. At night, some
awakened. Dishes, windows,
doors disturbed; walls make
cracking sound—a sensationlike heavy truck striking
building. Standing motor carsrocked noticeably.

VI. Felt by all, manyfrightened. Some heavyfurniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster—
damage slight.

Ill. Felt quite noticeably bypersons indoors, especially onupper floors of buildings. Manypeople do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars
may rock slightly. Vibrations
similar to the passing of a truck.

Duration estimated.

V. Felt by nearly everyone; many
awakened. Some dishes,
windows broken. Unstable objects
overturned. Pendulum clocks maystop.

VII. Damage negligible in
buildings of good design and
construction; slight to moderate in
well-built ordinary structures;
considerable damage in poorly
built or badly designed structures;
some chimneys broken.

MMI Scale
Intensity Abbreviated MMI Scale: Effects
I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.

4.0-4.9 IV—V

5.0-5.9 VI—VII
58 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-9 Severity (Mw) and Intensity (MMI) Comparison

6.0 - 6.9 VIII — IX VIII. Damage slight in
specially designedstructures; considerabledamage in ordinarysubstantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage
great in poorly builtstructures. Fall of chimneys,
factory stacks, columns,
monuments, walls. Heavy
furniture overturned.

7.0 and X - XI X. Some well-built wooden
higher structures destroyed; most
masonry and frame
structures destroyed with
foundations. Rails bent.

XI. Few, if any (masonry)
structures remain standing.

Bridges destroyed. Rails bent
greatly.

XII XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air.

Source: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): htti://earthQuake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mag vs in php Probability of Future Events
Avalon is in a seismically active area with many faults in the surrounding area and regionat-large. There will be an ever-present danger, of course, posed by any seismic shaking,which could potentially cause damage to buildings and/or infrastructure. It is almost inevitable that an earthquake will occur along one of the adjacent or regional fault lines and cause a major seismic event.

There is a strong likelihood that the City will experience a significant earthquake from one of the known major faults in the next 30 years. In 2015, the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP) issued its third Uniform California EarthquakeRupture Forecast (UCERF3), which determined the likelihood for magnitude 6.7 and larger earthquakes within the next 30 year, somewhere in the region remains near certainty (greater than 99%). Within the next 30 years, the probabilities of earthquakes inSouthern California are:
• 60% that an earthquake measuring magnitude 6.7• 46% that an earthquake measuring magnitude 7• 31% that an earthquake measuring magnitude 7.5 In addition to UCERF3 forecasts, which project the odds of a major earthquake on local and regional faults, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) forecasts the severity of seismicshaking in different locations for various p!ausibie earthquake scenarios.

Magnitude
(Mw)
MMI Scale
Intensity Abbreviated MMI Scale: Effects
IX. Damage considerable in
specially designed structures;
well-designed frame structuresthrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with
partial collapse. Buildings shifted
off foundations.
59 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
As a moderate risk to the City, landslides can occur during periods of extreme weather or after a large earthquake. FEMA’s risk index currently lists Los Angeles County as Relatively High.Impact of Climate Change
Climate change is not expected to have any direct influence on the likelihood, size, and/orseverity of any future seismic-related event. Landslides and other geological hazards canbe more common with the impacts of climate change due to more extreme weather events causing greater water saturation of soils, such as during the 2023 atmospheric riverevents. More extreme El Niño weather events could also increase the amount of water dumped during each event despite the area becoming dryer on average. 60 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

4.5.5 Erosion
Hazard Description
Erosion hazard refers to the likelihood and potential severity of soil erosion in a specific area. It’s influenced by factors like soil type, slope, vegetation cover, rainfall, anddisturbance. Areas with erodible soils, steep slopes, and little or no vegetation areconsidered high-hazard areas, while areas with stable soils, gentle slopes, and good vegetation cover are considered low-hazard. Erosion is then broken down into twosubcategories: costal erosion and slope erosion.

Costal ErosionCoastal erosion is the wearing away of beaches and coastal bluffs by wind, rain, and high tides and surf. While erosion constantly occurs at a very slow rate, it can happen rapidlyduring intense storm events, which may cause multiple feet of beach or bluffs to erode at once. Poor drainage at buildings and facilities located on top of bluffs can increase the rate of erosion. Coastal erosion poses different threats to bluffs and beaches. Many coastal bluffs are developed, and erosion can wear away at the cliffs underneath buildingsand facilities. Open spaces such as yards or parks on top of coastal bluffs can shrink as the underlying rock erodes away. Bluff erosion also wears away at the foundations of any structures built on top of the cliffs. If the erosion progresses past a set point, the structure itself may partially or completely collapse, or the risk of such a collapse may be great enough that the structure is condemned. Coastal erosion also damages beaches by making the beach area narrower. As beaches can act as a buffer between the ocean andbeachfront property, any beach erosion makes this buffer less effective, increasing therisk of coastal flooding for beachfront property.

Slope ErosionSlope erosion, or hillside soil erosion, is the process whereby soil on a surface that hasan incline is worn away by natural forces such as water, wind or even anthropogenicactivities. Erosion is more pronounced in sloped areas since the force of gravity works on the soil particles causing them to move and making it quite difficult for plants to fixthemselves to the ground. This may result in landslides, loss of soil, low agricultural yields, and water pollution with soil constituents. There are four (4) primary causes of slopeerosion: water runoff, wind, human activity, and gravity.

HistoryErosion is a frequent and ever-present hazard in Avalon, occurring during severe storms,high tides, and as hillsides erode.Location Overall, Avalon faces ongoing erosion issues due to its steep coastal bluffs, wave action, storm impacts, and geological composition, making certain locations vulnerable to mass 61 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
wasting and landslides. Efforts like breakwater construction help mitigate some effects, but natural erosion processes continue to shape the landscape. The Avalon harbor area has seen significant development over time, but coastal erosion remains a concern due to wave action. The breakwater, made from breccia sourced at East End Quarry, was builtto mitigate erosion and protect the harbor. Located southeast of Avalon, this quarry provided material for breakwaters but has also contributed to localized erosion andlandscape alteration. The area’s geology suggests susceptibility to continued erosion,particularly from quarrying disturbances. Homes on hillsides of the City are at risk of erosion due to the slope’s natural tendency to accelerate water flow, leading to soildisplacement and potential landslides. Gravity, combined with rainfall, can destabilizesoil, causing it to shift and potentially damage foundations and structures. Lack ofsufficient vegetation to anchor the soil and proper drainage systems to manage runoff further exacerbate this risk.

ExtentErosion is a major geological process across Catalina Island, affecting coastal bluffs, canyon slopes, roadways, and harbors. Some mitigation efforts, like the Avalon Harbor breakwater, help control erosion, but natural processes continue to reshape the island’slandscape. The average 70-year cliff-retreat rate for Southern California is approximately

0.3 meters per year. No data for Avalon exists at this time, leaving a large data gap for understanding local erosion rates. What is known is that erosion is often worse during therainy season, when severe storms can cause substantial erosion.

Probability of Future Events
As it is an ongoing process, erosion is expected to continue. The rate of future erosion is difficult to anticipate, but it is likely that any increases in sea levels or the frequency and/orseverity of storms may increase the erosion rate.

Climate Change ConsiderationsCostal ErosionCoastal erosion is caused primarily by tides and wave action from storms. While tides are not affected by climate change, some studies suggest that climate change is expected to cause a 10% to 20% increase in the intensity of the severe storms that affect Southern California, as discussed in greater detail in the Flood section. This means that the significant wave events that already cause substantial erosion in Avalon may become more intense, causing greater loss of beaches and coastal bluffs during these events.Sea-level rise, which is caused by climate change, may exacerbate the issue. As the surface of the ocean becomes higher, wave and tidal action will be able to reach farther onto land than they currently can. As a result, wave and tide events that currently do not reach far enough to cause any erosion may be able to do so in the future, and wave and tide events that already cause erosion will be able to affect areas farther from the water line.
62 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Slope ErosionSoil erosion under climate change is most directly affected by changes in extremeprecipitation. Extreme precipitation is projected to increase because of the increasingmoisture-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere, resulting in a more vigoroushydrological cycle. Long-term observations already show an increasing trend in extreme precipitation globally, while climate model projections suggest a further increase in the coming decades. Extreme precipitation not only affects soil erosion through thedetachment of soil particles by raindrop impact, but also through the detachment by runoff. Climate change most likely causes an increase in infiltration excess surface runoff,promoting nIl and (ephemeral) gully erosion, which are reported to contribute most to total sediment yield.
63 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

4.5.6 Extreme Weather (Storm Surge, Severe VVind, Costal FIoodingHurricane)
Storm Surge (Hazard Description)
Storm surge is an abnormal water level rise generated by a storm over and above thepredicted astronomical tide. Storm tide is the water level rise due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide. This rise in water level can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas, particularly when storm surge coincides with normal high tides, resultingin storm tides reaching up to 20 feet or more in some cases. However, to avoid confusion, “storm surge” is used interchangeably. Keep in mind neither definition includes waveaction occurring on top of the surge, which can add additional feet to the overall water level.

Storm surge is primarily caused by the strong onshore winds of a hurricane or tropical storm. The wind circulation around the eye of a hurricane causes vertical circulation in the ocean. While in deep water, there is no indication of storm surge because there is nothing to interfere with this circulation. However, once the storm reaches the shallower waters near the coast, the vertical circulation is disrupted by the ocean bottom. The water can no longer move downward, so it begins to move upward and inland, resulting in storm surge.The maximum amount of storm surge for a particular location depends on several factors.

Storm surge is a very complex phenomenon because it is sensitive to the slightest changes in storm intensity, forward speed, size (radius of maximum winds), angle of approach to the coast, and the shape and characteristics of the coastline. Below are examples of these factors and a hypothetical storm surge flooding graphic representing where inundation occurred and how high the water reached in the simulation. • Storm lntensfty (Wind Speed)
- Stronger winds will produce a higher storm surge. The two images below show potential storm surge inundation from two different storm intensities: A Category Two(2) storm on the left and a Category Three (3) storm on the right. • Forward Speed
- While a faster storm will produce a higher surge at the immediate coastline, a slower storm will produce a surge that penetrates farther inland.

Size (radius of maximum winds)
- A larger storm will produce a higher surge. There are two (2) reasons for this. First, the winds in a largest storm push on a larger ocean area. Second, the strong winds in a larger storm will tend to affect an area longer than in a similar storm. • Angle of approach
- The Angle at which a storm approaches a coastline can affect the amount of storm surge pushed over land. A storm that moves onshore perpendicular to the coast is more likely to produce a higher storm surge than one that moves parallel to the coastor inland at an oblique angle. The image on the left shows a storm approaching at an 64 CITY OFAVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
angle; however, the image on the right shows a storm approaching nearlyperpendicular to the coastline. • Width and Slope of the Ocean Bottom
- A wide, gently sloping continental shelf will allow for a higher storm surge. In contrast, a narrow, steeply sloping shelf will allow more difficulty creating storm surge. • Shape of the Coastline and Local Features
- Storm surge will be higher when a storm makes landfall on a concave coastline than a convex coastline. Storm surge is also highly dependent on local features and barriers that affect the flow of water.

Severe Wind (Hazard Description)
Windstorms are generally short-duration events involving straight-line winds or gusts of over 50—60 mph, strong enough to cause property damage. Damage from such winds accounts for half of all severe weather reports in the lower 48 states. Wind speeds can reach up to 100 mph and can produce a damage path extending for hundreds of miles.

The Beaufort Wind Chart Table 4-12 provides terminology and a description of potential wind impacts at different levels.

The following types of damaging winds represent a hazard within the planning area:
• Santa Ana Winds—ln Southern California, strong, dry, gusty winds known as Santa Ana winds form when air from a region of high pressure over the desert region of the southwestern U.S. flows westward toward low pressure areas off the California coast. As the wind flows over the Sierra Nevada and Santa Ana mountains, dropping from high elevation to sea level, it becomes compressed and heats up, and its relative humidity drops. Gaps in mountains form wind tunnels that strengthen these winds as they pour warm air east to west through the canyons.

Santa Ana winds may occur year-round but are most common from September through March. A Santa Ana wind event can yield sustained winds of 40 mph isolated wind gusts of over 80 mph have been recorded.
• Downdrafts—A downdraft is a small-scale column of air that rapidly sinks toward the ground.
• Downbursts—A downburst is a strong downdraft with horizontal dimensions larger than 2.5 miles, resulting in an outward burst or damaging winds on or near theground. Downburst winds may sometimes produce damage similar to a strongtornado. Although usually associated with thunderstorms, downbursts can occur with showers too weak to produce thunder.
• Microbursts—Microbursts are small, concentrated downbursts that produce an outward burst of damaging winds at the surface. Microbursts are generally less than

2.5 miles across and short-lived, lasting only five (5) to 10 minutes, with maximum wind speeds up to 168 mph.
65 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
• Tornados—Tornados are formed by the turbulent mixing of layers of air with contrasting temperature, moisture, density, and wind flow. Tornados have occurred in the planning area but are not common.

Windstorms can result in collapsed or damaged buildings, damaged or blocked roads and bridges, damaged traffic signals, streetlights, and parks, and other damage. Wind speeds as low as 32 mph can cause structural damage, and winds of 100 mph can destroy woodframe structures. They can also cause direct losses to buildings, people, and vital equipment. There are direct consequences to the local economy resulting from windstorms and the associated physical damage and interrupted services.

Coastal Flooding (Hazard Description)
Coastal flooding is a sudden and abrupt inundation of a coastal environment caused bya short-term increase in water level due to a storm surge and extreme tides. The magnitude and extension depend on the coastal topography, storm surge conditions, and broader bathymetry of the coastal area.Coastal flooding is generally a natural process and constitutes an important part of the natural coastal dynamics, especially for salt marshes and mangrove forests. In areas withhuman activities, however, it can constitute a major challenge and lead to loss of property and lives.

Flooding constitutes a particular challenge in low-lying areas as deltas and coastal plains and land subsidence caused by sediment deficits/compaction or ground water extractioncan further exacerbate the problem. Technical measures for flood control include dikeconstruction, maintenance of natural dune systems, protection of coastal ecosystems, flood proofing and accommodation activities and early warning systems. Generally, even moderate flooding hazards should be taken very seriously due to the potential disastrous consequences, and flood protection is a key aspect in coastal Disaster Risk Reduction.

Hurricane (Hazard Description)
Tropical storms and hurricanes are characterized by strong winds and rain, tidal and in land flooding, high waves, and have the potential to spawn severe thunderstorms, lighting, and tornadoes. These weather events, generally known as tropical cyclones, are an organized system of rotating clouds and thunderstorms that originate over tropical orsubtropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. These storms form when a developing center of low pressure moves over warm water, and the pressure drops in the center of the storm. As the pressure drops, the system becomes more organized and the winds begin to rotate around the low pressure, pulling in the warm and moist ocean air.

This is what causes the wind and rain associated with a tropical cyclone. As the storm system rotates faster, an eye forms in the center. Higher-pressure air from above flows down into the eye.Tropical cyclones act as a safety valve that limits the build-up of heat and energy intropical regions by maintaining the atmospheric heat and moisture balance between thetropics and the poleward latitudes. 66 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Tropical cyclones rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere moving normallyfrom east to west with an average diameter of 200 to 400 miles across. If all of theconditions are favorable (warm ocean water and favorable high-altitude winds), thesystem could strengthen to become categorized as a tropical storm or hurricane. The following are descriptions of the four general levels of development for a storm:
• Tropical Depression—The formative stages of a tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface winds are 38 mph (33 knots) or less Tropical Storm—A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface winds range from 39 to 73 mph (34 to 63 knots)
• Hurricane—A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 74 mph (64 knots) or higher
• Major Hurricane—A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface winds is at least 111 mph (96 knots) or higher, corresponding to a Category Three (3), Category Four (4), or Category Five (5) on the Saftir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
Hurricanes are further ranked by wind speed from Category One (1) to Category Five (5), with five (5) being catastrophic.

History
Table 4-10 summarizes search results from the National Center for Environmental Information Storm Events Database for Los Angeles County storm events over the 20- year period from 2002 through 2025. Based on these results, wind events are likely to happen every year, significant heat events occur multiple times a year. Avalon has notbeen included in any federal disaster declarations or state emergency proclamationsrelated to Extreme Weather.

Table 4-10: Los Angeles County Severe Weather Events, January 2002 — August 2025 Total Number Event Types Include of Events
High Wind, Thunderstorm Wind, Strong Wind, Tornado 423Excessive Heat, Heat 0Heavy Rain, Lightning, Winter storm 15 LocationExtreme weather events have the potential to happen anywhere in the planning area.

Wind events are most damaging to areas where trees and power lines can be knocked down. Low-lying coastal areas in California are vulnerable to coastal flooding and can be impacted during high-water caused by storms, astronomical conditions, and significant wave action. Certain areas along the coast may have higher risk of experiencing structural 67 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
damage caused by wave action or high-velocity water during the I % annual-chance flood.

These areas are identified on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) as Coastal High Hazard Areas (FEMA 2021b). Storm surge modeling computes the maximum potential storm surges based on storm movement in different directions and strengths incombination with topography and tides. Hurricanes and tropical storms can impact the entire planning area, bringing heavy rain which can cause localized flooding and landslides.

Extent
Storm SurgeCalifornia’s precipitation varies from year to year, depending on how much moisture the state receives from atmospheric rivers. Atmospheric rivers are corridors along which wet air travels from the tropics to continents. When the moisture arrives in California, it mayprecipitate as rain or snow. One of California’s most known atmospheric rivers is the “Pineapple Express,” which brings moist air from the ocean surrounding Hawaii to California. An immense amount of moisture may be transported along the atmospheric rivers that cross over California during certain years, leading to severe rains.

Another weather phenomenon influencing rainfall in southern California is “El Niño,” officially referred to as the “Southern Oscillation” or “El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).” ENSO can cause increased rainfall, particularly during the winter months, caused by warming of the surface of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, leading to theevaporation of warm, moist air into the atmosphere. Winds bring this moisture to the eastern Pacific and the American continents, where it falls as rain. ENSO does not always lead to increased rainfall by default, but in general, it can increase the chances of winter with higher-than-usual precipitation.

Rain events are usually measured by the amount of precipitation that falls. Table 4-11 categorizes rain events by the amount of precipitation per hour.

Table 4-11: Measuring Heavy Rain Events
Rain Type Description
Heavy Rain More than 4 mm per hour but less than 8 mm per hour Very Heavy Rain Greater than 8 mm per hour
Moderate Shower Greater than 2mm, but less than 10mm per hourHeavy Shower Greater than 10 mm per hour, but less than 50 mm per hour Violent Shower Greater than 50 mm per hour
Windstorms
Generally, winds are measured using the Beaufort scale, developed in 1805, which categorizes wind events on a force scale from zero (0) to 12 using their speed and 68 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
impacts. Any wind classified as force nine (9) or above is generally considered a severe wind event. Table 4-12 identifies the Beaufort scale, which classifies wind events in detail.

Table 4-12: Beaufort Scale
Force Speed (mph) Description
o 0 to I Calm: Smoke rises vertically
1 1 to 3 Light air: The direction of the
wind is shown by smoke drift
but not wind vanes.
2 4 to 7 Light breeze: Wind is felt on
the face, leaves rustle, andwind vanes are moved.
3 8 to 12 Gentle breeze: Leaves and
small twigs are in motion, and
light flags are extended.
4 13 to 18 Moderate breeze: Dust and
loose paper become
airborne, and small branchesare moved.
5 19 to 24 Fresh breeze: Small trees
begin to sway
6 25 to 31 Strong breeze: Large
branches are in motion, andusing an umbrella becomes
difficult.
7 32 to 38 High wind: Whole trees are in
motion and walking against
the wind can be hard.
8 39 to 46 Strong wind: Walking is
difficult, and twigs break off
trees.
9 47 to 54 Severe wind: Slight structural
damage.
10 55 to 63 Storm: Trees are uprooted
and considerable damage tostructures.
11 63 to 72 Violent storm: Widespread
damage.
12 73 and above Hurricane: Devastating
damage.

Coastal Flooding
As indicated by the descriptions in Table 4-13 of four cast flooding events between 69 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
2018 and 2020, coastal flooding in California has significant potential for harm to people and damage to property. High surf has been reported with wave sets up to 15 feet. Roadsand private properties have been damaged by the flooding. At least one (1) person caught in high surf has drowned, and several have required rescue.

Table 4-13: Costal Flooding Events in Southern California

FEMA USDA
Date Event Type Declaration Declaration Counties Impacted Number Number
February 4, 2024 Costal Flood N/A N/A Los AngelesIn the same atmospheric river, the Los Angeles area received 4.10” inches of rain, causing extreme flooding and mudslides.July 11,2018 Coastal Flood N/A N/A Los Angeles County Minor coastal flooding occurred at high tide in Los Angeles County. No damage to homes was reported.

January 2005 Costal Flood N/A N/A Los Angeles, Santa
Barbara, Orange,
San Diego
Large amounts of rain in January caused the Los Angeles River basin to overflow. The Ventura, Santa Ynez, and Santa Clara Rivers also flooded.

Hurricane
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a “1” to “5” rating based only on a hurricane’s maximum sustained wind speed. This scale does not take into account other potentially deadly hazards such as storm surge, rainfall flooding, nor tornadoes.

The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale estimates potential property damage. While all hurricanes produce life-threatening winds, hurricanes rated Category Three (3) andhigher are known as major hurricanes*. Major hurricanes can cause devastating to catastrophic wind damage and significant loss of life simply due to the strength of their winds. Hurricanes of all categories can produce deadly storm surge, rain-induced floods, and tornadoes. These hazards require people to take protective action, including evacuating from areas vulnerable to storm surge.*ln the western North Pacific, the term “super typhoon” is used for tropical cyclones withsustained winds exceeding 150 mph. Table 4-14 identifies the Saffir-Simpson HurricaneWind Scale, which classifies wind events in detail. 70 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-14: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
Category Sustained Winds Types of Damage Due to Hurricane Winds 1 74-95 mph Very dangerous winds will produce some
64-82 kt damage: Well-constructed frame homes could have 119-1 53 km/h damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap, and shallowly rooted treesmay be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines andpoles likely will result in power outages that could last a few to several days.
2 96-110 mph Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive 83-95 kt damage: Well-constructed frame homes could sustain 154-1 77 km/h major roof and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous
roads. Near-total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks.
3 111-129 mph Devastating damage will occur: Well-built framed homes (major) 96-112 kt may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and 178-208 km/h gable ends. Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads. Electricity and water will beunavailable for several days to weeks after the stormpasses. 4 130-156 mph Catastrophic damage will occur: Well-built framed (major) 113-136 kt homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the 209-251 km/h roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen
trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of thearea will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. 5 157 mph or higher Catastrophic damage will occur: A high percentage of (major) 137 kt or higher framed homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and 252 km/h or higher wall collapse. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks topossibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months.

Probability of Future Events
Avalon is highly likely to experience Extreme Weather annually. California experienced 53 coastal flood events between 1996 and 2025, an average of nearly two (2) events per year. Such events are likely to continue with at least that frequency in the future.

Impact of Climate Change
Climate change is a key driver of severe weather events, including extreme heat and winter storms. Climate change has led to an increase in the earth’s surface temperaturewhich has caused hotter days and warmer nights. Winter storms have the possibility of 71 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
becoming more frequent with the climate temperatures increasing, and the atmosphere becoming more convective.Coastal areas may be impacted by climate change in different ways. A warmer atmosphere means storms have the potential to be more intense and occur more often.

These changes will exacerbate coastal flooding and erosion and will have severe impacts along the California coast.
5FIooq
Hazard DescriptionFloods are a common hazard in many parts of California, including Avalon. Ultimately, a flood occurs when there is too much water on the ground to be held within local water bodies, causing water to accumulate in naturally dry areas. They are often caused byheavy rainfall, though floods can also occur after a long period of moderate rainfall or ifunusually warm weather causes mountain snow to melt faster than expected. Floods that develop quickly, known as flash floods, are especially dangerous because there may be little warning that one is occurring, but floods can also build over a more extended period.

A flood, as defined by FEMA’s NFIP, is: “a general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of two (2) or more acres of normally dry land area or of two (2) or more properties (at least one of which is the policyholder’s property) from:
• Overflow of inland or tidal waters, or• Unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or• Mudflow, or• Collapse or subsidence of land along the shore of a lake or similar body of water as a result of erosion or undermining caused by waves or currents of waterexceeding anticipated cyclical levels.” Floods can be slow or fast rising but generally develop over a period of hours or days.

Mitigation includes any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an emergency happening, or lessen the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies.

Investing in mitigation measures now, such as engaging in floodplain management activities, constructing barriers such as levees, and purchasing flood insurance will help reduce the amount of structural damage and financial loss from other types of property damage should a flood or flash flood occur.

Floods are dangerous for several reasons. The floodwater can be deep enough for people to drown and move fast enough to sweep people away. The moving water can damage buildings with its force (in extreme cases, it may move entire structures) or carry large debris that damages objects with which it collides. When water gets into buildings, it can cause extensive damage to personal property, ruining building materials, furniture,electronics, and numerous other items. Both standing and moving water can be barriers to movement, isolating people and hindering evacuation, rescue, or relief efforts. 72 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
History
As an island community comprised primarily of hilly areas, Avalon is subject to frequent flooding during winter storms. Geologic hazards such as the potential of flooding, earthquakes, and landslides in the hilly areas warrant attention to sensitive design andconstruction standards, adding to the costs of construction. Furthermore, approximately 40%of the Canyon floor is subject to flooding in the event of a “100-year” storm.

Although Avalon is susceptible to flooding and coastal flooding, there have been no significant floods in Avalon.

Location
The flood zone covers all of Avalon Bay and the coastline north to Hamilton Cove. Within Avalon, the flood zone generally includes the area southeast of Sumner Avenue to Clemente Avenue, narrowing slightly as it extends through Avalon Canyon. FEMA flood zones are shown on Figure 4-11.
73 CITY OF AVALON
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2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
0 500 1.000
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Flood Hazard Zones
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Figure 4-11: FEMA Flood Zone Designation
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74 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
ExtentFlooding is the inundation of normally dry land as a result of a rise in the level of surface waters or the rapid accumulation of storm-water runoff; it becomes a hazard when the flow of water has the potential to damage property and threaten human life or health.

Flood risks are greatest, and flood hazards most severe, in winter, when water bodies areusually full and soils saturated. Flooding is primarily a natural process and, therefore, difficult to prevent. However, land use and development decisions have a significant effect on the frequency and severity of floods; in general, urbanization increases the risk of flooding by increasing stormwater runoff and, to a lesser extent, erosion. Flooding is oftena regional problem that crosses multiple jurisdictional boundaries Flood events are measured by their likelihood of occurrence. For instance, a 100-year flood is a flood that has a one (1) in 100 (1 .0%) chance of occurring in any given year. A 500-year flood is a flood that has a one (1) in 500 (0.2%) chance of occurring in any given year. The 100-year flood has been designated as the benchmark for major flood events.Thus 100-year floods are referred to as “base floods.” Floodplains are areas that are prone to flooding and often experience frequent flooding.

While it is possible for areas outside of these designated floodplains to experienceflooding, the most likely locations to experience future flooding are low-lying areas near bodies of water. FEMA is the governmental body responsible for designating which areasof the U.S. can be classified as floodplains.

The three (3) most common designations are:
• Special Flood Hazard Area: The area within a 100-year floodplain • Moderate Flood Hazard Area: The area outside the 100-year floodplain but within the 500-year floodplain
• Minimum Flood Hazard Area: The area outside of the 500-year floodplain Avalon, California, like many cities, has areas that are subject to flooding. FEMA provides detailed maps and categories to help communities understand and manage their flood risk. These floodplain designations are crucial for City planning, construction, insurance, and emergency preparedness. Table 4-15 shows these detailed floodplain categories.

Substantial areas of the City are within the FEMA Flood ZoneAE, which is an area subject to inundation by a 100- year flood and for which base flood elevations (BFEs) have been determined.

Table 4-15: FEMA Floodplain Categories
Category Description
A Within a 100-year floodplain, but the water height of the 100-year flood is not known.

A1-30 or AE Within a 100-year floodplain and the water height of the 100-year flood is known.
75 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 4-15: FEMA Floodplain Categories
Category Description
AO Within a 100-year floodplain, and the water height of the 100-year flood is between one and three feet (3 ft.) but not specifically known.

A99 Within a 100-year floodplain, itis protected by flood protection infrastructures such as dams or levees.

AH Within a 100-year floodplain, and the water height of the 100-year flood is between one and three feet (3 ft.) and is specifically known.

AR Within a 100-year floodplain, it is protected by flood protection infrastructure that is not currently effective but is being rebuilt to provide protection.

V Within a 100-year floodplain for coastal floods, but the height of the flood is not known.

VI -30 or VE Within a 100-year floodplain for coastal floods and the water height of the flood is known.

VO Within a 100-year floodplain for shallow coastal floods with a height between one and three feet (3 ft.).

B Within a 500-year floodplain, or within a 100-year floodplain with a water height less than one foot (found on older maps).

C Outside of the 500-year floodplain (found on older maps).

X Outside of the 500-year floodplain (found on newer maps).

X500 Within a 500-year floodplain or within a 100-year floodplain with a water height less than one foot (found on newer maps).

D Within an area with a potential and undetermined flood hazard.

M Within an area at risk of mudslides from a 100-year flood event.

N Within an area at risk of mudslides from a 500-year flood event.

P Within an area at risk of mudslides from a potential and undetermined flood event.

E Within an area at risk of erosion from a 100-year flood event.

Probability of Future Events
The major causes of flooding in the City are short-duration, high-intensity storms. Water courses in the City can flood in response to a succession of intense winter rainstorms, usually between early November and late March. A series of such weather events can cause severe flooding in the City due to the large percentage of impervious area and theage and capacity of the drainage system.

A worst-case scenario is a series of storms that flood numerous drainage basins in a shorttime, such as those projected by USGS in the CAARkStorm Scenario (USGS 2018). This could overwhelm response and floodplain management capabilities within the City. Major roads could be blocked, preventing criticai access for many residents and critical functions. Additionally, as the grounds become saturated, groundwater flooding issues 76 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
typical for the City would be significantly enhanced.

Impact of Climate Change
Climate changes anticipated to occur throughout this century as a result of GHG emissions may make Avalon more vulnerable to flooding increases. Potential impacts of increased storm surges may include flooding and overwhelming of sewage systems by storm runoff and high tides. Jetties and seawalls may need to be raised and strengthened to protect harbors which are used for shipping, recreation, and tourism (all from California Energy Commission, 2010).

Climate Change can also increase the frequency and/or intensity of mudflows. Changes in precipitation, specifically the increased frequency of intense precipitation, can result in a water content the ground cannot tolerate, and may cause mudflows. These mudflowsmay happen more frequently due to the increased number of heavy rainfall events. 77 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

4.5.8 Fire
Hazard Description
Wildfire
As defined in the CAL FIRE 2010 Strategic Fire Plan, a wildfire event is an unwanted wildland fire including unauthorized human-caused fires, escaped wildfire use events, escaped prescribed wildfire projects, and all other wildfires.

Wildfire hazards are a significant and recurrent threat and have the potential to destroy buildings, cause damage to vital infrastructure, injure people, and can result in loss of life, agricultural land, and animals. Wildfire season commences in early spring through late fall every year during the hotter, dryer months. Highly flammable vegetation and warm, dry summers create the potential for wildland fires in Vacaville. The risk of wildiand fires is related to a combination of factors, including winds, temperatures, humidity levels, and fuel moisture content. Of these four (4) factors, wind is the most crucial. Steep slopes also contribute to fire hazards by intensifying the effects of wind and making fire suppression difficult. Where there is easy public access to dry vegetation, fire hazards increase due to greater chance of human carelessness. High hazard areas include outlying residential parcels and open lands adjacent to residential areas. Such development has also moved the wild land urban interface (WUI) (the area where humandevelopment meets undeveloped wildiand) closer to higher-risk, wildfire hazard areas, increasing the number of people and buildings at risk as illustrated in Figure 4-12: AvalonFire Hazard Severity Zones. 78 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Figure 4-12: Avalon Fire High Hazard Severity Zones
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79 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Wildiand Urban Interface Fire (WUI)
A WUI fire includes situations in which a wild land fire enters an area that is developedwith structures and other human developments. In WUI fires, the fire is fueled by both naturally occurring vegetation and the urban structural elements themselves. According to the National Fire Plan issued by the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Interior, the wildland-urban interface is defined as . .the line, area, or zone where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildiand or vegetative fuels.”The WUI fire can be subdivided into three (3) categories (NWUIFPP, 1998): 1) classic wildland urban interface; 2) the mixed wildland-urban interface; and 3) the occludedwildland-urban interface. The classic wildland-urban interface exists where well-defined urban and suburban development presses up against open expanses of wildland areas.

The mixed wildland-urban interface is characterized by isolated homes, subdivisions, andsmall communities situated predominantly in wildland settings. The occluded wildland urban interface exists where islands of wildland vegetation occur inside a largelyurbanized area. Generally, many of the areas at risk within the City fall into the classic wildland-urban interface category.

Certain conditions must be present for a wildfire hazard to occur; a large source of fuelmust be present, the weather must be conducive (generally hot, dry, and windy), and fire suppression sources must not be able to easily suppress and control the fire. The causeof a majority of wildfires is human-induced or lightning; however, once burning, wildfire behavior is based on three (3) primary factors: 1) fuel; 2) topography; and 3) weather.

Fuel will affect the potential size and behavior of a wildfire depending on the amount present, its burning qualities (e.g. level of moisture), and its horizontal and vertical continuity. Topography affects the movement of air, and thus the fire, over the groundsurface. The terrain can also change the speed at which the fire travels, and the ability of firefighters to reach and extinguish the fire. Weather as manifested in temperature, humidity and wind (both short and long term) affect the probability, severity, and duration of wildfires. Other factors that create concern are drought conditions and development (the build environment). Drought conditions bring on contributing concerns in that it can lead to relatively drier conditions and leave reservoirs and water tables lower; thus, creating hotter fires and less water to fight the fires. The expansion of the builtenvironment into previously unoccupied areas introduces more people to the hazard and in some cases make response actions more challenging.

History
The City of Avalon has been included federal disaster declarations or state emergency proclamations related to fire. Table 4-16 shows the history of fires on Santa Catalina Island. List of recent notable fires that have impacted Los Angeles County can be found below.
80 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
• January 7, 2025 — The Eaton Fire began on the evening of January 7, 2025, in Eaton Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains. It burned over 14,100 acres and destroyed 9,414 4,627 structures and resulted in 167 civilian fatalities. • January 2025 — The Palisades Fire started in the Santa Monica Mountains of Los • Angeles County in Southern California which burned over 23,448 acres, destroying large areas of Pacific Palisades, Topanga, and Malibu. The fire destroyed 6,837 structures and caused 12 fatalities.
• September 6, 2020 — The Bobcat Fire started in the Los Angeles National Forest and burned almost 116,000 acres.
• September 5, 2020 — The El Dorado Fire wildfire in Southern California ignited by a gender reveal party. It burned 22,744 acres, destroyed 20 structures, and killedone firefighter. • November 8, 2018 — The Woolsey Fire started in Los Angeles County and spread north to neighboring Ventura County. The fire burned 96,949 acres of land, destroyed 1,643 structures, and killed three (3) people.

The table below list fire events that have occurred on Santa Catalina Island.

Table 4-16: History of Fires on Santa Catalina Island
Year Name Acres Burned
2021 Middle Fire 172011 Banning Fire 1172010 Echo Lake Fire 252007 Island Fire 4,7602006 MR Junction 2.62006 Empire Fire 1,0632006 Bullrush Fire 1.42003 Airport Fire 127 1999 Goat Harbor Fire 268
1959 Sweet Water Canyon 40
1958 North of Avalon Bush Fire
Location
The climate, topography, and vegetation in Avalon are conducive to annual wildfire events and can affect the entire planning area. Wildland fires may spread to urban areas resulting in urban fires. Structures within the City are primarily single-family dwellings away from the wildland/urban interface.
81 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Extent
While fires are not entirely preventable, it is possible to create conditions that reduce thechances of fire and that facilitate efficient response in case fire breaks out. When a fire does ignite, quick response from firefighters and an adequate supply of water are essential in minimizing damage.

General factors that affect an area’s risk from fire hazards include its location, land uses, distance from fire stations, ease of accessibility by fire-fighting equipment, and adequacy of water supply. More specifically, the extent and severity of damage by fires are determined by several key factors affecting vulnerability. The entire Santa Catalina Island, including Avalon, is designated as a very high fire hazard zone by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Due to the unique island geography, Avalon must be well prepared for emergency response in the event of a fire, as back-upresources require more time to cross the channel and reach the island.

The City of Avalon Fire Department provides fire protection service within the Avalon City limits. The County of Los Angeles Fire Department is responsible for fire protection outside the Avalon city limits. Three (3) facilities in the City support fire service: Avalon Fire Station #?, Avalon Station #55 and Baywatch Avalon. In addition, there are two saltwater reservoirs within the city limits that provide water for fire suppression.

Probability of Future Events
Fires will continue to occur on an annual basis in the City. The size and intensity of future fires and the impacts on City operations are difficult to predict.

Impact of Climate Change
Climate change and its associated dryer weather can be expected to increase wildfire risk through fuel hazards and ignition risks. These changes can also increase plant moisture stress and insect populations, both of which make the wildland areas prone to wildfires.

An increase in wildfire intensity and extent will increase public safety risks, property damage, fire suppression and emergency response costs to government, watershed and water quality impacts, and vegetation conversions and habitat fragmentation.

Regulatory Context
The City of Avalon Municipal Code provides standards for fire prevention, which are adopted from the County of Los Angeles Fire Code. Measures in the California BuildingCode reduce fire hazards in structures. These include use of specific building construction materials, fire separation walls, building separation, and use of fire sprinklers. Included in development regulations are requirements for minimum road widths that provideadequate access for firefighting equipment and evacuation of residents, as well asclearance around structures (fuel modification areas) to prevent the rapid spread of fire. 82 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

4.5.9 Human-Caused Hazards
Cyber Security Threats
Hazard Description
Cyber SecurityCyberterrorism and cyberattacks are terms for cybersecurity threats that are often used interchangeably, though they are not the same. All cyberterrorism is a form of cyberattack, but not all cyberattacks are cyberterrorism.

Public and private computer systems can experience a variety of cyberattacks, from blanket malware infection to targeted attacks on system capabilities. Cyberattacks specifically seek to breach information technology security measures designed to protectan individual or organization. The initial attack is followed by more severe attacks to cause harm, steal data, or for financial gain. Organizations are prone to different types of attacks that can be automated or targeted.

Any facility that relies on computers, computer systems and programs for their operations could be a target. Generally, attacks last minutes to days, but large-scale events and their impacts can last much longer. As information technology continues to grow in capability and interconnectivity, cyber threats become increasingly frequent and destructive. Cyber threats differ by motive, attack type and perpetrator profile. Motives range from the pursuit of financial gain to political or social aims. Cyber threats are difficult to identify andcomprehend. Types of threats include using viruses to erase entire systems, breaking into systems and altering files, using someone’s personal computer to attack others, or stealing confidential information. The spectrum of cyber risks is limitless, with threats having a wide range of effects on the individual, community, organizational, and national threat.

Ra nsomwa re
The Federal Bureau of Investigations defines ransomware as a type of malicious software, or malware, which prevents you from accessing your computer files, systems,or networks and demands you pay a ransom for their return. Businesses should have a business continuity plan in case of a ransomware attack.Cyberterrorism The FBI is the lead federal agency for investigating cyberterrorism. In order for a cyberattack to be considered terrorism, the attack must be premeditated and politically motivated against information, computer systems, computer programs, or data. “Cyberterrorism may be carried out by state and non-state actors which have thecapability to steal, alter, or destroy the nations sensitive data and, in the worst of cases, to manipulate from afar the process control systems that are meant to ensure the properfunctioning of portions of the nations’ criticai infrastructure” (FBI, The Cyber Threat andthe FBI’s Cyber Program). Critical infrastructure and the nation are becoming more 83 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
vulnerable to cyberattacks as their dependency on computer networks and systems grows.

History
Cyberattacks on U.S. companies occur daily, and the quantity and quality of information being hacked, stolen, destroyed, or leaked is becoming an increasing problem for consumers, government entities, and businesses.

The following list is of recent cyber-attacks that affected government agencies:
• May 28, 2025 — Several Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health employees received phishing emails originating from a trusted business partner.

Users interacted with the phishing email, allowing the malicious actor or actors to obtain log-in credentials for the Microsoft Office 365 user accounts, compromising the accounts of three (3) employees.
• May 13, 2025 — The City of St. Helena detected unauthorized activity on their network. Based on the investigation, it was determined that an unauthorized thirdparty accessed materials on the network containing personal information, includingnames, contact information, date of birth, and limited medical information. • April 2023 — The San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Office reported a security breach that encrypted its systems and reduced operations for over two (2) weeks. A member of the Sheriff’s Office clicked on a phished link and downloaded ransomware, disrupting emails and dispatch computers. The ransom cost $1 .1 million in cryptocurrency.
• February 8, 2021 —A hacker exploited a vulnerability in a desktop sharing platform to access a water utility’s treatment plant industrial control system. The hacker increased the quantity of a chemical used in the water treatment process to a dangerous level. An employee of the utility noticed inconsistencies and immediately reduced the chemical levels to normal and notified the Information Technology department.
• December 11, 2021—UKG Kronos was a victim of a ransomware attack that incapacitated Long Beach Fire Department Staffing Program, Telestaff, for approximately two (2) months.
• April 30, 2018—In Pasadena, City employee email accounts were compromised through a phishing scheme. Hackers used access to accounts to send outfraudulent emails to City contacts. The City immediately disabled accounts and changed passwords of all City employees and advised residents and associates to take caution when opening emails from City.
• November 22, 2017— 500 Los Angeles Superior Court employees received fraudulent emails leading to fake websites asking for account credentials. Less than a dozen employees fell for the phishing scam. A 31-year-old Texas resident was found to be responsible for the hacking.
84 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
• June 27th, 2017—The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors website homepage displayed pro-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) propaganda. The website was one of four (4) U.S. websites hacked the same way.

December 2016—A virus locked the Los Angeles Community College District’s computer network as well as its email and voicemail systems. After consulting withcyber-security experts and law enforcement, the District paid a $28,000 cyber ransom in bitcoin. The district had a cyber-security insurance policy to cover such attacks.

Location
Since computers are so ubiquitous, a cyber threat could appear in virtually any part of the City. In extreme circumstances, a threat could impact the entire City. Cyber threats vary in their length and severity of impact. A minor threat could cause computer systems to slow down for a few minutes and not behave as responsively. On the other hand, a majorcyber threat could cause a complete shutdown of critical systems, including those used by banks, healthcare institutions, universities, major businesses, and City governments.Globally, cyber threats are increasing and becoming more sophisticated. The most common types of attacks include:
• Phishing• Ransomware
• Intellectual Property Theft
• Spyware/Malware• Unpatched Software
Extent
The Index of Cyber Security (Figure 4-13) can be referenced to understand the status of cyber threats, which identifies the measure of perceived risk. Since 2015, this index has trended upward and appears to have doubled in this tirneframe. 85 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Figure 4-13: Index of Cyber Security
Cyber threats are not measured on any scale, but they can be assessed by determining the following:
• The type of incident (website defacement, denial of service, unauthorized surveillance)
• The use of malicious software• The level of security countermeasures that failed to prevent the cyber threat• The duration of the cyber threat (a few hours, a few days, several weeks, etc.) Possibility of Future OccurrenceDue to the integrated nature of technology into the everyday lives of Avalon’s residents, businesses, and government operations, it is possible that a cyber threat could emergein the future. While no cyber threats are publicly known to have disrupted the City’s normal operations in the past, the likelihood of a cyber threat affecting the residents, businesses,and/or governmental operations in the future is increasing.

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Terrorism
Hazard Description
Terrorism is the use or threat of force to achieve a particular social or political outcome.The goals of terrorism may sometimes be overturning a government, the reversal of a public policy, political prisoners’ release, and other such motives. Acts of terror mayoverlap with acts of war or hate crimes. Generally, terrorism involves an attempt to kill or seriously harm people or disrupt civil society by destroying property or infrastructure,attacking government operations at all levels, interrupting essential public services,creating chaos, or a combination of some or all these goals. Firearms and explosives are the most common weapons used among terrorists. In extreme situations, terrorists maygain access to mass destruction weapons, including bioweapons, chemical agents, radioactive materials, or high-yield explosives. It should be noted that these events areinfrequent. While incidents of terror caused by foreign individuals or groups receive significant media and public attention, most acts of terror in the U.S. have been caused by domestic terrorists.

A mass casualty incident describes an incident within the U.S. where emergency medical service resources, such as personnel and equipment, are overwhelmed by the numberand severity of casualties. The more commonly recognized events of this type include building collapses, train and bus collisions, plane crashes, earthquakes, and other largescale emergencies. The most common types are generally caused by terrorism, mass transportation accidents, or natural disasters. Events such as the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the September11 attacks in 2001, and the 2017 Las Vegas Shooting are wellpublicized examples of mass casualty incidents.

History
The City has been fortunate not to have experienced any acts of terrorism directly.

However, the following acts of terrorism/mass casualty incident events have occurred in California and the Country:
• August 1999 — On August 10, 1999, an American white supremacist walked into the lobby of the Jewish Community Center in Granada Hills and opened fire with an Uzi sub machine gun, firing 70 bullets into the complex. The gunfire wounded five (5) people.
• July 2002 — A man opened fire at the ticket counter at Los Angeles International Airport, killing two (2) people and injuring several others before being shot dead by security personnel.
• May 2015 -Two (2) Anaheim-based men were arrested at a Transportation Security Administration checkpoint at the Los Angeles International Airport who had reportedly sworn allegiance to the ISIS. One of these men, Muhanad Badawi, wasa student at Fullerton College. i 87
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
• December 2015 - A mass shooting and terrorist attack committed by a married couple who had reportedly sworn allegiance to ISIS killed 14 people at a medical facility in the City of San Bernardino.
• April 2019— The Poway synagogue shooting occurred on April27, 2019, at Chabad of Poway synagogue in Poway, California on the last day of the Jewish Passover holiday, which fell on a Shabbat. Armed with an AR-15—style rifle, the gunman, fatally shot one woman and injured three (3) other people, including the synagogue’s rabbi.

Location
Mass Casualty Incidents can occur anywhere, although public spaces and locations where many people congregate (parks, schools, places of worship, government facilities, shopping centers, and public gathering areas) are most common. Critical locations in Avalon may be the Catalina Casino, shopping centers, governmental facilities (i.e., City Hall), schools, medical facilities, parks, and large employers within the City (i.e., the Catalina Island Company). Acts of terrorism may be located at the locations listed above; however, the perpetrators may also choose high-value targets such as electric-generating facilities, water treatment plants, dams or reservoirs, railroads, highways, and otherfacilities that could impact governmental operations and services.

Extent
Mass Casualty Incidents and acts of terrorism are typically measured by the fatalities,injuries, and destruction they cause, but there is no universally used scale for measuring these events.

Probability of Future Occurrence
Given that mass casualty incidents and acts of terrorism stem from a variety of factors:
economics, societal pressures, mental health, global geopolitics, warfare, religion, etc. it is impossible to predict when and where an incident could occur. While important, it is anticipated that any future incidents would likely originate domestically and are less likely to attract the attention of international terrorist groups. Incidents of these types are more likely to be conducted by smaller organizations or individuals aligned with greater-knownorganizations, although the effects may be no less significant. Given the presence of this facility as well as large shopping center, numerous schools, and large employers within the City, the potential does exist for mass-casualty incidents/acts of terrorism. 88 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

4.5.10 Landslide
Hazard Description
Some soil materials, such as clay minerals, can absorb water, resulting in a reduction of shear strength. The force of gravity can cause landslides when the shear strength of saturated clay is reduced below its minimum stability threshold. Earthquake-induced landslides of steep slopes can occur in either bedrock or soils. Areas at risk fromlandslides typically have steep slopes (15% or greater), unstable rock or soil characteristics, or other geologic evidence of instability. The City does not have slopes of this steepness.While ground shaking, liquefaction, surface fault rupture, subsidence, expansive soils, and landslides may all result from an earthquake, the City has taken the approach of developing mitigation activities that address earthquakes as a single hazard. This is based upon the fact that the sub-hazards of landslide and surface fault rupture are unlikely in the City, and that ground shaking, liquefaction, subsidence, and expansive soils resultin damage to structures and facilities. Mitigation actions will be designed to address the sub-hazards as a single hazard.

HistoryLandslides in California occur mainly due to intense rainfall but occasionally are triggered by earthquakes. Although they most often are reported when they impact residential developments, landslides also damage roads, railroads, pipelines, electrical lines, andother infrastructure throughout the state, and occur in unoccupied parts of the state. The following lists notable landslides in Avalon and California history. • March 29, 2024 — Landslide at Lover’s Cove; Avalon, CA March 17, 2023 — Rockslide at Pebbly Beach Road; Avalon, CA Location
Most of Avalon is susceptible to landslides due to its geological setting. The island’s topography, characterized by steep slopes and cliffs, is vulnerable to erosion and mass movements. Additionally, the region experiences tectonic activity and is prone to earthquakes, which can trigger landslides. The California Department of Conservationdoes not have landslide layers for Avalon. Deep Seated Landslide map is provided in itsstead. 89 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Avalon
Road
OceanGolf Course
Park
Deep-Seated Landslide Susceptibility
Low SusceptibilityMedium SusceptibilityHicjh Susceptibility Figure 4-14: City of Avalon Deep Seated Landslide
Pacific Ocean
City Boundary
90 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
ExtentLandslides are not common in Avalon but do occur. They are most likely to occur during and immediately after storms when water saturation of the soil is at highest levels or during a significant earthquake.There is no standardized classification for size or damage of landslides. The National Atmospheric and Space Administration (NASA) uses these definitions based on the exponential increase in mass of the landslide:
• Small: Less than 10 cubic meters of debris. These minimally impact infrastructure and roads may still hold enough mass to kill a human.
• Medium: Between 10 and 1,000 cubic meters of debris. These can block roads for days, damage houses and facilities, and easily kill humans. • Large: Between 1,000 and 100,000 cubic meters of debris. Often cover wide areas with substantial impact to roads and infrastructure, likely displacing people and causing tens to hundreds of casualties.
• Very Large: Between 100,000 and 1,000,000 cubic meters of debris. These landslides cover extremely large areas that can cover entire towns and neighborhoods.
• Catastrophic: Over 1,000,000 cubic meters of debris. Multiple towns, neighborhoods, and boroughs may be impacted or completely covered. Fatalitiesmight be over 1,000.

A statewide analysis of landslide susceptibility was conducted by the California Geological Survey using a combination of regional rock strength and slope data to create classes of susceptibility (Figure 4-15).
91 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

ROCK SIR INGTI I
High. --Low
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LANDS LII) F
SUSCEPT lB I LITY

CLASSES
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Figure 4-15: Landslide Susceptibility Areas
Probability of Future Events
The City has a relatively high likelihood of experiencing landslides due to its topographyand geology. Avalon is situated on steep coastal slopes and is susceptible to erosion, making it vulnerable to landslides. Additionally, the area has a history of liquefaction and ground failure during earthquakes, further increasing the risk. Landslides can occur during periods of extreme weather or after a large earthquake. FEMA’s risk index currently lists Los Angeles County as Relatively High.

Impact of Climate ChangeLandslides and other geological hazards can be more common with the impacts of climate change due to more extreme weather events causing greater water saturation of soils,such as during the 2023 atmospheric river events. More extreme El Niño weather eventsCould also increase the amount of water dumped during each event despite the area becoming dryer on average.
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92 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

4.5.11 Tsunami
Hazard Description
A tsunami is a type of wave generated by the sudden displacement of a large volume ofwater. They differ from conventional waves, which are caused by winds and tides.

Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or other similar events that occur underwater or along the shore can cause this displacement, triggering a tsunami. Tsunamis travelextremely fast in the open ocean, sometimes more than 500 mph. However, they are no more than a few feet tall and frequently go unnoticed by ships. As a tsunami approaches the shore, the shallow water forces the wave to compress, causing it to grow in height.

The wave, which more closely resembles a wall of water or a very rapidly rising tide than a conventional wave, washes ashore and can cause widespread damage to coastal areas: Tsunamis can be greater than 100 feet tall, although substantially smaller waveevents can still be very damaging. Many tsunami events involve multiple waves of varying height.

Since tsunami waves travel so quickly, they can affect places far away from the locationof the displacement event that caused them. Tsunamis do lose energy as they travel, so the tsunami is typically more severe closer to the site of the displacement event. However, particularly large tsunamis can retain enough energy to still do substantial damage thousands of miles away. For example, the 2011 Töhoku earthquake in Japan resulted intsunamis that reached California nine (9) to 11 hours after the earthquake occurred, a distance of approximately 5,000 miles.

History
The most significant remote tsunami to hit southern California was in 1960, when an 8.6 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile generated a tsunami resulting in 4-foot waves at Santa Monica and Port Hueneme and caused major damage to the Los Angeles and Long Beach harbors.

Since 1800, only four (4) locally generated tsunamis have been observed. The most significant was in 1812 in Santa Barbara and Ventura County. Waves were reported at six (6) to 10 feet high, and several small buildings were damaged with many ships were destroyed.

Most Recent Tsunamis Affecting California
• An underwater volcano erupted near the island of Tonga on January 15, 2022, generating a tsunami. Strong currents, rising tides, tsunami waves, and minordamage were reported in four (4) California coastal counties. • In Santa Cruz County, wave energy caused $6.5 million in damage to Santa Cruz Harbor. Damage was inflicted on utility infrastructure, pilings, and bathroom facilities, as more than three (3) feet of water poured in. Waves knocked out power around the harbor docks, where many people live on their boats. 93 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
• In Monterey County, the tsunami caused at least $3 million in damage to the Moss Landing Harbor District. There was also potential damage to the shoreline and a possible need for dredging.
• In Orange County, damage was reported across the coast, including a buoy reported to be broken off from Huntington Bay.In San Diego County, water rise of 0.6 feet was reported at La Jolla and 1 .7 feet at San Diego Bay. Strong currents were observed at San Diego Bay. Minor damage was reported across the coast, including damaged ballast pipes and damage tofloating docks. The county issued wireless emergency alerts through the morning. • In Ventura County, damage occurred in Ventura Harbor. A 100-foot section of a dock was broken off with a 75-foot yacht attached. A Harbor Patrol boat capsized. This event occurred about seven (7) years after the last event recorded in California, which was the September 2015 event triggered by an 8.3 magnitude earthquake that struck off the coast of Chile.

Location
Low-lying areas along the coast are the most susceptible areas to Tsunamis in Avalon.

California Geological Survey and Cal OES have prepared California tsunami hazard areamaps and data to assist cities and counties in identifying the tsunami hazard for their tsunami response planning. These maps and data are compiled with the best currently available scientific information and represent areas that could be exposed to tsunami hazards during a tsunami event.Figure 4-15 shows the approximate affected area. These maps can be viewed in higher detail and resolution at: https://www.conservation. ca.qov/cqs/tsunami/maps. 94 CITY OF AVALON
Bird rk Rd
r Isaflcl - - , ci Course
2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Figure 4-15: City of Avalon Tsunami Inundation Zone Map I
0,
coiIntI-)
Cabii0 Di Rd
7 Ava Ion
Srna Calalirra
Islairri
EEl City Boundary Tsunami Hazard Area
95 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Extent
The tsunami risk zone in Avalon covers the beachfront and some inland areas of the community, similar to the hazard zone for extreme tidal flooding after extensive sea level rise. The Avalon Bay and Harbor area is at risk, as is the area inland of Green PleasurePier. Areas within the risk zone are not necessarily subject to inundation during a tsunami event, but the risk zone does mark an area where there is a reasonable threat to individual health and private property from a tsunami and an area where evacuations could be called if a tsunami occurs. Figure 4-16 shows the tsunami inundation zones in the community.

There are four (4) levels of tsunami alerts: warning, advisory, watch, and information statement.
• Tsunami Warning: Take Action—Danger! A tsunami that may cause widespread flooding is expected or occurring. Dangerous coastal flooding and powerful currents are possible and may continue for several hours or days after initial arrival. - Follow instructions from local officials. Evacuation is recommended. Move to high ground or inland (away from the water).
• Tsunami Advisory: Take Action—A tsunami with potential for strong currents or waves dangerous to those in or very near the water is expected or occurring. There may be flooding of beach and harbor areas. Stay out of the water and away frombeaches and waterways. Follow instructions from local officials. • Tsunami Watch: Be Prepared—A distant earthquake has occurred. A tsunami is possible.
- Stay tuned for more information. Be prepared to take action if necessary. • Tsunami Information Statement: Relax—An earthquake has occurred, but there is no threat, or it was very far away, and the threat has not been determined. Inmost cases, there is no threat of a destructive tsunami. 96 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Probability of Future Events
Since tsunamis are primarily caused by earthquakes or similar events that cannot be easily forecasted, it is impossible to accurately assess how often future tsunami events will occur or how large or destructive the waves would be. However, given that remote tsunamis have occurred in the past in Avalon, it is likely that they will continue to occur at a rate comparable to past events, and at some point, in the future, that a serious tsunami event will affect the community. The California Geological Survey identifies four (4) fault lines in Southern California and 11 locations in distant areas (e.g., Japan, Alaska, and Chile) that could trigger a tsunami event that may affect the Avalon area. As previously noted, while large tsunamis are very rare in California, it is nonetheless possible that such an event could occur.

Climate Change Considerations
The displacement events that cause tsunamis are geologic in nature and unaffected by climate change to any known degree. However, as sea-level rise increases the average height of the ocean, this will allow tsunami waves to reach farther inland. Even though climate change is not expected to affect the severity of tsunamis, sea-level rise is likely to create the potential for tsunamis to cause greater damage.

Figure 4-16: City of Avalon Inundation Zone
97 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
iUIt\’ Disrt!otion
Hazard Description
Power Outage
A power outage is the loss of the electricity supply to an area. In addition to natural hazards, power failure can result from a defect in a power station, damage to a power line or other part of the distribution system, a short circuit, or the overloading of electricity mains.

A power outage may be referred to as a blackout if power is lost completely or as a brownout if some power supply is retained, but the voltage level is below the minimumlevel specified for the system, and a short circuit indicates a loss of power for a short amount of time (usually seconds). Some brownouts, called voltage reductions, are made intentionally to prevent a full power outage.Power failures may also be intentionally induced due to high power demand that exceeds supply or due to actions taken by utility companies to de-energize power lines when there is the possibility of energized power lines being downed during fire Red Flag warnings and causing fires.

Loss of Water
Potable water utility interruption may occur as a result of a power failure or due to equipment failure. These critical utilities are essential to community continuity, emergencyservices and recovery. Their interruption of service may have cascading economic, environmental, and emergency response impacts.

Interruption of water utilities can lead to disruption in daily life for the residents (i.e., loss of potable water) and can have also have serious impacts on firefighting and emergency response capabilities. Failures can occur from natural hazards or due to aging utilityinfrastructure.History Power OutageFollowing devastating fires in California in 2017 and 2018, utility companies soughtregulatory actions to allow them to de-energize power lines when conditions might resultin downed lines causing wildfires. The California Public Utilities Commission developed guidelines for public safety power shutoffs (PSPS) that have affected numerous areas of the State for up to several days.

August 2020 saw the first California electricity providers instituted rolling blackouts since 2001. Hundreds of thousands of people experienced brief power outages through theseveral evenings after the body that manages most of the states electric utilities declareda Stage Three (3) emergency to help reduce stress on the larger grid. Electricity demandsurged through the day as temporatures topped the triple digits in many parts of the state, 98 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
and people cranked up fans and air-conditioning units to try to stay cool. The emergencyorder was rescinded before midnight, and power was fully restored to all affected households.

The 2011 Southwest blackout, sometimes referred to as the Great Blackout of 2011, was a widespread power outage that affected the San Diego—Tijuana area, southern Orange County, the Imperial Valley, Mexicali Valley, and Coachella Valley, and parts of Arizona. It occurred on Thursday, September 8, 2011, beginning at about 3:38 pm PDT and was the largest power failure in California history.

The 2000-2001 California electricity crisis brought to light many critical issues surroundingthe State’s power generation and distribution system, including its dependency on out-ofstate resources. Although California has implemented effective energy conservation programs, the State continues to experience both population growth and weather cycles contributing to a heavy demand for power. The 2000 and 2001 blackouts occurred due tolosses in transmission or generation and/or extremely severe temperatures that lead to heavy electric power consumption.Loss of Water
California is no stranger to drought; it is a recurring feature of our climate. We recently experienced the five (5)-year event of 2012-2016, and other notable historical droughts included 2007-09, 1987-92, 1976-77, and off-and-on dry conditions spanning more than a decade in the 1920s and 1930s.

California is a big state and impacts vary with location. Hydrologic conditions causingimpacts for water users in one (1) location may not represent drought for water users in a different part of California, or for users with a different water supply. Individual wateragencies may use criteria such as rainfall/runoff, amount of water in storage, or expected supply from a water wholesaler to define their water supply conditions.

Drought is a gradual phenomenon, occurring slowly over a period of time. Storage, whether in surface water reservoirs or in groundwater basins, buffers drought impacts and influences the timing of when drought impacts occur. A single dry year isn’t a drought for most Californians because of the state’s extensive system of water infrastructure and groundwater resources buffer impacts.

Drought impacts are felt first by people most dependent on annual rainfall — such asranchers using dryland range or rural residents relying on wells in low-yield rock formations. Drought impacts increase with the length of a drought, as carry-over supplies in reservoirs are depleted and water levels in groundwater basins decline.LocationPower Outage Power outages can occur throughout the City service area and affect the entire region.Loss of Water 99 CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Water interruptions can range from localize events to larger scale water outages. Water interruptions can occur from a direct impact from a natural hazard or a failure due to the age of the utility infrastructure. The main source of water in Avalon is recycled water produced by the Desalination plant. The second source of water is fresh water provided through the Thompson’s Reservoir.

Extent
Power Outage (Extent)Power outages are typically measured by the number of customers without power. This number is two (2) to three (3) times lower than the number of people affected.

Power failures lead to the inability to use electric-powered equipment, such as: lighting; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and necessary equipment; communication equipment (telephones, computers, etc.); fire and security systems; small appliances such as refrigerators, sterilizers, etc.; and medical equipment. This all canlead to food spoilage, loss of heating and cooling, basement flooding due to sump pump failure, and loss of water due to well pump failure.

Loss of Water
The extent and severity of a utility interruption depends on the cause, location, duration, and time of year. It can range from a small, localized event to a countywide power outage.

Impacts from a utility failure can be significant to its residents. Utility interruptions typically occur because of, or in combination with, aging infrastructure, other emergency or disaster incidents, such as severe weather and flooding, and can exacerbate such emergencies. It also depends on the utility distribution system affected.

Probability of Future Events
Power Outage (Probability of Future Occurrence)
While the location, duration, and number of people affected cannot be predicted, power outages in the City service area are likely to occur on a continual basis with the likelihoodof an incident greater than 10% in any year.

Loss of Water
While the probability of future utility interruption incidents in Avalon is difficult to predict,the historic record indicates that significant failures have occurred as a result of highwinds, lightning, severe weather, winter weather, technological failures, and age of utility infrastructure. As infrastructure ages beyond its intended lifespan, it is likely to become less reliable leading to a higher likelihood of failure Data were not readily available on the frequency of smaller utility interruptions across the County; however, it is reasonable to assume that utility failure events of shorter duration will continue to occur in the future. In addition, future changes in climate may also impact the frequency and probability of future utility failure occurrences.
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Impact of Climate ChangePower Outage
Climate change may affect the number and severity of power outages. Severe weather can impact power infrastructure.

Loss of Water
Climate change can lead a decrease in rainfall which would impact the amount of water Avalon receives on an annual basis.

Regulatory Context
The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and the State Water Resources Control Board play a pivotal role in regulating privately-owned electric, natural gas, telecommunications, and water resources. They ensure safe, reliable utility service at reasonable rates and protects against fraud.

Southern California Edison is the primary entity that regulates clean water throughout Santa Catalina Island. Edison in conjunction with the U.S. EPA and the State Water Resource Control Board establish regulations that limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. 101
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SECTION 5: RISK ASSESSMENT

5.1 Hazard Risk RatingFor the 2025 LHMP, the risk for each potential hazard was rated using the CPRI. The CPRI examines four (4) criteria for each hazard (probability, magnitude/severity, warning time, and duration) (Table 5-1). For each hazard, an index value is assigned for each CPRI category from 0 to 4, with “0” being the least hazardous and “4” being the mosthazardous situation. This value is then assigned a weighting factor, and the result is a hazard ranking score (Table 5-2).

Table 5-1: Calculated Priority Risk Index
Degree of Risk Chart CPRI Assigned
Category Level ID Description Weight
Probability Unlikely Extremely rare with no documented 1 45% history of occurrences or events.

Annual probability of less than 0.001.

Possible Rare occurrences with at least one (1) 2
documented or anecdotal historic event.

Annual probability of between 0.01 and

0.001.

Likely Occasional occurrence with at least two 3
(2) or more documented historical
events. Annual probability of between

0.1 and 0.01.

Highly Likely Frequent events with a well-documented 4
history of occurrence.

Annual probability of greater than 0.1.

Magnitude- Negligible Negligible property damages (less than 1 30% Severity 5% of critical and non-critical facilities
and infrastructure).

Injuries or illnesses are treatable with
first aid, and there are no deaths.

Negligible quality of life lost.

Shut down of critical facilities for less
than 24 hours.
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Table 5-1: Calculated Priority Risk Index
Degree of Risk Chart CPRI Assigned
Category Level ID Description Index Weight Value
Limited Slight property damages (greater than 2
5% and less than 25% of critical and
non-critical facilities and infrastructure).

Injuries and illnesses do not result in
permanent disability, and there are no
deaths.

Moderate quality of life lost.

Shut down of critical facilities for more
than I day and less than I week.

Critical Moderate property damages (greater 3
than 25% and less than 50% of critical
and non-critical facilities and
infrastructures).

Injuries or illnesses result in permanent
disability and at least one death.

Shut down of critical facilities for more
than I week and less than I month.

Catastrophic Severe property damages (greater than 4
50% of critical and non-critical facilitiesand infrastructure). Injuries or illnesses result in permanent disability andmultiple deaths.

Shut down of critical facilities for more
than I month.

Warning > than 24 Population receives greater than 24 1 15%Time hours hours of warning. 12 to 24 Population receives between 12-24 2
hours hours of warning.
6 to 12 hours Population receives between 6-12 hours 3
of warning.
<than 6 Population receives less than 6 hours of 4
hours warning.

Duration <than 6 Disaster event will last less than 6 1 10% hours hours.
6 to 24 hours Disaster event will last between 6-24 2
hours.
24 hours Disaster event will last between 24 3
to 1 week hours and 1 week.
> than 1 Disaster event will last more than 1 4
week week
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CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
The results of the CPRI are contained in Table 5-2 below:

Table 5-2: Calculated Priority Risk Index Summary
) .

C . L.. .C .— .r
.0 0) W 0) 0) 0) — 2026 Proposed g> Hazards 1z 2
Climate Change 4 1.8 3 .90 2 .30 4 .40 3.40CyberAttack 3 1.35 2 .60 4 .60 3 .30 2.85 Dam Failure 1 .45 2 .60 3 .45 1 .10 1.60Drought 3 1.35 2 .60 1 .15 4 .40 2.50Earthquake 3 1.35 3 .90 4 .60 4 .40 3.25Extreme Weather 3 1.35 2 1.2 1 .15 3 .30 3.00 Fire (Wild/Urban) 3 1.35 3 .90 4 .60 3 .30 3.15Flooding 3 1.35 2 .60 2 .30 2 .20 1.45Landslide 2 .9 2 .60 4 .60 1 .10 2.45Utility Disruption 3 1.35 3 .90 3 .45 2 .20 2.90Erosion 3 1.35 2 1.2 1 .15 3 .30 3.00Hurricane 1 .45 3 .90 2 .30 1 .10 1.75 Coastal Flooding 3 1.35 3 .90 3 .45 2 .20 2.90
Terrorism 2 .90 2 .60 4 .60 1 .10 2.20Tsunami 3 1.35 3 .90 2 .30 1 .10 2.65 CPRI Hazard Risk Scoring
Risk Level Severe High Moderate Low
Rank Score 3.5— 4.0 3.0— 3.4 2— 2.9 1 — 1.9
Power failure has the most immediate and disruptive impacts on the city due to potentialinterruption of public safety systems and water service to customers. 104
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

5.2 Populations and Infrastructure at Risk
Residential population data for Avalon was obtained from the State of CaliforniaDepartment of Finance E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State — January 1, 2021/2022. The population is estimated to be 3,400.5.3 Critical Facilities and Facilities ofConcern Critical facilities (CF) consist of properties and structures that play important roles in government operations and the services they provide to the community. Examples of CFs include local government offices and yards, community centers, public safety buildingslike police and fire stations, schools, and other properties a city has deemed essential for its operations. Critical Facilities may also serve dual roles if a city designates them as public assembly points during an emergency. Critical Facilities are often owned by theCity, but some may also be owned and operated privately, such as some utilities and telecommunication infrastructure. Facilities of Concern (FCC) are similar to criticalfacilities; however, the City may not own them, or their purpose and function are not as important to the function of the City after a disaster. These facilities are identified to ensure the City understands their potential vulnerability to the hazards of concern.The HMPT identified a total of 20 facilities [10 CFs and 10 FOCI in Avalon that fall intothree (3) categories based on their function or characteristics: Government Operations,Water Infrastructure, and Recreational Facilities. Table 5-3 shows the number of CFs and FCC in each category, the total estimated replacement value for these facilities, and examples of the type of facility in each category. Figure 5-1 shows the locations of the mapped CFs and FCC in Avalon.

The potential loss values identified in subsequent tables are based on the City’s total insured value using the City’s Insured Asset Inventory. It is intended to provide an estimate of the replacement cost if the property/structure is completely or severelydamaged. The actual costs of repair could be smaller or larger than the provided estimate.

Since the data comes from the City’s Insured Asset Inventory, facilities not owned by theCity will not have a replacement value listed.

Based on the available data provided by the City, a minimum of $84,274,000.00 worth of City-owned assets were analyzed. The total potential loss value of all City-owned and non-City-owned assets is much higher but is unknown due to data limitations.

The greatest potential for loss among City-owned assets comes from the Government Operations/Emergency Operations Facilities, which includes but is not limited to the public safety facilities and City Hall. The next critical facility category with the greatestpotential for loss would be City owned utilities, which include the reservoirs andpumpstations. The next category is recreational facilities which include parks and 1105
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
community centers.

To better understand the magnitude of impacts, this plan identifies representative percentages of potential impact based on the total valuation of City assets. For planningpurposes, we identified different tiers of impact that could occur. It is reasonable to assume that impacts would not exceed 50% of the total asset value city-wide during asingle event. The following are parameters to help understand how much a proposed investment/improvement compares to the existing assets within the City:
• 1% lmpact-$842,740• 5% Impact—$4,213,700• 10% Impact — $8,427,400• 20% lmpact-$16,854,800 • 50% lmpact-$42,137,000
The possibility that all facilities will be completely damaged simultaneously is extremely rare. Based on the hazard, most impacts are anticipated to be isolated to certain locations.

This estimate does not include the value of the City’s underground infrastructure and surface drainage facilities. Additionally, most of the power, gas, water, and wastewater infrastructure is privately owned.

Table 5-3 lists the number of facilities and their associated potential replacement values.

Table 5-3: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern in Avalon Number of Facilities
Category Potential Loss* Critical Concern
Government Operations, Medical Facilities, 7 7 $62,716,000 Emergency OperationsUtilities Infrastructure 3 0 $17,400,000Recreational, Cultural, and Community 0 3 $4,158,000 Centers
Total 10 10 $84,274,000 00
* Potential loss data are estimates only, as replacement values for some facilities were not available. Actual losses may be greater than the estimate presented in this table. 106
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Figure 5-1: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern 107
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

5.4 Analysis of Potential Losses by Hazard

5.4.1 Climate Chp.g
Physical Threat
Climate change introduces significant physical threats to infrastructure, particularly in reservoir-dependent regions. Alterations in precipitation patterns and increased instances of extreme weather events can lead to heightened risks of flooding, erosion, andsedimentation. Climate Change can place immense strain on reservoirs and surroundingstructures, necessitating higher maintenance, and adaptive design measures.

Infrastructure such as intake systems, dams, and levees may experience accelerated wear and tear due to fluctuating water levels, while prolonged droughts can reduce water availability, undermining operations reliant on these systems. Effective planning and resilient engineering practices are crucial to mitigate these challenges and preserve functionality.

Social ThreatClimate change disproportionately affects marginalized communities. Those who lack access to resources, infrastructure, and support systems are at the greatest risk ofexperiencing its adverse effects. In urban settings, marginalized groups living in underprivileged neighborhoods are more likely to suffer from heatwaves and water shortages.

Other Threats
Climate change’s most concerning consequence is the rise in sea levels, which posessignificant risks to infrastructure in Avalon. Rising sea levels increase the risk of flooding in Avalon, threatening critical infrastructure such as roads and retail establishments inlow-lying areas of the City. Increased wave action and storm surges, exacerbated byrising sea levels, accelerate coastal erosion. This endangers infrastructure built near shorelines, including power stations, fuel docks, and roads.

Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and
Development
Climate change may lead to changes in land use if sea-level rise forces retail locationsalong the shore to relocate. 108
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

5.4.2 Drn FailurePhysical Threat
Various factors, such as the amount of water released, the distance between the damfailure site, and the topography of the surrounding land, will influence the extent to which physical assets in Avalon are threatened. The Wrigley Reservoir has a large storage capacity that could cause localized inundation in Avalon if the reservoir waters are released due to a dam breach. Table 5-4 identifies the physical assets in Avalon that are threatened by the potential failure of the reservoirs. Based on this analysis, dam inundation would affect 0 CFs and 0 FOCs within the City. Figure 5-2 shows the location of the identified City owned CFs and FOCs within these dam inundation zones.

Table 5-4: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern (DamlLevee Failure) #of #01 UI Category Facilities Facilities i
-Critical Concern
Government Operations, Medical Facilities, 0 0 $0
Emergency OperationsUtilities Infrastructure 0 0 $0Recreational, Cultural, and Community 0 0 $0 Centers
Total 0 0 $0
* Based on the City of Avalon insured replacement values. 109
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Figure 5-2: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern in Dam Inundation Zones 11 oI)
CCuo Isirud
Cu: Course
Santa ra:aina
•1
City Boundary
Road
OceanGolf Course
Park
0 620 1.240
A Fei
Dam Breach Inundation Areas
Wrigley Reservoir - Saddle Dam 1
I Cemetery
Government Operations
Hospital
l Housing
Recreational
I Utilities
110
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Social Threat
Dam failure hazards in the City would impact various downstream properties and the residents that live there. Table 5-5 identifies these potential dam failure impacts caused by a dam failure. Failure of the dam would affect almost 10% of the population and inundate 5% of the acreage in the City of Avalon.

Table 5-5: Dam Failure Threatened Populations
Threatened Population Metric Dam Inundation Hazard City Population 1,000 3,400
Households 300 1,200
* Values are estimates only, as exact values for some statistics were not available. Actual percentagesmight be greater than the estimate presented in this table.

Other ThreatsDam failures are often triggered by other events (e.g., seismic shaking, intenserainstorms, etc.). There would most likely be service disruptions in Avalon if this type of event occurred. Floodwaters could quickly inundate the city, disrupting utilities such as water, power, and other services (communications or transportation infrastructure).

Residents may find street lighting and traffic signals are temporarily disabled. Debris carried by the rapid inundation may result in injury or death, or destroyed structures and facilities.

Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and
Development
Population in the inundation zone may choose to move out of the City or out of theinundation area if the impacts of dam failure are great enough.Dam failure is unlikely to affect land use and development because the developmentreview process will take steps to mitigate or minimize flood-related impacts. Areasinundated within the City would not be significantly altered, requiring changes in land use and development patterns.
111
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

5.4.3DrçhtPhysical Threat
Since the primary threat from drought is reduced water supply and availability, there are no foreseeable threats to any of the City’s physical assets. It is possible that any water delivery infrastructure not used or used less than usual may fall into some degree ofdisrepair if maintenance is deferred. Lower water pressures may cause some aged water pipes to release rust particles into the water supply. Amenities within facilities, like water features and landscaping, could be affected by reduced watering, If dead or dyingvegetation becomes a nuisance, the City may have to replace or retrofit locations affected.

Social Threat
Droughts are unlikely to cause serious social threats to households in Avalon, though residents and business owners in the City may experience financial impacts associated with water conservation efforts. Those with less access to financial resources, such as low-income households or seniors, could be harder hit if higher water rates or additional fees are imposed during a severe drought event.

Other Threats
A typical drought is not anticipated to lead to any outages in service in Avalon. However, an exceptional drought may lead to restricted water use for residents or businesses in theCity. Trees that are not adequately adapted to lower irrigation levels could perish, altering the City’s aesthetic appearance and long-term air quality. Any open spaces with extensive lawns may start to die, turning brown, which could discourage residents from using these parks and open spaces. In addition, long-term drought conditions can change and reduce soil’s ability to absorb water. When this occurs, water runoff from these areas may increase, which could cause downstream flooding, or debris flows and erosion in some areas.Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and
DevelopmentDroughts occur periodically (primarily during the Summer/Fall months) and generally donot affect populations to the degree that they would need to migrate in and out of the City.

A drought in Avalon is doubtful to have any significant effect on population patterns, It is unlikely that drought will affect land use and development because the developmentreview process will take steps to mitigate or minimize the impacts and vulnerability of drought in Avalon.
112
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

5.4.4 Eit : ;ke/GeoIoqicaI Hazards
Physical Threat
Many physical assets in the City are estimated to experience the same seismic shakingintensity, ranging from 85% to 95% (shaking intensity in relation to the earth’s gravity)..

Therefore, all facilities, including City Hall, Fire Department, and water reservoirs could be damaged during a significant seismic event, which would be extremely costly for theCity. If all facilities were damaged at the same time during a seismic shaking event, it canbe assumed that the City would incur a percentage of the maximum potential loss of itsphysical assets. Assuming 20% of the City’s assets are impacted, this potential loss could amount to over $42 million. Underground physical assets, like pipelines or utilities, couldbe damaged if seismic shaking were strong enough to cause a rupture. In such ascenario, natural gas and water delivery service to Avalon homes and businesses would be incapacitated until repairs are completed. Table 5-6 displays these potential losses that could incur should shaking reach the described threshold. Figure 5-3 displays the CFs and FOCs within the City’s seismic shaking potential hazard zones.

Table 5-6: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern (Earthquake) #of #of Potential Category Facilities i Facilities - Loss* - Critical A Concern
Government Operations, Medical Facilities, 7 7 $62,716,000 Emergency OperationsUtilities Infrastructure 3 0 $17,400,000 Recreational, Cultural, and Community 0 3 $4,158,000
Centers
Total 10 10 ‘84,274,OOO 00
* Based on the City of Avalon insured replacement values. 113
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
d•i Housing
L1 Recreational
Utilities
1 Aval on
Avalon
11J City Boundary
Road
OceanGolf Course
Park
I Cemetery
Government Operations
Hospital
a soo .000
A lFeel
Seismic Shake Potential(2% at 50 years)

0.25 - 0.35

0.351 0.450.451 - 0.55
Figure 5-3: Earthquake ShakeMap Map with City infrastructure 114
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Social ThreatSeismic shaking would impact all 3,400 residents in Avalon to some degree. The risk of a seismic event is a danger to all groups in Avalon though some are more threatened than others. Seniors, pregnant women, and persons with disabilities are more threatened by seismic shaking since they may have limited mobility and may be unable to reach shelter in time. Even if these groups are able to reach a shelter, they may find themselves trapped if furniture or building components have fallen around them. Renters and lowincome people are also more threatened by seismic shaking since these groups may live in homes that are not properly retrofitted to survive the stresses of a seismic event. These groups may not be able to absorb the costs associated with repairing their homes or looking for new housing should their existing one be too damaged for occupancy. Table5-7 displays the threatened populations in Avalon associated the seismic shaking scenarios.

Table 5-7: Earthquake Threatened Populations
Earthquake Threatened Population Metric Earthquake Cit, Population 3,400 3,400Households 1,200 1,200
* Percentages are estimates only, as exact values for some statistics were not available. Actual percentages might be greater than the estimate presented in this table.Other Threats With early earthquake warning systems becoming operational, it can be expected that utilities will take advantage of these advance warnings to shut off gas and water to control any potential leaks following the seismic shaking. Authorities may have enough time to halt the use of infrastructure or move workers to safe locations away from hazardous conditions. Workers could cease their activity and take shelter until they can be safely evacuated. The length of this time would vary depending on the magnitude of the event.

A significant earthquake would likely put utilities out of commission and halt any employment activity in the City for a few hours or several days. The City and the region would experience reduced economic activity during the outage period, which would not be felt for weeks, months, or years later. Structures such as telephone poles or power transmission towers felled by the shaking could block roadways and prevent emergency response teams from reaching victims or evacuees who need assistance.Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and Development
It is not anticipated that population patterns will change over the next 20 years. While this may also be true concerning land use and development, if i strong earthquake impacts the City, there is the potential that older structures may be impacted more severely than newer structures in the City.
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5.4.3 ErosionPhysical Threat
Land Erosion threatens both the natural and built environment by reducing land stability and increasing the risk of slope failure. As erosion progresses, it can undermine roads,bridges, utility infrastructure, buildings, and other critical facilities while increasing thepotential for landslides, rockfalls, and debris flows. The loss of vegetation and topsoil alsoreduces agricultural productivity, degrades wildlife habitat, and contributes to sedimentbuildup in rivers, reservoirs, and stormwater systems, which can increase flood risk andreduce water quality. Land erosion is often accelerated by heavy rainfall, flooding, wildfires, poor drainage, construction activities, deforestation, and other land disturbances, making it an ongoing concern for public safety, infrastructure resilience, andenvironmental health. Land Erosion can threaten homes on hillsides. Coastal Erosion cansignificantly alter coastlines by eroding beaches, dunes, and coastal bluffs, increasing the vulnerability of nearby business. Coastal erosion threatens homes, roads, utilities, ports, and other critical facilities by undermining foundations and causing bluff or cliff failures.

As natural shoreline features disappear, coastal communities become more susceptible to flooding, storm surge, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater resources and agricultural lands.

Social Threat
Erosion may cause damage households on hillsides. Additionally, residents and business owners in the City may experience financial impacts associated with landslides that may occur as a result. Those with less access to financial resources, such as low-income households or seniors, could be harder hit by financial losses due to a loss of homes or businesses.Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and DevelopmentErosion can significantly influence population distribution and land use by making affected areas less suitable for residential, commercial, agricultural, and recreationalpurposes. As erosion damages property, transportation networks, and public infrastructure, residents and businesses may relocate to safer areas, leading to population declines in high-risk locations and increased development pressures elsewhere. Local governments may implement stricter land use regulations, includingsetbacks, erosion hazard zones, slope stability requirements, and restrictions on newdevelopment in vulnerable areas. Over time, investments may shift toward erosion mitigation projects, such as slope stabilization, revegetation, improved drainage systems, and infrastructure relocation, while redevelopment in high-risk areas becomes more limited.
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5.4.5 Extreme Weather (Storm Surge, Severe Winds, Costal Floodinr’, !rricane/TropicaI Storm)
Physical Threat
Storm SurgelCoastal Flooding
The most immediate threat of a storm surge is rapid coastal flooding. Unlike rainfall flooding, storm surge/coastal flooding inundation is fast, forceful, and difficult to predict with absolute precision. Additional physical threats include:
• Inundation: Vast areas of land can be submerged within hours, with water levels rising several meters.

Coastal Erosion: The force of the surge can strip beaches, destroy dunes, anderode soil, undermining buildings and infrastructure. • Infrastructure Damage: Roads can be washed away or left structurally unsound.

Utilities such as water, electricity, and sewage systems can be disrupted. • Destruction of Property: Homes, businesses, and public spaces are at risk of total loss, particularly in low-lying areas.

Severe Winds
Intense winds may present a threat to physical structures like City Hall, Fire Stations,households, and business. Particularly from trees or branches that fall on buildings/vehicles, causing substantial damage. Older structures that have deferred maintenance or have not been retrofitted for high wind conditions may suffer greater damage than newer/updated structures. Utility lines and wooden utility poles face anelevated threat from wind, as do buildings without reinforced roofs. Often utility poles andtrees suffer impacts during high wind events if they occur after a significant rain event.

During these events, saturated soils around the base of the tree/pole may be unable tohold up to the strains placed on them by strong winds causing it to fall over.

Trees, tree branches, and other objects have the potential to fall on powerlines and other electrical infrastructure during a severe windstorm, causing power outages throughoutthe City. Another physical threat of severe wind is wildfire impacts during the summer months. Severe winds can turn a routine wildfire into a destructive unstoppable wall of flames capable of burning thousands of acres.

Hurricane/Tropical Storm
Coastal communities are dense with infrastructure—homes, businesses, roads, bridges, power lines, and water systems—all of which are at risk when hurricanes strike. • Power Outages: High winds and flooding frequently down power lines, leaving communities without electricity for days or even weeks. 117
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• Transportation Disruptions: Flooded roads and damaged bridges can isolate towns, delaying emergency response and recovery efforts. • Water and Sewage Systems: Floodwaters can infiltrate water supplies, leading to shortages and contamination. Sewage systems may be overwhelmed, spilling waste into streets and waterways.
• Communication Networks: Cell towers and communication lines can be destroyed, hindering coordination during and after the disaster. • Beach Erosion: Sand is scoured from beaches by powerful waves and currents, reducing their width and height. This not only diminishes recreational value but also weakens the natural buffer that protects inland areas from future storms.

Social Threat
Storm Surge/Coastal Flooding
Coastal economies like Avalon are heavily reliant on tourism. Destruction caused by these events can lead to lower tourism rates and local businesses may be closed for extended periods of time. The elderly, children, people with disabilities, and those living in poverty are disproportionately affected. Limited mobility, lack of resources, and social isolationcan make evacuation and recovery much more challenging.Severe Wind Severe wind events can harm people throughout Avalon but have a greater effect on the safety of people experiencing homelessness and those working outdoors. Populations that work outside or have respiratory illnesses may be impacted by severe wind events as they can generate dust and other contaminants that can affect the health of residentsand workers. Lower-income residents, who may not have the financial resources to purchase homes (or are renting homes) that are not built or retrofitted to withstandpowerful winds, could also have difficulty recovering from wind events, that can cause damage to roofs, siding, and windows.

Hurricane/Tropical Storm
The social threat associated with hurricanes/tropical storms mimic those of storm surge and coastal flooding.

Other Threats
Storm Surge/Coastal FloodingStorm surges can dramatically expose and widen existing social inequalities. Those with fewer resources are less able to prepare for, escape from, or recover after a disaster. • Recovery Gaps: Weahier indviduals arid neighborhoods generally have more access to insurance, savinçs, and aid, while marginalize1 groups may struggle to secure support.
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Policy Challenges: The aftermath of major storm surges frequently reveals gaps in emergency planning and disaster response, highlighting the necessity for more inclusive and equitable policies.

Severe Wind
Extreme wind events can worsen other risks, such as wildfires. Southern CaliforniaEdison will continue to impose PSPS to eliminate the potential for wildfires, but this can lead to prolonged power outages throughout the City.Hurricane/Tropical Storm Beyond the immediate destruction of property and infrastructure, hurricanes leave lasting marks on the environment.
• Habitat Destruction: Coastal ecosystems are rich and varied, home to species that depend on stable environments. Hurricanes can decimate nesting sites, coral reefs, and breeding grounds.
• Pollution and Debris: The force of the storm often scatters debris—ranging from household items to hazardous materials—across the landscape and into the ocean, where it threatens marine life.
• Water Quality Degradation: Runoff from heavy rains can carry fertilizers, pesticides, and other pollutants into waterways, causing algal blooms and fish kills.

Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and
Development
Storm Surge/Coastal Flooding
Storm surge/coastal flooding generally do not affect population patterns and development for long periods of time.

Severe Wind
Severe winds occur periodically (primarily during the Fall months) and generally do not affect populations to the degree that they would need to migrate in and out of the City. It is unlikely that severe wind will affect land use and development because the development review process will take steps to mitigate or minimize the impacts of severe wind.

HurricanelTropical Storm
Hurricanes generally do not affect populations to the degree that they would need to migrate in and out of the City. However, in rare circumstances, there may be the need to evacuate households for a short period of time until the flooding from storms recedes,and recovery takes effect.

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4LE&Qjn.q
Physical ThreatFlooding impacts are not expected to be significant since the majority of the city is not in a 100/500-year flood zones. During a severe rainstorm, localized flooding can cause asubstantial risk to Avalon’s transportation infrastructure. Roads, bridges, and highwayscan become impassable due to rising waters, cutting off access to essential services and disrupting daily commutes. Prolonged inundation weakens road surfaces and bridgesupports, requiring expensive repairs or replacements. Homes and businesses are often the first casualties in flood-prone areas. Floodwaters can cause structural damage, mold growth, and loss of valuable assets, while also rendering properties uninhabitable or unusable for extended periods. This impacts not only individuals but also the local economy. Flooding can disrupt the functioning of water and wastewater systems, leading to contamination, service interruptions, and heightened health risks for the population.

Table 5-8: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern (1001500 Year Flood Zone) ¶ f Potential Category Facilities Facilities
- Loss*
-Critical Concern
Government Operations, Medical Facilities, 2 0 $15,416,000 Emergency OperationsUtilities Infrastructure 1 0 $5,200,000Recreational, Cultural, and Community 3 $4,158,000 Centers
Total 3 3 $24,774,000 00
* Based on the City of Avalon insured replacement values. 120

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th Housing
2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Recreational
Utilities
Figure 5-4: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern in FEMA Flood Zones Pacific Ocean
Ava Ion
Santa Catatina
Island
EEJ City Boundary
RoadOceanGolf Course
i Cemetery
Government Operations
V Hospttal
Flood Hazard Zones
in/n Annual Chance of
Flood Hazard
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Social Threat
Floodwaters in both the 100-year zone and the 500-year zone are not anticipated to rise to a depth of more than one (1) foot above the base flood elevation, If localized flooding were to occur, flooding of this type would likely inundate curb cuts and sidewalks to some extent. Most of the population would not be affected. People who walk or bike as their primary form of transportation may encounter difficulties if they do not have access to an alternative means of transportation. Seniors, people with disabilities, and low-income persons are also likely to be impacted during these events.

Other Threats
Flooding may temporarily stop any type of transportation in the City. Debris from floodwaters can block roadways, hinder vehicle access, and potentially affect emergency response services. One (1) foot of rushing water is enough to carry small vehicles, depending on the velocity. A severe flood situation may prevent people who own smallervehicles from driving to work, leading to reduced economic activity. Severe flooding that causes serious damage to homes and businesses may also reduce economic activity until repair work is completed.

Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and
Development
It is unlikely that flooding will affect land use and development patterns in affected areas because the median income in impacted areas is higher than the City average.

Additionally, the development review process ensures flood related impacts are mitigated or minimized.

Table 5-9: Flood-Threatened Populations
Threatened Population Metric Flood Hazard City
Population 3,400 3,400Households 1,200 1,200
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5.4.7 FirePhysical Threat
Wildland FireAccording to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), the City is has mapped High and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones (VHFHSZ) within theCity’s Local Responsibility Area (LRA). The LRA is a government-designated area where a local agency, City, or county is responsible for fire protection. A State Responsibility Area (SRA) is the opposite, where the State has responsibility for wildiand fire protection.

Figure 5-10 identifies these zones and the City’s CFs and FOCs within the area. All structures within this fire zone are at an elevated risk of wildfire impacts and consist of mostly homes.

All structures located within this zone are at an elevated risk of wildfire impacts. Table 5- 10 identifies 10 CFs and 10 FCC within the wildfire hazard zone, resulting in a potentialloss of approximately $84 million based on available replacement values. Additional losses associated with the schools in these areas could also occur.

While these areas have a high degree of vulnerability to wildfire, other areas of the City may also be susceptible to ember cast. These areas, typically referred to as the WUI, are vulnerable if the right conditions exist. Typically, the WUI is impacted if adequate fuels are combined with dry conditions and strong winds. Sometimes, the ignition of wildfire may occur if power lines around overgrown trees cause a spark and catch the tree on fire.

Table 5-10: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern (Wildfire) #of #of
Category Facilities - Facilities - Potential Loss*
Critical Concern
Government Operations, Medical 7 7 $62,716,000
Facilities, Emergency OperationsUtilities Infrastructure 3 0 $17,400,000Recreational, Cultural, and Community 0 3 $4,158,000 Centers
Total 10 10 $84,274,000 00
* Based on the City of Avalon nsured replacement values. 123
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Government Operations
‘ Hospital
Park th Housing
Recreational
[ ()tililies
City Boundary
Road
Ocean
A’ia I 0fl Golf Course
j Cemetery FHSZ IRA 2025 Phase4 vi
Very High
FJ High
ModerateUnzoned LRA
Figure 5-5: Critical Facilities and FaciUties of Concern 124
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Urban Fire
Structures and physical assets in Avalon that are not equipped with fire suppression technology or design features that mitigate fire vulnerability are at risk of fire. Generally,these buildings are older, may not be well maintained, or may not meet current code requirements and regulations. While all structures can be impacted by urban fire, older structures may have increased vulnerability to this hazard. Power lines located around overgrown trees, where the tree crown envelops part or all the power lines, are also at risk of catching fire. When the wires overheat, they may ignite a fire in the tree, spread back to the power lines themselves, and burn the power line infrastructure. Undergroundutilities, like water delivery systems, residential electrical systems, or natural gaspipelines, are not threatened by the occurrence of fire since any urban fires that emergein Avalon are likely to occur on the surface.

Social Threat
A fire hazard most immediately threatens seniors and persons with disabilities. These groups may have limited mobility and reduced environmental awareness. For example, asenior who lives alone may not be aware that a fire has been ignited in their house until the room begins to fill with smoke or even flashover, at which point escape may be moredifficult or impossible. Therefore, a fire that starts in or spreads to any senior residences in Avalon could be highly threatening to those populations. Persons with disabilities mayrequire special mobility devices or caregiver assistance to go outside, which may not bereadily available if a fire occurs. Other groups with increased threat levels include lowerincome persons and renters. These persons may live in substandard housing with outdated materials known to be flammable. Renters and lower-income persons may alsolive in housing units with improperly designed or maintained electrical or heating systems that could lead to a fire. Additionally, these groups may not possess enough financiai resources to rebuild their homes or search for new homes after a fire occurs.

Table 5-11: Fire-Threatened Populations
Threatened Population Metric Fire Hazard City
Population 3,400 3,400Households 1,200 1,200
Other Threats
Fires can consume power lines and force utility operators to shut off electrical and gas transmission activity, leading to utility outages in Avalon homes and businesses. Any streets surrounded by blazes or blocked by burning debris would hinder transportation, prevent people from evacuating, and block emergency response crews from reaching the source of the fire. Anyone living at the end of a cul-de-sac faces an elevated threat of being trapped if the fire occurs or spreads in a way that blocks evacuation. Fires that destroy trees or vegetation (especially within parks and open space areas) could limit or prevent the use of these areas, affecting future recratianaI opportunities for residents. 125
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Outreach to residents and businesses to help them understand and prepare for these future events will become an important aspect of the City’s overall hazard mitigation strategy.Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and DevelopmentIf a large urban fire were to occur, it is feasible that changes in population patterns could occur. Land use and development patterns could change if a large urban fire were tooccur that impacted older parts of the City. After that type of event, the City would rely ona redevelopment process to determine how best to rebuild. 126
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5.4.8 Landslide
Physical Threat
The City of Avalon lies in a region characterized by diverse terrain, including hills andslopes, particularly in the East of the City. Landslides in the City can destroy homes, roads, and water/wastewater infrastructure which can lead to costly repairs. Table 5-12 displays potential losses to City infrastructure that could incur should landslides occur.

Figure 5-6 displays the 10 CFs and 10 FOCs within the City’s landslide potential hazard zones.

Table 5-12: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern (Landslide) # of
Category Facilitie Facilities Potential Loss*
Critical -Concern
Government Operations, Medical Facilities, 7 7 $62,716,000 Emergency OperationsUtilities Infrastructure 3 0 $17,400,000Recreational, Cultural, and Community 0 3 $4,158,000 Centers
Total 10 10 $84,274,000 00
* Based on the City of Avalon insured replacement values 127
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Figure 5-6: Deep Seated Landslide Threat Map with City infrastructure Pacific Ocean
Avaon
City Boundary
Road
Ocean
Golf Course
Park
CemeteryGovernment Operations
Deep-Seated Landslide Susceptibility
Low SusceptibilityMedLim SusceptibilityHiqb Susceptibility 128
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Social Threat
The sudden nature of landslides can result in fatalities, and injuries. Populations located near unstable slopes are especially vulnerable. When landslides damage homes andinfrastructure, they force people to leave their homes. Displacement creates a host of challenges, including the immediate need for shelter, food, and clean water. Individuals and families may be relocated to temporary housing for a long period of time. Prolonged displacement can strain community bonds and lead to social isolation, particularly for vulnerable groups such as the elderly, disabled, and children. Table 5-13 displays thethreatened populations in Avalon that can be impacted by landslides. ________ Table 5-13: Landslide Threatened Populations Population in Threatened Population Metric landslide Zone City Population 3,400 3,400
Households 1,200 1,200
Numbers are estimates only, as exact values for some statistics were not available. Actual numbers maybe greater than the estimate presented in this table.Other Threats The destruction of homes and businesses diminishes livelihoods and erodes financial stability. Businesses impacted by landslides may struggle to recover, leaving employees without jobs and reducing economic activity. These disruptions can cause a domino effect, in which the broader community suffers from reduced commerce, diminished tax revenue, and slower economic growth.

Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and
DevelopmentLandslides often render large tracts of land unsuitable for agriculture, habitation, orindustrial purposes. The deposition of debris can bury fertile topsoil, while the instability of affected areas may prevent future construction or cultivation. In mountainous regions,landslide-prone slopes are frequently abandoned, reducing the availability of usable landand forcing communities to relocate or adapt. Buildings may be relocated to stable zones, and governments may enforce stricter zoning regulations that prohibit development in risky areas. Such policies, while necessary for safety, can limit economic growth and the expansion of the city.
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uiian-Caused Hazards
Physical Threat
Cyber Attack
A significant cyber event could have considerable impact on the population, built environment, lifeline infrastructure, environment, environment, and the economy. Most jurisdictions have several levels of security in place, dependent upon security levels of individuals and the geographical locations (onsite or remote). Many also have redundant dispatch centers with separate systems that can function if the primary center isn’tfunctioning.

A cyber-attack can infiltrate many institutions including banking, medical, education, government, military, and communication and infrastructure systems. The majority ofeffective malicious cyber-activity has become web based. Recent trends indicate that hackers are targeting users to steal personal information and targeting computers to cause system failures. The duration of a cyber-attack is dependent on the complexity of the attack, how widespread it is, how quickly the attack is detected, and the resources available to aid in restoring the system. A cyber-attack could be geared toward oneorganization, one type of infrastructure and/or a specific geographical area. The affectedarea could range from small to large scale.

Hazardous Materials Release
Hazardous materials can cause damage to infrastructure and the population in Avalon if they are released into the environment. Corrosive hazardous materials can damage the exteriors of buildings or structures. Flammable hazardous materials can be ignited andcause damage to nearby structures. Generally, sites closer to the origin of the release of hazardous materials are more at risk than those further away. Aerosolized hazardousmaterial releases can cause severe health consequences for populations in and downstream from the epicenter of the release.TerrorismThere is no way to predict which of Avalon’s facilities or assets may be impacted by an act of terrorism since the motivation behind the incident is often complex and not easily understood. Generally, these incidents occur at places of political, economic, or culturalimportance. If the perpetrator’s motives are to shut down City or regional government activity for a period, they may instead target pieces of infrastructure, like water systems, utility delivery systems, or transportation networks. The financial losses that may result from this type of incident would depend on the degree of destruction associated with the activity. If the incident involves the destruction of physical assets, the cost to the City or property owners in Avalon could be significant.
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Social Threat
Cyber Security Incident
Cities like Avalon are an attractive target for criminals and cyber threat actors to exploit vulnerable systems to steal critical infrastructure data and proprietary information, conduct ransomware operations, or launch destructive cyberattacks. Successful cyberattacks against cities could lead to disruption of infrastructure services, significant financial losses, exposure of citizens’ private data, erosion of citizens’ trust in the smart systems themselves, and physical impacts to infrastructure that could cause physical harm or loss of life.

Hazardous Materials Release
The threat of a hazardous materials release event affects those closest to a source of hazardous materials, including industrial sites, gas stations, gas transmission lines, sewermains, and transportation incidents that produce hazardous material spills. Avalonresidents living next to major transportation infrastructure such as highways or major roadways also face a greater risk of being affected by a hazardous materials release if vehicles transporting these materials accidentally release their contents into the environment. Groups such as the elderly, low-income, and renters face a greater risk ofexposure since they may not have the financial resources necessary to retrofit their homes against infiltration by hazardous materials or relocate to a home farther from the potential sources of hazardous materials.

Terrorism
Since mass casualty incidents/acts of terrorism could occur anywhere in the city, all groups are potentially threatened by the impacts of these incidents; however, the extent of the threat would depend upon the type and magnitude of the event. For example, anactive shooter situation may be isolated to a single location, whereas a larger-scale incident may affect multiple locations. Some locations are more likely to be targeted than others, including but not limited to medical facilities, government buildings, financial institutions and the people frequently visiting these areas may face a greater threat than the average person. Seniors, pregnantwomen, and persons with disabilities, for instance, are more likely to frequently visit the local hospitals than other subpopulations in the city.

If an incident occurs at a hospital or within the community (overwhelming hospital resources), these groups are expected to face an increased impact from the incident.Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and Development The hazards identified under human-caused hazards will not affect population patterns or land use and development, as no connection can be drawn between these hazards andchanges in population patterns or land use and development.

It is not anticipated that population patterns will change over the next 20 years. A change in population pattern would only occur if a hazardous materials release was severe enough to require people to move for a prolonged period of time due to soil contamination. 131
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5.4.10 TsunamiPhysical Threat
The physical threat of a tsunami to coastal communities includes:
• Inundation: The most immediate physical threat posed by a tsunami is the rapid inundation of coastal areas. The waves can travel several hundred feet inland, ‘engulfing everything in their path—homes, vehicles, infrastructure, and people,including one government building and several recreational spaces. The force of the water is immense, capable of sweeping away entire buildings and uprootingtrees. • Force and Impact: Unlike normal wind-driven waves, which break and lose energy quickly, tsunami waves behave like a rapidly rising tide, with incredibly strong currents. The energy carried by a tsunami can smash through concrete walls, topple bridges, and erode foundations. Objects caught in the flow, from vehicles to large containers, become dangerous projectiles, compounding the destruction. • Multiple Waves: Tsunamis rarely consist of a single wave. Instead, they often arrive as a series of waves, sometimes spaced minutes or even an hour apart. The first wave is not always the largest or most destructive, and subsequent waves can catch survivors and rescue workers off-guard, amplifying the danger and complicating evacuation efforts.

Table 5-14: Critical Facilities and Facilities of Concern (Tsunami Inundation Zone) Category Facilities Facilities - Pcte:tial
- Critical Concern
Government Operations, Medical Facilities, 1 0 $8,716,000 Emergency OperationsUtilities Infrastructure 0 0 $0Recreational, Cultural, and Community 0 3 $4,158,000 Centers
Total 1 3 12,274,000 00
* Based on the City’s insurance replacement values.
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HousingRecreational
Figure 5-7: Tsunami Hazard Area Threat Map with City infrastructure F,,,
cabr\\bo Or
•n
WV n
.jr
Bird Park Rd
at iou sand
uj.t course
£
Ava Ion
Santa catalina
I slanti
cm City Boundary
Road
OceanGoll Course
Park
CemeteryGovernment Operations
Tsunami Hazard Area
133
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Social ThreatCoastal economies like Avalon are heavily reliant on tourism. Destruction caused by tsunamis can lead to lower tourism rates and local businesses may be closed for extended periods of time. Populations that work and live near the coastline may be particularly affected by a tsunami. The elderly, children, people with disabilities, and thoseliving in poverty are disproportionately affected. Limited mobility, lack of resources, and social isolation can make evacuation and recovery much more challenging.Other ThreatsSaltwater inundation can render agricultural soil infertile, harm freshwater sources, and disrupt fragile coastal ecosystems. Coral reefs, mangroves, and wetlands—natural buffers against storm surges—can be devastated, reducing their ability to protect coastlines from future disasters.

Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and
Development
Depending on the magnitude of the tsunami, there may be the need to evacuate households, businesses, and residents for a short period of time until the flooding from the tsunami recedes.

Table 5-15: Tsunami Inundation Threatened Populations
Threatened Population Metric Inund:tion City
Population 900 3,400Households 200 1,200
*Numbers are estimates only, as exact values for some statistics were not available. Actual amounts mightbe greater than the estimate presented in this table. 134
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
I, EIt Disrupt’on (Loss of \AIt & Powr, Qutç.).

Physical ThreatPower Outages and Infrastructure Failures (disruptions) are considered a form of lifeline system failure and could have a significant impact on the population, built environment, infrastructure, and the economy. Disruptions can be the consequence of another hazard, or can be the primary hazard, absent of an outside trigger. Avalon gets its electricity fromSouthern California Edison. Because of this, if the power grid increases in other parts of the state, it could curtail the energy available to Avalon. This vulnerability is compounded by the reality that the community has become more reliant on power for gadgets andappliances to perform basic daily activities. This loss of power will not only be an inconvenience but could become a life-threatening experience. Many citizens rely on power and water infrastructure to operate medical machinery to survive (i.e., oxygen tanks, dialysis machines). There are various medical facilities that rely on these resourcesto maintain basic standards of care for patients.

Climate change considerations indicate that as the weather conditions change, there could be an increase in energy needs. This could be from both potential increase in heatand cold. These predicted increases will put ever greater strain on Avalon’s energy supply.Social Threat Power outages and infrastructure failures most immediately threaten seniors, people with disabilities, and those with home medical equipment. These groups often face thegreatest threat during a power outage, during extreme heat or PSPS. Infrastructurefailures are usually short term, which most of the population can withstand.

Other Threats
Power outages and infrastructure failures most immediately threaten seniors, people with disabilities, and those with home medical equipment. These groups often face the greatest threat during a power outage, during extreme heat or PSPS. Infrastructure failures are usually short term, which most of the population can withstand.

Changes in Population Patterns and Land Use and
DevelopmentUtility disruptions will not affect population patterns or land use and development, as no connection can be drawn between these hazards and changes in population patterns or land use and development.
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SECTION 6: CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
A capability assessment was conducted of the City’s authorities, policies, programs, and resources. From the assessment, goals, and mitigation actions were developed. Theplanning team also developed a plan to prioritize, implement, and administer themitigation actions to reduce risk to existing buildings and new development.6.1 Existing Authorities, Policies, Programs,and Resources An assessment of authorities, policies and programs, and resources was conducted to identify capabilities that reduce vulnerability to hazards. The capabilities include authorities and policies, such as legal and regulatory resources, fiscal resources, andstaff (e.g., technical personnel such as planners/engineers with knowledge of landdevelopment and land management practices, engineers trained in construction practices related to building and infrastructure, planners and engineers with an understanding ofnatural or human-caused hazards, floodplain managers, surveyors, personnel with Geographic Information System (GIS) skills, and staff with expertise of the hazards in the planning area). The planning team also considered ways to expand on and improve these existing policies and programs to integrate hazard mitigation into the day-to-day activities and programs of the City. Tables 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4 summarize the existing authorities, policies, programs, and resources to implement mitigation actions and projects.

6.1.1 PIanninandRgulatory Capabilities
Planning and regulatory capabilities include local ordinances, policies, and laws to manage growth and development. Examples include land use plans, capital improvement plans, transportation plans, emergency preparedness and response plans, buildingcodes, and zoning ordinances. These capabilities may be used to inform and supportmitigation planning or may be modified as mitigation action. Table 6-1 lists City planningand regulatory capabilities. Under the Description column is an explanation of the City’sability to use the LHMP to expand on and improve these existing policies and programs. 136
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 6-1: LOcal Planning and Regulatory Capabilities
NameNersion
Addressed Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation)
Avalon Adopted All City’s Budget
Operating andCapital Budget Expansion and Improvement: Future budget will(2024-2025) include hazard mitigation projects as part of the general fund budget.

Capital All A compilation of infrastructure and majorImprovement and maintenance projects designed to expand, enhance Major and/or preserve the foundation of this great City.Maintenance Projects Expansion and Improvement: Future iterations of the CIP will incorporate hazard mitigation activities.

Sea Level Rise Climate This is a Greenhouse Gas Reduction document for Vulnerability Change, the City to help achieve its goals of reducingAssessment Drought, greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change Report (2019) Extreme impacts.

Weather, Fire, The plan may be found at the following
link:https://cityofavaIon.cov/DocumentCenterNiew/1 94/Sea-Level-Rise-Vulnerability-Assessment-Report PDF?bidld=
Expansion and Improvement: The HMP and SeaLevel Rise Vulnerability Assessment Report should be closely correlated. As the Climate Action Plan isupdated, mitigation measures from the new HMP canbe incorporated.

Avalon General All The City’s General Plan
Plan 2030
https://www. lovecatalina.com/communityinformation/avalon-2030-general-plan/ Avalon General All The Land Use Element designates the general Plan Land Use distribution, location, and extent (including standardsElement 2030 for population density and building intensity) of the uses of land for housing, business, industry,
.agricu!ture, open space, public facilities, and other
categories of public and private uses.

Avalon Code of Multiple The codes itemized below have been adopted and Ordinances may have been amended by the City of Avalon. 2019 California Building Code (Volume I & 2)2022 California Residential Code 2022 California Electrical Code2022 Cafcrnia Mechanical Code2022 Cfomia Plirnbin Ccde 137
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 6-1: Local Planning and Regulatory Capabilities
NameNersion
Adessed Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation)
2022 California Energy Code2022 California Green Building Standards Code2022 California Fire Code The California Building Code, 2019 Edition (“CBC’),
shall be the City’s Building Code for the erection,construction, enlargement, alteration, repair, movement, removal, demolition, occupancy,
equipment, use, height, area, and maintenance of all
buildings and other structures in the City, except asmodified herein.Expansion and Improvement: Ensure ordinances align with industry standards and look at the
implications of adding additional restrictions thatimprove mitigation City wide.

Avalon General Natural Addresses these safety issues, with emphasis on the Plan Safety Hazards naturally occurring conditions that pose a hazard to Element Avalon, and provides goals, policies, and programs aimed at reducing the City’s risk from these hazards.

Expansion and Improvement: Align the HMP with the
future iteration of the Safety Element.

6.1.2 Administrative and Technical Capabilities
Administrative and technical capabilities include community (including public and private) staff and their skills and tools that can be used for mitigation planning and implementation.

This capability includes engineers, planners, emergency managers, GIS analysts, building inspectors, grant writers, and floodplain managers. Some communities may rely on other government entities such as counties or special City’s for resources. These capabilities may be used when planning mitigation activities to support project feasibity studies, designs, estimates, and construction.
i 138
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 6-2: Administrative and Technical Capabilities
Resource Name Department Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation) Communications City Manager’s The City’s Public Information Office provides Office outreach and information to the public, creative services to all internal departments, and
videography for the City; also handles all website
administration.

Expansion and Improvement: Strengthen ties with
community organizations and businesses to ensure
key content and information is timely and relevant.

Create additional communications platforms toensure information and content reaches community members.

City Clerks Office City Clerk The City Clerk Supervises and coordinates City elections; serves as Filing Officer for City appeals
as designated by various sections of the Avalon’s
Municipal Code; prepares and updates the City’s
Conflict of Interest Code, and serves as FilingOfficer for the Fair Political Practices Commission; receives and opens all sealed bids and formallyreleases bid bonds; receives, processes andmaintains claims, public record requests, special event applications, summonses and complaints;
assists the public and City staff by providinginformation and research assistance; and directs the retention and destruction of official records in
accordance with applicable laws and regulations.

Expansion and Improvement: Prioritize newinitiatives that support mitigation activities within the City.

Building Division Planning and The City’s Planning and Building is responsible for Building development of ordinances, enforcement of the
city’s zoning and housing and environmental codes.

The Avalon’s Municipal Code regulates parking on
private property, zoning, property maintenance,
weed abatement on undeveloped lots and other
substandard conditions on residential, commercial,
and industrial properties.

Expansion and Improvement: Utilize code
compliance as a means of incorporating mitigation
into structures and improvements conducted byresidents and bun€,sscs. 139
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 6-2: Administrative and Technical Capabilities
Resource Name Department Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation) Engineering Capital The department is charged with overseeing, Services Improvement planning, designing, and implementation of infrastructure projects. Some of the department’s
functions include:
• Act as the lead agency for construction and
public works contracts within the Right-of- Way.
• Program, plan, design and administer the
construction of the annual Capital Improvement
Program.
• Issue encroachment and traffic control permits
for any work within the Right-of-Way.
• Inspect construction within the Right-of-Way to
verify conformance with the permit conditions
and compliance with the latest City codes.
• Review all proposed residential, commercial
and industrial development projects and
provide engineering input as well as conditions
of approval for proposed projects.
• Plan check all development plans including
those that impact other department functions.

Manage traffic engineering and transportationplanning activities.

Expansion and Improvement: Work withEngineering to identify soft structures within the Cityboundary and develop mitigation strategies to makeimprovements.

Public Works Public Works The Public Works Department provides maintenance service to Avalons’s roads, parks,marina, open spaces, flood control areas, water and sewer lines as well as providing safe potable water
to residents.

Expansion and Improvement: Improve the
understanding of the role that daily activities play in hazard mitigation. Develop hazard mitigationprojects that aid in mitigation. 140
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 6-2: Administrative and Technical Capabilities
Resource Name Deent Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation) Information Information The role of the Department is to support the Systems Technology operational departments with reliable systems and information on a daily basis. The most critical
support required of IT being network,communications and applications support. The IT department provides short- and long-term direction
in planning, researching, selecting and deploying
future technologies. IT strives to accommodate
improved business process automation, self-service
and quality customer service through a variety of
hardware and software solutions. The ITDepartment also leads cybersecurity efforts,including increasing cybersecurity awareness in staff through training and assessments, riskassessment of procurements involving IT systemsor technologies, recommendations for improvements, internal IT audits, and the
development of policies and standards supporting
confidentiality, integrity and availability of
information systems.Expansion and Improvement: Increase systemredundancy and resiliency through improvements to technologies and connectivity.

Emergency Fire Department Develops, coordinates, and manages programs that Management prevent, prepare for, respond to, recover from, and mitigate natural and human-caused disasters and
emergencies.

Expansion and Improvement: Increase coordination
and collaboration with other City departments,especially during annual budgeting.

Housing City Manager The Housing Program administers funds the City receives from the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD). These funds are
authorized under HUD’s Community Development
Block Grant (CDBG) program and used to benefit
low- and moderate-income families and aid in therehabilitation and development of blighted areas within the City.

Expansion and Improvement: Integrate mitigation
actions and strategies into low- and moderate
income areas to reduce blight and potentially spur
further investment.
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CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 6-2: Administrative and Technical Capabilities
Resource Name Department Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation) Planning Division Planning and Planning and Building Department plays a critical Building role in achieving the City Council’s goals and objectives related to land use, urban design, and
the quality and sustainability of the built
environment.

Expansion and Improvement: Provide opportunities
for continued education to Community Development
staff to maintain state-of-the-art knowledge of newcode and regulatory requirements.

Financial Services Finance The Finance Department is tasked with maintaining Department reliable accounting records, payment of approved demands against the City treasury, financial
statement reporting, preparation of the annual
budget, prudent fiscal planning, payroll processing,
and debt administration.

Expansion and Improvement: Assist with keymitigation activities associated with cost trackinghazard events and disasters, identifying grant funding opportunities, grant reporting and
administration, and establishing financial riskcalculations that can help assist with budgeting of operations, maintenance, and capitalimprovements.

Human Resources Human The Human Resources Department plans, Resources coordinates and administers a comprehensive
human resources management program for the Cityof Avalons and its employees. This includes therecruitment and retention of highly qualified employees, maintenance of a competitive employeecompensation program, implementation and use of current technology for the City’s human resources,organizational and employee development, and employee/labor relations. Identifies, evaluates and
manages the City’s risk and liability programs. Thisincludes claims administration, the maintenance of liability/insurance coverage as well as thecompliance with governmental regulation. Inaddition, the department administers the City’s workers’ compensation and employee safety
programs.
pansion and lmproiemenz: Increase knowledge
and information through better data collection and
tracking.
______________________
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CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 6-2: Administrative and Technical Capabilities
Resource Name Department Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation) Floodplain Public The duties and responsibilities of the Floodplain Manager Works/CIP Administrator shall include, but not be limited to:
• Permit review• Flood hazard reduction• NFIP program administration• Construction inspections Expansion and Improvement: The Floodplain
Administrator supports compliance with NFIP
requirements, advocates for appropriate
development in flood hazard areas, and provides
technical expertise on effective flood mitigation
activities. This can support mitigation activities.
ifjLçjjIiUes
Financial capabilities include grants, general funds, properly sales, income taxes, development impact fees, or stormwater utility fees. Based on procedures for each resource, these financial resources may be used to support mitigation activities.

Table 6-3: Financial Capabilities
Resource Name Administrator Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation) General Fund Department Program operations and specific projects. Consists Specific of property tax, sales tax, transient occupancy tax, and franchise tax that can be used for general
purposes.

Expansion and Improvement: Hazard mitigation
projects may be considered during the annualbudgeting process for funding from the general fund.
143
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 6-3: Financial Capabilities
Resource Name Administrator Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation) Community Fund Specific The CDBG program provides funding for eligible Development senior activities such as in-home care, art classes, Block Grants counseling, and home- delivered meals. HUD also (CDBG) provides Disaster Recovery Assistance in the form of flexible grants to help cities, counties, and States recover from Presidentially declared disasters,
especially in low- income areas, subject to theavailability of supplemental appropriations.

Expansion and Improvement: Where applicable,
CDBG grants should be used to fund mitigation
projects that enhance the resiliency of low-income
and underserved communities.

Hazard Mitigation Emergency Provides support for pre-and post-disaster Grant Program Management mitigation plans and projects.(HMPG) Expansion and Improvement: Train staff on notice
of intent (NOl) procedures and track opportunitieson the Cal OES mitigation website to initiate applications for grant funding.

Building Resilient Grant Funding Provides support for pre-disaster mitigation plans Infrastructure and and projects.Communities(BRIC) Expansion and Improvement: Train staff on notice of intent (NOl) procedures and track opportunitieson the Cal OES mitigation website to initiateapplications for grant funding.

Flood Mitigation Grant Funding Mitigates structures and infrastructure that have Assistance grant been repetitively flooded.
program (FMA)
Expansion and Improvement: Train staff on notice
of intent (NOl) procedures and track opportunitieson the Cal OES mitigation website to initiateapplications for grant funding. 144
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

6.1.4 Education and Outreach Capabilities
These capabilities include fire safety programs, hazard awareness campaigns, and public information or communications offices. Education and outreach capabilities can be used to inform the public on current and potential mitigation activities.

Table 6-4: Education and Outreach Capabilities
Resource Name City Leads Description (Effect on Hazard Mitigation) Public Information Officer City Develops and delivers outreach and Manager’s engagement programs that promote
Office hazard awareness.

Expansion and Improvement: Provide
additional information to the community
about hazard mitigation activities.

City Web Sites Various Provides easily accessed information Https://www.cityofavalon.gov/ about the City. Used for LHMP public outreach and engagement.

Expansion and Improvement: Use the
City website to provide additional
information to the community abouthazard mitigation activities.

City Social Media Accounts Various Provides easily accessed information https://www.facebook.com/Cityof about the City. Used for LHMP public AvalonOfficial outreach and engagement.

Expansion and Improvement: Use the
City social media platforms to provideadditional information to the communityabout hazard mitigation activities.

6.2 National Flood Insurance Program
Participation
The City is a participant in the NFIP, a Federal program enabling property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance as a protection against flood losses in exchange for State and community floodplain management regulations that reduce futureflood damages. As a participant of the NFIP, Avalon has adopted NFIP minimumfloodplain management criteria via local regulation. The City has no properties that fall under the NF!P definition of Repetitive Loss Properties. The City’s City Manager or designee oversees NFIP requirements and commitments. Post incident, the Floodplain Administrator oversees local floodplain ordinances and wi implement any substantial improvements/substantial damage provisons of their floodpn management regulations I 145
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
according toAvalon Municipal Code Chapter 14.27., including:• Restricting or prohibiting uses which are dangerous to health, safety, and property due to water or erosion hazards or which result in damaging increases in erosion or flood heights or velocities;
• Requiring that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which serve such uses, be protected against flood damages at the time of their initial construction; • Controlling the alteration of natural floodplains, stream channels, and natural protective barriers which help accommodate or channel floodwaters; • Controlling filling, grading, dredging, and other development which may increase flood damages; and
• Preventing or regulating the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally divert floodwaters or which may increase flood hazards in other areas The City of Avalon implements and enforces local floodplain management regulations by adopting ordinances that comply with the requirements of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Theseregulations establish standards for development within Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) to reduce flood risk, protect life and property, and maintain the community’s eligibility for federally backed flood insurance.

Information on NFIP compliance is presented in Table 6-5.

Table 6-5: National Flood Insurance Program Participation Community Initial Initial Date Reg Current CID Name County FHBM FIRM Eff Map Emer Ident Ident Date 060098# Avalon, City of Los Angeles 10/08/76 09/29/78 09/26/08 09/29/78 County
Source: FEMA Community Status Report Book
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CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
SECTION 7: MITIGATION STRATEGYFederal regulations require local mitigation plans to identify goals for reducing long-term vulnerabilities to the identified hazards in the planning area (Section 201 .6(c)(3)(i)).

A hazard mitigation plan’s primary focus is the mitigation strategy. It represents the efforts selected by the City to reduce or prevent losses resulting from the hazards identified in the risk assessment. The strategy includes mitigation actions and projects to address the risk and vulnerabilities discovered in the risk assessment. The mitigation strategy consists of the following steps:
• Identify and profile hazards and risk within the City • Identify projects and activities that can prevent or mitigate damage and injury to the population and buildings
Develop a mitigation strategy to implement the mitigation actions • Develop an action plan to prioritize, implement, and administer the mitigation actions Implement the LHMP mitigation action plan
A capability assessment was conducted of City authorities, policies, programs, and resources. Based upon this assessment and the hazard analysis and risk assessment, goals, and mitigation actions were developed. The planning team also developed a processlo prioritize, implement, and administer the mitigation actions to reduce risk to existing facilities and new development

7.1 Hazard Mitigation Statement
The 2026 LHMP represents the City’s commitment to create a safer, more resilient community by taking actions to reduce risk and by committing resources to lessen the effects of hazards on the people and property of the city.

7.2 Hazard Mitigation Goals and ObjectivesMitigation goals are guidelines that represent what the community wants to accomplish through the mitigation plan. Goals are broad statements that represent a long-term, community-wide vision. The planning team reviewed the example goals and objectives from the previous LHMP and determined which goals best met the City’s objectives for mitigation. In addition to the overarching hazard mitigation goals, the City worked to develop the strategies aligned with the Capital Improvement Plan and other planning mechanisms that relate to hazard mitigation. Overall, rnitigaton priorities did not change for the City of Avalon, the city continues to be very concerned about wildfire and earthquake risks. The 2026 LHMP was revised to focus on the communities’ priorities asthey re!ate to Climate Change, Wild/Urban Fire, and their commitment to involving 14?
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
vulnerable populations to the planning process. Table 7-1 lists the goals for the 2020 LH M P.

Table 7-1 Hazard Mitigation Goals
2026 Goals
Goal 1: Protect life and property, and reduce potential injuries from natural, technological, and human-caused hazards
Goal 2: Improve public understanding, support of, and need for hazard mitigation measuresGoal 3: Promote disaster resilience for the City’s natural, existing, and future builtenvironmentGoal 4: Strengthen partnerships and collaboration to implement hazard mitigation activitiesGoal 5: Enhance the City’s ability to effectively and immediately respond to disasters

7.3 Mitigation Actions/Projects and
Implementation Strategy
Mitigation actions are specific activities or projects that serve to meet the goals that the community has identified. Mitigation actions and projects are more specific than goals or objectives and often include a mechanism, such as an assigned timeframe, to measure the success and ensure the actions are accomplished. The planning team conducted a review of the mitigation actions and strategies from the SHMP and from other cities’ planning efforts to develop new mitigation actions and projects to reduce the effects ofhazards, with emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure.

The requirements for prioritization of mitigation actions, as provided in the federai regulations implementing the Stafford Act as amended by DMA 2000, are described below.

Based on these criteria, the City prioritized potential mitigation projects and included them in the action plan discussed below in Table 7-2. The mitigation action plan developed by the planning team includes the action items that the City intends to implement during the next five (5) years, assuming funding availability. The action plan includes theimplementing department, an estimate of the timeline for implementation, and potential funding sources.

I ‘
Mitigation actions are specific activities or projects that serve to meet the goals that the community has identified. Mitigation actions and projects are more specific than goals orobjectives and often include a mechanism, such as an assigned time period, to measure the success and ensure the actions are accomplished. With information from the hazard analysis, risk assessment and capability assessment, the panning team developed XX new mitigation actions and projects to reduce the effects of hazards, with emphasis on 148
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
new and existing buildings and infrastructure.

Table 7-2 lists the initial, potential mitigation actions developed by the planning team. For each mitigation action, the following information is listed: type of mitigation project; hazard(s) addressed, type of development affected by action; and the source of themitigation project idea. Mitigation Actions that were chosen were excluded from Table 7- 2 and incorporated into Table 7-3.”
Table 7-2: Potential Mitigation Actions 2026
Goal Action Action Mitigation Related Implementing Item # Description Type Hazards Organizations Goal 1: Protect 1.1 Assess and Prevention Seismic Operations life, property, implement flexible
and reduce piping joints at
potential above-groundinjuries from storage reservoirsnatural caused as appropriatehazards 1.2 Continue to identify Prevention Seismic Operations and ensure that
pipe specifications
are compatible withGIS and
earthquake
specifications

1.3 Identify funding and Response All Operations
acquire a mobilecommand andcommunications
vehicle

1.4 Continue to include Preparedness Loss of Operations back-up power Power!
PsPS
The mitigation action plan developed by the planning team includes the action items thatthe City intends to implement during the next five (5) years, assuming funding availability.The action plan, shown in Table 7-3, includes the implementing department, an estimate of the timeline for implementation, and potential funding sources.

The new mitigation actions include a broad range of approaches to hazard mitigation such as retrofitting, code enforcement, development of new regulations, public education, development of redundant facilities, and others. Measures are included to mitigate risksto existing buidirigs and infrastructure, as woi as new budirs and infrastructure. The mitigation action plan assigns primary responsibility for each o the action items to an 149
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
implementing department. The implementing department is the controlling department that will assign funding and oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.

The planning team does not presume the expertise to prescribe which projects will be implemented. The prioritization of projects in the LHMP is a means to provide a basis forimplementing the mitigation strategies, but all new mitigation actions and projects will be formally prioritized and selected by the implementing department. This will accommodatethe project funding, schedule of the department, staff requirements, and ability to integratethe new project into existing and ongoing projects. Departments will consider the funding source, the cost-effectiveness of the project, alternative projects, the compatibility of the new project with ongoing projects, the extent to which the project addresses the risks assessed in Section 4, and the potential of economic and social damage.

Prioritization
To assist with implementing the mitigation action plan, the planning team used thefollowing ranking process to provide a method to prioritize the projects for the Action Plan.

Designations of High, Medium, and Low priorities have been assigned to each action item using the following criteria.Does the action Solve the problem? Address vulnerability assessment?
Reduce the exposure or vulnerability to the highest priority hazard? Address multiple hazards?
Offer benefits that equal or exceed costs?
Implement a goal, policy, or project identified in the General Plan or Capital
Improvement Plan?
Can the action Be implemented with existing funds?
Be implemented by existing state or federal grant programs?Be completed within the five (5)-year life cycle of the LHMP? Will the action Be implemented with currently available technologies? Be accepted by the community?Be supported by community leaders? Adversely affect segments of the population or neighborhoods? Require a change in local ordinances or zoning laws?
Result in a positive or neutral impact on the environment? Comply with all local, state, and federal environmental laws and regulations?
Is there Sufficient staffing to undertake he project?
Existing authority to undertake the proect?
150
CITY OF AVALON 2026 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Each positive response is equal to one point. Answers to the criteria above determined the priority according to the following scale:
1—6 = Low priority 7—12 = Medium priority 13—18 = High priority Using the criteria above, the planning team employed the Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, Environmental (STAPLEE) method to rank actions in the mitigation action plan.

Benefit-Cost Analysis
Conducting benefiflcost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist the City in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now in order to avoid disaster-related damages later. Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates how to best spend a given amount of money toachieve a specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating hazards can provide decision-makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis for comparing alternative projects.

Funding
The funds required to implement the mitigation action plan will come from a variety ofsources, including Federal Hazard Mitigation Grants, City budget, bonds, fees and assessments, and others. Some projects are (or will be) included in capital improvement budgets, while some, especially ongoing projects, are included in department operating budgets.

Prior to beginning a project or when federal funding is involved, the implementing department will use a FEMA approved benefit/cost analysis approach to identify the actual costs and benefits of implementing these mitigation actions. For non-structural projects, implementing departments will use other appropriate methods to weigh the costs andbenefits of each action item and then develop a prioritized list.Implementation Mitigation projects were assigned one of three (3) categories as a tentative schedule forimplementation: short-range, mid-range, and long-range. Projects that are currently beingimplemented by various departments are assigned to the ongoing category.Implementation of short-range projects will typically begin within the next three (3) years.Mid-range projects will require some planning and likely require funding beyond what is currently allocated to the various departments in the City’s Operations and Maintenancebudget. Projects in the mid-range category will generally begin implementation in the next three (3) to five (5) years. Long-range projects will require great planning and funding and will generally begin implementation within five (5) years and beyond. 151

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 7-3: Mitigation Action Implementation Plan
Miti ation Action Funding Responsible Relative Time Priori g Sources Department Cost* Frame Multiple Hazards
Install energy efficient equipment and harden General Public Works $$ 2-5 years Medium emergency backup power at critical facilities deemed Fund, HMGP necessary. Prioritize installations for facilities that Grants serve evacuation centers/shelters.
(Hazards addressed: All)
2 Develop a list of key facilities. Conduct a feasibility General Public Works $ 2 years Medium assessment of installing solar and battery backup Fund, BRIC! systems at critical facilities within the City.

Grants
HMGP
(Hazards addressed: All)
3 Develop a policy to ensure the Citys LHMP is General Fire $ 1 year Medium reviewed during the development of capital Fund, HMGP
improvement plans/projects. Grants
(Hazards addressed: All)
4 Develop a Public Outreach Plan geared towards General Fire $ Ongoing Low providing hazard education, emergency management, Fund, HMGP -yearly and mitigation action activities. Create and Integrate Grants hazard mitigation material into public safety
information and training programs (e.g. Citizen’s
Academy, Community Emergency Response Team
(Hazards
Program)
addressed: All)
152

CT D LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 7-3: Mitigation Action Implementation Plan
Funding Responsible Relative Time Mitigation Action Sources Department Cost* Frame Priority 5 Develop a policy to ensure the City’s Building Codes General Planning $ 3 years Medium are reviewed annually to reflect changes and best Fund, HMGP practices in hazard science Grant
(Hazards Addressed: Flood, Earthquake).
6 Closely monitor changes in the boundaries of mapped General Fire! $ 2 years Medium hazard areas resulting from land use changes or Fund, HMGP Planning climate change and adopt new mitigation actions or Grants revise existing ones to ensure continued resiliency.
(Hazards addressed: All)
Climate Change
7 Integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation General $ Ongoing High information and analysis into future LHMP updates Fund, BRIC! Fire -Yearly and others.

Grants
HMGP
(Hazards addressed: Climate Change)
Drought
8 Implement measures to bolster local water supply to General Public Works $$$ 3 years High meet demand, create a sustainable water supply, Fund, BRIC! while meeting environmental mandates.

Grants
HMGP
(Hazards addressed: Drought)
9 Develop public messaging about water conservation General Public Works $ Ongoing Low to address climate change-induced drought for Fund, BRIC! -Yearly posting on websites, social media, and other HMGP
platforms. Grants
(Hazards addressed: Drought)
153

CTY DE JALO LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 7-3: Mitigation Action Implementation Plan
Funding Responsible Relative Time Mitigation Action Sources Department Cost* Frame Priority Earthquake/Geologic Hazards
10 Implement and enforce the soft-story retrofit General Planning $ 2 years Medium ordinance. Fund, BRIC!
HMGP
(Hazards addressed: Seismic) Grants
11 Conduct an educational campaign, incentivize and General Planning $ 2 years Medium promote medium-scale seismic retrofits, such as Fund, HMGP window films to minimize shattering, anchors for Grants rooftop-mounted equipment, bracing for masonry
chimneys, and other preventative measures to reduce
damage to private buildings.
(Hazards addressed: Seismic)
12 Conduct a seismic analysis of all City-owned key General $ Ongoing High facilities and retrofit vulnerable facilities. Fund, HMGP Public Works -yearly Grants
(Hazards addressed: Seismic)
13 Initiate a program to schedule installation of resilient General Public Works $$$$ Ongoing High (seismically appropriate) piping for new or Fund, HMGP -Yearly replacement water distribution pipelines. Grants
(Hazards addressed: Seismic)
14 Conduct an analysis on steep slopes capable of General Planning! $ 5 years Low producing landslides. Purchase safety barrier netting Fund, HMGP Fire to help lessen the effects. Grants
(Hazards addressed: Landslide)
154

CITY OF VALO LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 7-3: Mitigation Action Implementation Plan
Funding Responsible Relative Time Mitigation Action Sources Department Cost* Frame Priority 15 Identify and retrofit key critical facilities with General Planning! $$ 5 years High seismically rated window film treatments that ensure Fund, BRIC! Public Works glass windows do not shatter during a strong seismic HMGP event. Grants
(Hazards addressed: Seismic)
Flooding
16 Investigate the use of permeable paved and General Public Works $$ lvediurn landscaped swales for new construction and Fund, BRIC! 3 years replacement of City-owned hardscaped areas. HMGP
[Identify which locations]
(Hazards addressed: Flood)
17 Retrofit roadway medians to capture stormwater General $$$ 4 years Medium during rain events. Prioritize improvements along Fund, BRIC! Public Works major arterials!roadways throughout the City.

Grants
HMGP
(Hazards addressed: Flood)
18 Prepare an inventory of major urban drainage General $ 2 years Low problems and identify causes and potential mitigation Fund, BRIC! Public Works actions for urban drainage problem areas.

Grants
HMGP
(Hazards addressed: Flood)
Extreme Weather (Severe Winds, Severe Rainstorms)
19 Remove or trim trees determined to be susceptible to General Parks! $ Ongoing- Medium blowing over during a severe wind event and Fund, HMGP Public Works yearly underground power lines, where feasible. Grants
(Hazards addressed: High Winds, Severe Rainstorm)
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OF VALD LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 7-3: Mitigation Action Implementation Plan
Funding Responsible Relative Time Mitigation Action Sources Department Cost* Frame Priority Fire
20 Educate and promote the proper maintenance and General Fire! Public $ Ongoing High separation of power lines from trees and other Fund, HMGP Works -Yearly hazards. Grants
(Hazards addressed: Wildfire)
21 Conduct regular fuel modification projects to reduce General $ Ongoing High fire hazard risks, such as clearing out dead vegetation Fund, HMGP Parks! Public -Yearly in parks, open spaces, right-of-way embankments, Grants Works and other areas that could become fuel for fires.
(Hazards addressed: Wildfire)
Dam Inundation
22 Coordinate with Public Works to collectively identify General $ 2 years Low threats to the City and implement an early warning Fund, HMGP Public Works system/protocol that notifies downstream communities Grants in the event of a potential dam failure incident.
(Hazards addressed: Dam Inundation)
Human-caused Hazards
23 Evaluate all critical facilities, facilities of concern for General Police $ Ongoing Medum potential human-caused hazard vulnerabilities and Fund, HMGP -Yearly integrate counterterrorism design elements and Grants
building materials, where feasible.
(Hazards addressed: Terrorism)
156
CT O L: LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 7-3: Mitigation Action Implementation Plan
Funding Responsible Relative Time Mitigation Action Sources Department Cost* Frame Priority 24 Continuously inspect businesses and other properties General Fire $ Ongoing Medium storing hazardous materials and create an inventory Fund, HMGP -Yearly of storage locations that require updates, Grants
maintenance, or renovation.
(Hazards addressed: Hazardous Materials)
25 Establish and provide annual cyber-security risk General IT $ 2 years High briefings to City officials. Leverage the Department of Fund, HMGP Homeland Security’s State, Local, Tribal, and Grants
Territorial Cyber security engagement programs.
(Hazards addressed: Cyber Attack)
26 Evaluate and take necessary actions to ensure robust General IT $$ Ongoing cyber-security of utility infrastructure and protection of Fund, BRIC/ -Yearly critical information systems from cyber- HMGP
attacks/incidents. Grants
(Hazards addressed: Cyber Attack)
157

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
SECTION 8: PLAN MAINTENANCE

PROCEDURES
Implementation and maintenance of the LHMP is critical to the overall success of hazard mitigation planning. This section details the process that the City will use to monitor,update, and evaluate the plan within the five-year cycle of the plan’s revision to ensure the LHMP remains an active and relevant document. The format of the plan aligns withthe regulation checklist and is divided into sections of information. When it is time to maintain or revise the LHMP, data can be easily located and incorporated, resulting in an easy method to keep the plan current and relevant.

The planning team represents City staff from each department and other stakeholdersthat contributed to the development of the 2026 LHMP. The planning team oversaw thedevelopment of the plan and made recommendations on key elements of the plan, including the maintenance strategy.It was important to the City that each department be represented in the planning team and given the opportunity to provide input during the plan development. This philosophy will be continued for future plan revisions through evaluations, maintenance, and updates of data, processes, and programs. The planning team will convene annually to performannual reviews of the LHMP and its implementation. The planning team will include representation from residents, citizen groups, partner agencies and stakeholders within the planning area.

If planning team members can no longer serve on the planning team, the City Manager will assign another staff person to be on the planning team so that every City department is represented.8.1 Monitoring and Evaluation
The planning team represents City staff from each department and other stakeholdersthat contributed to the development of the plan. The planning team oversaw thedevelopment of the plan and made recommendations on key elements of the plan, including the maintenance strategy.

It was important to the City that each department be represented in the planning team and given the opportunity to provide input during the plan development. This philosophy will be continued for future plan revisions through evaluations, maintenance, and updates of data, processes, and programs. The planning team will include representation from residents, citizen groups, and stakeholders within the planning area. In order to maintainits hazard mitigation goals. the Planning Team, led by the Administrative Analyst will meet quarterly to review implementation status of M;tition Projects and ensure the goals ofthe plan continue to address the needs of the City and its resdens. The Fire Chief, which o’ersees p!an development, wIU oveseo the convening of the Pnning Team. If planning team members can no longer eere on the p!arining team, the Department Director will 158

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
assign another staff person to be on the planning team so that every City department is represented.

The effectiveness of the plan will be measured by ensuring Mitigation Projects arecompleted in a timely manner and the public being aware of the hazards in the community by continuing to conduct outreach. The Fire Chief will oversee the plans effectiveness.

This process will be done in conjunction with the quarterly review and implementation ofthe plan.

8.2 Plan Update
Section 201 .6.d.3 of 44CFR requires that local hazard mitigation plans be reviewed,revised as appropriate, and resubmitted for approval in order to remain eligible forbenefits awarded under the Disaster Mitigation Act. The City intends to update its hazard mitigation plan on a five (5)-year cycle. Based on needs identified by the planning team, the update will, at a minimum, include the following elements:
• The hazard risk assessment will be reviewed and updated using the most recent information and technologies
• The action plan will be reviewed and revised to account for any initiatives completed, dropped, or changed and to account for changes in the risk assessment • Any new City policies identified under other planning mechanisms, as appropriate• The draft LHMP update will be sent to appropriate agencies and organizations for comment
• The public will be given an opportunity to comment on the updated version prior to adoption
• The City Council will adopt the updated plan
At a minimum of six (6) months before the expiration date of the 2026 LHMP, the City Fire Chief will convene the planning team to implement the plan revision schedule to formally update the 2026 plan. The plan will be revised using the latest FEMA hazard mitigation guidance documents, such as the Mitigation Planning Tool and Regulation Checklist, toensure compliance with current hazard mitigation planning regulations.The overall success of the LHMP is through implementation of the plan’s hazard mitigation strategy and activities to reduce the effects of hazards, protect people andproperty, and improve the City’s efforts to respond to and recover from disasters.Members of the public and the City will ultimately benefit from the implementation of the LHMP and must be given the opportunity to provide input to the continuous cycle of LHMP planning.

8.3 Continued Public Involvement
The overa success of tho LI-IMP is throucih impkmentation of the plan’s hazard 159

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
mitigation strategy and activities to reduce the effects of hazards, protect people andproperty, and improve the City’s efforts to respond to and recover from disasters.Members of the public and the City will ultimately benefit from the implementation of theLHMP and must be given the opportunity to provide input to the continuous cycle of LHMP planning.

The City will strive to keep the public aware of hazard mitigation projects that take place as a result of the LHMP. Public information will be released through press releases, City website announcements, public hearings as required, council meetings, social media, and press releases.

Projects that mitigate hazards are included in the City’s annual budget planning process.

The public is made aware of the planning through City Council meetings and press releases during this time. The budget planning process will serve as an annual opportunity to conduct outreach to the public on updates to the hazard mitigation planning process.

A survey can be conducted to gather input on how the community feels about the progress being made on LHMP activities. The City will also provide press releases and informationabout hazard mitigation projects to the public regularly. At a minimum, the public will be engaged to learn about current LHMP activities and given the opportunity to providecomments and information on an annual basis to update and maintain the LHMP. The City Public Information Officer (PlO) and the City Emergency Manager will be responsible for ensuring the public is included and involved in the annual public plan update and outreach.

When the time comes to begin revising the 2026 LHMP, the plan update process will be implemented, which will include continued public involvement and input through attendance at designated public meetings, web postings, through press releases to local media, community fairs, and events, and surveys. As part of this effort, a series of publicmeetings will be held, and public comments will be solicited on the revisions to the LHMP according to the five (5)-year cycle. Table 8-1 summarizes successful public involvement efforts previously conducted by the City, as well as proposed activities for public involvement and dissemination of information that shall be pursued whenever possible and appropriate.
160

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Table 8-1: Past and Proposed Continued Public Involvement Activities or Opportunities Identified by the City
Public Involvement Activity or Opportunity Department Past Proposed Administration LHMP Survey was conducted Conduct annual surveys to be online and given out at City events completed online and at the annual in person. Public Safety Event.

All Place more emphasis on the risks
associated with natural and
manmade hazards at public
awareness campaigns conducted by
various City departments. Consider
developing and distributing publiceducation materials for natural hazards.

Fire Conduct yearly presentations to theDepartment Accessibility & Disability Commission to update on progressof the mitigation activities. 161

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

APPENDIX
A
-LOCAL MITIGATION

PLAN REVIEW TOOL
162

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

APPENDIX B -PLANNING TEAM
MEETiNG DOCUMENTATION
Appendix B contains documentation of the planning process for the LHMP PlanningTeam, including meetings, presentations, emails, etc.

Date Activity I Documentation
Planning Team Meeting #1
Planning Team Meeting #2Planning Team Meeting #3Draft LHMP provided to neighboring jurisdiction forreview and comment.
• Documentation 1: Presentation Slide• Documentation 2: Presentation Slide• Documentation 3: Presentation Slide • Documentation 4: Email
1115/2025
2111/2025
5115/20252/10/2026
163

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Documentation 1: Planning Team Meeting #1 Presentation
City of Avalon
Hazard Mitigation Plan Development
Project Kick-off Meeting

VTANDEM
Documentation 2: Planning Team Meeting #2 Presentation
City of Avalon
Hazard Mitigation Plan Development
Initial Planning Meeting
February 11, 2025
VTANM
A
A
iar .ary 15.202.:
164

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Documentation 3: Planning Team Meeting #3 Presentation
City of Avalon
Hazard Mitigation Plan Development
Midterm Planning Meeting
VTND1
Documentation 4: Email
Avalon’s LHMP DRAFT 1
Michael AIegria ernalegria@city
Te.. Matthew King: Emma Peguero; David Spencer; Tue 5: P1.1 Chtjck Ini; lason Clay; Tim KiIpincki: +7 others
cc Aliana uonzaies; Francisco Soto
Social Website Language for Plar, reedback.docx
17 k’Fl
A
Good evening,
The City of Avalon is in the process of updating its Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. Part of the pio cess is to have neighboring cities, local businesses, and otherjurisdictional partners review the pLan and provide input. Attached is the public review draft toryour review. It’s on page two of the attachment. Please review the plan and let me know if you have any questions, input,or concerns. Thank you for your time.

Thank you,
CriietAlegria
165

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

APPENDIX C -PUBLIC

ENGAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION
Appendix C contains documentation of the planning process including meetings, presentations held for the stakeholders and public, and other stakeholder/public outreach efforts.

Date Activity I Documentation
February 2025 -PresentMarch 15, 2025
3 months211212026
Survey posted on City
Website with links provided in
social media accounts.General Hazard Mitigationdocuments.

HMP Outreach EventPublic hazard mitigation
survey conducted.

Draft LHMP provided for
public review.

Documentation 1 — Social Media PostsDocumentation 2 — FlyerDocumentation 3 — Flyer (Spanish)Documentation 7 — HMP on City WebsiteDocumentation 8 — Survey Links on City Website
Documentation 6 — Community Event (St.Baidricks)Documentation 4: Public SurveyDocumentation 5: Survey Results Documentation 9: Survey ResultsDocumentation I — Social Media Posts 166

CITY OF AVALON
Documentation 1: Social Media Posts

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
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167

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Documentation 2: Hazard Mitigation Plan Flyer
PREPAREDNESS!

THE CITY OF AVALON IS UPDATING ITS HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TO STRENGTHEN OUR COMMUNITY’S RESILIENCE AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS AND EMERGENCIES. YOUR FEEDBACK IS VITAL IN IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL RISKS AND ENHANCING OUR RESPONSE STRATEGIES. BE PART OF THEPLANNING PROCESS AND HELP SHAPE A SAFER FUTURE FOR AVALON!

LEARN ABOUT THE

LI PLAN

SHARE YOUR
LJ.,8 CONCERNS AND
IDEAS

HELP MAKE AVALON
‘‘ MORE RESILIENT

HELP SHAPE
AVALON’S DISASTER
168

CITY OFAVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Documentation 3: Hazard Mitigation Plan Flyer (Spanish) AVALON
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CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Documentation 4: Public Survey
Local Hazard Mitigation PlanPublic Engagement Survey _____ City of Avalon 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey
The City of Avalon is developing the first City Local Hazard Mitigation Plan(LHMP). The plan identifies natural, and human caused hazards that can impact the City. The new plan will list potential actions needed to reducerisk and future damage caused by disasters. The plan enables the City tobe eligible for various assistance grants. Public involvement is critical to theplan as the LHMP must represent the current needs and values of the community. To assist with obtaining public input, we invite you to participate in the following survey. We thank you in advance for your cooperation and assistance.Confidentiality: Your responses are completely confidential and will only be used to enhance our hazard mitigation efforts.

1. Do you (circle all that apply)
LI Live inAvalonLI Work inAvalonLI Visit Avalon, but live and work elsewhere

2. What is your age group?
Li Under 18LI 18-24Li 25-34LI 35-44El 45-54LI 55-64LI 65+LI prefer not to answer 170

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Local Hazard Mitigation PLan
Public Engagement Survey _____ 3. If a large earthquake or wildfire were to strike tomorrow El I feel confident that I know how to protect myself during the emergency.

El I am unsure how to protect myself during the emergencyEl Other:
_______________________________________

4. How prepared is your household for a natural hazard (for example, wildfire, flood, earthquake) on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being not prepared and 5 being very prepared?
Eli[2[3[4

5. The Hazards Mitigation Plan has identified a range of natural hazards posing a threat to the City. Select the natural hazard that concerns you the most?
El Climate ChangeII EarthquakeEl FloodingEl LandslideEl WildfireEl Drought El Dam FailureEl Tsunami11 HurricaneLI Extreme Weather (Windstorms, Rainstorm)El Other:
2 171

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Public Engagement Survey - -

6. What steps has your household taken to Mitigate against natural hazards? (Check all that apply)
Li Bought a backup generatorLi Trim trees to prevent limbs from falling onto the house during storms
Li Anchor water heaters and other large appliances to prevent tipping
Li Bought earthquake and/or fire insuranceLi Install automatic shutoff valves for gas and waterLi Cleared brush around your homeLi Other (please specify)

7. Choose the ways you prefer to seek information about incoming or ongoing threats?
Li Social media (X, Facebook, Instagram)Li Local Government WebsiteLi Community NotificationsLi City Press ConferencesLi Other (please specify)

8. Please provide any additional comments or insight below into how local natural hazards should be mitigated.

Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey.
3 172

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Documentation 5: Public Survey (Spanish)
LocaL Hazard Mitigation PLan ,\ H
Public Engagement Survey
Ciudad de Avalon
Encuestra Para El Plan Local de MitigaciOn deRiesgos
La Ciudad de Avalon está actualizando el Plan Local de Mitigacion de Riesgos (LocalHazard Mitigation Plan, LHMP) de Ia ciudad. El plan identifica los riesgos naturales y los causados por el hombre que pueden tener un impacto en Ia ciudad. El plan nuevo y actualizado enumerará las posibles acciones necesarias para reducir el riesgo y dañosen el futuro. El plan le permite a a ciudad ser elegible para varios subsidios deasistencia. La participaciOn püblica es fundamental para el plan, ya que el LHMP deberepresentar las necesidades y los valores actuales de Ia comunidad. Para ayudar aobtener Ia opinion del ptiblico lo invitamos a participar en Ia siguiente encuesta. Le agradecemos de antemano su cooperaciôn y asistencia.

1. Usted (marque todas las opciones que correspondan)
a. ViveenAvalon
b. Trabaja en Avalon
c. Visita Avalon, pero vive y trabaja en otro lugar

2. LCuál es su grupo de edad?
a. Menordel8años
b. 18-24
c. 25-34d. 35-44e. 45-54f. 55-64g. 65+
h. Prefiero no responder

3. Si mañana se produjera un gran terremoto o un incendio forestal... a. Estoy seguro de que sé cámo protegerme durante Ia emergencia. b. No estoy seguro de cómo protegerme durante Ia emergencia. c. Otro:
______________________________________
173

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
LocaL Hazard Mitigation PLanPublic EngagementSurvey

4. tQué tan preparado está su hogar para un peligro natural (por ejemplo, incendio forestal, inundación, terremoto) en una escala del 1 al 5, donde 1 es nopreparado y 5 es muy preparado? a. I
b. 2
c. 3d. 4e. 5

5. El Plan de MitigaciOn de Riesgos de a Ciudad anteriormente identifico una variedad de peligros naturales que representan una amenaza para Ia ciudad.

Seleccione el peligro natural que más le preocupa,
a. Cambio climático
b. Terremoto
c. lnundaciónd. Deslizamiento de tierrae. lncendio forestalf. Sequlag. Falla de presah. Tsunamii. Huracan j. Clima extremo (tormentas de viento, calor extremo, granizadas)

6. tQué medidas ha tornado su hogar para mitigar los peligros naturales? (Marque todas las que correspondan)
a. Compró un generador de ernergencia
b. Podó árboles para evitar que las ramas cayeran sobre Ia casa durante las tormentas
c. Fijó los calentadores de agua y otros electrodomésticos grandes para evitar que se vuelquen
d. ComprO un seguro contra terremotos yb inundacionese. lnstaló válvulas de cierre automático para el gas y el aguaf. Otro (especitique) 2 174

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Local Hazard Mitigation PlanPublic EngagementSurvey

7. Elija las formas que preflere para encontrar nformación sobre amenazas futuras o en desarrollo.
a, Redes sociales (X, Facebook, Instagram)b. Sitio web del gobierno local c. Notiticación a Ia comunidad
d. Conferencias de prensa de Ia Ciudade. Otro (especifique)

8. A continuación, proporcione comentarios o ideas adicionales sobre cOmo se deben mitigar los peligros naturales locales.

Gracias por tomarse el tiempo para completar esta encuesta. 3 175

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Documentation: 6: Community Event (St. Baidricks)
176

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Documentation: 7: Hazard Mitigation Information On City Website Documentation: 8: Survey Links of City website
Help Shape Avalon’s
Disaster Preparedness
Complete this tvto share yourthoughts.Click here to complete the iiyi!2Your Feedback is vital in clentifyng potential risks and enhancng our
response strstegies. Be part of theplanning process arid bellS sl ape asafer fitsns for Avalni. 5; Iysfv&u o’/l459/LoogI r-,-t,1.rgr:onP
[ocal Hazard Mitigation PIau
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CITY OF AVALON
Documentation: 9: Survey Results

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
City of Avalon 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey Line in Avaton
I/oiL in Asalon
Visit Avaton
Qi Do you (check all that apply)
/nzvcrod 5I Skipped: I
Survey Monkey
ANSWER CHOICESLive in Avalon
VnOrk in AvalolVisit AvalonTotal Respondents: 54
4920
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50/6 60% 70% 80% 60% 100%

RESPONSES

90.74%37.04%9.26%
1/9
178

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
City of Avalon 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey SurveyMonkey Q2 What is your age group?
Ans.€itI 55 Shpped. 0
Under 18
18-24
25-3435-44 ____________ 45 5455-64
65+
pefei not to
answei
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
ANSWER CHOICES I4ESP0NSESunder O.°Ar 0
18-24 O.c% - 0
25-34 9.09% 53544 1a18% 104554 12.73% 7
85-64 21.82% 12
65+ 38.18% 21
pierer not to answer 0
TOTAL 55
2/9
179

CITY OF AVALON
City of Avalon 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
SurveyMonkey
Q3 If a large earthquake or wildfire were to strike tomorrow nswied 55 Skippml: 0
I feel
conlident that
I keen hor’, t...
air, unsurel
hon to pi otect I
myself duiin...1
Othei (please
specify)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
ANSWER CHOICES RESPONSESI feel confidenl that I know howto protect mysell during the emergency. 63.64%I am unsure howto protect myself during the emergency 27.27% Other (please specify) 909%
TOTAL
3/9
35 15
5 55
180

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
City of Avalon 2025 tocal Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey SurveyMonkey Q4 How prepared is your household for a natural hazard (for example, wildfire, flood, earthquake) on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being not prepared and 5 being very prepared?
2 3 r5-7
4sI4d i”3 kip;: C)
4 1
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 0% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ANSWER CHOICES RESPONSES
1091% 6
234
5 TOTAL
4/9

21.82% 124364% 2420.00% 11
364% 2
55 181

CITY OF AVALON
City of Avalon 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
SurveyMonkey
Q5 The City of Avalon Local Hazard Mitigation Plan will identify a range of natural hazards posing a threat to the City. Select the natural hazard that concerns you the most?
As.id 54 3k ippFl:l. 1
Climate Change
Sea-lelel Rise
Eal thquake
Flooding
Landslide
El OSiOfl
Dam Failure
ExtremeWeather
(Windstorms...

Other (please
Specify)
0% l0% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 50% 100%
5/9
Drought
182

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
City of Avalon 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey SurveyMonkey

ANSWER CHOICES RESPONSES
Climate Change 185% 1Sea-level Rise 1.85% 1
Eaithquake 2037% 11Flooding 3.70% 2Landslide 1.85% 1
Erosion O.li% 0Wldfre 55.56% 30
Drought 1,85% 1
Dam Failuie 1.85% 1Extiema Weather Wndstorrns. Hurricane) 9.26% 5 Other (please specify) 1.05% 1
TOTAL 54
6/9
183

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
City of Avalon 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey SurveyMonkey Q6 What steps has your household taken to mitigate against natural hazards? (Check all the app’y)
An;erccl 48 Skippel 7
Bought backup
gerrer ator
Tim trees to
prevent limbs
from falling,,.

Anclroi crater
heaters and
other large... ‘‘“
Bought
earthquake
and/or flood...

Install
automatic - shutoff nab.,.

OtIret (please
specify)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% lCO/o

ANSWER CHOICES RESPONSES
Sought backup generator 16 67% 8
Trrm trees to prevent limbs from tailing onto the house dunag storms 18 Anchor vter heaters and other large appliances to prevent tipping 45 83% 22 Bought earthq’jake and/or flood insurance 27 08% 13
Install automatic shutoff valves for gas and unater utilities 10 425k 5Other (please specrty) 31 25% 15 Total Respondents: 48
•1 / 9
184
Social media
(X, Facebook,
Instagram)
Community
NotiScation
System
City Press
Conferences
Other (please
specify)
ANSWER CHOICESSocial media (X, Faceirook, lnsragrarn)Local Government WebsiteCommunity Notrircation System City Press CorferencesOther (please specify)
TOTAL
RESPONSES7.55%

13.21%

71.70%
5 66%

1.89%

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
City of Avalon 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey SurveyMonkey Q7 Choose the ways you prefer to seek information about incoming or ongoing threats?
ArvoiciJ: 53 Skipped: 2
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% lO0%
7 20
3 I
53 8/9
185

CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

APPENDIX D -ACRONYMS AND

ABBREVIATIONS
Acronym Definition
Adaptation Planning Guide
Base Flood Elevation
California Department of Forestry and Fire ProtectionCalifornia Governor’s Office of Emergency ServicesCalifornia Air Resource Board Santa Catalina Island
Community Development Block Grant
California Environmental Quality Act
Critical FacilitiesCode of Federal RegulationsCapital Improvement Plan City of AvalonCarbon Dioxide
Coronavirus Disease 2019Calculated Priority Risk IndexCalifornia Public Utilities Commission Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
Division of Safety of DamsEl Niño Southern OscillationExecutive Order Emergency Operations PlanEnvironmental ProtectionFederal Emergency Management AgencyFlood Insurance Rate MapsFacilities of Concern Greenhouse Gas
Geographic !nforma:ion System
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
Hazard Mitigation Plan (see aso LHMP)
APG
BFE
CAL FIRECal OESCARBCatalina
IslandCDBGCEQACFCFRCIP
CityCO2
COVID-19CPRICPuC
DMA 2000DSODENSOEO

EOPEPAFEMA
FIRMsFOC
GHG
GIS
HMGP
HMP
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CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Acronym Definition
HMPT Hazard Mitigation Planning Team
HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentHVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
LAC HMP Los Angeles County Hazard Mitigation Plan
LHMP Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (see also HMP)LRA Local Responsibility AreaMMI Modified Mercalli Intensity Mw Moment MagnitudeNASA National Atmospheric and Space AdministrationNFIP National Flood Insurance ProgramNIDIS National Integrated Drought Information SystemNOl Notice of IntentPlO Public Information Officer PSDI Palmer Drought Severity IndexPSPS Public Safety Power ShutoffsRWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Boards RFC Repetitive Flood ClaimsRLP Repetitive Loss PropertiesRRA Risk and Resiliency Assessment SLR Sea Level Rise
SHMP State Hazard Mitigation PlanSRA State Responsibility AreaSRL Severe Repetitive LossSTAPLEE Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, EnvironmentalSWRCB State Water Resources Control Board TOT Transient Occupancy Tax
UCERF3 (The Third) Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast UCLA University of California Los Angeles
USDM U.S. Drought Monitor
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
USSDO LIS. Seasonal Drought Outlook
VHFHSZ Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones
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CITY OF AVALON LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Acronym Definition
Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities
National Integrated Drought Information System
WildIand Urban Interface
WGCEP
NIDIS
WUI
188

CITY OF AVALON CITY COUNCIL
MEETING DATE: September 15, 2026 AGENDA ITEM:

ORIGINATING DEP: Public Works CITY MANAGER: tjA{PREPARED BY: Jamie Hmielak — Maintenance Superintendent SUBJECT: Authorization to Purchase a Used Articulating Boom Lift for the Public Works Department
RECOMMENDED ACTION(S): Authorize the purchase of a used 2020 Snorkel 460SJ articulating boom lift from Herc Rentals, located in Carson, California, at a total cost not-toexceed $55,000. Sufficient funds exist in the Public Works Vehicle Replacement budget account #13825-6781.

REPORT SUMMARY: The Public Works Department currently does not possess an articulating boom lift. In the absence of this equipment, crews have relied on the department’s telehandler as a man lift for elevated work. Using the telehandler in this manner limits its availability for its primary function of material handling and lifting operations needed throughout the City.An articulating boom lift is purpose-built for accessing elevated, hard-to-reach areas safely and efficiently. It offers improved maneuverability, stability, and worker safety compared tocontinuing to use the telehandler for personnel elevation especially on Front Street.

The benefits of acquisition are as follows:
• Operational Efficiency: A dedicated articulating boom lift will allow Public Works to performelevated maintenance tasks such as lighting repairs, facility maintenance, tree trimming, and infrastructure inspections without occupying the telehandler. • Improved Safety: Boom lifts designed specifically for personnel elevation provide superior stability and operational safety.• Interdepartmental Utility: The Community Services Department will also be able to use the boom lift for event preparation, facility access, and seasonal operational needs. • Equipment Longevity: The telehandler will be returned to its intended use, reducingmechanical strain and prolonging its service life.

To comply with Avalon Municipal Code 3-4.106(a) — Competitive Process, staff solicited and received three quotes for comparable used articulating boom lifts. The summary of quotes isprovided below:

Unit Vendor Location Base Price
2020 Snorkel 4605J Herc Rentals Carson, CA $45,800
2020 JLG 450AJ Aerial Titans Riverside, CA $48,850
2020 JLG 450AJ Aerial Titans Los Angeles, CA $51,820
FISCAL IMPACTS: The base cost of the used 2020 Snorkel 460SJ from Herc Rentals is $45,800. When including applicable taxes, barge transportation, and delivery fees, the totalpurchase cost will not exceed $55,000. Sufficient funds are available in the Public Works Vehicle Replacement Fund #13825-6781 to support this expenditure.

CONSEQUENCES OF NOT FOLLOWING RECOMMENDED ACTION: Public Works would need to keep using the telehandler as a man lift, which is not its intended purpose. This creates ongoing operational inefficiencies and increases wear on the equipment. Also, The Community Services Department will not have reliable access to appropriate elevated-access equipment for event setup, facility maintenance, or seasonal operations FOLLOW UP ACTION: Complete the equipment procurement following the City’s purchasing policy.

ADVERTISING, NOTICE AND PUBLIC CONTACT: Pursuant to the Brown Act.Attachments:
1) Quote from Herc Rentals -2020 Snorkel 460SJ Carson, CA 2) Quote from Aerial Titans -2020 JLG 450AJ Riverside, CA 3) Quote from Aerial Titans - 2020 JLG 450AJ Los Angeles, CA