Beverly Hills City Council
August 15, 2023

STAFF REPORT
Meeting Date: August 15, 2023
To: Honorable Mayor & City Council
From: Josette Descalzo, Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager
Robert Welch PE, Utilities General Manager
Subject: Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Update
Attachments: 1. Draft Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (March 2023)

INTRODUCTION
The Beverly Hills Draft Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) (Attachment 1) is a roadmap to prepare the City of Beverly Hills for climate impacts, achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, and position the City as a leader in implementing ambitious and necessary climate action.

The CAAP provides measures to reduce the City’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as identify resiliency measures to protect the City from the effects of climate change.

The CAAP actions were shaped by feedback from the Community Advisory Committee (CAC), which is comprised of dedicated community members and representatives of City Council appointed Commissions, the Beverly Hills community and interdepartmental City staff.

Staff is introducing the Draft CAAP to City Council for review and discussion. This report will present the CAAP’s key GHG reduction measures and key adaptation measures.

Staff requests City Council direction on which key GHG reduction measures and adaptation measures to prioritize for the various Commissions to evaluate and to recommend to City Council for inclusion into a final draft of the CAAP for City Council review and approval.

DISCUSSION
Climate change is here and has affected Beverly Hills. The CAAP serves as a roadmap to prepare Beverly Hills for the continued impacts of climate change and reduce the community’s GHG emissions. It is an adaptive roadmap that is intended to be updated when new practices and technologies come along to further reduce GHG emissions. The roadmap puts the City in an environmental leadership position by implementing necessary climate actions. The concept of the CAAP is organized in the following order:

Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

1. GHG emissions inventory and forecast;

2. GHG emissions (mitigation) reduction measures;

3. Climate change vulnerabilities; and

4. Climate change adaptation measures.

GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Reduction Measures The GHG emissions inventory and forecast is the starting point of the CAAP. The emissions provide a baseline and focused approach on GHG emissions reduction measures. The CAAP completed 2015 and 2019 emissions inventories. Figure 1 summarizes the emissions by sectors in Beverly Hills. The emissions are produced by transportation (49%), energy in buildings (46%), solid waste (4%) and water (1%) sectors.

Transportation emissions are calculated based on trips only within Beverly Hills and do not include pass-through trips. Energy (electricity and natural gas use) emissions are calculated based on the community’s energy use to power and operate homes, buildings, and facilities. Solid waste emissions are calculated based on the waste sent to landfill and emissions from waste processing. Lastly, emissions from water are based on the energy used for imported water supply, local potable water supply, and the energy used to treat the City’s wastewater.

Figure 1: GHG Emissions Inventory
Based on the inventories, a GHG emissions forecast and GHG reduction target were developed. GHG emissions forecast and reduction target scenarios are illustrated in Figure 2.
(15352
4%
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. 7,839
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Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

Figure 2: GHG Emissions Forecast and Reduction Target to Carbon Neutrality A GHG emissions forecast estimates future GHG emissions changes by accounting for projected community growth. The best available methodologies were used to develop emissions forecast, and the state’s reduction target (carbon neutrality by 2045) was used to guide the City’s goal of carbon neutrality, zero (0) emissions, by 2045. Carbon neutrality is an approach for climate change mitigation in which all greenhouse gas emissions are balanced by absorbing carbon via carbon sinks or by removals. This can be achieved by reducing emissions, most of which come from the burning of fossil fuels, and by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This is to follow the state’s goal.

A GHG emissions forecast consists of two scenarios, which are:
• Business-as-usual scenario: Provides a forecast of how future GHG emissions would change if consumption trends continue as they did in 2019 and growth were to occur as projected in the City’s General Plan, absent any regulations that would reduce local emissions.
• Legislative adjusted scenario: Provides a forecast of how currently adopted legislation would reduce GHG emissions from the business-as-usual scenario.

The legislative adjusted scenario represents the state’s contribution to reducing local GHG emissions to meet state goals.

Since the City has been and will be inherently adopting state policies such as Green Building Codes and will be using a state mandated 100% renewable electricity by 2045, the legislative forecast was used as the baseline to develop the City’s GHG mitigation measures that would eventually get the City closer to carbon neutrality. The City will need to reduce GHG emissions by 286,241 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) to meet carbon neutrality goal by 2045.

The GHG mitigation outlines specific actions for reducing GHG emissions across building, transportation, waste, water, and ecosystem sectors, quantifying emissions based on the best available science to achieve GHG reduction targets of 40% below 1990 emissions levels by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2045. GHG reduction actions 450,000 GHG Emissions
•
~&.;:::: ------------<>-------•-------0-------•eusiness-as-usual 400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Forecast
Legislative Adjusted
GHG Emissions
Forecast
--------------------------------------.,.><::1ateMinimumGHG 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 Reduction Pathway Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

were selected based on their ability to achieve these climate targets, and the City’s ability to implement them.

To reach carbon neutrality by 2045, the CAAP focused on the Foundational Strategies that would have the largest, quantifiable GHG reduction. The Foundational Strategies were developed to reduce emissions from the highest emitting sectors, which are transportation, energy, solid waste and water. The Foundational Strategies were developed with the guidance of the Community Advisory Committee (CAC) and were presented and supported by the various Commissions involved in the CAAP. These commissions included:

1. Planning;

2. Public Works;

3. Traffic and Parking;

4. Recreation and Parks; and

5. Health and Safety.

The City’s urban forest also reduces the City’s GHG emission. The CAAP projects it can sequester 58 MTCO2e by 2045. The total GHG reductions from these strategies is 159,532 MTCO2e, but the City will still have a gap of 126,709 MTCO2e to reach zero emissions by 2045. The gap will need to be addressed with future best practices and technologies. The Foundational Strategies will require the City to financially plan for infrastructure and establish new policies associated with new and existing buildings.

Public Works and Community Development departments will lead the implementation of these foundational strategies with support from Public Works, Planning and Traffic and Parking Commissions. The Foundational Strategies are outlined in Table 1 and estimated reduction potential if implemented.

Table 1: Foundational Strategies GHG Reduction Potential Some of these Foundational Strategies are already in place and/or ongoing in the City.

However, there are few key strategies that need City Council consideration in order for the City to reach the goal of the CAAP.
foundationa l Strategy Sector Ill-·: . .. High participation In 100% Clean energy 54,181 0 Renewable Energy electricity
Carbon-free energy powered buildings reach code New buildings 7,984 11,626 Existing building decarbonlzatlon and Existing buildings 12,898 59,2 15 energy efficiency improvements
EV adoption and equipment decarbonlzatlon Transportation 14,529 69,674 Mode shift (Complete Streets Plan, Transportation 2,631 5,966 Transportation Demand Management, transit)
Comply with SB 1383 organics Solid Waste 12,499 12,993
diversion requirements
Reduce outdoor and indoor water use Water and 45 0
Wastewater
Urban forest management Carbon 37 58
Sequestration
Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

For discussion purposes, the Foundational Strategies will be organized in three scenarios:

1. Scenario A includes implementation strategies that are currently ongoing or approved by City Council. This scenario will have a GHG reduction of 19,017 MT CO2e by 2045.

2. Scenario B includes new building decarbonization policies (Reach Code) and EV/Zero Emission Fuel Plan. This scenario will have a GHG reduction of 81,300 MT CO2e by 2045.

3. Scenario C includes adoption of decarbonization policies on existing buildings and includes implementation of utility energy efficiency programs. This scenario will have a GHG reduction of 59,214 MT CO2e by 2045.

Scenario A
Scenario A exhibits the City’s environmental commitment by having implemented several programs and approved plans, such as the Complete Streets Plan, Urban Forest Management Plan, and Integrated Water Resources Master Plan, and having enrolled the entire City into the Clean Power Alliance’s (CPA) 100% Renewable Electricity default energy tier. The 100% Renewable Electricity tier is already reducing the City’s GHG emissions by approximately 12% (53,500 MT CO2e) annually. By 2045, the state is requiring all electricity to be coming from 100% renewable sources. Therefore, GHG reduction potential for this action will be zero by 2045. The CAAP also identifies local solar installation will reduce the City’s emissions by 651 MTCO2e. The Mayor’s Citywide Electrical Resilience Ad Hoc Committee is planning to achieve first steps toward the City’s solar and battery microgrid. These two measures have a total GHG reduction of 54,181 MT CO2e by 2030.

In recent years, the City adopted the Complete Streets Plan. Through its implementation, the City aims to expand mobility options, which in turn would help minimize single-occupancy vehicle trips and encourage the use of more sustainable transportation modes like biking, walking, and taking transit. In addition to the Complete Streets Plan, the City is looking at the feasibility of local transit service by providing an efficient service to transport residents and visitors around the City supporting the first and last mile connections to the Metro rail service. The Complete Streets Plan has been approved for implementation for the next five years and budgeted accordingly to implementation. These transportation measures will reduce emissions by 5,966 MT CO2e by 2045.

The City is also currently implementing the elements of Senate Bill (SB) 1383 which is diverting organic (food and green) waste from the landfill. The GHG reduction for SB 1383 is 12,993 MT CO2e by 2045. The City’s efforts to continue its water conservation efforts and expand local supplies will have a reduction potential of 45 MT CO2e by 2030.

Lastly the Urban Forest Management Plan has the potential reduction of 58 MT CO2e by 2045. Implementation costs for these efforts are considered annually during the budget process. Overall, Scenario A measures have a GHG reduction potential of 19,017 MT CO2e.

Scenario B
Based on the GHG inventory, energy used in buildings is the second largest GHG emission source in Beverly Hills. The City reduced building emissions by enrolling the City in the 100% Green Energy tier from the CPA. However, adopting Carbon Free Reach Codes for new and substantially remodeled buildings will further reduce Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

emissions by making future buildings more efficient or all-electric buildings maximizing the benefits of 100% renewable electricity. Reach Codes are higher level building codes compared to the California Green Building Code (CalGreen). The City recently adopted the state’s latest Green Building Code with key modifications such as EV and backup energy ready buildings. Current Reach Code models pursue an all-electric building code.

The California Energy Commission (CEC) has found that all-electric new construction is cost effective across all building types in Beverly Hills’ climate zone. Several studies found that all-electric construction is less expensive than constructing a mixed-fuel building. Through the CAAP development process, the community voiced concerns with an all-electric building code because of the reliability of the existing electric grid. Reach Codes may be suitable for Beverly Hills because:

1. Newer buildings are more energy efficient.

2. The City’s current codes require buildings to have the ability to install backup power easily.

3. The potential for future solar and battery microgrid.

Consideration in adopting Reach Codes includes additional feasibility studies, cost impact analysis and community engagement. As part of the Reach Code process, staff will continue to explore options for carbon-free energy such as hydrogen to support the Carbon Free Reach Code policy in the CAAP. Reach Codes have become popular in California and within the Los Angeles region. Currently, there are 70 local jurisdictions in California that have adopted Reach Code. Within the region, the cities of Agoura Hills, Glendale, Los Angeles, Pasadena and Santa Monica have adopted all-electric Reach Codes. Technical and incentive resources are available to adopt Reach Codes. The City can also utilize the CPA’s Reach Code program. The program consists of technical support as well as a $12,500 incentive to implement a Reach Code. Adopting a Carbon Free Reach Code building policy for new and substantially remodeled buildings will reduce GHG emissions by 11,626 MT CO2e by 2045.

The final measure in Scenario B is to adopt an EV and Zero Emissions Fuel Plan. The measure will include developing and implementing a plan that identifies areas of the City to reach a citywide goal of 364 publicly accessible chargers and support passenger and commercial vehicles, including supporting hydrogen fueled vehicles. This measure will reduce emissions by 69,674 MT CO2e by 2045. The remainder of the transportation emissions will be addressed by federal and state vehicle regulations, and this will also be influenced by the availability of zero emission vehicles and public transit.

Selecting Scenario B will reduce the City’s emissions by 81,300 MT CO2e by 2045.

Scenario C
Scenario C measures will reduce emissions from existing building stock. Existing building stock is less energy efficient than new buildings. Decarbonizing (retrofitting) existing buildings is critical to meeting carbon neutrality goals of the CAAP. Challenges associated with improving the performance of existing buildings include costs, rental/ownership status and the associated split incentives, and technological constraints. Benefits include healthier indoor air quality, reduced energy use, lower utility bills, and more resilient building systems. Improving existing buildings in Beverly Hills would focus on promoting existing energy efficiency programs offered by utility companies and/or establishing new incentive programs administered by the City. Many of the measures in this sector will be phased in over time, meaning that requirements will initially be voluntary and then become mandatory. Incentive programs from utilities and the City will be important to achieve success in reducing emissions from existing building Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

stock. A Burnout Ordinance is a specific measure that will reduce emissions on existing building stock. The ordinance involves replacing gas appliances (water heaters and HVAC) with electric or carbon-free alternatives when they fail (“burnout”) or reach the end of their useful life.

These measures will have a GHG reduction measure of 59,214 MT CO2e by 2045.

Table 2 provides a detailed summary of each scenario and total GHG reduction quantities by 2045:

Foundational Measures Commission
GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
by 2045
Total GHG Reduction
(MT CO2e) by 2045
Scenario A
Maintain High
Participation Rate in
100% Green Energy
Public Works 0
19,017
Local Solar Installation
Public
Works,
Planning
0 Mode Shift (Complete
Streets Plan, Transit,
Transportation Demand
Management)
Traffic &
Parking,
Public Works
5,966
Comply with SB1383:

Divert 75% of organic
waste from landfill
Public Works 12,993
Reduce outdoor and
indoor water use
Public
Works,
Planning
0 Prioritize, fund and
implement the Urban
Forest Management Plan
Public Works 58
Scenario
B
Adopt carbon free
building codes for new
and substantially
remodeled buildings
Planning 11,626
EV Adoption and 81,300
Equipment
Decarbonization
(Installation of EV
Charging Stations and
Zero Emissions Fuel)
Public
Works,
Traffic and
Parking
69,674
Scenario
C
Adopt existing building
decarbonization plan;
require the retrofit of
existing buildings to be
powered using carbonfree energy as
remodeled.

Adopt a Burnout
Ordinance (replacing old
gas appliances when
they fail)
Planning 55,943 59,214
Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

Foundational Measures Commission
GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
by 2045
Total GHG Reduction
(MT CO2e) by 2045
Implement Utility Energy
Efficiency Incentives
Program
Public
Works,
Planning
3,271
GHG Reduction Scenario Analysis
Based on the three GHG reduction scenarios, Scenario A is the easiest path for implementation. The City has already implemented programs and adopted plans for implementation. Funding is ongoing and adequate staffing have been resourced to continue the implementation of these measures resulting in a 19,017 MT CO2e reduction by 2045.

Scenario B is elevating the City’s GHG reduction potential. This includes implementing stricter green building codes that focus on all-electric building requirements for new and substantially remodeled buildings but also is inclusive of the future technology such as hydrogen powered buildings. Reach Codes have been implemented throughout California and numbers of Los Angeles regional cities.

In terms of EV and zero emissions fuel plan, the City already has in place 35 EV charging stations in City-owned parking structures. The City is in the preliminary planning phase of installing Direct Current (DC) Fast Charging Stations in its parking garages. The City understands the need to install more stations and is in the process of installing and taking advantage of utility incentives from Southern California Edison and the CPA.

Implementation is feasible for Scenario B. There are known technical and financial resources available for the implementation of Reach Codes, and for EV and zero emissions, the process is on-going and funding will need to be evaluated.

Scenario C is the most ambitious path towards carbon neutrality. It will be innovative to pursue retrofitting of existing building stock and adopting a Burnout Ordinance. A Burnout Ordinance involves replacing gas appliances (water heaters and HVAC) with electric or carbon-free alternatives when they fail (“burnout”) or reach the end of their useful life. These ideas have never been fully implemented in California. The City of Berkley adopted a Burnout Ordinance but is currently in litigation. The benefits of retrofitting existing building stock are very clear. However, at this time, there are concerns regarding retrofit cost, appliance cost and political and cultural appetite to implement Scenario C measures.

City Council may also consider combining these scenarios to accelerate the City’s path towards carbon neutrality. Staff used Scenario A as baseline measure to create these scenarios because the City is currently implementing them. Table 3 provides the GHG reduction combinations. Based on these combinations, implementing all scenarios will be the most ideal to reach carbon neutrality. Regardless of the combination, there will be a gap towards carbon neutrality in 2045. The gap will need to be addressed as new practices and technologies come along in the future.

Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

Table 3: GHG Reductions and Gap Analysis
(MT CO2e)
Adjusted Emission
Forecast by 2045 286,241
Gap Towards
Carbon Neutrality
(MT CO2e)
Scenario A 19,017 267,224
Scenario B 81,300 204,941
Scenario C 59,214 227,027
Scenario A + B 100,317 185,924
Scenario A + C 78,231 208,010
All Scenarios 159,531 126,710
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Measures The City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment evaluates how climate change may impact vulnerable community members, critical facilities, and services in Beverly Hills. Climate change models indicate that Beverly Hills is expected to experience the following impacts by the end of the century:
• Increasing temperatures. Average maximum temperatures in Beverly Hills are expected to rise between 4.2° Fahrenheit (F) and 7.1°F. • More frequent extreme heat days. An extreme heat day in Beverly Hills occurs when temperatures exceed 92.2°F. The annual number of extreme heat days is projected to increase by 8 to 15 days.
• Increased storm frequency and precipitation intensity. Most areas in the Los Angeles region are expected to see an increase in the wettest day of the year, with some locations experiencing up to 30 percent increases in volume (inches of rain per day).
• Extended drought. Global climate models project significantly drier soils in the future over the Southwest and the West (including California), with more than an 80% chance of a multidecadal drought under certain modeled scenarios. • More frequent and damaging wildfires. Though uncertainties exist in quantifying future changes of burned area in the region, projections indicate that the annual area burned in the Los Angeles region may increase by over 5,000 acres.

These changes in climate conditions will adversely impact residents and businesses and critical facilities and services in Beverly Hills. The Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment describes the impacts climate change is expected to have on the following community members, facilities, and services:

Households below poverty
Unemployed
Low-income
Low educational attainment
People who are aged 65 and older
Aged 17 or younger
Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

Populations
People with a disability
Single-parent households
Minority status
Linguistically isolated
Multi-unit structures
Mobile homes
Crowded housing conditions
Households with no vehicle
Group quarters
Renter occupied housing units
Transportation Assets Roadway Network
Public Transportation
Critical Infrastructure
Electrical Utility Lines/Energy Delivery
Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
Communication Networks
Wastewater Conveyance and Treatment
Water Conveyance and Supply
Stormwater Infrastructure
Parks and Recreation Facilities
Schools
High Occupancy Structures
Community Facilities and Government Buildings
Adaptation actions articulated in the CAAP were shaped using best available science and policy practices, and were underpinned with a Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, which evaluated how the City will be harmed by climate related hazards, including more extreme and frequent wildfires, extended drought conditions, extreme rainfall events, and extreme heat days. Adaptation actions were prioritized for the most vulnerable community assets and community members.

The CAAP outlines a suite of adaptation strategies to increase the resilience of the City’s community members, critical facilities and services, and infrastructure from the impacts associated with climate change hazards. The measures to adapt to climate change are grouped by:

1. CA – Community Awareness

2. ER – Emergency Response

3. HM – Heat Mitigation and Increased Safety/Resilience

4. WM – Wildfire Mitigation

5. FM – Flood Mitigation

6. CC – City Capacity and Coordination
Based on these groupings, Table 4 outlines the Prioritized Adaptation Measures and estimated timeline for implementation.

Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

Table 4: Prioritized Adaptation Measures
Measure Outcome Timeline
Develop resilient infrastructure and supply
networks, including back up sources of water,
power, and communications
Emergency
Response
3-5 years
Increase resilience to power outages from public
safety or weather-related events by requiring
battery backup systems or carbon free backup
systems in new residential and multi-family
developments whenever cost is not prohibitive.

Emergency
Response
3-5 years
Increase community member participation in
emergency notification and preparedness
systems
Emergency
Response
1-3 years
Create evacuation procedures for vulnerable
populations in partnership with CBOs and
facilities that serve identified populations.

Emergency
Response
3-5 years
Develop a heat emergency response annex to
the EOP that considers extreme heat events in
conjunction with potential pandemic impacts and
how to reduce strain on electricity and Wi-Fi in
community centers.

Heat mitigation and
increased
safety/resilience
3-5 years
Provide consolidated public messaging about
wildfire preparation, evacuation, and
communications avenues as recommended by
Recommendation 2: Improve the Firewise USA®
Recognition Program in the 2021 Beverly Hills
Wildfire Assessment Report
Wildfire mitigation 1-3 years
Continue to include climate hazards/resilience
benefits in capital improvement planning and
building design. Use projected climate change
impacts rather than historical averages.

City Capacity and
Coordination
1-3 years
The City has started the foundational work for these prioritized measures through program implementation or Capital Improvement Project (CIP) funding. For example, the Integrated Water Resources Master Plan (IWRMP) will provide water reliability through water system improvements, additional local water supply and participating in Metropolitan Water District’s Climate Adaptation Planning. In terms of wildfire, the City’s Fire Department is implementing their workplan by hiring additional inspectors to manage brush reduction in the City, and they continually work with the City of Los Angeles to manage properties close to the City. For cooling centers, the City is working with the Clean Power Alliance to install battery and storage equipment that can support Roxbury Park Community Century energy resilience, and the City is planning to purchase additional back-up generators to support the City’s facilities during power outage events. As for electric grid reliability, the City is working diligently with Southern California Edison to complete necessary system upgrades within the City. In terms of community awareness, the City utilizes CERT, Nixle, and other forms of media to communicate emergency preparedness.

With the changing climate, the City’s foundational programs and projects need to be refined to make the City more resilient to climate change. The adaptation measures Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

highlight the pathway for these refinements, especially the need to communicate and prepare for the potential hazards of climate change to the vulnerable population of the City. These adaptation measures were evaluated during the plan development and, if implemented, have the potential to make the City resilient.

Staff would like to know from the City Council how well do they feel these measures make the City more resilient. Does City Council want to add or modify the strategies or measures in the CAAP? Lastly, is there a set of measures the City Council wants to prioritize over others needed to make the City ready for climate change? CAAP Process
An extensive amount of effort was taken to include the community in developing the CAAP. City staff presented the goals, objectives and GHG emissions inventory and forecast and climate change vulnerability assessment to the following Commissions:

1. Public Works;

2. Traffic and Parking;

3. Recreation and Parks;

4. Planning; and

5. Health and Safety.

City staff also asked each commission to select two of their commissioners to serve in the Community Advisory Committee (CAC). The CAC is a 15-member committee with 10 members from the five commissions and five members from the public. The goal of the CAC is to provide an opportunity for interested community members to look into the details of the CAAP and provide critical feedback before a final plan is presented to City Council for adoption. The CAC process continued for more than one year where the members were involved in the development of the overarching goals for the reduction measures and adaptation measures. Based on these overarching goals, specific measures were developed for implementation.

The CAC meetings were also an avenue for members of the public to participate in the process.

Various Commissions were also involved in the development of the CAAP. City staff and members of the CAC briefed each of their commissions on the progress, and feedback was considered in developing the measures in the plan. The CAC recommended to move the Draft CAAP to the various commissions for recommendation to City Council.

Members of the public were also involved in the process through virtual workshops, attending CAC meetings and attending pop-up booths at Earth Day and Public Works Day events and also during the “Movie Night” in 2022.

A project website was also available for the public to be informed and encouraged to participate in the process. There have been 1,500 views of the webpage, and approximately 250 viewed it looking to participate in the process.

Based on these efforts, the community engagement process was instrumental in producing a plan with GHG mitigation and climate change adaptation measures compatible with the community goals and willingness for change related to reducing GHG emissions and climate change resiliency.

Meeting Date: August 15, 2023

FISCAL IMPACT
CAAP cost estimates are based on the City’s anticipated cost to implement the measures. Community costs related to decarbonizing buildings and equipment will be evaluated as part of the studies required to adopt stricter building codes.

Costs related to Scenario A (ongoing and approved program and plans) are considered in the City’s budget process and Capital Improvement Project funding forecast. Funding for Scenario B and C will be considered in future budget years if the City Council adopts the CAAP. The preliminary estimate for Scenario B is approximately $2.6M with a majority of this funding to be used for installing EV stations and zero emission fuel station. Scenario C’s estimated cost is approximately $1M for implementing policies and establishing programs. Future programs and infrastructure projects related to these measures will be included in future budget years.

RECOMMENDATION
Staff seeks City Council direction on the GHG reduction pathways for the CAAP. The City Council has the following scenarios to consider:

1. Scenario A: continue to implement existing and approved programs, plans and infrastructure projects that would reduce the City’s GHG emissions by 19,017 MT CO2e by 2045.

2. Scenario B: implement Carbon Free Reach Code to new and substantially remodeled building projects and an EV and Zero Emissions Fuel Plan, including Scenario A measures to reduce the City’s GHG emissions by 81,300 MT CO2e 2045.

3. Scenario C: implement existing building stock decarbonization plan and include Scenario B. This scenario will reduce GHG emissions by 59,214 MT CO2e by 2045.

4. Combination of scenarios using Scenario A as common factor.

Staff also seeks City Council direction regarding the climate change adaptation measures. Staff would like feedback on the adaptation measures outlined and measures to prioritize over others.

Finally, staff seeks direction on assigning the Foundational Strategies as identified in Table 2 to respective commissions for review and provide input prior to bringing the CAAP back to the City Council for consideration of adoption.

Shana Epstein,
Director of Public Works
Approved By
Attachment 1
City of Beverly Hills
Climate
Action &
Adaptation
Plan
March 2023
Public Review Draft
9021 zer~

EMISSIONS

CLIMATE ACTION &

ADAPTATION PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 CLIMATE CHANGE IN BEVERLY HILLS ..............................1 Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Approach ...................................2 Engaging the Community .....................................................................5 Climate Change Overview....................................................................7 Climate Impacts on Beverly Hills ..........................................................8 Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions ..................10 CEQA-Qualified Plan ..........................................................................20 Relationship to Other City Policies & Plans..........................................21 2 GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION .................................22 A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality ........................................................23 Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions ..........30 3 ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE ................................68 Introduction .........................................................................................69 Adaptation Measures..........................................................................74 Message from the CAC........................................................................95 4 IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................ 97 Community Education and Ongoing Outreach ..................................99 Implementation Framework ...............................................................101 G GLOSSARY ..................................................................... 111 A: APPENDICES
Appendix A: Climate Vulnerability Assessment
Appendix B: GHG Inventory and Forecast
Appendix C: Substantial Evidence
Appendix D: Fiscal Impact Strategy
TOC-1 City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan Table of Contents

PREFACE
Climate change is the most important environmental and social issue of our time. The Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) is a roadmap to prepare the Beverly Hills Community for climate impacts, achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, and position the city as a leader ready to rise to the challenge of implementing ambitious and necessary climate action.

The Greenhouse Gas Mitigation outlines specific actions for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across building, transportation, waste, water, and ecosystem sectors, quantifying emissions based on the best available science to achieve GHG reduction targets of 40 percent below 1990 emissions levels by 2030, and carbon neutrality by 2045. GHG reduction actions were selected based on their ability to achieve these climate targets, and the City’s ability to feasibly implement them.

Adaptation actions articulated in this CAAP were shaped using best available science and policy practices, and were underpinned with a Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, which evaluated how the city will be harmed by climate related hazards, including more extreme and frequent wildfires, extended drought conditions, extreme rainfall events, and extreme heat days. Adaptation actions were prioritized for the most vulnerable community assets and community members.

The CAAP actions were shaped by feedback from the Beverly Hills community, as well as the Community Advisory Committee (CAC) which is comprised of dedicated community members and representatives of City Council appointed Commissions. City Commissions were engaged to inform the CAAP, including Public Works, Traffic and Parking, Health and Safety, Recreation and Parks, and Planning. City staff representatives from Public Works, Community Services, Community Development, Fire, Finance and Policy and Management Departments and Divisions were involved to discuss draft mitigation and adaptation measures and priorities, as well as implementation capacity.

This document is intended to be an implementation-ready guide for the City and broader community in understanding what actions will need to be taken to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The actions outlined in the CAAP specify who will implement them, what adaptation or mitigation benefit they will produce, how they will achieve the projected climate benefits, and when they will have to be implemented by. As the reader makes their way through this CAAP, they should consider the role that they, and their broader community, can play in realizing the critical climate benefits outlined in this plan.

PRE-1 City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan Preface
1 CLIMATE CHANGE

IN BEVERLY HILLS
Beverly Hills is already experiencing the effects of climate change, and these impacts challenge our quality of life, economy and future. The City of Beverly Hills is embarking on an ambitious plan to build a resilient community that is better prepared for the impacts of climate change and to drastically reduce local greenhouse gas emissions in line with state targets. The Climate Action and Adaptation Plan creates a holistic approach to coordinate the community’s response to climate change, reduce harmful emissions, and chart a more resilient future. The plan will also bring other benefits, including improved public health outcomes, improved air quality, equitable protection from climate-induced hazards, enhanced community participation and equitable access to environmental benefits.

CHAPTER
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Approach 2 WHAT IS CARBON NEUTRALITY?
According to the California Air Resources Board, carbon neutrality means that all greenhouse gas emissions emitted into the atmosphere are balanced by an equal amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are removed from the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are removed from the atmosphere either through carbon sinks
(for example, forests or soils), or carbon capture and storage.

Implementation of this Climate Action and Adaptation Plan will ensure that the City of Beverly Hills can meet its greenhouse gas reduction targets, while preparing the Beverly Hills community to increase resilience in responding to effects of climate change. The plan demonstrates the City’s leadership on climate change and progress in meeting its commitment to the Climate Mayor’s Organization by reducing greenhouse gas emissions through meaningful actions in our community.

The City has established targets reducing
greenhouse gas emissions to
40 percent below 1990 levels by
2030, and carbon neutrality by 2045.

CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN APPROACH
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Approach 3 Greenhouse gas reductions are called greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategies, while actions taken to prepare the community for the effects of climate change (e.g., heat and wildfire) are called climate adaptation strategies.

Beverly Hills’s
approach to
formulating GHG
mitigation and
climate adaptation
strategies rests on a
framework of:
• Best available
science on climate
mitigation and
adaptation;
• Incorporation of
community input
and support; and
• Careful consideration for implementation, with a
focus on funding,
incentives
for voluntary
measures,
and phased
implementation.

WHAT'S IN THE PLAN?
• Chapter 2: GHG Reduction Measures
• Chapter 3: Climate Change Resiliency Measures
• Chapter 4: Implementation
• Glossary: Definitions for technical terms
or words used in this CAAP
• Appendices: The science and the process
used to develop the measures
4 City of Beverly Hills Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Approach Preparing GHG mitigation and climate adaptation strategies involved the following steps.

The City sets GHG emissions targets to achieve emission reductions consistent with state goals. The City evaluates their vulnerability to climate change based on climate projections, identification of built and natural assets at risk, and identification of vulnerable populations in Beverly Hills.

GHG Targets + Climate Vulnerability Assessment
Sector strategies address GHG emissions and climate vulnerability in specific categories.

Sector Strategy
Measures define goals that will contribute to sector strategies.

Measures
Actions will be implemented by the City and community
to achieve measure goals.

Actions
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Engaging the Community 5 Input from the Beverly Hills community provided valuable guidance on greenhouse gas reduction and climate adaptation strategies that provide the greatest benefit to the City. Input was received through several formats, both virtual and in-person, throughout the CAAP development process. The final set of GHG mitigation and adaptation strategies was reviewed by numerous commissions before being presented to the City Council.

The CAAP sought community input at different stages throughout the development process. The CAAP engaged both internal and external stakeholders to craft mitigation and adaptation measures that reflected the capacity and priorities of the city.

ENGAGING THE COMMUNITY
Stakeholder engagement efforts included:

Sharing key information and resources about
the CAAP and climate action on the CAAP
website: www.beverlyhills.org/BHCAAP.

Presenting to various City Commissions:
•Public Works
•Traffic and Parking
•Health and Safety
•Recreation and Parks
•Planning
Convening of the Community
Advisory Committee (CAC).
•The CAC served as the community advisory
body composed of community members and
representatives of the Health and Safety,
Recreation and Parks, Planning, Traffic and
Parking, and Public Works Commissions.
•The CAC met seven times as a whole
committee as well as four times in ad
hoc groups by GHG mitigation sector.
•A message from the CAC can be
found at the end of Chapter 3.

Movie Night: Screened the movie Ice
On Fire, followed by a climate change
panel discussion with experts.
•Virtual Community Workshop:
collected feedback on draft mitigation
and adaptation measures.

Engaging City Departments and Divisions
including representatives from Public Works, ,
Community Services, Community Development,
Fire, Finance and Policy and Management to
discuss draft mitigation and adaptation measures
and priorities, as well as implementation capacity.

Draft CAAP Review.
•The Draft CAAP was available for public
comments using the Konveio virtual platform.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Engaging the Community 6 Forming a Community Advisory Committee (CAC) was an
integral component of the stakeholder engagement process.

The purpose of the CAC was to work with City staff and
the consultants to provide local context on current climate-related activities, patterns of resource use, emissions reduction priorities, and the preferred role of the City in CAAP implementation. CAC members included representatives from the Health and Safety, Recreation and Parks Planning, Public Works, and Traffic and Parking Commissions and five selected community members. The CAC members
provided updates to their respective commissions and
shared commission input with other CAC members. See a
message from the CAC at the end of Chapter 3.

The CAC reviewed the GHG inventory results, reviewed
State GHG reduction targets, and discussed which CAAP
sectors should receive the greatest attention, and clarified the resources areas that City has the greatest control
over—electricity provision, building standards, street configuration, local transit, water, urban forest, and solid waste. The CAC were provided a tour of the Material
Recovery Facility, which is a key physical site related to the CAAP’s waste sector actions.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Climate Change Overview 7 Since the advent of the industrial revolution in the 18th century, human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation have caused a substantial increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The Result:

Extra trapped heat and higher global temperatures.

WITH NORMAL

GREENHOUSE GASES

WITH INCREASED

GREENHOUSE GASES

CLIMATE CHANGE OVERVIEW
More Gas = More Heat Trapped
in the Atmosphere
• Increased greenhouse gases mean less
eat escapes to space.
• Between preindustrial times and now, the earth’s
average temperature has risen by 1.8° F (1.0° C).
• CO2 emissions are 40% higher than the natural levels
in the past 650,000 years. More heat means more
energy powering earth's climate systems which results
in more intense:
- Storms
- Drought
- Heat
- Wildfires
- Flooding
- Sea level
rise
- Landslides
Projected Impacts to
the Southern CA Region
• Increase in wildfires over Southern California
• Temperatures expected to rise 5-8 degrees F by the
end of the century
• Number of extremely hot days is expected to increase. • Changes in Precipitation:
- Dry and wet extremes are both expected to increase
- Increases in frequency and severity
of atmospheric river events
- Impacts to the state water system
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Climate Impacts on Beverly Hills 8 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON BEVERLY HILLS
This section summarizes the impacts of climate change on Beverly Hills and provides an overview of existing climate hazards using best available science. Chapter 3 presents measures and actions to ensure that Beverly Hills is adapting to the expected effects of climate change, from increased temperatures to more extreme weather changes. The City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Appendix A provides additional detail on the expected effects of climate change on the City. Temperature and extreme heat day increases that are shown below are presented under two different global emission scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

CLIMATE CHANGE IN BEVERLY HILLS BY 2100
Temperature Increase, and More Frequent
Extreme Heat Days
Projected
30%
Increase in volume of
rain during storm events
Variable
Precipitation
Projected
80% Change of multi-decade
drought in the region
Drought
Projected
5,000
Acre Increase in area
burned by wildfire in the
Los Angeles region
Widlfire
Low Emissions Scenario
High Emissions Scenario
Extreme Heat Days Over

92.2°F Increases Between
8 DAYS/
YEAR
15 DAYS/
YEAR
Average Maximum
Temperature Increases
Low Emissions Scenario
High Emissions Scenario

4.2 °F

7.1 °F
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Climate Impacts on Beverly Hills 9 INCREASED TEMPERATURE
By the end of the century, Beverly Hills is projected to experience higher temperatures, and more frequent
extreme heat days. Average maximum temperatures in
Beverly Hills are expected to rise between 4.2° Fahrenheit (F) and 7.1°F. The annual number of extreme heat days,
currently four days per year, (when temperatures exceed

92.2°F) is projected to increase by 8 to 15 days.

VARIABLE PRECIPITATION
The Los Angeles region is projected to experience an increase in storm frequency, and precipitation intensity, as well as extended drought conditions. By the end of the century, some locations may experience up to 30 percent increases in volume of inches of rain per day during precipitation events. At the same time, global climate models project a more than 80 percent chance of a multi-decade drought across the Southwest and West (including California). A multi-decade drought may lead to water shortages which may cause or exacerbate
water or affordability concerns, vegetative stress, crop failure, and increased wildfire risk as landscapes become drier.

The impacts of climate-induced drought, and increased precipitation could have widespread impact on Beverly Hills, from interrupted water supply and landslides caused by heavy rains to emergency response systems impacted by road flooding.

WILDFIRE
The Los Angeles region is projected to experience
more frequent and damaging wildfires by the mid-21st
century. The effects of future wildfires on Beverly Hills could range from the direct impacts on residences and
businesses, to wildfire smoke and associated air pollution and potential communication network outages.

EQUITY
Climate impacts in Beverly Hills include an increase in heavy rain events, extended drought, wildfires, and extreme heat. Vulnerable populations across the City, which include unemployed, low-income, youth, older adults, and linguistically isolated people are often the most exposed to and impacted by the effects of climate change.

Ensuring an equitable response to climate change means both protection from climate-induced hazards, as well as access to environmental benefits for all. Appendix A contains the Beverly Hills Community Vulnerability Assessment, which elaborates on how the City is ensuring that vulnerable communities are prioritized in the City’s response to the effects of climate change.

Strategies to help the Beverly Hills community adapt to the effects of climate change were selected based on the best available science and best practices. Adaptation strategies target Beverly Hills’ specific vulnerabilities identified in the vulnerability assessment, which can further be explored in Chapter 3. These strategies increase resilience throughout the community and prepare vulnerable populations for the impacts of climate-related hazards, such as heat and wildfire.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10 This section details community and municipal contributions to climate change, and measures and actions to reduce emissions in Beverly Hills. Tackling GHG emissions from the largest emitting sectors in Beverly Hills (energy use in buildings and gasoline-powered passenger
vehicles) will be critical for achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. Emissions are quantified by completing a GHG
emissions inventory which quantifies the emissions
associated with activities taking place within the City.

These inventories provide a data-based foundation for
Beverly Hills to forecast their GHG emissions into the
future for the years of 2030, 2040, and 2045 based on
future changes in population and job growth. The GHG
emissions forecast is used to create targets to reach
climate emissions reduction thresholds for 2030, 2040,
and 2045. Under Assembly Bill 1279, California must
achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. GHG targets are
achieved via measures and actions which reduce GHG
emissions identified within the City.

The results of the Community Inventory, Municipal
Inventory, and Forecast are summarized in the sections
below. More information on the methodologies used to
calculate the 2019 Beverly Hills Community and Municipal GHG Inventory and forecast are found in Appendix B.

BEVERLY HILLS CONTRIBUTIONS TO

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 11 COMMUNITY & MUNICIPAL EMISSIONS
The main sources of GHG emissions in Beverly Hills are buildings, transportation, waste, and water. Building emissions are associated with electricity and natural gas used by commercial, residential, and municipal buildings.

Transportation emissions are generated by fuels used to power cars, trucks, and off-road vehicles (e.g., construction vehicles). Waste generates methane emissions from trash decomposing in the landfill. Water emissions are generated by the electricity used to transport water for residential, and commercial use, and emissions from wastewater treatment processes.

Local governments play a critical role in reducing local GHG emissions through policies that can regulate high-emissions behaviors or practices, such as changes to building codes and incentives for alternative transportation options to reduce the number of single-occupancy vehicle trips. Local governments are also responsible for their own emissions, for example, emissions resulting from vehicle fleets and use of natural gas in government buildings.

GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY SUMMARY
Conducting a GHG emissions inventory for a community consists of identifying the major GHG-generating activities from residents and businesses operating in the community, collecting data on those activities for a calendar year, then converting the collected data to GHG emissions using a science-based approach.

Beverly Hills’ Greenhouse Gas Inventory was conducted for the 2019 calendar year. It includes a comprehensive community inventory that addresses GHG emissions generated from activities occurring within the City, as well as a municipal inventory (a subset of the community inventory) which accounts for the portion of community GHG emissions that are attributed directly to the City’s municipal operations. For baseline comparison, an inventory was also conducted for the 2015 calendar year.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 12 Table 1-1 2019 Community Inventory GHG Emissions &
Percentage of Total
Sector/Emission Source GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Percentage
of Total
Emissions1
Energy 192,307 46%
Non-Residential Electricity Consumption 66,522 16%
Natural Gas 89,061 21%
Residential Electricity Consumption 31,714 8%
Electricity Transmission and
Distribution Losses
5,010 1%
Transportation 205,691 49%
Passenger On-road Vehicles 175,518 42%
Commercial On-road Vehicles 18,930 5%
Off-road Equipment 11,242 3%
Solid Waste2 15,352 4%
Waste Sent to Landfill 14,836 4%
Landfilling Process Emissions 516 <1%
Water 4,489 1%
Imported Potable Water Supply 3,452 1%
Wastewater Treatment Process
and Fugitive Emissions
607 <1%
Wastewater Collection and
Treatment Energy
430 <1%
Cumulative Emissions 417,839 100%
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Note that GHG emissions and percentages round up decimal points, meaning the GHG emissions are not exact whole numbers adding up to sector totals in this table and the percentages are not exact whole numbers adding up to 100 percent in this table.

2. GHG emissions generated by the collection and transport of waste generated within the City are captured in the Commercial On-road Vehicle source in the Transportation sector.

COMMUNITY INVENTORY
In 2019, the Beverly Hills community (residents & businesses) generated approximately 417,839 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e).

GHG emissions were dominated by the transportation sector, which generated 49 percent of the City’s total GHG emissions. Transportation emissions are calculated based on trips within Beverly Hills and not pass-through trips.

Energy (electricity and natural gas use) was the second largest source of GHG emissions, generating 46 percent of the total. Solid waste and water sector emissions made much smaller contributions to overall GHG emissions, at 4 percent and 1 percent. Figure 1-1 shows sectoral contributions to 2019 community emissions, while Table 1-1 shows total emissions by sector and subsector, and percentage contribution to the total. Figure 1-3 shows a sideby-side comparison of sectoral emissions between 2015 and 2019, visually demonstrating the 8 percent reduction progress between inventory years.

Tackling GHG emissions from energy use in buildings, and gasoline-powered passenger vehicles will be critical in achieving carbon neutrality for the City as they drive the two highest-emitting sectors. Chapter 2: Measures and Actions shows how Beverly Hills is planning to reduce emissions from these sources and achieve carbon neutrality by 2045.

Figure 1-1 2019 Community Inventory (MT CO2e)
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 13 A community-wide GHG emission inventory was also conducted for the year 2015, to provide a basis for establishing a forecast for future GHG emissions. The 2015 inventory was also used to estimate Beverly Hills’ 1990 GHG emissions levels, keeping emissions forecasts and reduction targets in line with Senate Bill 32’s target of a statewide mid-term GHG reduction goal of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Estimating the 1990 baseline using most recent data is critical to quantify and meet the targets laid out in Senate Bill 32.

In 2015, the Beverly Hills community generated approximately 452,399 MT CO2e. The results of the 2015 community GHG inventory update show the transportation and energy sector GHG emission sources generated nearly equivalent total GHG emissions, each contributing 48 percent to total 2015 community-wide GHG emissions. Solid waste and water sector emission sources contributed 3 percent and 1 percent of total 2015 GHG emissions. Figure 1-2 shows sectoral contributions to 2015 community emissions, while Table 1-2 shows total emissions by sector and subsector, and percentage contribution to the total.

Figure 1-2 2015 Community Inventory (MT CO2e)
Table 1-2 2015 Community Inventory GHG Emissions &
Percentage of Total
Sector/Emission Source
GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Percentage
of Total
Emissions
Energy 217,518 48%
Non-Residential Electricity Consumption 86,261 19%
Natural Gas 78,678 17%
Residential Electricity Consumption 46,945 10%
Electricity Transmission and
Distribution Losses
5,635 1%
Transportation 215,717 48%
Passenger On-road Vehicles 186,482 41%
Commercial On-road Vehicles 18,567 4%
Off-road Equipment 10,667 2%
Solid Waste 13,474 3%
Waste Sent to Landfill 13,021 3%
Landfilling Process Emissions 453 <1%
Water 5,690 1%
Imported Potable Water Supply 4,396 1%
Wastewater Treatment Process
and Fugitive Emissions
604 <1%
Wastewater Collection and
Treatment Energy1
690 <1%
Cumulative Emissions 452,399 100%
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 1. Note that GHG emissions and percentages round up decimal points, meaning the GHG emissions are not exact whole numbers adding up to sector totals in this table and the percentages are not exact whole numbers adding up to 100 percent in this table.

2. GHG emissions generated by electricity consumption involved in producing local groundwater supplies and the collection and treatment of wastewater are not added to the GHG emissions total to avoid double counting. The electricity consumption involved in these processes is already encompassed in non-residential electricity consumption in the energy sector.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 14 GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRESS SINCE 2015
Between the years 2015 and 2019, the City of Beverly Hills has reduced its GHG emissions by a total of 8 percent. The majority of these GHG emissions reductions occurred in the energy sector through a reduction in overall electricity consumption and increased availability of renewable electricity through participation in the Clean Power Alliance (CPA). The water sector also experienced a relatively significant 21 percent GHG emissions reduction through an overall reduction in water consumption city-wide. The transportation sector experienced a slight decrease in GHG emissions, through improved fuel efficiency standards, while the solid waste sector had a 14 percent increase in GHG emissions, attributable to an increase in waste generation in the City. Figure 1-3 shows sectoral contributions to GHG reductions between 2015 and 2019.

Figure 1-3 GHG Emissions Reduction Progress Between 2015 and 2019 (MT CO2e) City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 15 MUNICIPAL INVENTORY
The 2019 municipal inventory assesses the contribution to total community GHG emissions of activities, entities and GHG emission sources under the operational control of the City. GHG emission sources under City operational control account for less than 2% of the Beverly Hills Community total emissions, totaling 5,560 MT CO2e.

In 2019, most municipal emissions came from purchased electricity and natural gas, mainly to power City buildings, totaling 2,612 MT CO2e (47 percent of total emissions).

The second-largest source of municipal emissions came from gasoline-powered vehicles and equipment, totaling 1,272 MT CO2e, (23 percent of the total). The thirdlargest source of emissions came from employee commutes, 699 MT CO2 e, or 13
percent of the total. Figure 1-4 displays total sectoral contribution to municipal GHG emissions, and Table 1-3 outlines percentage contribution by sector and subsector.

Figure 1-4 2019 Municipal Inventory (MT CO2e)
Table 1-3 2019 Municipal GHG Emissions by
Sector & Subsector
Sector Total
MT CO2e
Percentage
of Total
Emissions
Energy 3,333 60%
Buildings and Facilities 2,320 42%
Streetlights and Traffic Signals 513 9%
Stationary combustion 292 5%
Water and Wastewater
Conveyance and Distribution
209 4%
Transportation 1,971 35%
Vehicle Fleet 1,272 23%
Employee Commute 699 13%
Water and Wastewater 122 2%
Solid Waste 134 2%
Cumulative Emissions 5,560 100%
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 16 CALIFORNIA REGULATORY OVERVIEW
California is a global leader in climate action. State laws and executive orders pave the way towards a decarbonized future for buildings, transportation, power, and industrial sectors across the state. The primary drivers of climate action at the state level are Senate Bill 32 (2016) and Assembly Bill 1279 (2022). These key laws are supported by an expanding network of policies and programs. They include Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards, which increase energy efficiency in new development, the Advanced Clean Cars Program, which improves fuel efficiency in new vehicles, and the California Renewable Portfolio Standard, which, through Senate Bill 100, requires electricity providers to procure 100 percent renewable electricity by 2045. • Senate Bill 32 – Requires California to achieve a statewide reduction in GHG emissions of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. California Air Resources Board (CARB) prepared a Scoping Plan that outlines the main strategies the State will employ to make progress towards the target. The Senate Bill 32 Scoping Plan was adopted in 2017. • Assembly Bill 1279 – Establishes a legally binding requirement for California to achieve and maintain carbon neutrality no later than 2045.

Assembly Bill 1279 also established the requirement to achieve a statewide reduction in emissions of 85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045. • Senate Bill 1020 – Requires that entities which provide electricity to Californians supply 90 percent clean energy by 2035, 95 percent clean energy by 2040, and 100 percent clean energy by 2045.

California is also a leader in climate adaptation, requiring water agencies, large utilities, and cities and counties to prepare to adapt to the effects of climate change, from increased wildfire risk to extreme heat. • Senate Bill 379 is the primary driver of climate adaptation action across the State, requiring cities, and counties to prepare a vulnerability assessment of climate change impacts and develop policies and programs to increase resilience as part of the Safety Element chapter in a jurisdictions’ General Plan.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 17 Table 1-4 Additional State Sustainability Policies
Program Description
Climate Action Targets
Executive Order B-55-18 (2018):

Carbon neutrality by 2045
Sets a target of statewide carbon neutrality by 2045 and net negative emissions thereafter.

Senate Bill 32 (2016):

Greenhouse Gas emission
reduction target for 2030
Establishes a statewide greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.

Climate Change Scoping Plan (2017) The Climate Change Scoping Plan was approved by CARB in December 2008 and outlines the State’s plan to achieve the GHG reductions required in AB 32. The plan directed municipal governments to reduce their emissions by at least 15% by 2020 compared to 2008 levels or earlier. The Scoping Plan was updated in 2017 to reflect the SB 32 target of reducing emissions by 40% under 1990 levels by 2030.

Clean Energy
Senate Bill 100 (2018):

Renewable Portfolio Standard
Requires that 100% of all electricity within California be carbon-free by 2040. Electricity providers must procure from eligible renewable energy sources, with interim goals of 40% by 2024 and 50% by 2030.

Transportation
Senate Bill 375 (2008):

Greenhouse Gas emission
reduction targets for vehicles
The Sustainable Communities & Climate Protection Act of 2008 requires CARB to develop regional greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for passenger vehicles. CARB is to establish targets for 2020 and 2035 for each region covered by one of the State’s 18 metropolitan planning organizations.

Senate Bill 743 (2013):

Transportation Impacts
Introduces a new performance metric, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), as a basis for determining significant transportation impacts under CEQA. Projects that are projected to increase VMT may mitigate their impacts through measures such as car-sharing services, unbundled parking, improved transit, and enhanced pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure.

Executive Order N-79-20 (2020):

Zero Emission Vehicles
In line with the carbon neutrality goal, this Executive Order requires the elimination of new, internal combustion passenger vehicles by 2035.

Assembly Bill 2127 (2018):

EV charging infrastructure
The California Energy Commission is required to prepare and biennially update a statewide assessment of the electric vehicle charging infrastructure needed to support the levels of electric vehicle adoption for the state to meet its goal of putting at least 5 million zero-emission vehicles on California roads by 2030.

Advanced Clean Truck Rule
(2020): Zero emission trucks
CARB adopted a rule requiring manufacturers of heavy-duty, on-road trucks to sell an increasing number of zero-emission trucks. By 2035, zero-emission truck/chassis sales would need to be 55% of Class 2b to 3 truck sales, 75% of Class 4 to 8 vocational truck sales, and 40% of Class 7 to 8 truck tractor sales.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 18 Program Description
Innovative Clean Transit (2018):

Zero emission bus fleets
CARB adopted this rule requiring public transit agencies to gradually transition to 100% zeroemissions bus fleets by 2040. This regulation applies to all transit agencies that own, operate, or lease buses with gross vehicle weight rating above 14,000 pounds.

Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient
(SAFE) Vehicles Rule (2018)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued the SAFE Vehicles Rule. This rule set a vehicle fleet efficiency standard increase of 1.5% per year above 2020 standards through 2026.

Solid Waste
Senate Bill 1383 (2016):

Short-lived Climate Pollutants
– Organic Waste Reductions
Establishes a statewide target to reduce the disposal of organic waste by 75% by 2025 to reduce methane emissions from organic material in landfills.

Assembly Bill 341 (2012) and
Assembly Bill 1826 (2016):

Mandatory Recycling
AB 341 requires all commercial businesses and public entities that generate 4 cubic yards or more of waste per week and all multi-family apartments with five or more units to have a recycling program in place to help meet the state’s recycling goal of 75% diversion by 2020. AB 1826 requires all commercial businesses to collect yard trimmings, food scraps, and food-soiled paper for composting.

Adaptation and Resilience
Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000:

Hazard Mitigation Plan
FEMA’s Disaster Mitigation Act is intended to “reduce the loss of life and property, human suffering, economic disruption, and disaster assistance costs resulting from natural disasters.” Under this legislation, state, tribal, and local governments must develop a hazard mitigation plan as a condition for receiving certain types of non-emergency disaster assistance through the Hazard Mitigation Assistance Programs.

This CAAP seeks to demonstrate compliance with State climate goals. A number of CAAP measures and actions that are critical for achieving these objectives go beyond state climate policies, particularly actions that call for development of local building decarbonization ordinances that exceed existing State building standards under Title 24. See Chapter 2 for more detail on these measures and actions.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Beverly Hills Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions 19 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FORECAST & TARGETS
In order to demonstrate how Beverly Hills’s emissions look in the future, two forecasts were developed based on the 2019 inventory—a business-as-usual (BAU) forecast and legislative-adjusted forecast. The BAU forecast shows what Beverly Hills’s emissions would look like if population and job growth were the only drivers of GHG-generating activities, and the City took no additional actions to curb GHG emissions.

The legislative-adjusted forecast models GHG emissions if the City takes no additional action except for those required under state climate legislation (ex. improved building electricity efficiency). The effects of state climate legislation includes improved building electricity efficiency, increased numbers of electric vehicles, and use of 100 percent renewable electricity by 2045.

The City of Beverly Hills has established GHG reduction targets for 2030, 2040, and 2045 to keep the City on track to meet the State requirement to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045:
• 2030: reduce GHG emissions to 40 percent
below 1990 levels (SB 32 target year)
• 2040: Reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent
below 1990 levels (interim target year)
• 2045: achieve carbon neutrality (Assembly Bill 1279)
The City will need to pursue measures and actions to decarbonize transit, buildings, waste, and water in order to close the gap between the legislative-adjusted forecast, and the City’s targets for GHG emissions reductions. Implementation of this CAAP (see measures and actions in Chapter 2) is anticipated to meet GHG reduction targets for 2030 and chart a course for meeting carbon neutrality for 2045. Figure 1-5 outlines business as usual, legislative adjusted, and state minimum GHG Reduction pathways for Beverly Hills.

Appendix B provides more information on which pieces of legislation are included in the legislative adjusted forecast.

Chapter 2 provides the measures the City of Beverly Hills will pursue to achieve these carbon reduction targets.

Figure 1-5 Beverly Hills BAU, Legislative Adjusted, & Emissions Reduction Needed to Reach Targets (MT CO2e)
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | CEQA-Qualified Plan 20 This CAAP guides the City of Beverly Hills towards
reducing GHG emissions consistent with the 2030
target set out by Senate Bill (SB) 32, and it fulfills the requirements of California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA) Guidelines § 15183.5(b) to be considered a
“qualified” GHG reduction plan.1
In compliance with CEQA and State CEQA Guidelines,
local agencies must evaluate the environmental
impacts of new development projects or plans,
including impacts related to GHG emissions associated
with the construction and operation of projects or
plans. The CEQA Guidelines provide an option for new
projects and plans to streamline the CEQA analysis
of GHG emissions by tiering from a qualified GHG
reduction plan.

This CAAP and its associated CEQA environmental
assessment document are consistent with the criteria
set forth in CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b) as
outlined in Table 1-4. As such, this CAAP is considered a qualified GHG reduction plan.

1. Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR),
“General Plan Guidelines – Chapter 8: Climate Change.”
Available: https://opr.ca.gov/docs/OPR_C8_final.pdf.

CEQA-QUALIFIED PLAN
Table 1-5 CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b) Criteria
Addressed in Climate Action Plan Update
CEQA Criteria CAAP Section
Addressing Criteria
Quantify existing and projected GHG
emissions within the plan area
Chapter 1
(Inventory and Forecast)
Establish a reduction target
consistent with State targets
Chapter 1
(Targets)
Identify and analyze sector specific GHG
emissions from specific actions or categories of
actions anticipated within the geographic area
Chapter 1
(Emissions by Sector)
Specify measures and actions that substantial
evidence demonstrates would collectively
achieve the specified reduction target
Chapter 2
(GHG Emission
Reduction Measures)
Establish a mechanism to monitor
progress and amend the plan if it is not
achieving specified emissions levels
Chapter 4
(CAAP Implementation)
Adopt in a public process following
environmental review
See associated
CEQA environmental
assessment
documentation
If a project or plan is consistent with this CAAP in terms of GHG emissions construction and operational levels and consistent with the questions and requirement of the associated CAAP Consistency Checklist (i.e., Beverly Hills CEQA GHG Checklist), the CEQA GHG emissions impact analysis for that project can be streamlined with a qualitative rather than quantitative CEQA GHG emissions analysis. In addition, the project or plan’s GHG emissions will not be considered cumulatively significant under CEQA. This streamlining is also contingent on the City making progress towards, and ultimately meeting the targets established in this CAAP.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1 Climate Change in Beverly Hills | Relationship to Other City Policies & Plans 21 This CAAP builds on
Beverly Hills’s existing
sustainability leadership.

Measures for greenhouse
gas reduction include the
implementation of plans
and policies that the City
has already put in motion,
including the Urban Forest
Management Plan, the
Model Water Efficient
Landscape Ordinance,
the Green Building Code,
and the Complete Streets
Plan. Existing measures
for climate adaptation
include the implementation
of plans and policies from
the Local Hazard Mitigation
Plan, Wildfire Assessment
Report for Beverly Hills and
Integrated Water Resources
Master Plan.

RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CITY POLICIES & PLANS
2 GREENHOUSE GAS

MITIGATION
The greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions described in this Chapter chart a pathway to achieving reductions in GHG emissions in line with California state targets: 40 percent reduction from 1990 levels by 2030, and carbon neutrality by 2045. These emissions reductions are achieved through decarbonization of the building energy, transportation, waste, water, and ecosystem sectors. As Beverly Hills moves towards carbon neutrality, those who live, work, and play in the City will also benefit from a greener city and an expanded urban canopy, cleaner indoor and outdoor air quality due to building decarbonization, and more resilient infrastructure with diverse sources of carbon-free electricity.

CHAPTER
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality 23 A PATHWAY TO CARBON NEUTRALITY
Beverly Hills can work
toward achieving carbon
neutrality by 2045, by
building upon the progress
the City has already
made and adopting new
emissions reduction
strategies, measures, and
actions. Together these
strategies, measures, and
actions: (1) establish a
framework for reaching
carbon neutrality; (2) make
Beverly Hills more resilient
to future climate impacts;
and (3) provide important
social and economic
benefits, such as bolstering
the local economy,
increasing community
green spaces, and
improving public health.

The reduction approach is
outlined here.

STEP 1:

Maintain access to carbon-free electricity, by the adoption of Clean Power Alliance 100 percent Green Power as the default tier for electricity supply in the City, which was completed in 2022. Carbon-free energy is key to reducing emissions from buildings and meeting the City’s long-term goals.

STEP 2:

Reduce emissions from energy use, by making buildings more energy efficient and decarbonizing appliances to take advantage of the city’s access to carbon-free energy. This applies to current and future building stock. At the same time, reduce transportation emissions by expanding electric and clean fuel vehicle adoption, locally operated transit system, shifting away from single-occupancy vehicles, and reduce length of vehicle trips.

STEP 3:

Move toward zero waste, by increasing diversion of waste away from the landfill and implementing sustainable consumption programs. Sustainable consumption programs divert organic waste from landfills, where it produces potent methane emissions, and encourage community members to buy and consume less, which reduces upstream emissions from material production.

STEP 4:

Pursue local carbon sequestration projects, including expanding local tree planting programs, by implementing the Urban Forest Management Plan (UFMP) and adopting nature-based solutions that protect and restore natural systems and capture and store carbon. Carbon sequestration is vital in reaching carbon neutrality.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality 24 The City has elected for a phased approach to reducing GHG emissions, meaning that many measures in the CAAP begin as voluntary and then become mandatory overtime. Specifically, building measures related to energy and water efficiency and adopting a carbon-free energy reach code begin with a voluntary phase-in period before mandatory requirements are adopted. SB 1383 compliant organic waste diversion is assumed to be achieved by 2025 and Priority Complete Streets Plan projects are assumed to be implemented by 2026. Though specific city departments are named under the ‘Implementing City Department’ column in Table 2-5; the proposed Chief Sustainability Office (CSO) will lead all implementation and tracking of the measures and actions in this CAAP, through deep collaboration with other City departments. For more detail on implementation of these CAAP mitigation measures, refer to Chapter 4, Implementation.

Six Foundational Strategies are responsible for the majority of GHG emissions reductions by 2030 and put the City on the path to carbon neutrality by 2045 (see Table 2-5).

1. High participation in 100 percent renewable energy electricity

2. Carbon-free energy powered buildings reach code

3. Existing building decarbonization

4. Mode Shift (Complete Streets Plan, transit)

5. EV adoption and equipment decarbonization

6. Comply with SB 1383 organics diversion requirements
Each of the Foundational Strategies meet the following criteria:
• The strategy addresses the major sources of GHG emissions identified in the greenhouse gas inventory (Chapter 1); • The strategy has the potential to reduce the greatest amount of GHG emissions within a category of
emissions (energy, buildings, transportation, waste);
• The strategy has the potential to enhance the GHG
emissions reduction impact of other strategies;
• The strategy can be implemented within the
regulatory authority of the City; and
• The strategy has a high level of community support.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality 25 Table 2-5 Six Foundational GHG Mitigation Strategies Foundational Strategy Outcome Measure Implementing
City Department
Responsible
City Commission
High participation
in 100 percent
renewable energy
electricity
Carbon-Free Electricity Achieve at least 90% participation in Clean Power Alliance 100% Green Power tier or SCE equivalent.
ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works
Carbon-free energy
powered buildings
reach code
Buildings: New
Construction and Remodels
Decarbonization
Adopt a reach code requiring new construction and alterations or additions of at least 50% the size of the original building to be designed to be powered using carbon-free energy sources. ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning
Existing building
decarbonization
Buildings: Existing
Decarbonization
Adopt a decarbonization plan in phases for existing buildings that at first promotes and then requires the retrofit of existing buildings to be powered using carbon-free energy
ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning
Mode Shift (Complete
Streets Plan, transit)
Complete Streets
Plan Mode Shift
Prioritize, fund, and implement the Complete Streets Plan. * ඵ Public Works ඵ Traffic and Parking
Transportation Mode Shift Explore adopting a mandatory Transportation Demand Management Program for non-residential
and residential housing developments
ඵ Public Works ඵ Traffic and
Parking
Transportation Mode Shift Assess the feasibility of a local city operated shuttle/bus service.
ඵ Public Works ඵ Traffic and
Parking
EV adoption
and equipment
decarbonization
EV Adoption Adopt EV reach code for multi-family residential and nonresidential uses requiring EV chargers
to be installed at time of construction.
ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Planning
Clean Fuel Adoption Develop a Clean Fuel Transportation Plan that identifies areas of the City to prioritize clean fuel infrastructure installation to support zero emission vehicles (ZEVs).
ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works
ඵ Traffic and
Parking
Comply with SB 1383
organics diversion
requirements
Increased diversion
from landfill
Establish pathways and enforcement mechanisms for
compliance with SB 1383 organics and food waste
diversion. (Divert 75% of organic waste from the landfill) ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works
* For FY22-23, the Complete Streets Plan Action Plan can be found in detail here: www.beverlyhills.org/completestreets. In the May 2022 Action Plan, there will be several bike lanes and bike lane upgrades, pedestrian improvements, streetscapes, transit pilot programs, Metro’s First Last Mile Plans, and initial research to update the City’s Transportation Demand Management Ordinance. The project budget for these action plans is $3.9M.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality 26 The Foundational
Strategies are prioritized
for implementation and
supported by the CAC.

Using the phased-in
approach, implementation
of the Six Foundational
Strategies is projected
to account for 90 percent
of GHG reductions in
2030 (see Table 2-6). The
remaining 10 percent
reduction needed to meet
the SB 32 target of a
40 percent reduction by
2030 is achieved by the
implementation of the
remaining GHG mitigation
measures, listed below
by sector.

Table 2-6 GHG Reduction Impact of all Sectoral Strategies Foundational Strategy Sector
2030 GHG
Reductions (MT
CO2e)
2045 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
High participation in 100%
Renewable Energy electricity
Clean energy 54,181 0
Carbon-free energy powered buildings reach code New buildings 7,984 11,626 Existing building decarbonization and
energy efficiency improvements
Existing buildings 12,898 59,215
EV adoption and equipment decarbonization Transportation 14,529 69,674 Mode shift (Complete Streets Plan,
Transportation Demand Management, transit)
Transportation 2,631 5,966
Comply with SB 1383 organics
diversion requirements
Solid Waste 12,499 12,993
Reduce outdoor and indoor water use Water and
Wastewater
45 0
Urban forest management Carbon
Sequestration
37 58

COMMUNITY INPUT ON GHG MEASURES
The CAC was an integral part in developing these measures through a series of committee meetings. In addition, CAC members joined City staff and members of the consultant team on April 24, 2022, for an Earth Day pop-up event at the Beverly Hills Farmers Market. The booth offered information about the CAAP process. Community members were able to show their preference for different GHG reduction measures through dot voting. Main themes from the event were a desire for increased bike and pedestrian safety, incentives for building retrofits, information about what people can do on an individual basis to reduce their carbon footprint, and a preference for voluntary or incentivized climate actions.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality 27 State and regional policies and regulations are projected to reduce citywide 2030 Business-as-Usual (BAU) emissions by 18 percent. As illustrated in Figure 2-6, Beverly Hills will need to proactively take local climate action to reduce and offset greenhouse gas emissions to achieve the GHG reduction targets. Implementing the locally focused CAAP mitigation measures enables the City to achieve the SB 32 target of a 40 percent reduction in mass emissions by 2030 and puts the City on the path to achieving the long-term goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. Combined, these strategies achieve a 41 percent mass emissions reduction compared to 1990 levels in 2030 and a 72 percent reduction in 2045. Additional climate action will be needed to close the gap of 126,709 MT CO2e to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. See Figure 2-3 for the estimated GHG reductions associated with CAAP mitigation measures.

Figure 2-6 GHG Emissions Reductions from CAAP Mitigation Measures (MT CO2e) City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality 28 Table 2-7 GHG Reduction Impact of CAAP Measures
Strategy Sector Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Maintain high participation in 100% Green Energy from
Clean Power Alliance or SCE equivalent
Clean Energy ඵ CE 2.1 53,529 0
Local solar installations Clean Energy ඵ CE 1.1
ඵ CE 1.2
651 0
Carbon-free reach code New Buildings ඵ BNC 2.1 7,984 11,626 Existing building decarbonization Existing Buildings ඵ BE 2.1 ඵ BE 2.2
ඵ BE 2.3
11,868 55,943
Existing building energy efficiency programs Existing Buildings ඵ BE 1.1 ඵ BE 1.3
1,030 3,271
EV adoption Transportation ඵ TL 2.1
ඵ TL 2.2
14,529 69,674
Mode Shift (Complete Streets Plan, transit) Transportation ඵ TL 1.1 ඵ TL 1.2
ඵ TL 1.3
2,631 5,966
Comply with SB 1383 Solid Waste ඵ SW 1.1
ඵ SW 1.2
12,499 12,993
Reduce outdoor and indoor water use Water and Wastewater ඵ WE 1.1 ඵ WE 1.2
ඵ WE 1.3
ඵ WE 1.4
45 0
Urban Forest Management Carbon Sequestration ඵ WE 2.1
ඵ WE 2.4
37 58
Total Reductions Achieved by Strategies 104,804 159,532 Note that GHG reductions round up decimal points, meaning the GHG reductions are not exact whole numbers adding up to total reductions in this table City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality 29 Table 2-8. calculates the total reductions achieved by the CAAP strategies compared to the adjusted forecast. ‘Reductions Required to Meet Target’ identifies the emissions reductions the City will need to achieve in order to meet GHG emissions reduction targets for 2030 and 2045. In 2030, the City is projected to achieve and surpass its target for GHG reduction by 4,392 MT CO2e. In 2045, the City is currently projected to need an additional 126,709 MT CO2e of GHG reduction in order to achieve carbon neutrality. This emissions gap is typical for jurisdictions across the state. Closing the gap will require the City to establish new GHG reduction strategies in future CAAP updates.

Table 2-8 GHG Reduction Impact of CAAP Measures
Emissions Targets & Reductions Needed 2030
(MT CO2e)
2045
(MT CO2e)
Adjusted Forecast Emissions 371,851 286,241
Target Emissions 271,439 0
Reductions Required to Meet Target 100,412 286,241
Total Reductions Achieved by Strategies
(See Table 2-3)
104,804 159,532
Gap to Target -4,392 126,709

REFINING GHG REDUCTION

MEASURES WITH THE COMMUNITY

ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Through multiple meetings, the CAC refined a
list of GHG reduction measures. The consultant
team modeled these measures to determine
what reductions could be achieved. The CAC
reviewed the modeling results and requested
a list of the top six most impactful measures.

These foundational measures – renewable
energy supply, building systems that utilize
carbon-free energy in new construction, retrofitting building systems in existing buildings to use carbon-free energy, shifting transportation to low-carbon modes of travel, diverting organic waste from landfills, and protecting
and expanding the urban forest - serve as the
backbone of the CAAP. A letter from the CAC
about their involvement and support of the
CAAP is included in Chapter 3. A similar prioritization process was used for the adaptation and resilience
analysis. Once the
CAAP measures
were finalized, it was
presented to various
commissions for
additional comments
and revisions.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions 30 MEASURE PHASING
The City has elected for a phased approach to
reducing GHG emissions, meaning that many measures
in the CAAP begin as voluntary and then become
mandatory overtime. Specifically,
building measures related to energy
and water efficiency and adopting a
carbon-free energy reach code begin
with a voluntary phase-in period before
mandatory requirements are adopted.

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to a changing climate, the City intends to move forward with 46 GHG mitigation measures organized into seven categories: Clean Energy, Buildings – New Construction and Remodels, Existing Buildings, Transportation and Land Use, Solid Waste, Water and Ecosystems, and Community Engagement.

Implementing these measures and associated actions will put Beverly Hills on the path to carbon neutrality by 2045. The measures were developed through input from City staff, CAC members, and a review of best practices in the field. Each measure includes the applicability (municipal or citywide), implementation level, estimated timeline for implementation, GHG reduction potential and estimated cost and lead department and City Commissions responsible for implementation.

REDUCTION STRATEGIES, MEASURES,

AND IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions 31 GHG Reductions Key
The GHG Reductions Key provides a guide
for interpreting the information presented
for each measure and associated implementation actions on the following pages.

Measures are organized as implementation
roadmaps that identify the implementation
actions, GHG impact potential, cost, and
key parties necessary for implementation.

1. Measure: Overarching goal.

2. Action Title: Action established to reduce GHG emissions or adapt to the effects of climate change, categorized by measure type.

3. Action Details: Detailed description of how
the action will be implemented.

4. GHG Reductions Potential:

Quantified: GHG reductions for quantified actions are included in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e).

Supportive: no direct emissions reductions but aid the implementation of measures with direct emissions reductions.

TBD: Additional analysis is required to quantify GHG
reductions. Reductions are not included in CAAP analysis.

5. Applicability:

Municipal: measure relates to city facilities or
will be implemented fully by the city.

Citywide: measure applies to all residents or businesses within the city. It may be implemented by individuals and/or the city.

Existing buildings: residential or nonresidential
buildings currently present in the city.

New construction: residential or nonresidential site
preparation for, and construction of, entirely new structures and/or significant extensions to existing buildings.

6. Implementation Timeline: Timeline to implement this action.

7. Implementation Level:

Voluntary: measure is elective and not required to be implemented by applicable individuals and projects. Incentives may be provided.

Mandatory: measure is required to be implemented by applicable individuals and projects. Incentives may be provided.

Phased: measure is voluntary to implement until 2035;
thereafter it becomes mandatory and required to be
implemented by applicable individuals and projects.

Incentives may be provided during both phases.

8. Lead City Department: City department
responsible for implementing the action.

9. City Commission: City commission responsible
for implementing the action.

10. Cost Key:
$: less than $100,000
$$: $100,000-$500,000
$$$: $500,000 - $2,500,000
$$$$: over $2,500,000
The following strategies, measures, and actions collectively work toward achieving the near-team goal of 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2045. 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | CE – Clean Energy 32 CE – CLEAN ENERGY
Overview
Residential and nonresidential energy use, including electricity and natural gas, account for 45 percent of Beverly Hills’ communitywide greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions are mainly the result of burning fossil-based natural gas, which accounts for 21 percent of total emissions. Clean grid electricity from Clean Power Alliance (CPA), Southern California Edison (SCE), or other third-party energy source, and the installation of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as local solar projects, are major components of the effort being led by the State to achieve its climate goals. The Senate Bill 100 renewable portfolio standard requires that supplied energy is both 100 percent carbon-free by 2045 and 100 percent generated from renewable sources like wind, solar, local biogas, or green hydrogen. Access to clean electricity makes the transition to electric vehicles across Beverly Hills more beneficial by enabling electric vehicles to charge using carbon-free energy and thereby reducing tailpipe emissions, improving regional air quality, and eliminating carbon emissions.

The City has upgraded its default participation tier in Clean Power Alliance to the Green level (100 percent renewable) from Clean (50 percent renewable).

The change went into effect in October 2022. The City’s current participation rate is 97% at 100% Green Power for all existing CPA customers.

GHG Reduction Potential by Measure
Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
CE 1 Carbon-free Energy
CE 1.1 Support community solar
programs and projects
651
CE 1.2 Streamline approval processes
for solar, battery storage
systems, and EV charging
Supportive
CE 1.3 Carbon neutral city facilities Supportive
CE 2 Carbon-Free Electricity Action
CE 2.1 Maintain Clean Power
Alliance participation
53,529
2030 Total (MT CO2e) 54,181
2045 Total (MT CO2e) 0
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | CE – Clean Energy 33 CE 1 CARBON-FREE ENERGY MEASURES
CE 1.1 Support community solar programs and projects
Explore opportunities for community scale solar and other renewable energy sources.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Identify sites for the possible installation of community solar. Specifically consider solar canopies that can be installed in parking lots with an exposed top floor. Explore role as City facilities as a first mover in solar installation, identifying specific City Owned buildings and structures.

Action 2. Assess the feasible locations identified in the communitywide renewable energy generation analysis under CEQA.

Action 3. Set a goal for the number of commercial energy storage projects within the city and provide regular updates on meeting the goal.

Action 4. Work with City Council to support community solar projects.

Action 5. Support commercial pilot projects utilizing thermal energy storage, energy storage, dispatchable storage, back-up power at critical facilities, and microgrid development. Support includes outreach for completed projects.

Action 6. Share data as needed to develop successful projects and programs.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City Commission Cost
651 MT CO2e Municipal 3-5 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | CE – Clean Energy 34 CE 1.2 Streamline approval processes for solar, battery storage systems, and EV charging Establish a streamlined approval process for solar, battery storage system, EV charging and reduce or eliminate permitting fees to encourage the addition of battery storage.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Review current permitting procedures for opportunities for increased efficiency and improved user experience.

Action 2. Determine eligibility criteria for system designs and specifications that qualify for expedited permitting and provide permitting checklist The City currently uses City Smart as its electronic plan review platform. The City can explore applications like the National Renewable Energy Lab’s SolarAPP+ to improve its efficiencies.

Action 3. Shorten the inspection process to one inspection for qualifying systems.

Action 4. Consider the implications of waiving the processing fees for solar, battery storage systems, and EV charging permit applications to further incentivize their installation.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works
ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Planning $
CE 1.3 Carbon neutral city facilities
Explore opportunities and partnerships to design new or remodeled city facilities to be carbon neutral and utilize innovative fuel sources such as hydrogen.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Partner with utilities to identify funding for installation of renewable energy generation and storage at feasible locations.

Action 2. Partner with utilities to explore the feasibility of utilizing clean fuels in municipal facilities.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $$ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | CE – Clean Energy 35 CE 2 CARBON-FREE ELECTRICITY ACTION
CE 2.1 Maintain Clean Power Alliance participation
Continue to achieve at least 90% participation of electricity customers in Beverly Hills in Clean Power Alliance 100% Green Power tier or SCE equivalent and maintain onwards through 2035. Note this switch to the Clean Power Alliance 100% Green Power tier was implemented by the City in Fall of 2022.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Conduct outreach to identify barriers for large users and/or sectors to participate at the 100% Green Power Tier or SCE equivalent.

Action 2. Partner with Clean Power Alliance to develop and conduct a robust awareness and education campaign to boost enrollment.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
53,529 MT CO2e Municipal 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BNC – Buildings: New Construction and Major Remodels 36 BNC – BUILDINGS: NEW CONSTRUCTION AND MAJOR REMODELS

1. Studies include: Rocky Mountain Institute. (2020). Economics of Electrifying Buildings.; New Building Institute (2022). Cost Study of the Building Decarbonization Code.; E3. (2022) The Economics of AllElectric New Construction in Utah.; California Energy Commission (2019). Cost Effectiveness studies for residential and nonresidential new construction.

Overview
Electricity use in residential and nonresidential buildings accounts for 24 percent of community emissions and natural gas use accounts for 21 percent of community emissions. There are two main approaches to reduce emissions in buildings. The first is improved energy efficiency of new buildings and the second is through the decarbonization of the energy sources used to power buildings. Decarbonization removes natural gas systems from buildings and uses carbon-free alternatives, including electricity and hydrogen gas, to take advantage of the 100 percent carbon-free electricity provided by CPA.

The number of employees and residents in Beverly Hills is expected to grow through 2045, and this growth will result in the construction of new residential and commercial buildings. New construction is governed by the California Building Code and must meet the California Green Building Standards (CALGreen), which include requirements for energy performance. The building code is updated every three years to increase baseline energy efficiency, incorporate industry best practices, and support State energy goals. To avoid the construction of GHG-emitting buildings and infrastructure with lifespans beyond the City’s emissions reduction goals, enhanced green building will be the standard for all new construction and major remodels. In order to go beyond current CALGreen code minimums the City must adopt a reach code that requires all-electric new construction for both residential and nonresidential buildings. The California Energy Commission has found that all-electric new construction is cost effective across building types in Beverly Hills’ climate zone. Several additional studies have found that all-electric construction is less expensive than building a mixed-fuel building.1 In the short-term, electrification has been identified as the most-cost effective approach for building decarbonization. However, the City will continue to explore other options for carbon-free energy such as hydrogen.

GHG Reduction Potential by Measure
Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
BNC 1 Energy Efficiency
BNC 1.1 Passive solar design Supportive
BNC 1.2 Sustainable building resources Supportive
BNC 2 Decarbonization
BNC 2.1 Carbon-free reach code 7,984
2030 Total (MT CO2e) 7,984
2045 Total (MT CO2e) 11,626
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BNC – Buildings: New Construction and Major Remodels 37 BNC 1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
BNC 1.1 Passive solar design
Provide educational information or technical assistance on passive solar design for residential and nonresidential new construction.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Draft materials on passive solar design.

Action 2. Distribute materials at planning counter and post to City website.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential and nonresidential
new construction
1-3 years Voluntary ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning $
BNC 1.2 Sustainable building resources
Provide green building resources, including the most sustainable options for various materials and building systems, to individuals and developers of residential and nonresidential new construction.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Compile materials on high performance green buildings.

Action 2. Distribute materials at planning counter and post to City website.

Action 3. Incorporate sustainable green design options into City design review, pre-application and/or plan check process.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential and nonresidential
new construction
1-3 years Voluntary ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning $
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BNC – Buildings: New Construction and Major Remodels 38 BNC 2 DECARBONIZATION
BNC 2.1 Carbon-free reach code
Adopt a reach code requiring residential and nonresidential new construction and alternations or additions at least 50% the size of the total project size be designed to be powered using carbon-free energy sources by January 1st, 2025.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Engage with stakeholders including City staff and officials, and external stakeholders, such as local developers regarding the purpose and impact of the reach code.

Action 2. Conduct a cost effectiveness study or utilize studies developed by the CEC.

Action 3. Develop and draft an ordinance.

Action 4. Conduct public hearings, public notices, and formally adopt the ordinance before January 1st, 2025.

Action 5. Submit the adopted ordinance to the California Energy Commission (CEC) and California Building Standards Commission (CBSC).

Action 6. During implementation phase, explore methods of incentivizing voluntary participation in reach code standards for remodels that are smaller than the 50% threshold.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City Commission Cost
7,984 MT CO2e Residential and nonresidential
new construction and remodels
1-3 years Mandatory ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning $
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BE – Buildings: Existing 39 BE – BUILDINGS: EXISTING

2. Rocky Mountain Institute. (2021). Eight Benefits of Building Electrification for Households, Communities, and Climate. Accessed from: https://rmi.org/eight-benefits-of-building-electrification-for-households-communities-and-climate/#:~:text=Building%20electrification%20will%20bring%20cleaner,states%20meet%20 their%20climate%20goals.

Overview
Most of the building-related emissions are attributable to the existing building stock, which is less energy efficient than new construction. Decarbonizing existing buildings is critical to meeting the emissions reduction goals. Challenges associated with improving the performance of existing buildings include costs, rental/ownership status and the associated split incentives, and technological constraints. Benefits include healthier indoor air quality, reduced energy use and lower utility bills, and more resilient building systems.2 Improving existing buildings in Beverly Hills would focus on promoting existing energy efficiency programs offered by utility companies and/or establishing new incentive programs administered by the City. Many of the measures in this sector will be phased in over time, meaning that requirements will initially be voluntary and then become mandatory in 2035. Incentives will still be provided throughout the life of the measure if possible.

As shown in Table LU1 of the City’s 2010 General Plan, the City’s building stock is primarily made of Single Family Residential (74 percent of land use acreage) and MultiFamily Residential (8 percent of land use acreage) land uses, with approximately 10 percent of land use acreage identified as Commercial, and the remainder a mix of Park, Public Building, and Public School land uses. While Table LU1 of the General Plan indicates that Industrial land uses occur within the City, the 2010 Land Use Element indicates that the Industrial land uses have since been redesignated as Commercial.

GHG Reduction Potential by Measure
Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
BNC 1 Energy Efficiency
BE 1.1 Energy and water benchmarking Supportive
BE 1.2 Energy scores Supportive
BE 1.3 Implement utility energy efficiency
incentives and programs
1,030
BE 1.4 Explore User Utility Tax to
reduce natural gas use
Supportive
BE 1.5 City funded incentives Supportive
BNC 2 Decarbonization
BE 2.1 Retrofit existing gas infrastructure Supportive
BE 2.2 Phased-in Decarbonization Plan Supportive
BE 2.3 Burnout Ordinance 11,868
BE 2.4 Decarbonization Plan
for city facilities
Supportive
2030 Total (MT CO2e) 12,898
2045 Total (MT CO2e) 59,215
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BE – Buildings: Existing 40 BE 1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
BE 1.1 Energy and water benchmarking
Adopt energy and water benchmarking ordinance for existing nonresidential and commercial buildings over a specified square footage that requires those buildings to measure and report energy and water use.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Conduct a study to determine the appropriate square footage threshold to capture additional buildings than AB 802, reference existing resources from organizations like the US Green Building Council – Los Angeles.

Action 2. Engage with stakeholders including City staff and nonresidential property owners and managers.

Action 3. Draft and adopt an ordinance.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Nonresidential existing
buildings
1-3 years Phased ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Planning $
BE 1.2 Energy scores
Encourage owners of existing residential single family and multifamily properties older than 10 years to provide an energy audit, EPA Home Energy Score, or Home Energy Rating System score at time of sale or rental agreement.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Engage with stakeholders including residential property owners, managers, real estate agents, leasing brokers, and Chamber of Commerce to explain the benefits of providing a Home Energy Rating Score.

Action 2. Develop and distribute educational materials, consulting existing outreach and education materials from stakeholders like Southern California Edison (SCE).

Action 3. Encourage properties to take steps to improve their Energy Score through utility energy efficiency programs and other streamline permitting process.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential single family and
multifamily existing buildings
3-5 years Voluntary ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning
ඵ Public Works
$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BE – Buildings: Existing 41 BE 1.3 Implement utility energy efficiency incentives and programs Work with utilities including Clean Power Alliance, SoCal Edison, SoCalGas, and SoCal REN to promote and implement efficiency incentives and programs to increase efficiency of existing equipment (retro-commissioning) in 240 commercial buildings and complete deep retrofits of an additional 240 commercial and 716 residential buildings by 2030.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Partner with utilities to promote and implement energy efficiency and retrofit programs.

Action 2. Track and report participation among residents/property owners opting into efficiency programs. Research most accurate mechanisms to track and monitor participation (ex. web platform).

Action 3. Monitor progress and increase outreach/incentives as needed to reach 2030 targets.

Action 4. Devote staff time to monitoring implementation hurdles, and overcoming them through research, outreach, and leveraging sources of funding and technical assistance.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
1,030 MT CO2e Residential and nonresidential
existing buildings
1-3 years Voluntary ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $
BE 1.4 Explore User Utility Tax to reduce natural gas use The City will explore pricing mechanisms and tools, such as the Utility Users Tax (UUT) and tiered pricing, to reduce natural gas use.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Research funding mechanisms to increase the cost of natural gas.

Action 2. Research incentives and funding for building decarbonization and energy bill assistance that specifically prioritize low-income residents, in coordination with BE 1.5.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City Department City Commission Cost
Supportive Municipal 3-5 years N/A ඵ Public Works
ඵ Finance
ඵ Community Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning
$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BE – Buildings: Existing 42 BE 1.5 City funded incentives
The City will explore developing City-funded energy efficiency and decarbonization incentive programs.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Research existing City-funded energy incentive programs.

Action 2. Work with the City Manager, City Attorney, and finance department to identify potential funding sources.

Action 3. Develop program and promote to the community.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City Department City Commission Cost
Supportive Municipal 3-5 years N/A ඵ Public Works
ඵ Finance
ඵ Community Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning
$$
BE 2 DECARBONIZATION
BE 2.1 Retrofit existing gas infrastructure
Explore partnerships and opportunities to retrofit existing gas infrastructure to accommodate low-emissions alternatives including renewable natural gas (RNG) and hydrogen.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Partner with SoCalGas to explore the potential for a pilot program utilizing renewable natural gas (RNG).

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 5-10 years N/A Public Works Public Works $ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BE – Buildings: Existing 43 BE 2.2 Phased-in Decarbonization Plan
Adopt a phased in decarbonization plan for existing residential and nonresidential buildings that promotes, and as-needed, requires the retrofit of existing buildings to be powered using carbon-free energy to electrify 2,150 residential units and 463 commercial buildings by 2030.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Engage with stakeholders including City staff and officials, and external stakeholders, such as local developers regarding the purpose and impact of the requirements.

Action 2. Draft and adopt plan including phasing timeline of requirements.

Action 3. Conduct CEQA analysis.

Action 4. Provide technical resources, including hosting workforce development training for installers and building owners/operators to discuss benefits and technical requirements of decarbonization and carbon-free energy sources. Devote staff time to exploring partnerships and resources to provide to these critical stakeholders.

Action 5. Promote the cost and environmental benefits of decarbonization and carbon-free energy sources to builders, property owners, and contractors on the City website and at the City permit counters.

Action 6. Work with SoCalGas to identify opportunities for natural gas infrastructure pruning to reduce the chance of stranded assets, provide potential funding, and establish an efficient transition to carbon neutral buildings.

Action 7. Explore financial incentives for retrofits and publicize these opportunities.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential and
nonresidential existing
buildings
3-5 years Phased ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning $$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BE – Buildings: Existing 44 BE 2.3 Burnout Ordinance
Adopt a Replace on Burnout Ordinance for existing residential and nonresidential buildings, which requires gas appliances (water heaters and HVAC) to be replaced with an electric or carbon-free alternative when they fail (‘burnout’) or reach the end of their useful life by 2027.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Engage with stakeholders including City staff and officials, and external stakeholders, such as local developers regarding the purpose and impact of the requirements.

Action 2. Draft and adopt ordinance.

Action 3. Conduct CEQA analysis.

Action 4. Develop a tracking process to track natural gas and electric appliance/system installations.

Action 5. Provide technical resources, including hosting workforce development trainings for installers and building owners/operators to discuss benefits and technical requirements of electrification.

Action 6. Provide education around cooking with electric appliances, including demonstrations from chefs and/or local restaurants.

Action 7. Develop a permit compliance program to maintain a 74% or higher compliance rate.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
11,868 MT CO2e Residential and
nonresidential
existing buildings
3-5 years Phased ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning $$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | BE – Buildings: Existing 45 BE 2.4 Decarbonization plan for city facilities
Develop a decarbonization plan for City facilities that aligns with the capital improvement planning (CIP) process.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Conduct an energy audit of all City facilities.

Action 2. Identify energy efficiency upgrades to be installed.

Action 3. Identify potential for distributed energy resources DERs at City facilities.

Action 4. Align improvements timeline with capital improvement planning process including utility available incentive programs.

Action 5. Draft and adopt plan.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 3-5 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $$ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | TL – Transportation and Land Use 46 GHG Reduction Potential by Measure
Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
TL 1 Mode Shift
TL 1.1 Complete Streets Plan 2,631
TL 1.2 Transit improvements Supportive
TL 1.3 Rideshare subscriptions Supportive
TL 1.4 Local Beverly Hills shuttle Supportive
TL 1.5 Parking standards study Not quantified
TL 1.6 Explore mandatory transportation
demand management program
Not quantified
TL 2 Clean Fuel Adoption
TL 2.1 EV reach code Supportive
TL 2.2 Clean Fuel Transportation Plan 14,529
2030 Total (MT CO2e) 17,160
2045 Total (MT CO2e) 75,640
TL – TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE
Overview
Transportation-related emissions are the largest contributor to communitywide emissions, accounting for 49 percent of total GHG emissions citywide. There are two main methods to use in reducing emissions associated with transportation. The first is to “clean” vehicle miles traveled (VMT) through vehicle electrification combined with access to carbon-free electricity from Clean Power Alliance. Second, is to reduce VMT through programs and policies that shift VMT away from single-occupancy vehicles to other modes including walking and biking, transit, and e-mobility, and transportation demand management programs and policies. Vehicle electrification results in immediate emissions reductions due to the availability of carbon-free electricity in the City. However, the rate of EV adoption is not directly within the City’s control. The City is able to implement various transportation demand measures to reduce VMT. These measures take longer to implement than switching to EV or other carbon-free mobility technologies, but also generate many co-benefits such as reduced congestion, safer conditions for walking and biking, and improved air quality.

Some of the transportation measures are quantifiable while others support a shift to emissions options. CAAP measures TL 1.1-1.6 encourage mode shift by making modes other than single occupancy vehicle (SOV) more attractive by enhancing safety and connecting bike and pedestrian or by raising the cost of driving.

Estimating the potential GHG reduction of mode shift requires consideration of many qualitative factors, including the local context of Beverly Hills that influence walking and biking, transit, and vehicle use. Therefore, GHG reductions from measures TL

1.4-1.6 are not included in the quantifiable CAAP reduction measures analysis.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | TL – Transportation and Land Use 47 TL 1 MODE SHIFT
TL 1.1 Complete Streets Plan
Prioritize, fund, and implement the Complete Streets Plan (adopted in 2020 with a 5-year action plan).

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Implement all policy recommendations included in the Complete Streets Plan to improve pedestrian and bicycle networks and increase transit ridership based on the established timeframes.

Action 2. Prioritize the following Complete Streets Plan measures (Complete Streets Plan measure #s included in parentheses):
• Implementation of bikeways that are “low-stress,” are attractive for all types of riders, and minimize conflicts with motorists (B1-3, B2-3). • Implementation of bikeways that connect to key community nodes, like schools, parks, commercial districts, Metro Purple Line stations, and bikeways in neighboring jurisdictions (B2-2, B2-4). • Design and maintain sidewalks, streets, and intersections to emphasize pedestrian safety and comfort through a variety of street/streetscape design and traffic management solutions (P1-2, P2-2). • Increase multi-modal access and provide first-and last-mile connections to transit stops and stations (T1-1, T1‑5). • Promote and incentivize the use of bus and rail to residents, employers/employees, and visitors (T3-1, T3-3).

Action 3. Align implementation with capital improvement plan funding cycles.

Action 4. Identify grant funding opportunities for Complete Street Policy implementation.

Action 5. Update Complete Streets Action Plan every five years.

Action 6. Note that emissions reductions in this measure include potential reductions associated with the Local Beverly Hills shuttle ridership.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
2,631 MT CO2e Community 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Traffic and Parking
$$-$$$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | TL – Transportation and Land Use 48 TL 1.2 Transit improvements
Partner with Metro to increase transit (bus, BRT, train, and Micro ) ridership in Beverly Hills through improvements such as first/last mile connections, transit stop shade structures, and bus only lanes and priority signals. Ensure that traffic flow is not significantly impacted by these actions.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Conduct a transit service gaps analysis to determine how service can be improved.

Action 2. Partner with Metro to consider feasibility, and implement service improvements such as bus stop upgrades, reduced headways, expanded routes, or other improvements as identified by the gap analysis.

Action 3. Conduct community outreach and promote the service improvements.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 3-5 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Traffic and Parking $ TL 1.3 Rideshare subscriptions
Partner with rideshare companies to provide subscription-based residential transportation service and support access to carshare.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Conduct a transit service gaps analysis to determine how gaps can be filled by rideshare or carshare.

Action 2. Partner with rideshare and carshare companies to implement programs.

Action 3. Conduct community outreach and promote the program.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Citywide 3-5 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Traffic and Parking $ TL 1.4 Local Beverly Hills Transit Service
Assess the feasibility and implement a local city operated shuttle/bus service.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Work with the Traffic and Parking Commission to assess the feasibility and implement a local city-operated shuttle/bus/trolley service.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Traffic and Parking $ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | TL – Transportation and Land Use 49 TL 1.5 Parking standards study
Conduct a parking study to explore reforming parking standards for new residential development to prioritize parking for bicycles, carshare, and to remove parking minimums.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. The parking study should be designed to address local conditions and resolve the following variables to quantify GHG reductions:
• Residential parking demand at new residential development sites in the city. • Residential parking supply available at new residential development sites in the city. • Percentage of project VMT generated by residents.
• Potential impacts of costs for parking.

Action 2. Utilize study results to amend the zoning code to remove parking minimums for new development and to facilitate shared parking facilities to allow multiple uses on separate properties to use parking more efficiently.

Action 3. Conduct focus groups with community groups on new parking changes.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Not quantified Residential new
construction
1-3 years Mandatory ඵ Public Works
ඵ Policy &
Management
ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Traffic and Parking $$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | TL – Transportation and Land Use 50 TL 1.6 Explore mandatory Transportation Demand Management program Explore adopting a mandatory transportation demand management program for non-residential and residential developments.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Research options for a mandatory transportation demand management policy that includes trip reduction requirements (including penalties for noncompliance), regular monitoring and reporting, and dedicated city staff. Include research on positive incentives for compliance. Explore collaboration with other nearby cities to share resources for data, ordinance language, and implementation.

Action 2. Conduct focus groups with large employers, small employers, and housing developers on their opportunities and challenges of implementing a transportation demand management program.

Action 3. Adopt a transportation demand management ordinance that requires employers and housing developments of a certain size to submit an emissions reduction plan that includes:
• Site analysis.
• Annual vehicle ridership survey results.
• Emissions reduction options.
• Employee trip reduction program with a menu of options such as transit information, guaranteed ride home program, commuter choice program, transit pass program, carpool preferential parking, secure bike parking, vanpool program, parking charge, telecommuting, prize incentives, transportation allowance, etc.

Action 4. Explore establishing a Transportation Management Organization (TMO) to administer citywide VMT reduction programs.

Action 5. Establish a city employee transportation demand management program with mode shift targets for staff.

Action 6. Establish annual reporting requirements to the City Council.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Not quantified New and existing
employers and housing
developments
1-3 years Mandatory ඵ Public Works
ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Traffic and Parking
ඵ Planning
$-$$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | TL – Transportation and Land Use 51 TL 2 CLEAN FUEL ADOPTION
TL 2.1 EV reach code
Adopt EV reach code that goes beyond CALGreen requirements for multi-family residential and nonresidential new construction requiring EV chargers to be installed at time of construction by 2025.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Engage stakeholders including developers, architects, affordable housing advocates regarding the purpose and impact of the reach code.

Action 2. Establish the number of EV Ready and EV Charger installed required parking spaces for different uses.

Action 3. Draft and adopt ordinance.

Action 4. File the adopted ordinance with the California Building Standards Commission (CBSC).

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Multi-family and nonresidential
new construction
1-3 years Mandatory ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Planning $
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | TL – Transportation and Land Use 52 TL 2.2 Clean Fuel Transportation Plan
Develop and implement a Clean Fuel Transportation Plan that identifies areas of the City to prioritize clean fuel infrastructure installation to reach a citywide goal of 364 publicly accessible chargers and support 16% passenger and 13% commercial EV adoption by 2030.

Explore role of other energy efficient cars, including hydrogen.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Identify locations throughout the City for publicly available EV infrastructure, including curbside charging installations and hydrogen fueling stations. Consider the potential role of EV dealerships in the Clean Fuel Transportation Plan, for example, a requirement for car dealers to install EV chargers for public use.

Action 2. Investigate opportunities to help fund additional EV charging and hydrogen fueling station infrastructure by leveraging public/private partnerships and ensuring the City is charging for clean fuel infrastructure use at City-owned facilities.

Action 3. Adopt an electric and alternative fuel vehicles and equipment purchasing policy for light-duty vehicles for all City departments.

Action 4. Draft and adopt plan.

Action 5. Monitor EV adoption rates and update approach as needed by 2025.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
14,529 MT CO2e Municipal 3-5 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Traffic and Parking
$$$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | SW – Solid Waste 53 SW – SOLID WASTE
Overview
Solid waste accounts for 4 percent of Beverly Hills overall emissions. By consuming less materials and recycling and composting more, the community will be able to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill and eventually become a zero-waste city. Specifically, diverting organic material including food waste is a crucial step to meeting long-term climate goals, because organic materials produce methane, which is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

The State adopted Senate Bill 1383, the Short-Lived Climate Pollutants Act, which requires jurisdictions to divert 75 percent of food waste from landfills by 2025, Jurisdictions must also recover food waste that can be repurposed.

Organics recycling can provide useful byproducts including compost and biogas, which can further reduce GHG emissions. Other methods to reduce solid waste related emissions are to reduce the use of single use products, and continue with recycling and other programs to divert waste from landfills.

GHG Reduction Potential by Measure
Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
SW 1 Increase Diversion from Landfill
SW 1.1 SB 1383 compliance 12,499
SW 1.2 Public education campaign Supportive
SW 1.3 C&D diversion requirements Supportive
SW 1.4 Municipal sustainable purchasing policy Supportive SW 2 Upstream Waste Reduction
SW 2.1 Sustainable construction materials Supportive
SW 2.2 Lifecycle climate impacts Supportive
SW 2.3 Extended producer responsibility Supportive
2030 Total (MT CO2e) 12,499
2045 Total (MT CO2e) 12,993
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | SW – Solid Waste 54 SW 1 Increase Diversion from Landfill
SW 1.1 SB 1383 compliance
Establish pathways and enforcement mechanisms for compliance with SB 1383, which requires the diversion of 75% of organics and food waste from landfill by 2025.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

The City will partner with waste hauler to:

Action 1. Provide for organic waste collection from mixed waste containers are transported to a high diversion organic waste processing facility, continuing to accept both kitchen and green waste in the organics bin.

Action 2. Provide quarterly route reviews to identify prohibited contaminants potentially found in containers that are collected along route.

Action 3. Clearly label all new containers indicating which materials are accepted in each container, and by January 1, 2025, place or replace labels on all containers.

Action 4. Explore community partnerships that bolster education about food waste reduction, and demonstrate local diversion of food waste, through community composting and different methods of waste reduction (ex. feeding chickens) partnerships with local farms and gardens.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
12,499 MT CO2e Citywide 1-3 years Mandatory ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $$ SW 1.2 Public education campaign
The City will partner with the City’s waste hauler to develop and implement a robust public engagement program and provide commercial and multifamily technical assistance.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Partner with waste hauler to:

Action 1. Identify contaminated waste generators in need of technical assistance.

Action 2. Develop and distribute educational materials and in-person assistance.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Citywide 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | SW – Solid Waste 55 SW 1.3 Construction and Demolition (C&D) diversion requirements Explore the feasibility of requiring 85 percent of construction and demolition (C&D) debris from residential and nonresidential new construction be recycled.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Research local disposal facility diversion rates to determine potential for additional diversion.

Action 2. If possible, draft and adopt ordinance.

Action 3. File the adopted ordinance with the California Building Standards Commission (CBSC).

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential and
nonresidential new
construction
3-5 years Mandatory ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Public Works $
SW 1.4 Municipal sustainable purchasing policy
Adopt a municipal sustainable purchasing policy that includes a focus on the diversification of vendors.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Work with the City Manager's office and Finance Department to develop a sustainable purchasing policy and develop a list of preferred purchasing options.

Action 2. Conduct outreach to all city staff and existing and potential contractors about sustainable purchasing policy; include as part of new employee orientation.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 3-5 years N/A Public Works N/A $
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | SW – Solid Waste 56 SW 2 UPSTREAM WASTE REDUCTION
SW 2.1 Sustainable construction materials
Explore modifications to the building code that would require certain products to be locally sourced and/or contain a percentage of recycled content.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Reach out to US Green Building Council, Los Angeles (USGBC-LA), and International Living Future Institute to determine appropriate materials and percent recycled content.

Action 2. Engage with stakeholders including City staff and officials, and external stakeholders, such as local developers regarding the purpose and impact of the policy.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential and
nonresidential new
construction
5-10 years Mandatory ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning $-$$
SW 2.2 Lifecycle climate impacts
Advocate at the appropriate governmental level for goods and services to disclose lifecycle climate impacts.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Work with the City Manager’s Office to support advocacy efforts lead by environmental groups pursuing this issue at the State and Federal levels of government. This may include writing letters of support or speaking in favor of disclosure, etc.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 5-10 years N/A Public Works N/A $
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | SW – Solid Waste 57 SW 2.3 Extended producer responsibility
Advocate for more robust extended producer responsibility policies statewide.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Work with the City Manager’s Office to support advocacy efforts lead by environmental groups pursuing this issue.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 3-5 years N/A Public Works N/A $
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | WE – Water and Ecosystems 58 WE – WATER AND ECOSYSTEMS
Overview
Water is a critical resource in California and Beverly Hills. Regional water supplies are being adversely affected by climate change induced drought and decreased snowpack.

Beverly Hills meets 90 percent of the city’s demand with imported water supplied by The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. The remaining 10 percent is produced locally from six municipal wells and treated in the City’s reverse osmosis water treatment plan. One additional well site will be in the La Brea Subarea of the Central Groundwater Basin in 2022. These new sites will supply 20 to 25 percent of the City’s water demand after conservation, providing limited alternatives to water supplies from The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. However, climate change may impact local hydrology and affect natural recharge to the local groundwater aquifers, impacting the quantity of groundwater that could be pumped sustainably over the long-term. Lower rainfall and/or more intense runoff, increased evaporative losses, and warmer and shorter winter seasons can alter natural recharge of groundwater.

GHG emissions from water supply are generated by the energy used to convey, treat, and distribute water, with imported water sources requiring a high energy intensity. Although water sector GHG emissions only account for 1 percent of communitywide emissions in Beverly Hills, access to clean and safe water supply has innumerable quality of life benefits. These include maintaining public health, supporting ecosystems, and enhancing livability. Between 2015 and 2019, Beverly Hills reduced its reliance on imported water by 9 percent through its water conservation efforts. However, the primary driver for emissions reduction in this sector results from the decreased carbon intensity of electricity used to operate the pumps and treatment facilities needed to supply water to Beverly Hills.

GHG Reduction Potential by Measure
Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
WE 1 Reduce Water Use
WE 1.1 Water efficiency requirements 45
WE 1.2 Dual plumbing Supportive
WE 1.3 Water neutral new development Supportive
WE 1.4 Landscaping efficiency requirements Supportive
WE 1.5 Remove barriers to water
efficient landscaping
Supportive
WE 1.6 Promote state incentive programs Supportive
WE 1.7 Greywater systems Supportive
WE 2 Ecosystems
WE 2.1 Urban Forest Management Plan 37
WE 2.2 Miyawaki Tiny Forest pilot Supportive
WE 2.3 Shallow Groundwater Ordinance Supportive
WE 2.4 Alternative irrigation sources Supportive
2030 Total (MT CO2e) 82
2045 Total (MT CO2e) 58
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | WE – Water and Ecosystems 59 WE 1 REDUCE WATER USE
WE 1.1 Water efficiency requirements
Adopt CALGreen Tier 1 or 2 water efficiency requirements for residential and nonresidential new construction and alterations or additions that are at least 50% the size of the original building.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Develop and draft an ordinance modifying the building code to make Tier 1 or 2 requirements mandatory.

Action 2. Conduct public hearings, public notices, and formally adopt the ordinance.

Action 3. Submit the adopted ordinance to the California Building Standards Commission (CBSC).

Action 4. Explore potential early adoption for City buildings and properties, as feasible. Research water efficiency requirements beyond CALGreen for future implementation, targeting impactful water uses like landscape irrigation (ex. a potential requirement for sprinkler rain shut-off devices).

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
45 MT CO2e Residential and
nonresidential new
construction and
remodels
1-3 years Mandatory ඵ Public Works ඵ Planning $
WE 1.2 Dual plumbing
Require dual drainage plumbing and dual water supply plumbing in new residential dwellings to recycle grey wastewater for toilet flushing and other non-potable uses.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Research cities with existing dual piping requirements and incentives to accelerate building uptake.

Action 2. Engage with stakeholders including City staff and officials, and external stakeholders, such as local developers regarding the purpose and impact of the policy.

Action 3. Explore accelerated implementation as feasible.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential new
construction
5-10 years Mandatory ඵ Public Works
ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Planning $$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | WE – Water and Ecosystems 60 WE 1.3 Water neutral new development
Explore strategies to encourage water-neutral new development, new development that uses on average no more water than the previous building or use for residential and nonresidential new construction projects.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Research existing water neutrality ordinances and incentives.

Action 2. Engage stakeholders including developers, architects, and property owners regarding the purpose and impact of the requirements.

Action 3. Determine the feasibility with City Council and City Attorney of adopting an ordinance in Beverly Hills.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential and
nonresidential new
construction
5-10 years Voluntary ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $
WE 1.4 Landscaping efficiency requirements
Modify the State’s Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO) that includes requirements such as choosing climate-adapted plants, improving soil conditions, using high-efficiency irrigation systems, and maintaining efficient irrigation schedules, to adopt more stringent requirements (requiring all landscape projects obtain a landscape permit; decreasing the minimum size so that the WELO would apply to all landscape renovations; and add prescriptive irrigation, plant lists, and/or water budget requirements).

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Engage with stakeholders including City staff and officials, and external stakeholders, such as local developers regarding the purpose and impact of the requirements.

Action 2. Draft and adopt ordinance.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential and nonresidential new
construction and remodels
1-3 years Mandatory ඵ Public Works ඵ Planning $
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | WE – Water and Ecosystems 61 WE 1.5 Remove barriers to water efficient landscaping Amend zoning code to remove barriers to the installation of water efficient landscaping such as hardscape and planting material requirements for both new construction and existing residential buildings.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Review zoning code to identify barriers to the implementation of water-efficient landscaping.

Action 2. Engage stakeholders including developers, architects, and property owners regarding the purpose and impact of the requirements.

Action 3. Draft zoning code amendments to remove those barriers including hardscape and planting material requirements.

Action 4. Adopt zone text amendment(s).

Action 5. Provide California-friendly landscape and design guides and planting lists online and at the planning counter.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Residential new construction and
existing buildings
1-3 years N/A ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Planning $$
WE 1.6 Promote state incentive programs
Promote state efficiency incentives and programs to property owners, managers, and tenants, citywide.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Implement a public education campaign that highlights water conservation practices and promotes and provides demonstrations of graywater and rainwater systems.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Citywide 1-3 years Voluntary ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Planning
$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | WE – Water and Ecosystems 62 WE 1.7 Greywater systems
Create a streamlined permit process for laundry-to-landscape greywater systems for both existing and new residential and nonresidential buildings.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Review current permitting procedures.

Action 2. Partner with Greywater Action or similar organization to determine eligibility criteria for systems that qualify for expedited permitting and provide permitting checklist.

Action 3. Shorten the inspection process to one inspection for qualifying systems.

Action 4. Explore role for City leadership as a first adopter. Promote public education of greywater systems and permit process through outreach events and partnerships.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive New and existing residential
and nonresidential buildings
1-3 years Voluntary ඵ Public Works
ඵ Community
Development
ඵ Planning $
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | WE – Water and Ecosystems 63 WE 2 ECOSYSTEMS
WE 2.1 Urban Forest Management Plan
Implement the Urban Forest Management Plan
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Implement all policy recommendations included in the Urban Forest Management Plan to improve the health, resilience, and services of the urban forest.

Action 2. Align implementation and maintenance with CIP funding cycles.

Action 3. Identify grant funding opportunities for Urban Forestry implementation.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
37 MT CO2e Municipal 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $-$$ WE 2.2 Miyawaki Tiny Forest pilot
Implement a Miyawaki Tiny Forest pilot project in City park. Akira Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist, pioneered the method of planting ultra-dense pocket forests using native species that grow rapidly.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Identify appropriate city facility for Miyawaki forest and secure funding.

Action 2. Prep soil: combine perforators, water retainers, organic fertilizers and microorganisms with existing soil.

Action 3. Purchase native tree species.

Action 4. Plant and support trees, add mulch.

Action 5. Monitor and maintain forest for 3 years.

Action 6. Communicate results of the pilot forest to Council and the community and explore opportunities to expand the program to other city facilities.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Municipal 1-3 years N/A Public Works Public Works $ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | WE – Water and Ecosystems 64 WE 2.3 Dewatering Ordinance
Explore expanding the existing Dewatering Ordinance to include single family residential properties. Beverly Hills Municipal Code section 9-4-610 establishes a permitting process and options for dewatering properties to use the rising groundwater beneficially or pay a replenishment fee. The replenishment fee is used to fund future water resources for the city.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Engage stakeholders including developers, architects, and property owners to use shallow groundwater beneficially to reduce domestic water demand.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive New construction, remodels,
existing buildings
3-5 years Mandatory ඵ Public Works ඵ N/A $
WE 2.4 Alternative irrigation sources
Limit the use of potable water for irrigation and explore alternative sources for irrigation, including greywater, rainwater harvest and shallow groundwater for new and existing residential and nonresidential buildings.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS:

Action 1. Study the feasibility of expanding non-potable water supplies, including recycled water, and use requirements for large irrigation users. Explore goals for the capture and use of rainwater.

Action 2. Implement a public education campaign that highlights water conservation practices and promotes and provides demonstrations of graywater and rainwater systems.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive New construction, remodels,
existing buildings
3-5 years Phased Public Works Public Works $$$
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | COM – Community Engagement 65 COM – COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
Overview
Continued community outreach, engagement, and education is important for the successful implementation of the CAAP and the realization of Beverly Hills’ climate goals. Regular engagement with the community builds climate literacy, improves understanding of various mitigation strategies, and better equips the community to prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

The following measures are included as part of the CAAP in order to support the implementation of the GHG reduction measures. The GHG reduction potential of the community education measures is not quantified are recognized as providing support for each of the measures being to achieve the projected GHG reductions.

GHG Reduction Potential by Measure
Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
COM 1 Community Engagement
COM 1.1 Community Engagement Strategy Supportive
COM 1.2 Climate Resilience Outreach Supportive
COM 1.3 Community Energy and Climate
Outreach & Education
Supportive
COM 1.4 Partner with Beverly Hills
Unified School District
Supportive
2030 Total (MT CO2e) Supportive
2045 Total (MT CO2e) Supportive

COMMUNITY WORKSHOP
A virtual (web-based Zoom) community workshop was
held on May 25, 2022, to introduce the CAAP process
and to gain additional input on priorities among the
various optional GHG measures. The workshop participants also discussed the approach to implementing the CAAP, with a focus on
voluntary or incentivized measures in the
early years with a gradual shift toward a
more regulatory approach over time.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | COM – Community Engagement 66 COM 1 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND PARTNERSHIPS
COM 1.1 Community Engagement Strategy
Develop a comprehensive community engagement strategy to raise awareness and understanding around climate action and GHG reduction.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Citywide 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works
ඵ Community
Services
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Rec and Parks
ඵ Health and Safety
$
COM 1.2 Climate resilience outreach
Provide climate hazard adaptation resources for vulnerable populations in Beverly Hills. See Chapter 3 (Adaptation) for more information on specific hazards that will be the subject of resource share-outs and education.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Citywide 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Health and Safety
$
COM 1.3 Community Energy Guidance and Information
Partner with key community stakeholders, utilities, Clean Power Alliance, SoCalREN, and energy-focused organizations to develop a quarterly workshop series to engage and educate the public on rebates and incentives, programs, partnerships, and other opportunities to enrich energy and climate education.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Citywide 1-3 years N/A ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works $ City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation | Reduction Strategies, Measures, and Implementation Actions | COM – Community Engagement 67 COM 1.4 Partner with Beverly Hills Unified School District Create a partnership with Beverly Hills Unified School District (BHUSD) to empower students to be leaders in lowering energy consumption and utilizing EVs in their community through in-class education, internships, and other programs. Emphasize the role of elementary schools and early education in achieving widespread climate awareness.

GHG Reduction
Potential (2030)
Applicability Implementation
Timeline
Implementation
Level
Lead City
Department
City
Commission
Cost
Supportive Citywide 1-3 years N/A ඵ Community
Services
ඵ Rec and Parks $
3 ADAPTING TO

CLIMATE CHANGE
The climate change adaptation actions described in this Chapter increases the resilience of the City’s community members, critical facilities, and services and infrastructure from the impacts associated with climate change hazards.

From increased instances of wildfires to prolonged extreme heat events, the City is already experiencing the effects of climate change. The actions proposed here allow Beverly Hills to build resilience and protect residents and businesses from the impacts of climate change moving forward into the future.

CHAPTER
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Introduction
69 INTRODUCTION

DECISION-MAKING

PROCESS & SCIENCE
The measures in the CAAP were determined
collaboratively by City staff, the Community
Advisory Committee, and the consultant team
based on people and assets’ level of vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate hazards.

The Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
evaluates how the City’s population, transportation, and critical infrastructure and services can be harmed directly or indirectly by climate-related hazards. The City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment was
crafted using the vulnerability assessment
process recommended by the California
Governor’s Office of Emergency Services, as
documented in the 2020 California Adaptation
Planning Guide (Cal APG). The adaptation
planning process outlined by the Cal APG
consists of four phases, illustrated in the
graphic below, with Phase 2 detailing the vulnerability assessment process.1

1. CalOES. California Adaptation Planning Guide. 2020. https://www. caloes.ca.gov/HazardMitigationSite/Documents/CA-AdaptationPlanning-Guide-FINAL-June-2020-Accessible.pdf City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Introduction
70 The City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment is prepared consistent with Phase 2 of the
Cal APG, and is composed of the following four parts:

1. Community Sensitivities. Beverly Hills populations
and assets most at risk to climate change.

2. Anticipated Impacts. The nature and
degree to which different aspects of the
community will be affected by changes in
temperature and precipitation, and wildfire.

3. Adaptive Capacity. Beverly Hills’s ability to
cope with extreme events, to make changes,
or to transform to a greater extent, including
the ability to moderate potential damage
and to take advantage of opportunities.

4. Vulnerability. The overall risk of potential
impacts to different aspects of the
community, given their adaptive capacity.

Discussions with staff from key City departments,
analysis of existing policies and plans, and
analysis of social vulnerability highlighted areas
where adaptive capacity can be improved
through the CAAP adaptation measures.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Introduction
71 PARTNERSHIPS &

COLLABORATION
Partnerships and collaboration are key to
successful implementation of adaptation
measures due to the cross-jurisdictional aspect of
infrastructure systems and the nature of climate
hazards. Beverly Hills currently participates in a
Joint Effort in Emergency Disaster Management,
a program to ensure that emergency disaster
management is the mutual responsibility of all
City Departments and a variety of stakeholders,
including the local organizations, Beverly Hills
Unified School District, private schools, residents,
and the business community.

The City collaborates with the Clean Power
Alliance (CPA) SoCal Edison (SCE) and SoCal
Gas (SCG) to help promote their incentive
programs and automated notification systems
for customers. Continued partnership with
these entities is essential for Beverly Hills to
strengthen infrastructure, ensure back-up power,
and improve resident education, especially in
relation to the hazards posed by wildfire and
extreme heat. The adaptation measures in the
CAAP also emphasize the need for Beverly Hills
to collaborate with the Los Angeles County
Public Health Department to protect residents
(especially vulnerable populations) from the
public health impacts of climate hazards.

PROTECTIONS FOR SOCIALLY

VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES
Understanding how place, demographics, and socioeconomic status contribute to climate change vulnerability has helped identify avenues for policy and/or programmatic interventions, and to better direct resources. Although climate hazards have the potential to affect all Beverly Hills residents, the severity of impacts is heavily shaped by demographic factors like race, socioeconomic status, gender, housing status, and more. Moreover, sensitive populations have less capacity to adapt to climate hazards, because of long-standing structural and institutional inequities. This assessment draws on existing literature on the subject to illustrate the geographic distribution of vulnerability in the City of Beverly Hills.

Based on the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (Appendix B) Beverly Hills residents have low social vulnerability to the impacts of climate change overall ("Figure 3-). This means they should be able to prepare for, respond to, and recover from climate shocks and stressors relatively well compared to other communities in California.

Figure 3-7 Beverly Hills Overall Social Vulnerability Index Score City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Introduction
72 There are small portions of the population with increased vulnerability due to their socioeconomic status, physical and household characteristics, minority and language status, and housing and transportation characteristics. Three hazards, which are expected to impact vulnerable populations, are increased temperatures and extreme heat events, variable precipitation, and wildfire. As described in the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and summarized in "Table 3- below, they can create direct and indirect health and safety impacts, as well as economic impacts.

2. Kenney WL, Craighead DH, Alexander LM. 2014. Heat waves, aging, and human cardiovascular health. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 46(10): 1891-1899.

3. Natural Disasters and Severe Weather. 2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health. https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heat_guide.html

4. Ibid.

5. Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. 2018. City and Community Health Profiles: Beverly Hills. Available: http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ohae/docs/cchp/pdf/2018/BeverlyHills.pdf

6. Ibid.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.d. Extreme Heat can Impact our Health in Many Ways. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/EXTREME-HEAT-Final_508.pdf

8. Ibid.

Table 3-9 Potential Impacts of Hazards on Vulnerable Groups Sensitivity Hazard Potential Impacts
Populations
with Vulnerable
Household
Characteristics
and Disability
ඵ Heat
ඵ Wildfire
ඵ The relationship between adverse health impacts (heat stress) and high temperatures are well documented for older adults (over 65 years old), and children. Older individuals may experience cardiac strain due to heat exposure, while children have less ability to naturally cool their bodies.2,3 ඵ Older adults tend to have a higher prevalence of lung and heart conditions which make them more likely to experience adverse health impacts from wildfire smoke. Children are also more at risk of lung problems related to smoke because their lungs are still developing and other physiological factors.4 Individuals with
Cardiovascular
Disease
ඵ Heat
ඵ Wildfire
ඵ Like the health impacts to older adults, individuals with cardiovascular disease may experience cardiac strain due to heat exposure. One measure of cardiovascular disease prevalence is that there are 138.6 cardiovascular disease deaths per 100,000 people in Beverly Hills.5 ඵ Wildfire smoke pollutes the air with fine particulate matter that may trigger severe cardiovascular events for people with underlying cardiovascular disease.6 Individuals with
Respiratory Disease
ඵ Heat
ඵ Wildfire
ඵ Higher temperatures are linked to respiratory problems, in part because they cause a buildup of air pollutants.7 This puts people with chronic respiratory illnesses at risk of adverse health impacts. One measure of respiratory disease prevalence is that there are 18.86 ER visits per 10,000 people in Beverly Hills. ඵ Wildfire smoke pollutes the air with fine particulate matter that may lead to breathing difficulties and trigger symptoms for people with chronic lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.8 City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Introduction
73 Sensitivity Hazard Potential Impacts
Populations
with Lower
Socioeconomic
Status
ඵ Heat
ඵ Variable
Precipitation
ඵ Wildfire
Households with lower socioeconomic status are more at risk of heat stress and/or high temperature mortality. Having access to air conditioning contributes to people’s ability to withstand high temperatures.

Lower-income households may not have air conditioning in their dwellings, or if they do, they may not be able to afford to run it. Additionally, individuals without a high school diploma are more likely to work in outdoor occupations where they are more exposed to high temperatures. w Lower income individuals may not be able to take on additional expenses such as repeated home repair or flood proofing that could be required due to extreme precipitation.9 Additionally, lower educational attainment (indicated by no high school diploma) can result in insufficient understanding of preparedness information for flooding risks.10 Lower socioeconomic status is correlated with less access to healthcare, which can mean higher rates of underlying health conditions which make them at risk of adverse effects from wildfire smoke.11 These households may also live in lower quality housing that lack the proper air filtration or insulation that can prevent exposure. Lastly, individuals with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to work in an outdoor occupation where they may be exposed to high concentrations of wildfire smoke.12 Minority and
Linguistically
Isolated Populations
ඵ Flood
ඵ Wildfire
During flooding events, individuals from these groups may have limited access to information and resources because of language or cultural differences.13 During a wildfire, individuals from these groups may have limited access to information and resources related to evacuation because of language or cultural differences.14 Minority and linguistically isolated populations may also not have access to information and resources about how to prepare their family and/or property for wildfire, or how to access programs that can help them do so.

9. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the United States.

10. Ibid.

11. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. Which Populations Experience Greater Risks of Adverse Health Impacts Resulting from Wildfire Smoke Exposure? Available: https://www.epa.gov/ wildfire-smoke-course/which-populations-experience-greater-risks-adverse-health-effects-resulting

12. Ibid.

13. Gamble JL, Balbus J, Berger M, Bouye K, Campbell V, Chief K, Conlon K, Crimmins A, Flanagan B, Gonzalez-Maddux C, Hallisey S, Hutchins S, Jantarasami L, Khoury S, Kiefer M, Kolling J, Lynn K, Manangan A, McDonald M, Morello-Frosch R, Redsteer MH, Sheffield P, Thigpen Tart K, Watson J, Whyte KP, and Wolkin AF. 2016. Ch. 9: Populations of Concern. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 247–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0Q81B0T

14. Gamble JL, Balbus J, Berger M, Bouye K, Campbell V, Chief K, Conlon K, Crimmins A, Flanagan B, Gonzalez-Maddux C, Hallisey S, Hutchins S, Jantarasami L, Khoury S, Kiefer M, Kolling J, Lynn K, Manangan A, McDonald M, Morello-Frosch R, Redsteer MH, Sheffield P, Thigpen Tart K, Watson J, Whyte KP, and Wolkin AF. 2016. Ch. 9: Populations of Concern. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 247–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0Q81B0T City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures
74 ADAPTATION MEASURES
Beverly Hills intends to implement
a suite of adaptation strategies
to increase the resilience of
the City’s community members,
critical facilities and services, and
infrastructure from the impacts
associated with climate change
hazards. The measures for Beverly
Hills to adapt to climate change
are grouped by these sectors:

1. CA – Community Awareness

2. ER – Emergency Response

3. HM – Heat Mitigation and
Increased Safety/Resilience

4. WM – Wildfire Mitigation

5. FM – Flood Mitigation

6. CC – City Capacity
and Coordination
Each measure contains at least
one action and additional details
related to implementation in its
accompanying table.

Table Key

1. Timeline:

The timeline to
implement the
measure and
actions within
the ranges of 1-3
years, 3-5 years,
and 5-10 years.

2. Responsible City
Departments: The
City department or
entity that will lead
the implementation
of the action.

3. Commission: The
City Commission
that wields decision-making power
related to the
measure and action
implementation.

4. Climate Hazard
Addressed: The
climate hazard
the measures
and actions
address based
on the Climate
Vulnerability
Assessment.
1 2 3 4
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | CA – Community Awareness 75 CA – COMMUNITY AWARENESS
Overview
Increasing community awareness means educating community members on what climate change is, how it affects them personally, and what actions to take to be better prepared.

Better access to information empowers Beverly Hills residents to prepare for the current and future impacts of climate change on their everyday life, homes, and neighborhoods.

Because climate change can be a heavily scientific topic, the City must provide resources that are accessible to all residents—people with varying levels of familiarity with the topic, people whose primary language is not English, and people of all ages. Information can be disseminated by the City of Beverly Hills or other trusted community organizations, local leaders, and neighbors to target harder-to-reach populations.

Community Awareness Measure
CA 1.1 Create a communitywide climate
change education program
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | CA – Community Awareness 76 CA 1 COMMUNITY AWARENESS
CA 1.1 Create a communitywide climate change education program that includes up-to-date climate science and a clear picture of near- and long-term anticipated impacts, and that evaluates opportunities for adaptation

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Designate a virtual resilience hub on the City's website where residents can access information about near- and long-term anticipated impacts to the community, adaptation-related programs (e.g., cooling center/resilience hub locations and status), and individual adaptation actions they can take.

Action 2. Provide education and outreach materials (through email newsletters, water bill inserts, and/or brochures, and at community events) that specifically address the dangers of heat and wildfire for older adults, people with disabilities and underlying conditions, and children.

Action 3. Partner with community-based organizations and trusted community leaders to distribute educational materials, targeting underresourced households, domestic workers, and other hard to reach populations.

Action 4. Partner with Beverly Hills Unified School District to create educational materials, activities, and contests to engage youth in critical thinking about climate change impacts.

Action 5. Expand the role of the Block-by-Block program to include climate adaptation outreach and engagement.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Public Works
ඵ Community Services
ඵ Various ඵ All
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | ER –Emergency Response 77 ER –EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Overview
The City can expect to experience a greater number of disasters because of climate change.

Potential types of disasters to prepare for include extreme heat emergencies, air quality emergencies associated with wildfire smoke, wildfire, flooding, and extreme weather. Increases in wildfire risk and extreme heat emergencies will be the predominant vulnerability for the City to address because of its potential severity and increase in probability of occurrence.

Strengthening emergency systems and procedures helps to keep residents safe during climate hazard events. The City already has significant existing emergency preparation capacity in the form of existing policies, measures, and programs but more can be added especially for heat and air quality emergencies. Improvements to power, transportation, and other critical infrastructure systems will allow the city to still operate under climate stress and will minimize disruptions to people’s daily lives. These include exploring back-up sources of power and fuel for City services, as well as promoting the installation of back-up power in residences.

The City can help residents prepare for hazard events by increasing participation in notification systems and partnering with local community-based organizations who serve vulnerable populations such as older adults, non-English speakers, and people with disabilities.

Emergency Response
Measures
ER 1.1 Develop resilient infrastructure
and supply networks
ER 1.2 Investigate additional offsite fueling
stations for City waste fleet
ER 1.3 Increase resilience to power
outages from public safety or
weather-related events
ER 1.4 Increase community member participation in emergency notification and preparedness systems
ER 1.5 Create evacuation procedures
for vulnerable populations
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | ER –Emergency Response 78 ER 1 EMERGENCY RESPONSE
ER 1.1 Develop resilient infrastructure and supply networks, including back up sources of water, power, and communications

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Partner with energy utilities to explore opportunities to replace existing generators with battery back-up and fuel cells for City facilities.
a. Support development of community-serving microgrids that provide renewable energy and backup power to community facilities and critical facilities such as community centers, hospitals, and fire stations. b. Monitor the CPUC’s progress with new rulemaking on microgrids as directed by SB 1339.

Action 2. Monitor emerging technology such as vehicle-to-grid charging, which utilizes the car battery as an electricity storage cell that can deliver energy back to the grid when needed, that can be installed at city facilities and upgrades.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazard Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works
ඵ Fire
ඵ Police
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning
ඵ Wildfire
ඵ Extreme heat
ER 1.2 Conduct a feasibility study to investigate additional offsite fueling stations for City waste fleet to reduce disruptions during extreme heat events

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Identify potential locations for fueling stations.

Action 2. Determine the amount of fuel needed.

Action 3. Explore partnerships with other waste haulers to share facilities.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Extreme heat
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | ER –Emergency Response 79 ER 1.3 Increase resilience during power outages due to public safety or weatherrelated events by requiring any back-up power systems be powered by renewable or carbon-free energy sources in line with backup safety codes

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Update ordinance to require carbon-free backup systems.

Action 2. Identify subsidy programs for existing structures and low-income households.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Community Development ඵ Planning ඵ Wildfire ඵ Extreme heat
ER 1.4 Increase community member participation in emergency notification and preparedness systems Implementation Actions
Action 1. Increase membership in Beverly Hills CERT.
a. Create a recruitment campaign that includes outreach at community events, community spaces (like places of worship), and on online platforms.

Action 2. Increase participation in emergency notification systems including Beverly Hills Emergency Alerts, Beverly Hills Nixle, and Southern California Edison Automated System.
a. Utilize City social media to connect residents to the online registration pages. b. Help residents sign up on their phones at pop-ups at community events and farmer’s markets.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Fire Department
ඵ Policy and Management
ඵ Health and Safety ඵ All
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | ER –Emergency Response 80 ER 1.5 Create evacuation procedures for vulnerable populations in partnership with community-based organizations (CBOs), facilities that serve identified populations, and Beverly Hills Unified School District (BHUSD)

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Conduct a landscape assessment of CBOs and facilities to identify those that serve vulnerable populations (including but not limited to residents who are mobility impaired, domestic workers, non-English speakers, and single -headed households).

Action 2. Conduct focus groups with the identified CBOs, facility staff, and BHUSD on the evacuation needs of their service population.

Action 3. Create a program to help CBOs develop their own climate emergency response procedures and organizational capacity.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Fire
ඵ Police
ඵ Police and Management
ඵ Health and Safety ඵ Wildfire
ඵ Flood
ER 1.6 Coordinate with transit providers to ensure minimal disruption to bus and train service during climate hazard events

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Partner with LA Metro to plan for climate hazard events and explore climate hazard event alternatives.

Action 2. Raise community awareness about hazard-related service changes.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ All
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | HM – Heat Mitigation and Increased Safety/Resilience 81 HM – HEAT MITIGATION AND INCREASED SAFETY/RESILIENCE Overview
Beverly Hills is projected to experience warming of average minimum and maximum temperatures, and more extreme heat conditions. Increased frequency and length of extreme heat days will result in increased public health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations like older adults, individuals with respiratory and/or cardiovascular disease, and populations with lower socioeconomic status. The impacts of increased temperatures and extreme heat events also affect City services, water and energy systems, roadways, and ecosystem functions.

Extreme heat is a hazard on its own, but it can also lead to power outages that cause secondary impacts to infrastructure and critical services. This requires a comprehensive heat response that includes engagement with other agencies and procedures for the establishment and activation of cooling centers. This expands on City’s partnership with the National Weather Service and Los Angeles County to prepare for extreme weather events.

Beverly Hills already has online and in-person outreach programs for extreme heat, and residents can participate in the SoCal Edison automated notification system. However, by implementing additional programs and educational efforts the City can specifically help homeowners and renters be resilient during times of extreme heat and related power outages. To mitigate the impacts of extreme heat, cooling design features including light-colored, high reflectivity pavements and roofs can be applied to buildings and the streetscape. Maintaining a healthy urban tree canopy and ecosystem also helps cool the environment by providing shade and evapotranspiration. Together, these planning and physical interventions can address the varied impacts of extreme heat in Beverly Hills.

Heat Mitigation and Increased
Safety/Resilience Measures
HM 1.1 Develop a heat emergency response annex
to the Emergency Operations Plan
HM 1.2 Consider incorporating cool pavement
practices into new streetscape
or urban design practices
HM 1.3 Encourage the use of cool roofs
HM 1.4 Provide resources for renters to use to prepare
for increased temperatures and power outages
HM 1.5 Prepare the urban forest for climate
change-exacerbated heat, drought,
and wildfire conditions
HM 1.6 Create ordinances and engagement
activities to increase and maintain diverse
and healthy trees on private property
HM 1.7 Enhance local ecosystem health in
the City's open space network
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | HM – Heat Mitigation and Increased Safety/Resilience 82 HM 1 HEAT MITIGATION AND INCREASED SAFETY/RESILIENCE HM 1.1 Develop a heat emergency response appendix to the Emergency Operations Plan that considers extreme heat events in conjunction with potential pandemic impacts and how to reduce strain on electricity and Wi-Fi in community centers

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Coordinate with the LA County Department of Public Health to develop heat emergency response appendix.

Action 2. Conduct a report to assess the gaps and opportunities to improve/expand the city's network of cooling centers. a. Conduct a gap analysis to identify if existing centers are meeting the holistic needs of a diversity of users (physical and mental health, language assistance, etc.).
b. Assess whether areas identified by the vulnerability assessment as having high social vulnerability and exposure have adequate access to a cooling center.

Action 3. Create a method to prioritize the activation of cooling centers based on vulnerable populations served, facility amenities, ability to comply with COVID protocols and other public health protocols, proximity to transit, and other factors.

Action 4. Develop design standards for new facilities and retrofits to account for increased temperatures. a. Create robust temperature and air quality control standards for new facilities and retrofits. b. Identify opportunities to apply other resilience strategies, such as solar plus storage, to cooling centers so they can also function as resilience hubs, clean air spaces, and community space during disaster events.

Action 5. Draft and adopt a Heat Emergency Response Annex to the Emergency Operations Plan.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Policy and Management
ඵ Community Services
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Various ඵ Extreme heat
HM 1.2 Consider incorporating cool pavement practices into new streetscape or urban design practices

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Monitor the development of cool street technology and implement as necessary.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works
ඵ Traffic and Parking
ඵ Extreme heat
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | HM – Heat Mitigation and Increased Safety/Resilience 83 HM 1.3 Encourage the use of cool roofs to reduce the urban heat island effect

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Consider incentives such as expedited permitting or reduced fees.

Action 2. Revise local modifications to the building code in Beverly Hills Municipal Code §1505.1 and the Roofing Permit Application to include projects that will replace 50% or more of the roof.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Community Development ඵ Planning ඵ Extreme heat HM 1.4 Provide resources for renters to use to prepare for increased temperatures and power outages

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Identify portable interventions like portable air conditioners and emergency generators which can be implemented without modifying the property.

Action 2. Create a new program or increase participation in SCE programs that subsidize cooling and back-up power devices for low-income households.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Community Development
ඵ Community Services
ඵ Policy and Management
ඵ Health and Safety ඵ Extreme heat
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | HM – Heat Mitigation and Increased Safety/Resilience 84 HM 1.5 Create a Climate Resilient Urban Forest per Urban Forestry Master Plan Goal 1

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS (EXCERPT FROM THE BEVERLY HILLS URBAN FORESTRY MASTER PLAN) Action 1. Provide education materials to residential homeowners on best management practices for tree trimming and maintenance, to expand the amount of large and healthy trees on private property.

Action 2. Institute an appropriate tree replacement policy that recovers the lost canopy and services of trees, and mutually helps meet the UFMP established goals.

Action 3. Incentivize replacement plantings of tree species with large canopies.

Action 4. Create an incentive program for private property developers to preserve mature trees on site plans and through development.

Action 5. Educate residential homeowners on the City's preferred plant palette.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works
ඵ Recreation and Parks
ඵ Planning
ඵ Wildfire
ඵ Extreme heat
ඵ Drought
HM 1.6 Increase and maintain diverse and healthy trees on private properties per the Urban Forest Management Plan
(SEE URBAN FORESTRY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS) Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Planning ඵ Wildfire
ඵ Extreme heat
ඵ Drought
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | HM – Heat Mitigation and Increased Safety/Resilience 85 HM 1.7 Enhance local ecosystem health in the City's open space network

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Prioritize planting of native species and plants that promote local pollination with bees, butterflies, and other species.

Action 2. Continue to apply compost at City parks and facilities.

Action 3. Implement nature-based stormwater capture infrastructure such as bioswales in parkways and medians.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 5-10 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works
ඵ Recreation and Parks
ඵ Traffic and Parking
ඵ Extreme heat
ඵ Drought
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | WM – Wildfire Mitigation 86 WM – WILDFIRE MITIGATION
Overview
Though uncertainties exist in quantifying future changes of area burned by wildfire in the region, projections indicate that the annual area burned in the Los Angeles Region may increase over 5,000 acres by mid-century. In Beverly Hills, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has identified the area north of West Sunset Boulevard as Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone (VHFSZ). Beverly Hills has not suffered direct infrastructural damage from past fires, but there are fire, water, communications, pre-school, and park facilities located in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone. Indirect infrastructure impacts of wildfire include road closures, power outages, and strains on public safety services. Health impacts from wildfire smoke could impact all residents but are particularly harmful for vulnerable populations including older adults, children, and people with respiratory and/or cardiovascular disease.

The City already has numerous planning assessments, codes, staff and advisory groups, and public education campaigns that contribute to its adaptive capacity. CAAP adaptation strategies for wildfire center around community awareness, improving homes to protect residents from fire and smoke, managing trees, and upgrading City facilities that are in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone. These are ways Beverly Hills can do to prepare, as well as to reduce the impacts of wildfire in the community at large.

Wildfire Mitigation Measures
WM 1.1 Provide consolidated public messaging about wildfire preparation, evacuation, and communications avenues
WM 1.2 Update ordinances and enforce home hardening,
defensible space, and other measures
WM 1.3 Encourage residents to do routine
maintenance of their HVAC systems
WM 1.4 Create a subsidy program for low-income residents and renters to purchase portable air filters
WM 1.5 Reduce City managed trees' potential fire
hazard in the Very High Fire Severity Zone
WM 1.6 Reduce the potential fire hazard of trees on private property in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity
Zone through education, incentives, and support
WM 1.7 Upgrade City-owned facilities north of Sunset to withstand power outages and potential wildfires
WM 1.8 Increase communication and partner with the City of Los Angeles to encourage them to implement
and enforce their fire mitigation policies
WM 1.9 Explore the use of alternative water sources including greywater or recycled water for firefighting purposes
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | WM – Wildfire Mitigation 87 WM 1 WILDFIRE MITIGATION
WM 1.1 Provide consolidated public messaging about wildfire preparation, evacuation, and communications per 2021 Beverly Hills Wildfire Assessment Report Recommendation

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Ensure public messaging about wildfire is published in multiple languages.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Fire
ඵ Policy and Management
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Health and Safety ඵ Wildfire
WM 1.2 Update ordinances and enforce home hardening, defensible space, and other measures to prevent structure ignitions from wind-blown embers

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Create an educational campaign to prepare residents for when new AB 3074 requirements come into effect, which require maintaining an ember-resistant zone within 5 feet of a structure in the VHFSZ.

Action 2. Accelerate home hardening retrofits north of Sunset through incentives, financial assistance programs, and code standards. Utilize the Wildfire Predictive Analysis maps analyzed in the Wildfire Assessment Report available on the City of Beverly Hill’s website to identify priority areas for interventions.

Action 3. Conduct a report analyzing new wildfire-resistant materials, exterior sprinkler system designs, and other innovative building protection strategies.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Fire
ඵ Community Development
ඵ Planning
ඵ Design Review
ඵ Wildfire
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | WM – Wildfire Mitigation 88 WM 1.3 Encourage residents to do routine maintenance of their HVAC systems to filter particulates during wildfire smoke exposure events and improve energy efficiency

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Develop outreach materials about HVAC maintenance.

Action 2. Distribute materials at City Hall and post to the City’s website.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Community Development ඵ N/A ඵ Wildfire
WM 1.4 Create a subsidy program for low-income residents and renters to purchase portable air filters

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Research existing City-funded incentive programs.

Action 2. Determine qualifying criteria.

Action 3. Implement and promote program.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 5-10 years ඵ Policy and Management
ඵ Community Services
ඵ Health and Safety ඵ Wildfire
WM 1.5 Reduce City managed trees’ potential fire hazard in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone (SEE URBAN FORESTRY MANAGEMENT PLAN APPENDIX P, SECTION 6.1.1 FOR IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS) Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Wildfire
WM 1.6 Reduce the potential fire hazard of trees on private property in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone through education, incentives, and support (SEE URBAN FORESTRY MANAGEMENT PLAN APPENDIX P, SECTION 6.1.2 FOR IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS) Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Community Development
ඵ Fire Public Works
ඵ Planning ඵ Wildfire
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | WM – Wildfire Mitigation 89 WM 1.7 Upgrade City-owned facilities north of Sunset as necessary to withstand power outages and potential wildfires

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Identify which facilities are at highest risk.

Action 2. Determine necessary interventions for each site.

Action 3. Fund and implement upgrades.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 5-10 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Wildfire
WM 1.8 Increase communication and partner with the City of Los Angeles to encourage them to implement and enforce their fire mitigation policies

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Partner with the City of Los Angeles to identify wildfire mitigation policies that affect Beverly Hills.

Action 2. Adopt a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to support implementation of wildfire mitigation policies.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Wildfire
WM 1.9 Explore the use of alternative water sources including greywater or recycled water for firefighting purposes

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Explore the availability of and public health requirements related to using alternative water sources for firefighting purposes.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Wildfire
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | FM – Flood Mitigation 90 FM – FLOOD MITIGATION
Overview
Climate change may cause low-lying areas throughout Beverly Hills to experience more frequent flooding and increase the extent of 100-year floods. Heavy precipitation events, especially those followed by wildfires, may also increase landslides in areas of the city that are already susceptible to them.

Flooding risk has been reduced in the city since the implementation of the Holly Hills Mitigation Storm Drain Project. The city’s adaptive capacity is also strengthened by having an Integrated Water Resources Master Plan, a local guidebook to reduce flood losses, and SoCal Gas’ partnership with California Public Utilities Commission to address risks to natural gas infrastructure from stronger storms and landslides. However, asset managers in Beverly Hills identified that the stormwater systems are older and need to be updated. The adaptation measures in this section aim to increase natural stormwater infiltration, improve landslide monitoring and prevention, and partnering to make required improvements to stormwater infrastructure.

Flood Mitigation Measures
FM 1.1 Design streets to incorporate
vegetation, soil, and engineered
systems to slow, filter, and
cleanse stormwater runoff
FM 1.2 Increase hillside monitoring and
stabilization efforts after heavy rain
events in areas at risk to landslides
FM 1.3 Partner with the Los Angeles County
Flood Control District to rehabilitate
storm drain lines per the Integrated
Water Resources Master Plan
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | FM – Flood Mitigation 91 FM 1 FLOOD MITIGATION
FM 1.1 Design streets to incorporate vegetation, soil, and engineered systems to slow, filter, and cleanse stormwater runoff

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Incorporate street trees as directed by the Urban Forestry Management Plan (UFMP).

Action 2. Incorporate green stormwater infrastructure including bioswales into roadway designs as prescribed in the Stormwater Compliance Master Plan.

Action 3. Incorporate pervious pavements into sidewalks, street furniture zones, and entire roadways/portions of roadways where landscape options are not available.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commission Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works
ඵ Traffic and Parking
ඵ Flood
FM1.2 Increase hillside monitoring and stabilization efforts after heavy rain events in areas at risk to landslides

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Install landslide monitoring equipment in Landslide Susceptibility Areas.

Action 2. Implement built and natural infrastructure to reduce the risk of landslides, such as hillside revegetation.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Public Works
ඵ Community Development
ඵ Public Works
ඵ Planning
ඵ Flood
FM 1.3 Partner with the LA County Flood Control District to rehabilitate storm drain lines per the Integrated Water Resources Master Plan (SEE INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MASTER PLAN SECTION 4.3 FOR IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS) Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ Flood
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | CC –City Capacity and Coordination 92 CC –CITY CAPACITY AND COORDINATION
Overview
Building the City’s capacity and ability to coordinate with other agencies increases the City’s ability to effectively implement the climate adaptation measures of the CAAP. The City already engages in a significant amount of coordination with local, regional, and state stakeholders.

Given City staffing resource constraints, improved resilience for the City and its residents will require continued coordination with existing stakeholders in a focused and efficient way.

Adding a Chief Sustainability Officer and a small team to track CAAP implementation is critical because it involves multiple City departments, commissions, and partners. The ability to fund climate adaptation efforts with grants and other sources is also critical. Lastly, the City can demonstrate leadership in the community and ensure City services are climate ready by incorporating adaptation and resilience in all capital projects moving forward.

City Capacity and
Coordination Measures
CC 1.1 Create a new Chief Sustainability Officer
staff position and a team to conduct activity
tracking to monitor the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan implementation
CC 1.2 Collaborate with utilities to secure
outside funding for resilience efforts
CC 1.3 Establish a consistent funding source
for mitigating wildfire risk
CC 1.4 Continue to include climate hazards and
resilience benefits in capital improvement
planning and building design
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | CC –City Capacity and Coordination 93 CC 1 CITY CAPACITY AND COORDINATION
CC 1.1 Create a new staff position to conduct activity tracking to monitor the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan implementation

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Create a new City staff position and a team whose duties should include:
a. Supporting the operation of adaptation and GHG mitigation related programs citywide. b. Managing partnerships with outside agencies and CBO partners. c. Establishing activity tracking to monitor the implementation of resilience strategies. d. Identify existing and/or hire additional new staff to support the work of the Chief Sustainability Officer.

Action 2. Add CAAP implementation monitoring to the responsibilities of an existing commission (for example, the Public Works, Traffic and Parking, Planning, Recreation and Parks commissions).

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Policy and Management ඵ N/A ඵ All
CC 1.2 Collaborate with utilities to secure outside funding for resilience efforts.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Identify funding and incentives to weatherize residential and commercial buildings and address severe weather protection, energy efficiency, indoor air quality improvements, and other housing improvements. a. Include an outreach campaign as part of this program to advertise the benefits of weatherizing and electrifying buildings.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 3-5 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ All
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Adaptation Measures | CC –City Capacity and Coordination 94 CC 1.3 Establish a consistent funding source for mitigating wildfire risk

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Research external funding opportunities, including grants.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 5-10 years ඵ Public Works
ඵ Fire
ඵ Finance
ඵ N/A ඵ All
CC 1.4 Continue to consider climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies in capital improvement planning and building design. Use climate change projections rather than historical averages

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Action 1. Include climate hazard reduction strategies listed in this plan in CIP planning process.

Implementation Timeline Department City Commissions Hazards Addressed 1-3 years ඵ Public Works ඵ Public Works ඵ All
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Message from the CAC | CC –City Capacity and Coordination 95 MESSAGE FROM THE CAC
This Climate Action and Adaptation Plan is a comprehensive document with an enormous amount of detail. It can be used to achieve some real progress in reducing
our city’s GHG emissions if properly managed by a
well-qualified Chief Sustainability Officer who will have broad discretion regarding what should be done, by whom and when. We need to ensure this plan is executed in an efficient and effective manner.

The Citizen Action Committee (CAC) as a whole or its
individual members are not sufficiently informed about
and not qualified to make a judgment about the details
of this Plan and, therefore, should not take a position one way or the other about its contents.

The plan’s action section is divided into Five topics:

Clean Energy, Buildings, Transportation and Land Use,
Solid Waste and Water & Ecosystems. The Five Topics
include 43 specific measures which require 76 implementation actions. For each of the 43 specific measures, the following information is provided:
Dž GHG Reduction Potential expressed in Metric Tons of
CO2e by 2030 and by 2045
Dž Applicability
Dž Implementation timeline
Dž Lead City Department
Dž City Commission
Dž Cost
That alone involves 6 x 43 data points or 258 individual data points.

As a committee, we cannot explain how any of the specific measures were identified, or justify each and every implementation action defined, let alone how potential GHG reductions (expressed in metric tons or otherwise) were calculated. Stated differently, if someone asked us to
explain how a specific measure or implementation action was chosen or its GHG Reduction Potential or how much
it costs or how long it will take to implement, all that we could say is that it is in a document prepared by City’s consultants and/or staff.

However, let us express that we believe the CAAP plan
presented to us today is useful.

We believe that the Plan includes a number of good
ideas and expressly recognizes that execution of a GHG
emission reduction program will require securing the hire of a chief sustainability officer that reports to the City Manager in order to maintain an effective protocol that City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3 Adapting to Climate Change | Message from the CAC | CC –City Capacity and Coordination 96 seamlessly moves between all departments. Therefore, we can, however, conclude and support the broad Strategic
Priorities for GHG Reduction that we have discussed.

Specifically:

GHG Emission Mitigation:
Dž Achieve clean energy by switching to carbon free
electricity or hydrogen
Dž For new construction and remodel of buildings require carbon-free energy sources and low maintenance, fire
resistant landscaping
Dž For existing buildings adopt a phased in decarbonization plan and retrofitting for powering with carbon free
energy sources
Dž Achieve transportation mode shift away from single
occupant gasoline powered automobiles through
measures such as the Complete Streets Plan and a
robust clean energy powered Beverly Hills Transit system serving all areas of the City including schools and
Metro stops.
Dž Develop programs and enforcement mechanisms to
divert solid waste away from landfills.

Climate Change Adaptation Measures:
Dž Improve infrastructure to address enhanced prospect
of emergencies including increased water storage
(Reservoir Management System, Cabrillo reservoir) and
backup power and communication capabilities.
Dž Develop programs for carbon free backup systems in
single family, multifamily residences and commercial
buildings.
Dž Develop educational programs to enhance public
awareness and understanding of and response to
climate change.
Dž Adapt emergency response/evacuation strategies and
communications with heightened attention to most
vulnerable community members.

Chief Sustainability Officer (CSO):
Dž Establish a high-level City position of CSO reporting to the City Manager; it will be the responsibility of the CSO to implement these overall strategies through detailed
tactical measures including the numerous measures that
have been described in the attached Plan.

We continue to stress the need for the retention of a
well-qualified CSO, most likely an outside hire, who will report to the City Manager and have responsibility for executing on the Strategic Priorities and using this Plan, in the CSO’s discretion, as a resource and a guide.
4 IMPLEMENTATION
The City of Beverly Hills developed this CAAP to be a visionary yet feasible roadmap that includes specific implementable actions that will both decrease GHG emissions within the City as well as increase resilience to the effects of climate change.

CHAPTER
City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 4 Implementation
98 The measures and actions included in this CAAP provide a framework for how the City plans to reach its GHG emissions reduction targets, consistent with the CEQA Guidelines § 15183.5(b), while improving resilience to a changing climate. Substantial evidence (Appendix C) suggests that the measures and actions outlined in this CAAP will achieve the State goal of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 consistent with SB 32. The strategies in the CAAP, including decarbonization of buildings and vehicles, also form the foundation for achieving carbon neutrality by 2045.

Though this CAAP references the best available science, policy practices, and includes the most effective and feasible technologies to mitigate and adapt to climate change, the specific actions, behaviors, and technologies that will be needed to achieve carbon neutrality are not yet fully understood. For example, implementing the Clean Fuel Transportation Plan hinges on emergent technology like hydrogen fueling stations, as well as increasingly robust but not-yet determined sources of funding to finance public EV charging stations.

Future CAAP updates will continue to evaluate best practices and establish new actions to allow Beverly Hills to achieve their long-term goals consistent with the State. Similarly for adaptation measures, it is uncertain whether implementation of these measures will be sufficient to stave off the worst effects of climate change because of evolving scientific understanding on the scope and severity of the effects of climate change. The adoption rates of each measure, cost of technology, legislative environment, and benefits assumed in this report will continue to evolve as new information becomes available. Therefore, this CAAP should be viewed as a strategic framework that will be regularly reevaluated and adjusted through regular monitoring and updates.

This chapter presents an implementation framework that outlines the roles and responsibilities and priorities that will allow for active implementation of the CAAP. This chapter also outlines how the City of Beverly Hills will monitor the effectiveness of implementation and the steps the City will take to adapt to changes in legislation and technologies to work towards achieving GHG reduction targets and increasing resilience to climate change.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 4 Implementation | Community Education and Ongoing Outreach 99 COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND ONGOING OUTREACH

ROLES IN COMMUNITY OUTREACH & EDUCATION
• City of Beverly Hills – Creates communications materials and education campaigns to communicate CAAP goals, progress, and incentives for implementation. Education is delivered via City Departments including Public Works, Community Services, Policy and Management, the Fire Department, and Community Development. • Partners: Community-Based Organizations and Trusted Local Stakeholders – Work with the City to ensure that all Beverly Hills residents have access to the best climate adaptation and mitigation information. The City may also partner with local and regional organizations. Partners could potentially include organizations like Better Bike, Tree People, Beverly Hills Unified School District, Beverly Hills Chamber of Commerce, Federally Qualified Health Centers, and non-governmental organizations like the Sierra Club and the US Green Building Council Los Angeles. • Partners: Local Businesses, Utilities, and Transit Providers – Develop and build new services and update skills to address new technologies and communicating updates and benefits to the wider community. Partners include Clean Power Alliance, Southern California Edison, Southern California Gas, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Beverly Hills Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), waste haulers, local developers, local businesses, and major employers. • Community: Residents – Adopt new technologies and behaviors, utilize programs and incentives, and enjoy the benefits. Communicate benefits out to friends, family, and colleagues, maximizing the “ripple effect.” Making meaningful progress
towards reducing Beverly Hills’ GHG
emissions and adapting to the effects
of climate change starts with City
leadership and depends on education
and ongoing outreach to catalyze
behavior change throughout the wider
community. Education, community
outreach and engagement are more
effective when it involves building
long-lasting and meaningful partnerships between the city, local partners, community leaders and representatives, and the larger community.

Community engagement measures
are included in Chapter 2 and include
the implementation timeline, lead
City departments and commissions,
and the estimated cost of implementation. The community engagement measures are intended to strengthen
existing partnerships while forging
new partnerships to increase the
effectiveness of the CAAP in reducing
GHG’s and increasing resilience.

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CAAP STAKEHOLDER

OUTREACH OVERVIEW

CAC HIGHLIGHT
Community participation in shaping the CAAP by the
Community Advisory Committee (CAC) is an example
of deep community engagement in climate action and
adaptation planning. The CAC-model of community
engagement will serve as a guide for future community
input throughout the CAAP implementation process,
which will be led by several established commissions
in the City. The commissions can provide a positive
feedback loop for community input in the achievement
of the adaptation and mitigation measures.

MOVIE NIGHT AT ROXBURY PARK
Several CAC members worked with City staff to
organize Movie Night at Roxbury Park on July 20,
2022. The goal of the event was to raise awareness
about the CAAP process and share actions that
people can take individually to reduce their carbon
footprint. The film Ice on Fire was shown, followed by
a panel discussion about what people can do now to
protect the climate and what emerging innovations
in GHG reduction are on the horizon and should be
considered as part of the CAAP. Similar community
events are recommended to be continued so that the
community can work in partnership with the City in
implementing the CAAP. These community events may
build on existing events including Earth Day, Public
Works Day, World Water Day, and Clean Air Day.

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IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK
To facilitate implementation of the measures and actions in the CAAP, this section establishes a framework defining implementation timelines, implementation phasing approaches, implementation incentives, responsible City departments and partners, and implementation strategies.

TIMELINE
Measures to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to climate
change will be implemented via short, mid-term, and long-term actions. Specific City departments for implementation are also named in Chapters 2 and 3, which describe the measures
and actions needed to achieve City GHG reduction and
adaptation goals. Implementation of measures and actions will either be mandatory, voluntary, or phased. This approach recognizes that while some measures are implementable
right now (low-hanging fruit), other foundational measures may take years to achieve due to financial, logistical, and regulatory barriers. This implementation framework and
timeline enables the City of Beverly Hills to feasibly achieve climate targets through a blend of short and long-term
policies, incentives, and education and outreach campaigns. • Short term: 1-3 years
• Mid-term: 3-5 years
• Long-term: 5-10 years

KEY IMPLEMENTING CITY DEPARTMENTS
The measures and actions identified in the CAAP span the responsibilities of many departments within the City of Beverly Hills. To facilitate active and meaningful implementation, the City will need to consider hiring a full-time Chief Sustainability Officer to lead and support the departments to make progress on the CAAP measures and actions.

Additional staff may be needed to fully implement the CAAP. The involvement of the following key departments will be critical to achieve the goals of this CAAP.

MITIGATION:
• Public Works
• Community Development
• Finance
• Policy and Management
ADAPTATION:
• Public Works
• Fire Department
• Police Department
• Community Development
• Community Services
• Policy and Management
• Finance Department
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MITIGATION MEASURE IMPLEMENTATION TYPE
In Chapter 2, the “Applicability” column for each measure details if the measure will be mandatory, voluntary, or phased, as well as the timeline for implementation. • Mandatory: Mandatory measures describe actions that the City will take now, or in the near future (for example, adopting an electric vehicle reach code). As these measures and actions are near-term or immediate, they are set to achieve their full climate potential on the timeline laid out in this CAAP, and Appendix C. • Voluntary: Most measures and actions proposed in this CAAP are voluntary, and will be implemented through a blend of incentives, partnership, and education and outreach. The success of voluntary measures largely hinges on the behavior change within the Beverly Hills community that results from the incentives and education put forth by the City, and community partners. In the instance that voluntary measures do not achieve estimated GHG reductions within the anticipated timespan, the City may pivot to Mandatory or Phased measures. • Phased: This implementation pathway mostly applies to measures where there requires additional feasibility or cost analysis to fully implement (for example, building decarbonization). The phased approach, beginning with voluntary and then shifting to mandatory, allows the City, and collaborating partners to fully analyze the implementation implications of the proposed action, and marshal resources and collaboration as needed before it becomes mandatory.

COMMUNITY GUIDANCE FOR

PHASED-IN MEASURES
The CAC provided guidance on ways to
encourage voluntary adoption of GHG mitigation
measures through education and incentives,
with the goal of phasing in the measures over
time. This approach provides residents and
business owners with the option of being early
adopters of the GHG reduction or adaptation
measures before any requirements come
into effect. Providing information (e.g., green
energy options for building systems and
appliances), technical assistance, and rebates
were suggested as ways to further encourage
voluntary early adoption and build awareness
and expertise in the community.

IMPLEMENTATION INCENTIVES
Since many measures and actions will be implemented voluntarily or phased-in, achieving their full potential for climate mitigation and action will require incentives to change behaviors (for example, changing energy usage and transportation habits).

These incentives will be leveraged through the exploration of City-funded incentives, partnerships with existing programs and incentives from utilities and the state, and collaboration with community-based organizations and agencies.

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FUNDING AND FINANCING IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
In California, creative solutions are necessary to address concerns around funding for mobility, carbon-free buildings, urban forest management, solid waste management and water resource resiliency. Implementing priority CAAP measures will have an effect on the community and the City operations (i.e., Mobility, Buildings & Energy, and utilities). • Community costs include one-time upgrades like the purchase of personal e-bikes or e-scooters, at home EV chargers, replacing home appliances or home energy efficiency improvements. Utility rate increases (waste and water fees and electricity rates) are also anticipated to affect the community. However, these rate increases or capital investment can be reduced by utility rebates and programs. • The City is anticipating to bear the larger cost to construct or upgrade infrastructure like road maintenance to support the Complete Streets Plan, upgrading water systems, install public EV chargers, community solar and storage facilities and operate numerous sustainability programs.

The City is in a good position to take advantage of several state and federal funding programs. For example, the State of California is offering the Building Initiative for Low Emissions Development (BUILD) program. BUILD is intended to support municipal and individual projects by reducing costs associated with implementing carbon-free (i.e., building electrification) buildings. The program would allow the City to identify and recommend individual developers to take part in the program to administer and offset construction costs for buildings.

There is also funding available through the State of California’s Transportation Grants and California Air Resources Board (CARB) to aid cities and other public agencies in decarbonizing and improving transportation infrastructure. Through their Carl Moyer program, CARB allocates funding through local air districts, which in Beverly Hills’s case is the South Coast Air Quality Management District, for a variety of mobility-related expenses including electric vehicle replacement and charging infrastructure for local governments.

The 2021 Federal Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act also provides new grant funding for relevant emissions reductions projects including EV charging, roadway modifications, and energy storage solutions administered by various agencies, including the Department of Energy and Department of Transportation. An example program is the Surface Transportation Block Grant (STBP) which provides flexibility in funding uses for transportation programs such as EV chargers, roadway modifications, and other emerging transportation technologies. Over $45 billion of grant funding is available from 2022-2026 (individual grant sizes will vary). The STBP and other similar funds are allocated by the Federal Highway Administration and Department of Transportation and could be specifically applied towards, for example, the City’s mobility goals and Complete Streets Plan.

Cities have leveraged funding to implement climate action through mechanisms like municipal revolving loan funds that use energy efficiency cost savings to finance investments in building energy efficiency, budget prioritization to identify potential internal funds to reapportion towards climate action , and voter-approved increases in sales taxes to create long-term funding sources for climate planning implementation. As cities across the country, start to implement their climate action plans, financing strategies to invest in this next generation of decarbonized buildings and transportation solutions will continue to emerge. Beverly Hills is in a unique position to position itself to lead the way in financing climate action. A more detailed list of potential funding and financing strategies are included in Appendix D.

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MITIGATION

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Achieving the ambitious measures to achieve GHG reduction targets will require a comprehensive range of implementation strategies, as the City of Beverly Hills works to decarbonize building, energy, transit, waste, and water sectors. Key implementation strategies for climate mitigation are listed below:
• Prioritization of implementation: Based on
feasibility, need, and cost effectiveness
• Permit streamlining & decreasing regulatory burden: Achieve transformations in processes, particularly in the building sector • Collaboration and partnership: Help
implement programs across the city.
• Development and deployment of municipal-level policy (ex. building ordinances):
- Pilot projects: Run with community partners Technical support provided by the City, or implementing
partners (ex, workforce development training)
- Monitoring and adjustment: The City will allow for on-track achievement of GHG mitigation targets, with the potential for phasing in new mandatory actions if CAAP targets are not being met

ADAPTATION

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Achieving the measures and actions put forward in this CAAP to ensure that the Beverly Hills community can adapt to climate change will take a comprehensive strategy of incentives, updated emergency planning, and collaboration with community partners.

Key aspects of this implementation plan are listed below:
• Communication & Outreach: City website, education,
and outreach in person at community events
• Community engagement will target youth, and vulnerable populations, leveraging collaboration with community-based organizations to raise awareness • Partnerships: Community-based organizations and
trusted community leaders; LA County partnerships
• Funding: Grants, research for external funding opportunities • City-collaboration: Integrate sustainability into
existing roles, collaborate across departments
• Implementation of existing City plans: Pull from existing plans and accelerate their implementation to provide cross-sectional climate benefits Adaptation measures, timelines for implementation, and specific implementing City departments and commissions are presented in Chapter 3. As adaptation measures are not classified as phased, voluntary, or mandatory, there is no specific implementation table with performance metrics provided here.

MONITORING FRAMEWORK
Monitoring the effectiveness of the measures and actions for reducing GHG emissions and increasing resilience will be critical to confirm the goals of the CAAP are being met as planned. The monitoring process includes tracking metrics established for specific measures and actions and conducting regular GHG emission inventories and evaluating the effectiveness in achieving the intended outcomes of the measures and actions to meet the goals of the CAAP. This plan is an iterative process that requires continual adjustments to improve overall outcomes in reducing GHG emissions and increasing resilience to climate change.

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MITIGATION METRICS
The CAAP establishes metrics to monitor effectiveness of the measures and actions. For each mitigation sector (ex. clean energy, transportation and land use), a set of performance metrics have been established to monitor effectiveness of the measures and actions (Table 4-10). In addition to the performance metrics shown here, the corresponding changes to underlying activity data (for example, vehicle miles traveled, percentage of buildings using carbon-free sources of energy) which will ultimately lead to GHG reductions is included.

The full list of measures and actions are included in Chapter 2.

PERFORMANCE METRICS AND GHG REDUCTION POTENTIAL
Performance Metrics and GHG Reduction Potential Table 4-10 describes performance metrics, both quantifiable and supportive, that are the underlying basis for achieving GHG reductions. For example, reducing the number of gas-powered vehicle miles traveled, and replacing them with electric vehicle miles traveled would drive GHG reduction in the transportation sector. All performance metrics are included by sector under the ‘Performance Metrics’ column, while specific quantifiable goals for 2030 needed to achieve GHG reductions are included in the ‘2030 Metric Target’ column along with their associated GHG reductions. Appendix C includes 2045 targets and associated GHG reductions. This table is intended to serve as a guide for tracking CAAP implementation progress towards GHG mitigation targets.

Table 4-10 Performance Metrics and GHG Reduction Potential Mitigation Sector Performance Metric 2030 Metric Target:

Clean Energy Quantifiable:
•Participation rate (%) in Clean Power Alliance 100% Green Power •Number of solar installations on single-family,
multi-family, and commercial buildings
Supportive:
•Number of battery installations
•Number of residents reached through City outreach
•Number of commercial pilot projects supported
•Increase in CPA enrollment
Quantifiable:
•75% participation rate in Clean Power
Alliance 100% Green Power
•1,287 new solar installations on single-family homes
•833 new solar installations on multi-family homes
•463 new solar installations on commercial buildings
Estimated reduction of 60,455 MT CO2e
Buildings:

New Construction
and Remodels
Quantifiable:
•Citywide natural gas use. No new natural gas
consumption after 2023 (Carbon-free reach code)
Supportive:
•Number of residents + organizations reached
through outreach efforts for reach code
Quantifiable:
•0 therms of natural gas added through new construction.

Estimated reduction of 7,924 MT CO2e
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Mitigation Sector Performance Metric 2030 Metric Target:

Buildings: Existing Quantifiable:
•Percent of homes and commercial buildings
with replaced water heaters
•Percent of homes and commercial buildings
with replaced HVAC units
•Number of energy efficiency retrofits performed
in residential and commercial buildings
•Number of energy performance upgrades (i.e., retrocommissioning) performed in commercial buildings •Citywide natural gas use
Supportive:
•Number of retrofits in buildings that house vulnerable populations •Number of energy audits taken on at time of sale/ rental agreement •Number of homes that opted-in to efficiency programs
•Number of therms of renewable natural gas used via pilots Quantifiable:
•Replaced water heaters in 22% of homes
•Replaced water heaters in 22% of commercial buildings
•Replaced HVAC in 12% of homes
•Replaced HVAC in 12% of commercial buildings
•240 residential energy efficiency retrofits performed
•716 commercial energy efficiency retrofits performed
•240 commercial building energy performance
upgrades (i.e., retro-commissioning) performed
Estimated reduction of 12,825 MT CO2e
Complete Streets
Plan & Transit
Quantifiable:
•Percent of total trips taken by transit, walk, and bike •Number of annual transit trips
Supportive:
•Ridership numbers for the Beverly Hills shuttle
•Miles of bikeways, miles of low-stress bikeways
Quantifiable:
•16.5% of total trips taken by walk/bike (6.5%),
public transit (3%), and carpool (7%)
•460,647 annual transit trips
Estimated reduction of 2,631 MT CO2e
Shift to Clean
Vehicle Miles
Travel (VMT)
Quantifiable:
•Number of EV registrations
•Number of new public EV charging installations
•Percent of passenger and commercial EV adoption
Supportive:
•Number of EVs procured by City due to purchasing policy update •Number of stakeholders reached, and number of outreach events conducted during EV reach code outreach and education
Quantifiable:
•7,284 EV registrations by 2030
•364 new public EV charging installations
•16% total passenger EV adoption
•13% total commercial EV adoption
Estimated reduction of 14,457 MT CO2e
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Mitigation Sector Performance Metric 2030 Metric Target:

Solid
Waste (SB 1383)
Quantifiable:
•Percent of total waste diverted from the landfill
Supportive:
•Tons of edible food recovered and redistributed
•Number of residents reached during outreach and education Quantifiable:
•75% of total waste diverted
Estimated reduction of 12,499 MT CO2e
Water and
Ecosystems
Quantifiable:
•Percent of homes with increased indoor
and outdoor water efficiency
•Percent of commercial buildings with increased
indoor and outdoor water efficiency
•Number of new trees planted
Supportive:
•Gallons per capita per day (GPCD)
•Reduction % per capita per day
•Number of stakeholder outreach events held
•Number of residents reached through water
conservation public education campaign
Quantifiable:
•Increase indoor water efficiency 39% in 15% of homes
•Increase outdoor water efficiency 60% in 15% of homes
•Increase indoor water efficiency 39% in
15% of commercial buildings
•Increase outdoor water efficiency 30%
in 15% of commercial buildings
•4,400 new trees planted
Estimated reduction of 54 MT CO2e
Community
Engagement
Supportive:
•Number of annual climate-related community events
•Number of people engaged annually
•Participation rates in City CAAP and utility rebate programs •Supportive metrics should be continuously
monitored, with the potential for City to set
annual, or biannual goals for targets.

ADAPTATION METRICS
The effectiveness of adaptation measures and actions will be monitored by tracking metrics implied by the implementation actions needed to assess progress towards achieving the adaptation goals. For example, in adaptation measure ER 1.4 Increase community member participation in emergency notification and preparedness systems, metrics for achievement could include total membership increase in Beverly Hills CERT over time which would be tracked by the responsible department.

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EVALUATE
To regularly evaluate the effectiveness of the measures and actions, the City will prepare biannual reports (once every two years) that contain quantitative information regarding metric tracking, as well as a narrative of lessons learned and plans to address observed and future challenges. The City will provide the biannual reports on the City’s website, and present key findings to the City’s appointed Commissions and City Council.
• The City Manager’s Office or Designee will be in charge of collecting information from City Departments and Commissions which are spearheading implementation of the different measures and actions and compiling the results into one report.
• The City Manager’s Office or Designee will be in charge of disseminating results to community-based organizations, the public, and relevant collaborators and partners.

The City of Beverly Hills will also conduct GHG emissions inventories on a biannual basis. A summary of the inventory results will be available for the community to review via the City of Beverly Hills website, with biannual reports submitted to the City Council. Biannual reporting requirements will be established in collaboration with outside parties.
• The City Manager’s Office or Designee will be in charge of producing biannual monitoring of GHG emissions.
• The City Manager’s Office or Designee will be in charge of disseminating progress against GHG reduction targets to community-based organizations, the public, and relevant partners.

To keep adaptation and mitigation progress tracking in sync, the City of Beverly Hills will update the public on progress of adaptation measures and actions on the same timeline as biannual updates to City Council.

These updates will either take the form of key performance indicators defined by the City in achieving actions, or adoption of policy and ordinance updates for strategies that integrate changes in municipal policy, codes, and plans (e.g., Measure AR 2.3, implementation action: update ordinance to require carbon free backup systems, (backup safety codes)).

As mitigation and adaptation measures and actions are implemented, it is imperative to assess the success by tracking the emissions reductions through biannual emission inventory reports, as well as other variables, such as cost and additional co-benefits achieved through implementation to understand the overall health of each measure. If it is determined that implementation of specific measures is not achieving the anticipated emissions reductions, then the measure may have to be revised or replaced to establish a path forward to meet the City’s targets.

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ADJUST
The adaptation and mitigation measures and actions will be adjusted or the strategy for implementation will change when the following findings are made by the City as part of their biannual review. These findings use the framework from the U.S.

EPA Regional Resilience Toolkit, which is a guidebook for local governments on how to increase resilience to natural disasters. • The strategies were successfully implemented,
and new priorities are needed.
• Implementation is not achieving the results expected. • The strategy has unintended consequences.
• Funding has changed.
• Political and/or public priorities have changed.
• New climate science data is available.
• Other significant changes in the environment or circumstances.

Adjustments do not necessarily need to be extensive, requiring a full rewrite of the CAAP. For example, Measure BE 2.2 (Phased in Decarbonization Plan) promotes the retrofit of existing buildings.

If the rate of retrofits, and thus GHG mitigation potential, was not keeping pace with the 2030 reduction target, the City could consider moving towards more aggressive strategies for retrofit promotion and make it a requirement through building code revisions.

Every five to 10 years, the CAAP will be updated to incorporate new climate science data and projections, shifting community priorities and regulatory mandates, implementation hurdles, changes in best practice, and advances in technology. Each update to the CAAP will involve engagement with the Beverly Hills community.

CAPDASH MONITORING
The City will update progress towards GHG targets via a biannual community wide GHG emissions inventory in CAPDash. CAPDash is a web-based dashboard developed by Rincon Consultants, Inc. that allows Beverly Hills to track the biannual emission reductions achieved through the implementation of each measure and meet the requirements of CEQA Section 15183.5(b). CAPDash will also include tracking of the performance metrics for applicable CAAP measures and actions.

G

GLOSSARY
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Term Definition
Active Transportation A means of transportation that is powered by human energy, for example walking or biking.

Adaptation Adjustment or preparation of natural or human systems to a new or changing environment which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

Anthropogenic Made by people or resulting from human activities; usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as a result of human activities.

Atmosphere The envelope of gases surrounding the Earth; the gases that make up the atmosphere primarily include nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), as well as argon, helium, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor in trace amounts.

Backup Power Any device that provides instantaneous uninterruptible power, for example, a battery or generator.

Beverly Hills Wildfire
Assessment
2021 assessment on wildfire threat for Beverly Hills, and recommendations on protecting the City.

CALGreen An abbreviated reference to the California Green Building Standards code, which sets minimum requirements for sustainable practices for construction (residential and commercial) projects throughout the state. It is updated every three years in accordance with the building cycle.

CALGreen Tier 1 & 2 Requirements beyond the mandatory measures laid out by CALGreen: Tier 1 adds additional requirements to the mandatory sustainability requirements, and Tier 2 further increases those sustainability requirements.

CalRecycle Agency that administers and provides oversight for all of California’s statemanaged non-hazardous waste handling and recycling programs.

California Air Resources
Board (CARB)
The lead agency for climate change programs that also oversees all air pollution control efforts in California to attain and maintain health-based air quality standards.

California Building
Standards Commission
(CBSC)
The Commission is charged with administering California’s building code adoption process, coordinating and managing the model code adoption process for state agencies, and reviewing and approving building standards adopted by state agencies, among other duties.

Carbon-free Energy Energy produced by a resource that generates no carbon emissions, for example, wind power.

Carbon-neutrality/
Net-Zero Emissions
Balancing anthropomorphically generated emissions out by removing GHGs from the atmosphere in a process known as carbon sequestration.

Carbon sequestration The long-term storage or capture of carbon dioxide and other forms of carbon from the atmosphere through biological, chemical, and physical processes.

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Term Definition
California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA)
1970 California statute requiring state and local agencies within California to follow a protocol of analysis and public disclosure of environmental impacts of proposed projects and adopt all feasible measures to mitigate those impacts.

Capital Improvement
Plan (CIP)
A ten-year planning document published by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) every five years.

Clean Power Alliance (CPA) A non-for-profit renewable energy provider across Los Angeles and Ventura Counties. The CPA is an administrator of the Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) program. A CCA program permits cities, counties, or other authorized entities like Community Choice Aggregators to purchase and or generate electricity for residents and businesses located within the boundaries of the jurisdiction.

Climate Hazard A potential occurrence of climate related physical events or trends that may cause damage and loss.

CH4 Methane, a hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of waste in landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of natural gas and petroleum, coal production, and incomplete fossil fuel combustion.

Climate The average of weather patterns over a long period of time (usually 30 or more years).

Climate Change A change in the average conditions — such as temperature and rainfall — in a region over a long period of time.

Community Based
Organization (CBO)
A public or private nonprofit organization that is representative of the community or specific segments of a community, and provides educational or outreach services to the community.

Complete Streets Are designed and operated to enable safe use and support mobility for all users. Complete Streets approaches address a range of elements including sidewalks, bicycle lanes, bus lanes, public transportation stops, and median islands.

CO2 Carbon dioxide, a naturally occurring gas and a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes.

CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent, a metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon their GWP.

Decarbonization Replacing technologies and services that run on fossil fuels (ex. natural gas) with ones that run on zero-carbon sources of energy (for example electricity from renewable energy like solar or wind power), ideally from renewable sources.

Disadvantaged Communities Areas which suffer disproportionately from a combination of economic, health, and environmental burdens (e.g., poverty, high unemployment, air and water pollution, presence of hazardous wastes, as well as higher rates of asthma and heart disease).

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Term Definition
Distributed Energy
Resources (DERs)
Small-scale electricity demand or supply resources that are interconnected to the electric grid, and usually located close to load centers where they can be used individually or in aggregate to support the grid.

Emissions The release of a substance (usually a gas when referring to the subject of climate change) into the atmosphere.

Environmental Justice The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

Electric Vehicle (EV) A vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.

Energy Storage Can provide frequency regulation to maintain balance between the network’s load and detected power generated, achieving more reliable power supplies. Batteries are an example of energy storage.

Fossil Fuel A general term for fuel formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth’s crust.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) A gas that absorbs infrared radiation, traps heat in the atmosphere, and contributes to the greenhouse effect.

Global Warming
Potential (GWP)
Total contribution to global warming resulting from the emission of one unit of that gas relative to one unit of the reference gas, carbon dioxide, which is assigned a value of 1.

Greywater Graywater refers to water that has been used domestically, commercially, and industrially.

Local Governments for
Sustainability (ICLEI)
A global network of more than 1,750 local and regional governments committed to sustainable urban development – emissions estimates were calculated using ICLEI’s best available methodologies.

Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC)
The United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.

Mitigation An action that will reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, such as electrifying buildings that previously ran on natural gas.

Metric Tons (MT) Common international measurement for the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions – one metric ton is equal to 2205 pounds or 1.1 short tons.

Metric tons carbon dioxide
equivalent (MT CO2e)
Metric/unit that GHG emissions are reported per standard practice; when dealing with an array of emissions, the gases are converted to their carbon dioxide equivalents for comparison purposes.

Microgrid A group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that act as a single controllable entity in respect to the grid. A microgrid can operate in ‘island mode’ and disconnect from the grid, or operate while connection to the grid.

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Term Definition
Mode Shift Changing from one form of transportation to another, specifically, switching from traveling via car to traveling via bicycle or public transport.

N2O Nitrous Oxide, a powerful GHG with a high global warming potential; major sources of nitrous oxide include soil cultivation practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning.

Organic Material Natural or organic materials, for example food scraps and yard waste.

Photovoltaic (PV) Relates to the production of electric current at the junction of two substances exposed to light (e.g., solar energy).

Qualified GHG
Reduction Plan
A plan that accommodates growth in a manner that does not hinder the state’s ability to reach further emission reduction goals and specifically complies with the requirements of CEQA Section 15183.5(b).

Quantified Reduction
Measure or Action
A quantified measure or action has an associated calculation that estimates the GHG reductions associated with the measure/action. Quantified measures are summed to show the total reduction expected by implementing the GGRP.

Representative Concentration
Pathway (RCP)
Greenhouse gas concentration trajectory scenarios adopted by the IPCC Reach Code A building code which requires a higher level of energy efficiency than the standard statewide code. Reach codes are allowed and encouraged under Title 24.

Remodels/ Alterations A building update that changes the exterior detail of a structure, but not its basic shape or size.

Renewable Energy Energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed (ex. wind, biomass).

Resilience Ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate.

Senate Bill (SB) 32 SB 32 is the California Senate bill in 2016 that requires there be a reduction in GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.

Senate Bill (SB) 1383 California’s Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy, which sets statewide targets to reduce compostable materials in landfills by 75 percent by 2025, and to rescue at least 20 percent of edible food currently disposed for human consumption by 2025.

Sequestration The storage of carbon in plants or materials so that it cannot enter the atmosphere and cause additional warming.

Social Equity All people having equal access to and influence on the resources and benefits of society.

City of Beverly Hills - Climate Action & Adaptation Plan G Glossary
115
Term Definition
Socially Vulnerable
Community
Although climate hazards have the potential to affect all Beverly Hills residents, the severity of impacts is heavily shaped by demographic factors like race, socioeconomic status, gender, housing status, and more. Moreover, sensitive populations have less capacity to adapt to climate hazards, because of long-standing structural and institutional inequities. Social vulnerability is scored via Social Vulnerability Index, and identifies these socially vulnerable communities described above.

Supportive Measure
or Action
One which has not been quantified and does not provide a direct or easily quantified GHG reduction; however, these measures are expected to contribute to overall GHG reductions and/or provide co-benefits.

Transportation Demand
Management (TDM)
Transportation Demand Management focuses on how people make their transportation decisions, and facilitates greater usage of infrastructure for transit, ridesharing, walking, biking, and telework.

Urban Forest
Management Plan
An Urban Forest Management Plan (UFMP) promotes the sustainability of trees in an urban space that maximizes environmental benefits while maintaining other/ linked safety and economics goals. Beverly Hills has finalized their Urban Forest Management plan, which can be found on the City website.

Vehicle Miles
Traveled (VMT)
VMT is the amount of total miles traveled by motor vehicle that are generated over a population over a given timeframe (Ex. 1 year).

Vehicle to Grid Charging A vehicle-to-grid charging device absorbs electricity from a car battery and pushes it back to the grid, allowing EVs to function as backup storage cells for the electrical grid.

Very High Fire Hazard
Severity Zone (VHFHSZ)
Fire Hazard Severity Zone maps are developed using a science-based and field-tested model that assigns hazard score based on factors that influence a fire’s behavior and likelihood. VHFHSZ is the highest level of severity for Fire Hazard Severity Zones, according to the State Fire Marshall.

Weather The state of the atmosphere over a short period of time (usually an hour or day), describing if it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy, etc.

Zero-EmissionsVehicle (ZEV)A vehicle that never emits exhaust gas from the on-board source of power.

Zero Waste The conservation of all resources by means of responsible production, consumption, reuse, and recovery of materials and packaging, without burning, and with no discharges to land, water, or air that threaten human health.

Beverly Hills Climate Action and
Adaptation Plan
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
prepared by
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
250 East 1st Street, Suite 1400
Los Angeles, California 90012
and
Raimi + Associates
706 South Hill Street, 11th Floor
Los Angeles, California 90014
March 2023
Table of Contents
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment i
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1 Purpose........................................................................................................................................... 1 Approach......................................................................................................................................... 2 Stakeholder Engagement................................................................................................................ 3 Relevant Plans and Tools................................................................................................................ 4 Community Sensitivities......................................................................................................................... 6 Anticipated Impacts..............................................................................................................................17 Increased Temperature ................................................................................................................17 Variable Precipitation ...................................................................................................................22 Wildfire .........................................................................................................................................29 Adaptive Capacity.................................................................................................................................35 Increased Temperature ................................................................................................................35 Variable Precipitation ...................................................................................................................36 Wildfire .........................................................................................................................................37 Multiple Climate Hazards .............................................................................................................38 Vulnerability Overview .........................................................................................................................41 Populations...................................................................................................................................41 Infrastructure................................................................................................................................42 Disaster Preparedness and Response...........................................................................................43 Coordination.................................................................................................................................43 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................44 Tables
Table 1 Potential Impacts from Increased Temperature...............................................................20 Table 2 Critical Infrastructure in Landslide Susceptibility Areas ...................................................25 Table 3 Potential Impacts from Changes in Precipitation .............................................................27 Table 4 Critical Infrastructure in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone...................................30 Table 5 Summary of Potential Impacts from Wildfire...................................................................32 Table 6 Programs, Plans, and Policies to Manage Increased Temperature Impacts.....................35 Table 7 Programs, Plans, and Policies to Manage Precipitation Impacts......................................36 Table 8 Programs, Plans, and Policies to Manage Wildfire Impacts..............................................37 Table 9 Programs, Plans, and Policies to Manage Multiple Climate Hazard Impacts ...................38 Table 10 Climate Change-related Mitigation Strategies from the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan ...40 City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
ii
Figures
Figure 1 Beverly Hills Overall Social Vulnerability Index Score.........................................................7 Figure 2 Beverly Hills Socioeconomic Status Score...........................................................................8 Figure 3 Beverly Hills Household Composition and Disability Score ..............................................10 Figure 4 Beverly Hills Minority Status and Language Score............................................................11 Figure 5 Beverly Hills Housing and Transportation Score...............................................................12 Figure 6 Historical and Projected Maximum Temperatures in Beverly Hills..................................18 Figure 7 Number of Extreme Heat Days in Beverly Hills.................................................................19 Figure 8 Annual Projected Precipitation in Beverly Hills ................................................................23 Figure 9 Critical Infrastructure in Landslide Susceptiblity Areas ....................................................26 Figure 10 Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones...............................................................................31 Introduction
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 1
Introduction
Purpose
This report, the City of Beverly Hills Climate
Change Vulnerability Assessment, evaluates
how climate change may impact vulnerable
community members and critical facilities and
services in Beverly Hills. Beverly Hills is
expected to experience increasing
temperatures and extreme heat events,
variable precipitation events including
increased storm frequency and precipitation
intensity and extended drought conditions, and
more frequent and damaging wildfires. These
climate change related hazards will adversely
impact community members and critical
facilities and services. The City has policies and
programs already in place to prepare for some
of these climate related hazards; however, as
climate change impacts continue to advance
more can be done to increase the community’s
resilience to climate change.

This climate change vulnerability assessment examines the susceptibility of the City’s population, transportation, and critical infrastructure to harm from climate related hazards, and the community’s ability to adapt to the changing
risks pertaining to climate hazards.

This climate vulnerability assessment is
prepared as part of the City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan. The
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan establishes
specific actions the City will take to achieve
multiple community goals such as providing
cleaner energy, reducing air pollution,
supporting local economic development,
1 EPA. 2021. Causes of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/causes-climate-change#4foot. 2 IPCC. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Working Group I contribution to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L.

Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu & B. Zhou (eds.)].

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, p. SPM-5. 3 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2022. Scientific Consensus: Earth’s Climate is Warming. Available <https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/>. Accessed February 2, 2022. 4 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2022. The Effects of Climate Change. Available:
<https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/>. Accessed February 2, 2022. 5 IPCC, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report. 2021. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#FullReport How Does Climate Change Work?
Climate change is driven by the human
contribution of certain gases like carbon
dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.1
These gases, commonly known as greenhouse
gases or GHGs, absorb and re-emit heat that
has been discharged from the Earth’s surface.

This works to trap heat near the earth’s
surface, increasing the natural greenhouse
effect.2 Greenhouse gases from human
activities have been collecting in the
atmosphere since the 1800’s and are warming
the climate more and more every year.3 This
rise in average temperatures across the globe
affects ocean water levels, temperature, and
chemistry; precipitation patterns and water
supply; severity and frequency of wildfires; and
prevalence of extreme heat events.
4 What is Vulnerability?
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report defines
vulnerability as “the propensity or
predisposition to be adversely affected.”5 It
adds that vulnerability “encompasses various
concepts and elements including sensitivity or
susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to
cope and adapt.”
City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
2 improving public health and quality of life, and increasing resilience to climate change.

Understanding the vulnerabilities that the community may face due to climate change provides a foundation to define adaptation actions for the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and other planning efforts in Beverly Hills and the region.

The City of Beverly Hill is also in the process of complying with Senate Bill (SB) 379 which requires all cities and counties in California to update the Safety Element chapter of the General Plan to include climate adaptation and resilience strategies and an implementation plan informed by a climate change vulnerability assessment. 6 Consistent with SB 379, the City prepared a Climate Vulnerability Assessment (February 2022) which is scheduled to be adopted by the Beverly Hills City Council in summer 2022. This report aligns with the findings of the Climate Vulnerability Assessment prepared in support of the City’s Safety Element Update.

Approach
The City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment follows the vulnerability assessment process recommended by the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services, as documented in the 2020 California Adaptation Planning Guide (Cal APG). The adaptation planning process outlined by the Cal APG consists of four phases, illustrated in the graphic below, with Phase 2 detailing the vulnerability assessment process.
7 The City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment is prepared consistent with Phase 2 of the Cal APG, and is composed of the following four parts:

1. Community Sensitivities. Beverly Hills populations and assets most at risk to climate change.

2. Anticipated Impacts. The nature and degree to which different aspects of the community will be affected by changes in temperature and precipitation, and wildfire. 6 SB-379. Senate Bill No. 379 Chapter 608 Land use: general plan: safety element. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB379 7 CalOES. California Adaptation Planning Guide. 2020. https://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardMitigationSite/Documents/CA-AdaptationPlanning-Guide-FINAL-June-2020-Accessible.pdf Graphic: 2020 California Adaptation Planning Guide
Introduction
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 3

3. Adaptive Capacity. Beverly Hills’s ability to cope with extreme events, to make changes, or to transform to a greater extent, including the ability to moderate potential damages and to take advantage of opportunities.

4. Vulnerability. The overall risk of potential impacts to different aspects of the community, given their adaptive capacity.

Stakeholder Engagement
The stakeholder engagement process for developing the City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment included asset manager interviews, Advisory Committee meetings, and community meetings as detailed below.

Asset Manager Interviews
Interviews were conducted with the following asset managers to inform the development of the City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment:
 City of Beverly Hills Office of Emergency Management
 City of Beverly Hills Police Department
 City of Beverly Hills Fire Department
 City of Beverly Hills Community Services
 City of Beverly Hills Public Works Department
 Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas)
 Southern California Edison (SCE)
The interviews identified information related to past climate impacts, potential impacts climate change could have on managed assets, and policies and programs in place that seek to increase Beverly Hill’s ability to cope with climate change.

Advisory Committee
The City of Beverly Hills convened a Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Community Advisory Committee (CAC) to provide dedicated community members with the opportunity to participate in the development of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan. The CAC was appointed by the City of Beverly Hill’s City Council and consists of 10 members of the City’s various appointed commissions and five community members. The CAC provided input on the City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in April 2022. The CAC offered critical local context for identifying and analyzing climate change hazards of concern, community vulnerabilities, and current resilience and adaptation efforts. CAC feedback was integrated throughout this assessment and was used to facilitate the prioritization of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan resilience and adaptation measures and actions.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
4 Community Events
The City of Beverly Hills held several community events to solicit input on the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan process. Community events and the input received from the public related to climate hazards included:
 Earth Day Pop-up (April 24, 2022) - CAC members, City staff, and the consultant team hosted an Earth Day pop-up at the Beverly Hills Farmers Market to provide community members with information on the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan process and an opportunity to give feedback or ask questions about the City’s climate mitigation and adaptation planning efforts.  Community Workshop (May 25, 2022) – CAC members, City staff, and the consultant team held a virtual community workshop to provide community members with an overview of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan development process, potential climate mitigation and adaptation strategies, and implementation approaches.
 Movie Night Event (June 20, 2022) – CAC members and City staff hosted a move night at Roxbury Park to raise awareness about the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan development process through the showing of the film Ice on Fire and facilitation of a panel discussion on climate mitigation and adaptation measures the City is considering adopting.

Relevant Plans and Tools
The City of Beverly Hills Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment builds on a variety of climate research, plans and tools. Key plans and tools include:
 California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, Los Angeles Region Summary Report. This report presents an overview of climate science, specific strategies to adapt to climate impacts, and key research gaps needed to spur additional progress on safeguarding the Los Angeles Region from climate change.
 Southern California Adaptation Planning Guide. This guide was prepared by the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) and outlines a general process of adaptation planning in alignment with the Cal APG. It identifies case studies and best practice examples from SCAG member jurisdictions to illustrate each phase in the adaptation planning process. It also references and provides guidance on the use of data and tools that have been specifically developed for adaptation planning in the SCAG region.
 Los Angeles Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CVA). The LA County CVA assess how people and infrastructure in Los Angeles County, including incorporated cities, may be vulnerable to the changing climate. The CVA evaluates potential changes in the frequency and severity of extreme heat, wildfire, extreme precipitation and inland flooding, coastal flooding, and drought and identifies populations and areas that are highly vulnerable. It also examines how physical infrastructure and facilities could experience damage from climate change. It also evaluates how infrastructural systems rely on one another and how harms to one type of infrastructure can affect other facilities, related services, and the people who rely on those services. It also conducts a social vulnerability assessment by examining the level of risk across communities and populations and identifies groups and places that are highly vulnerable to climate hazards.  City of Beverly Hills Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a list of activities that may assist the City in reducing risk and preventing loss from future events. It also includes information that can assist City Departments, residents, public and private sector organizations, and others in participating in planning for disasters. It promotes Introduction
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 5
public policy and programs designed to protect the public, critical facilities, infrastructure, private and public property, and the environment from natural and human-made hazards.  City of Beverly Hills Safety Element Update (Draft). The City of Beverly Hills Safety Element establishes goals and policies to increase emergency preparedness and reduce risk and impacts associated with natural and human-made hazards. As part of the update to the Safety Element, a climate change vulnerability assessment was prepared that evaluates ten climate-related effects and hazards applicable to the City of Beverly Hills: air quality, precipitation changes, flooding, severe rainstorms, extreme weather, Santa Ana winds, landslides, extreme heat days, cooling degree days and wildfire.
 Cal Adapt. Cal-Adapt is an online tool that provides modeled projections of how climate change might affect Beverly Hills. The Local Climate Change Snapshot tool in Cal-Adapt shows climate projections for temperature, precipitation, and wildfire.  Center for Disease Control/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). This tool quantifies the social vulnerability of populations at risk to natural disasters and public health threats at the census tract level, based on four themes of social factors: Socioeconomic status, Household Composition and Disability, Minority Status and Language, and Housing and Transportation.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
6 Community Sensitivities
Communities will be affected by climate change to varying degrees depending on how sensitive the communities are to impacts and the severity of the impacts. While all people, facilities, and services in a community will experience climate change, some may be more affected than others. For example, individuals living with disabilities may be more at-risk to heat illness during an extreme heat event. Sensitivity to climate hazards can be influenced by several factors. The following section identifies specific groups and types of built and natural assets that are sensitive to climate hazards and the specific underlying factors that are associated with their sensitivity.

Community sensitivities are grouped under the following community asset categories:

Populations

Transportation

Critical Infrastructure
Populations
The vulnerability of Beverly Hills’ population is analyzed using the Center for Disease Control/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI).8 The SVI was developed to rank census tracts based on 15 variables (e.g., poverty, lack of vehicle access, crowded living conditions), and groups the variables into the following four themes:

1. Socioeconomic status

2. Household composition and disability

3. Minority status and language

4. Housing and transportation
The SVI then generates maps (included below) with rankings based on each of the four themes, as well as a map that provides an overall social vulnerability score based on the 15 variables.

Overall Social Vulnerability Index Score
The City’s population has low social vulnerability based on all 15 variables in the SVI. Of the seven census tracts in Beverly Hills, a majority have a total SVI score below the 25th percentile statewide.9 This indicates that the population in these tracts has a lower SVI score than 75% of the tracts in the state.10 The two census tracts directly north of Wilshire Blvd (Tracts 7008.01 and 7008.02) have higher scores but are still below the state average, in the 43rd and 31st percentiles respectively (See Figure 1).
8 The most recent version of the CDC/ATSDR SVI Index is from 2018. It does not reflect 2020 Decennial Census data. 9 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/ Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program. CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2018 Database California. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/data_documentation_download.html. Accessed on 10/14/21. 10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/ Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program. 2022. CDC SVI 2018 Documentation. P. 4. Available:
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/documentation/pdf/SVI2018Documentation_01192022_1.pdf Community Sensitivities
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 7
These scores indicate that all the census tracts in Beverly Hills are less vulnerable to climate change impacts than other communities in California. This means that the population of Beverly Hills have a high capacity to prepare for, respond to, and recover from climate change impacts.

Figure 1 Beverly Hills Overall Social Vulnerability Index Score Socioeconomic Status
Overall, the population of Beverly Hills has low social vulnerability related to socioeconomic factors.

Indicators in this theme are households below poverty, unemployment, income, and educational attainment (indicated by no high school diploma). Of the seven census tracts in the city, five are below the 25th percentile statewide (See Figure 2).
11 In fact, census tract 7007.00 is in the 4th
percentile, meaning it is one of the most socioeconomically advantaged tracts in the state. Census tracts 7008.01 and 7008.02 have the highest scores in the City but are still below the statewide average (35th and 34th percentile respectively).

According to the American Community Survey (ACS) 2015-2019 5-year estimates, the median income in Beverly Hills is $108,166.12 Only 8.3% of the population was below the federal poverty level13 and only 6% of the civilian labor force aged 16 years or older are unemployed.14 Although only a small proportion of Beverly Hills is below the poverty line, the City should direct resources, 11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/ Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program. CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2018 Database California. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/data_documentation_download.html. Accessed on 10/14/21. 12 US Census Bureau. ACS 15-19 5-Year Estimates: Table A14006 13 US Census Bureau. ACS 15-19 5-Year Estimates: Table S1701 14 US Census Bureau. ACS 15-19 5-Year Estimates: Table A17005 City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
8 both financial and technical, to those communities in order to help them adapt to the impacts of climate change.

The most straightforward way socioeconomic status affects disaster is related to income or assets.

Households with lower incomes may not have the funds to prepare their home for climate change hazards, or the ability to recover if their home gets damaged. Lower income and unemployed populations are also less likely to have access to healthcare, leading to a higher incidence of chronic conditions (such as heart and pulmonary conditions) which put them more at risk of health effects from heat and wildfire. As indicated by the high median income, low poverty rate, and low unemployment in Beverly Hills, there are not many households that will experience these challenges.

Figure 2 Beverly Hills Socioeconomic Status Score
Household Composition and Disability
Household composition and disability is the SVI theme where the Beverly Hills population is most impacted. This theme accounts for people who are aged 65 and older, aged 17 or younger, older than age 5 with a disability, and single-parent households. Census tracts 7006.00 ranks in the 71st percentile and 7008.01 ranks in the 53rd percentile for this category (See Figure 3). 15 According to
15 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/ Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program. CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2018 Database California. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/data_documentation_download.html. Accessed on 10/14/21.

Community Sensitivities
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 9
ACS 2015-2019 5-year estimates, 21.4% of the Beverly Hills population is 65 years and older,16 while

20.3% are under 18 years old. 17 Approximately 8.7% of the population is disabled.18 Older adults, children, and people with a disability are physiologically and socially more vulnerable to extreme events or climate stressors. For example, older adults and people with a disability may have reduced mobility, communication abilities, and/or mental functioning which could make it difficult to evacuate (for example in a wildfire, flood, or landslide) or understand and/or carry out preparedness measures in their homes. They may also depend on medical devices which could be impacted during preventative power shut offs or climate hazard events. Furthermore, older adults are more likely to have chronic illnesses (such as heart and pulmonary conditions) that increase the risk of heat illness and medical problems from wildfire smoke.

Children, particularly younger ones, are socially vulnerable because they do not have the resources or knowledge to cope with climate change hazards. They are typically dependent on their parents or other adults to keep them safe and healthy. Physical characteristics (such as the fact that they are still growing, their smaller size, the way they regulate body temperature) also put them more at risk of health effects from heat and wildfire.19
The CDC SVI includes single-parent households as a Household Composition variable because they are typically more socially vulnerable than two-parent households. The first reason is that they typically have lower socioeconomic status, however, the results of the SVI socioeconomic analysis (Figure 2) indicate that is not relevant in Beverly Hills. The second reason is because one parent has all the responsibility of their family in a disaster situation.20 This applies regardless of the household’s income.
16 US Census Bureau. ACS 15-19 5-Year Estimates: Table A01001 17 Ibid. 18 US Census Bureau. ACS 15-19 5-Year Estimates: Table S1810 19 Kenney WL, Craighead DH, Alexander LM. 2014. Heat waves, aging, and human cardiovascular health. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 46(10):
1891-1899. 20 Flanagan et al. 2011. A Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management. Available:
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/img/pdf/Flanagan_2011_SVIforDisasterManagement-508.pdf City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
10 Figure 3 Beverly Hills Household Composition and Disability Score Community Sensitivities
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 11
Minority Status and Language
The population of Beverly Hills has low social vulnerability in this category, which accounts for minority status and linguistic isolation (those who speak English less than well). According to ACS 2015-2019 5-year estimates, 32.2% of the Beverly Hills population identifies as a race other than Non-Hispanic or Latino White Alone.21 However, six of the seven census tracts in the city rank below the 25th percentile statewide (see Figure 4). The highest scoring tract in the city is 7008.01, which is in the 47th percentile. Although there is a sizable minority population in Beverly Hills, only a small proportion of that population faces linguistic challenges or isolation.

Historic and current day social and economic marginalization makes populations of color more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Of course, race and ethnicity are connected to all three of the other SVI categories. Populations who are not proficient in English may have limited access to information and resources. Because of a lack of culturally relevant content, they may not fully understand climate hazards, preparedness actions, or emergency communications. However, this is not particularly relevant in Beverly Hills, as evident in the low SVI scores.

Figure 4 Beverly Hills Minority Status and Language Score Housing and Transportation
The Housing and Transportation SVI theme accounts for multi-unit structures, mobile homes, crowding, households with no vehicle, and group quarters. Census tracts 7006.00, 7007.00, 7009.01, and 7010.00 rank below the 25th percentile statewide. Census tracts 7008.01, 7008.02, and 7009.02 21 US Census Bureau. ACS 15-19 5-Year Estimates: Table A04001 City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
12 are closer to the state average (with scores in the 47th, 46th, and 33rd percentile respectively) (see Figure 5).

According to ACS 15-19 5-year estimates, only 8.2% of housing units citywide have no vehicle.22 Not having access to a vehicle in areas that lack nearby, reliable, frequent and convenient transportation alternatives can make evacuation more difficult, but this does not appear to be a major issue in Beverly Hills. Also, though it is not included as a metric in the SVI, 58.5% of the city’s housing units are renter occupied.
23 Renters do not have as much agency as homeowners to make changes to their homes to help them be more resilient, such as installing a cool roof or solar backup power.

Homes that are well-constructed are better at protecting inhabitants from climate stressors and extreme events. For example, having better insulation and air conditioning reduces the effects of extreme heat. Or a stick-built home is likely to sustain less damage from a flood than a mobile home. Overall, Beverly Hills is not vulnerable in relation to housing and transportation. Housing quality is connected to socioeconomic status and race and ethnicity, which are SVI categories where Beverly Hills scores well compared to the state. However, the three census tracts with higher scores may still reflect historic real estate discrimination. Census tracts 7008.01, 7008.02, and 7009.02 align with areas ranked C “Definitely Declining” or Industrial by historic redlining maps.24 Figure 5 Beverly Hills Housing and Transportation Score 22 US Census Bureau. ACS 15-19 5-Year Estimates: Table A10030 23 US Census Bureau. ACS 15-19 5-Year Estimates: Table A10060 24 Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K.

Nelson and Edward L. Ayers, accessed March 15, 2022, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=14/34.08/-118.402&city=losangeles-ca Community Sensitivities
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 13
Transportation Assets
The following are assets critical to the movement of goods and people into and out of Beverly Hills.

When transportation assets are impacted by climate-change related impact (e.g., flooding, wildfire), portions of the city may not be able to evacuate in a timely manner. Emergency responders may not be able to provide essential services. Community members who are reliant on public transportation may be unable to evacuate if public transportation assets are impacted. Impacts to transportation assets can also disrupt the ability for workers to access their jobs, which can disrupt the operation of essential services.

Roadway network
Access roads provide entry to and exit from communities and neighborhoods. Disruption to access roads can effectively prevent large numbers of people from evacuating in a timely fashion and limit access for emergency responders. Designated disaster routes in Beverly Hills include Santa Monica Boulevard, North Beverly Boulevard, and Olympic Boulevard.25 Disaster routes are routes preidentified for use by emergency personnel, not to move affected population out of an impacted area. Designated evacuation routes for use by Beverly Hills residents affected by wildfire events include Sunset Boulevard, Benedict Canyon Drive, San Ysidro Drive, Lexington Road, North Beverly Hills Drive, Coldwater Canyon Drive, Schuyler Road, Doheny Road, Loma Vista Drive, Carla Ridge, and North Hillcrest Road.26
Public Transportation
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro) provides several local and rapid bus lines through the City of Beverly Hills. The Purple Line Extension, a heavy rail subway corridor, is under construction and will include transit stations at Wilshire/La Cienega and Wilshire/Rodeo in 2024 and 2025 respectively. These stations will enable Beverly Hills residents to connect to Downtown Los Angeles, Westside cities, and various regional transportation hubs. 27 25 Los Angeles County Public Works. 2008. Disaster Route Maps. Available <http://dpw.lacounty.gov/dsg/disasterroutes/map/beverly%20hills.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021. 26 City of Beverly Hills. 2020. Wild Fire Evacuation Routes. Available <https://gis.beverlyhills.org/GISDocs/PublicMaps/WildFireEvacuationRoutes.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021. 27 Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation. 2021. Purple (D Line) Extension Transit Project. Available:
<https://www.metro.net/projects/westside/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwezmkY_h8wIVowh9Ch3SLQm5EAAYASAAEgLyefD_BwE>. Accessed October 18, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
14 Critical Infrastructure
The following are infrastructure assets and services identified as critical in the City of Beverly Hills Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Critical infrastructure includes power, water, and wastewater utilities, transportation facilities and services, government and community facilities and services, and high occupancy structures. Critical infrastructure is of particular concern because it plays a role in providing essential services to the Beverly Hills community and are necessary to preserve the general welfare and quality of life. They also serve to fulfill important public safety, emergency response, and disaster recovery functions.

Electrical Utility Lines/Energy Delivery
Southern California Edison (SCE) delivers and transmits electricity to the City. The City has both underground and overhead electrical utility lines. The majority of underground electrical utility lines are located north of Sunset Boulevard, in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone. Electrical lines are susceptible to wildfire impacts, which can cause short to long-term disconnection from electricity and limit the city and community from operating critical infrastructure and equipment.

Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines
Natural gas pipelines operated by SoCalGas carry large volumes of natural gas between communities. There are high-pressure distribution lines in the City.28 Natural gas pipelines are located underground and are only at-risk of rupture in the case of a landslide event. Most natural gas pipelines in the city are located south of Santa Monica Boulevard and outside landslide hazard zones; however, there are some north of the city that may be impacted by landslides. Should natural gas pipelines leak or explode, for example due to an earthquake, impacts could involve property damage and hazardous materials spill.

Communication Networks
The City of Beverly Hills contains higher averages of households with a computer, and broadband internet subscriptions than the national average, and higher than average senior populations with computer access. Broadband internet is provided by 9 different residential services with approximately 91 to 100 percent coverage of all households accounted for within the city boundaries.
29,30 Internet failure and subsequently communication network failure could occur under a power outage-related incident.31
Wastewater Conveyance and Treatment
The City of Beverly Hills is responsible for the wastewater conveyance system within city limits.

Wastewater is treated at the City of Los Angeles Hyperion Treatment Plant, which is located outside 28 Southern California Gas Company. 2016. Gas Transmission Pipeline Interactive Map – Los Angeles. Available <https://socalgas.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=c85ced1227af4c8aae9b19d677969335>. Accessed October 18, 2021.
29 United States Census American Community Survey (ACS). 2019. Why We Ask Questions About… Computer and Internet Use, Beverly Hills. Available: <https://www.census.gov/acs/www/about/why-we-ask-each-question/computer/>. Accessed October 22, 2021. 30 Broadbandnow. 2021. Internet Providers in Beverley Hills California. Available: <https://broadbandnow.com/California/Beverly-Hills>.

Accessed October 22, 2021
31 PG&E. N.d. How outages occur in hot weather. Available :
<https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/edusafety/systemworks/electric/howhotweatheroutages/how_outages_occur_in_ho t_weather.pdf>. Accessed October 22, 2021.

Community Sensitivities
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 15
Beverly Hills.
32 Flooding may disrupt or damage wastewater infrastructure with associated service and business interruptions and potential releases of untreated wastewater.

Water Conveyance and supply
The City of Beverly Hills provides domestic drinking water to parts of West Hollywood and all Beverly Hills residents as part of City services. Beverly Hills imports approximately 90 percent of its drinking water from MWD. The remaining 10 percent is produced locally from six municipal wells and are treated in the City’s reverse osmosis water treatment plant. One additional well site will be in the La Brea Subarea of the Central Groundwater Basin in 2022. These new sites will supply 20 to 25 percent of the City’s water demand after conservation, providing limited alternatives to water supplies from MWD. 33
Stormwater Infrastructure
The City of Beverly Hills owns and operates a stormwater collection system. Catch basin cleaning is based on year-round inspection. The inspection and maintenance workflow system has prevented the buildup of leaves and sediments in City-owned catch basins. Urban and storm water runoff flows to a regional system owned and operated by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works Flood Control District.34 More frequent and intense precipitation can overwhelm stormwater infrastructure and cause backups that lead to localized flooding and greater runoff of contaminants into local waterways.

Parks and Recreation Facilities
Beverly Hills has approximately 77 acres of developed parkland and close to 100 acres of open space area. Additional recreational resources include community centers, clubhouses, the Greystone Mansion, the Beverly Hills Farmers’ Market, school district field sites, and private recreational facilities, including the Beverly Hills Tennis Club, numerous health clubs and spas, and nearby golf courses.35 Parks and recreation facilities could be impacted by changes in temperature, extended drought conditions, floods, and wildfires. Degraded air quality from regional wildfires could impact outdoor recreation.

Schools
Educational facilities include schools affiliated with the Beverly Hills Unified School District, including four elementary schools, one high school and one adult school, along with numerous private schools.36
32 City of Beverly Hills. 2017 Sewer System Management Plan. Available:
<http://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/7659162331303053045/2017-11-14_FinalCityofBeverlyHillsSSMP2017.pdf>. Accessed October 22, 2021.
33 City of Beverly Hills. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan. Available <https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/1228820328661696592/BeverlyHillsFINAL2020UWMP_July_2021.pdf > Accessed October 22, 2021 34 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.
35 City of Beverly Hills. 2010. General Plan Open Space Element. Available <https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/filebank/10282--5_OpenSpace%2001122010.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021. 36 City of Beverly Hills. N.d. General Plan Update Technical Background Report Land Use and Urban Form. Available <https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/filebank/2569--GP-TBR-Chp-2-1.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
16 High Occupancy Structures
High occupancy structures, including hotels, office, and residential buildings, are essential to the well-being of Beverly Hills. After a disaster, hotels in the City may be a critical asset in allowing residents to remain within the city. Beverly Hills is home to 5 large hotels having occupancies of more than 500 persons per day, 35 high-rise buildings, and a densely populated retail and commercial district.37
Community Facilities and Government Buildings
Community and government facilities, such as libraries, government buildings, and community centers, are public properties and are important to the residents as well as the operation of the City.

Notable community facilities and government buildings of Beverly Hills include libraries, and public safety facilities such as the fire and police departments. These facilities could be impacted by power outages induced by extreme weather or damaged by wildfires or landslides. 37 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.

Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 17
Anticipated Impacts
Climate change is projected to continue affecting Beverly Hills and the greater Los Angeles County region in the form of increasing average temperatures and extreme heat days, altered precipitation patterns, and greater wildfire risk. These impacts are expected to influence health and prosperity through decreased water availability, increased frequency and intensity of storms, extended drought conditions, and decreased air quality due to regional wildfires. Climate risks and impacts vary depending on location. Understanding local climate risks and impacts allows communities to prepare for the future and increase their resilience. Beverly Hill’s projected climate change impacts are based on information gathered from Cal-Adapt, the Los Angeles Summary Report of California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, the City’s Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, and concerns raised by asset managers in Beverly Hills.

Cal-Adapt provides modeled projections of how climate change might affect Beverly Hills. The Local Climate Change Snapshot tool in Cal-Adapt shows climate projections for temperature, precipitation, and wildfire. It is based on IPCC, which has established several future GHG emissions scenarios and associated global warming scenarios. Two of these GHG scenarios are commonly used to compare possible futures and have been selected for this assessment:
 The Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 represents a “medium emissions” scenario in which GHG emissions peak around 2040 and then decline at the end of the century. This scenario assumes global agreement and implementation of aggressive GHG reduction strategies.
 RCP 8.5 represents a “high emissions” scenario in which emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century.

Increased Temperature
Average Minimum and Maximum Temperature
Since 1901, average temperatures across the country have increased, with eight of the top ten warmest years on record having occurred over the past 30 years. 38 Average trends are increasing at
both the local scale and the global scale.

Compared to the modeled historical 30-year average (1961-1990), average maximum temperatures in Beverly Hills are expected to rise between 4.2° Fahrenheit (F) and 7.1°F by the end of the century, depending on the emissions scenario. In addition, average minimum temperatures in the City are expected to rise between 4.1°F and 7.0°F by the end of the century. The projected warming of average minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as more frequent temperature extremes, may have a variety of effects on the Beverly Hills community.  Water and energy prices are likely to increase due to greater demand for both.  Increased demand for water and energy will put additional stress on supplies and could lead to disruption in service.
 Local public health may be negatively impacted, due to increases in heat-related illnesses, with a disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations.
38 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
18  Increased frequency in damage to roadway systems resulting in higher maintenance costs  Endangered species and ecosystem functions in the region may be impaired due to the change in average temperatures.

Figure 6 shows average maximum temperatures in Beverly Hills based on the RCP 4.5 (medium emissions) and RCP 8.5 (high emissions) emissions scenario. The purple line shows high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), the blue line shows the medium emissions scenario (RCP 4.5), and the grey line illustrates the current trend (observed). The shaded areas indicate the range for the emissions scenario. For example, the blue shaded area represents the range of data for the medium emissions scenario (RCP 4.5).

Figure 6 Historical and Projected Maximum Temperatures in Beverly Hills Extreme Heat Events
Beverly Hills is projected to experience more extreme heat conditions. An extreme heat day in Beverly Hills occurs when temperatures exceed 92.2°F. Compared to the modeled historical 30-year average (1961-1990), the annual number of extreme heat days is projected to increase by 8 to 15 days by the end of the century depending on the emissions scenario.

From 1961 to 1990, the modeled historical average number of days in the longest heat wave was

2.2 days. By the end of century, the high emissions scenario projects the average number of days in the longest heat wave to be 6.2.

Increased frequency and length of extreme heat days will result in increased public health risks, particularly to vulnerable populations like older adults and individuals with physical disabilities, through heat-impacted diseases, air quality degradation, and increased vector-borne illnesses.

Figure 7 shows the number of extreme heat days in Beverly Hills for the medium and high emissions scenarios.

Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 19
Impact of Recent Extreme Heat Events on City Services
Based on interviews with the City of Beverly Hills Fire Department, Public Works Department, and Community Services, increased temperature and extreme heat already have impacted Beverly Hills. Extreme heat impacts are most noticeable during the month of August when the Fire Department observes a notable increase in heat related illness. High heat has also caused waste hauling trucks to over-heat. Outdoor programming at school facilities, which are primarily asphalt and black-top, lack adequate shade areas and more resources are needed to ensure that campers and staff have adequate water supplies during extreme heat events. The City has received complaints about children getting dehydrated and exhausted from the heat during summer recreation programs, which has led to cancellations. In addition, high heat days have increased recreational building cooling costs. Moreover, there has been a shift in participation of community programming, with aquatic and indoor programs filling up more than outdoor programs.39
Figure 7 Number of Extreme Heat Days in Beverly Hills
Impacts from Increased Temperature
Table 1 summarizes the potential impacts that increased temperature and extreme heat events might have on Beverly Hills’s population, transportation, and critical infrastructure assets. 39 Descalzo, Josette (Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager), et al. July 21 and July 28, 2021. Asset Manager Interviews.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
20 Table 1 Potential Impacts from Increased Temperature Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Potential Impacts
Populations with Vulnerable
Household Characteristics
and Disability
The relationship between adverse health impacts (heat stress) and high temperatures are well documented for older adults (over 65 years old), and children. Older individuals may experience cardiac strain due to heat exposure, while children have less ability to naturally cool their bodies.40,41
Individuals with
Cardiovascular Disease
Like the health impacts to older adults, individuals with cardiovascular disease may experience cardiac strain due to heat exposure. One measure of cardiovascular disease prevalence is that there are 138.6 cardiovascular disease deaths per 100,000 people in Beverly Hills.42 Individuals with Respiratory
Disease
Higher temperatures are linked to respiratory problems, in part because they cause a buildup of air pollutants.43 This puts people with chronic respiratory illnesses at risk of adverse health impacts. One measure of respiratory disease prevalence is that there are 18.86 ER visits per 10,000 people in Beverly Hills.

Populations with Lower
Socioeconomic Status
Households with lower socioeconomic status are more at risk of heat stress and/or high temperature mortality. Having access to air conditioning contributes to people’s ability to withstand high temperatures. Lower income households may not have air conditioning in their dwellings, or if they do, they may not be able to afford running it. Additionally, individuals without a high school diploma are more likely to work in outdoor occupations where they are more exposed to high temperatures.

Roadway Network An increase in temperatures can cause pavement to soften and expand.

Impacts on the road network would include an increase in rutting and potholes and can place stress on bridge joints, increasing maintenance costs.44 Extreme heat can also limit construction activities.

Public Transportation High temperatures can cause rail tracks to expand and buckle which can cause accidents or slowing or suspending of rail traffic. While waiting for these delays and malfunctions to be resolved, riders could experience reduced air quality and heat related health impacts. Los Angeles Metro ranked vulnerability to extreme heat higher than any other climate hazard.45
40 Kenney WL, Craighead DH, Alexander LM. 2014. Heat waves, aging, and human cardiovascular health. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 46(10):
1891-1899. 41 Natural Disasters and Severe Weather. 2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health. https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heat_guide.html 42 Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. 2018. City and Community Health Profiles: Beverly Hills. Available:
http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ohae/docs/cchp/pdf/2018/BeverlyHills.pdf 43 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.d. Extreme Heat can Impact our Health in Many Ways. Available:
https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/EXTREME-HEAT-Final_508.pdf 44 Descalzo, Josette (Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager), et al. July 21 and July 28, 2021. Asset Manager Interviews.
45 Los Angeles County of Metropolitan Transportation. 2019. Metro Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 2019. Available:
<https://media.metro.net/projects_studies/sustainability/images/Climate_Action_Plan.pdf#page=35>. Accessed October 22, 2021.

Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 21
Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Potential Impacts
Electrical Utility Lines Indirect impacts to electrical utility lines could occur from increased use of the system from running air conditioners, leading to power outages in the City. Long periods of intense heat may result in increased use of electricity for home cooling purposes that could tax the overall electrical system and result in electricity restrictions or blackouts.

Energy prices are likely to increase, due to greater demand for air conditioning in the region and could put additional stress on energy supply. However, because more than 65% of residents in Beverly Hills already have air conditioners46, the grid is not likely to be taxed by increases in cooling.47 SCE takes into consideration the need for air conditioning use over multiple consecutive days and nights during heat waves. Because SCE is required to purchase electricity based on heat wave projections, the risk of air conditioners over-burdening the grid is low.48
Natural Gas Transmissions Minimal impacts expected, given that natural gas transmission lines are underground.

Communication Network Communication networks may be adversely impacted by increased temperatures, necessitating the need for backup power and/or a backup plan for communication networks should they fail during an extreme heat event. Internet failure and subsequently communication network failure could occur under a power outage-related incident.49 Temperature alone is not expected to impact communication networks.

Wastewater Conveyance
and Treatment
Water conveyance systems are generally underground and treatment systems are generally insulated or unaffected by heat. Thus, minimal impacts expected.

Water Conveyance and
Supply High temperatures would contribute to a reduced water supply through longer periods of increased demand, evaporation and could result in decreased potable water supply for the city. Increased temperature can also cause degradation of water quality, which may force the City to flush it out of the system, causing more water wasting. The City is implementing new technology to maintain water quality and only flush out the system as a last resort. As mentioned, increased temperatures may increase the number of unexpected power outages in the City affecting the water treatment and distribution system. Therefore, the City will use its diesel-powered generators more often which can emit GHG emissions in the surrounding areas and impact local air quality.50 The City is looking into energy storage at critical facilities to increase redundancy.

Stormwater Infrastructure Increased temperatures may increase the growth of vectors in the storm drain system. It can also deteriorate surface structures like catch basins.

Park and Recreation
Facilities
Increased temperatures can cause vegetation stress and algal blooms in ponds. Indirect impacts could include increased watering and related 46 The California Healthy Places Index (HPI). N.d. Air Conditioning. Available: < https://map.healthyplacesindex.org/ >. Accessed March 8, 2022.
47 Descalzo, Josette (Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager), et al. July 21 and July 28, 2021. Asset Manager Interviews.
48 Ibid
49 PG&E. N.d. How outages occur in hot weather. Available :
<https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/edusafety/systemworks/electric/howhotweatheroutages/how_outages_occur_in_ho t_weather.pdf>. Accessed October 22, 2021. 50 Ibid.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
22 Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Potential Impacts
costs. Increased temperatures could also impact summer recreation and community programing resulting in economic loss for the City.51 Schools Increased temperatures are likely to result in minimal direct impact to schools. An indirect impact is increase cooling costs to operate buildings with air conditioning.

High Occupancy Structures Increased temperature is likely to result in minimal impact to high occupancy structures. Heat could increase cooling costs for high occupancy structures.

Community Facilities and
Government Buildings
Increased temperatures are likely to result in minimal impact. Indirect impacts could be an increase in cooling costs.

Variable Precipitation
A warming climate is likely to influence the frequency and intensity of storms. Both increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns can lead to altered seasons and intense rainstorms in Beverly Hills. By the end of the century, most areas in the Los Angeles region are expected to see an increase in the wettest day of the year, with some locations experiencing up to 30 percent increases under RCP 8.5.52
Projections show that Beverly Hills may experience an increase of 0 to 0.2 inches of annual average precipitation between 2070 and 2099 compared to the modeled historical data from 1960-1990.

Overall, the projections show no clear or consistent trends during the next century. However, even small changes in average precipitation can lead to significant impacts on the water supply and storm flooding. Figure 8 shows annual projected precipitation in Beverly Hills. 51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.

Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 23
Figure 8 Annual Projected Precipitation in Beverly Hills Drought
Droughts occur when there is a period of unusually persistent dry weather with below-average rainfall. Drought severity depends upon the degree of moisture deficiency, the duration, and the size of the affected area. Drought is a regional and state-wide hazard and will impact the area in and surrounding Beverly Hills.53
Southern California is prone to periods of extremely dry conditions. The region recently experienced an exceptional drought during 2011-2015, with climate change contributing to historically warm temperatures, dry soils, precipitation deficits, and low snowpack.54 Climate change is projected to increase the probability that low precipitation years will coincide with above-average temperature years.55 This increases the likelihood of drought due to decreased supply of moisture and increased atmospheric demand for moisture as evaporation from bare soils and evapotranspiration from plants increase. Global climate models project significantly drier soils in the future over the Southwest and the West (including California), with more than an 80% chance of a multidecadal drought during 2050-2099 under the high emissions scenario. 56 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.
53 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.
54 Hall, Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles). 2018. Los Angeles Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-007. Available: <https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019- 11/Reg%20Report-%20SUM-CCCA4-2018-007%20LosAngeles_ADA.pdf>. Accessed October 19, 2021. 55 Ibid. 56 Ibid.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
24 In addition to evidence of increased drought severity, there is evidence for occasional wet years. Because
precipitation is projected to be variable, some years
will be less drought-prone than others due to more
frequent and possibly stronger storms. However, even
with more frequent intense storms, California’s water
systems are not currently designed to capture and
store runoff from projected storms which then implies
that more water could be lost to the ocean and
increase the possibility of drought.58
Heavy Precipitation Events
Increased temperatures and altered precipitation
patterns can lead to altered seasons and intense and
heavy rainstorms in Beverly Hills. California’s Fourth
Climate Change Assessment projects more extreme
precipitation events will occur throughout the Los
Angeles region. Climate change may cause low-lying
areas throughout Beverly Hills to experience more
frequent flooding and increase the extent of 100-year
floods. However, since the implementation of the
Holly Hills Mitigation Storm Drain Project, flooding risk has been reduced in the city. Due to Beverly Hills’
proximity to mountainous terrain and geographical
layout, the city may be impacted by flood events in the future.59 Heavy precipitation events, especially those
followed by wildfires, may increase landslides in areas of the city that are already susceptible to landslides.

Critical infrastructure potentially impacted by
landslides are listed in Table 2 and mapped in Figure 9. 57 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.
58 Ibid.
59 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.

Historical Flood Events
Based on the FEMA Flood Insurance
Rate Map panels and Flood Insurance
Study report for Los Angeles County
(effective September 2008), Beverly Hills
is in an “area of minimal flood hazard.”
However, flooding events have
historically impacted the city. These
impacts have occurred predominantly in
the southeastern and northeastern
sectors of the city, contiguous with cities
of Los Angeles and West Hollywood,
respectively. In February 1978 a
significant flooding event occurred in
the northeastern area the City. This
flooding event caused significant
impacts with an explosion of a natural
gas service line, loss of business, and
flooding of numerous multi-family
residential and commercial properties
with subterranean parking. Similar, but
less severe flooding events occurred in
1980, 1992, and 1993. Since 1993, no
major flooding has occurred in the City,
largely due to mitigation efforts. In the
winter of 2010, Southern California
experienced major storms with no
flooding occurrences in the City.57
Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 25
Table 2 Critical Infrastructure in Landslide Susceptibility Areas Map Object
ID (See
Figure 9) Facility Address
13 Fire Station No. 2 1100 Coldwater Canyon Dr
15 Beverly Hills High School & District Office 241 Moreno Dr 17 El Rodeo School 605 Whittier Dr
22 Coldwater Preschool at Coldwater Park 1100 N Beverly Dr 38 Reservoir No.7 & Radio Towers Not publicly available 39 Reservoir No.6 Not publicly available
40 Reservoir No.5 Not publicly available
41 Reservoir No.4B Not publicly available
42 Greystone Reservoir (Pump Station) Not publicly available 43 Reservoir No.4A-9398 Readcrest Not publicly available 44 Reservoir No.3A-Loma Vista Not publicly available
45 Coldwater Reservoir Not publicly available
47 Woodland Reservoir (Booster Station No.2) Not publicly available 53 Coldwater Canyon Park 1100 Coldwater Canyon Dr
54 Greystone Park 905 Loma Vista Dr
55 Will Rogers Park 9650 Sunset Blvd
City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
26 Figure 9 Critical Infrastructure in Landslide Susceptiblity Areas Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 27
Impacts from Change in Precipitation Patterns
Table 3 summarizes potential impacts of drought and heavy precipitation events on Beverly Hills’s populations, transportation, and critical infrastructure assets.

Table 3 Potential Impacts from Changes in Precipitation Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Potential Impacts
Populations with Lower
Socioeconomic Status
Lower income individuals may not be able to take on additional expenses such as repeated home repair or flood proofing that could be required due to extreme precipitation.60 Additionally, lower educational attainment (indicated by no high school diploma) can result in insufficient understanding of preparedness information for flooding risks.61
Minority and Linguistically
Isolated Populations
During flooding events, individuals from these groups may have limited access to information and resources because of language or cultural differences.62
Roadway Network Flooding can cause streets in Beverly Hills to deteriorate faster, causing potholes and rutting in high traffic areas.63 Flooding (and landslides caused by heavy precipitation events) can also damage or close roads, isolating parts of the City. Although there could be localized flooding from storms, the City’s mitigation projects have reduced flood risk.64 Public Transportation Buses and bus service may be impacted by flooded roads in the event of a high precipitation event.

Electrical Utility Lines Electrical utility lines in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones are underground, and therefore less susceptible to climate impacts such as stronger storms. However, both above and below-ground electrical utility lines north of West Sunset Boulevard may be at risk to potential landslide susceptibility, potentially disrupting service. There is some concern over private trees on the border of West Hollywood and Los Angeles and in alleys with above-ground electrical lines due to stronger storms or stress from drought.65
Natural Gas Transmissions High Pressure Distribution Lines lie right on the border of city limits and may be impacted by landslides, caused by heavy precipitation. Though not expected, major landslides could cause underground utilities to be disrupted and/or ruptured.66
Communication Network Increased precipitation may impact communication network infrastructure if power is lost, however, given that the electrical lines in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone are underground, minimal impacts are expected. Using a 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) frequency (industry 60 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the United States. 61 Ibid. 62 Gamble JL, Balbus J, Berger M, Bouye K, Campbell V, Chief K, Conlon K, Crimmins A, Flanagan B, Gonzalez-Maddux C, Hallisey S, Hutchins S, Jantarasami L, Khoury S, Kiefer M, Kolling J, Lynn K, Manangan A, McDonald M, Morello-Frosch R, Redsteer MH, Sheffield P, Thigpen Tart K, Watson J, Whyte KP, and Wolkin AF. 2016. Ch. 9: Populations of Concern. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 247–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0Q81B0T
63 Descalzo, Josette (Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager), et al. July 21 and July 28, 2021. Asset Manager Interviews.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
28 Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Potential Impacts
standard) or greater for wireless networks should yield a minimal to no impact from precipitation increases.67
Wastewater Conveyance
& Treatment
Flooding may disrupt or damage wastewater infrastructure with associated service and business interruptions and potential releases of untreated wastewater.68
Water Conveyance and
Supply
Typically, drought leads to increased water use which under certain circumstances could lead to increased price hikes which would disproportionally impact low-income families. 69 Drought may lead to less water available for a community, especially water used for landscaping.

The City obtains water supply from Metropolitan Water District (MWD) and local groundwater. Approximately 90 percent of the City’s water comes from MWD. Currently, MWD has the capacity to feed the entire Beverly Hills system. To reduce reliance on MWD, the City has three emergency connections that can store 43 million gallons (seven days without disruption). In addition, the City is drilling in the La Brea subarea for more groundwater supply which will be available Summer 2022. This will give the City a total of seven wells. The City is also looking for two additional wells over the next five years to increase redundancy. Supply from these wells could serve up to 33 percent of City demand.

Stormwater Infrastructure The implementation of the Holly Hills mitigation project reduced flood risk in the city. However, intense flooding and landslides may disrupt or damage water supply infrastructure, impacting service.

According to information gathered from the asset manager interviews, Beverly Hills’s storm drain facilities need updating due to the age and development after the stormwater system has been installed.70 More frequent and intense precipitation can overwhelm stormwater infrastructure and cause backups that lead to localized flooding or greater runoff of contaminants into local waterways.71
Parks and Recreation
Facilities
Drought could impact irrigation and may indirectly increase wildfire risk.72 In addition, heavy precipitation events could flood recreation facilities, impacting service.

Schools Beverly Hills High School and District Office and the Coldwater Preschool at Coldwater Park, and some residential buildings are at risk of landslides.

High Occupancy
Structures
The Beverly Hills Hotel is susceptible to landslides. Heavy precipitation could also deter visitors, resulting in economic losses to hotels and the City due to loss in tourism revenue.
67 Emerson Process Management. 2010. Impact of Weather on Smart Wireless Networks. Available:
<https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/white-paper-impact-of-weather-on-smart-wireless-networks-en-42650.pdf>.

Accessed October 22, 2021. 68 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.
69 Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC). 2017. Why Drought Makes Water Rates Rise. Available: <https://www.ppic.org/blog/droughtmakes-water-rates-rise/#:~:text=Droughts%20also%20drive%20up%20costs,repairing%20leaks%20to%20cut%20waste.>. Accessed April 21, 2022.
70 Descalzo, Josette (Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager), et al. July 21 and July 28, 2021. Asset Manager Interviews and in reference to the Integrated Water Resources Master Plant (IWRMP). 71 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. Climate Adaptation and Stormwater Runoff. Available:
<https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/climate-adaptation-and-stormwater-runoff>. Accessed November 3, 2021. 72 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.

Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 29
Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Potential Impacts
Community Facilities and
Government Buildings
Major facilities and governmental buildings impacted by landslides include Beverly Hills Fire Department Station #2. Emergency response systems could be affected by flooding through restricted access to and from emergency response facilities, such as the fire station.

Wildfire
Climate change can affect multiple elements of
the wildfire system, including fire behavior,
ignitions, fire management, and vegetation fuels.

Hot, dry spells create the highest fire risk, and
increased temperatures may intensify wildfire
danger by warming and drying vegetation. As a
result, the California Department of Forestry and
Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has identified Very
High Fire Hazard Severity Zones (VHFHSZ) in
Beverly Hills. The VHFHSZs includes the area
north of West Sunset Boulevard. Critical
infrastructure potentially impacted by wildfires
in the VHFHSZ are listed in Figure 4 and mapped
on Figure 10.

Though uncertainties exist in quantifying future
changes of burned area in the region, projections
indicate that the annual area burned in the Los
Angeles Region may increase over 5,000 acres by
mid-century. However, slightly lower increases in
acres burned are projected by the end of the
century, as continued warming (even with
moderate precipitation increases) could lead to
overall fuel declines necessary for wildfire.75
73 Descalzo, Josette (Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager), et al. July 21 and July 28, 2021. Asset Manager Interviews.
74 Ibid. 75 Hall, Alex, Neil Berg, Katharine Reich. (University of California, Los Angeles). 2018. Los Angeles Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-007. Available: <https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019- 11/Reg%20Report-%20SUM-CCCA4-2018-007%20LosAngeles_ADA.pdf>. Accessed October 19, 2021.

Recent Wildfire Events
Based on interviews with the City of Beverly
Hills Fire Department and Community
Services, wildfire events have impacted
Beverly Hills. In 2007/2008, the Beverly Fire
started in Los Angeles and traveled into
Beverly Hills. The fire resulted in roadway
closures along major arterials, affecting both
workers and travelers. Historically, large-scale
evacuation in response to wildfire risk in the
City has not occurred. Beverly Hills has not
experienced recent power safety shut offs
associated with wildfires. The City works
closely with SCE and SoCalGas to mitigate the
potential for power shut offs.73
Though Beverly Hills has not suffered
infrastructure damage from historical fires,
fires in surrounding jurisdictions have
impacted outdoor programming events due to
adverse air quality, including farmers markets
and outdoor summer camps.74
City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
30 Table 4 Critical Infrastructure in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone Map Object
ID (See
Figure 10) Facility Address
13 Fire Station No. 2 1100 Coldwater Canyon Dr
22 Coldwater Preschool at Coldwater Park 1100 N Beverly Dr 38 Reservoir No.7 & Radio Towers Not publicly available 39 Reservoir No.6 Not publicly available
40 Reservoir No.5 Not publicly available
41 Reservoir No.4B Not publicly available
42 Greystone Reservoir (Pump Station) Not publicly available 43 Reservoir No.4A-9398 Readcrest Not publicly available 44 Reservoir No.3A-Loma Vista Not publicly available
45 Coldwater Reservoir Not publicly available
47 Woodland Reservoir (Booster Station No.2) Not publicly available 48 Green Acres Pump Station Not publicly available
53 Coldwater Canyon Park 1100 Coldwater Canyon Dr
54 Greystone Park 905 Loma Vista Dr
Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 31
Figure 10 Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones
City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
32 Impacts from Increased Wildfire Risk
Table 5 summarizes the potential impacts of increasing wildfire risk on Beverly Hills’s populations, transportation, and critical infrastructure assets.

Table 5 Summary of Potential Impacts from Wildfire
Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Impact Summary
Populations with Lower
Socioeconomic Status
Lower socioeconomic status is correlated with less access to healthcare, which can mean higher rates of underlying health conditions which make them at risk of adverse effects from wildfire smoke.76 These households may also live in lower quality housing that lack the proper air filtration or insulation that can prevent exposure. Lastly, individuals with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to work in an outdoor occupation where they may be exposed to high concentrations of wildfire smoke.77 Populations with
Vulnerable Household
Characteristics and
Disability
Older adults tend to have a higher prevalence of lung and heart conditions which make them more likely to experience adverse health impacts from wildfire smoke. Children are also more at risk of lung problems related to smoke because their lungs are still developing and other physiological factors.78
Individuals with
Cardiovascular Disease
Wildfire smoke pollutes the air with fine particulate matter that may trigger severe cardiovascular events for people with underlying cardiovascular disease.79
Individuals with
Respiratory Disease
Wildfire smoke pollutes the air with fine particulate matter that may lead to breathing difficulties and trigger symptoms for people with chronic lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.80 Minority and
Linguistically Isolated
Populations
During a wildfire, individuals from these groups may have limited access to information and resources related to evacuation because of language or cultural differences.81 Minority and linguistically isolated populations may also not have access to information and resources about how to prepare their family and/or property for wildfire, or how to access programs that can help them do so.

Roadway Network Wildfires result in closure or the inability to travel on roads during wildfire events, which can isolate areas of the city and create severe health and safety risks. In addition, wildfires in neighboring jurisdictions can increase traffic in the city. Potential road closures and evacuation routes are major concern for the city. Coldwater Canyon Drive and Benedict Canyon Drive are major commuter-ways and closing these streets can have ripple effects and delay moving resources when responding to a fire.82
Public Transportation Increased wildfires are likely to result in minimal direct impact because all transit stops lie outside the VHFHSZ. However, wildfires in the surrounding 76 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. Which Populations Experience Greater Risks of Adverse Health Impacts Resulting from Wildfire Smoke Exposure? Available: https://www.epa.gov/wildfire-smoke-course/which-populations-experience-greater-risksadverse-health-effects-resulting 77 Ibid. 78 Ibid.
79 Ibid.
80 Ibid.
81 Gamble JL, Balbus J, Berger M, Bouye K, Campbell V, Chief K, Conlon K, Crimmins A, Flanagan B, Gonzalez-Maddux C, Hallisey S, Hutchins S, Jantarasami L, Khoury S, Kiefer M, Kolling J, Lynn K, Manangan A, McDonald M, Morello-Frosch R, Redsteer MH, Sheffield P, Thigpen Tart K, Watson J, Whyte KP, and Wolkin AF. 2016. Ch. 9: Populations of Concern. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 247–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0Q81B0T
82 Descalzo, Josette (Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager), et al. July 21 and July 28, 2021. Asset Manager Interviews.

Anticipated Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 33
Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Impact Summary
area could cause increased traffic and reduce transit service. In addition, smoke from wildfires could impact transit-related employees, and potentially reduce service.

Electrical Utility Lines Electrical utility lines in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone are underground, and therefore less susceptible to climate impacts such as wildfire. However, electrical system transformers may be vulnerable in hillside areas due to vegetation located near lines.83
Natural Gas
Transmissions
Minimal impacts expected, given that natural gas transmission lines are underground.

Communication
Network
Wildfires can create regional power outages either in anticipation or during such an event. Communication networks are required to have backup plans in place so residents may access 9-1-1 and 2-1-1 emergency related services across California. With the ever-changing landscape of wildfire externalities Beverly Hills may be susceptible to communication network outages during a wildfire due to safety power shut offs and wildfire-caused power outages.84 Wastewater
Conveyance and
Treatment
Wastewater infrastructure may be damaged or destroyed by fire.85 Water Conveyance and
Supply
Water supply to most areas of the City is very good, The Beverly Hills Fire Department has contingency plans to supply water to the City in case a catastrophic failure occurs in the water supply pumping system.86 Personnel that work in the field may face increased health risk during air quality emergencies.

Stormwater
Infrastructure
Minimal impact for wildfires. Storm conveyance system can be impacted by wildfire debris during firefighting activities and cleanup.

Parks and Recreation
Facilities
Parks in the City, especially those in the VHFHSZ including Coldwater Canyon Park and Greystone Mansion and Gardens, are at risk of increased wildfires caused by climate change. Wildfires in the area could impact events held at Greystone Mansion and Gardens, and programming, such as the pre-school program, at Coldwater Canyon Park, leading to economic loss.87 Schools The Coldwater Preschool at Coldwater Park lies in the VHFHZS. This school in may experience direct infrastructure damage from wildfire, and schools in the entire city could experience indirect impacts associated with wildfire smoke from fires in and surrounding the city.

High Occupancy
Structures
Hotels and other high-occupancy buildings, such as residential buildings, in the VHFHSZ may be impacted by wildfire. Hotels throughout the city could be impacted indirectly by wildfires in the region if tourists are deterred from visiting.88
Community Facilities
and Government
Buildings
Major facilities and governmental buildings potentially impacted by wildfires include Fire Station 2 and water reservoirs.89 Public safety services will likely be strained during wildfire events. Coordinating agencies will likely be 83 Ibid.
84 California Public Utilities Commission. 2020. CPUC Requires Wireless Companies to Better Serve Customers in Emergencies:
<https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M343/K979/343979403.PDF>. Accessed October 22, 2021. 85 Ibid. 86 City of Beverly Hills. 2017. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017-2022. Available:
<https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/308161150947855524/BeverlyHillsFinalLHMAP5.29.pdf>. Accessed October 18, 2021.
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid.
89 Ibid.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
34 Sensitivity
Type Sensitivity Impact Summary
similarly strained as fire seasons grow longer, and the intensity and extent of fires increases with climate change. Personnel that work in the field may face increased health risk during air quality emergencies.

Adaptive Capacity
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 35
Adaptive Capacity
Adaptive capacity is the ability to adjust to the consequences of climate change. This section summarizes the ways in which the City currently manages for the negative impacts of climate change. Types of adaptive capacity include adjustments in behavior, resources, and technologies.

Beverly Hills has actively taken steps to increase the City’s adaptive capacity. These include varying programs, plans and policies and are listed in Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, and Table 10 below.

Increased Temperature
Table 6 lists programs, plans, and policies that help increase the community’s resilience to increased temperature and extreme heat.

Table 6 Programs, Plans, and Policies to Manage Increased Temperature Impacts Existing and Planned
Programs, Plans, and Policies Objectives
SCE 2020 Transmission Maintenance
and Compliance Review (TMCR)
Report
This SCE report covers the years 2022 -2024 and organizes investments into six categories: “Compliance,” “Infrastructure Replacement,” “Wildfire Management,” “Work Performed by Operating Agent,” “Operations Support,” and “Physical/Cyber Security.” It identifies transmission maintenance and compliance projects to maintain the safe and reliable operation of its electrical grid.

Beverly Hills Office of Emergency
Management (OEM), National
Weather Service, and LA County
Partnership
This program is in place to plan and prepare for climate impacts and extreme/adverse weather events. Beverly Hills OEM is responsible for disseminating information to key staff from all City departments so that mitigation measures can be put in place ahead of adverse weather events. City departments successfully execute a variety of mitigation measures (securing infrastructure, clearing storm drains, rearranging outdoor programming as necessary, etc.) when this information is shared. These measures will continue to be effective when adequate lead time is given, and projected impacts are able to be anticipated. However, with climate change, it is likely that local jurisdictions and communities will experience climate impacts never seen before.

City-led Outreach The City conducts outreach through social media platforms, Nixle alert, Reverse 911 via text, call, and email, and press releases. The City can reach over 6,000 people through the reverse 911.

City-led Outreach to homeless
population
Beverly Hills reaches out to the homeless population 5 mornings per week throughout the city including the commercial areas and public parks. They offer services and facilitate moving homeless individuals to available shelters which are located outside the City.

Beverly Hills Park Master Plan for La
Cienega
This plan will provide additional recreation space for programs and seeks to augment indoor capacity in anticipation of increased temperatures.

Southern California Edison (SCE)
Automated System
SCE regularly communicates with customers in the City during power outages and identifies when power will be restored.

Southern California Edison (SCE)
Medical Baseline Program
SCE works with individuals with medical need for electricity (for oxygen, dialysis, etc.) to develop contingency plans. SCE regular conducts marketing for medical needs for electricity. It is aimed at customers in high fire risk areas, low-income customers eligible for free battery back-up (whole home battery), solar incentives, and others.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
36 Existing and Planned
Programs, Plans, and Policies Objectives
Southern California Gas Company
(SoCalGas) Partnering with Bloom
Energy Servers
SoCalGas has been exploring fuel cells (renewable gas or hydrogen) connected to the gas grid to provide redundancy if the electricity grid is down.

Southern California Gas Company
(SoCalGas) Programs
These programs include low-income and bill assistance program, climate adaptation and resiliency planning program to fund local government climate change efforts.

Asset managers identified staffing, facility, and community preparedness constraints associated with increasing adaptive capacity for increased temperatures, as described below.  Need to increase enrollment in the SCE Automated System.  Need to investigate offsite clean energy fueling stations for waste hauling in case of disruptions.  Cooling centers were prepared to be opened in the summers of 2020 and 2021; however, because no community members requested use of the facilities, they were not opened for use during high heat days in 2020 and 2021.
 Community Services Department staff indicated that the City has staffing capacity issues within the Community Service and Parks and Recreation divisions.

Variable Precipitation
Table 7 lists programs, plans, and policies that help increase the community’s resilience to flooding from more frequent and intense storms as well as extended drought.

Table 7 Programs, Plans, and Policies to Manage Precipitation Impacts Existing and Planned
Programs, Plans, and Policies Objective
California Energy Commission (CEC)
Report on Natural Gas System and
adaptation
This report evaluates scenarios that achieve an 80 percent reduction in California’s greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 from 1990 levels, focusing on the implications of achieving these climate goals for gas customers and the gas system
Beverly Hills excessive water use
policy
The City is exploring instituting this policy which would limit water use during drought conditions
Moving infrastructure out of
easements at risk of landslides
The City intends to move watermains out of hillsides and pipelines out to the public right of way
Integrated Water Resources Master
Plan (IWRMP)
This is a comprehensive medium term plan to improve the reliability of water, wastewater and stormwater systems. It also recommends expanding the City’s water resources to include non-potable source (stormwater and shallow groundwater) for non-potable use like irrigation.

Adaptive Capacity
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 37
Existing and Planned
Programs, Plans, and Policies Objective
Beverly Hill’s Reducing Losses in High
Risk Flood Hazard Areas: A
Guidebook for Local Officials - 1987
This guidebook offers actions that communities can take to reduce flood losses.

It also offers a table with sources for floodplain mapping assistance for the various types of flooding hazards. There is information on various types of flood hazards with regard to existing mitigation efforts and options for action (policy and programs, mapping, regulatory, non-regulatory). Types of flooding which are covered include alluvial fan, areas behind levees, areas below unsafe reservoirs, coastal flooding, flash floods, fluctuating lake level floods, ground failure triggered by earthquakes, ice jam flooding, and mudslides.

Separate meters for irrigation Incentivizes people to use less water and provides the City with the ability during water shortage to shut off irrigation without affecting potable water supply
Southern California Gas Company
(SoCalGas) partnership with CPUC
Work with CPUC is ongoing to explore and address risks to natural gas infrastructure from stronger storms and landslides.

Beverly Hills water emergency
ordinance
Ordinance established stricter rules and enforcement on water use during drought conditions.

Beverly Hill’s Urban Water Master
Plan Update - 2013
The City’s Urban Water Master Plan (UWMP) and related capital improvement programs assess water supply and demand and includes programs to monitor the City’s water reservoirs and drought conditions.

Asset managers identified issues with current programming and barriers to further increasing resilience. These issues and barriers are listed below.  Stormwater systems in Beverly Hills are older and need to be updated.  Water per capita remains significantly higher when compared to other cities, despite having met the MWD goal to reduce water use by 20%.
 Brush clearing can create a landslide risk in some areas. The City is prioritizing wildfire mitigation over landslide mitigation.

Wildfire
Table 8 lists programs, plans, and policies that help increase the community’s resilience to wildfire impacts.

Table 8 Programs, Plans, and Policies to Manage Wildfire Impacts Existing and Planned
Programs, Plans, and Policies Objective
Beverly Hills Wildfire Assessment
Report - 2021
This Report address the collective actions taken by the City of Beverly Hills to address their wildfire vulnerabilities. It provides a comprehensive overview to identify gaps from these efforts, while building consensus and initiating actions on how to move forward based on the most appropriate and effective steps possible. The focused goal is to help the City of Beverly Hills, and its citizens, be better prepared when – not if – a wildfire threatens this community. The report includes a GIS tool called FlameMapper, which is dedicated to understanding wildfire behavior, prediction, and structure vulnerabilities. Maps created with FlameMapper will help identify more precisely where the highest risks exist, and how the City may choose to prioritize their efforts. It also looks at potential vulnerabilities of Beverly Hills. The Wildfire Assessment Report examines key topics related to fire safety including public trees, private landscaping, education, evacuation challenges, smoke impacts and structure resiliency.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
38 Existing and Planned
Programs, Plans, and Policies Objective
Beverly Hills Building and Fire Code
Updates
Regular updates to the City's building and fire codes occur every three years, or when the State updates the California building and fire codes, to reflect the highest and best available standards for wildfire resistant design and performance of buildings and to conform to State requirements.

Beverly Hills Evacuation Routes –
2013
A plan adopted in 2013 that established Citywide evacuation routes during a disaster and strategies to educate the public about emergency access Beverly Hills Fire Department Access
– 9-2-2 Amendments to the Fire
Code
The City’s code establishes standards for private and public access drives and roadways to preserve and maintain Fire Department access to properties.

Beverly Hills Firewise Community
Board
The Firewise Community Board evaluates and implements recommendations made by the Firewise Communities Program.

Beverly Hills Firewise/Waterwise
Mitigation Demonstration Garden –
2013
A demonstration garden that educates the community on what type of plants are both Firewise and Waterwise.

Beverly Hills full-time Fire Inspector
for Evacuation Routes
The City employs a full-time inspector that helps to mitigate risk associated with wildfire and protecting evacuation routes.90
Beverly Hills New Development
Impacts - 2015
The City reviewed and revised the Zoning Code to limit uses and establish development standards for developments in landslide areas.

Beverly Hills Updated City Code –
2014
City codes were updated to reflect recommendations set forth by the Firewise assessment and Joint Wildland Interface Task Force.

Beverly Hills Vegetation
Management Public Education
Beverly Hills distributes public education materials to residents regarding vegetation management around their homes.

Beverly Hills Wood Roof Public
Education
Beverly Hills actively educates residents on the potential fire hazard regarding wood roofs.

Asset managers identified issues with current programming and barriers to further increasing resilience. These issues and barriers are listed below.  Though power lines in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone have been moved underground, there may be some lines South of Sunset Boulevard that are on private property and may be more difficult to underground. Accessing funding to implement wildfire mitigation strategies can be a challenge.

Multiple Climate Hazards
Table 9 lists programs, plans, and policies that help increase the community’s resilience to multiple climate hazards.

Table 9 Programs, Plans, and Policies to Manage Multiple Climate Hazard Impacts Existing and Planned
Programs, Plans, and Policies Objectives
City of Beverly Hills Local Hazard
Mitigation Action Plan 2017-2022
Provides a list of activities that may assist the City in reducing risk and preventing loss from future events. It also includes information that can assist City Departments, residents, public and private sector organizations, and others in participating in planning for disasters. It promotes public policy and 90 Descalzo, Josette (Environmental Compliance and Sustainability Programs Manager), et al. July 21 and July 28, 2021. Asset Manager Interviews.

Adaptive Capacity
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 39
Existing and Planned
Programs, Plans, and Policies Objectives
programs designed to protect the public, critical facilities, infrastructure, private and public property, and the environment from natural and humanmade hazards. See Table 10 below for specific LHMP mitigation strategies.

City of Beverly Hills General Plan 2021-
2029 Housing Element Update (Draft)
The Housing Element establishes a strategy to facilitate the provision of an adequate supply of safe, affordable housing for all community members, regardless of income, and inclusive of those with special housing needs. There are several goals and policies that will support the community’s capacity to better withstand the impacts associated with climate change, including policies that seek to improve housing affordability, provide services to the unhoused, upgrade existing housing stock, and promote green building practices. There are also policies to take action in combating patterns of segregation and fostering inclusive communities.

Urban Forest Management Plan for
the City of Beverly Hill (2022)
The Urban Forest Management Plan focuses on creating a climate resilient Beverly Hills through tree canopy. The plan includes analysis of climate-related threats to the urban forest including drought and extreme heat, excessive flooding, and pests and pathogens. The plan also includes goals, strategies, and objectives to increase resilience of the urban forest.

Community Emergency Response
Team (CERT) Program
Offered to residents of Beverly Hills to improve emergency preparedness.

Beverly Hills is looking at ways to make this program more cost effective Block by Block Program Program to provide safety and hospitality ambassador services to the City.

Commissioner Emergency Training Program to conduct disaster preparedness for all City Commissioners in order to have commissioners prepared to assist City during a hazard event.

Emergency Management Exercises Program to conduct periodic emergency management exercises with City personnel and surrounding jurisdictions.

Hazardous Materials Awareness Program to conduct outreach to all City residents on how to properly store and secure hazardous materials to avoid spillage and breakage during a hazard event.

Inter-jurisdictional Coordination The City continues to coordinate with and support the Los Angeles County Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA), the Los Angeles County Fire Department, and their Health & Hazardous Materials Division (HHMD) in carrying out inspections, emergency response, enforcement, and site mitigation oversight of hazardous materials and waste.

Joint Effort in Emergency Disaster
Management
Program to ensure that emergency disaster management is the mutual responsibility of all City Departments and a variety of stakeholders, including the Citizen Corp Program, Beverly Hills Unified School District private schools, local residents, and the business community
Medical Facility Identification Program to identify all possible medical facilities in the City that are capable of providing medical services, such as triage, during a large hazard event.

Table 10 lists the mitigation strategies identified in the City’s LHMP. These strategies, if implemented, improve the community’s resilience to climate change hazards. Existing adaptationrelated strategies from the LHMP will be referenced in the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan and new policies and actions will be developed, as necessary, based on gaps identified in this Vulnerability Assessment.

City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
40 Table 10 Climate Change-related Mitigation Strategies from the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hazard Mitigation Strategy
Flood Stormwater Physical Protection. Design and construct a flood barrier around the Police Station, Library, and parking structure to prevent water from entering these areas to provide physical protection against storm water exposure.

Flood Improve FERP (Flood Emergency Response Plan). Add the following components to FERP – A reliable flood warning method, a person who has the authority to activate the plan, a clear list of responsibilities for the key leaders, documented de-energization and shutdown procedures, actions to reduce the damage by using available resources and staff, and a recovery and cleanup plan.

Multi-Hazard Disaster Ready. Give City businesses the tools they need to prepare themselves to be self-sufficient in the event of a disaster. Participating businesses are encouraged to spread the word of this program to their surrounding neighbors. Businesses will be recognized for their efforts.

Flood Update Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance. Update flood construction provisions in Beverly Hills Municipal Code to coordinate with updated FEMA maps for the City.

Flood Greystone Reservoir, Reservoir 4A and LADWP water transition pipeline inundation and water pipe maps. Hire a consultant to develop and update the Greystone Reservoir and Reservoir 4A and develop LADWP maps and inundation maps. Mapping has been updated for Greystone.

Multi-Hazard Evacuation Route. Develop and educate residents on a Citywide evacuation route during a disaster.

Drought Water conservation project. Increase water conservation campaign exposure throughout the City.

Implement innovative water saving devices and programs, such as irrigation meters and volumetric wastewater pricing, for residents and businesses.

Drought Rehabilitation of Cabrillo Reservoir. Determine the feasibility of rehabilitating the site for an additional reservoir for firefighting and water storage resilience. The City is currently looking into alternative sites for water storage resiliency.

Drought Green Streets and Water Efficient Landscape on Burton Way Median. The project consists of constructing green street function on the median to collect urban runoff during a storm event to prevent pollutants from entering the storm drain system. The project will also utilize captured urban runoff for site irrigation.

Drought La Cienega Park and Frank Fenton Field Stormwater Retention. The project has a potential to capture

24.0 acre-feet of urban runoff from a large drainage area from the cities of West Hollywood, Los Angeles, and Beverly Hills. The purpose of the project is to collect urban runoff during a storm event to prevent pollutants from entering the storm drain system. The water collected will be discharged to the sewer system and eventually be an additional source for recycled water for the region.

Drought Shallow Groundwater Wells. Increase the City’s water supply. Develop and construct two shallow groundwater wells. The City is looking into two shallow wells at La Cienega Park.

Multi-Hazard Building and Fire Code Updates. Continue to update the City’s building and fire codes once every three years, or whenever the State updates the highest and best available standards for seismic design and performance of buildings and to conform to State requirements. Review and update existing city codes to reflect recommendations set forth by the FireWise assessment and joint Wild land Interface Task Force.

Fire Vegetation Management Public Education. Develop public education materials to the residents regarding vegetation management around their homes.

Multi-Hazard Inter-jurisdictional Coordination. Continue to coordinate with and support the Los Angeles County Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA), the Los Angeles County Fire Department, and their Health (Hazardous Materials Division) in carrying out inspections, emergency response, enforcement, and site mitigation oversight of hazardous materials and waste.

Fire Wood Roof Public Education DVD. Educate residents on the potential fire hazard regarding wood roofs.

Utility Failure Water Storage and Distribution. Develop a plan for water storage preparation and water distribution during infrastructure failure.

Vulnerability Overview
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 41
Vulnerability Overview
Vulnerability to climate change is based on the combination of exposure to future climate hazards, the sensitivity of the community and assets to climate hazards, and the capacity of the community and assets to adapt. This section provides a qualitative analysis of vulnerability for community members, infrastructure, disaster preparedness and response, and coordination in Beverly Hills. The City has already implemented infrastructure improvements to increase resilience (e.g., undergrounding utility lines in the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones), adopted disaster preparedness and response plans, adopted an Urban Forest Management Plan, and regularly engages with local, regional, and state stakeholders to increase resilience. However, there are significant gaps in policies and programs, particularly related to maintaining the useability of public facilities in the face of more extreme climate risks, accelerating home retrofits to harden against wildfire risk, preparing populations most vulnerable to extreme heat and poor air quality, reducing per capita water use, monitoring the risk of landslides, and more effective tracking and monitoring of resilience efforts. These findings, along with input from Beverly Hills residents and businesses, will be used to inform measure development for inclusion in the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan.

Populations
Overall, Beverly Hills residents have low social vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. This means they should be able to prepare for, respond to, and recover from climate shocks and stressors relatively well compared to other communities in California. However, there are small portions of the population with increased vulnerability due to their socioeconomic status, physical and household characteristics, minority and language status, and housing and transportation characteristics. The City should ensure that low-income households, older adults, people with disabilities, children, and renters are prioritized in resilience-related programs and in education and outreach.

Identify incentive programs and rebates that can reduce the costs associated with home resilience upgrades. Home improvements to improve water and energy efficiency, such as replacing gaspowered appliances and installing solar panels, require an initial investment which can be burdensome to low-income households. The City should incorporate financial support to lowincome households in new programs and building requirements.

Consider resilience actions that apply to renters. Data described in the SVI analysis indicate that over half of the population in the City are renters. Renters have less agency to make changes in their dwelling that could increase their resiliency, such as installing double-pane windows to better insulate their homes during extreme heat events. Additionally, households who rent tend to have lower incomes. The City should consider portable interventions (like portable air conditioners, air filters, and batteries) and community facilities where people can take refuge.

Provide education and outreach that specifically address the dangers of heat and wildfire for older adults, people with disabilities and underlying conditions, and children. Extreme heat and bad air quality are more dangerous for people who are physiologically frailer. They are more at risk of experiencing heat illness from the strain on cardiac and pulmonary systems. The City should provide targeted outreach and education about heat illness symptoms and prevention at places that City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
42 serve these populations (senior centers, religious institutions, schools, daycares, etc.). The City should consider partnering with public health experts and community-based organizations on preparing and disseminating materials and engaging in targeted outreach.

Infrastructure
As a result of climate change, City facilities and services will become exposed to a greater number of extreme heat events, extreme weather events (flooding), and wildfire (including air quality impacts).

Increases in wildfire risk are the predominant vulnerability for the City to address. However, because wildfire risk is linked to other climate change factors, including increased temperatures, drought patterns, and extreme weather, a comprehensive strategy will be needed to address climate change but also protect the public and the essential services from the air quality, weather, and heat hazards it is expected to experience in the coming decades.

The City has numerous existing adaptive capacities, including mitigation strategies from the LHMP and Urban Forest Management Plan, to continue and build from to manage climate change moving forward. It should focus its attention on resilience investments that address multiple forms of climate risks.

Maintain the useability of public facilities as temperatures increase and air quality emergencies become more prevalent. Climate change will drive the need for more energy and water efficient facilities. More robust temperature and air quality control may become necessary to protect the health of facility employees and visitors. These additional requirements will need to be incorporated into future facility retrofits and designs. The City should also conduct a feasibility study to investigate the potential offsite clean energy fueling stations for waste haulers to reduce disruptions during extreme heat events. In addition, setting more aggressive water use reduction goals for residents and encouraging or requiring separate irrigation meters that could be shut off during a water shortage could increase the community’s resilience to drought.

Maintain the integrity of public facilities as extreme weather events become more prevalent.

Severe weather will become more extreme because of climate change. Public facilities may be expected to withstand conditions beyond their original design parameters. For example, pavement binders may degrade more quickly or fail because of increased temperatures and stormwater infrastructure may be overwhelmed by more extreme precipitation events. Bus service could be disrupted because of flooded roadways. As a result, it will be necessary for the City to employ design parameters that account for climate change (not just based upon historical averages).

Structural changes may also be required to protect facilities from more extreme and dynamic wildfire risk. In addition, the City should consider installing landslide monitoring equipment and exploring landslide defenses, especially in areas where brush has been cleared to reduce wildfire risk. Coordination with transit providers to ensure minimal disruption to bus and train service because of localized flooding, wildfires, or damaged infrastructure from extreme heat will be necessary.

Maintain the ability of the City to provide essential services as extreme weather events become more prevalent. In most cases, the City can incorporate resilience strategies into existing plans and procedures to protect its services against hotter temperatures, more extreme weather, drought, and wildfire. This could include adding hazard mitigation and resilience criteria to its existing Capital Improvement Plans. The City should also consider increased investments in resilient alternatives to traditional infrastructure solutions such as green infrastructure, non-permeable pavements, and Vulnerability Overview
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 43
more tree cover. The City should include climate projections in design criteria so that new structures and infrastructure are built for future conditions rather than historical ones.

Disaster Preparedness and Response
The City can expect to experience a greater number of disasters because of climate change.

Potential types of disasters to prepare for include extreme heat emergencies, air quality emergencies associated with wildfire smoke, wildfire, flooding, and extreme weather. Increases in wildfire risk and extreme heat emergencies will be the predominant vulnerability for the City to address because of its potential severity and increase in probability of occurrence.

The City has significant existing capacity in the form of existing policies, measures, and programs in the form of drought contingency planning, fire protection, and coordination with neighboring jurisdictions (e.g., in the Wildfire Assessment Report which include mitigation strategies). The City has also hired a full-time inspector to help mitigate wildfire risk and protect evacuation routes. The City also has in place several planning documents that outline protocols, procedures, and operations for effective emergency response to a variety of hazards. However, more attention can be provided for heat and air quality emergencies.

Improve community preparedness for wildfire events. The City can continue to support public safety by providing clear messaging and guidance for evacuation planning, including how to sign up for the SCE Automated System, prepare structures and community members for the threat of increased wildfires, and how to prepare for potential loss of communication networks during an emergency Increased membership in the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) trainings, which can prepare neighborhoods for disaster scenarios, should continue to be encouraged.

Facilitate advanced planning and mobilization for evacuating vulnerable groups. Some households and individuals may require special assistance under evacuation orders. The City should continue to work with community-based organizations, hospitals, assisted living residences, other facilities that support people with limited mobility and those who may be socially isolated on evacuation planning. Evacuation procedures for all vulnerable residents (not just those currently participating in the Emergency Evacuation Assistance Registry Program) should be revised, reviewed, and retrained on a regular basis.

Improve preparedness for extreme heat emergencies. The probability of an extreme heat event that impacts the City is expected to increase because of climate change. The City should develop a response plan for heat emergencies and put in place contingencies should one occur. This plan should consider extreme heat events in conjunction with potential pandemic impacts or other compounding scenarios, such as poor air quality.

Coordination
The City already engages in a significant amount of coordination with local, regional, and state stakeholder. Given resource constraints, improved resilience for the City and its residents will require continued coordination with existing stakeholders in a focused and efficient way.

Regularly monitor and evaluate the implementation of resilience strategies. Given the anticipated influence of climate change on the City’s hazard risk, it will be important for the City to remain organized, understand what is working and where to prioritize resources. More effective activity tracking will enable the City to allocate resources, demonstrate progress, and be more accountable City of Beverly Hills
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
44 to its citizens. One option would be to create a new City staff position and integrate the implementation of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan into the workplan for existing City commissions.

Collaborate with utility providers to secure resources that improve community resilience.

Collaborate with utility providers like SCE to secure outside funding for resilience efforts. For example, SCE provides grant funding opportunities for public safety and emergency preparedness that focus on programs addressing wildfire risk, emergency preparedness, and electrical safety. The City should continue to focus on assessing resilience of critical facilities, such as the water treatment plant, and build in redundancies, like renewable energy sources.

Conclusion
This Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment identifies the community members, transportation assets and critical infrastructure assets most at risk to climate change hazards. Although climate change is one of the more pressing challenges Beverly Hills faces, it presents an opportunity to address multiple community goals, including improving the local economy, public health, quality of life, and the delivery of essential services. Specific actions the City of Beverly Hills will take to better prepare for the effects of climate change are provided in the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan.

Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast
Technical Appendix
prepared by
City of Beverly Hills
Department of Public Works
345 Foothill Road
Beverly Hills, California 90210
Contact: Josette Descalzo, Programs Manager
prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
706 South Hill Street, Suite 1200
Los Angeles, California 90014
March 2023
Table of Contents
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix i Table of Contents
1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Legislative Context and Requirements............................................................................... 1 2 GHG Emissions Inventories............................................................................................................. 2

2.1 2015 and 2019 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Overview..................................... 2

2.2 Inventory Methodology Overview...................................................................................... 3

2.3 Inventory Calculation Methodology by Sector and Source ................................................ 6

2.4 2015 and 2019 Community GHG Inventory Results.........................................................26

2.5 GHG Emissions Reduction Progress Since 2015................................................................30 3 GHG Emissions Forecast ...............................................................................................................34

3.1 Business-as-Usual GHG Emissions Forecast......................................................................34

3.2 Legislative Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecasts.................................................................43 4 GHG Emissions Back-cast..............................................................................................................53 Tables
Table 1 Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emission.............................................................................. 4 Table 2 CARB and ICLEI Community Protocol Sector Connectivity Summary ................................. 4 Table 3 Reported Municipal GHG Emissions Sources and Scope .................................................... 5 Table 4 2015 Community Electricity Data and GHG Emissions....................................................... 8 Table 5 2019 Community Electricity Data and GHG Emissions....................................................... 9 Table 6 2015 and 2019 Community Electricity T&D Losses Data and GHG Emissions..................10 Table 7 2015 and 2019 Community Natural Gas Data ..................................................................11 Table 8 2019 Municipal Electricity Data and GHG Emissions........................................................13 Table 9 2019 Municipal Natural Gas Data and Emissions .............................................................14 Table 10 Community On-road Transportation GHG Emissions.......................................................15 Table 11 Community Electric Vehicle Data and GHG Emissions .....................................................16 Table 12 Off-road Model Activity Data Sources..............................................................................17 Table 13 2015 and 2019 Off-Road Apportionment Metrics............................................................17 Table 14 2015 and 2019 Community Off-road Activity Data...........................................................17 Table 15 2015 and 2019 Community Off-road GHG Emissions.......................................................18 Table 16 2019 Municipal Fleet Fuel Consumption, Emissions Factors, and GHG Emissions...........19 Table 17 2019 Employee Commute Data and GHG Emissions........................................................20 Table 18 Community Water Consumption, Energy Intensity Data, and GHG Emissions ................21 Table 19 Community Wastewater Generation Data and GHG Emissions.......................................23 Table 20 2019 Municipal Water Consumption, Energy Intensity, and GHG Emissions...................24 City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
ii
Table 21 Community Solid Waste Data and GHG Emissions...........................................................25 Table 22 Municipal Solid Waste Data and GHG Emissions..............................................................25 Table 23 Carbon Sequestration Data, Assumptions, and GHG Emissions.......................................26 Table 24 Updated 2015 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results..........................................28 Table 25 2019 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results ........................................................30 Table 26 GHG Emissions Reduction between 2015 and 2019.........................................................31 Table 27 Growth Metrics for Beverly Hills BAU GHG Emissions Forecast.......................................35 Table 28 Growth Metrics and Associated GHG Emissions Sectors..................................................36 Table 29 Growth Indicators for BAU GHG Emissions Forecast........................................................37 Table 30 Activity Data for BAU GHG Emissions Forecast ................................................................38 Table 31 BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Passenger On-Road Transportation Data..........................39 Table 32 BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Passenger On-Road EV Activity Data.................................39 Table 33 Off-road Model Activity Data Sources..............................................................................40 Table 34 Beverly Hills BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Off-Road Fuel Consumption .........................40 Table 35 BAU GHG Emissions Factors..............................................................................................41 Table 36 BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Summary ...........................................................................42 Table 37 Transportation Legislative Reductions Data and Resulting GHG Emissions.....................44 Table 38 Transportation Legislation Electric Vehicles Emissions Increase......................................45 Table 39 Title 24 GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations ...............................................................46 Table 40 Electricity Provider Forecasted RPS and Electricity GHG Emissions Factors.....................48 Table 41 SB 100 GHG Emissions Reductions ...................................................................................49 Table 42 Beverly Hills Adjusted GHG Forecast Emissions Reduction Summary (MT CO2e) ............50 Table 43 Beverly Hills Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecast Detail (MT CO2e)....................................51 Table 44 Statewide GHG Emissions Levels for Relevant Economic Sectors and Beverly Hills GHG Emissions Estimates..........................................................................................................54 Figures
Figure 1 2015 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results ........................................................27 Figure 2 2019 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results ........................................................29 Figure 3 GHG Emissions Reduction between 2015 and 2019.........................................................32 Figure 4 Beverly Hills BAU GHG Emissions Forecasts through 2045...............................................43 Figure 5 Beverly Hills Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecasts through 2045 .......................................52 Figure 6 Beverly Hills BAU and Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecasts through 2045 ........................52 Introduction
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 1 1 Introduction
This technical appendix to the City of Beverly Hills (City) Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) provides background and details on the calculation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the 2015 and 2019 Community GHG Emissions Inventories, 2019 Municipal Operations GHG Emissions Inventory, GHG Emissions Forecast, and GHG Emissions Back-cast. The summary of these calculations provides a sound technical basis for the development of the CAAP and serve as component of the substantial evidence for the GHG reductions achieved by relevant California legislation and the GHG reduction measures included in the CAAP.

1.1 Legislative Context and Requirements
California considers GHG emissions and the impacts of climate change to be a serious threat to public health, the environment, economic well-being, and natural resources of the state, and has taken an aggressive stance to mitigate the impact on climate change through the adoption of legislation and policies, the most relevant of which are summarized below.  Executive Order (EO) S-3-05, signed by the Governor in 2005, establishes statewide GHG emission reduction targets to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows: by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels.

The 2050 target was accelerated by the 2045 carbon neutral target in Executive Order B-55-18, as discussed below.1
 Assembly Bill (AB) 32, known as the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, requires that California’s GHG emissions be reduced to 1990 levels by the year 2020 (approximately a 15% reduction from 2005 to 2008 levels). The AB 32 Climate Change Scoping Plan, 2008, identifies mandatory and voluntary measures to achieve the statewide 2020 emissions goal, and encourages local governments to reduce municipal and community GHG emissions proportionate with state goals.2
This State achieved this goal in 2017, reducing GHG emissions below 1990 levels three years before the target.
 Senate Bill (SB) 32, signed by the Governor in 2016, establishes a statewide mid-term GHG reduction goal of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) formally adopted an updated Climate Change Scoping Plan in December 2017 (2017 Scoping Plan), establishing the roadmap to achieve the 2030 goal and giving guidance to achieve substantial progress toward the 2050 state goal.
 Executive Order (EO) B-55-18, signed by the Governor in 2018, expanded upon EO S-3-05 by creating a statewide GHG goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. EO B-55-18 identifies CARB as the lead agency to develop a framework for implementation and progress tracking toward this goal. 1 Executive Orders are binding only unto state agencies. Accordingly, Executive Order S-3-05 will guide state agencies’ efforts to control and regulate GHG emissions but will have no direct binding effect on local government or private actions. 2 Specifically, the AB 32 Scoping Plan states that CARB, “encourages local governments to adopt a reduction goal for municipal operations emissions and move toward establishing similar goals for community emissions that parallel the State commitment to reduce GHG emissions by approximately 15% from current levels by 2020” (p. 27). “Current” as it pertains to the AB 32 Scoping Plan is commonly understood as between 2005 and 2008.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
2 2 GHG Emissions Inventories
California’s 2017 Scoping Plan, released by CARB in November 2017, outlines California’s strategy for achieving the state’s 2030 GHG emission reduction goal.3 Based on the 2017 Scoping Plan, there
are nine economic GHG emission generating sectors, which include: agriculture, residential and commercial buildings, electric power, high global warming potential (GWP),4 industrial, recycling and
waste, transportation, natural working lands net sink,5 and the Cap-and-Trade Program. The City of
Beverly Hills does not have a significant agricultural sector which generates GHG emissions; therefore, this sector is excluded from the inventory and is not discussed further. Typically, CARB regulates the GHG emissions associated with industrial stationary combustion through the California Cap-and-Trade Program; however, according to CARB’s annual summaries of reported GHG emissions for entities covered under Cap-and-Trade, there were no industrial facilities in the City regulated by CARB.6,7
Lastly, a full carbon inventory of net sources and sinks of GHG emissions in Natural and Working Lands is not included in this inventory due to a lack of granular data at the City scale; however, the carbon sequestration value of trees in the City right-of-way will be calculated using the City’s tree inventory.

The City of Beverly Hills 2015 and 2019 GHG emissions inventories provide separate assessments of GHG emissions generated by the community and by municipal operations for the City to exert stronger influence over GHG emission sources that are under their direct control. In this analysis, community-wide GHG emissions inventories (community inventories) are calculated for the years 2015 and 2019, while a municipal operations GHG emissions inventory (municipal inventory) is only calculated for the year 2019. There is significant overlap between GHG emission sources presented in the 2019 inventories; therefore, the municipal inventory is considered as a subset of the community inventory and the two inventories are not intended to be additive. The community inventory is intended to represent the total GHG emission emitted directly by and as a result of activities occurring within the City’s physical boundaries, from which a GHG emissions forecast and GHG reduction targets will be calculated. The municipal inventory provides deeper insight to a subset of the community GHG emissions, which are under direct control of the City and a result of municipal operations.

2.1 2015 and 2019 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Inventories Overview
The 2015 community inventory serves as an assessment of previous GHG emission levels, with the 2019 community inventory allowing for an understanding of how GHG emissions have changed over time. The 2019 community inventory is used here for the baseline of a GHG emissions forecast to 3 Per Senate Bill (SB) 32, the state is required to reduce GHG emissions by 40 percent below the 1990 levels by 2030. 4 High GWPs are not included in this analysis because the City does not have operational control over high-GWP generating sources; high GWP generating emission sources include refrigeration systems in large food processing plants and chemical and petrochemical facilities, among others.
5 Per the 2017 Scoping Plan, work is currently underway to estimate the range of potential sequestration benefits from natural and working land sectors.
6 Please see https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm for more information on the Cap-and-Trade Program. 7 California Air Resources Board. 2021. Mandatory GHG Reporting – Reported Emissions. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/mrr-data. Accessed May 16, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 3 estimate how GHG emissions may change in the future. A GHG emissions back-cast can be established using the 2015 community inventory by assessing how the State’s GHG emissions levels have changed since 1990. The percent change between the 2015 and 1990 statewide GHG emission levels can be used to estimate Beverly Hills 1990 GHG emissions levels.

The 2015 and 2019 community inventories include all relevant emission sources occurring within Beverly Hills’s geo-political control (i.e., sources of emissions within the City limits over which the City has significant influence or jurisdictional authority). A more in depth analysis of emissions resulting from facilities that the City owns and/or operates (e.g., City Hall) is presented in the 2019 municipal inventory. The municipal inventory is a subset of the community inventory, meaning that all municipal operations are included in the commercial, transportation, solid waste, or water categories of the community inventory. The municipal inventory is not added to the community analysis; rather, it is a portion of the total community GHG emissions. The municipal inventory allows the City to track its GHG emissions resulting from the City owned facilities and vehicles over which it is able to exert control with GHG reduction policies and ultimately lead by example.

2.2 Inventory Methodology Overview
The GHG inventories presented here are based on the Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) principles adapted from the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and the World Resources Institute (WBCSD/WRI) GHG Protocol Initiative (March 2004), which includes the United States Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community Protocol)8
and the Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOP) developed by ICLEI. These protocols identify specific principles that serve to guide the measurement and reporting of GHG emissions which include relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy. Both the LGOP and Community Protocol state that local governments should assess emissions of all six internationally recognized GHGs. These gases are outlined in Table 1, which includes their sources and GWP.9 This inventory was prepared in conformance with International Organization of Standardization (ISO) 14064-1 and therefore, incorporates the latest 100-year GWP values published in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5).10 The GWP refers to the ability of each gas to trap heat in the atmosphere. For example, one pound of methane has 28 times more heat capturing potential than one pound of carbon dioxide. This report focuses on the three GHGs most relevant to local government policymaking: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). These gases comprise a large majority of GHG emissions at the community level. Other gases such as hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluorides are emitted primarily in private sector manufacturing and electricity transmission and are the subject of regulation at the state level and therefore, have been omitted from this inventory. GHG emissions are reported in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e) units, per standard practice. When dealing with an array of emissions, the gases are converted to their carbon dioxide equivalents for comparison purposes.
8 ICLEI. July 2019. U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emission. 9 According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the GWP was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of one ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of one ton of carbon dioxide (USEPA 2017; https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials. Accessed August 12, 2021) 10 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 14064-1 in 2006 (revised 2018) to provide an international standard for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
4 Table 1 Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emission
Greenhouse Gas Formula Primary Source(s) GWP (CO2e)
Carbon Dioxide CO2 Fuel combustion 1
Methane CH4 Fuel combustion, anaerobic decomposition of organic waste (landfills, wastewater treatment plants), fuel handling 28 Nitrous Oxide N2O Combustion and wastewater treatment 265 Hydrofluorocarbons Various Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 4-12,400 Perfluorocarbons Various Aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, HVAC equipment manufacturing
6,630-11,100
Sulfur Hexafluoride SF6 Transmission and distribution of power 23,500 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment Report AR5, Chapter 8 Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. 2014. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2021.

GWP: Global Warming Potential
Community GHG Emissions Inventories Overview
Based on the requirements of the Community Protocol developed by ICLEI, a minimum set of five “Basic Emissions Generating Activities” or sectors must be included in all Community Protocolcompliant GHG emissions inventories. Specifically, local governments must include GHG emissions associated with the following sectors: use of electricity by the community, use of fuel in residential and commercial stationary combustion equipment, on-road passenger and freight motor vehicle travel, use of energy in potable water and wastewater treatment and distribution, and generation of solid waste by the community. The purpose of this requirement is to facilitate the process of assessing GHG emission sources and activities over which local governments commonly have influence, and to support shared learning and comparison on a common set of GHG emissions across communities. Therefore, this community inventory includes all applicable sectors, as well as the additional forest land and trees sector, to evaluate urban forest carbon sequestration value. As demonstrated in Table 1, all other economic sectors outlined above for the CARB 2017 Scoping Plan align with the Community Protocol GHG emission sectors.

Table 2 CARB and ICLEI Community Protocol Sector Connectivity Summary CARB 2017 Scoping Plan
Economic Sector ICLEI Community Protocol Sector
Sector in Beverly Hills
Community Inventory
Residential and commercial Use of electricity by the community, use of fuel in residential and commercial stationary combustion equipment
Energy
Electric power
Recycling and waste Generation of solid waste by the community Solid Waste Transportation On-road passenger and freight motor vehicle travel Transportation NA Use of energy in potable water and wastewater treatment and distribution
Water and Wastewater
Natural and working lands Forest Land and Trees Carbon Sequestration Notes: NA = Not applicable
GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 5 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Overview
Likewise, the ICLEI LGOP is designed to provide a standardized set of guidelines to assist local governments in quantifying and reporting GHG emissions associated with their government operations. According to the LGOP, to separately account for direct and indirect emissions, to improve transparency, and to provide utility for different types of climate policies and goals, municipal GHG emissions should be categorized by scope.11 The scope of a GHG emission source is based on the degree of operational control the City has over the emission sources, and whether they occur within or outside of the jurisdictional boundaries.12 In addition to scope, municipal emissions should also be categorized into the following local government sectors: buildings and other facilities, streetlights and traffic signals, water delivery facilities, port facilities, airport facilities, vehicle fleet, transit fleet, power generation facilities, solid waste facilities, and wastewater facilities.13 The municipal GHG emission sectors included in this municipal inventory, and the associated scope of emission sources, are provided in Table 3.

Table 3 Reported Municipal GHG Emissions Sources and Scope Sector in 2019
GHG Inventory GHG Emissions Source GHG Emissions Scope
Energy Natural Gas (Buildings and other facilities) Scope 1 Electricity (Buildings and other facilities, streetlights and traffic signals, water delivery facilities and vehicle fleet)
Scope 2
Transportation Municipal Vehicles Fleet Scope 1
Public Transit Fleet Scope 1
Employee Commute Scope 3
Water and Wastewater Water Consumption Scope 3
Solid Waste Municipal Waste Generation Scope 3
11 It is important to note that municipal emissions are a subset of the community emissions and are calculated separately to provide a source of information to develop GHG reduction measures targeted for City operations. 12 Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions from sources within a local government’s operations that it owns and/or controls.

Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of electricity, steam, heating, or cooling that are purchased from a utility provider that also provides energy to other jurisdictions and/or is located outside City boundaries.

Scope 3: All other indirect GHG emissions not covered in Scope 2. 13 The following local government sectors are not relevant to the City of Beverly Hills Municipal Operations GHG emissions inventory and are therefore excluded from the GHG inventories and not further discussed in this analysis.  Port facilities: The City is not surrounded by any body of water that could support a port.  Airport facilities: The City does not have an airport within the City borders, nor does it have operational control over an airport.  Power generation facilities: The City purchases electricity from Southern California Edison and the Clean Power Alliance and does not have operational control over power generation facilities.  Solid waste facilities: The City does not have a landfill within its borders, nor does it have operational control over a landfill.  Wastewater facilities: The City’s wastewater collection and processing is provided by the Los Angeles County Sanitation District. A small portion of the City’s overall electricity consumption may be attributed to the collection of wastewater, which is included in the “buildings and other facilities” sector.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
6 2.3 Inventory Calculation Methodology by Sector and
Source
Energy Sector GHG Emissions Data and Methodology
GHG emissions included in the energy sector are generated through electricity and natural gas consumption. The City of Beverly Hills has two primary electricity providers, Southern California Edison (SCE) and Clean Power Alliance (CPA), with some electricity customers obtaining direct access electricity from third-party private providers. While electricity in the City is purchased from multiple sources, SCE continues to provide electricity transmission and customer billing for all electricity consumed in the City. The City joined CPA in 2017 and began receiving electricity from CPA in February 2019. As of 2019, electricity customers were provided four options for their electricity service:

1. Continue to purchase electricity from SCE.

2. Purchase electricity from CPA and receive 36% renewable energy (Lean Power Rate Product).

3. Purchase electricity from CPA and receive 50% renewable energy (Clean Power Rate Product).

4. Purchase electricity from CPA and receive 100% renewable energy (100% Green Power Rate Product).

Community Energy (Electricity & Natural Gas) GHG Emission Sources

COMMUNITY ELECTRICITY INVENTORY DATA
Community electricity consumption data was obtained from multiple sources, and some data processing was required to accurately attribute electricity consumption to the appropriate electricity provider. Data for the 2019 Community GHG Inventory was obtained from SCE and CPA in the form of kilowatt-hour (kWh) consumption. Total electricity consumption in the City for 2019 was obtained from SCE through the official energy data request program (EDRP), which includes electricity consumption SCE, CPA, and direct access customers.14 The SCE data provided annual electricity consumption disaggregated by the residential, commercial, and industrial customer classes. California Public Utilities Commissions (CPUC) aggregation rules are intended to protect customer confidentiality by reducing the possibility of identifying customers through the release of consumption information.15 Data provided by SCE passed both the 15/20 and 5/25 aggregation rules and is aggregated annually and assumed to be complete.16 CPA provided electricity consumption by month for all CPA customers in each “Rate Product” for 2019.17 The CPA data did not disaggregate consumption by customer class.

In obtaining data from SCE through the EDRP, a non-disclosure agreement was signed by Rincon and the City of Beverly Hills to limit the publication of energy consumption data to protect customer 14 Data provided to the City by email from SCE on April 23, 2021. 15 Residential, Commercial Consumption Data 15/20 Rule: Aggregated over a group consisting of 15 customers in a single customer class.

No single customer accounts for more than 20 percent of the total energy consumption in an individual month.

Industrial Consumption Data 5/25 Rule: Aggregated over a group consisting of five customers in a single customer class. No single customer accounts for more than 25 percent of the total energy consumption in an individual month. 16 Residential, Commercial Consumption Data 15/20 Rule: Aggregated over a group consisting of 15 customers in a single customer class.

No single customer accounts for more than 20 percent of the total energy consumption in an individual month.

Industrial Consumption Data 5/25 Rule: Aggregated over a group consisting of five customers in a single customer class. No single customer accounts for more than 25 percent of the total energy consumption in an individual month. 17 Data provided to the City by email from CPA on April 5, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 7 privacy. Pursuant to the non-disclosure agreement, community electricity consumption activity data provided by SCE for the 2019 Community GHG Inventory cannot be disclosed to the public, and as such will not be included in the GHG inventory, or any public facing documents. Due to data retention policies by SCE, data was not available for the 2015 community inventory through the EDRP process. Electricity consumption data for the 2015 community inventory was obtained from the Los Angeles County Chief Sustainability Office, consisting of data that was included as part of the 2019 OurCounty Sustainability Plan for Los Angeles County.18 This data consists of electricity consumption by customer class in megawatt-hours, which was converted to kWh for consistency with the 2019 Community Inventory data.

GHG emissions associated with electricity consumption are generated at varying rates depending on the electricity provider and CPA Rate Product, and as such, electricity consumption must be attributed appropriately by the varied rates of GHG emission generation. Specifically, electricity purchased from SCE generates GHG emissions at a specific rate, while each Rate Product for electricity purchased from CPA also generate GHG emission at specific rates depending on the amount of renewable and GHG-free electricity included in the electricity source mix. Since the SCE data obtained in 2019 encompasses all electricity consumption in the City, the total electricity purchased by customers from SCE and other direct access third-party providers was assumed to be the difference between the total electricity consumption provided by SCE and CPA. The total electricity provided to customers by direct access third-party providers was not available, and as such, this electricity consumption is assumed to be include in the SCE electricity consumption and is also assumed to generate GHG emissions at a rate similar to SCE electricity.

Due to a lack of reporting of electricity consumption by customer class for CPA data, electricity consumption by customer class in 2019 was estimated based on the percentage of total electricity consumption by residential, commercial, and industrial customers in 2015. It is possible that a smaller number of high-energy consuming commercial customers have opted-out of CPA and continue to purchase electricity from SCE, which would mean a larger proportion of CPA energy consumption is used by residential customers. However, due to customer privacy regulations it is not possible to obtain a detailed breakdown to support this assumption. This estimate of the breakout between consumption for non-residential and residential customers is primarily performed for the purposes of GHG emission forecast. The reporting of GHG emissions in the inventory summary does not breakout by customer class for 2019, as this data is not accurately known and is primarily an estimate for GHG emissions forecasting purposes.

GHG emissions associated with community electricity consumption are calculated using Community Protocol Method BE.2 Emissions from Electricity Use. Annual average electricity GHG emission factors used to calculate GHG emissions vary by year, electricity provider, and CPA Rate Product.

The SCE electricity GHG emission factors were obtained from the 2017 and 2019 Edison International Sustainability Reports.19,20 The CPA GHG emission factors for each Rate Product were obtained from the Climate Registry’s public Utility-Specific Emission Factors for CPA, which is a third-party verified source.21 CPA GHG emission factors were provided in form of pounds of CO2 and 18 Los Angeles County. 2019. LA County Building Electricity and Natural Gas by Sector by City (2015). https://data.lacounty.gov/Sustainability/LA-County-Building-Electricity-and-Natural-Gas-by-/ca5h-dxi4. Accessed May 16, 2021. 19 Edison International. 2018. Edison International Sustainability Report 2017. https://www.edison.com/content/dam/eix/documents/sustainability/eix-2017-sustainability-report.pdf. pg. 10. Accessed May 16, 2021. 20 Edison International. 2020. Edison International Sustainability Report 2019. https://www.edison.com/content/dam/eix/documents/sustainability/eix-2019-sustainability-report.pdf. pg. 12. Accessed May 16, 2021. 21 The Climate Registry. 2021. CRIS Public Reports. Utility-Specific Emission Factors. https://www.theclimateregistry.org/ourmembers/cris-public-reports/. Accessed May 16, 2021 City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
8 converted to MT CO2 to provide an equivalent reporting metric.22 Emissions from CH4 and N2O were then accounted for by adjusting the emission factors using average total output emission factors for the California grid (i.e., the CAMX eGRID Subregion) from the U.S. EPA Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database for 2019 (eGRID2019).
23 As further detailed in the Community On-road Transportation Inventory Data below, final building electricity GHG emissions were adjusted to exclude the GHG emissions from electric vehicle charging since this is accounted for in the on-road transportation subsector. Specifically, on-road passenger electric vehicle GHG emissions were subtracted from residential electricity GHG emissions.

The (non-adjusted) community electricity consumption activity data, GHG emissions factors, and resulting adjusted and non-adjusted GHG emissions are provided for the year 2015 in Table 4, and for the year 2019 in Table 5.

Table 4 2015 Community Electricity Data and GHG Emissions Data Type Value
% of Total
(Consumption) Data Source
Electricity Consumption Activity Data – SCE and Direct Access Residential 200,714,500 kWh 35.30% Los Angeles County. 2019. LA County Building Electricity and Natural Gas by Sector by City
(2015).
https://data.lacounty.gov/Sustainability/LACounty-Building-Electricity-and-Natural-Gas-by- /ca5h-dxi4. Accessed May 16, 2021.

Commercial 367,176,420 kWh 64.58%
Industrial 673,731 kWh 0.12%
Total 568,564,651 kWh 100.00%
Electricity GHG Emissions Factor
SCE Electricity
GHG Emission
Factor

0.0002345 MT CO2e/kWh NA Edison International. 2018. Edison International Sustainability Report 2017.
https://www.edison.com/content/dam/eix/docu
ments/sustainability/eix-2017-sustainabilityreport.pdf. pg. 10. Accessed May 16, 2021 Electricity GHG Emissions
Residential 47,068 MT CO2e 35.30% Calculated by multiplying the emissions factor and total activity data above. Commercial 86,103 MT CO2e 64.58% Industrial 158 MT CO2e 0.12%
Adjusted Electricity GHG Emissions
Residential 46,945 MT CO2e 35.24% Calculated by subtracting GHG emissions from electricity consumption for electric vehicle
charging from residential electricity GHG
emissions.

Commercial 86,103 MT CO2e 64.64%
Industrial 158 MT CO2e 0.12%
Total 133,206 MT CO2e 100.00%
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; SCE = Southern California Edison Totals may not add due to rounding.
22 2,204.62 lbs = 1 MT
23 USEPA. 2021. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). eGRID Summary Tables 2019. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2021-02/documents/egrid2019_summary_tables.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 9 Table 5 2019 Community Electricity Data and GHG Emissions Data Type SCE
CPA –
100% Green
Power
CPA –
Clean Power
CPA –
Lean Power Data Source
Electricity Consumption Activity Data1
Residential Redacted2 35,512 kWh 103,036,131 kWh 812,204 kWh Data provided to the City by email from SCE on April
23, 2021.

Data provided to the City
by email from CPA on April
5, 2021.

Commercial Redacted2 51,797 kWh 150,286,941 kWh 1,184,669 kWh Industrial Redacted2 21,909 kWh 63,567,841 kWh 501,087 kWh Total Redacted2 109,217 kWh 316,890,912 kWh 2,497,960 kWh Electricity GHG Emissions Factor
Emission
Factor3

0.0002400
MT
CO2e/kWh

0.0000000
MT CO2e/kWh

0.0001639
MT CO2e/kWh

0.0002708
MT CO2e/kWh
The Climate Registry. 2021.

CRIS Public Reports. UtilitySpecific Emission Factors. https://www.theclimatereg
istry.org/our-members/crispublic-reports/. Accessed
May 16, 2021
Edison International. 2020.

Edison International
Sustainability Report 2019.
https://www.edison.com/c
ontent/dam/eix/document
s/sustainability/eix-2019-
sustainability-report.pdf.
pg. 12. Accessed May 16,
2021.

Electricity GHG Emissions
Residential Redacted2 0 MT CO2e 16,957 MT CO2e 220 MT CO2e Calculated multiplying the emissions factor and total
activity data above.

Commercial Redacted2 0 MT CO2e 24,734 MT CO2e 322 MT CO2e Industrial Redacted2 0 MT CO2e 10,462 MT CO2e 136 MT CO2e Total 45,957 MT
CO2e
0 MT CO2e 51,938 MT CO2e 676 MT CO2e
Adjusted Total Electricity GHG Emissions
Total Residential 31,714 Calculated as summing the
residential and
nonresidential electricity
GHG emissions across SCE
and CPA and subtracting
the GHG emissions
associated with electric
vehicle charging.

Total Nonresidential3 66,522
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MWh = megawatt-hour; SCE = Southern California Edison; CPA = Clean Power Alliance.

Totals may not add due to rounding.
1 Electricity consumption by customer class was determined by multiplying the total electricity consumption for each Rate Product by the percentage of total electricity consumption in Table 4. Only the total consumption for each Rate Product was provided by CPA, and customer class totals are estimated.
2 Due to California Public Utilities Commissions customer data privacy regulations and the terms of the associated non-disclosure agreement, electricity consumption data obtained through the Energy Data Request Program cannot be publicly disclosed. 2 Reported CPA emission factors from CRIS only accounted for CO2 emissions from electricity. The reported emission factors (i.e., 0 MT CO2/kWh for 100% Green Power, 0.000163 MT CO2/kWh for Clean Power, and 0.0002699 MT CO2/kWh for Lean Power) were adjusted to also account for CH4 and N2O emissions using total output emission factors (i.e., 0.033 lbs/MWh for CH4 and 0.004 lbs/MWh for N2O) from the eGRID2019 and applying the respective GWPs. 3 Nonresidential includes commercial and industrial electricity consumption.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
10 COMMUNITY ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES INVENTORY DATA When electricity is transported through transmission wires over long distances some of the energy is lost as heat, resulting in transmission losses. Additional energy is lost when electricity is delivered to lower voltage wires for distribution to end users, resulting in distribution losses. The Community Protocols recommend reporting of transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, as this emission source can be reduced through increased distributed energy generation (i.e., solar photovoltaic) by reducing the need for electricity that is transported over long distances.

T&D losses are calculated by applying a grid loss factor to the total electricity consumed in the City, as provided in Table 4 and Table 5, using Community Protocol Method BE.4.1. Total electricity consumption was adjusted to exclude electricity used to charge electric vehicles since these emissions are considered negligible. Specifically, on-road passenger electric vehicle miles traveled (EVMT) electricity was subtracted from the residential electricity activity data. The grid loss factor used to estimate T&D losses was obtained from eGRID 2019, for the WECC California regional grid.24 GHG emissions from the T&D losses are calculated by multiplying the estimated losses by the appropriate GHG emission factor for eGRID 2019 and 2016.

The community electricity T&D losses activity data, GHG emissions factors, and resulting GHG emissions are provided for the years 2015 and 2019 in Table 6.

Table 6 2015 and 2019 Community Electricity T&D Losses Data and GHG Emissions Data Type 2015 2019 Data Source
Electricity T&D Losses Activity Data
Total Electricity
Consumption
568,564,651 kWh 510,987,357 kWh USEPA. 2016. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). eGRID Summary Tables
2016. https://www.epa.gov/egrid/historical-egriddata. Accessed February 14, 2023.

USEPA. 2021. Emissions & Generation Resource
Integrated Database (eGRID). eGRID Summary Tables
2019.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2021-
02/documents/egrid2019_summary_tables.pdf.

Accessed May 16, 2021.

Adjusted Total
Electricity
Consumption
568,040,551 kWh 509,244,275 kWh
Grid Loss Factor 4.23% 5.1%
Estimated T&D
Losses
24,028,115 kWh 25,971,458 kWh
Electricity GHG Emissions Factor
eGRID Electricity
GHG Emissions
Factor1

0.0002345
MT CO2e/kWh

0.000193
MT CO2e/kWh
Edison International. 2018. Edison International
Sustainability Report 2017.
https://www.edison.com/content/dam/eix/document
s/sustainability/eix-2017-sustainability-report.pdf. pg.

10. Accessed May 16, 2021
2019 electricity GHG emission factor is the weighted
average for all providers, as provided in Table 5.

Electricity T&D Losses GHG Emissions
Total GHG
Emissions
5,635 MT CO2e 5,010 MT CO2e Calculated by multiplying the above adjusted activity data, grid loss factor, and emissions factor.

Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; SCE = Southern California Edison; T&D = transmission and distribution losses.

Totals may not add due to rounding. 1 2015 T&D Losses use the GHG emission factor for from the 2016 version of eGRID, while the 2019 GHG emission factor uses the 2019 version of eGRID.
24 USEPA. 2021. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). eGRID Summary Tables 2019. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2021-02/documents/egrid2019_summary_tables.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 11

COMMUNITY NATURAL GAS INVENTORY DATA
Community natural gas use is based on residential, commercial, and industrial building energy use.

Community natural gas consumption data for 2015 and 2019 was obtained from SCG through the EDRP, which was aggregated in the form of total annual therms.25 Similar to electricity, the data was provided by customer category (i.e., commercial, industrial, and residential). California Public Utilities Commissions (CPUC) aggregation rules are intended to protect customer confidentiality by reducing the possibility of identifying customers through the release of consumption information.26 Data provided by SCG passed both the 15/20 and 5/25 aggregation rules, is aggregated annually, and assumed to be complete.

Similar to the data provide by SCE through the EDRP, the data provided by SCG also included a nondisclosure agreement was signed by Rincon and the City of Beverly Hills to limit the publication of energy consumption data to protect customer privacy. Pursuant to the non-disclosure agreement, community natural gas consumption activity data provided by the SCG for the 2015 and 2019 community inventories cannot be disclosed to the public, and as such will not be included in the GHG inventory, or any public facing documents.

GHG emissions associated with community natural gas consumption are estimated using Community Protocol Method BE.1.1 Stationary Fuel Combustion based on default emission factors obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Table 1 Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories (0.005313 MT CO2e/therm). 27 The community natural gas activity data, GHG emissions factors and calculated GHG emissions are provided for the year 2015 and 2019 in Table 7.

Table 7 2015 and 2019 Community Natural Gas Data
Data Type 2015 2019 Data Source
Consumption Total Redacted1 Redacted1 Data provided to the City by email from SCG on March 16, 2021.

Natural Gas
Combustion GHG
Emission Factor

0.005313 MT
CO2e/therm

0.005313 MT
CO2e/therm
USEPA. 2018. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas
Inventories.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-
03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf.

Accessed May 16, 2021.

GHG Emissions from
NG Combustion
78,678 MT
CO2e
89,061 MT CO2e Calculated multiplying the emissions factor and total activity data above.

Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; NG = natural gas Totals may not add due to rounding.
1 Due to California Public Utilities Commissions customer data privacy regulations and the terms of the associated non-disclosure agreement, natural gas consumption data obtained through the Energy Data Request Program cannot be publicly disclosed. 25 Data provided to the City by email from SCG on March 16, 2021. 26 Residential, Commercial Consumption Data 15/20 Rule: Aggregated over a group consisting of 15 customers in a single customer class.

No single customer accounts for more than 20 percent of the total energy consumption in an individual month. Industrial Consumption Data 5/25 Rule: Aggregated over a group consisting of five customers in a single customer class. No single customer accounts for more than 25 percent of the total energy consumption in an individual month. 27 USEPA. 2018. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
12 Municipal Energy (Electricity & Natural Gas) GHG Emission Sources

MUNICIPAL ELECTRICITY INVENTORY DATA
The LGOP recommends reporting scope 2 electricity use emissions from the municipality in the following sub-sectors: 1) streetlights and traffic signals, 2) water delivery facilities, 3) port facilities, 4) airport facilities, 5) vehicle fleet, 6) transit fleet, 7) power generation facilities, 8) solid waste facilities, 9) wastewater facilities, and 10) all other municipality buildings/facilities. Reporting for the 2019 municipal inventory includes streetlights and traffic signals, water delivery facilities, wastewater facilities, and municipal buildings and facilities. The City operates four groundwater pumping wells, water treatment facilities, water delivery and conveyance pumps, and wastewater conveyance pumps. Due to the format of the electricity data provided, it was not possible to disaggregate these end uses completely. As such, the sub-sectors reported for municipal electricity consumption include:
 Streetlights and traffic signals,
 Groundwater pumping facilities,
 Water and wastewater delivery and conveyance, and
 Buildings and facilities.

Beverly Hills does not have port facilities, power generation facilities, solid waste facilities, or operational control over airport facilities, as discussed previously. Additionally, electricity consumption from transit fleet is not reported separately and is included under the buildings and other facilities sector.

In February of 2019, the City began purchasing electricity from CPA at the Clean Energy Rate Product level. With this, the City’s municipal electricity accounts were served with electricity that was generated from 50% renewable sources from February to December. Electricity was still being purchased from SCE for the month of January 2019.

Municipal electricity consumption was obtained from SCE in the form of monthly consumption in kWh by service account for the year 2019.28 Electricity consumption data was provided for each service account, for which consumption was categorized into the appropriate sub-sector by the SCE provided billing rate for the respective account.

GHG emissions associated with municipal electricity consumption were calculated using the recommended method outlined in LGOP Section 6.2 Electricity Use. The 2019 GHG emission factor for SCE was used to calculate GHG emissions for electricity consumption for the month of January, and the 2019 GHG emission factor for the CPA Clean Power Rate Product was used to calculate GHG emissions for energy consumption for the remainder of the year. The electricity consumption totals for municipal operations, GHG emission factors, and resulting GHG emissions are provided in Table 8.
28 Data provided to the City by email from SCE on March 2, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 13 Table 8 2019 Municipal Electricity Data and GHG Emissions Data Type January – SCE
February to
December – CPA Data Source
Electricity Consumption Activity Data1
Streetlights and Traffic Signals 399,959 kWh 2,560,493 kWh City of Beverly Hills Billing Summary. Data provided to the
City by email from SCE on March 2,
2021.

Water Pumping Facilities 32,444 kWh 427,815 kWh
Water and Wastewater
Conveyance and Distribution
66,042 kWh 804,930 kWh
Buildings and Facilities 988,252 kWh 12,775,292 kWh
Total 1,486,697 kWh 16,568,530 kWh
Electricity GHG Emission Factor
GHG Emission Factor 0.0002400
MT CO2e/kWh

0.0001630
MT CO2e/kWh
See Table 5.

Electricity GHG Emissions
Total 357 MT CO2e 2,685 MT CO2e Calculated by multiplying the emissions factor and total activity
data above.

Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour Totals may not add due to rounding.

MUNICIPAL NATURAL GAS INVENTORY DATA
The City of Beverly Hills is provided natural gas by SCG through the City’s municipal natural gas accounts. Municipal natural gas consumption data was provided by SCG in the form of monthly consumption totals by service account in therms.29 End-use applications of natural gas in buildings and facilities, such as furnaces, are considered a scope 1 emission source. The LGOP recommends reporting stationary combustion emissions from the municipality in the following sectors: 1) water delivery facilities, 2) power generation facilities, 3) solid waste facilities, 4) wastewater facilities, 5) port facilities, 6) airport facilities, and 7) all other municipality buildings/facilities. There are no ports or airports in the City, and the City does not manage solid waste, power generation, or wastewater facilities; and these sources are not included in the natural gas GHG emissions reporting. While the City does have water delivery facilities, natural gas consumption in the data provided is aggregated by municipal account address, and the City’s water treatment facility is co-located with the City’s Public Works facility. Therefore, all GHG emissions from natural gas consumption are reported under municipal buildings and facilities.

GHG emissions associated with municipal natural gas consumption were calculated using provided total annual consumption and the recommended method outlined in LGOP Section 6.1 Stationary Combustion. A default emission factor based on fuel type will be used and obtained from US EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories (0.005313 CO2e/therm).30 The energy consumption activity data, emissions factor, and calculated municipal GHG emissions from natural gas consumption are provided in Table 9.
29 Data provided to the City by email from SCG on March 1, 2021. 30 US EPA. 2018. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
14 Table 9 2019 Municipal Natural Gas Data and Emissions Data Type Value Data Source
Consumption Buildings
and Facilities
54,960 therms Data provided to the City by email from SCG on March 1, 2021.

Natural Gas Combustion
GHG Emission Factor

0.005313 MT CO2e/therm USEPA. 2018. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-
03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf. Accessed
May 16, 2021.

Natural Gas Combustion
GHG Emissions
292 MT CO2e Calculated multiplying the emissions factor and total activity data above.

Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add due to rounding.

Transportation Sector GHG Emissions Data and Methodology Transportation GHG emissions are generated by the community and the municipal operations through on-road transportation, use of off-road equipment, and municipal employee commute.

Community on-road transportation emissions result from passenger and commercial vehicle trips originating and/or ending in the City of Beverly Hills. Community off-road transportation GHG emissions result from use of various types of off-road equipment, including lawn and garden, commercial and light industrial, construction, and golf carts. GHG emissions from fuel consumed by the municipal fleet, including heavy-trucks, light-trucks, passenger vehicles, and off-road equipment are attributed to municipal operations. Lastly, GHG emissions from employee commute is assessed and attributed to municipal operations.

Community Transportation GHG Emission Sources

COMMUNITY ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION INVENTORY DATA
On-road transportation-related data for 2015 and 2019 included estimated vehicle miles traveled (VMT) based on Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) model Trip-Based Travel Demand Model v6.3 from the agency’s 2016 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS). SCAG’s Trip-Based Travel Demand Model analyzes transportation and socioeconomic data such as population, household, and employment, to forecast daily vehicle trips for each traffic analysis zone (TAZ). The model output was post-processed to obtain VMT data consistent with the Senate Bill 375 Regional targets Advisory Committee, which attributes vehicles trips to the City based on trip origin and destination, as follow:
 VMT for trips that originate and end within the City (Internal-Internal, or I-I) is attributed 100% to the City.
 VMT for trips that originate within the City and end outside of the City, or vice versa, (InternalExternal, or I-X; and, External-Internal, or X-I) is attributed 50% to the City.  VMT for pass-through trips that do not being or end in the City (External-External, or X-X) are excluded from City VMT calculations.

Calculations for VMT were completed by Fehr and Peers and provided in the form of a VMT Analysis in Support of the Beverly Hills CAAP Memorandum. VMT data was provided in the form of daily VMT, which can be converted to annual VMT using the SCAG average weekday to annual factor of 347 days per year.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 15 GHG emissions due to passenger vehicle travel were calculated using the recommended Community Protocol Method TR.1.A. Because emissions data were not provided, Methods TR.1.B.2 and TR.1.B.3 will be used to convert provided VMT data into emissions data and regional emission factors from CARB’s EMFAC2021 model version 1.0.1.
31 EMFAC2021 VMT-based emission rates are based on the
vehicle class, model years, speed, and fuel type. A fleet-wide GHG emission factor was used to calculate the mix of vehicle class specific to the City of Beverly Hills determined via the Trip Based SCAG model. Emissions from freight and service trucks (i.e., medium and heavy-duty trucks) were calculated using Community Protocol Method TR.2.C, which is similar to assigning passenger emissions. The activity data, GHG emissions factors and results for community on-road transportation GHG emissions are provided in Table 10.

Table 10 Community On-road Transportation GHG Emissions Emissions Source 2015 2019 Data Source
On-road Transportation Activity Data
Passenger Vehicles 1,365,197 Annual VMT 1,378,554 Annual VMT SCAG Trip-Based Travel Demand Model v6.3. Commercial Vehicles 39,567 Annual VMT 42,141 Annual VMT Total 1,404,764 Annual VMT 1,420,695 Annual VMT
GHG Emission Factors
Passenger Vehicles 0.0003934 MT CO2e/mile 0.0003662 MT CO2e/mile California Air Resources Board. 2021.

EMFAC2021 v1.0.1. Online Database.

Available:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissionsinventory/91f3161426bf7bed46172f 9b24d6b047afed2156.

Commercial Vehicles 0.0013523 MT CO2e/mile 0.0012946 MT CO2e/mile GHG Emissions
Passenger Vehicles 186,360 MT CO2e 175,182 MT CO2e Calculated multiplying VMT by the appropriate GHG emission factors. Commercial Vehicles 18,567 MT CO2e 18,930 MT CO2e Total 204,927 MT CO2e 194,112 MT CO2e
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Totals may not add due to rounding.

In addition to accounting for the total VMT and GHG emissions from on-road vehicle travel, GHG emissions from electricity used for electric vehicle (EV) charging were also considered. While these GHG emissions are already captured under the electricity consumption in the community GHG emissions inventories, it is beneficial to estimate EV charging related GHG emissions and categorize them under the transportation sector. To avoid double counting, these EV charging related GHG emissions are subtracted from the final reported residential electricity consumption GHG emission totals.

The electricity consumption for EV charging was calculated using the outputs of EMFAC2021, where the estimated percent of total VMT that is driven by electric vehicles in Los Angeles County was applied to the VMT for Beverly Hills to get an estimated total VMT for electric vehicles. This VMT was then converted to an estimated electricity consumption based on the EMFAC2021 calculated kilowatt-hours per mile for EVs in Los Angeles County. For the year 2019, the resulting electricity consumption was divided into electricity delivered by CPA and SCE, based on the proportion of total 31 California Air Resources Board. 2021. EMFAC2021 v1.0.1. Online Database. Available: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissionsinventory/91f3161426bf7bed46172f9b24d6b047afed2156. Accessed November 15, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
16 electricity supplied to the City by each, 62.5% and 37.5%, respectively In 2015, SCE was the only electricity provider, so all electricity associated with EV charging was supplied by SCE. This electricity consumption was converted to MT CO2e by multiplying by the appropriate GHG emission factor for the respective electricity provider. The electricity consumption, GHG emission factors, and resulting GHG emissions included in Table 11.

Table 11 Community Electric Vehicle Data and GHG Emissions Emissions Source 2015 2019 Data Source
Electric Vehicle Electricity Consumption
Passenger Vehicles –
SCE Attributed
523,740 kWh 653,209 kWh California Air Resources Board. 2021.

EMFAC2021 v1.0.1. Online Database.

Available:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissionsinventory/91f3161426bf7bed46172f 9b24d6b047afed2156.

Passenger Vehicles CPA
Attributed
N/A 1,089,873 kWh
Total 523,740 kWh 1,743,082 kWh
GHG Emission Factors
SCE Electricity 0.0002345 MT CO2e/kWh 0.0002400 MT
CO2e/kWh
See Table 4 and Table 5. The CPA
electricity emission factor is the
average of the rate product emission
factors, weighted by the total
residential electricity consumed at
each rate product.

CPA Electricity N/A 0.0001647 MT
CO2e/kWh
GHG Emissions from Electric Vehicles
Passenger Vehicles –
SCE
123 MT CO2e 157 MT CO2e Calculated multiplying energy
consumption by the appropriate
electricity GHG emission factors. Passenger Vehicles ¬
CPA
N/A 179 MT CO2e
Total 123 MT CO2e 336 MT CO2e
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; N/A = not applicable; SCE = Southern California Edison; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; kWh = kilowatt-hour
Totals may not add due to rounding.

COMMUNITY OFF-ROAD TRANSPORTATION INVENTORY DATA
GHG emissions for the 2015 and 2019 community GHG emissions inventories were calculated using off-road equipment fuel consumption data as modeled by CARB. Activity data was obtained from several CARB recommended off-road models. These included CARB’s OFFROAD2017 model which breaks down regional fuel consumption by equipment class, the SORE2020 model for lawn and garden equipment and transportation refrigeration units, and RV2018 for recreational vehicle data.32 These models were run for Los Angeles County for the inventory years to obtain fuel consumption for gasoline, diesel, and natural gas/liquefied petroleum gas and then apportioned to Beverly Hills by growth metrics for each of the included years, consistent with the 2019 GHG Emissions Inventory. Outputs from each of these models were used based on the relevant sector they pertained to. The equipment sectors drawn from each model are shown in Table 12. 32 The off-road emissions models are available through the CARB Mobile Source Emissions Inventory division Modeling Tools, at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobile-source-emissions-inventory/msei-modeling-tools.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 17 Table 12 Off-road Model Activity Data Sources
OFFROAD2017 Model: RV2018 Model: SORE2020 Model
 Construction and Mining Equipment
 Light Commercial Equipment
 Recreational
Vehicles
 Lawn and Garden Equipment
 Transport Refrigeration Units
The metrics used to attribute off-road activity and calculate resulting emissions to the City of Beverly Hills are included in Table 13 below. The fuel consumption data and apportionment metrics for the City of Beverly Hills used to calculate GHG emissions from community off-road activity are provided in Table 14. Finally, the GHG emissions calculated from using the activity data and attribution metrics are provided in Table 15.

Table 13 2015 and 2019 Off-Road Apportionment Metrics
Attribution Metric 2015 2019
Beverly Hills Demographics Data
Population 34,627 34,767
Jobs 74,266 75,402
Service Population 108,893 110,169
Los Angeles County Demographics Data
Population 10,036,092 10,333,079
Jobs 4,719,639 4,814,694
Service Population 14,755,731 15,147,773
Percent of County Totals in Beverly Hills
Population 0.35% 0.34%
Jobs 1.57% 1.57%
Service Population 0.74% 0.73%
Date Source: SCAG. 2020. Connect SoCal: Demographics and Growth Forecast. Available:https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/fileattachments/0903fconnectsocal_demographics-and-growth-forecast.pdf?1606001579. Accessed November 18, 2021.

Note about data source: The growth forecasts in the above source are only provided for specific years. A more detailed breakdown of the growth forecasts for interim years was provided by SCAG through email.

Table 14 2015 and 2019 Community Off-road Activity Data Equipment Type Apportionment
Metric
Fuel Type 2015
(gallons)
2019
(gallons)
Construction and Mining Jobs Diesel 538,747 590,338
Gasoline 44,242 43,619
Light Commercial Jobs Diesel 54,483 53,473
Gasoline 230,258 224,348
Natural Gas (LPG) 51,730 50,997
Transportation Refrigeration Units Jobs Diesel 539 567
Gasoline 8,991 8,904
Recreational Vehicles Population Gasoline 1,614 1,613
Lawn and Garden Service Population Diesel 3,342 3,530
Gasoline 175,489 188,061
Data Source: California Air Resources Board. 2021. OFFROAD2021 v1.0.1 Emissions Inventory . Available:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/b3e3139ff7a2304c48acb2a0684ab41b38c5c26e. Accessed November 30, 2021.

Notes: LPG = liquefied petroleum gas
City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
18 Table 15 2015 and 2019 Community Off-road GHG Emissions Equipment Type Fuel Type
2015
(MT CO2e)
2019
(MT CO2e)
Construction and Mining Diesel 5,571 6,104
Gasoline 401 396
Light Commercial Diesel 563 553
Gasoline 2,096 2,042
Natural Gas (LPG) 300 296
Transportation Refrigeration Units Diesel 6 6
Gasoline 82 81
Recreational Vehicles Gasoline 15 15
Lawn and Garden Diesel 35 37
Gasoline 1,599 1,714
Total Off-road GHG Emissions Diesel 6,174 6,700
Gasoline 4,193 4,247
Natural Gas (LPG) 300 296
Total Off-road GHG Emissions (all fuels) 10,667 11,242
Notes: LPG = liquefied petroleum gas; MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add up due to rounding.

Municipal Transportation GHG Emission Sources

MUNICIPAL FLEET INVENTORY DATA
LGOP recommends reporting local government’s vehicle fleet emission as two sectors: 1) transit fleet and 2) all other fleet vehicles (on-road and off-road equipment). The City of Beverly Hills operates and owns numerous pieces of on-road fleet vehicles and off-road equipment. LGOP also recommends reporting emissions from employee commute and employee business travel as a scope 3 emission sources.

The City of Beverly Hills provided fuel consumption totals for the year 2019 for renewable diesel and gasoline for the City’s vehicle and equipment fleet.33 The vehicle fleet also utilizes renewable natural gas, which is metered by SCG.34 GHG Emissions will be calculated using LGOP Method 7.1.1.1, with fuel specific emission factors obtained from USEPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories.35 The table below, Table 16, contains data for the municipal fleet’s fuel consumption, emissions factors used in calculations, and the calculated GHG emissions values. 33 Data provided to the City by email on July 6, 2021.
34 Data provided to the City by email from SCG on March 1, 2021. 35 USEPA. 2018. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf. Accessed May 16, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 19 Table 16 2019 Municipal Fleet Fuel Consumption, Emissions Factors, and GHG Emissions Year Value Data Source
Municipal Fleet Fuel Consumption
Unleaded Gasoline 144,086 gal Unleaded gasoline and biodiesel fuel consumption data provided by email from the City of Beverly Hills Fleet and Facilities Manager on July 9, 2021.

Natural gas data provided to the City by email from SCG on March 1, 2021.

Bio-Diesel 38,493 gal
Renewable Natural Gas 143,825 therm
CO2 Emissions Factors
Unleaded Gasoline 8.78 kg CO2/gal USEPA – Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-
03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf. Accessed
May 16, 2021
Bio-Diesel 0 kg CO2/gal
Renewable Natural Gas 0 kg CO2/gal
CH4 Emissions Factors
Unleaded Gasoline 0.38 g CH4/gal USEPA – Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-
03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf. Accessed
May 16, 2021
Bio-Diesel 0.41 g CH4/gal
Renewable Natural Gas 0.1 g CH4/gal
N2O Emissions Factors
Unleaded Gasoline 0.08 g N2O/gal USEPA – Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-
03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf. Accessed
May 16, 2021
Bio-Diesel 0.08 g N2O/gal
Renewable Natural Gas 0.01 g N2O/gal
GHG Emissions
Unleaded Gasoline 1,270 MT CO2e Calculated multiplying fuel consumption by the appropriate GHG emission factors and GWP, and then converting all units to metric tons.

Bio-Diesel 1.3 MT CO2e
Renewable Natural Gas 0.8 MT CO2e
Total GHG Emissions 1,271 MT CO2e
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. CO2 = carbon dioxide, N2O = nitrous oxide, CH4 = methane; Gal = gallons Totals may not add due to rounding.

Bio-Diesel and Renewable Natural Gas emissions account for only methane and nitrous oxide. The carbon dioxide emissions associated with renewable fuel combustion are considered as “biogenic” and are not counted towards emissions totals.

MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEE COMMUTE INVENTORY DATA
The municipal inventory also includes an estimate of GHG emissions from employee commute patterns, based on the results of the 2019 South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 2022 Employee Commute Survey.36 The City of Beverly Hills’s employee commute survey was distributed to City employees in 2019, with approximately 550 responses, demonstrating the commute mode of approximately 95% of the City’s employees. The results of the survey provided the number of weekly vehicle commute trips by City employees in a single-occupancy vehicle trip equivalent, which was 1,762.67 trips per week.37 The commute distance for employees was obtained by employee commute survey results that included the home zip code of commuting employees, which was used to calculate the approximate distance that each employee travels to and from work each day. An average trip length of 13.75 miles was calculate for the zip code data, which when 36 2019 SCAQMD Rule 2022 Employee Commute Survey Results. Provided on January 26, 2021. 37 The single-occupancy vehicle trip equivalent excludes public transit trips, active transportation trips, and zero-emission vehicle trips; and discounts carpool trips.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
20 multiplied by the number of trips results in approximately 24,241 VMT per week.38 This value can then be converted to annual VMT, assuming 48 work weeks per year, resulting in approximately 1,163,577 VMT per year associated with employee commute. GHG emissions will be calculated from employee commute VMT using the appropriate passenger vehicle emission factors from EMFAC2017 VMT-based emission rates. Employee commute is a scope 3 emission source.

The activity data used to calculate employee commute GHG emissions, and the resulting emissions values, are provided below in Table 17.

Table 17 2019 Employee Commute Data and GHG Emissions
Employee Commute Value Data Source
Average Weekly SOV
Trips
1,762.67 trips 2019 SCAQMD Rule 2022 Employee Commute Survey Results.

Provided on January 26, 2021.

California Air Resources Board. 2021. EMFAC2021 v1.0.1.

Online Database. Available:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissionsinventory/91f3161426bf7bed46172f9b24d6b047afed2156.

Average Trip Length 13.75 miles
Average Weekly VMT 24,241 VMT
Work Weeks per Year2 48 weeks
Annual VMT 1,163,577 VMT
GHG Emission Factor 0.000339067 MT
CO2e/mile
Total GHG Emissions 699 MT CO2e
Notes: VMT = vehicles miles traveled; SOV = single-occupancy vehicle; MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add due to rounding.
1 The specific fuel type of vehicles was not available in the data provided. Therefore, the fuel type of vehicle was estimated based on their use.
2 An estimate of 48 work weeks per year accounts for 2 weeks of holiday time and an additional 2 weeks of vacation time per year.

Water and Wastewater GHG Emissions Data and Methodology GHG emissions associated with water consumption are related to the energy used for water conveyance, treatment, and distribution. Similarly, emissions associated with wastewater generation are related to the energy associated with the treatment and collection of wastewater, as well as fugitive emissions related to the treatment process. This section discusses the data sources and calculation methodology used to calculate GHG emissions from water and wastewater in the community and municipal GHG inventory.

Community Water Consumption GHG Emissions Sources
The City of Beverly Hills’ water supply comes from the locally pumped groundwater and Metropolitan Water District (MWD). In 2015 and 2019, all water consumed in the City was obtained from MWD, as the Beverly Hills Water Treatment Plant was not in operation. Water consumption data to be used for calculating 2019 community GHG emissions was provided in the form of monthly 38 An average trip length was calculated from the VMT analysis included in Attachment A. The 2019 value for VMT in Table 1 was divided by the 2019 value for total trips in Table 2.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 21 water delivered to customers for 2019.39 Data used to calculate GHG emissions for 2015 was obtained from the City’s 2015 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP).40 The amount of energy required for community water consumption will be determined following Community Protocol Method WW.14 and using specific energy intensity factors for MWD. The energy intensity of treated water delivered by MWD was obtained from the MWD 2020 UWMP.41 GHG emission were calculated by applying the appropriate GHG emission factors for electricity to the energy used in each aspect of the water supply cycle. The energy consumption included in the MWD water supply occurs outside of the City boundaries; therefore, the GHG emissions associated with energy consumed in the MWD treated water supply will be calculated using the appropriate eGRID GHG emission factors. Specifically, the WECC California grid emission factors obtained from eGRID 2016 and eGRID 2019 will be used for the 2015 and 2019 inventory years, respectively.

The water consumption totals, energy intensities of the water supply, and calculated community GHG emissions calculations are provided in Table 18.

Table 18 Community Water Consumption, Energy Intensity Data, and GHG Emissions Data Type 2015 2019 Data Source
MWD Imported
Water Consumption
3,399.28 MG 2,923.71 MG City of Beverly Hills. 2016. 2015 Urban Water Management Plan.
https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/1
15079846772769831/FinalCityofBeverlyHills2015UW
MPReport.pdf. pp. 6-2. Accessed May 16, 2021.

Master Water Delivered Data. Provided by email on
February 17, 2021.

MWD Imported
Water Energy
Intensity
5,948 kWh/MG 5,948 kWh/MG Metropolitan Water District. 2020. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan. page A.10.7.
http://www.mwdh2o.com/PDFUWMP/2020%20Urba
n%20Water%20Management%20Plan%20-
%20June%202021.pdf. Accessed June 13, 2021
MWD Imported
Water GHG
Emission Factor

0.0002404 MT
CO2e/kWh

0.0002065 MT
CO2e/kWh
USEPA. 2019. Emissions & Generation Resource
Integrated Database (eGRID).
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/emissions-generationresource-integrated-database-egrid.

USEPA. 2017. Emissions & Generation Resource
Integrated Database (eGRID). eGRID Summary Tables
2016.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-
02/egrid2016_summarytables.xlsx.

Total Annual GHG
Emissions
4,396 MT CO2e 3,452 MT CO2e Calculated multiplying the above water consumption, energy intensity, and the GHG emissions factor.

Notes: MG = million gallons; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add due to rounding.
39 Master Water Delivered Data. Provided by email on February 17, 2021. 40 City of Beverly Hills. 2016. 2015 Urban Water Management Plan. https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/115079846772769831/FinalCityofBeverlyHills2015UWMPReport.pdf. pp. 6-2.

Accessed May 16, 2021.
41 Metropolitan Water District. 2020. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan. page A.10.7. http://www.mwdh2o.com/PDFUWMP/2020%20Urban%20Water%20Management%20Plan%20-%20June%202021.pdf. Accessed June 13, 2021
City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
22 Community Wastewater Generation GHG Emissions Sources The City collects sanitary wastewater flows within the City via a City sewer system that conveys the flows to trunk sewers operated and maintained by the Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation. The trunk sewers convey the wastewater to the Hyperion Wastewater Reclamation Plant (HWRP) that is owned by the City of Los Angeles and operated by the Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation.42 Methodologies used to calculate GHG emissions are dependent on the processes occurring at the treatment facility.43 Accordingly, the following assumptions were made based on information about the HWRP:
 Stationary combustion of digestor gas occurs at the HWRP.  Anaerobic digestion of solids occurs at HWRP.
 HWRP does not have a nitrification or denitrification phase.  Fossil-fuel-derived methanol is not used for biological nitrogen removal.  Effluent is discharged into an ocean environment with minimal industrial inputs from Beverly Hills.
 The entire population of Beverly Hills is served by HWRP.  Centralized treatment at HWRP is the primary form of wastewater treatment in Beverly Hills, and on-site septic treatment is used minimally or not at all.44 Based on the above assumptions, GHG emissions for process and fugitive emissions from wastewater treatment were calculated using Community Protocols Methods WW.1.(alt) WW.2.(alt), WW.8.(alt), and WW.12.(alt); with the primary data input being population served. Community Protocol Method WW.15 was used to determine the amount of energy used for wastewater conveyance and treatment, using the energy intensity factor reported for Los Angeles County Sanitation District of 1,577 kilowatt-hours per million gallons (kWh/MG).45 The conveyance and treatment of wastewater occurs primarily outside of the City of Beverly Hills boundaries; therefore, GHG emissions from electricity used in wastewater conveyance and treatment use the appropriate eGRID emission factors for 2015 and 2018.

The wastewater generation totals, energy intensities, City specific factors used for community wastewater GHG emissions calculations, and calculated GHG emission totals are provided in Table 19.
42 City of Beverly Hills. 2016. 2015 Urban Water Management Plan. https://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/115079846772769831/FinalCityofBeverlyHills2015UWMPReport.pdf. pp. 6-2.

Accessed May 16, 2021.
43 Wastewater treatment technology specifications can vary widely between jurisdictions, as a result of process specifics, influent characteristics, and the age of infrastructure. As noted in the Community Protocols, the wastewater emissions calculation methodologies used here were designed as a generalized top-down approach for countries where detailed information was not available; they are a simplified approach that sacrifice accuracy. These methods have a range of accuracy for CH4 emissions of +37% to -47% and +76% to -93% for N2O, compared to direct source measurements. While there is significant uncertainty in the fugitive and process emissions associated with wastewater treatment, providing estimates of their emissions provides a general understanding of the magnitude of this emission source in comparison to others.
44 City of Los Angeles. Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant. https://www.lacitysan.org/san/faces/home?_adf.ctrlstate=pu8etyzyn_5&_afrLoop=10096259410058748#!. Accessed May 16, 2021. 45 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). 2010. Embedded Energy in Water Studies; Study 2: Water Agency and Function Component Study and Embedded Energy-Water Load Profiles. http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/general.aspx?id=4388. Accessed May 16, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 23 Table 19 Community Wastewater Generation Data and GHG Emissions Data Type 2015 2019 Data Source
Wastewater Generation
Population Served
39,567 persons 42,141 persons California Department of Finance. E-5 Population and Housing Estimates.
http://www.dof.ca.gov/Forecasting/Demogra
phics/Estimates/E-5/. Accessed May 16,
2021.

Collection and Treatment
Energy Intensity
1,577 kWh/MG 1,577 kWh/MG California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). 2010. Embedded Energy in Water Studies;
Study 2: Water Agency and Function
Component Study and Embedded EnergyWater Load Profiles. Appendix B – Agency Profiles.
http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/general.aspx?id=438

8. Accessed May 16, 2021.

GHG Emissions Factor 0.0002404 MT
CO2e/kWh

0.0002065 MT
CO2e/kWh
USEPA. 2019. Emissions & Generation
Resource Integrated Database (eGRID).
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/emissionsgeneration-resource-integrated-databaseegrid.

USEPA. 2017. Emissions & Generation
Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). eGRID
Summary Tables 2016.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2
018-02/egrid2016_summarytables.xlsx.

Annual GHG Emissions
Process and Fugitive GHG
Emissions
604 MT CO2e 607 MT CO2e Calculated using the above activity data and ICLEI WW.1. (alt) WW.2.(alt), WW.8.(alt), and
WW.12.(alt) methodology.

Collection and Treatment
GHG Emissions
690 MT CO2e 430 MT CO2e
Total Wastewater Emissions 1,295 MT CO2e 1,037 MT CO2e
Notes: MG = million gallons; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add due to rounding.

Municipal Water Consumption GHG Emissions Sources
As discussed previously, the City of Beverly Hills’ water supply came exclusively from MWD in 2015 and 2019. Water consumption data was provided by MWD for all municipal accounts, which includes water used for fire operations.46 Total indirect emissions from electricity use from water consumption at City facilities were calculated using Community Protocol Method WW.14 and using specific energy intensity factors for MWD. The energy consumption included in the MWD water supply occurs outside of the City boundaries; therefore, the GHG emissions associated with energy consumed in the MWD treated water supply will be calculated using the appropriate eGRID GHG emission factor.

Table 20 provides the total water consumption by municipal facilities, the average energy intensity of the water supply, the electricity GHG emission factor, and calculated GHG emission totals. 46 Master Water Delivered Data. Provided by email on February 17, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
24 Table 20 2019 Municipal Water Consumption, Energy Intensity, and GHG Emissions Data Type Value Data Source
Municipal Water Consumption
Total Municipal Consumption
42 MG Master Water Delivered based on data reporting
from the water utility service provider by email
from City of Beverly Hills on February 17, 2021.

Energy Intensity MWD Imported
Water
8 kWh/MG Metropolitan Water District. 2020. 2020 Urban
Water Management Plan. page A.10.7.
http://www.mwdh2o.com/PDFUWMP/2020%20
Urban%20Water%20Management%20Plan%20-
%20June%202021.pdf. Accessed June 13, 2021
GHG Emissions Factor MWD
Imported Water
02065 MT CO2e/kWh USEPA. 2019. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID).
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/emissions-generationresource-integrated-database-egrid.

Annual GHG Emissions MT CO2e Calculated multiplying the above water consumption, energy intensity, and the GHG
emissions factor.

Notes: MG = million gallons; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add due to rounding.
1 Water consumption attributed to local groundwater will not be added to emissions totals due to risk of double counting with GHG emissions captured in municipal energy consumption.

Solid Waste Sector GHG Emissions Data and Methodology
GHG emissions from solid waste include methane generated by the decay of organic material, collection and transport of waste, fuel consumption in landfilling equipment, and combustion of waste in waste-to-energy facilities. Solid waste generated by the community is sent to multiple landfilling and processing facilities by Athens Services. Methane emissions from waste decay represent the “methane commitment” of disposed waste generated in the inventory year, even though these emissions will occur throughout the time-period over which the waste decays.

Community Solid Waste GHG Emissions Sources
Community waste disposal data was obtained through a Los Angeles County historical waste disposal tonnage report, which provides the total waste sent to landfill by the City of Beverly Hills in 2015 and 2019.47 The Beverly Hills community generated 41,171 and 46,912 tons of waste sent to landfill in 2015 and 2019, respectively. The recommended GHG emissions calculation methodologies are Community Protocol Methods SW.4, SW.5, and SW.7 for emissions associated with methane emissions from waste sent to landfills, landfilling process emissions and waste sent to combustion facilities, respectively. The landfill gas (LFG) capture rate of a destination landfill contributes significantly to the methane emissions generated by waste disposal. While many of the destination landfills report having LFG capture, the availability of accurate data representing current LFG capture rates is limited; therefore, the Community Protocol recommended default LFG capture rate of 75% was used for emission calculations. GHG emissions generated by waste collection and transport are not included in this sector, as they are accounted from in community VMT in the onroad transportation sector.

The waste generation totals and calculated community solid waste GHG emissions are provided in Table 21.
47 Los Angeles County Public Works. Historical Disposal Tonnage for All In-County Jurisdictions. Provided by email on May 20, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 25 Table 21 Community Solid Waste Data and GHG Emissions
Data Type 2015 2019 Data Source
Community Waste
Generation Waste Landfilled
41,171 tons 46,912 tons Los Angeles County Public Works. Historical Disposal Tonnage for All In-County Jurisdictions.

Provided by email on May 20, 2021.

Annual GHG Emissions
(emissions from waste
decomposition and process
emissions)
13,474 MT CO2e 15,352 MT CO2e Calculated using the above activity data and ICLEI Methods SW.4, SW.5, and SW.7.

Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add due to rounding.

Municipal Solid Waste GHG Emissions Sources
GHG emissions associated with generation of solid waste in City-operated facilities are a scope 3 emission source. Waste generation data specific to municipal facilities and operations was provided by the City in the form of total tonnage hauled from municipal facilities by the waste service provider, Athens, which showed a total municipal waste generation of 353.49 tons in 2019.48 The LGOP does not provide a recommended calculation methodology for this emission source; therefore, Community Protocol Method SW.4 was used to calculate emissions associated with municipal waste generation. A characterization of the municipal waste stream was not available; therefore, it is conservatively assumed that the waste is similar to the average waste stream used for Community Protocol Method SW.4.

The waste generation totals and calculated municipal solid waste GHG emissions are provided in Table 22.

Table 22 Municipal Solid Waste Data and GHG Emissions
Data Type Value Data Source
Municipal Waste Generation
Waste Landfilled
353.49 tons Data provided by the City of Beverly Hills by email on May 11, 2021.

Annual GHG Emissions (emissions
from waste decomposition)
134 MT CO2e Calculated using the above activity data and ICLEI Method SW.4.

Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add due to rounding.

Carbon Sequestration
As part of the 2019 Community GHG Inventory the carbon sequestration value of the trees in the City’s right-of-way was calculated based on the tree inventory conducted to inform the in progress Urban Forest Management Plan. The tree inventory included a detailed assessment of each tree in the City’s right-of-way, including the specie, height and diameter at breast height (DBH), which was last updated in January 2020.49 This assessment includes all trees managed by the City. To calculate the associated carbon sequestration value, the average DBH of tree species in the City was entered into the i-Tree Planting Calculator version 2.1.2 to obtain an annual carbon sequestration value.50 The i-Tree Planting Calculator estimates the long-term environmental benefits from a tree planting 48 Data provided by the City of Beverly Hills by email on May 11, 2021. 49 Tree inventory provided by the City of Beverly Hills on March 18, 2021. 50 I-Tree Planting Calculator. https://planting.itreetools.org/. Accessed May 16, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
26 project, with carbon dioxide sequestration values derived from species-based biomass equations based on tree characteristics.51 This annual carbon sequestration value will reduce the City’s overall community GHG emissions and highlight the value of preserving the urban forest. Table 23 below contains the data used for carbon sequestration analysis and the resulting GHG emissions.

Table 23 Carbon Sequestration Data, Assumptions, and GHG Emissions Data Type 2019 Data Source
Species Identified 298 species Tree inventory data in the Urban Forest Management Plan, provided by the City of Beverly Hills. Total Tree Count (all species) 27,045 trees Tree Lifespan assumption 40 years I-Tree Planting Calculator. https://planting.itreetools.org/.

Accessed May 16, 2021.

Total Annual CO2 Sequestered 1,817 MT CO2 Calculated from I-Tree I-Tree Planting Calculator. https://planting.itreetools.org/.

Accessed May 16, 2021.

Notes: MT CO2 = metric tons of carbon dioxide
Totals may not add due to rounding.

2.4 2015 and 2019 Community GHG Inventory Results
The 2015 and 2019 community GHG inventories provide the total GHG emissions resulting from activities occurring within, or attributable to the community within the City of Beverly Hills. The results will be used to estimate future GHG emissions and set GHG reduction targets that align with state legislation. Community GHG emissions are reported by emission sector, consistent with the CARB 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan and the ICLEI Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, which include energy, transportation, water, and solid waste.52
Due to California Public Utilities Commission data privacy rules, data acquired through the Southern California Gas Energy Data Request Program cannot be published or publicly disclosed. As such, natural gas data had been aggregated into one GHG emissions source. This natural gas GHG emissions source includes both residential and non-residential consumption. The disaggregated data will be used for the development of GHG reduction measures; however, this data must be aggregated into one source for public facing documents. 2015 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results
In 2015, the City of Beverly Hills generated approximately 452,399 MT CO2e. The results of the 2015 community GHG inventory update show the transportation and energy sector GHG emission sources generated nearly equivalent total GHG emissions, contributing 48% and 48%, respectively to the 2015 GHG emissions total. Solid waste and water sector emission sources contributed 3% and 51 I-Tree Planting Calculator. References. https://planting.itreetools.org/references/. Accessed May 16, 2021. 52 There are primary sectors from the 2017 Scoping Plan that are excluded from the 2019 Community inventory. Agriculture sector is excluded because there are not significant agricultural activities in Beverly Hills. Industrial emission sources are excluded because GHG emission from these emission sources are regulated by the state under the Mandatory GHG Reporting Program and the Cap-and-Trade Program. High-GWP sector emissions are also excluded due to a lack a reliable community-wide data set encompassing these emission sources.

California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2017. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdeliver y. Accessed August 12, 2021.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 27 1% of total 2015 GHG emissions, respectively. The results of the 2015 community GHG inventory are provided in Figure 1 as they relate to the GHG emission sector, and Table 24 as they pertain to GHG emission sector and the associated emission sources.

Figure 1 2015 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results Energy
217,518 MT CO2e
48%
Transportation
215,717 MT CO2e
48%
Water
5,690 MT CO2e
1%
Waste
13,474 MT CO2e
3%
Energy use Transportation Water Waste
City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
28 Table 24 Updated 2015 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results Sector/Emission Source GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) Percentage of Total Emissions Energy 217,518 48%
Non-Residential Electricity Consumption1 86,261 19%
Natural Gas 78,678 17%
Residential Electricity Consumption2 46,945 10%
Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses3 5,635 1% Transportation 215,717 48%
Passenger On-road Vehicles 186,360 41%
Electric Vehicle Charging 123 <1%
Commercial On-road Vehicles 18,567 4%
Off-road Equipment 10,667 2%
Solid Waste4 13,474 3%
Waste Sent to Landfill 13,021 3%
Landfilling Process Emissions 453 <1%
Water 5,690 1%
Imported Potable Water Supply 4,396 1%
Wastewater Treatment Process and Fugitive Emissions 604 <1% Wastewater Collection and Treatment Energy 690 <1%
Cumulative Emissions 452,399 100%
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Totals may not add due to rounding.
1 Non-residential electricity consumption GHG emission totals include commercial and industrial customer class electricity consumers. 2 Residential electricity consumption GHG emission total has been adjusted to remove the used for electric vehicle charging, which is accounted for in the transportation sector.
3 GHG emissions from the from transmission and distribution loss associated with the electricity consumption for electric vehicles charging have been excluded.
4 GHG emissions generated by the collection and transport of waste generated within the City are captured in the Commercial On-road Vehicle source in the Transportation sector.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 29 2019 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results
In 2019, the City of Beverly Hills generated approximately 417,839 MT CO2e, with an estimated annual sequestration of carbon of 1,817 MT CO2, resulting in a net generation of 416,022 MT CO2e.

The City of Beverly Hills 2019 community GHG emissions were largely dominated by the transportation sector emission sources generating 49% of the City’s total GHG emissions, with energy being the second largest source, generating 46% of the City’s total GHG emissions. Solid waste and water sector emissions made a much smaller contribution to overall GHG emissions, at 4% and less than 1%, respectively. The results of the 2019 community inventory are provided in Figure 2 and Table 25.

Figure 2 2019 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results Energy
192,307 MT CO2e
46%
Transportation
205,691 MT CO2e
49%
Water
4,489 MT CO2e
1%
Waste
15,352 MT CO2e
4%
Energy Transportation Water Waste
City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
30 Table 25 2019 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results Sector/Emission Source GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) Percentage of Total Energy 192,307 46%
Electricity Consumption – CPA1 52,435 14%
Electricity Consumption – SCE1 45,801 13%
Natural Gas 89,061 24%
Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses2 5,010 1% Transportation 205,691 49%
Passenger On-road Vehicles 175,182 42%
Electric Vehicle Charging – CPA 179 <1%
Electric Vehicle Charging – SCE 157 <1%
Commercial On-road Vehicles 18,930 5%
Off-road Equipment 11,242 3%
Solid Waste3 15,352 4%
Waste Sent to Landfill 14,836 4%
Landfilling Process Emissions 516 <1%
Water 4,489 1%
Imported Potable Water Supply 3,452 1%
Wastewater Treatment Process and Fugitive Emissions 607 <1% Wastewater Collection and Treatment Energy 430 <1%
Carbon Sequestration4 (1,817) -<1%
Cumulative Emissions 416,022 100%
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison Totals may not add due to rounding.
1 Electricity consumption GHG emission total has been adjusted to remove the emissions from electric vehicle charging, which is accounted for in the transportation sector.
2 GHG emissions from the from transmission and distribution loss associated with the electricity consumption for electric vehicles charging have been excluded.
3 GHG emissions generated by the collection and transport of waste generated within the City are captured in the Commercial On-road Vehicle source in the Transportation sector.
4 The carbon sequestration is calculated from the trees in the City’s right-of-way.

2.5 GHG Emissions Reduction Progress Since 2015
Between the years 2015 and 2019, the City of Beverly Hills has reduced its GHG emissions by a total of 8%. The majority of these GHG emissions reduction occurred in the energy sector through a reduction in overall electricity consumption and increased availability of renewable electricity through participation in the Clean Power Alliance (CPA). The water sector also experienced a relatively significant 21% GHG emissions reduction through an overall reduction in water consumption city-wide. The transportation sector experienced a slight decrease in GHG emissions of five percent, through improved fuel efficiency standards, while the solid waste sector had a 14% increase in GHG emissions, attributable to an increase in waste generation in the City. Table 26 and Figure 3 provide an overview of the GHG emissions reduction in each community GHG emission source and sector between 2015 and 2019.

GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 31 Table 26 GHG Emissions Reduction between 2015 and 2019
Sector/Emission Source
2015 GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2019 GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Change in GHG
Emissions Since
2015 (MT CO2e)
Percent Change
in GHG Emissions
Since 2015
Energy 217,518 192,307 (25,207) -12%
Non-Residential Electricity
Consumption
86,261 66,522 (19,736) -23%
Natural Gas 78,678 89,061 10,382 13%
Residential Electricity Consumption 46,945 31,714 (15,229) -32% Electricity Transmission and
Distribution Losses
5,635 5,010 (624) -11%
Transportation 215,717 205,691 (10,026) -5%
Passenger On-road Vehicles 186,360 175,182 (11,177) -6% Electric Vehicle Charging 123 336 213 174%
Commercial On-road Vehicles 18,567 18,930 363 2%
Off-road Equipment 10,667 11,242 575 5%
Solid Waste 13,474 15,352 1,879 14%
Waste Sent to Landfill 13,021 14,836 1,816 14%
Landfilling Process Emissions 453 516 63 14%
Water 5,690 4,489 (1,201) -21%
Imported Potable Water Supply 4,396 3,452 (944) -21%
Wastewater Treatment Process and
Fugitive Emissions
604 607 2 <1%
Wastewater Collection and
Treatment Energy
690 430 (260) -38%
Cumulative Emissions 452,399 417,839 (34,560) -8%
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Totals may not add due to rounding. 1 Non-residential and residential electricity consumption GHG emission total has been adjusted to remove the emissions from electric vehicle charging, which is accounted for in the transportation sector. 2 GHG emissions from the electricity consumption for electric vehicles charging have been excluded from the inventories.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
32 Figure 3 GHG Emissions Reduction between 2015 and 2019 Energy sector emissions reduction can be directly attributed to increased energy-efficiency and participation in the CPA. Between 2015 and 2019, the Beverly Hills service population (total employment plus residents) increased by approximately 1%; however, in the same time period overall electricity consumption decrease by 10%. Compounding this is the joining of the CPA in 2019, which allows electricity customers in the City to purchase electricity from more renewable sources. This resulted in an overall impact of reducing electricity consumption associated GHG emissions by an effective 26%.

An overall increase in natural gas consumption in the community offset the GHG reduction gains achieved from electricity. Between the two inventory years, GHG emissions from natural gas consumption increased by 13%, which can be directly attributed to a respective increase in consumption. With population and employment growing by only 0.5% and 1.5%, respectively, but natural gas consumption growing by 14% and 11%, respectively in the same time period, the influence of this substantial increase in natural gas consumption may have resulted from increased heating needs. According to a heating degree day53 data set published by the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center, the months of January, February, and March in 2019 were substantially cooler than 2015, as measured at the Los Angeles International Airport.54 The annual number of heating degree days in 2019 were 24% higher in 2019 than in 2015, indicating the potential for an increase in energy use for building heating. While this may be a factor in the increase of natural gas use, it is possible that other external factors contributed to the increase in consumption.
53 A degree day compares the mean (the average of the high and low) outdoor temperatures recorded for a location to a standard temperature. The more extreme the outside temperature, the higher the number of degree days. A high number of degree days generally results in higher levels of energy use for space heating or cooling. A heating degree day refers to a temperature below the mean, and as such, a higher number of heating degree days is expected to result in a higher building heating energy demand. 54 NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction. Degree Day Statistics. States and Cities. Archive: 1997 – current. Available:
https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/cdus/degree_days/. Accessed August 25, 2021. 217,518 192,307
215,717
205,691
5,690
4,489
13,474
15,352
0 50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
2015 2019
MT CO2e
Year
Energy Transportation Water Waste
GHG Emissions Inventories
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 33 Transportation sector GHG emissions reduction can be primarily attributed to reduced vehicle emissions from increased fuel efficiency in the regional on-road vehicle fleet. Passenger vehicle GHG emissions saw a decrease in the City, which was primarily due to increased fuel efficiency and minimal growth in vehicle miles traveled (VMT). However, commercial on-road VMT increased by 7% in the City, offsetting any potential GHG reduction from improved efficiency. This increase in commercial VMT is likely attributable to economic growth in the City and region.

Waste sector GHG emissions increased by 14%, which is directly related to an increase in the amount of waste generated in Beverly Hills that is sent to landfills. The 14% increase in emissions between 2015 and 2019 is a direct result of a 14% increase in waste sent to landfill, which is likely attributable to economic growth and housing development in the City.

Water sector GHG emissions sources also saw significant reduction in total emissions between 2015 and 2019. GHG emissions from water supply are generated by the energy used to convey, treat, and distribute water, with imported water sources requiring a high energy intensity. Between 2015 and 2019, Beverly Hills reduced its reliance on imported water by 9% through its water conservation efforts. However, the primary driver for emissions reduction in this sector result from the decreased carbon intensity of electricity used to supply water to Beverly Hills. This sector may see decreased emissions when the City’s water treatment plant is back online in 2022, which would result from the reduced amount of imported water from Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
34 3 GHG Emissions Forecast
A baseline GHG inventory (i.e., the 2019 community inventory) sets a reference point for a single year; however, annual GHG emissions change over time due to external factors such as population and job growth. A GHG emissions forecast accounts for projected growth and presents an estimate of GHG emissions in a future year. Calculating the difference between the GHG emissions forecast and the reduction targets set by the City determines the gap to be closed through CAAP policies.

This section quantifies an estimate of the future GHG emissions in Beverly Hills and the impact state regulations will have on GHG emissions in the forecasted years 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045.

Several indicator growth rates were developed from demographic growth projections and the results of the 2019 community inventory and applied to the various GHG emission sectors to forecast future GHG emissions. These growth rates were developed from the SCAG 2020 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS), housing, population, and job projections. This forecast based solely on the 2019 GHG inventory and growth projections is considered the business-as-usual scenario (BAU), where it is assumed that no additional action will occur to reduce future GHG emissions. Once BAU forecasted GHG emissions are established, a legislative adjusted (adjusted) scenario of future GHG emissions is developed which considers the GHG reduction impact of state and federal legislation on the BAU forecasted GHG emissions. The applicable state and federal regulatory requirements, including vehicle emissions standards, Renewable Portfolio Standard, and Title 24 efficiencies, are then incorporated to accurately reflect expected reductions from adopted legislation and programs. The adjusted scenario forecast provides a more accurate picture of future GHG emissions growth and the responsibility of the City and community for GHG reductions to align with state GHG reduction goals.

3.1 Business-as-Usual GHG Emissions Forecast
A BAU GHG emissions forecast uses demographic projections and modeled on- and off-road transportation emissions to estimate future GHG emissions without the influence of approved GHG reduction legislation or policies. The BAU forecast is based on growth projected trends in housing, population, and employment over time, consistent with local and regional projections. The BAU forecast GHG emissions were estimated for the years 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045. The BAU GHG emissions projections were calculated based on the guidance of the Association of Environmental Professionals 2012 whitepaper Forecasting Communitywide GHG Emissions and Setting Reduction Targets.55 To develop a GHG emissions forecast, the appropriate “growth metrics” (e.g., population, housing, and employment projections) are multiplied by BAU “growth indicators”, which represent a baseline metric developed from the baseline 2019 community inventory. This allows for projections of activity data that can be converted into GHG emissions estimates using specific GHG emissions factors, which are assumed to be the same in the future as in the 2019 community inventory. The result is a BAU forecast in which GHG emissions change with time in relation to demographics, with the assumption that GHG emissions rates and activity data will continue in the future as they did in the year of the 2019 community inventory. This methodology is used for all GHG emissions sectors and sources included in the 2019 GHG emissions inventory. The 55 Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP) Forecasting Community-Wide Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Setting Reduction Targets. May 2012. Accessed September 2021 online via: https://califaep.org/docs/Forecasting_and_Target_Setting.pdf GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 35 following provides an overview of the growth metrics, growth indicators, and GHG emissions factors used to project GHG emissions for the BAU forecast calculations.

Growth Metrics
GHG emissions are largely driven by consumption of fuel and energy, and generation of solid waste and wastewater by residents, households, and employees in a jurisdiction. As housing, population, and jobs increase over time, it is expected that GHG emissions levels will also grow. In a BAU forecast, this growth is assumed to be the primary metric for determining changes in future GHG emissions.

Growth metrics developed here use the most recent SCAG Connect SoCal 2020 - RTP/SCS demographic forecasts.56 These are adjusted to account for the 6th Cycle Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) allocation of housing needs for the City of Beverly Hills between 2021 and 2030.

As such, the number of households in Beverly Hills is expected to grow by 3,096 units between 2020 and 2030, with growth rates after 2030 consistent with SCAG 2020 RTP/SCS projected growth rates for Beverly Hills.57 With this increase in housing units it is conservatively assumed that there would be a comparative growth in population. To account for this potential increase in population, the average household occupancy in the year 2020 of 2.32 persons per household was multiplied by the number of projected housing units to estimate future population. This adjustment in housing units and population allows for the GHG emissions forecast projection to be consistent with the City’s recently adopted Housing Element. The Beverly Hills growth metrics for the BAU forecast and associated calculations are provided in Table 27.

Table 27 Growth Metrics for Beverly Hills BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Growth Metric 2019 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Housing Units
from SCAG SoCal
Connect1
14,944 14,979 15,138 15,296 15,447 15,562 15,676
Increase in
Housing Units
from RHNA
Allocations2
0 0 1,390 2,779 2,806 2,827 2,848
Housing Units
used for BAU
Forecast3
14,944 14,979 16,527 18,075 18,253 18,389 18,524
Persons per
Housing Unit

2.33 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32
Population Used
for BAU
Forecast4
34,767 34,802 38,399 41,995 42,410 42,724 43,038
Employment1 75,402 75,686 76,641 77,596 78,561 79,919 81,277 56 Southern California Association of Governments. May 2020. Connect SoCal. Demographics and Growth Forecast. https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/0903fconnectsocal_demographics-and-growth-forecast.pdf?1606001579. Accessed November 10, 2021.
57 SCAG. 2020. SCAG 6th Cycle Draft RHNA Allocation Based on Final RHNA Methodology & Final Connect SoCal. https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/rhna-draft-allocations-090320-updated.pdf?1602188695. Accessed November 10, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
36 Growth Metric 2019 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Service
Population
110,169 110,488 115,040 119,591 120,971 122,643 124,315 Notes: Service Population = Population + Employment; RHNA = regional housing needs assessment

1. Data source: Southern California Association of Governments. May 2020. Connect SoCal. Demographics and Growth Forecast. https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/0903fconnectsocal_demographics-and-growth-forecast.pdf?1606001579.

Accessed November 10, 2021.
2 The increase in housing units from RHNA allocations for 2030 was calculated by adding the required RHNA allocations for the City of Beverly Hills, 3,096 units, to the 2020 projected housing unit totals. After 2030, the number of housing units is assumed to continue to increase as at the same rate per year as determined in the SCAG 2020 SoCal Connect RTP/SCS projections, starting from the adjusted 2030 number of housing units accounting for RHNA allocations. 3 The number of housing units used to forecast GHG emissions in the BAU forecast was determined by adding the additional required under RHNA allocations. This increase accounts for housing units already considered in the City’s general plan, as well as the additional required units from RHNA allocations.
4 The total persons per unit was determined for the years 2019 and 2020 by dividing the SCAG 2020 SoCal Connect RTP/SCS projected population by the projected number of households in Beverly Hills. After 2020, where an increase in the number of housing units is expected from RHNA allocations, an increased population beyond that accounted for in the SCAG 2020 SoCal Connect RTP/SCS is calculated by multiplying the persons per housing unit for the year 2020 by the total number of projected housing units. This methodology allows for a conservative estimate of the total population in Beverly Hills, accounting for the potential for increased population resulting from the increase in the number of housing units from the RHNA allocations.

Growth Indicators
Growth indicators allow for the forecasting of activity data for future years based on the activity data in the baseline 2019 community inventory and the associated growth metrics. The appropriate metric used for each growth indicator is developed based on the relevance of the GHG emissions source. For example, residential energy consumption would be expected to grow with the number of new households, commercial/industrial energy consumption would be expected to grow with the number of new jobs, and total solid waste generation would be expected to grow with both residents and employment (service population). The forecasting of activity data for transportation sector GHG emission sources use modeled activity data for VMT and fuel consumption, which are discussed further in the followings section. Table 28 provides the metrics that were associated with each GHG emissions sector to develop growth indicators and project GHG emissions from each GHG emissions source in the respective sectors.

Table 28 Growth Metrics and Associated GHG Emissions Sectors GHG Emissions
Sector GHG Emission Source
Activity
Data/Units
Associated
Growth Metric
Growth
Metric Data Source
Transportation On-road Transportation VMT VMT SCAG TDM model Off-road Transportation Fuel Consumption
(Gallons)
Fuel
Consumption
CARB
OFFROAD2021
Energy Residential Electricity Consumption
(CPA and SCE)
kWh Households See Table 27
Residential Natural Gas
Consumption
Therms Households See Table 24
Non-residential Electricity
Consumption (CPA and SCE)
kWh Employment SCAG Connect SoCal
Non-residential Natural Gas
Consumption
Therms Employment SCAG Connect SoCal
Imported Water Electricity Imbedded in Water
Supply
kWh Service
Population
See Table 24
GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 37 GHG Emissions
Sector GHG Emission Source
Activity
Data/Units
Associated
Growth Metric
Growth
Metric Data Source
Wastewater Wastewater Process Emissions Wastewater
Generated (MG)
Service
Population
See Table 24
Electricity Imbedded in Wastewater
Collection and Treatment
kWh Service
Population
See Table 24
Solid Waste Solid Waste Generated Tons Service
Population
See Table 24
Notes: SCE = Southern California Edison; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MG = million gallons; VMT = vehicle miles traveled; TDM = transportation demand management
The growth indicators for Beverly Hills are provided in Table 29 for each GHG emissions source, excluding on-road and off-road transportation which are discussed further in the following section.

The electricity consumption under the energy sector has been disaggregated by the electricity provider (CPA of SCE).

Table 29 Growth Indicators for BAU GHG Emissions Forecast GHG Emissions Source Growth Indicator Units
Energy
Residential Electricity - SCE 4,122.65 kWh/Household
Residential Electricity - CPA 6,878.61 kWh/Household
Residential Natural Gas 742.87 Therms/Household
Non-residential Electricity - SCE 1,713.84 kWh/Employment Non-residential Electricity - CPA 2,859.53 kWh/Employment Non-residential Natural Gas 75.10 Therms/Employment
Water
Imported Water 151.73 kWh/Service Population
Wastewater Collection and Treatment 18.92 kWh/Service Population Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 0.01 MG/Service Population Solid Waste
Solid Waste Generated 0.28 Tons Landfilled/Service Population Notes: NA = not applicable MT CO2e = metric ton carbon dioxide equivalent; SCE = Southern California Edison; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; kWh = kilowatt-hour.

BAU Activity Data Forecast
The projection of activity data for the BAU forecast was obtained from multiplying the appropriate growth metrics and growth indicators for specific GHG emission sources, as well as from models for VMT and off-road fuel consumption for transportation sector GHG emission sources. The resulting activity data for each GHG emissions source is provided in Table 30, while the transportation sector activity data is provided below.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
38 Table 30 Activity Data for BAU GHG Emissions Forecast GHG Emissions
Source Units 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy
Residential
Electricity - SCE kWh 68,135,115 74,516,985 75,250,817 75,811,498 76,368,057 Residential
Electricity - CPA kWh 113,682,815 124,330,906 125,555,299 126,490,790 127,419,403 Residential
Natural Gas Therms 12,277,377 13,427,336 13,559,567 13,660,597 13,760,884 Non-residential
Electricity - SCE kWh 131,350,556 132,987,275 134,641,133 136,968,530 139,295,927 Non-residential
Electricity - CPA kWh 219,157,200 221,888,050 224,647,496 228,530,737 232,413,978 Non-residential
Natural Gas Therms 5,755,977 5,827,700 5,900,175 6,002,165 6,104,155 Electricity T&D
Losses1 kWh 27,148,610 28,239,884 28,564,832 28,957,879 29,350,366 Water
Imported Water kWh 17,454,904 18,145,422 18,354,808 18,608,499 18,862,190 Wastewater
Collection and
Treatment
kWh 1,380 1,435 1,451 1,472 1,492
Wastewater
Treatment and
Discharge
MG 2,176,707 2,262,818 2,288,929 2,320,566 2,352,202
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Generated Tons 31,817 33,076 33,457 33,920 34,382
Notes: SCE = Southern California Edison; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MG = million gallons; T&D = transmission and distribution

1. Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses were calculated as 5.1% of the total electricity consumption in the City.

Transportation Activity Data Forecasts
Transportation sector activity data for the GHG emissions forecast was obtained from separately modeled activity data. The sources and activity data used for the BAU forecast are provided below.

ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITY DATA FORECAST
Activity data for the forecast of passenger on-road transportation was modeled separately from the above growth metrics and growth indicators, using the SCAG Trip-Based Travel Demand Model v6.3 from the agency’s 2016 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS).

This data was developed using the same methodology as discussed in for the 2019 GHG Emissions Inventory. Trip data was also split by light motor vehicle (LMV) or heavy-duty trucks (HDT) to delineate between commercial and passenger on-road transit. Daily VMT data was annualized using GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 39 an annualization factor of 347 to take into account reduced weekend and holiday travel consistent with CARB methodologies.58 The results are summarized in Table 31.

Table 31 BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Passenger On-Road Transportation Data Data Type 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Passenger Vehicle Annual VMT 485,310,383 491,104,242 496,897,754 502,691,613 508,485,125 Commercial Vehicle Annual VMT 15,962,694 17,079,340 18,195,639 19,312,285 20,428,584 Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled
Data Source: SCAG Trip-Based Travel Demand Model v6.3.

In addition to the VMT data, the electricity consumption from EVs was also forecasted based on the 2019 GHG Emissions Inventory. To gain a reasonable estimate of the contribution of EVs to future transportation sector GHG emissions, the EV electricity consumption in the 2019 GHG Emissions Inventory was forecasted from the growth metric of households in the City and the growth indicator of kwh/household. This assumes that the majority of EV charging events occur at residences.

Furthermore, it was necessary to estimate the amount of energy used for EV charging by the electricity provider, as SCE and CPA have different GHG emissions factors for electricity. Due to a lack of available data for understanding the total electricity used for EV charging for each electricity provider, it was estimated that the EV charging for CPA and SCE electricity was proportional to the total electricity provided to the City by each provider. As such, it was estimated that 62.5% of electricity used for EV charging was provided by CPA, and 37.5% of electricity used for EV charging was provided by SCE. The resulting electricity consumption is added to the transportation sector GHG emissions. The data used to estimate future EV electricity consumption in the City is provided in Table 32.

Table 32 BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Passenger On-Road EV Activity Data Data Type 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Households (Growth Metric) 16,527 18,075 18,253 18,389 18,524 EV Charging – CPA
(kWh/household) 72.93 72.93 72.93 72.93 72.93
EV Charging – SCE (kWh/household) 43.71 43.71 43.71 43.71 43.71 EV Charging – CPA (kWh) 1,205,322 1,318,219 1,331,200 1,341,119 1,350,964 EV Charging – SCE (kWh) 722,403 790,066 797,847 803,792 809,692 Notes: VMT = CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison; kWh = kilowatt-hour

OFF-ROAD ACTIVITY DATA
Activity data for the forecast of off-road GHG emissions was modeled separately from the above growth metrics and growth indicators, using several CARB recommended off-road models. These included CARB’s OFFROAD2017 model which breaks down regional fuel consumption by equipment class, the SORE2020 model for lawn and garden equipment transportation refrigeration units, and RV2018 for recreational vehicle data. These models were run for Los Angeles County for the forecast years to obtain fuel consumption for gasoline, diesel, and natural gas/liquefied petroleum gas and 58 Data Source: California Air Resources Board. 2020. Base Year Data. Available:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/sb375/data/baseyeardata/ghg-base-est-ambag062110.pdf. Accessed October 20, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
40 then apportioned to Beverly Hills by growth metrics for each of the included years, consistent with the 2019 GHG Emissions Inventory. The equipment sectors drawn from each model are shown in Table 33.

Table 33 Off-road Model Activity Data Sources
OFFROAD2017 Model: RV2018 Model: SORE2020 Model
 Construction and Mining Equipment
 Light Commercial Equipment
 Recreational
Vehicles
 Lawn and Garden Equipment
 Transport Refrigeration Units
The results of these models were summarized for all equipment sectors relevant to Los Angeles County. Beverly Hills was allocated a percentage of county fuel consumption for each sector relative to Beverly Hills’ proportion of jobs or population in the county, as done in the 2019 community inventory, as shown in Table 13. The off-road fuel consumption results for the BAU forecast are summarized in Table 34.

Table 34 Beverly Hills BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Off-Road Fuel Consumption Off-road Fuel Category 2019 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Diesel 647,908 728,585 744,844 775,677 811,180 845,300
Gasoline 466,546 480,758 486,225 486,419 488,760 490,177 Natural Gas 50,997 50,857 50,210 49,824 49,779 49,635
Notes: All values are of the unit gallons of fuel
Data Source: California Air Resources Board. 2017. OFFROAD2017 – ORION. Available: https://www.arb.ca.gov/orion/. Accessed July 20, 2021.

California Air Resources Board. 2020. Off-Road-Gasoline Equipment. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobilesource-emissions-inventory/road-documentation/msei-documentation-road-0. Accessed October 7, 2021.

BAU GHG Emission Factors
The BAU GHG emissions forecast is representative of a scenario where community activities are generally similar to that of the baseline 2019 GHG emissions inventory. As such, BAU activity data growth is multiplied by the emissions factors used to calculate GHG emissions from the baseline GHG emissions inventory to generate an estimate of future GHG emissions without influence from GHG reduction policies at the State or local level. The BAU GHG emissions factors for the relevant GHG emissions sources and sectors are provided in Table 35, reported in MT CO2e.

GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 41 Table 35 BAU GHG Emissions Factors
GHG Emissions Source GHG Emissions Factor Units
Transportation
Passenger On-Road Transportation 0.0003662155 MT CO2e/VMT Commercial On-Road Transportation 0.0012945549 MT CO2e/VMT Passenger EV - CPA 0.0001646797 MT CO2e/kWh
Passenger EV - SCE 0.0002400000 MT CO2e/kWh
Off Road – Diesel 0.0103402399 MT CO2e/Gallons
Off Road – Gasoline 0.0091029590 MT CO2e/Gallons
Off Road – Natural Gas (LPG) 0.0058009700 MT CO2e/Gallons Energy
Residential Electricity - SCE 0.0002400000 MT CO2e/kWh
Residential Electricity - CPA 0.0001646797 MT CO2e/kWh
Residential Natural Gas 0.0053125123 MT CO2e/Therm
Non-residential Electricity - SCE 0.0002400000 MT CO2e/kWh Non-residential Electricity - CPA 0.0001646797 MT CO2e/kWh Non-residential Natural Gas 0.0053125123 MT CO2e/Therm
Electricity Transmission & Distribution Losses 0.0001929055 MT CO2e/kWh Water
Imported Water 0.0002065000 MT CO2e/kWh
Wastewater Collection and Treatment 0.0002065000 MT CO2e/kWh Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 0.4589927805 MT CO2e/MG Treated Solid Waste
Community Generated Solid Waste 0.5038561538 MT CO2e/Tons Landfilled Notes: NA = not applicable MT CO2e = metric ton carbon dioxide equivalent; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison; kWh = kilowatt-hour; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas; EV = electric vehicle; MG = million gallons.

BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Results
The following provides a summary of the results of the BAU GHG emissions forecast for each source in Beverly Hills, with the results reported in MT CO2e. The BAU forecast projects an increase in GHG emissions above the baseline 2019 community inventory from all GHG emissions sources through 2045. An increase in housing stock commensurate with the RHNA allocations for 2020-2029 is included in the growth forecast for housing and population to ensure a conservative estimate of population and housing growth within the City. Table 36 and Figure 4 provide a summary of the Beverly Hills BAU GHG emissions forecast result for the years 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
42 Table 36 BAU GHG Emissions Forecast Summary
GHG Emissions Source 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Transportation 210,970 214,786 218,675 222,634 226,568
Passenger On-Road Transportation 177,728 179,850 181,972 184,093 186,215 Commercial On-Road Transportation 20,665 22,110 23,555 25,001 26,446 Passenger EV - CPA 198 217 219 221 222
Passenger EV - SCE 173 190 191 193 194
Off Road – Diesel 7,534 7,702 8,021 8,388 8,741
Off Road – Gasoline 4,376 4,426 4,428 4,449 4,462
Off Road – Natural Gas (LPG) 295 291 289 289 288
Energy 203,728 214,556 216,936 219,577 222,212
Residential Electricity - SCE 16,352 17,884 18,060 18,195 18,328 Residential Electricity - CPA 18,721 20,475 20,676 20,830 20,983 Residential Natural Gas 65,224 71,333 72,035 72,572 73,105 Non-residential Electricity - SCE 31,524 31,917 32,314 32,872 33,431 Non-residential Electricity - CPA 36,091 36,540 36,995 37,634 38,274 Non-residential Natural Gas 30,579 30,960 31,345 31,887 32,428 Electricity Transmission & Distribution Losses 5,237 5,448 5,510 5,586 5,662 Water 4,705 4,879 4,935 5,004 5,066
Imported Water 3,604 3,747 3,790 3,843 3,895
Wastewater Collection and Treatment 467 473 479 486 486 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 634 659 666 675 685
Solid Waste 16,031 16,665 16,858 17,091 17,324
Community Generated Solid Waste 16,031 16,665 16,858 17,091 17,324 Total 435,434 450,886 457,404 464,305 471,169
Notes: CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas; EV = electric vehicle.

All values presented in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e).

Totals may not add due to rounding.

GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 43 Figure 4 Beverly Hills BAU GHG Emissions Forecasts through 2045

3.2 Legislative Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecasts
The adjusted forecast accounts for GHG emissions reductions that can be reasonably expected from State legislation and regulations. While there are numerous pieces of legislation that are likely to achieve long-term GHG emissions reduction, there can be wide variations on how these are implemented within a specific jurisdiction. As such, only limited pieces of legislation are accounted for in this adjusted forecast to provide that GHG emissions reduction estimates remain conservative.

GHG Emissions Reduction Legislation Included in Adjusted Forecast Several State regulations have been enacted that reduce Beverly Hills’ future GHG emissions. The impact of these regulations was quantified and incorporated into the adjusted forecast to provide a more accurate depiction of future GHG emissions growth and the responsibility of GHG emissions reduction for Beverly Hills beyond established State and federal regulations. The following were applied to the adjusted forecast based on the unique sectors within Beverly Hills.  2019 Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards
 Senate Bill 100 - California Renewables Portfolio Standard Program: emissions of greenhouse gases
 Safer Affordable and Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicle Rules and Actions  Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) Regulation
 Advanced Clean Trucks (ACT) Regulation
0 50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
2019 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
MT CO2e
Year
Energy Transportation Solid Waste Water
City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
44 GHG Emissions Reduction from Legislation Calculations Transportation Legislation
The GHG emissions reduction from transportation legislation considered in the GHG emissions forecast accounts for the reduction in tailpipe GHG emissions from increased fleet fuel efficiency and the increased penetration of EVs. CARB’s EMFAC2021 model accounts for the currently adopted legislation in future tailpipe emissions factors and increased EV adoption as influenced by market trends.59 While the increased adopted EVs is not directly attributed to adopted legislation in the model, it is assumed that California’s initiatives to increase EV adoption, including Executive Order N-79-20, will influence the purchase of private EVs through increased investment in EV charging infrastructure. As such, these increases in EV adoption beyond the growth in the BAU forecast are considered in the adjusted forecast.

The tailpipe GHG emissions reduction from transportation legislative reductions are calculated using the outputs of the EMFAC2021 model. The difference between future GHG emissions calculated using the baseline GHG emissions factors and future GHG emissions factors considering adopted legislation in EMFAC2021 is considered the legislative reductions. The GHG emissions factors, activity data, and resulting decrease in transportation tailpipe GHG emissions for each forecast year is provide in Table 37.

Table 37 Transportation Legislative Reductions Data and Resulting GHG Emissions 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Vehicle Miles Traveled
Passenger On-Road Transportation 485,310,383 491,104,242 496,897,754 502,691,613 508,485,125 Commercial On-Road Transportation 15,962,694 17,079,340 18,195,639 19,312,285 20,428,584 BAU GHG Emissions Factors (MT CO2e/VMT)
Passenger On-Road Transportation 0.00036622 0.00036622 0.00036622 0.00036622 0.00036622 Commercial On-Road Transportation 0.00129456 0.00129456 0.00129456 0.00129456 0.00129456 Adjusted Legislative Emissions Factors (MT CO2e/VMT)
Passenger On-Road Transportation 0.00032268 0.00029515 0.00027899 0.00027135 0.00026770 Commercial On-Road Transportation 0.00113724 0.00098905 0.00084005 0.00073663 0.00068907 BAU Transportation GHG Emissions (MT CO2e)
Passenger On-Road Transportation 177,728 179,850 181,972 184,093 186,215 Commercial On-Road Transportation 20,665 22,110 23,555 25,001 26,446 Adjusted Transportation GHG Emissions (MT CO2e)
Passenger On-Road Transportation 156,599 144,948 138,629 136,407 136,121 Commercial On-Road Transportation 18,153 16,892 15,285 14,226 14,077 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. VMT = Vehicle Miles Traveled.

Totals may not add due to rounding.

The incorporation of increased EV penetration into the adjusted forecast, beyond that considered in the BAU forecast, serves to slightly reduce the GHG emissions reductions from legislation, influenced by the additional electricity consumption needed to fuel EVs. This electricity 59 California Air Resources Board. 2021. EMFAC2021 Volume II Technical Document. Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/emfac2021_volume_3_technical_document.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2021.

GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 45 consumption was calculated using the outputs of EMFAC2021, where the estimated percent of total VMT that is driven by electric vehicles in Los Angeles County was applied to the VMT for Beverly Hills to get an estimated total VMT for electric vehicles. This VMT was then converted to an estimated electricity consumption based on the EMFAC2021 calculated kilowatt-hours per mile for EVs in Los Angeles County. The resulting electricity consumption was divided into electricity delivered by CPA and SCE, based on the proportion of total electricity supplied to the City by each,

62.5% and 37.5%, respectively This electricity consumption was converted to MT CO2e by multiplying by the BAU electricity GHG emission factor for the respective electricity provider. The electricity consumption and resulting GHG emissions included in the transportation sector GHG emissions reductions are provided in Table 38. The GHG emissions from the electricity consumption included here are expected to be reduced through SB 100, which is discussed further below.

Table 38 Transportation Legislation Electric Vehicles Emissions Increase Calculation Metric 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Electric Vehicle Electricity Consumption above BAU (kWh) Passenger Vehicles – Total 5,214,153 7,994,224 10,151,903 11,313,373 11,881,381 Passenger Vehicles – CPA Attributed 3,260,182 4,998,439 6,347,542 7,073,758 7,428,909 Passenger Vehicles SCE Attributed 1,953,971 2,995,785 3,804,361 4,239,615 4,452,472 Commercial Vehicles – Total 157,951 1,324,096 3,451,462 5,493,904 7,014,902 Commercial Vehicles – CPA Attributed 98,760 827,900 2,158,048 3,435,098 4,386,112 Commercial Vehicles SCE Attributed 59,191 496,197 1,293,413 2,058,806 2,628,790 Electricity GHG Emissions Factor (MT CO2e/kwh)
SCE Electricity 0.00024000 0.00024000 0.00024000 0.00024000 0.00024000 CPA Electricity 0.00016467
97 0.00016467
97 0.00016467
97 0.00016467
97 0.00016467
97 Resulting GHG Emissions Increase from Electric Vehicles (MT CO2e) Passenger Vehicles – CPA 537 823 1,045 1,165 1,223
Passenger Vehicles ¬ SCE 469 719 913 1,018 1,069
Commercial Vehicles – CPA 16 136 355 566 722
Commercial Vehicles ¬ SCE 14 119 310 494 631
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kwh = kilowatt-hour; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison; BAU = business-as-usual
Totals may not add due to rounding.

TITLE 24
The California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 6: California’s Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, was first adopted in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California’s energy consumption, which in turn reduces fossil fuel consumption and associated GHG emissions. The standards are updated triennially to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy-efficient technologies and methods. Since the 2019 GHG inventory year, the 2019 Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards have come into effect, creating significantly more efficient new building stock. For projects implemented after January 1, 2020, the California Energy Commission (CEC) estimates that the 2019 standards will reduce consumption by 54% for residential buildings and 30% for commercial buildings, relative to the 2016 standards. The CEC further estimates that 2022 and 2025 will result in efficiency increases of five percent for both City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
46 residential and non-residential uses. This diminishing return is largely due to the achievement of zero net energy in the 2019 code cycle and uncertainty in the 2019 California Energy Efficiency Action Plan for achieving non-residential energy efficiency savings. These percentage savings relate to space heating and cooling, lighting, and water heating only and do not include other appliances, outdoor lighting that is not attached to buildings, plug loads, or other energy uses.

The calculations and GHG emissions forecast assume that all future growth in the residential and non-residential sectors results in energy increases in newly constructed buildings. Accordingly, Title 24 is expected to reduce energy consumption from the BAU forecast levels by a percentage of the additional energy use above the levels in 2019. The 2019, 2022, and 2025 Title 24 requirements would reduce the consumption below baseline by a total of 54% for non-residential growth and by 30% for residential growth in each forecast year. Furthermore, the reduction in overall electricity consumption is expected to reduce GHG emissions associated with electricity transmission and distribution losses. The GHG emissions reduction resulting from Title 24 are calculated from the reduction in energy consumption from the BAU residential energy consumption from future growth, multiplied by the BAU GHG emissions factors, as provided in Table 39. These emissions are further reduced by SB 100; however, the Title 24 GHG reductions are accounted for first to avoid double counting.

Table 39 Title 24 GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations
Calculation Metric 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
BAU Activity Data
Residential Electricity CPA
(kwh)
113,682,815 124,330,906 125,555,299 126,490,790 127,419,403 Residential Electricity ¬ SCE
(kwh)
68,135,115 74,516,985 75,250,817 75,811,498 76,368,057
Residential Natural Gas
(therms)
12,277,377 13,427,336 13,559,567 13,660,597 13,760,884
Electricity T&D Losses
(kwh)
27,148,610 28,239,884 28,564,832 28,957,879 29,350,366
Adjusted Activity Data
Residential Electricity ¬ CPA
(kwh)
107,911,729 112,916,332 113,491,796 113,931,477 114,367,925 Residential Electricity ¬ SCE
(kwh)
64,676,249 67,675,728 68,020,629 68,284,149 68,545,732
Residential Natural Gas
(therms)
12,195,060 13,264,522 13,387,496 13,481,454 13,574,721
Electricity T&D Losses
(kwh)
26,677,882 27,308,837 27,580,854 27,933,460 28,285,802
Reduction in Activity Data from Title 24
Residential Electricity ¬ CPA
(kwh)
5,771,086 11,414,575 12,063,503 12,559,313 13,051,478
Residential Electricity ¬ SCE
(kwh)
3,458,866 6,841,257 7,230,188 7,527,349 7,822,325
Residential Natural Gas
(therms)
82,317 162,814 172,070 179,143 186,163
Electricity T&D Losses
(kwh)
470,728 931,047 983,978 1,024,420 1,064,564
GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 47 Calculation Metric 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
BAU GHG Emission Factors
Electricity ¬ CPA (MT
CO2e/kwh)

0.00024000 0.00024000 0.00024000 0.00024000 0.00024000
Electricity ¬ SCE (MT
CO2e/kwh)

0.0001646797 0.0001646797 0.0001646797 0.0001646797 0.0001646797 Natural Gas (MT
CO2e/therm)

0.00531251 0.00531251 0.00531251 0.00531251 0.00531251
Electricity T&D Losses (MT
CO2e/kwh)

0.0001929055 0.0001929055 0.0001929055 0.0001929055 0.0001929055 GHG Emissions Reduction from Title 24 (MT CO2e)
Residential Electricity ¬ CPA 950 1,880 1,987 2,068 2,149 Residential Electricity ¬ SCE 830 1,642 1,735 1,807 1,877 Residential Natural Gas 437 865 914 952 989
Electricity T&D Losses 91 180 190 198 206
Total Title 24 GHG
Emissions Reduction 2,309 4,566 4,826 5,024 5,221
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kwh = kilowatt-hour; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison; BAU = business-as-usual; T&D = transmission and distribution T may not add due to rounding.

SB 100
CPA and SCE currently provide electricity in Beverly Hills and are subject to SB 100 requirements.

GHG emissions from electricity consumption are largely determined by the emissions factor associated with the supplied electricity. Legislative GHG emissions reductions from SB 100 are calculated as the difference between GHG emissions under the BAU forecast electricity and GHG emissions calculated using a SB 100-adjusted GHG emissions factor for a given forecast year. An adjusted GHG emission factors is calculated by scaling the baseline electricity GHG emissions factor with the RPS percentage for eligible renewable electricity required for compliance with SB 100. Both electricity providers for Beverly Hills had different electricity emissions factors due to different electricity generation sources in the electricity delivery mix. The RPS percentages and associated GHG emissions factors used to determine the Adjusted forecast electricity emissions are provided in Table 40. The table also includes a weighted average emission factor (between SCE and CPA) which was used for the GHG emissions associated with transmission and distribution losses and data regarding eGRID which was used for the GHG emissions associated with imported water and wastewater collection and treatment.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
48 Table 40 Electricity Provider Forecasted RPS and Electricity GHG Emissions Factors Calculation Factor 2019 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
SCE Electricity
Renewable Portfolio
Standard Percentage1
35% 49% 60% 73% 87% 100%
Adjusted Electricity Emission
Factor (MT CO2e/kWh)

0.00024000 0.00018977 0.00014792 0.00009861 0.00004931 0.00000000 CPA Electricity2
Renewable Portfolio
Standard Percentage
47% 54% 60% 73% 87% 100%
Adjusted Electricity Emission
Factor (MT CO2e/kWh) 0.00016468 0.00016103 0.00014278 0.00012452 0.00008301 0.00004151 Weighted Electricity3
Adjusted Electricity Emission
Factor (MT CO2e/kWh) 0.00019291 0.00018749 0.00016039 0.00013329 0.00008886 0.00004443 eGRID Electricity
Renewable Portfolio
Standard Percentage3
32% 47% 60% 73% 87% 100%
Adjusted Electricity Emission
Factor (MT CO2e/kWh)

0.00020650 0.00015983 0.00012094 0.00008062 0.00004031 0.00000000 Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kwh = kilowatt-hour; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison

1. Edison International. 2020. Sustainability Report 2019. Available:
<https://www.edison.com/content/dam/eix/documents/sustainability/eix-2019-sustainability-report.pdf>. Accessed November 11, 2021.

2. The CPA electricity GHG emissions factor and RPS percentage are the average RPS for each of the three power options, weighted by the electricity consumption in Beverly Hills at each power level. Data Source: Clean Power Alliance. 2020. 2019 Power Content Label.

Available: < https://www.energy.ca.gov/filebrowser/download/3221>. Accessed November 11, 2021.

3. The weighted electricity emission factor is calculated as the weighted average of the adjusted SCE and CPA adjusted emission factors based on the forecasted distribution of electricity between the two providers.

4. Data Source: USEPA. 2021. eGRID Summary Tables 2019. Available: < https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2021- 02/documents/egrid2019_summary_tables.pdf>. Accessed November 11, 2021.

The resulting GHG emissions reduction that can be expected from SB 100 are provided Table 41.

These GHG emissions reductions were calculated by multiplying the forecasted activity data by the above SB 100 adjusted GHG emission factors and then subtracting the resulting SB 100 GHG emissions from the unadjusted GHG emissions totals for each GHG emission source. In the cases of Title 24 adjusted electricity consumption and increases in EV adoption, where electricity activity data was adjusted by legislation, the legislative adjusted activity data was used to calculate GHG emission reductions to avoid double counting. Commercial electricity, imported water consumption, and wastewater treatment related electricity consumption use the BAU activity data for GHG emissions reduction calculations.

GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 49 Table 41 SB 100 GHG Emissions Reductions
GHG Emissions Sector/Source 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Passenger On-road EV - CPA 98 254 627 1,036 1,446
Passenger On-road EV - SCE 134 349 651 962 1,263
Commercial On-road EV - CPA 2 33 176 423 722
Commercial On-road EV - SCE 3 46 183 393 631
Residential Electricity - SCE 3,248 6,232 9,617 13,021 16,451 Residential Electricity - CPA 2,364 4,535 9,268 14,033 18,834 Non-Residential Electricity - SCE 6,597 12,245 19,036 26,119 33,431 Non-Residential Electricity - CPA 4,801 8,911 18,346 28,149 38,274 Electricity T&D Losses 868 1,628 2,870 4,147 5,456
Imported Water 925 1,720 2,439 3,167 3,895
Wastewater Collection and Treatment 106 196 292 391 486 Total SB 100 GHG Emissions Reduction 19,145 36,147 63,505 91,841 120,889 Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kwh = kilowatt-hour; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison; BAU = business-as-usual; T&D = transmission and distribution All values are presented in MT CO2e.

Totals may not add due to rounding.

Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecast Results
State legislation is expected to result in GHG emissions reduction from the BAU forecast in the transportation, energy, and water sectors. Title 24 is expected to reduce GHG emissions from reduced electricity and natural gas consumption in new residential housing units. SB 100 is expected to further reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector through reduced GHG emissions associated with electricity generation, as well as in the water sector where electricity is embedded in the water supply and wastewater collection and treatment. The expected legislative reductions from transportation legislation, SB 100, and Title 24 are summarized in Table 42.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
50 Table 42 Beverly Hills Adjusted GHG Forecast Emissions Reduction Summary (MT CO2e) GHG Emissions Source 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Transportation Legislation GHG Emissions
Reduction
Passenger On-road Transportation 21,129 34,902 43,343 47,687 50,095 Commercial On-road Transportation 2,511 5,218 8,270 10,775 12,369 Passenger On-road EV - CPA (537) (823) (1,045) (1,165) (1,223) Passenger On-road EV - SCE (469) (719) (913) (1,018) (1,069) Commercial On-road EV - CPA (16) (136) (355) (566) (722) Commercial On-road EV - SCE (14) (119) (310) (494) (631) Total Transportation GHG Emissions Reduction 22,604 38,322 48,988 55,219 58,819 Title 24 GHG Emissions Reduction
Residential Electricity ¬ CPA 830 1,642 1,735 1,807 1,877 Residential Electricity ¬ SCE 950 1,880 1,987 2,068 2,149 Residential Natural Gas 437 865 914 952 989
Electricity T&D Losses 91 180 190 198 205
Total Title 24 GHG Emissions Reduction 2,309 4,566 4,826 5,024 5,221 SB 100 GHG Emissions Reduction
Residential Electricity - CPA 3,248 6,232 9,617 13,021 16,451 Residential Electricity - SCE 2,364 4,535 9,268 14,033 18,834 Non-Residential Electricity - CPA 6,597 12,245 19,036 26,119 33,431 Non-Residential Electricity - SCE 4,801 8,911 18,346 28,149 38,274 Passenger On-road EV - CPA 98 254 627 1,036 1,446
Passenger On-road EV - SCE 134 349 651 962 1,263
Commercial On-road EV - CPA 2 33 176 423 722
Commercial On-road EV - SCE 3 46 183 393 631
Electricity T&D Losses 868 1,628 2,870 4,147 5,456
Imported Water 925 1,720 2,439 3,167 3,895
Wastewater Collection and Treatment 106 196 292 391 486 Total SB 100 GHG Emissions Reduction 19,145 36,147 63,505 91,841 120,889 Total Legislative GHG Emissions Reduction 44,058 79,035 117,320 152,085 184,929 Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison; T&D = transmission and distribution; EV = electric vehicle
All values are presented in MT CO2e.

Totals may not add due to rounding.

Table 43 provides the resulting GHG emissions for each source after accounting for the legislative reductions above for milestone years from 2025 through 2045.

GHG Emissions Forecast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 51 Table 43 Beverly Hills Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecast Detail (MT CO2e) GHG Emissions Source 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Transportation 188,129 175,783 168,050 164,600 163,688
Passenger On-road Transportation 156,599 144,948 138,629 136,407 136,121 Commercial On-road Transportation 18,153 16,892 15,285 14,226 14,077 Passenger On-road EV - CPA 638 787 637 349 -
Passenger On-road EV - SCE 508 560 454 249 -
Commercial On-road EV - CPA 14 103 179 143 -
Commercial On-road EV - SCE 11 73 128 102 -
Off Road – Diesel 7,534 7,702 8,021 8,388 8,741
Off Road – Gasoline 4,376 4,426 4,428 4,449 4,462
Off Road – Natural Gas (LPG) 295 291 289 289 288
Energy 183,542 176,440 152,972 129,083 104,544
Residential Electricity – CPA 12,274 10,011 6,708 3,367 - Residential Electricity – SCE 15,407 14,061 9,421 4,729 - Residential Natural Gas 64,786 70,468 71,121 71,620 72,116 Non-Residential Electricity - SCE 24,927 19,671 13,277 6,753 - Non-Residential Electricity - CPA 31,290 27,630 18,649 9,486 - Non-Residential Natural Gas 30,579 30,960 31,345 31,887 32,428 Electricity T&D Losses 4,279 3,640 2,451 1,241 -
Water 3,675 2,963 2,205 1,446 685
Imported Water 2,679 2,027 1,352 676 -
Wastewater Collection and Treatment 362 277 187 95 -
Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 634 659 666 675 685
Solid Waste 16,031 16,665 16,858 17,091 17,324
Community Generated Solid Waste 16,031 16,665 16,858 17,091 17,324 Community-wide Total 391,377 371,851 340,085 312,220 286,241 Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; CPA = Clean Power Alliance; SCE = Southern California Edison; T&D = transmission and distribution; EV = electric vehicle; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas All values are presented in MT CO2e.

Totals may not add due to rounding.

Figure 5 shows the GHG emissions trends in terms of MT CO2e for the Adjusted forecast. Adjusted forecast emissions trend downward over time through 2045.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
52 Figure 5 Beverly Hills Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecasts through 2045 Figure 6 shows the GHG emissions trends in terms of MT CO2e over the course of the BAU and Adjusted forecasts to illustrate the influence of State legislation on projected emissions.

Figure 6 Beverly Hills BAU and Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecasts through 2045 0 50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
2019 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
MT CO2e
Year
Energy Transportation Solid Waste Water
391,377
371,851
340,085
312,220
286,240
417,839 435,434 450,886 457,404 464,305 471,169
0 50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
2019 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
MT CO2e
Energy Transportation
Solid Waste Water
Water Reductions Transportation Reduction
Energy Reductions Adjusted Forecast
GHG Emissions Back-cast
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Back-cast Technical Appendix 53 4 GHG Emissions Back-cast
State legislation related to GHG emissions reduction bases statewide GHG reduction goals on a 1990 baseline year, and it is recommended that community-level GHG reduction plans and CAAPs similarly align with these state goals. In order to set GHG reduction targets for the City of Beverly that meet or exceed the State’s goals, it is practical to develop a comparison of the City’s known GHG emissions to 1990 levels. In doing so, the City can clearly demonstrate alignment with the State’s GHG reduction goals by developing local GHG reduction targets that match the state goals relative to the local 1990 GHG emission level. Many jurisdictions, including Beverly Hills, did not track data that can be used to develop a comprehensive GHG emissions inventory in the year 1990.

The earliest community-wide GHG emissions inventory developed for Beverly Hills is the year 2015, which will be used to make an estimate of 1990 emissions levels, or a GHG emissions “back-cast”.

OPR recommends estimating 1990 emissions level using calculations that can be supported by substantial evidence.60 As such, a comparison of statewide GHG emission levels between 1990 and 2015, for economic sectors relevant to the City of Beverly Hills, will be used to estimate how GHG emissions in Beverly Hills have evolved since 1990. The economic sectors used for this comparison include:
 Residential Buildings,
 Commercial Buildings,
 Transportation,
 Electricity Generation (imports), and
 Electricity Generation (in state).61
These economic sectors represent the majority of GHG emissions in the City of Beverly Hills in 2015, with commercial and residential buildings, transportation, and electricity consumption making up 96% of the City’s GHG emissions profile. Comparing the statewide GHG emissions for these sectors to those of Beverly Hills relies on the assumption that factors influencing the changes in GHG emissions in these sectors would also have influenced a similar change in GHG emissions in the City of Beverly Hills. These factors include but are not limited to increased population and jobs, increased VMT, improved energy efficiency, improved vehicle fuel efficiency, and increased renewable energy imports and generation.

The State’s GHG Emissions Inventory provides statewide GHG emissions data for the year 1990, and for each year between 2000 and 2019. This data shows that statewide GHG emissions for the above economic sectors had increased after 1990, and then been reduced to near 1990 levels as of 2015.62 Table 44 provides the statewide GHG emissions data for the years 1990, 2005, and 2015 for the relevant economic sectors, as well as the percent change in GHG emissions between 1990 and 2015. 60 Governor’s Office of Planning and Research. 2017. General Plan Guidelines. Chapter 8: Climate Change. Available:
https://opr.ca.gov/docs/OPR_C8_final.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2020. 61 The industrial and agricultural economic sectors reported in the California GHG Emissions Inventory are not included for this analysis, as the City of Beverly Hills does not contain agricultural lands or industrial entities regulated under the State’s Cap-and-Trade or Mandatory GHG Reporting programs.
62 California Air Resources Board. Current California GHG Emissions Inventory Data. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ghg-inventory-data.

Accessed November 30, 2021.

City of Beverly Hills
Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
54 Table 44 Statewide GHG Emissions Levels for Relevant Economic Sectors and Beverly Hills GHG Emissions Estimates
Economic Sector
1990
(MMT CO2e)
2005
(MMT CO2e)
2015
(MMT CO2e)
Percent Change
Between
1990 and 2015
Commercial Buildings 14.43672426 15.80115831 22.05280909 52.75% Residential Buildings 29.74045803 30.2974353 27.90617132 -6.17% Electricity Generation
(Imports)

61.52142063 62.92798062 33.98145161 -44.76%
Electricity Generation (In State) 48.98575036 45.29658502 49.9756954 2.02% Transportation 150.5937996 193.465005 170.9145044 13.49% Total 305.2781529 347.7881643 304.8306318 -0.15%
Beverly Hills Community GHG
Emissions Estimate Back-cast
(MT CO2e)
453,063 516,152 452,399 -0.15%
Notes: MMT CO2e = million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Data Source: California Air Resources Board. Current California GHG Emissions Inventory Data. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ghginventory-data. Accessed November 30, 2021.

The trend in statewide GHG emissions between 1990 and 2015 can be used to estimate how the total GHG emissions in Beverly Hills may have changed during the same time period. As shown in the table above, GHG emissions have increased and decreased within the various economic sectors; however, the sum of statewide GHG emissions for the economic sectors relevant to Beverly Hills are nearly equivalent in 1990 as compared to 2015. As such, it reasonable to estimate that Beverly Hills’ GHG emissions have changed similarly over time, and that 1990 and 2015 GHG emission levels may also be nearly equivalent.

With 2015 and 1990 total GHG emissions levels being nearly equivalent at the state level for relevant economic sectors, it is appropriate to use the total 2015 Community GHG Emissions Inventory levels as a comparison to a 1990 baseline level for the City of Beverly Hills. While this trend in GHG emissions is not appropriate to be applied to individual GHG emission sources within the City, increases and decrease of emissions for various sources over time result in a similar cumulative GHG emissions level. Based on this, GHG emissions targets for the City that are consistent with State legislations can use 2015 Community GHG Emissions Inventory levels as a comparative 1990 baseline, with the estimate of Beverly Hills 1990 community GHG emissions levels having been 453,063 MT CO2e. For simplicity of tracking GHG emissions reductions over time, it is recommended that the City use data and emissions totals from the 2015 Community GHG Emissions Inventory as a baseline for the CAAP and future GHG reduction planning.

Appendix C - Measure Quantification
and Substantial Evidence
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
prepared for
City of Beverly Hills
Department of Public Works
345 Foothill Road
Beverly Hills, California 90210
Contact: Josette Descalzo, Programs Manager
prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
250 East 1st Street, Suite 1400
Los Angeles, California 90012
March 2023
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan i
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1 CEQA Qualified CAP ........................................................................................................................ 3 Emission Reduction Summary ................................................................................................................ 4 Clean Energy (CE).................................................................................................................................... 6 Buildings – New Construction (BNC) ....................................................................................................13 Buildings – Existing (BE)........................................................................................................................18 Transportation and Land Use (TL) ........................................................................................................27 Clean Fuel Adoption Measures.............................................................................................................30 Solid Waste (SW) ..................................................................................................................................35 Water and Ecosystems (WE) ................................................................................................................38 Tables
Table 1 Estimated Emission Reduction Potential of CAAP Measures .............................................4 Table 2 GHG Reduction Impact of CAAP Measures.........................................................................4 Table 3 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Single Family Residential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions.................................................................................................................7 Table 4 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Multifamily Residential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions.................................................................................................................7 Table 5 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Commercial GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions........................................................................................................................8 Table 6 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Single Family Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations.........................................................................................................................8 Table 7 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Multifamily Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations.........................................................................................................................9 Table 8 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Single Family Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations.........................................................................................................................9 Table 9 Measure CE 2.1 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions....................... 11 Table 10 Measure CE 2.1 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Calculations.......................................... 12 Table 11 Measure BNC 2.1 2030 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions..................................................................................................................... 15 Table 12 Measure BNC 2.1 2030 Nonresidential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions..................................................................................................................... 15 Table 13 Measure BNC 2.1 2030 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations.................... 16 Table 14 Measure BNC 2.1 2030 Nonresidential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations.............. 16 Table 15 Measure BE 1.3 2030 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions..................................................................................................................... 19 City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence ii
Table 16 Measure BE 1.3 2030 Commercial GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions..................................................................................................................... 20 Table 17 Measure BE 1.3 2030 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations....................... 21 Table 18 Measure BE 1.3 2030 Commercial GHG Emission Reduction Calculations...................... 21 Table 19 Measure BE 2.3 2030 Residential and Nonresidential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions................................................................................................... 24 Table 20 Measure BE 2.3 2030 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations....................... 25 Table 21 Measure BE 2.3 2030 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations....................... 25 Table 22 Measure TL 1.1 2030 Transportation Emissions Reductions from Mode Shift ............... 28 Table 23 Measure TL 2.2 Clean Fuel Transportation Plan.............................................................. 31 Table 24 Measure SW 1.1 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions..................... 36 Table 25 Measure SW 1.1 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Calculations......................................... 36 Table 26 Measure WE 1.1 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions........... 39 Table 27 Measure WE 1.1 Nonresidential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions..................................................................................................................... 40 Table 28 Measure WE 1.1 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations............................... 40 Table 29 Measure WE 1.1 Nonresidential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations......................... 40 Introduction
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 1
Introduction
This document presents the technical quantification and evidence supporting the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potential of the City of Beverly Hill’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP). Section 15183.5(b)(1) of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines establishes several criteria which must be met in order to allow for CEQA streamlining and to be considered a “qualified GHG reduction plan.” This document provides the information substantiating the GHG emissions reductions identified for the CAAP strategies pursuant to Subsection (D) which states, “strategies or a group of strategies, including performance standards, that substantial evidence demonstrates, if implemented on a project-by-project basis, would collectively achieve the specified emissions level.”
As part of the CAAP development process, the City of Beverly Hills – in coordination with Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon), the Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Community Advisory Committee (CAC) and the community of Beverly Hills – has developed a comprehensive strategy for reducing community-wide GHG emissions over time. The measures and actions in this appendix are consistent with the CAAP.

The Climate Action and Adaptation Plan’s claimed GHG emissions reductions are organized around three levels which include:

1. Sector Strategy. Sector strategies address GHG emissions and climate vulnerability in specific categories.

2. Measures. Measures define goals that will contribute to sector strategies.

3. Actions. Actions will be implemented by the City and community to achieve measure goals.

Actions can be either quantitative or supportive and are defined as follows:
 Quantitative. These measures and actions are supported by case studies, scientific articles, calculations, or other third-party substantial evidence that demonstrate that the implementation of said measure/action will achieve the identified measurable GHG emissions reduction. Quantitative measures/actions can be summed to quantify how the City of Beverly Hills will meets its 2030 target and show substantial progress towards the 2045 emission target.

These targets meet the state goal set by Senate Bill 32 (SB 32) of 40% below 1990 by 2030, and carbon neutrality by 2045 as set by Assembly Bill 1279 (AB 1279). 1 The GHG emissions
reductions were calculated using published evidence provided through adequately controlled investigations, studies, and articles carried out by qualified experts that establish the effectiveness of the reduction measures and actions. Further, the measures and actions were developed to achieve the 2030 target established by the City of Beverly Hills and make substantial progress towards the 2045 target. The estimates and underlying calculations, provided in this report, include substantial evidence and a transparent approach to achieving 1 The Association of Environmental Professionals recommends limiting CEQA GHG Analysis to the State GHG Planning Horizon based on a State Legislatively Mandated Target (i.e., SB 32). Therefore, at this time, it is recommended that cities demonstrate quantitatively how they plan to achieve GHG reductions that align with SB 32, but are not required to do the same for the 2045 carbon neutrality goal established by AB 1279. Rather, it is recommended that cities demonstrate “substantial progress” towards the 2045 carbon neutrality goal. See Final White Paper Beyond 2020 and Newhall: A Field Guide to New CEQA Greenhouse Gas Thresholds and Climate Action Plan Targets for California (Association of Environmental Professionals, 2016).

City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 2 the City’s short term GHG emissions reduction target and substantial progress towards achieving the long-term target.
 Supportive. These measures and actions may also be quantifiable and have substantial evidence to support their overall contribution to GHG emissions reductions. However, due to one of several factors – including a low/no direct GHG emissions reduction benefit, indirect GHG emissions reduction benefit, potential for double-counting, or simply a high level of difficulty in quantifying accurate GHG emissions reductions – they have not been quantified and do not contribute directly to the expected GHG reduction target and consistency with the state goals.

Despite not being quantified, supportive strategies/steps are nevertheless critical to the implementation of other measures and action and generally the overall success of the CAAP.2 Together, the quantitative and supportive strategies and steps listed herein provide Beverly Hills with the GHG emissions reductions necessary to achieve the City’s target of reducing emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 (SB 32). The City has also established a target consistent with AB 1279 to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045.3 The strategies identified in this CAAP will lead to a substantial progress in GHG emissions reductions by 2045, providing a foundation for achieving net carbon neutrality. However, the strategies reasonably available to the City and included in this CAAP do not provide enough GHG emissions reductions to meet the long term 2045 GHG emissions goal.

Achieving carbon neutrality will require significant changes to the technology and systems currently in place. This CAAP aims to establish new systems that are resilient and equitable in the face of change that will allow for a transition to carbon neutrality in the future. This includes carbon neutral electricity (which will also lower water and wastewater emissions from local electricity use), electrification of building and transportation systems and increased shift to shared and active mobility, waste reduction and diversion, and carbon sequestration. As the current measures and actions are implemented, the City will gain more information, new technologies will emerge, and identified pilot projects and programs will scale to the size needed to reach carbon neutrality.

Furthermore, the State is expected to continue providing updated regulations and support once the 2030 target is achieved. Future CAAP updates will make necessary adjustments and outline new strategies needed to reach Beverly Hill’s long-term target of carbon neutrality.

The quantification in this report is intended to illustrate one of several viable paths to pursue as the measures and actions of the CAAP are implemented at full scale. As required in CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b)(e), mechanisms to monitor the CAAP’s progress toward achieving the GHG emission reductions provided in this report have been established through the CAAP development process. If, based on the tracking of community GHG emissions, the City is found to not be on target to reach the GHG reduction levels specified here for meeting SB 32 targets, the CAAP as a whole or specific measures and actions will be required to be amended and a CAAP update will be prepared that includes altered or additional measures and actions and evidence that upon implementation can achieve the City’s targets.

Avoiding interference with and making substantial progress toward the state’s 2030 and long-term goals is important as these have been set at levels that achieve California’s fair share of international emissions reduction targets established by the Paris Agreement and the International Panel on Climate Change that will stabilize global climate change effects and avoid the adverse 2 This document does not provide substantial evidence for supportive measures and actions, only those with claimed GHG emissions reductions.
3 The goal of carbon neutrality is also consistent with the Paris Agreement and the International Panel on Climate Change’s target of carbon neutrality by mid-century.

Introduction
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 3
environmental consequences described under Executive Order B-55-18 Section 3.1.3, Potential Effects of Climate Change.

CEQA Qualified CAP
Beverly Hills’ CAAP aligns with the requirements set forth in CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b) for development of a qualified GHG reduction plan. This includes setting GHG emissions reduction targets which align with those set by the State of California (described above). As a qualified GHG Reduction Plan, development projects that are consistent with the strategies in the CAAP can streamline their GHG analysis under CEQA by presuming that the project’s GHG emissions are not significant. The requirements set forth in CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b) are as outlined below:
 Quantify GHG emissions, both existing and projected over a specified time period, resulting from activities within a defined geographic area; (Chapter 2)  Establish a level, based on substantial evidence, below which the contribution to GHG emissions from activities covered by the plan would not be cumulatively considerable; (Chapter 2)  Identify and analyze the GHG emissions resulting from specific actions or categories of actions anticipated within the geographic area; (Chapter 2)
 Specify measures or a group of measures, including performance standards, that substantial evidence demonstrates, if implemented on a project-by-project basis, would collectively achieve the specified emissions level; (Chapter 3)
 Establish a mechanism to monitor the plan’s progress toward achieving the level and to require amendment if the plan is not achieving specified levels; (Chapter 4)  Be adopted in a public process following environmental review. (Associated CEQA Analysis)  A qualified CAP allows Livermore to streamline new development that meets our climate goals, decreasing costs, and incentivizing climate smart development.

City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 4 Emission Reduction Summary
The sector strategies, measures, and actions established by Beverly Hills’ CAAP are expected to produce GHG emissions reductions that exceed the requirements of SB 32 in 2030, but fall short of the carbon neutrality goal established by AB 1279 for 2045. However, as described above, this Climate Action and Adaptation Plan puts Beverly Hills on the pathway to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045.

A breakdown of the GHG emissions reduction calculated for each measure is included in Table 1. A complete description of each measure and its contributing actions is included in the sections that follow.

Table 1 Estimated Emission Reduction Potential of CAAP Measures Strategy Sector Measures
2030 GHG
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
2045 GHG
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
Maintain high participation in 100%
Green Energy from Clean Power
Alliance or SCE equivalent
Clean Energy CE 2.1 53,529 0
Local solar installations Clean Energy CE 1.1, CE 1.2 651 0 Carbon-free reach code New Buildings BNC 2.1 7,984 11,626 Existing building decarbonization Existing Buildings BE 2.1, BE 2.2, BE

2.3 11,868 55,943
Existing building energy efficiency
programs
Existing Buildings BE 1.1, BE 1.3 1,030 3,271
EV adoption Transportation TL 2.1, TL 2.2 14,529 69,674 Mode Shift (Complete Streets Plan,
transit)
Transportation TL 1.1, TL 1.2, TL

1.3 2,631 5,966
Comply with SB 1383 Solid Waste SW 1.1, SW 1.2 12,499 12,993 Reduce outdoor and indoor water
use
Water and
Wastewater
WE 1.1, WE 1.2,
WE 1.3, WE 1.4
45 0
Urban Forest Management Carbon
Sequestration
WE 2.1, WE 2.4 37 58
Total Reductions Achieved by Strategies 104,804 159,532 Table 2 GHG Reduction Impact of CAAP Measures
Emissions Targets & Reductions Needed 2030 (MT CO2e) 2045 (MT CO2e) Adjusted Forecast Emissions 371,851 286,241
Target Emissions 271,439 0
Reductions Required to Meet Target 100,412 286,241
Total Reductions Achieved by Strategies
(See Table 1)
104,804 159,532
Gap to Target -4,392 126,709
Emission Reduction Summary
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 5
As shown in Table 2, the strategies adopted in Beverly Hills’ CAAP have the ability when fully implemented to reduce GHG emissions below the City’s 2030 GHG reduction target and make substantial progress towards a 2045 carbon neutrality target. However, a gap still remains to reach the goal of carbon neutrality in 2045. As new technologies develop, and the state consolidates around the 2045 carbon neutrality goal, the City of Beverly Hills will monitor progress and adopt new measures and actions to achieve this long-term goal. Furthermore, the measures and actions in this CAAP will create the basis for long-term carbon neutrality when implemented, including electrified buildings and vehicles coupled with decarbonized electricity, improved active transportation, decreased waste generation, and increased carbon sequestration.

The following sections contain the substantial evidence and quantification methodology intended to provide reasonable assurance that the GHG reduction strategies adopted in the City of Beverly Hills’ CAAP will lead to the GHG emissions reduction necessary to achieve the City’s 2030 GHG emissions reduction target. Substantial evidence for quantification is only provided for 2030 GHG emission reductions.

City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 6 Clean Energy (CE)
Alternative Energy Source Measures
CE 1.1 Support community solar programs and projects
CE 1.2 Streamline approval process for solar, battery storage systems, and EV charging CE 1.3 Carbon neutral city facilities
GHG Emissions Reduction Summary
Measure 2030 Reduction (MTCO2e) 2045 Reduction (MTCO2e) CE 1.1 Support community solar programs and projects 651 0 CE 1.2 Streamline approval process for solar, battery
storage systems, and EV charging
0 0
CE 1.3 Carbon neutral city facilities 0 0
Subsector Total 651 0
Background
Clean grid electricity from Clean Power Alliance (CPA), Southern California Edison (SCE), or other third-party energy source, and the installation of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as local solar projects, are major components of the effort being led by the State to achieve its climate goals that Beverly Hills can benefit from. Residential and nonresidential energy use, including electricity and natural gas, account for 45 percent of Beverly Hills’ 2019 communitywide greenhouse gas emissions.

Carbon-free electricity is a foundational measure of the CAAP. It can be harnessed by Beverly Hills in two ways: 1) through local distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar PV installations, and 2) by accessing clean grid energy by participating in CPA—the regional community choice aggregation program.

Benefits of local and community solar include cost savings, increased property values, emissions reductions, and resilience benefits when paired with storage.4 Community solar is defined by the US Department of Energy as any solar project or purchasing program, within a geographic area, in which the benefits of a solar project flow to multiple customers such as individuals, businesses, nonprofits, and other groups. In most cases, customers are benefitting from energy generated by solar panels at an off-site array.5 Community solar projects are more equitable in that they allow everyone to benefit from solar energy even those who cannot install panels on their rooftop.

Methodology and Assumptions
Although solar has many community benefits, its GHG reductions are nominal because local and community solar installations are offsetting already carbon-free energy provided by CPA. Measure CE 1.1 is a municipal measure for the city to explore and install community solar. The GHG reduction 4 U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). Energy Saver (2022). Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/benefits-residentialsolar-electricity. 5 U.S. DOE. Community Solar Basics (2022). Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/community-solarbasics#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20Customer%20Benefits,money%20on%20their%20monthly%20bills..

Clean Energy (CE)
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 7
model aims to install solar systems on about two percent of buildings each year through 2045 which is conservative relative to recent solar installation trends in California. In 2021, enough solar was installed to power 10.5 million homes.6 The model assumes all systems are solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and uses the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) PVWatts Calculator to estimate the electricity generated from each system based on the solar radiation expected in Beverly Hills and varying assumptions made on system size for each building type (i.e., single family residential, multifamily residential, and commercial). Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5 below, present the relevant inputs and assumptions for solar installations on single family residential, multifamily residential, and commercial buildings, respectively. Table 6, Table 7, and Table 8 detail the 2030 GHG emission reduction calculations for solar installations on single family residential, multifamily residential, and commercial buildings, respectively.

Table 3 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Single Family Residential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions
Variable Value Source
Annual Single Family Residential Solar
Installations (installations/year)
188 The program assumes an average of 188 single family residential solar systems are installed per year. This
represents one percent of projected single-family homes in the City.

Average Solar PV DC System Size (kW) 4 Default value from NREL PVWatts Calculator for residential solar systems.

Annual Electricity Generation by Solar
PV System (kWh/year)
6,829 NREL PVWatts Calculator results for Beverly Hills assuming a DC System Size of 4 kW.

Weighted Electricity Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/kWh)

0.0000333 Emission factor for 2030 is weighted between the CPA and SCE emission factors based on estimated participation
rates from Measure CE 2.1 (i.e., 75 percent from CPA
100% Green Power and 25 percent from SCE) and
estimated to reflect consistency with the Renewable
Portfolio Standard (i.e., SB 100).1
Notes: kW = kilowatt; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. See Table 9 for the SCE and CPA’s 100% Green Power emission factors used to calculate the weighted emission factor.

Table 4 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Multifamily Residential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions
Variable Value Source
Annual Multifamily Residential Solar
Installations (installations/year)
122 The program assumes an average of 122 multifamily
residential solar systems are installed per year. This
represents two percent of projected multifamily homes
in the City.

Average Solar PV DC System Size (kW) 2 The program assumes a system size of 2 kW for multifamily residential solar systems. This size is lower than the default value from NREL PVWatts Calculator
for residential solar systems to remain conservative.

Annual Electricity Generation by Solar
PV System (kWh/year)
3,415 NREL PVWatts Calculator results for Beverly Hills assuming a DC System Size of 2 kW.
6 Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA). State Solar Spotlight (2022). Available at: https://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/2022- 12/California.pdf.

City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 8 Variable Value Source
Weighted Electricity Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/kWh)

0.0000333 Emission factor for 2030 is weighted between the CPA and SCE emission factors based on estimated
participation rates from Measure CE 2.1 (i.e., 75 percent from CPA 100% Green Power and 25 percent from SCE)
and estimated to reflect consistency with the
Renewable Portfolio Standard (i.e., SB 100).1
Notes: kW = kilowatt; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. See Table 9 for the SCE and CPA’s 100% Green Power emission factors used to calculate the weighted emission factor.

Table 5 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Commercial GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions
Variable Value Source
Annual Multifamily Residential Solar
Installations (installations/year)
68 The program assumes an average of 68 commercial
solar systems are installed per year. This represents two percent of projected commercial buildings in the city.

Average Solar PV DC System Size (kW) 10 The program assumes a system size of 10 kW for commercial solar systems. This value is higher than the default value from NREL PVWatts Calculator for
residential solar systems, but likely conservative,
because commercial buildings have larger roof sizes and higher demand compared to residential buildings.

EnergySage Commercial and Industrial (C&I) Solar Panel
Installations: An Overview.

Annual Electricity Generation by Solar
PV System (kWh/year)
17,073 NREL PVWatts Calculator results for Beverly Hills assuming a DC System Size of 10 kW.

Weighted Electricity Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/kWh)

0.0000333 Emission factor for 2030 is weighted between the CPA and SCE emission factors based on estimated
participation rates from Measure CE 2.1 (i.e., 75 percent from CPA 100% Green Power and 25 percent from SCE)
and estimated to reflect consistency with the
Renewable Portfolio Standard (i.e., SB 100).1
Notes: kW = kilowatt; kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. See Table 9 for the SCE and CPA’s 100% Green Power emission factors used to calculate the weighted emission factor.

Table 6 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Single Family Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Single Family Residential
Number of Solar Installations 172
Electricity Generated (kWh) 8,791,964
GHG Emission Reductions (MT CO2e) 293
Notes: kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Clean Energy (CE)
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 9
Table 7 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Multifamily Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Multifamily Residential
Number of Solar Installations 111
Electricity Generated (kWh) 2,843,151
GHG Emission Reductions (MT CO2e) 95
Notes: kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Table 8 Measure CE 1.1 2030 Single Family Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations
Commercial
Number of Solar Installations 62
Electricity Generated (kWh) 7,913,000
GHG Emission Reductions (MT CO2e) 264
Notes: kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Measures CE 1.2-1.3 are modeled as supportive measures meaning that their implementation results in no direct emissions reductions but either aids in the implementation of measures with direct emissions reductions or enhances the GHG reductions. These measures emissions reductions are not included in the GHG reduction model because they are offsetting electricity use that is already carbon-free provided by CPA.

Data Sources
EnergySage. Commercial and Industrial (C&I) Solar Panel Installations: An Overview (2021). Available at: https://news.energysage.com/commercial-solar-panel-installations/.

Infoplease. Beverly Hills, CA Housing Statistics. Available at:
https://www.infoplease.com/us/census/california/beverly-hills/housing-statistics.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). PVWatts Calculator. Available at:
https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php.

U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). Energy Saver (2022). Available at:
https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/benefits-residential-solar-electricity.

U.S. DOE. Community Solar Basics (2022). Available at:
https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/community-solarbasics#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20Customer%20Benefits,money%20on%20their%20m onthly%20bills
City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 10 Carbon Free Electricity Measure
CE 2.1 Maintain Clean Power Alliance participation
GHG Emissions Reduction Summary
Measure 2030 Reduction (MTCO2e) 2045 Reduction (MTCO2e) CE 2.1 Maintain Clean Power Alliance participation 53,529 0 Subsector Total 53,529 0
Background
Participating in CPA gives the city immediate access to carbon-free electricity, before the state requirements on investor-owned utilities. Through Senate Bill (SB) 100, the State’s Renewable Portfolio Standard requires supplied electricity be both 100 percent carbon-free by 2045 and 100 percent generated from renewable sources like wind, solar, hydroelectricity, geothermal, bioenergy, and green hydrogen. Furthermore, access to clean electricity increases the GHG emission reduction impact of transitioning to electric vehicles across Beverly Hills by enabling electric vehicles to charge using carbon-free electricity and thereby reducing tailpipe emissions and improving regional air quality.

The City recently updated its default participation option in CPA to the 100% Green Power option (i.e., 100 percent renewable energy) from the Clean Power option (i.e., 50 percent clean energy).

The change went into effect in October 2022. The City’s current participation rate in CPA is 99.6 percent.
7 Methodology and Assumptions
Measure CE 2.1 reduces emissions by assuming a portion of residential and nonresidential accounts will participate in CPA’s 100% Green Power option in 2030. GHG reductions are calculated by comparing GHG emissions from the forecasted baseline scenario to GHG emissions from the measure scenario. The baseline scenario assumes zero accounts participate in CPA. It assumes all electricity is sourced from SCE, the other electricity provider in the area, and applies SCE’s emission factor to the forecasted electricity consumption. The measure assumes an average of 82 percent of residential and nonresidential accounts will participate in CPA’s 100% Green Power over the years while the remaining accounts source electricity from SCE (i.e., 18 percent on average).8 This estimate is less than the current 99.8% participation rate and is considered conservative. It applies an electricity emission factor weighted between SCE and CPA’s 100% Green Power to the forecasted electricity consumption. The difference between CPA’s 100% Green Power electricity emission factor and that of SCE ultimately determines the GHG reductions from this measure as the majority 7 In 2021, the City reported a CPA participation rate of 99.6 percent (i.e., 99.8 percent of residential accounts and 98.6 percent of nonresidential accounts). The rate represents participation in one of CPA’s three electricity service options: 100% Green Power, Clean Power, and Lean Power.

City of Beverly Hills. Staff Report to the Honorable Mayor & City Council (2021). Available at:
https://beverlyhills.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=49&clip_id=8241&meta_id=497285. 8 Although 99.6 percent of accounts participate in CPA today, a certain portion may elect to opt-down from the 100% Green Power option to either CPA’s Clean Power option or CPA’s Lean Power option—options with higher carbon intensities. To remain conservative, the model assumes an average of 82 percent of accounts will remain in CPA’s 100% Green Power. The others may opt-down to CPA’s Clean Power or CPA’s Lean Power options or opt-out of CPA completely (i.e., switch to SCE). The model applies SCE’s emission factor to these accounts who are assumed to opt-down or opt-out.

Clean Energy (CE)
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 11
of forecasted electricity consumption is switched over from SCE in the baseline scenario to CPA’s 100% Green Power in the measure scenario. The reductions, however, decrease over time as SCE’s electricity becomes less carbon-intensive as a result of complying with the requirements of SB 100 and the Renewable Portfolio Standard. Table 9, below, presents the relevant inputs and assumptions for the measure and Table 10 details the 2030 GHG emission reduction calculations.

Table 9 Measure CE 2.1 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions Variable Value Source
Electricity Consumption (kWh) 535,467,385 Forecasted residential and commercial electricity consumption for 2030.

Average Participation Rate in
CPA’s 100% Green Power (%)
82 Over the years, the model assumes an average annual
participation rate of 82 percent. The annual participation rates have been selected as conservative estimates.

Currently, 99.6 percent of accounts participate in CPA but, a certain portion may elect to opt-down from the 100%
Green Power option to either CPA’s Clean Power option or CPA’s Lean Power option—options with higher carbon
intensities. To remain conservative, the model assumes
lower CPA 100% Green Power participation rates between
2030 and 2045 than those seen for CPA today.

Opt-Out Rate from CPA’s 100%
Green Power (%)
18 The model assumes an average annual opt-out rate of 18 percent. The annual opt-out rates are the inverse of the CPA 100% Green Power participation rates. Since emission factors for CPA’s Clean Power and Lean Power options are not available, the model assumes the accounts who do not participate in CPA’s 100% Green Power (i.e., opt-down or opt-out), opt-out to SCE.

Baseline Electricity Emission
Factor (MT CO2e/kWh)

0.0001333 The baseline emission factor for 2030 is the weighted average of the adjusted forecast SCE and CPA emission
factors. The emission factors were adjusted to reflect
consistency with the Renewable Portfolio Standard
requirements (i.e., SB 100) and weighed based on the
2019 electricity consumption breakdown between the two
providers.

CPA’s 100% Green Power
Electricity Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/kWh)
0 CPA’s 100% Green Power Electricity sources electricity from 100 percent renewable sources, resulting in an
emission factor of zero.

Notes: kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 12 Table 10 Measure CE 2.1 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Calculations CPA GHG Emissions Savings
2030 Participation Rate in CPA’s 100% Green Power (%) 75 Opt-Out Rate from CPA’s 100% Green Power (%) 25
Weighted Electricity Emission Factor (MT CO2e/kWh)1 0.0000333 Baseline Scenario GHG Emissions (i.e., no CPA participation) (MT CO2e) 71,372 Measure Scenario GHG Emissions (i.e., CPA participation) (MT CO2e) 17,843 GHG Emission Reductions (MT CO2e) 53,529
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. Emission factor for 2030 is weighted between the CPA’s 100% Green Power and SCE emission factors based on estimated participation rates from this measure (i.e., 75 percent from CPA’s 100% Green Power and 25 percent from SCE) and estimated to reflect consistency with the Renewable Portfolio Standard (i.e., SB 100).

Data Sources
City of Beverly Hills. Staff Report to the Honorable Mayor & City Council (2021). Available at:
https://beverlyhills.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=49&clip_id=8241&meta_id=49 7285.

Buildings – New Construction (BNC)
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 13
Buildings – New Construction (BNC)
Energy Efficiency Measures
BNC 1.1 Passive solar design
BNC 1.2 Sustainable building resources
GHG Emissions Reduction Summary
Measure 2030 Reduction (MTCO2e) 2045 Reduction (MTCO2e) BNC 1.1 Passive solar design 0 0
BNC 1.2 Sustainable building resources 0 0
Subsector Total 0 0
Background
Electricity use in residential and nonresidential buildings accounts for 24 percent of community emissions and natural gas use accounts for 21 percent of community emissions. There are two main approaches to reduce emissions in buildings. The first is improved energy efficiency of new buildings and the second is through the decarbonization of the energy sources used by equipment in new buildings.

The number of employees and residents in Beverly Hills is expected to grow through 2045 by 8 percent and 24 percent respectively.9 This growth will result in the construction of new residential and commercial buildings. New construction is governed by the California Building Code and must meet the California Green Building Standards (CALGreen), which include requirements for energy performance. The building code is updated every three years to increase baseline energy efficiency, incorporate industry best practices, and support State energy goals.

Methodology and Assumptions
Measures BNC 1.1-1.2 are supportive measures that encourage more sustainable building design and construction. Although there are no direct emissions from the implementation of these measures, they serve an educational function that can result in future emissions reductions through the construction of more efficient buildings that use less electricity and natural gas. Furthermore, more efficient construction reduces operational building energy use and thus the demand on the grid.
9 Rincon. 2021. 2019 Beverly Hills Inventory and Forecast.

City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 14 Decarbonization Measure
BNC 2.1 Carbon-free reach code
GHG Emissions Reduction Summary
Measure 2030 Reduction (MTCO2e) 2045 Reduction (MTCO2e) BNC 2.1 Carbon-free reach code 7,984 11,626
Subsector Total 7,984 11,626
Background
To avoid the construction of GHG-emitting buildings and infrastructure with lifespans beyond the City’s emissions reduction goals, all-electric buildings will be the standard for all new construction and major remodels. In order to go beyond CALGreen code minimums the City must adopt a reach code that requires all-electric new construction for both residential and nonresidential buildings.

Electrification of new residential and commercial construction will eliminate the use of natural gas for space heating, water heating, clothes drying, and cooking of which space heating is the largest energy use in buildings and is dominated by non-electric fuels.10 The California Energy Commission (CEC) has found that all-electric new construction is cost effective across building types in Beverly Hill’s climate zone.11 Several additional studies have found that allelectric construction is cheaper than building a mixed-fuel building.12 In the short-term, electrification has been identified as the most-cost effective approach for building decarbonization.

However, the City will continue to explore other options for carbon-free energy such as hydrogen.

Methodology and Assumptions
Measure BNC 2.1 reduces emissions by requiring new residential and nonresidential construction be all-electric beginning in 2023 with the potential for buildings to utilize other carbon-free energy sources as they become available. This measure is a mandatory measure that is required to be implemented by applicable individuals and projects. Incentives may be provided. The GHG reduction model assumes full compliance beginning in 2023 and continuing through 2045. GHG reductions result from the avoided natural gas use after the ordinance is implemented (i.e., zero increase in natural gas consumption after 2023) and are slightly offset in early years by the GHG emissions from the electricity used to power the new buildings in place of the natural gas. Electric appliances however are more energy efficient than their natural gas alternatives and the associated emissions decrease to zero as Beverly Hills’ electricity becomes less carbon intensive. Table 11 and Table 12 present the inputs and assumptions made for residential and nonresidential buildings, respectively.

Table 13 and Table 14 detail the GHG emission reduction calculations for residential and nonresidential buildings, respectively.
10 Deason, Jeff. et al. 2018. Electrification of buildings and Industry in the United States. pp.10. https://escholarship.org/content/qt8qz0n90q/qt8qz0n90q.pdf. Accessed December 16, 2022. 11 California Energy Codes & Standards. Cost Effectiveness Explorer for the City of Beverly Hills. Available at:
https://explorer.localenergycodes.com/jurisdiction/beverly-hills-city/summary. 12 Studies include: Rocky Mountain Institute. (2020). Economics of Electrifying Buildings.; New Building Institute (2022). Cost Study of the Building Decarbonization Code.; E3. (2022) The Economics of All-Electric New Construction in Utah.; California Energy Commission (2019).

Cost Effectiveness studies for residential and nonresidential new construction.

Buildings – New Construction (BNC)
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 15
Table 11 Measure BNC 2.1 2030 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions
Variable Value Source
Residential Natural Gas Consumption in
Implementation Year (i.e., 2023)
(therms)
11,767,275 Forecasted residential natural gas consumption in 2023.

Forecasted Residential Natural Gas
Consumption (therms)
13,264,522 Forecasted residential natural gas consumption in 2030.

Natural Gas Emission Factor (MT
CO2e/therm)

0.005323 Natural gas emissions are generally consistent across time and region.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Conversion Factor (kWh/therm) 29.3 Wight Hat Ltd. Metric Conversions.

Efficiency of Electric Equipment (%) 300 Heat pumps have energy efficiencies over 300 percent (i.e., can transfer 300 percent more energy
than the electricity used to power it). While other
types of electric equipment have varying energy
efficiencies, space heating and water heating for
which heat pumps are the preferred technology are
the largest energy use in buildings.

Baker Electric Home Energy Heat Pump Costs: A
Guide for Southern California Homeowners
Weighted Electricity Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/kWh)

0.0000333 Emission factor for 2030 is weighted between the CPA and SCE emission factors based on estimated
participation rates from Measure CE 2.1 (i.e., 75
percent from CPA 100% Green Power and 25
percent from SCE) and estimated to reflect
consistency with the Renewable Portfolio Standard
(i.e., SB 100).1
Notes: kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. See Table 9 for the SCE and CPA’s 100% Green Power emission factors used to calculate the weighted emission factor.

Table 12 Measure BNC 2.1 2030 Nonresidential GHG Emission Reduction Inputs and Assumptions
Variable Value Source
Residential Natural Gas Consumption in
Implementation Year (i.e., 2023)
(therms)
5,727,287 Forecasted nonresidential natural gas consumption in 2023.

Forecasted Residential Natural Gas
Consumption (therms)
5,827,700 Forecasted nonresidential natural gas consumption in 2030.

Natural Gas Emission Factor (MT
CO2e/therm)

0.005323 Natural gas emissions are generally consistent across time and region.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Conversion Factor (kWh/therm) 29.3 Wight Hat Ltd. Metric Conversions.

Efficiency of Electric Equipment (%) 300 Heat pumps have energy efficiencies over 300 percent (i.e., can transfer 300 percent more energy
than the electricity used to power it). While other
types of electric equipment have varying energy
City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 16 Variable Value Source
efficiencies, space heating is the largest energy use
in buildings.

Baker Electric Home Energy Heat Pump Costs: A
Guide for Southern California Homeowners
Weighted Electricity Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/kWh)

0.0000333 Emission factor for 2030 is weighted between the CPA and SCE emission factors based on estimated
participation rates from Measure CE 2.1 (i.e., 75
percent from CPA 100% Green Power and 25
percent from SCE) and estimated to reflect
consistency with the Renewable Portfolio Standard
(i.e., SB 100).1
Notes: kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

1. See Table 9 for the SCE and CPA’s 100% Green Power emission factors used to calculate the weighted emission factor.

Table 13 Measure BNC 2.1 2030 Residential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Residential New Building Electrification
Avoided Natural Gas Consumption1 (therms) 1,497,247
GHG Emission Reductions from Natural Gas Consumption
Avoided (MT CO2e)
7,969
Electricity Consumption Increase (kWh) 14,623,164
GHG Emissions from Electricity Consumption (MT CO2e) 487 Net GHG Emission Reductions (MT CO2e) 7,482
Notes: kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. 1 Avoided natural gas consumption is the difference between gas use in the implementation year and projected gas use by the target year which is 2030.

Table 14 Measure BNC 2.1 2030 Nonresidential GHG Emission Reduction Calculations Nonresidential New Building Electrification
Avoided Natural Gas Consumption (therms) 100,414
GHG Emission Reductions from Natural Gas Consumption
Avoided (MT CO2e)
534
Electricity Consumption Increase (kWh) 980,702
GHG Emissions from Electricity Consumption (MT CO2e) 33 Net GHG Emission Reductions (MT CO2e) 502
Notes: kWh = kilowatt-hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Data Sources
Baker Electric Home Energy. Heat Pump Costs: A Guide for Southern California Homeowners.

Available at: https://bakerhomeenergy.com/blog/2022-09-30/heat-pump-cost-bk.

California Energy Codes & Standards. Cost Effectiveness Explorer for the City of Beverly Hills.

Available at: https://explorer.localenergycodes.com/jurisdiction/beverly-hills-city/summary.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2022). https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022- 04/ghg_emission_factors_hub.pdf
Buildings – New Construction (BNC)
Beverly Hills Climate Action and Adaptation Plan 17
Wight Hat Ltd. Metric Conversions. Available at: https://www.metric-conversions.org/energy-andpower/therms-us-to-kilowatt-hours.htm.

City of Beverly Hills
Appendix C - Measure Quantification and Substantial Evidence 18 Buildings – Existing (BE)
Energy Efficiency Measures
BE 1.1 Energy and water benchmarking
BE 1.2 Energy scores
BE 1.3 Implement utility energy efficiency incentives and programs BE 1.4 Explore User Utility Tax to reduce natural gas use BE 1.5 City funded incentives
GHG Emissions Reduction Summary
Measure 2030 Reduction (MTCO2e) 2045 Reduction (MTCO2e) BE 1.1 Energy and water benchmarking 0 0
BE 1.2 Energy scores 0 0
BE 1.3 Implement utility energy efficiency incentives
and programs
1,030 3,271
BE 1.4 Explore User Utility Tax to reduce natural gas
use
0 0
BE 1.5 City funded incentives 0 0
Subsector Total 1,030 3,271
Background
Electricity use in residential and nonresidential buildings accounts for 24 percent of community emissions and natural gas use accounts for 21 percent of community emissions in Beverly Hills in 2019. Most of the building-related emissions are attributable to the existing building stock, which is less energy efficient than new construction. Sources of energy use in buildings include space conditioning, water heating, lighting, appliances, and plug loads. GHG emissions have historically been from grid-delivered electricity and the on-site combustion of natural gas. Electricity purchased from SCE generates GHG emissions at a specific rate, while each Rate Product for electricity purchased from CPA also generate GHG emission at varying rates depending on the amount of renewable and GHG-free electricity included in the electricity source mix. GHG emissions associated with community natural gas consumption are based on default emission factors obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).13 Reducing both electricity and natural gas use is a fundamental strategy for the City to encourage and support as the electrical grid becomes increasingly cleaner and ultimately carbon-free and buildings in the City are updated to become more efficient and use all carbon-free energy sources.