ASSUMPTIONS
As with the 2005 inventory, ICLEI’s CACP1 model was used to estimate emissions from local government operations across all sectors . Unlike with community emissions, CACP was the only model employed.
Three sectors analyzed— employee commute , stationary refrigerants, and solid waste — are “Scope 3” emissions. These emissions are not part of the government operations emissions inventory as they ar e indirectly caused by the City, but this memo reports on their impact.
Employees
Between 2005 and 2011, the number of full -time equivalent (FTE) employees at the City of Carlsbad increased by 4.2 percent, growing from 793 to 826 FTE. This percent change is used to estimate pro -rated increases in certain emissions since 2005.
Electricity Coefficients
Electricity coefficients measure how much GHG emission and air pollutio n is created by various sources of electricity generation. The government operations inventory uses the same electricity coefficients as the community inventory; see that other memo for a discussion on the increase in GHG emissions per megawatt hour from S DG&E electricity since 2005.
Natural Gas Coefficients
The default values in the CACP model were used; they are the same as those used in 2005.
Transportation
Local government emissions from vehicles were e stimated using the CACP model. For NO 2 and CH 4 emissions, CACP only includes emissions factors through model year 2005. The CACP instructions include additional factors that can be manually entered for model years 2006-2008; we also got newer information from the latest US EPA Inventory of US GHG Emissions and Sinks report, the source used by ICLEI. This 2013 version of the EPA report2 includes newer emissions factors, although the applicable date is not specified; the factors for gasoline are s imilar to the 2008 factors, therefore they were applied for model years 2009 onwards. Table 2 shows the emissions factors we entered into CACP for gasoline vehicles with model years of 2006 and later.
Table 2: Emissions Factors from Gasoline Fueled Vehicles, Model Years 2006 On Fuel Vehicle Type Model Year NO2 factor CH4 factor
Gasoline Passenger car 2006 0.0057 0.0161
Gasoline Passenger car 2007 0.0041 0.0170
Gasoline Passenger car 2008 0.0038 0.0172
1 The 2011 update utilized the CACP 2009 Version 3.0 software. 2 We found the 2013 report, which includes newer factors in Annex 3 of the report , although the applicable date is not specified. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissio ns/usinventoryreport.html
Table 2: Emissions Factors from Gasoline Fueled Vehicles, Model Years 2006 On Fuel Vehicle Type Model Year NO2 factor CH4 factor
Gasoline Passenger car 2009+ 0.0036 0.0173
Gasoline Light trucks 2006 0.0089 0.0159
Gasoline Light trucks 2007 0.0079 0.0161
Gasoline Light trucks 2008 0.0066 0.0163
Gasoline Light trucks 2009+ 0.0066 0.0163
Gasoline Heavy trucks 2006 0.0175 0.0326
Gasoline Heavy trucks 2007 0.0173 0.0327
Gasoline Heavy trucks 2008 0.0171 0.0327
Gasoline Heavy trucks 2009+ 0.0134 0.0333
Sources: 2006-08 model years from ICLEI Local Government Operations Inventory Instructions, referencing LGO Protocol table G.12: Based on U.S. EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2008 (2010). 2009+ model years from EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2011 (2013), Annex 3.
The 2013 EPA report’s emissions factors for diesel are the same as for model years 1996 -2004, so diesel vehicles were handled through the regular CACP calculation.
Solid Waste
The default values in the CACP model were used.
INPUTS AND METHODOLOGY
This section describes the data used to calculate 2011 emissions and the manner in which the data was acquired, transformed, and used. The table at the end of this se ction compares the 2005 and 2011 inputs.
Buildings and Other Facilities
The inputs for this sector are electricity and natural gas. Data was entered by individual facility with departmental information also entered. Since the 2005 inventory through 2011, a number of new or expanded facilities have been added to the City’s operations : Fire Station No. 6 , Senior Center expansion, Recycled Water Facility, Aviara Community Park , Hidden Canyon Park, Pine Avenue Park, The Crossings golf course, and the Hawthorne Equipment Building. During the same period, the Library Learning Center replaced the Adult Learning Center and Centro de Informacion . These additional facilities account for the majority of the change in electricity and natural gas consu mption.
Table 3 lists all of the buildings and facilities operated by the city, comparing electricity and natural gas inputs between 2005 and 2011. Overall, the City’s facilities consumed 21 percent more electricity and 10 percent more natural gas in 2011 compared to 2005.
Table 3: Building and Facilities Inputs
2005 2011 % Change
Department Building Electricity
(kWh)
Natural gas
(therms)
Electricity
(kWh)
Natural gas
(therms)
Electricity
(kWh)
Natural gas
(therms)
City City Administration 1,099,520 1,430 1,203,726 1,738 9% 22% City City Hall 294,080 8,552 233,680 5,313 -21% -38% City Farmers Insurance
Bldgs
167,055 71 112,057 - -33% -100%
City Hawthorne
Equipment Bldg
N/A N/A 10,040 - N/A
City Total 1,560,655 10,053 1,559,503 7,051 0% -30% Community
Development
Hiring Center 6,299 - 6,972 - 11%
Community
Development
Las Palmas 22,720 - 55,570 - 145%
Community Development Total 29,019 62,542 116% - Fire Fire Station No. 1 85,720 900 63,600 1,358 -26% 51% Fire Fire Station No. 2 29,847 676 32,643 1,069 9% 58% Fire Fire Station No. 3 33,713 525 33,972 675 1% 29% Fire Fire Station No. 4 31,434 544 28,867 1,062 -8% 95% Fire Fire Station No. 5 108,560 2,231 98,720 2,061 -9% -8% Fire Fire Station No. 6 N/A N/A 55,180 1,464 - N/A
Fire Total 289,274 4,876 312,982 7,689 8% 58%
Golf Course The Crossings 1,056,015 18,019 - -
Library Adult Learning
Center
9,078 - - - - -
Library Cole Library 454,560 3,835 430,160 2,119 -5% -45% Library Cultural Arts
Department
17,506 381 14,444 321 -17% -16%
Library Dove Library 1,288,533 15,487 1,432,492 11,200 11% -28% Library Library Learning
Center
32,960 766 192,000 421 483% -45%
Library Total 1,802,637 20,469 2,069,096 14,061 15% -31% PD/Fire Safety Center 1,163,336 20,845 988,001 19,816 -15% -5% Public Works City Yard 100,861 474 88,335 729 -12% 54% Public Works CMWD M&O 197,920 754 189,440 86 -4% -89% Public Works Fleet Yard 72,640 1,158 72,320 456 0% -61% Public Works Parks Maintenance 29,474 117 39,694 149 35% 27% Public Works Total 400,895 2,503 389,789 1,420 -3% -43% Recreation Calavera Community
Center
70,318 - 54,970 - -22% -
Recreation Carrillo Ranch 58,320 - 58,080 - 0% -
Table 3: Building and Facilities Inputs
2005 2011 % Change
Department Building Electricity
(kWh)
Natural gas
(therms)
Electricity
(kWh)
Natural gas
(therms)
Electricity
(kWh)
Natural gas
(therms)
Recreation Harding Community
Center
76,040 1,063 60,120 952 -21% -10%
Recreation Parks Total 773,551 2,122 914,888 3,006 18% 42% Recreation Senior Center 224,100 6,319 308,318 3,349 38% -47% Recreation Stagecoach
Community Center
215,360 1,602 195,920 1,424 -9% -11%
Recreation Swim Complex 202,520 31,116 247,240 34,266 22% 10% Recreation Trails 7,115 - 65,929 - 827% -
Recreation Total 1,627,324 42,222 1,905,465 42,997 17% 2% Housing and Neighborhood
Services
22,736 - 31,277 - 38% -
TOTALS 6,895,876 100,968 8,374,670 111,053 21% 10%
Public Lighting
This sector covers electricity consumed from three sources: traffic signals, streetlights, and other outdoor lighting. As shown in Table 4, streetlights make up the great majority of electricity consumption in this sector. Between 2005 and 2011, this sector consumed 4 percent less electricity, with the small increase in traffic signal and controller use more than offset by the declines in streetlight and outdoor lighting consumption. During this period, the city retrofitted its existing streetlights with more energy- efficient lamps.
Table 4: Public Lighting Inputs (kWh)
2005 % of Total 2011 % of Total % Change
Streetlights 4,652,801 86% 4,403,265 85% -5%
Traffic Signals/Controllers 750,417 14% 768,784 15% 2% Outdoor Lighting 20,988 0% 17,740 0% -15%
TOTALS 5,424,206 5,189,789 -4%
Water and Wastewater Transport
This sector covers fuel consumed by pumps and other mechanisms used to convey water and wastewater: water delivery pumps, sprinklers and irrigation, sewage pumps, and recycled water pump stations. These systems all consumed electricity plus a small amount (170 gallons) of diesel fuel for water delivery generators.
Table 5 shows the electricity consumed by the City’s water and wastewater transport systems in 2005 and 2011. During that time, electricity used by these systems increased by 29 percent .
Much of that change can be attributed to a major increase in electricity used by recycle pump
stations, as the city’s recycled water facility came online in late 2005 . Sewage pumps also used significantly more electricity (22% increase), as did sprinklers and irrigation (72% increase) although the amount was comparatively small. Water delivery pumps actually decreased in electricity consumption by 21 percent.
Table 5: Waste and Wastewater Transport Inputs (kWh)
2005 % of Total 2011 % of Total % Change
Recycle Pump Stations 418,980 23% 791,732 34% 89%
Sewage Pumps 1,038,941 57% 1,262,824 53% 22%
Water Delivery Pumps 360,237 20% 285,345 12% -21%
Sprinklers/Irrigation 13,151 1% 22,554 1% 72%
TOTALS 1,831,309 2,362,455 29%
Vehicle Fleet
The inputs for this sector are all the vehicles used by the City. The key data used are fuel consumed and VMT, broken out by model yea r, vehicle type, and fuel type. CACP uses fuel consumption to calculate CO2 emissions and VMT to calculate NO 2 and CH4 emissions.
Although the vehicle fleet data from the City was broken down by department, the inputs were loaded into CACP as a single set for the entire City due to the time consuming nature of processing and entering this very detailed information.
Table 6 summarizes the inputs in 2005 and 2011 by vehicle and fuel type. There likely was some different categorization in terms of vehicle types in 2005, especially between light and heavy trucks , but overall fuel consumed and VMT by fuel type should be c omparable. While there was a notable increase in diesel consumption and VMT, this was more than offset by a sharp decline in gasoline consumption and VMT.
Table 6: Vehicle Fleet Inputs
2005 2011 % Change
Fuel (gal) VMT Fuel (gal) VMT Fuel (gal) VMT
Diesel 54,589 284,526 62,407 407,826 14% 43%
Light Truck/SUV/Pickup 8,443 87,570 31,162 298,388 Heavy Truck 46,146 196,956 31,245 109,438
Gasoline 207,286 2,580,657 167,345 1,965,416 -18% -24% Passenger Car 99,396 1,487,843 85,874 931,979
Motorcycle 2,374 N/A 1,787 74,024
Light Truck/SUV/Pickup 88,329 982,401 76,663 938,733 Heavy Truck 17,187 110,413 3,021 20,680
Hybrid - - 3,581 137,096
Passenger Car 2,478 108,136
Light Truck/SUV/Pickup 1,103 28,960
For the analysis in CACP, motorcycle inputs were grouped under passenger cars and hybrid fuel consumption was included with gasoline. Hybrid VMT was assumed at one -third of listed mileage to account for the likely reality of most hybrid miles being under electric power during low speed driving on local streets.
Mobile Refrigerants
Refrigerants come from stationary and mobile sources. Stationary sources are described under Scope 3 emissions.
Mobile source refrigerants come from estimated leakage from the vehicle fleet. The 2005 inventory undertook a very complex and thorough analysis based on attributes of each vehicle in the fleet, using the make, model, year, and time in service to determine refrigerant type and capacity and calculate estimated emissions. Ultimately, t he GHG emissions from mobile refrigerants made up less than one percent of government operations emissions in 2005.
Given the small impact of these mobile refrigerants and the time already invested in the 2005 analysis, we used the 2005 output and pro -rated it for 2011 based on the relative sizes of the vehicle fleet. The 2005 fleet had 264 vehicles compared to 291 vehicles in the 2011 fleet, a 10 percent increase. Therefore, we estimated a 10 percent increase in GHG emissions from mobile sources for 2011.
Scope 3 Emissions
These emissions are not part of the government operations inventory as they are indirectly caused by the City .
Employee Commute
The City conducted an employee commute survey in 2009 which was applied to the 2005 inventory. Given that on ly two years elapsed between the survey and the year of this GHG emissions inventory update, it was assumed that the mode split, fuel consumption, and VMT data from the survey were still applicable. As with the 2005 inventory, the results from usable survey responses were extrapolated to apply to all City FTE. Since the 2011 FTE is 4.2 percent higher than the 2005 FTE, the fuel usage and VMT inputs for 2011 were 4.2 percent higher than in 2005.
Stationary Refrigerants
Stationary sources come from equipment installed in facilities. The 2005 inventory identified refrigerants used to service equipment in five buildings : Las Palmas, Harding Community Center, City Administration, the Safety Center, and the Senior Center. The 2011 inventory identified refrigerant use in four buildings: City Administration, City Hall, Dove Library, and the Senior Center . Refrigerants use was less in 2011 than in 2005 , by around half (117.50 kg compared to 234.51 kg).
Solid Waste
The City undertook a thorough evaluation of solid wast e generated by City facilities in 2005.
Given that solid waste generation is typically correlated to number of people, we pro -rated the amount of solid waste based on the increase in FTE between 2005 and 2011, which was
4.2 percent.
Sectors Not Considered
The City does not operate port, airport, wastewater, or solid waste facilities, provide transit services, or generate electric power.
CONCLUSIONS
City operations in 20 11 generated an estimated 8,205 metric tons CO 2e in GHG emissions,
compared to an estimated 6,556 metric tons CO2e in 2005, an increase of 25 percent, as shown in Table 7 . City operations still accounted for a very small proportion of the GHG emissions from Carlsbad in 2011, making up 0. 8 percent of emissions, the same as in 2005 .
Table 7: Government Operations Emissions – 2005 vs. 2011 (metric tons CO 2e) 2005 2011 % Change
Total emissions 6,556 8,205 25.2%
Carlsbad - Service Population 154,270 172,820 12.0%
Community emissions 925,248 1,030,353 11.4%
Government operations as
proportion of community emissions 0.7% 0.8% 13.1%
The rate of growth in government emissions between 2005 and 2011 was higher than the rates of increase in Carlsbad’s service population (12.0%) and communitywide GHG emissions (11.4%). The main reasons for the increase in government operations emissions appear to be two fold:
• A sharp increase in electricity consumed by water and wastewater transport services, especially recycled water pumps; and
• More emissions from electricit y per megawatt hour, an issue that also affected communitywide emissions and further discussed i n that memo.
Emissions by Sector
Emissions for government operations mainly came from buildings a nd facilities ( 42%) and the vehicle fleet ( 27%), followed by public lighting ( 21%) and water and wastewater transportation (10%), as shown in Table 8.
Compared to 2005, the proportion of city government emissions from buildings and facilities increased from 35 percent to 42 percent, increasing by 50 percent and making up more than two-thirds of the growth in emissions. As explained above, this is largely due to the opening of new buildings and recreation facilities since 2005.
Meanwhile, compared to 2005, the proportion of emissions from lighting and water/wastewater transport stayed largely the same, but the actual emissions from these sectors grew by 29 percent and 72 percent, respectively . Note that public lighting emissions increased by despite that sector consuming 4 percent less electricity in 2011 compared to 2005. This outcome is a result of the much greater amount of emissions produced per megawatt hour of electricity in 2011 compared to 2005.
Meanwhile, vehicle fleet emissions decreased by 9 percent during the same period , due to major decreases in the miles driven and gallons of gasoline consumed .
Table 8: Emissions by Sector (metric tons CO2e)
Source 2005
% of
Total 2011
% of
Total
2005 to 2011
Increase
% Growth % of
Growth
Buildings and Facilities 2,266 35% 3,410 42% 1,144 50% 69% Vehicle Fleet 2,474 38% 2,253 27% -221 -9% -13%
Public Lighting 1,354 21% 1,747 21% 393 29% 24%
Water and Wastewater
Transport 461 7% 795 10% 334 72% 20%
TOTALS 6,556 8,205 1,650 25%
Emissions by Source
Most of the government operations emissions in 2011 came from electricity consumption, accounting for 65 percent of emissions, an increase from 59 percent in 2005. GHG emissions from electricity increased by 52 percent between 2005 and 2011, as shown in Table 9.
Electricity was the source of almost all of the increase in emissions — more than the total increase, in fact, but offset by the decline in emissions from gasoline. E missions from gasoline dropped by 17 per cent, which caused gasoline to decline from 31 to less than 19 percent of government operation emissions between 2005 and 2011 . Emissions from diesel grew by 13 percent and from natural gas and mobile refrigerants by 10 percent each , although all from relatively small bases.
Table 9: Emissions by Source (metric tons CO2e)
Source 2005 % of 2011 % of 2005 to 2011 % Growth % of
Total Total Increase Growth
Electricity 3,534 58.7% 5,362 65.4% 1,828 52% 111%
Gasoline 1,853 30.8% 1,538 18.7% -315 -17% -19%
Diesel / Propane 566 9.4% 641 7.8% 75 13% 5%
Natural Gas 537 8.9% 590 7.2% 53 10% 3%
Mobile Refrigerants 67 1.1% 74 0.9% 7 10% 0%
TOTALS 6,557 8,205 1,648 25%
Sector 3 Emissions
Employee commute and solid waste emissions were estimated for 2011 based on pro -rating various indicators and loading them into the CACP model for calculation. See the Assumptions section above for more details.
• Employee commute emissions were estimated at 2,567 metric tons CO2e in 2011 , compared to 2,417 metric tons CO2e in 2005, an increase of 6.2 percent. • Stationary refrigerant emissions were estimated at 173 metric tons CO 2e in 2011, compared to 399 metric tons CO2e in 2005, a decrease of 57 percent. • Solid waste emissions were estimated at 144 metric tons CO2e in 2005, the same as in 2011.
Appendix C
References
California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2014. First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan.
Building on the framework pursuant to AB 32 the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006.
Governments to Go Solar. Available :
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2009publications/CEC-180-2009-005/CEC-180-2009- All available: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/ccscopingplan/scopingplan.htm.
California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2008. Climate Change Scoping Plan. Pursuant to AB 32 the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006,
California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2018. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan.
The strategy for achieving California's 2030 greenhouse gas target.
California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2011. Emissions Factors On-Road Motor Vehicles (EMFAC 2011). Available: http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/categories.htm.
California Energy Commission. 2009. Go Solar California: A Step by Step Tool Kit for Local Cambridge Systematics. 2009. “Moving Cooler: An Analysis of Transportation Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Technical Appendices. Pre pared for the Urban Land Institute.
Carlsbad Municipal Water District. 2 011. 2010 Urban Water Management Plan. Available:
http://www. carlsbadca.gov/service s/departments/water/Docu ments/2010- UWMP.pdf.
Center for Clean Air Policy. 2014. Transportation Emission Guidebook. Available:
http://www.cc ap.org/safe/guidebook/guide_complete.htm l.
APPENDIX C: REFERENCES
City of Carlsbad. General Plan, September 2015.
City of San Diego. 2013. Draft Significance Thresholds for Greenhou se Gas Emissions.
Available:
http://www.sandiego.gov/planning/genplan/cap/pdf/ghg_significance_thresholds_03 2213.pdf.
Energy Star. 2014. “Light Bulbs.” Available:
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm ?fuseaction=find_a_prod uct.showPro ductGrou p&pgw_co
de=LB.
Gordon, Clark; Silva-Send, Nilmini; and An ders, Scott J. 2013. Energy Policy Initiatives Center: Community -Scale Greenhouse G as Emissions Model: San Diego Reg ion.
Technical Documentation and M ethodology. Version 1.0. Available:
http://www.sa ndiego.edu/climate/docum ents/
TechnicalDocumentationandMethodol ogy.pdf.
ICLEI. 2009. Clean Air and Climate Protect ion (CACP). Available:
http://www.ic leiusa.org/tools/cacp-2 009.
J. Loux, R. Winer-Skonovd, and E. Gellerman. 2012. “Evaluation of Combined Rainwater and Greywater Systems for Multipl e Dev elopment Types in Mediterranean Climates.” Journal of Water Sustainabil ity. 2(1): 55-77. Available:
http://www.jw sponline.com/uploadpic/M agazine/pp%2055-7 7%20JWS-A-12- 002% 20New.pdf.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrat ion (NOAA). 2014. “ Global Climate Dashboard. Available: https://climate.gov/
C-2
SANDAG. 2018. Regional Climate Action Planning Framework.
Available:
hhttps://www.sandag.org/uploads/cap/ReCAPframework.pdf.
CARLSBAD CLIMATE ACTION PLAN
C-3
SANDAG. 2014. Draft Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation White Paper. 2014.
Available:
http://sdforward.com/sites/sandag/files/Climate%20Change%20White%20Paper% 20-%20https://www.sandag.org/uploads/cap/ReCAPframework.pdfDraft_fwe.pdf.
SANDAG. 2014. “Energy Roadmap for Local Governments.” Available:
http://www.sandag.org/index.asp?classid=17&projectid=373&fuseaction=projects.det ail .
U.S. Census Bureau. 2012. American Community Survey. Selected Economic Characteristics for Carlsbad, California. Available: http://factfinder2.census.gov/.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2013. “How much electricity is used for lighting in the United States?” Available: http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=99&t=3.
United States Census Bureau. 2011. “Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Demographic Profiles for Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire,
New York, Ohio, Puerto Rico and Wisconsin.” Available:
http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn137.html .
United States Department of Energy. 2011. 2010 California Energy Use. Available: http:// www.eia.gov/state/?sid=CA/.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020 . “Sources of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions.” Available:
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhosue-gas-emissions.
V. Novotny. 2010. “Urban Water and Energy Use: From Current US Use to Cities of the Future.” Cities of the Future/Urban River Restoration. Water Environment Federation. 9: 118-140. Available: http://aquanovallc.com/wp- content/uploads/2010/09/URBAN-WATER-AND-ENERGY-USE.pdf.
APPENDIX C: REFERENCES
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Appendix D
Applicable General
Plan Policies
Chapter 2: Land Use and Community Design
2-P.24 Build and operate commercial uses in such a way as to complement but not conflict with adjoining residential areas. This shall be accomplished by:
a. Controlling lights, signage, and hour s of operation to avoid adversely impacting surrounding uses.
b. Requiring adequate landscaped buffers between commercial and residential uses.
c. Providing bicycle and pedestrian li nks between commercial centers and surrounding residential uses, and providing bicycle-parking racks. d. Ensuring building mass does not adversely impact surrounding residences. 2-P.25 Ensure that commercial deve lopment is designed to include:
a. Integrated landscaping, parking, signs, and site and building design b. Common ingress and egress, safe and convenient access and internal circulation, adequate off-street parking and loading facilities. Each commercial site should be easily accessib le by pedestrians, bicyclists, and automobiles to nearby residential development.
c. Architecture that emphasizes esta blishing community identity while presenting tasteful, dignified and visually appealing designs compatible with their surroundings.
d. A variety of courtyards and pedestrian ways, bicycle facilities, landscaped parking lots, and the use of harmonious architecture in the construction of buildings
2-P.45 Evaluate each discreti onary application for developmen t of property with regard to the following specific criteria:
a. Site design and layout of the proposed buildings in terms of size, height and location, to foster harmony with landscape and adjacent development. b. Site design and landscaping to pr ovide buffers and screening where appropriate, conserve water, and reduce erosion and runoff. c. Building design that enhances neighb orhood quality, and incorporates considerations of visual quality from key vantage points, such as major transportation corridors and intersections, and scenic vistas.
APPENDIX D: APPLICABLE GENERAL PLAN POLICIES
D-2
d. Site and/or building design features that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions over the life of the project, as outlined in the Climate Action Plan. e. Provision of public and/or private usable open space and/or pathways designated in the Open Space, Conservation, and Recreation Element. f. Contributions to and extensio ns of existing systems of streets, foot or bicycle paths, trails, and the greenbelts provided for in the Mobility, and Open Space, Conservation, and Recreation elements of the General Plan. g. Compliance with the performance standards of the Growth Management Plan.
h. Development proposals which are designed to provide safe, easy pedestrian and bicycle linkages to nearby transportation corridors. i. Provision of housing affordable to lower and/or moderate-income households.
j. Policies and programs outlined in Local Coastal Program where applicable. k. Consistency with applicable provisions of the Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan for McClellan-Palomar Airport.
2-P.46 Require new residential development to provide pedestrian and bicycle linkages, when feasible, which connect with nearby shopping centers, community centers, parks, schools, points of interest, major transportation corridors and the Carlsbad Trail System.
2-P.47 At the time existing shopping cent ers are renovated or redeveloped, where feasible, require connections to existin g residential neighb orhoods through new pedestrian pathways and entrances, mid- block crossings, new or wider sidewalks, and pedestrian-scaled street lighting.
2-P.48 Enhance walkability on a citywide scale by installing benches and transit shelters and adding landscaping, wayfinding signa ge, public art, and pedestrian-scaled lighting. Consider ways to improve rail and freeway overpass/ underpass areas, with lighting, sidewalk improvements and public art.
2-P.50 Improve beach access through a variety of mechanisms, including:
a. In the Village and adjacent areas, iden tify the primary pedestrian connections and entrances to the beach through sig nage, a consistent landscaping scheme, change in paving materials, wider sidewalks and preservation of view corridors. Identify opportunities for additional access points as improved connectivity and facilities are provided, particularly if new beachfront activity areas are established.
b. In the Barrio neighborhood, provide a pedestrian crossing under or over the rail corridor at Chestnut Avenue.
c. Identify and implement more frequent pedestrian crossings along Carlsbad Boulevard. Identify and prioritize cr ossings from residential neighborhoods and existing bicycle and pedestrian trails.
For more detailed policies on pedestrian and bicycle movement, see Chapter 3: Mobility. 2-P.53 Plan and design Carlsbad Boulevard and adjacent public land (Carlsbad Boulevard coastal corridor) according to the following guiding principles:
CARLSBAD CLIMATE ACTION PLAN
D-3
a. Carlsbad Boulevard shall become more than a road. This transportation corridor shall provide for recreational , aesthetic and community gathering opportunities that equal the remarkable character of the land. b. Community safety shall be a high priori ty. Create destination that provides a safe public environment to recreate.
c. Strategic public access and parking is a key to success. Development shall capitalize on opportunities to add/enha nce multiple public access points and public parking for the beach and related recreational amenities. d. Open views are desirable and important to maintaining the character of the area. Preservation and enhancement of views of ocean, lagoons, and other water bodies and beaches shall be a high priority in road, landscaping, and amenity design and development.
e. Enhance the area’s vitality through di versity of recreational land uses.
Carlsbad Boulevard development shall provide for amenities, services and goods that attract a diversity of residents and visitors. f. Create vibrant and sustainable public spaces. Development shall provide for unique and vibrant coastal gathering spaces where people of all age groups and interests can gather to enjoy recreational and environmental amenities and supporting commercial uses.
g. Connect community, place and spirit. Design shall complement and enhance connectivity between existing community and regional land uses. h. Environmentally sensitive design is a key objective. Environmentally sensitive development that respects existing coastal resources is of utmost importance. i. A signature scenic corridor shall be created through design that honors the coastline’s natural beauty. The result ing improvements will capture the ‘essence’ of Carlsbad; making it a special place for people from throughout the region with its natural beauty and vibran t public spaces. Properly carried out, the realigned boulevard will maximize public views and encourage everyone to slow down and enjoy the scenery.
j. Reimagining of Carlsbad Boulevard shall be visionary. The reimagined Carlsbad Boulevard corridor will in corporate core community values articulated in the Carlsbad Communit y Vision by providing: a) physical connectivity through mu lti-modal mobility im provements including bikeways, pedestrian trails, and a traffi c-calmed street; b) social connectivity through creation of memorable public spaces; and c) economic vitality through a combination of visitor and local-serving commercial, civic, and recreational uses and services.
2-P.72 Enhance the walkability and pedestrian orientation of the Village, including along Carlsbad Village Drive, to enhance th e small, beach town atmosphere and improve access to and utilization of transit.
2-P.75 Address parking demand by finding a dditional areas to provide parking for the Village and beach areas, and by deve loping creative parking management strategies, such as shared parking, maximum parking standards, “smart” metering, utilizing on-street parking for re-use of existing buildings, etc. 2-P.79
Create a cohesive, pede strian-scale streetscape that includes improved sidewalks, streetscape, signage and way-finding, an d which celebrates the Barrio’s heritage and provides better connections between the Barrio and Village and across the railroad at Chestnut Avenue.
APPENDIX D: APPLICABLE GENERAL PLAN POLICIES
D-4
2-P.83 West of the railroad tracks:
Decommission, demolish, remove and remediate the Encina Power Station site, including the associated structures, the black start unit and exhaust stack according to the provisions of a settlement agreement dated January 14, 2014, between and among the City of Carlsb ad and the Carlsbad Municipal Water District (CMWD), Cabrillo Power I LLC and Carlsbad Energy Center LLC, and San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E).
The desalination plant shall remain on approximately 11 acres (six acres for the desalination plant and approxim ately five acres of non-exclusive easements) west of the railroad tracks.
Redevelop the Encina Power Station site, along with the SDG&E North Coast Service Center site, with a mix of visitor-serving commercial uses, such as retail and hotel uses, and with new community-accessible open spaces along Agua Hedionda Lagoon and the waterfront (Carlsbad Boulevard). Encourage community gathering spaces, outdoor dining, and other features to maximize potential views of the ocean and the lagoon. Encourage shared parking arrangements so that a greater proportion of development can be active space rather than parking.
Determine specific uses, development standards, infrastructure, public improvements, site planning and am enities through a comprehensive planning process (e.g., specific plan , master plan, etc.) resulting in a redevelopment plan approved by the City Council. The redevelopment plan boundaries should include the Encina Power Station and the SDG&E North Coast Service Center sites.
Work with SDG&E to identify a mutually acceptable alternative location for Its North Coast Service Center. Work with SDG&E, as part of a long-term plan, to identify and ultimately perm it an alternate site for its Encina substation.
Chapter 3: Mobility
3-P.8 Utilize transportation demand management strategies, non-automotive enhancements (bicycle, pedestrian, transit , train, trails, and connectivity), and traffic signal management techniques as long-term transportation solutions and traffic mitigation measures to carry out the Carlsbad Community Vision. 3-P.15 Evaluate methods and transportation facility improvements to promote biking, walking, safer street crossings, and attrac tive streetscapes. Th e City Council shall have the sole discretion to approve any su ch road diet or vehicle traffic calming improvements that would reduce vehicle capacity to or below a LOS D; this also applies to streets where the vehicle is not subject to the MMLOS standard as specified in Table 3-1.
3-P.16 Design new streets, an d explore funding opportunitie s for existing streets, to minimize traffic volumes and/or speed, as appropriate, within residential neighborhoods without compromising connectivity for emergency first responders, bicycles, and pe destrians consistent with the city’s Carlsbad Active Transportation Strategies. This should be accomplished through management and implementation of livable streets strategies and such programs like the Carlsbad Residential Traffic Management Plan.
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3-P.17 Consider innovative design and pr ogram solutions to improve the mobility, efficiency, connectivity, and safety of the transportation system. Innovative design solutions include, but are not limited to , traffic calming devices, roundabouts, traffic circles, curb extensions, separa ted bicycle infrastructure, pedestrian scramble intersections, high visibility pedestrian treatments and infrastructure, and traffic signal coordination. Innovative program solutions include, but are not limited to, webpages with travel de mand and traffic signal management information, car and bike share programs , active transportation campaigns, and intergenerational programs around schools to enhance safe routes to schools.
Other innovative solutions include bicycle friendly business districts, electric and solar power energy transportation system s, intelligent transportation systems, semi- or full autonomous vehicles, trams, and shuttles. 3-P.19 Encourage Caltrans, SANDAG, NCTD, an d adjacent cities to improve regional connectivity and service consistent with re gional planning efforts. This includes expansion of Interstate-5 with two HOV la nes in each directio n, auxiliary lanes, and associated enhancements, a Bus Ra pid Transit (BRT) route along Palomar Airport Road, shuttle bus services from COASTER stations, and other enhancements to improve services in the area.
3-P.20 Engage Caltrans, the Public Utilit ies Commission, transit agencies, the Coastal Commission, and railroad agency(s) re garding opportunities for improved connections within the city, including:
Improved connections across the railro ad tracks at Chestnut Avenue and other locations
A grade separated rail corridor that in cludes grade separated street crossings at Grand Avenue, Carlsbad Village Drive, Tamarack Avenue and Cannon Road, as well as new pedestrian and bicycle crossings
Completion and enhancements to the Coastal Rail Trail and/or equivalent trail along the coastline
Improved connectivity along Carlsb ad Boulevard for pedestrians and bicyclists, such as a trail
Improved access to the beach and coastal recreational opportunities Improved crossings for pedestrians across and along Carlsbad Boulevard 3-P.21 Implement connections and improvemen ts identified in this Mobility Element, including those identified in policy 3-P.19, as well as:
Extension of College Boulevard from Cannon Road to El Camino Real Completion of the Poinsettia Lane connection near El Camino Real (Reach E) Extension of Camino Junipero to the eastern city boundary A bicycle/pedestrian trail/pathway connecting the eastern terminus of Marron Road to the east
A bicycle/pedestrian trail/pathway connecting the eastern terminus of Cannon Road to the east, and coordination with adjacent agencies to appropriately link to their facilities
3-P.22 Support pedestrian and bicycle faciliti es at all Interstate-5 and State Route 78 interchanges.
APPENDIX D: APPLICABLE GENERAL PLAN POLICIES
D-6
3-P.24 Update the pedestrian, trails and bicycle master plans, as necessary, to reflect changes in needs, opportunities and priorities.
3-P.25 Implement the projects recommended in the pedestrian, trails and bicycle master plans through the city’s capital impr ovement program, private development conditions and other appropriate mechanisms.
3-P.26 Identify and implement necessary pedestrian improvements on streets where pedestrians are to be accommodated per Table 3-1, with special emphasis on providing safer access to schools, parks , community and recreation centers, shopping districts, and other appropriate facilities.
3-P.27 Implement the Safe Routes to School and Safe Routes to Transit programs that focus on pedestrian and bicycle safety improvements near local schools and transit stations. Prioritize schools with access from arterial streets for receiving Safe Routes to School projects.
3-P.28 Improve and enhance parking, conne ctivity, access, an d utilization for pedestrians and bicycles to COASTER stat ions, utility corridors, and open spaces consistent with city planning documents.
3-P.29 Evaluate incorporating pedestrian and bicycle infrastr ucture within the city as part of any planning or engineering study, private development, or capital project. 3-P.31 Engage the community in the policy setting and planning of street, bicycle, pedestrian, transit, and connectivity studies, plans and programs. 3-P.32 Require developers to improve pede strian and bicycle connectivity consistent with the city’s bicycle and pedestrian ma ster plans and trails master planning efforts. In addition, new residential deve lopments should demonstrate that a safe route to school and transit is provided to nearby schools an d transit stations within a half mile walking distance.
3-P.33 Work with existing neighborhoods an d businesses to improve pedestrian and bicycle connectivity and safety consistent with the city’s pedestrian and bicycle master plans and trails master planning efforts.
3-P.34 Actively pursue grant programs such as SANDAG’s Active Transportation Grant Program and Smart Growth Incentive Program to improve non-automotive connectivity throughout the city. The emphasis of gran t-funded projects shall be on implementation, which includes planning documents that guide and prioritize implementation, programs that encourage the use of active transportation modes, education for the use of active transporta tion modes, or physical improvements themselves.
3-P.35 Partner with other agencies and/or developers to improv e transit connectivity within Carlsbad. As part of a comprehensive transportation demand management (TDM) strategy and/or with transit or iented development (TOD), a shuttle system could be established that connec ts destinations and employment centers like LEGOLAND, hotels, the Village, McClellan-Palomar Airport, business parks,
CARLSBAD CLIMATE ACTION PLAN
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the COASTER and Breeze transit stations, pu blic activity centers (such as senior centers, city hall, libraries, etc.) and ke y destinations along th e coast. The system could incorporate shuttle service in adjacent cities to maximize connectivity. 3-P.36 Encourage NCTD, SANDAG and other transit providers to provide accessibility for all modes of travel to the McClellan-Palomar Airport area. 3-P.38 Develop flexible on- site vehicle parking requirements. Such requirements will include implementation of innovative parking techniques, implementing effective TDM programs to reduce parking demand , and consideration of other means to efficiently manage parking supply and demand.
3-P.39 Require new employment development to provide secure bicycle parking on-site.
Major employers should provide shower and changing rooms for employees as appropriate.
3-P.40 Assist Village businesse s to manage parking in the Village area to maximize parking efficiency. Any potential parking- related revenues gene rated in this area should be reinvested into the Village area for implementing livable streets and other parking, pedestrian, and bicycle enhancements, including way-finding signage and maintenance of associated infrastructure.
3-P.41 Consider supporting new developmen t and existing businesses with various incentives (such as parking standards modifications) for implementing TDM programs that minimize the reliance on single-occupant automotive travel during peak commute hours.
Chapter 4: Open Space, Conservation, and Recreation
4-P.40 Prepare a comprehensive Trails Master Plan update, that expands the existing and planned 61-mile trail system, with the following objectives:
Connectivity between off-road trails and major on-road pedestrian and bicycle routes, such that future impr ovements in the trail system also contribute to linkages between important sites (beaches, lagoons, schools, commercial centers, master planned communities, and others) Design and designate trails as multi-use to be accessible for all user groups, including walkers, bicyclists, and eque strians (as land use policy allows).
Ensure that the network provides an appropriate amount of resources for each trail type or user group
Greenway and trail linkages from majo r recreational/open space areas to other land use areas or activities, incl uding, but not limited to, residential neighborhoods, places of employment , parks, schools, libraries, and viewpoints
Linkages/multi-use trails conne cting businesses and residential neighborhoods to the beaches
APPENDIX D: APPLICABLE GENERAL PLAN POLICIES
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Appendix E
Project Level Mitigation
Measures
In addition to the programmatic measures contained in this Climate Action Plan, the following is a non-exclusive list of mitigation measures that can be applied at the project level to reduce greenhouse gas emissio ns. These measures, and other measures not listed in this Appendix which may become available, are intended to assist projects in meeting the performance standard of reducing their greenhouse gas emissions to the level required by federal, state and local law, including the emission reductio n targets established in this Climate Action Plan. The city and project appl icants may consider these and other project- level mitigation measures, prov ided that their effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be demonstrated and they are othe rwise consistent with al l applicable policies and ordinances (e.g., a mixed-use project that is permissible by the zoning ordinance).
Sources for additional potential mitigation me asures may include thos e listed in: CAPCOA’s “CEQA and Climate Change, Evaluating and Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Projects Subject to the Califo rnia Environmental Quality Act (January 2008)”; the Attorney General’s “Addressing Climate Change at the Project Level”; OPR’s CEQA and Climate Change: Addressing Climate Change Through California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)”; and SANDAG’s “Draft Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation White Paper (2014)”. Please see Appendix C for complete references.
Renewable Energy
Provide onsite renewable energy system(s). Nonpolluting and renewable energy potential includes solar, wind, geothermal, low-impact hydro, biomass and bio-gas strategies
Include in new buildings facilities to support the use of low/zero carbon fueled vehicles, such as the charging of electric vehicles from green electricity sources Provide solar water heaters
Green Building
Meet recognized green building and energy efficiency benchmarks such as LEED and ENERGY STAR
APPENDIX E: PROJECT LEVEL MITIGATION MEASURES
E-2
Incorporate materials which are resource efficient, recycled, with long life cycles and manufactured in an environmentally friendly way
Energy Efficiency
Exceed Carlsbad Green Building Code (Title 24) mandatory efficiency requirements by 15% or more
Install light colored “cool” roofs (e.g. Energy Star roofing) or other highly reflective, highly emissive roofing materials
Install a vegetated (“green”) roof that covers at least 50% of roof area Design project to maximize solar orientation (i.e., 75% or more building face north or south; include roof overhangs that block high summer sun, but not lower winter sun, from penetrating south-facing windows
Plant trees and vegetation near structures to shade buildings and reduce energy requirements for heating/cooling
Install energy-reducing ceiling/whole-house fans
Install energy efficient lighting (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), heating and cooling systems, appliances, equipment, and control systems. (e.g., Energy Star) Install energy-reducing programmable thermostats that automatically adjust temperature settings
Transportation
Develop commute trip reduction plans that encourage employees who commute alone to consider alternative transportation modes
Create an online ridesharing program that matches potential carpoolers immediately through email
Provide fair-share funding of transportation improvements Provide shuttle service or public transit incentives such as transit passes to decrease work-related auto trips
Provide “end-of-trip” facilities including showers, lockers, and changing space (nonresidential projects)
Incorporate public transit into project design
Incorporate bicycle lanes, routes and facilities into street systems, new subdivisions, and large developments
Provide amenities for non-motorized transportation, such as secure and convenient bicycle parking
CARLSBAD CLIMATE ACTION PLAN
E-3
Provide plentiful short- and long-term bicycle parking facilities (nonresidential projects)
Provide long-term bicycle parking is provided at apartment complexes or condominiums without garages
Create pedestrian (and/or bicycle) access network that internally links all uses and connects to all existing/planned external streets and pedestrian (and/or bicycle) facilities contiguous with the project site
Provide a parking lot design that includes clearly marked and shaded pedestrian pathways between transit facilities and building entrances Provide parking for EVs/CNG vehicles
Install EV charging facilities
Water Conservation
Install water-efficient fixtures and appliances such as low-flow fixtures, dual flush toilets, and other water efficient appliances
Install water-efficient irrigation systems and devices, such as soil moisture-based irrigation controls and use water-efficient irrigation methods Implement low-impact development practices that maintain the existing hydrology of the site to manage storm water and protect the environment Incorporate recycled/reclaimed water for landscape irrigation and other non-potable water use needs
Incorporate rain barrels and gray water systems for landscape irrigation Landscaping
Install native and drought tolerant plant materials into landscapes Incorporate into landscapes drought resistant native trees, trees with low emissions and high carbon sequestration potential
Provide parking lot areas with 50% tree cover within 10 years of construction, in particular low emitting, low maintenance, native drought resistant trees. Reduces urban heat island effect
Dedicate space for neighborhood gardening
Mixed-Use
Development projects predominantly characterized by properties on which various uses, such as office, commercial, institutional, and residential, are combined in a single building or on a single site in an integrated development project with APPENDIX E: PROJECT LEVEL MITIGATION MEASURES
E-4
functional interrelationships and a coherent physical design; or projects that have at least three of the following on site and/or offsite within one-quarter mile: residential development, retail development, office, transit, park, or open space Provide on-site shops and services for employees, as permitted by zoning and development standards
Solid Waste Measures
Reuse and recycle construction and demolition waste (including, but not limited to, soil, vegetation, concrete, lumber, metal, and cardboard). Provide interior and exterior storage areas for recyclables and green waste and adequate recycling containers located in public areas.
Provide education and publicity about reducing waste and available recycling services.
Climate Action Plan 2021 Annual
Report and Status of the CAP Update
Katie Hentrich, CAP Administrator
Environmental Management
April 19, 2022
( city of
Carlsbad
TODAY’S PRESENTATION
• CAP Annual Report 5
• CAP Update
• Recommendations
( city of
Carlsbad
CAP BACKGROUND
• Adopted qualified CAP in 2015
• One of first cities in the region
• Amended July 14, 2020
• Updated GHG inventories, targets, and forecast
• Updated CAP measures and added CCE
• Annual monitoring and reporting
( City of
Carlsbad
2012 GHG INVENTORY
Emissions Category GHG Emissions (MTCO2e) Total Emissions (%) On-Road Transportation 488,000 49.9
Electricity 301,000 30.8
Natural Gas 134,000 13.7
Solid Waste 25,000 2.5
Off-Road Transportation 14,000 1.4
Water 12,000 1.2
Wastewater 3,000 >1
TOTAL 977,000 100
2012 GHG INVENTORY
50%
31%
14%
3%
1%
1% 0%
On-Road Transportation
Electricity
Natural Gas
Solid Waste
Off-Road Transportation
Water
Wastewater
>1%
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
GHG EMISSIONS BASELINE, REDUCTIONS,
AND TARGETS
977,000 937,920
468,960
0 200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 MTCO2e
Year
CAP Baseline & Targets
2018 Inventory
930,000
l l
l
CAP MEASURES
• Energy efficiency
• Renewable energy
• Transportation
• Water
• Measures cover municipal and community
activities
{ City of
Carlsbad
CAP MEASURE PROGRESS
3%
51%
31%
9% Complete (11 actions)
In progress, on schedule
(20 actions)
In progress, delayed (3
actions)
Not started (1 action)
{ City of
Carlsbad
IMPLEMENTATION HIGHLIGHTS
• Adopted Sustainable Mobility Plan
• Launched Clean Energy Alliance
• Continued implementing reach codes
• Replaced 24 fleet vehicles with hybrids
• Replaced 50% of light bulbs with LEDs
I
CAP UPDATE
• Executed PSA in Nov. 2021
• Reviewed existing CAP measures
• Analyzed updated legislation
• Prepared public outreach plan
• Meeting with CAP Interdepartmental Team
• Stakeholder outreach (e.g., 5-Year
Strategic Plan, Earth Day, community’s
needs and priorities)
STATUS OF CAP UPDATE
{ City of
Carlsbad
ACTIVITY BASED MODEL (ABM)
• Major source of data for GHG emissions baseline
inventory and projections
• Recently updated by SANDAG with adoption of 2021
Regional Plan (“ABM2+”)
• SANDAG delayed in publishing ABM2+
• Align data and modeling used to forecast growth with
other city efforts, such as Housing Element Update
rezoning program
( city of
Carlsbad
Option Model Type Pros Cons
1 ABM2+
custom run
• Aligns with land use
assumptions and CEQA
analysis
• Utilizes most recent ABM
• Cost savings
• Estimated 6- to 9-month project delay
2 ABM2+ • Utilizes most recent ABM
• Aligns with 2021 Regional
Plan
• Does not align with land use
assumptions and CEQA analysis
• Would require future updates to CAP
Update
• Estimated 3- to 6-month project delay
NEXT STEPS
• Continue stakeholder outreach
• Data collection and analyses
• Assess GHG targets
• Prepare candidate CAP measures
• Share candidate CAP measures
RECOMMENDED ACTION
• Adopt a resolution accepting the Climate Action Plan
Annual Report for reporting period 5, Jan. 1, 2021 – Dec. 31, 2021
• Adopt a resolution directing staff to use a customized run of the San Diego Association of Governments’ most
recent Activity Based Model tailored for Carlsbad in its update of the Climate Action Plan
{ City of
Carlsbad