2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
2025
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 6
1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 PLAN ORGANIZATION ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 PURPOSE .......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 HAZARD MITIGATION AND HAZARDS ......................................................................................................... 6
1.5 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.6 AUTHORITIES .................................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2: PLANNING PROCESS .......................................................................... 11
2.1 PLANNING PROCESS .................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 PLANNING AREA ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 CITY OF CHINO LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM ........................................................ 11
2.4 PLANNING SCHEDULE AND MEETINGS .......................................................................................... 16
2.5 STAKEHOLDER AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY ................................................................... 22
2.5.1 SURVEY OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 24
2.6 EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................ 26
2.7 EXISTING PLANS, STUDIES, AND REPORTS REVIEWED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLAN .......... 28
2.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND TRANSITION .......................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3 COMMUNITY PROFILE .......................................................................... 32
3.1 LOCATION AND SETTING ..................................................................................................................... 32
3.2 TOPOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 33
3.3 GEOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................... 33
3.4 NATURAL RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................ 34
3.5 CLIMATE ......................................................................................................................................... 34
3.6 LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND COVER, LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT .................................................................. 35
3.7 HISTORY ......................................................................................................................................... 37
3.8 DEVELOPMENT TRENDS ...................................................................................................................... 37
3.9 POPULATION, EDUCATION, AND DEMOGRAPHICS ...................................................................................... 40
3.10 HOUSING ...................................................................................................................................... 41
3.11 ECONOMY ..................................................................................................................................... 41
3.12 TRANSPORTATION ........................................................................................................................... 41
3.13 WATER RESOURCES......................................................................................................................... 42
3.14 CRITICAL WILDLIFE AND HABITAT TYPES ................................................................................................ 43
3.15 COMMUNITY RISK INDEX ................................................................................................................... 43
3.16 COMMUNITY RESILIENCE .................................................................................................................. 44
3.17 SOCIAL VULNERABILITY AND UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES ....................................................................... 45
3.18 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES ................................................................................... 47
3.19 HAZARD MITIGATION-RELATED LAWS, ORDINANCES, PROGRAMS, STUDIES, AND PLANS.................................... 49 CHAPTER 4 HAZARD RISK SUMMARY ..................................................................... 51
4.1 IDENTIFIED HAZARDS ......................................................................................................................... 51
4.2 HAZARD PROFILE .............................................................................................................................. 53
4.3 RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 54
4.4 FEMA NRI RISK SCORES .................................................................................................................... 58
4.5 OVERALL RISK SCORES ...................................................................................................................... 62
4.6 DROUGHT ....................................................................................................................................... 69
4.7 DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE .................................................................................................................... 82
4.8 FLOODING ...................................................................................................................................... 94 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
4.9 SEVERE SUMMER STORMS ................................................................................................................. 123
4.10 EXTREME COLD ............................................................................................................................ 165
4.11 TORNADO ................................................................................................................................... 173
4.12 WILDFIRE .................................................................................................................................... 181
4.13 EARTHQUAKE ............................................................................................................................... 197 OTHER HAZARDS OF CONCERN........................................................................................................ 212
4.14 CIVIL DISTURBANCE ...................................................................................................................... 212
4.15 CYBERSECURITY INCIDENT .............................................................................................................. 214
4.16 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT .................................................................................................... 217
4.17 PROLONGED POWER OUTAGE .......................................................................................................... 221
4.18 TERRORISM ................................................................................................................................. 224
4.19 TRANSPORTATION INCIDENT ............................................................................................................. 227 CHAPTER 5 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT ................................................................ 233
5.1 PREVENTATIVE MEASURES ................................................................................................................. 233
5.2 REGULATORY CAPABILITIES ............................................................................................................... 235 CHAPTER 6: MITIGATION GOALS ........................................................................... 237
6.1 COMMUNITY PRIORITIES ................................................................................................................... 237
6.2 GOALS AND GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................... 238
7.1 MITIGATION ACTION PLAN ................................................................................................................. 240
7.2 MITIGATION PROJECTS ..................................................................................................................... 243
7.3 MITIGATION ACTION PLAN & PROJECTS FOR THE CITY OF CHINO ................................................................. 245
8.1 FORMAL REVIEW PROCESS ................................................................................................................ 259
8.2 CONTINUED PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ..................................................................................................... 260
8.3 MONITORING, EVALUATION, AND UPDATING THE PLAN ............................................................................. 260
8.4 ANNUAL NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION LEPC PLANNING MEETINGS ........................................................... 263
8.5 IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH EXISTING PROGRAMS ................................................................................... 263 APPENDIX A: STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION .................................................... 264 APPENDIX B: PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ACTIVITIES AND DOCUMENTATION ...... 270 B.1 SURVEY ........................................................................................................................................ 271 B.2 PUBLIC MEETING ANNOUNCEMENTS / NEWS RELEASES ............................................................................ 317 APPENDIX C: DISADVANTAGED COMMUNITY MAPS .......................................... 324 APPENDIX D: HAZMAT INCIDENTS ......................................................................... 329 APPENDIX E: PREVIOUS MITIGATION ACTION STATUS UPDATE ...................... 343 APPENDIX F: RESOLUTIONS OF ADOPTION ......................................................... 347
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Part I: Planning Process
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The City of Chino, California, is vulnerable to natural, technological, and manmade hazards that could seriously threaten the health, welfare, and security of its residents.
The cost of responding to and recovering from potential disasters, in terms of potential loss of life or property, can be lessened when attention is turned to mitigating their impacts and effects before, they occur or recur.
This Local Hazard Mitigation Plan seeks to identify the C ity's hazards and understand their impact on vulnerable populations and infrastructure. With that understanding, the plan sets forth solutions that, if implemented, have the potential to significantly reduce threats to life and property. The plan is based on the premise that hazard mitigation works.
With increased attention to managing natural, technological, and manmade hazards, communities can reduce the threats to citizens and, through proper land use and emergency planning, can avoid creating new problems in the future. Many solutions can be implemented at minimal cost and social impact.
1.2 Plan Organization
The plan is organized into five main parts:
• Part I provides a general overview of the plan and its planning process. • Part II contains a community profile of the city.
• Part III provides definitions and analysis of natural and manmade hazards affecting the city.
• Part IV outlines the Mitigation Strategy, identifying goals, objectives, and mitigation projects.
• Part V details the plan maintenance process and provides timel ines for future updates.
The Appendix contains contact information, meeting documentation, worksheets, public participation records, and references.
1.3 Purpose
This plan exists to identify natural and manmade hazard threats to the community, prepare mitigation management strategies, develop short -term and long-term goals and objectives, and fulfill federal, state, and local hazard mitigation planning obligations. The intention is to enhance awareness of and provide mitigation strategies for elected officials, agencies, and the public while developing actions that will minimize negative outcomes to citizens, the economy, and the environment.
1.4 Hazard Mitigation and Hazards
Hazard mitigation encompasses cost -effective actions that reduce, limit , or prevent vulnerability to hazards. These measures fall into three categories:
1. Those that keep hazards away from people, property, and structures
2. Those that keep people, property, or structures away from hazards
3. Those that reduce hazard impact on victims, such as insurance 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
7 The plan analyzes the following hazards:
Natural Hazards
• Drought
• Dam and Levee Failure
• Earthquake
• Flooding (Riverine & Urban/Flash)
• Severe Summer Storms
o Extreme Heat
o Hail
o High Winds
o Lightning
• Extreme Cold
• Tornado
• Wildfire
Other Hazards of Concern
Although non- natural hazards are not required by FEMA for inclusion in a hazard mitigation plan, the City of Chino wishes to rank and mitigate against a comprehensive list of hazard events that could impact the city. Due to both the nature of non- natural hazards and the discretionary status regarding their inclusion, the following hazards of interest have been briefly and qualitatively assessed for the sake of public education and to inform their inclusion within the hazard ranking and mitigation process.
Technological (Manmade) Hazards
• Civil Disturbance
• Cybersecurity Incident
• Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed, Transportation)
• Prolonged Power Outage
• Terrorism
• Transportation Incident (Air & Road)
Per FEMA’s mandate to address all natural hazards, the following natural hazards were not included because these hazards do not directly impact the City of Chino due to geographic location:
• Hurricane
• Landslide
• Sea Level Rise
• Storm Surge
• Tsunami
• Volcanic Activity
1.5 Scope
The plan provides comprehensive hazard identification, risk assessment, vulnerability and impact analyses, mitigation actions, and an implementation schedule. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
8 Plan Goals and Objectives
The goals of the City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan include coordinating with local governments to develop the City of Chino’s plans and processes that meet the planning components identified in the FEMA Region 9 Crosswalk document, as well as California Office of Emergency Services planning expectations and public input from the local community. The overall objective is risk reduction from natural hazards in the state of California through implementing and updating City, regional, and state of California mitigation plans.
This plan is based on a combination of steering committee and public input, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative assessments. The steering committee's expertise, along with feedback from the public and key stakeholders, was taken to determine the most significant hazards to the City of Chino. These assessments formed the foundation for creating new and continuing existing mitigation actions.
An analysis of public perception of the mitigation actions, based on their desires and needs for the update, was conducted. Surve y 1 responses were compared to Survey 2 to determine if the public’s input and needs were addressed. When it was determined that the steering committee’s conclusions aligned with public input, the data was included in the plan. Additionally, through the comparison and analysis of the data from Survey 1 to Survey 2, any shortcomings were addressed. A summary report, as well as both surveys, are available in the appendix.
1.6 Authorities
1.6.1 Federal
Public Law 93- 288 (PL 93-288), as amended, established the basis for federal hazard mitigation activity in 1974. A section of this Act requires the identification, evaluation, and mitigation of hazards as a prerequisite for state receipt of future disaster assistance outlays. Since 1974, many additional programs, regulations, and laws have expanded on the original legislation to establish hazard mitigation as a priority at all levels of government.
Several additional provisions were also included when PL 93- 288 was amended by the Stafford Act, which provides for the availability of significant mitigation measures in the aftermath of a presidentially declared disaster. Civil Preparedness Guide 1- 3, Chapter 6—Hazard Mitigation Assistance Programs places emphasis on hazard mitigation planning directed toward hazards with a high impact and threat potential.
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 30, 2000. Section 322 defines mitigation planning requirements for state, local, and tribal governments. Under Section 322, if states submit a mitigation plan (a summary of local/regional mitigation plans) identifying natural hazards, risks, vulnerabilities, and proposed actions to reduce those risks and vulnerabilities, the state is eligible for an increase in the federal share of hazard mitigation. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
9 1.6.2 State
The Governor’s Emergency Operation Directive, the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, amendments to PL 93-288, as amended, Title 44, CFR, Federal Emergency Management Agency Regulations, as amended, State Emergency Management Act of 1981, California State Code Disaster Response Recovery Act, 63- 5A, Executive Order of the Governor, Executive Order 11, Emergency Interim Succession Act, 63-5B.
1.6.3 Local
Effective natural hazard mitigation is dependent upon local governments assuming a vital role. As such, each local government will review all present or potential damages, losses, and related impacts associated with natural hazards to determine what is required for mitigation action and planning. For the City of Chino, the local elected officials are responsible for implementing plans and policies, as such it is critical that local governments be prepared to participate in the post -disaster Hazard Mitigation Team process, as well as the pre- mitigation planning outlined in the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.
CONCLUSION AND TRANSITION
The introduction of this hazard mitigation plan establishes the foundation for understanding Chino's comprehensive approach to hazard preparedness and resilience.
Through careful organization, clear purpose definition, and detailed hazard identification, this chapter sets the stage for the extensive planning effort that follows.
This plan represents more than just a document , it embodies the City of Chino's commitment to protecting its residents, infrastructure, and community assets from the diverse range of hazards it faces. Whether natural, geological, or human- caused, these hazards require thoughtful analysis and strategic planning to effectively reduce their potential impact on the community.
As we move into Chapter 2: Planning Process, we will explore how the City of Chino developed this plan through extensive community engagement, stakeholder participation, and careful analysis. The planning process demonstrates collaborative effort between city officials, community stakeholders, and residents to create effective, implementable mitigation strategies. This inclusive approach ensures that the resulting plan reflects not only technical expertise but also the community's needs, concerns, and priorities.
The planning process chapter will detail how the City of Chino:
• Engaged diverse community segments in meaningful participation • Incorporated equity considerations throughout the planning effort • Analyzed existing plans and studies to inform mitigation strategies • Built partnerships with key stakeholders and organizations • Developed a comprehensive understanding of community vulnerabilities and capabilities.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
10 Through this transition from foundational concepts to actual planning methodology, we begin to see how Chino's commitment to hazard mitigation transforms from theory into practical, actionable strategies for community protection and resilience.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
11 CHAPTER 2: PLANNING PROCESS
2.1 PLANNING PROCESS
The 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan was completed through the collaborative efforts of the California Office of Emergency Services (CAL OES), City of Chino staff members from various departments including Chino Police Department, Administration, Public Works, Development Services and Community Services Parks and Recreation, Chino Valley Fire District, and community members within the City of Chino.
Feedback was solicited through the City of Chino Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). During the plan development, the draft plan was posted on the City of Chino's website for public comments. Public participation was encouraged through public meetings and a review of the 202 5 plan on the City of Chino's website. All comments, questions, and discussions resulting from these activities were given thoughtful consideration as the plan was developed.
2.2 PLANNING AREA
This plan covers the City of Chino, California.
2.3 CITY OF CHINO LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM The City of Chino established a comprehensive planning team to guide the development of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. This team consisted of a core Steering Committee composed of key city department representatives, supported by an extensive network of stakeholders representing various sectors of the community.
2.3.1 Steering Committee
The Steering Committee provided primary oversight and direction for the planning process. Committee members w ere selected based on their technical expertise, operational knowledge, and understanding of city functions. Each member brought unique insights into various aspects of hazard mitigation planning:
Table 2-1. Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team
Representative Position Department/Organization
Albert Espinoza Deputy Director / City Engineer City of Chino Public Works Department
Lisa Almilli Accessibility Coordinator City of Chino Development Services Department
Basel Badawi Building Official City of Chino Development Services Department
Jeff Benson Parks & Facilities Manager
City of Chino Community
Services, Parks & Recreation
Department
Pete Vicario Water Utilities Superintendent City of Chino Public Works Department
Arianna Fajardo Communications Manager City of Chino Administration Department
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
12 Representative Position Department/Organization
Michael Hitz Principal Planner City of Chino Development Services Department
Chase Jones Senior Information Technology
Analyst
City of Chino Administration,
Information Technology Division
Nathan Marlinski Environmental Compliance
Coordinator
City of Chino Public Works
Department
Felicia Marshall Associate Civil Engineer City of Chino Public Works Department
Keith Martinez Assistant Public Works Services
Manager
City of Chino Public Works
Department
Ben Orosco Deputy Director / Services City of Chino Public Works Department
Danielle O'Toole Fire Marshal Chino Valley Fire District Jesus Plasencia Assistant City Engineer City of Chino Public Works Department
Denise School Emergency Services
Coordinator Chino Police Department
2.3.2 Stakeholder Participation
The planning process benefited from robust participation by stakeholders representing diverse sectors of the community. These stakeholders provided valuable input, expertise, and resources throughout the planning process. Key participating organizations included the following: (Note, while all participants were personally invited not all chose to participate)
Table 2-2. Stakeholder Participation
Name Title Jurisdiction / Agency Invited Participation
Erin Fox Disaster Program
Manager American Red Cross Yes
Debra Williams Executive
Director/CEO
Building Resilient
Communities Yes
Rodrigo Jimenez Public Information
Officer
California Highway
Patrol Yes
Paul Ybarra Lieutenant - PIO California Institute for
Men Yes
William Newborg Lieutenant – PIO California Institute for Women Yes
Brian Rosenbaum Emergency Operations
Coordinator CalTrans District 8 Yes
Troy Ament
Associate
Superintendent of
Administrative Services
& Emergency
Operations
Chaffey College Yes
Maureen Snelgrove Assistant Director of
Airports Chino Airport Yes
Kevin Cisneroz President Chino Neighborhood
House Yes
Zeb Wellborn President Chino Valley Chamber
of Commerce Yes
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
13 Juan Mestas Director of Facilities Chino Valley Medical Center Yes
Whitney Fields
Director Risk
Management and
Human Resources
Chino Valley Unified
School District Yes
Jaime Ortega
Director Risk
Management and
Human Resources
Chino Valley Unified
School District
Yes
Joyce Lee Emergency Services
Coordinator City of Chino Hills Yes
Simone Blackwell Environmental
Compliance Analyst City of Eastvale Yes
Joseph Ramos Emergency Manager City of Ontario Yes
Tony Arellano Safety Officer Inland Empire Utilities
Agency Yes
MaryAna DeLos Santos Director of Operations Inland Valley Humane Society Yes
Charleen King Founder Isaiah's Rock Yes
Kelley Donaldson Communications
Affairs Manager
Monte Vista Water
District Yes
Andrew Cheng Emergency Services
Coordinator OmniTrans Yes
Serra Rea
Emergency
Management/PSPS
Coordinator
Rolling Start, Inc. Yes
Crisanta Gonzales
Director of San
Bernardino County
Office of Emergency
Services
San Bernardino County
Office of Emergency
Services
Yes
Randy Naquin Sergeant
San Bernardino County
Sheriffs - Chino Hills
Station
Yes
Eric Cimuchowski Chair
San Bernardino County
Voluntary
Organizations Active in
Disaster (VOAD)
Yes
Melissa Boyd Government Relations
Manager
Southern California
Edison Yes
Larry Taylor Area Manager - Chino
District
Southern California
Gas Company Yes
David Kingston Chief of Emergency
Management Branch
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers Yes
Lupe Valdez Senior Director, Public
Affairs Union Pacific Railroad Yes
Glenda Chavez Solutions Manager Waste Management Yes
Brian Rachielles Branch Director YMCA - Chino Valley Yes Dave Schroder Facilities and
Operations Manager
Chino Basin Water
Conservation District Yes
Also included were the Emergency Managers from the neighboring jurisdictions. Their participation was crucial for ensuring regional coordination and consistency in hazard mitigation efforts. By involving these key stakeholders, the City of Chino aimed to gather diverse insights, promote collaboration, and enhance the effectiveness of the Local 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
14 Hazard Mitigation Plan across neighboring communities including the cities of Ontario, Pomona, Montclair, Upland, Eastvale and Corona.
Overview of Stakeholder Participa tion in the Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
The City of Chino’s Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) update process engaged a diverse range of stakeholders to ensure a comprehensive and collaborative approach to hazard mitigation. Key organizational partners were invited to participate, providing access to the plan and opportunities to offer feedback. These stakeholders were grouped into six categories, reflecting their roles in the community and their contributions to regional resilience. Their involvement was essential for gathering diverse insights, promoting coordination, and enhancing the effectiveness of the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan across the City of Chino and neighboring jurisdictions.
1. Emergency Services and Law Enforcement (6 targeted participants) :
Representatives from agencies such as the American Red Cross, California Highway Patrol, and San Bernardino County Office of Emergency Services contributed expertise in disaster response, public safety, and emergency management, ensuring the plan addresses critical preparedness and coordination needs.
• Healthcare and Social Services (5 targeted participants) : Organizations including Chino Valley Medical Center and Inland Valley Humane Society provided perspectives on public health, vulnerable populations, and soc ial service continuity, strengthening the plan’s focus on community well-being during hazards.
• Education and Youth Services (3 targeted participants) : Stakeholders like Chaffey College and the Chino Valley Unified School District offered insights into protecting educational institutions and youth, enhancing mitigation strategies for these vital community assets.
• Utilities and Infrastructure (8 targeted participants): Partners such as Southern California Edison, Inland Empire Utilities Agency, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers brought technical knowledge on infrastructure resilience, utility continuity, and flood management, critical for mitigating hazard impacts on essential services.
• Community Organizations and Business (4 targeted participants) : Grou ps including the Chino Valley Chamber of Commerce and Building Resilient Communities contributed local knowledge and economic perspectives, fostering a plan that supports community recovery and business continuity.
• Transportation and Regional Partners (12 targeted participants) : This category, the largest, included CalTrans, OmniTrans, and Emergency Managers 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
15 from neighboring jurisdictions like Ontario, Pomona, and Rancho Cucamonga.
Their participation ensured regional consistency and coordination, aligning the City of Chino’s efforts with broader transportation and jurisdictional strategies.
While not all chose to participate, in total, 38 representatives from these categories were invited to actively participate, reflecting a robust and inclusi ve planning process. This collaboration underscores the City of Chino’s commitment to developing a comprehensive Local Hazard Mitigation Plan that addresses local and regional needs, enhances resilience, and meets FEMA’s standards for stakeholder engagement.
2.3.3 Stakeholder Engagement Process
Throughout the planning process, all identified stakeholders were provided multiple opportunities to contribute their expertise and perspectives. Each stakeholder organization was:
• Invited to participate in all phases of the planning process and attend public/steering committee meetings.
• Provided access to online and paper surveys.
• Given opportunities to review and comment on draft sections of the plan. • Encouraged to share data and t echnical information relevant to their areas of expertise.
• Asked to provide feedback on proposed mitigation strategies.
The following stakeholders were invited to contribute through surveys, attend meetings, provide direct review, and share information. T heir input helped shape the plan's development in several key areas listed below:
Technical Expertise and Data Contributions
• Southern California Edison - critical infrastructure vulnerability assessments and power grid resilience data.
• CalTrans District 8 - transportation corridor risk analysis and evacuation route assessments.
• Water districts - system resilience and backup capabilities. • Healthcare partners - critical facility needs during hazard events. • Emergency response - historical incident data and response capabilities
Mitigation Strategy Development
• Local and neighboring emergency services agencies - evacuation planning strategies and emergency response protocols.
• Utility providers - infrastructure protection measures and system hardening priorities.
• Educational institutions - review and contribution to the plan's public awareness program design and community outreach methods.
• Transportation agencies - access and mobility improvement s trategies and evacuation planning.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
16 • Public health organizations - vulnerable populations and healthcare system resilience implementation considerations.
Implementation Considerations
• Healthcare providers - assessments highlighting medical response capabi lities and surge capacity needs.
• Nonprofits - identification of resource gaps in vulnerable communities and potential support services.
• Healthcare providers - identification of opportunities for medical response capabilities and surge capacity needs.
• Public safety agencies - insights on emergency response coordination and resource allocation.
• Utility companies - details on required infrastructure upgrade timelines and capabilities.
• Community organizations were asked to review and provide their perspectives on neighborhood-level implementation challenges.
2.4 PLANNING SCHEDULE AND MEETINGS
The planning and steering committee meetings formed the backbone of the hazard mitigation planning process. The committee consisted of subject matter experts representing diverse aspects of the City of Chino, including emergency management, public safety, infrastructure, community development, and hazard mitigation specialists.
These experts brought comprehensive knowledge of both the city's unique characteristics and hazard mitigation best practices. The committee guided the entire planning process through a structured approach:
• Identifying and analyzing potential hazards.
• Developing preliminary strategies.
• Seeking feedback from stakeholders and citizens.
• Incorporating public input into plan revisions.
• Making final decisions on plan elements based on combined expertise and community feedback.
2.4.1 Meeting Details/Minutes
This section provides a comprehensive record of all meetings conducted during the development of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. It chronicles the planning process from initial kickoff through final review, documenting key discussions, decisions, and public engagement strategies. Each meeting summary captures the steering committee's collaborative efforts to assess hazards, prioritize risks, develop mitigation strategies, and incorporate feedback from stakeholders and the public. The detailed meeting minutes reflect the inclusive, transparent approach taken throughout the planning cycle, 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
17 demonstrating compliance with FEMA requirements for community involvement and plan development.
Steering Committee Meeting #1: Project Kickoff Meeting —June 8, 2024 Key Components: 1. Review of FEMA Requirements and Plan Objectives 2. Finalization of Plan Goals 3. Discussion of the Steering Committee's Role • Providing Subject Matter Expert (SME) guidance based on their knowledge of city functions and operations. 4. Balanced Approach Development • Incorporating both committee expertise and public input. 5. Planning for Robust Public Involvement
• Emphasizing the importance of inclusive community participation.
Public Engagement Strategy:
• Public Survey:
o To be posted on the city website and advertised in Chino Champion newspaper.
• Initial Series of Public Meetings to Discuss Hazard Assessment:
o Monday, August 19th, 1:00 PM – 3:00 PM: Chino Senior Center o Monday, August 19th, 6:30 PM – 8:30 PM: Chino Police Department o Tuesday, August 20th, 2:00 PM – 4:00 PM: Stakeholders Workshop o Tuesday, August 20th, 6:30 PM – 8:30 PM: Preserve Community Center • Second Series of Public Meetings:
o To be scheduled later, specifically focused on discussing mitigation actions.
Steering Committee Meeting #2—August 5, 2024 Key Activities:
1. Detailed Review of Chapter 4 (Risk Assessment) Data
2. Committee Evaluation and Validation of Initial Risk Scores
3. Integration of Local Expertise
a. Adjusting risk rankings based on historical impacts and local conditions.
4. Consensus-Building Discussion on Hazard Rankings
Preliminary Risk Assessment Scores:
1. Significant Hazards:
a. Earthquake (192)
b. Flooding (Riverine & Urban/Flash) (192)
c. Severe Summer Storms (Extreme Heat, Hail, High Winds, Lightning) (192) d. Wildfire (192)
2. Other Assessed Hazards:
a. Cyber Threats, Power Outages (168)
b. Hazardous Materials Incidents (168)
c. Transportation Incidents (150)
d. Drought (126)
e. Landslide (112)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
18 f. Facility Disaster (95)
g. Civil Disturbance (95)
h. Invasive Species (95)
i. Severe Winter Weather (90)
j. Terrorism (62)
Public Feedback Importance:
• Balancing technical assessment with community perception of hazards. • Ensuring comprehensive public feedback influences final hazard rankings and selection.
Steering Committee Meeting #3—September 9, 2024 Focus Areas:
1. Risk Assessment Review Process:
a. Reviewing risk scores for each hazard considering:
i. Historical occurrence data.
ii. Potential impact on life and property.
iii. Geographic extent of risk.
iv. Warning time and duration.
v. Local capabilities for response.
vi. Changing future conditions.
2. Hazard Selection and Prioritization:
a. Finalizing hazard categories for inclusion in the plan:
i. High-Priority Hazards: Earthquakes, Power Outages, Cyber Threats, Flooding, Wildfire
ii. Medium-Priority Hazards: Hazardous Materials Incidents, Transportation Incidents, Terrorism, Drought, Facility Disaster, Severe Summer Storms
3. Initial Mitigation Action Review:
a. Evaluating previous mitigation actions from the 2018 plan:
i. Completed actions and their effectiveness
ii. Ongoing projects requiring continuation
iii. Actions that were not implemented and reasons why
iv. Changes in risk that might affect mitigation priorities
4. Public Engagement Planning:
a. Multi-phase outreach approach.
b. Identifying key stakeholder groups.
c. Developing communication materials about selected hazards. d. Planning forums for public feedback on mitigation priorities.
Steering Committee Meeting #4—October 30, 2024 Key Focus:
• Feedback Utilization:
o From public meetings, surveys, and key stakeholders.
o Following up on the hazard prioritization from Meeting #3. • Developing Comprehensive Mitigation Actions:
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
19 o Reviewing existing programs:
Status determination: Actions to keep and eliminate.
Formulating new strategies based on current risks, capabilities, and public input.
Review of Existing Programs:
• Strong Programs to Continue Supporting Hazard Mitigation:
o All-Hazards Support Functions
o Chino Cares Program (Goals: 1, 2, 3, 5)
o Emergency Preparedness Education (Goals: 1, 3, 5)
o Community Partners Collaboration (Goals: 2, 4, 5)
o City Employee Training (Goals: 1, 2, 5)
o Exercise Plan (Goals: 1, 2, 5)
o Climate Action Plan measures (Goals: 2, 3, 4)
Development of New Mitigation Actions:
• Focus Areas:
o Structural and non-structural mitigation measures.
o Public education and awareness programs.
o Natural systems protection.
o Emergency services enhancement.
o Infrastructure resilience improvements.
Public Engagement Strategy:
• Phase 2: Mitigation Strategy Meetings:
o Wednesday, September 16th, 10:00 AM – 12:00 PM: Chino Senior Center o Wednesday, September 16th, 1:00 PM – 2:00 PM: Chino Police Department (Stakeholder Workshop #2)
o Wednesday, September 16th, 6:00 PM – 8:00 PM: Chino Police Department
o Tuesday, September 17, 6:00 PM – 8:00 PM: Preserve Community Center Next Steps and Notes:
• Collecting and analyzing public feedb ack before finalizing mitigation actions in Meeting #5.
• Public Survey 1 will remain live until October to capture maximum input. • The planner will monitor the site and report any significant changes in the data.
Steering Committee Meeting #5—December 1, 2024 - January 15, 2025 Extended Asynchronous Meeting Period:
• Purpose:
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
20 o Incorporating public feedback from live public meetings and Survey 2 results.
• Virtual/Asynchronous Format:
o Accommodating holiday schedules.
• Review of Public, Stakeholder and Neighboring Jurisdiction Input:
o Feedback from public meetings, online surveys, stakeholder consultations, and community organizations were shared via the planner with the committee for consideration and inclusion.
o Planner incorporated changes and updates via the steering committee into the plan.
After the completion of the feedback, the steering committee approved the Final Mitigation Strategy:
• Approval of:
o Final mitigation actions for each priority hazard.
o Implementation timelines and responsibilities.
o Resource allocation strategies.
o Monitoring and evaluation procedures.
Note:
• Feedback from Survey 2 was critical in shaping the mitigation actions to ensure they met public and key stakeholder feedback.
• After discussions on budget, city priority, and feasibility, the committee unanimously approved the final mitigation action list, located in section 7 of this document.
• The next phase will be the review phase which was determined would also be asynchronous so as to allow members adequate time to review and approve the entire plan.
Steering Committee Meeting #6: Asynchronous & Public Review Period —January 15 to April 3, 2025 Meeting Details:
• Date Range: January 15 - April 3, 2025
• Format: Asynchronous review
• Purpose: Comprehensive review of the current draft Hazard Mitigation Plan update following the completion of Steering Committee Meeting #5.
Process Overview:
• This occurred in two stages: phase one lasted approximately 15 days allowing the planner to reformat and ready the plan for public review, and phase 2, the Public review started on March 3 and lasted 30+ days, ending on April 3rd. • This approximately 45 day review window allowed for thorough examination by the steering committee, key stakeholders, neighboring jurisdictions and public in general.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
21 Communication and Feedback:
• Shared Communication:
o Clarifying the assessment of proposed actions.
o Participants shared their feedback using a variety of outlets to include track changes, comments directly in the draft plan document and via a complementary survey that was designed specifically for the 30 day review period.
Targeted Expert Review Process: During this comprehensive review period, the general public and stakeholders who had been involved throughout the plan development provided specialized input based on their areas of expertise. Rather than introducing new stakeholders, this phase capitalized on the knowledge of existing participants to refine implementation strategies and ensure the plan's effectiveness. Each stakeholder group, as identified in Table 2-2 of the plan, was personally asked to review specific aspects of the plan:
• Healthcare providers (including Chino Valley Medical Center, Canyon Ridge Hospital) evaluated medical response capabilities and surge capacity provisions • Nonprofit organizatio ns (including American Red Cross, Building Resilient Communities, Isaiah's Rock, YMCA - Chino Valley) assessed support services for vulnerable communities
• Public safety agencies (including California Highway Patrol, California Institute for Men, California Institute for Women, San Bernardino County Sheriff's Office) reviewed emergency response coordination mechanisms
• Utility companies (including Southern California Edison, Southern California Gas Company, Monte Vista Water District, Inland Empire Utilities Agency, Chino Basin Water Conservation District) verified infrastructure upgrade timelines and capabilities
• Community organizations (including Chino Neighborhood House, Chino Valley Chamber of Commerce) evaluated neighborhood-level implementation feasibility This strategic approach ensured that the final plan would benefit from specialized technical expertise across all sectors involved in hazard mitigation implementation.
Review Components: The review focused on:
• Verification of hazard rankings and prioritization
• Assessment of proposed mitigation actions
• Evaluation of implementation strategies and timelines • Review of monitoring and evaluation procedures
• Confirmation of resource allocation approaches
• Editorial refinements throughout the document
Upon the completion of the review period, the planner conducted a final edit and made any required changes by April 15 at which time the plan was to be ready for submission to the state review by April 16, 2025.
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22 Final Note:
• Minor changes like edit ing, minimal context revision etc. will be made by the planner and will not need to be approved by the committee. Alternatively, if there are major changes they will be presented to the committee for approval. • Upon editing the planner will package the plan and submit it to the state for review.
2.5 STAKEHOLDER AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY
The City of Chino implemented a strategic three- phase engagement approach that aligned public outreach with the Steering Committee's planning process. This synchronized strategy ensured that public input directly informed each stage of plan development.
Phase 1: General Awareness and Initial Engagement (June-July 2024) Purpose: Build community awareness and establish participation pathways Initial community outreach through:
• Direct communication with partner organizations.
Focus:
• Introducing the hazard mitigation planning process.
• Inviting community participation.
• Building awareness of upcoming meetings and surveys.
• Establishing communication channels.
Phase 2: Hazard Identification and Risk Perception (August-September 2024) Purpose: Gather community input on hazards and current mitigation efforts Public Meetings:
• Senior Center Meeting (August 19).
• Evening Community Meetings (August 19-20).
• Stakeholders Workshop (August 20).
• National Night Out (August 7).
• Chino Cares Emergency Preparedness Fair (September 7).
Focus:
• Community hazard perception
• Current preparedness levels
• Experience with previous disasters
• Risk assessment priorities
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
23 Survey 1: Risk Perception and Public Safety Assessment The planning team and assigned elements researched each issue raised during Phase 2 and presented their findings to the full committee, along with basic recommendations for how the issues should be handled. The committee then discuss ed and came up with an agreement. The agreement was then shared with the public. The findings from the public were then reviewed by the committee, which then made a final decision. The surveys, public meetings, and direct conversations with key stakeholder s provided insights that allowed the committee to modify and/or strengthen their positions which were included in the final draft of the plan update.
Phase 3: Mitigation Strategy Development (September-January 2025) Purpose: Develop and refine mitigation actions based on community priorities Public Meetings:
• Senior Center Meeting (September 16)
• Community Meetings (September 16)
• Stakeholders Workshop (September 16)
• Various community events through December
Focus:
• Gathering input on proposed mitigation actions
• Understanding implementation preferences
• Identifying community priorities
Survey 2: Mitigation Action Evaluation
Participation extended to all of the organizations previously listed as either key stakeholders or neighboring communities.
Community Event Integration: The planning team and or steering committee members actively participated in numerous community events including:
• National Night Out (August 7, 2024)
• Chino Cares Emergency Preparedness Fair (September 7, 2024) • Chino Faith Based Collaborative Meetings (Quarterly)
• Chino Valley MET-Net Meetings (Spring/Fall)
• CERT Basic Training
• Chino Valley Fire District Open House
• Chino Police Department Open House
The planning team and steering committee followed the same process used after Phase 2 to incorporate Phase 3 feedback. The team analyzed input received through the mitigation strategy meetings, surveys, and stakeholder discussions. This information was 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
24 compiled and presented to the committee, who then reviewed and discussed the proposed mitigation actions and implementation strategies. The committee's decisions were documented and incorporated into the final hazard mitigation plan update, ensuring that both technical expertise and community input shaped the final mitigation s trategies and their implementation approach.
Phase 4: Review and Feedback (January-April 2025)
• The plan with a review survey was placed on the city website. • Personal invitations to review the plan were sent to all key stakeholders. • Personal invitations wer e sent to the emergency services departments of all neighboring jurisdictions.
2.5.1 Survey Overview
Throughout the planning process, three distinct surveys in three distinct languages (English, Spanish & Chinese) were also conducted to gather public input at key stages of plan development. These surveys collected responses from 303 participants (175 in Survey 1, 113 in Survey 2, and 15 in Survey 3). Among respondents, 10% self-identified as members of marginalized or historically underserved groups, and si milarly, 10% self- identified as individuals with access and functional needs. The participants represented a diverse cross-section of community members including residents (73.9% in Survey 1), business owners, government officials, nonprofit representatives, and frequent visitors to the city. Each survey was strategically designed to collect specific information needed for that phase of the planning process, building upon previous findings to create a comprehensive understanding of community risk perceptions and preferences. Complete survey results and detailed analysis are available in Appendix B.
Survey 1: Risk Perception and Public Safety Assessment Conducted during Phase 2 (August-September 2024), this initial survey focused on community perceptions of hazard risks and current preparedness levels. The survey received 145 responses, with 73.9% of respondents living in Chino and 24.3% either working in or frequently visiting the city.
Key findings included:
• Hazard prioritization ranking (from highest to lowest concern):
o Earthquake (ranked #1 by majority of respondents)
o Prolonged Power Outage
o Cyber Threat
o Flooding (Riverine & Flash)
o Wildfire
• 59.1% of respondents selected earthquake as their most concerning hazard • Severe winter weather (20%) and earthquakes (18.3%) were most frequently identified as not being significant concerns
• 73.9% listed "safety of family and self" as their primary concern regarding hazards • 60% of respondents expected significant to catastrophic personal impacts if their chosen hazard were to occur
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
25 • 55.7% believed the city should focus mitigation efforts on frequently occurring hazards even if individual impacts may be less severe
• Strong interest in continued engagement, with 62.3% expressing interest in active participation or receiving more information
This survey established baseline community risk perceptions that guided subsequent planning efforts and prioritization of hazards.
Survey 2: Mitigation Action Evaluation Conducted during Phase 3 (September - January 2025), thi s follow-up survey gathered community input on proposed mitigation strategies. The survey received 44 responses with approximately 24% of respondents having previously been involved in hazard mitigation planning. Key findings included:
• Adequacy ratings for proposed mitigation actions across 13 hazard types:
o Most hazards' mitigation actions were rated as "adequate" to "very adequate" by a majority of respondents
o Highest adequacy ratings were for facility disasters, transportation incidents, and hazardous materials incidents
o Areas with more "somewhat inadequate" ratings included cyber threats (21.4%) and disobedient acts (20.7%)
• Strong support for specific new mitigation actions:
o HVAC system upgrades (100% support)
o Water supply system retrofitting (96.4%)
o Vegetation management (92.9%)
o Cooling centers (92.9%)
o Dual redundancy for cyber systems (92.9%)
• Balance assessments:
o 81.5% felt good balance between prevention and preparedness o 85.2% saw good balance between response and recovery efforts o 77.8% believed there was good balance between short-term and long-term solutions
• Effectiveness ratings for mitigation strategies:
o Infrastructure improvements: 50% rated "very effective" o Building codes and zoning: 82.1% rated "moderately" to "very effective" o Public education: 75% rated "moderately" to "very effective" o Emergency response planning: 85.8% rated "moderately" to "very effective" Suggestions for improvement included enhanced cybersecurity measures beyond staff training, expanded water conservation efforts prior to drought conditions, and development of zoned evacuation planning for all hazards.
Survey 3: Plan Review Survey Conducted during Phase 4 (March-April 2025), this final survey accompanied the public review draft of the complete plan. The survey received responses from 15 stakeholders including government agencies (60%), individuals who work in or visit the city (30% each), and representatives from local businesses and nonprofit organizations (10% each). Key findings included:
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
26 • 100% of respondents found the plan's purpose and planning process "very clear" • 100% agreed that the community profile captured what is most important about the city
• 100% believed the hazard analysis covered the right risks for Chino • 100% felt the mitigation strategy would address risks "very well" • 90% were "very confident" that the city would follow through on keeping the plan current
• 100% thought the maintenance process was "a good approach" for keeping the plan functional
Suggestions for improvement centered on increased community involvement, particularly with smaller businesses. When asked what surprised them about the plan, respondents noted its comprehensive nature, methodical approach, and attention to detail. Multiple respondents expressed appreciation for the thoroughness of the plan while emphasizing the importance of community partnerships for successful implementation.
All three surveys played integral roles in ensuring the hazard mitigation plan reflected community priorities and concerns throughout its development. They provided valuable data points that guided the Steering Committee's decision- making and helped create a plan that balances technical expertise with community values.
2.6 EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS
The planning process incorporated equity considerations through a comprehensive, community-based approach, recognizing that disasters and hazards can affect different populations in varying ways. Understanding that effective hazard mitigation planning must address the needs of all community members, particularly those most vulnerable, the planning team implemented a multi-faceted strategy to ensure inclusive participation and representation.
Disadvantaged Community : Assessment to establish a data- driven foundation for equity considerations, the planning team conducted a detailed analysis using the Climate & Economic Screening Tool, provided by the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. This tool enabled a thorough examination of c ensus tracts within the City of Chino to identify disadvantaged communities and their specific needs. The analysis revealed various socioeconomic and environmental burdens experienced in different areas of the city, with detailed findings documented in Appendix C. These insights proved invaluable in directing resources and attention to areas of greatest need throughout the planning process.
Strategic Community Access: Understanding that traditional meeting formats and locations often create barriers to par ticipation, the planning team deliberately selected meeting venues throughout different neighborhoods of Chino. The Preserve Community Center served the southwestern communities, while the Senior Center provided convenient access for central area residents . The Chino Police Department facilitated participation from central and western neighborhoods to ensure comprehensive 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
27 geographic coverage, effectively bringing the planning process directly to residents rather than expecting them to travel to a central location.
Partnership Development: The planning team conducted outreach to various organizations representing key community segments. Efforts were made to connect with senior centers and support organizations to engage older residents, while outreach to Rolling Start, Inc. aimed to build c onnections with the disability community. Similarly, organizations such as Chino Neighborhood House and Isaiah's Rock were contacted to engage lower -income families, and the YMCA and educational institutions were approached to connect with younger resident s. Religious organizations were also included in outreach efforts to engage faith- based communities. Partner organizations provided strategic guidance on meeting scheduling, helped distribute information through trusted channels, offered insights into spec ific community needs and concerns, and assisted in reaching traditionally underserved populations.
Survey Implementation and Results: A comprehensive survey strategy employed both electronic and paper formats, ensuring accessibility across digital divides . The survey, available in multiple languages, revealed important insights into community needs and preferences. A significant majority (74.5%) of respondents prioritized family and personal safety, while 29.1% anticipated substantial impacts from potential hazards. The varying levels of desired engagement – from active involvement (22%) to preferring passive updates (32.1%) – helped shape the plan's communication strategies.
The survey specifically addressed accessibility and support needs, examining how effectively emergency information reaches different community segments and identifying potential barriers to evacuation. These insights directly influenced the plan's approach to communication and resource allocation.
Accessibility Measures: To ensure max imum participation, the planning team implemented various accessibility measures. Materials were provided in English, Spanish, and Simplified Chinese, with spoken Mandarin interpretation available as needed. For the first round of community meetings, inter preters were hired to assist attendees, while for the second round, interpretation services were made available upon request. Bilingual staff were present at meetings to support Spanish- speaking participants, as this was the most utilized interpretation service. Meeting schedules were diversified to accommodate different work patterns, including morning sessions for senior residents, evening meetings for working community members, and weekend events. All meeting locations were selected with public transportation accessibility in mind.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
28 Impact on Planning: The equity considerations directly influenced the plan's development in several ways. The planning team created targeted preparedness materials based on community feedback, developed multi -channel communication strategies to reach diverse audiences, and designed evacuation plans considering identified barriers. Resource allocation strategies were adjusted to address specific needs identified through the community assessment and survey responses.
This comprehensive approach to equity ensures that the resulting hazard mitigation plan not only addresses the technical aspects of disaster preparation and response but also considers the diverse needs, capabilities, and circumstances of all Chino residents. The focus on equity throughout the planning process helps build a more resilient community where all members have access to the resources and support, they need during hazard events.
2.7 EXISTING PLANS, STUDIES, AND REPORTS REVIEWED FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLAN
A comprehensive review of existing plans, studies, and reports was conducted to ensure alignment with current policies, development patterns, and regional initiatives. This review included state and regional plans, city planning documents, and environmental studies.
State and Regional Plans
• California State Hazard Mitigation Plan
• San Bernardino County Hazard Mitigation Plan
• Adjacent Jurisdictions' Hazard Mitigation Plans
Serving as the foundational planning document for the City of Chino, the 2025 General Plan, was thoroughly reviewed with particular attention to:
Safety Element
• Land Use Element
• Public Facilities and Services Element
• Open Space and Conservation Element
• Housing Element (2021-2029)
• Air Quality Element
• Transportation Element
To better understand Environmental Impact and Development Studies the Recent environmental documents and studies reviewed included:
1. Major Development Projects • Altitude Business Center • Benson Industrial Project • Chino Creek Apartments • Majestic Chino Flight • Majestic Chino Heritage Project • Rancho Miramonte • Van Vliet at The Preserve • Allire Development • Falloncrest Development • Town Centre Development
2. Infrastructure and Planning Studies • Well 11 Pipeline Alignment Project • Climate Action Plan Update • East End Annexation • Ramona- Francis Annexation • South of Pine Update Addendum • Yorba Avenue Industrial 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
29 3. Comprehensive Planning Documents • Affordable Housing & Mixed- Use Overlay • Climate Action Plan • Strategic Plan
To ensure planning concepts were in line with existing code and to serve initial overview for possible mitigation action inclusion, the following Municipal Codes and Regulations were reviewed.
• City of Chino Municipal Code (Updated through November 2023) • Building Codes and Standards
• Zoning Ordinances
• Development Standards
This comprehensive review ensured that:
• The hazard mitigation plan aligns with current City planning objectives • Recent development patterns and trends are considered • Environmental impacts and constraints are properly addressed • Infrastructure needs and capabilities are accurately assessed • Current regulatory requirements are incorporated
This comprehensive review of existing plans, studies, and reports provides the foundation for understanding the City of Chino's current planning framework, development patterns, and regulatory environment. The information gathered from these documents informs the hazard mitigation strategies developed in this plan. While this chapter provides an overview of the documents reviewed, Chapter 5: Capabilities Assessment offers a more detailed examination of critical studies, plans, laws, and ordinances in effect within the planning area that can affect hazard mitigation actions. All these documents were reviewed and incorporated into this plan as part of the update process to e nsure comprehensive integration of existing policies and procedures.
2.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND TRANSITION
Chapter 2 has detailed the comprehensive planning process undertaken for the 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan update. The process involved extensive collaboration among City departments, stakeholders, and community members through a structured series of committee meetings, public engagement sessions, and surveys.
Key accomplishments included:
• Formation of a diverse planning team and steering committee representing multiple City departments and areas of expertise
• Implementation of a three- phase public engagement strategy that gathered input from all segments of the community
• Detailed hazard identification and prioritization process incorporating both technical analysis and public input
• Development of mitigation strategies through iterative s takeholder and public feedback
• Integration of equity considerations throughout the planning process • Comprehensive review and incorporation of existing plans and studies
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
30 As we move into Chapter 3: Community Profile, this foundation of collaborative planning and community engagement provides crucial context for understanding Chino's physical, social, and economic characteristics that influence its hazard vulnerability and resilience capacity. The community profile will build upon the planning process descr ibed here to provide a comprehensive picture of the planning area and its unique challenges and opportunities for hazard mitigation.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
31 Part II: Community Profile
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
32 CHAPTER 3 COMMUNITY PROFILE
3.1 Location and Setting
Chino is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is located in the western end of the Riverside- San Bernardino Area, and it is easily accessible via the Chino Valley (71) and Pomona (60) freeways. Chino is bounded by Chino Hills to t he west, unincorporated San Bernardino County (near Montclair) to the north, Ontario to the northeast, Pomona to the northwest, unincorporated San Bernardino County to the southeast, and unincorporated Riverside County to the south. US Census data from 2020 indicates that the City of Chino is approximately 30 square miles. This square-footage data may not include recent annexation of rough 200 acres at the time of this update.
The topography of Chino can best be described as relatively flat with a gentle overall slope of approx. 2%, generally to the south. Chino benefits from a mild, temperate climate, with average monthly temperatures ranging from the low 50s to the upper 80 s. Monthly rainfall averages from a high of 4.1 inches to no rain at all. At times, temperatures will rise to the low 100s, and humidity will drop considerably. Additionally, the Chino area is subject to Santa Ana winds of 25 to 40 miles per hour, with gusts up to 60 to 75 miles per hour. These winds come out of the desert, blow to the southwest, and are often accompanied by hot temperatures.
Figure 3.1. City of Chino within the County of San Bernardino
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33 3.2 Topography
The topography of the City of Chino in San Bernardino County, California, features relatively flat terrain with an approximate elevation of 728 feet (222 meters) above sea level.
Figure 3.2. USGS City of Chino Topography Map
Vegetation in Chino primarily consists of urban landscaping with various residential, commercial, and industrial developments interspersed with green spaces. The natural vegetation in surrounding areas includes chaparral and coastal sage scrub, typical of Southern California's inland regions.
3.3 Geology
3.3.1 Soil Types
The City of Chino primarily features young alluvial deposits with good drainage and suitable for agriculture. The topography is relatively flat, minimizing risks of soil erosion and landslides. However, there is potential for soil expansion and settlement in the area.
The primary soil types include sandy loams and silty clays, which are typical for regions with alluvial deposits.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
34 3.4 Natural Resources
Chino is part of the larger Los Angeles Basin, which is known for its significant oil and gas reserves. The Monterey Formation within this basin has been assessed to contain substantial amounts of technically recoverable oil and gas resources
Additionally, the Chino Basin is an important groundwater resource. Groundwater outflow from the Chino Basin has been extensively studied, showing variations in permeability and hydraulic gradients over the years. This basin is crucial for water supply, with annual groundwater outflows historically ranging from 9,400 to 38,000 acre-feet, supporting both agricultural and urban needs.
3.5 Climate
The City of Chino's climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
This type of climate is typical of the Mediterranean climate found in Southern California.
During the summer months, temperatures often reach the 90s (Fahrenheit), and it is not uncommon for temperatures to exceed 100°F. The region experiences very little rainfall during this period, contributing to the dry conditions. The humidity levels are generally low, making the heat more bearable but also increasing the risk of wildfires.
In contrast, winters are mild, with average high temperatures in the 60s°F and lows in the 40s°F. This is the primary rainy season, although the total annual precipitation is relatively low, averaging around 12 to 13 inches. Most of the rainfall occurs between November and March, often in the form of short, intense storms.
The area experiences occasional fog, particularly in the early mornings during the cooler months, and wind patterns typically bring cooler air from the coast in the evenings.
Figure 3.3. NOAA Average Annual Temperature in San Bernardino County (2014-2023)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
35 Figure 3.4. NOAA Average Annual Precipitation in San Bernardino County (2014-2023)
3.6 Land Ownership, Land Cover, Land Use and Management
3.6.1 Land Ownership
Land ownership in the City of Chino, California, primarily consists of private lands, with no significant public or federal land holdings. However, certain areas in the southern portion of the city include land managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or other federal agencies. These lands may be associated wit h flood control projects, water management infrastructure, or other federally designated purposes.
3.6.2 Land Cover
The land cover in the City of Chino includes a mix of urban, agricultural, and natural areas.
Urban Land Cover: The City of Chino has a significant portion of its land designated as a developed space. This includes residential areas, commercial zones, and industrial sites. The urban areas are characterized by a high percentage of impervious surfaces such as roads, buildings, and other infrastructure.
Agricultural Land Cover: Agriculture is another component of the City of Chino's land cover. The region includes fields and orchards used for growing various crops.
Natural Land Cover : Despite the urban and agricultural development, there are st ill patches of natural vegetation and open spaces. These areas can include grasslands, wetlands, and riparian zones along streams and rivers, which are vital for local biodiversity and ecosystem services.
3.6.3 Land Use & Zoning
Since the 1980s, land use in the City of Chino has shifted significantly from its agricultural foundation toward a diverse mix of residential, commercial, industrial, and warehouse/distribution uses. While industrial and warehouse development remains most
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
36 concentrated in the southern portions of the city, benefiting from proximity to major trucking routes, rail lines, and Ontario Airport, residential and commercial growth has expanded considerably through major planned developments such as the East Chino, The Preserve, and College Park Specific Plans.
These planned communities have introduced new residential neighborhoods, commercial centers, parks, and public amenities, reshaping the city’s landscape. The City’s primary commercial areas are located along major transportation corridors, including State Route 71, Grand Avenue, Central Avenue, Riverside Drive, and Philadelphia Street. As development has continued, the land area devoted to agricultural production has declined substantially, though some scattered agricultural uses remain.
The following detailed zoning map is available here on the City’s website.
Figure 3.5. City of Chino Zoning Map (July 2022)
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37 3.7 History
The Chino area was settled by Europeans in the 1700s as part of the lands of the Mission San Gabriel. At that time, American Indians inhabited the area, and the land was used mainly for cattle grazing. The area from the San Bernardino mountains to San Pedro (Rancho San Antonio) was given in a land grant by Spain to Don Antonio Maria Lugo, and an additional grant (Rancho Santa Ana del Chino) was given to Don Lugo, who continued to use the area for horse and cattle grazing.
The Rancho was sold to Lugo's son- in-law, Isaac Williams, and remained in the family until sold to Richard Gird in 1881. Gird was an engineer who had previously worked at the Tombstone Mine in Arizona and helped prepare a territorial map in that area. He desired to found a prosperous, industrial, and agricultural community in this area, and during the Southern California real estate boom of 1887, he subdivided 24,000 acres into 10-acre lots with smaller residential lots near the town core, at what is now Chino and Central Avenues. He marketed water and built a small gauge railroad to Ontario, which was used until Southern Pacific constructed a line to Chino in 1891. In 1890, he encouraged the Oxnard brothers to build a sugar beet factory, which was in business until 1917, when there was an effort to diversify to more profitable crops.
The late 1890s saw the first creamery and dairies built, with the immigration of Scandinavian, Dutch, and Portuguese residents. Chino was incorporated in 1910 with a population of 1,444, some speculate as a way to prohibit the sale of alcohol. In any event, Chino was "dry" until 1933. Chino has evolved into a full-service community, emphasizing balanced growth and retention of its agricultural heritage. The City seal, with a cornucopia, and the motto "Where Everything Grows," promotes this mix of rural values and positive development.
3.8 Development Trends
Chino was an agricultural town during the 1930s and 1940s with poultry, tree crops , walnuts, and sugar beets grown. Sugar b eets played a significant role in Chino’s agricultural economy, particularly with the establishment of a sugar beet processing factory in the late 19th century, which operated until 1917 as farming practices evolved.
The city's population in 1940 was 4,204. In the late 1960s, Chino entered a period of rapid growth, with the population doubling approximately every ten years, from 10,305 in 1960 to 20,411 in 1970 to 40,100 in 1980. From 1980 to 1990 , the population increased to 59,680., In 2000, the population was 67,168, and in 2010, the population was 77,983.
The current population is approximately 85,942.
Pressure for growth came in the 1960s with improved transportation as the San Bernardino, Pomona, and Orange freeways were constructed. These freeways op ened easy access to inexpensive land in the Chino Valley that could satisfy the residential growth demands of the larger urban region. Chino began to experience some industrial growth, although most development was in the residential sector.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
38 By the late 1970s, Chino had become a community of commuters, with more than half of the residents employed in Los Angeles and Orange counties. Chino also became more affluent, with a higher median income reflecting the occupations of the residents in new housing tracts.
Proposition "M" was passed in 1988 by the citizens of Chino and limited future increases in residential densities without the consent of the residents of the City. This allows Chino to be a "young" city, with larger family sizes and younger median ages. Chino's median income is one of the highest in the Inland Empire. Most of the housing stock is relatively new, with a median age of 28 years (with the exception of approximately 9,000 new units developed in two new master-planned communities over the last ten years).
As a result of the requirements under Measure M, several residential projects have been approved by the voters at various locations throughout the City, primarily along Central and Euclid Avenues. Approximately 625 new homes have been approved, with some under construction and others in the design phase.
The City of Chino has historically been known for its significant agricultural production, particularly in dairy farming. The region once had one of the largest concentrations of dairies in the United States, producing a substantial portion of Southern California’s milk supply. During its peak in the late 1980s, the San Bernardino County Dairy Preserve, which included Chino, was home to over 400 dairies and 350,000 cows.
In recent years, much of Chino's agricultural land has been transitioning to suburban residential and commercial uses. The "East Chino Specific Plan" highlights this shift, detailing the move from primarily agricultural uses to mixed-use developments, including residential and commercial projects.
Despite this transition, some agricultural activities remain, particularly those related to dairy and cattle feeding. Additionally, the city has been involved in efforts to preserve some open spaces for natural, recreational, and agricultural uses within the framework of new developments like "The Preserve at Chino."
THE PRESERVE
The Preserve project area is generally located north of SR -71, south of Kimball, east of Euclid, and west of Hellman in the southeastern portion of the City of Chino. The Preserve Specific Plan and EIR were approved in March 2003. Subsequently, The Preserve area was annexed to the City of Chino on July 10, 2003. Construction began in 2004 with the first models opening in February 2005.
The Preserve vision is of a community based on a mixture of residential neighborhoods focused on a lively community core and a regional commercial center, interconnected with a multi- purpose open space feature by a series of paseos and trails. Addi tional defining features of the concept include integration with the Chino Airport and an unusually complete mix of housing types, including 11,725 dwelling units ranging from equestrian estates, contemporary apartments, and condominiums to entry-level housing. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
39 The Preserve project area totals over 5,226 acres of land. At build-out, The Preserve will have a population of approximately 40,000 people. The Preserve includes Cal -Aero K-8 School and the newly opened Legacy Academy, which serves students in the area.
Approximately 3,000 homes are currently occupied in The Preserve, with approximately 10,000 residents.
COLLEGE PARK
College Park is an exciting collaborative partnership between the City of Chino, the State of California, and Chaffey College. The State of California identified 712 acres of the California Institution for Men facility as surplus property and, in cooperation with the City of Chino and Chaffey College, prepared a specific plan to convey the property to the City, the College, and SunCal Companies, a private developer. The project area is generally located south of Edison, east of Central, west of Euclid, and north of Kimball in the geographic center of the City of Chino. The development was subsequently purchased by LS College Park, a collaboration between Lennar Homes and Cal Atlantic.
The primary goal of the plan for College Park is to create a walking- scale, mixed-use community with the character and ambiance of a small college town. The integrated mix of residential, shopping and services, parks, and a college campus establishes College Park as a unique infill master-planned community in which families can live, work, learn, and play. Construction began in 2006, with the first models opening in April 2007. All residential units —totaling approximately 2,200 homes and housing over 7,000 residents—have been completed. However, some components of the original plan remain under development. A planned church and commercial development have yet to be constructed, and the designated school site north of the large park off Mountain Avenue remains vacant.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
The City of Chino is actively planning for future development to accommodate growth and evolving community needs. Key initiatives include the recently adopted 2021- 2029 Housing Element, recent annexations, and an ongoing General Plan Update.
2021-2029 Housing Element: Adopted by the Chino City Council on November 19, 2024, and certified by the State of California on December 26, 2024, the 2021- 2029 Housing Element out lines the City's strategy to meet its Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) allocation. This plan identifies specific actions and potential sites to accommodate projected housing needs across all economic segments. While the Housing Element designates areas for potential residential development, it does not guarantee that all proposed units will be constructed within the planning period (City of Chino).
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40 Recent Annexations: The City has recently annexed over 200 acres of land, expanding its boundaries and creating opportunities for new development. These areas present potential for various uses, including residential, commercial, and mixed- use projects.
Specific plans for these annexed lands are under consideration, aiming to align with the City's broader development goals.
General Plan Update : Chino is in the process of updating its General Plan to address emerging issues, comply with new state laws, and achieve key objectives. This comprehensive update will guide growth and development over the next two decades, focusing on areas such as the Downtown district and other key regions. The updated General Plan will serve as a blueprint for the City's future, ensuring sustainable and organized development that reflects the community's vision (City of Chino).
3.9 Population, Education, and Demographics
The City of Chino population has demonstrated an upward trend between 2010 and 2020, with a 17.20% increase in population, shown in the table below. Educational attainment has varied between 2018 and 2022, with significant portions of the population holding high school diplomas and bachelor's degrees.
Table 3-1. City of Chino Population Trends 2010-2020
CITY OF CHINO POPULATION TRENDS 2010-2020
Percent Change 2010-2020 2010 2020
17.20% 77,983 91,403
Population Per Square Mile 2,631.1 3,087.4
Source: US Census Bureau (2024)
Table 3-2. City of Chino Educational Attainment 2019-2023 CITY OF CHINO EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT 2018-2022
Education Percentage
High school graduate or higher, percent of persons aged 25 years+ 83.4% Bachelor's degree or higher, percent of persons aged 25 years+ 28.1% Source: US Census Bureau (2024)
Table 3-3. City of Chino Demographics 2023
CITY OF CHINO DEMOGRAPHICS 2023
Race and Hispanic Origin Percentage
White alone 37.0%
Black or African American alone 6.7%
American Indian and Alaska Native alone 0.7%
Asian alone 18.5%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0.4%
Two or More Races 17.2%
Hispanic or Latino 54.0%
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
41 White alone, not Hispanic or Latino 18.0%
Source: US Census Bureau (2024)
3.10 Housing
Table 3-4. City of Chino Housing Information 2023
CITY OF CHINO HOUSING INFORMATION 2023
Description Figure
Housing Units, July 1, 2023 -
Owner-occupied housing unit rate, 2018-2022 63.7%
Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2018-2022 $599,200 Median selected monthly owner costs – with a mortgage, 2018-2022 $2,726 Median selected monthly owner costs – without a mortgage, 2018-2022 $673 Median gross rent, 2018-2022 $2,001
Building permits, 2023 -
Source: US Census Bureau (2024)
3.11 Economy
According to Data USA, t he economy of Chino, CA employs 42.9k people. The largest industries in Chino, CA are:
• Health Care & Social Assistance (5,409 people)
• Manufacturing (4,140 people)
• Retail Trade (3,942 people)
According to Data USA, the highest-paying industries in Chino, CA, are:
• Utilities ($105,354)
• Public Administration ($80,657)
• Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services ($72,958)
3.12 Transportation
3.12.1 Highways
The City of Chino is served by several major highways and freeways, including:
1. State Route 71 (Chino Valley Freeway) – This north-south highway connects the 60 Freeway to the 91 Freeway, facilitating travel through Chino and nearby cities.
2. State Route 60 (Pomona Freeway) – Running east-west, this freeway serves as a major corridor connecting Chino with Los Angeles to the west and Riverside to the east.
3. Interstate 10 (San Bernardino Freeway) – Located more than two miles north of Chino’s city boundary, the I -10 provides a major east -west connection between Los Angeles and San Bernardino, supporting commuter and freight transportation in the region.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
42 4. Interstate 15 (I-15) – Situated just over three miles east of Chino’s city boundary, this major north-south interstate links Southern California to Nevada and beyond, providing critical access for both commuters and goods movement.
5. State Route 83 (Euclid Avenue) – A north-south corridor passing through Chino, connecting Ontario and Chino Hills. Currently a state highway, SR-83 is scheduled to be transferred from Caltrans to the City of Chino in 2026, granting the city control over roadway maintenance and improvements.
3.12.2 Rail
The major railways in Chino include those operated by Union Pacific (UP) Railroad. The UP railway serves most of Chino's manufacturing and distribution facilities, providing freight services and connections for local businesses. Additionally, vacated rail lines and land sets are available for potential future activation as needed to support industrial and transportation growth.
3.12.3 Airports
The major airport within the City of Chino, California, is Chino Airport (IATA: CNO, ICAO:
KCNO, FAA LID: CNO). This county-owned airport is located about three miles southeast of Chino and is classified as a reliever airport by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) due to its proximity to Ontario International Airport and John Wayne Airport in Orange County. Chino Airport primarily serves general aviation, including private owners, corporate users, flight instructors, and aviation enthusiasts.
Chino Airport features three runways:
• Runway 3/21: 4,919 x 150 feet
• Runway 8L/26R: 4,858 x 150 feet
• Runway 8R/26L: 7,000 x 150 feet
The airport is also home to two aircraft museums: the Planes of Fame Air Museum and the Yanks Air Museum, making it a hub for aircraft restoration and preservation activities.
3.13 Water Resources
3.13.1 Surface Water
The primary surface water resources near Chino include streams and rivers monitored by the USGS. The Chino Creek (Schaefer Avenue) monitoring station provides data on discharge and stream water levels to manage and assess the availability and quality of surface water in the area.
3.13.2 Groundwater
Groundwater is a crucial resource for Chino. The Chino Basin is a significant groundwater basin that provides water for agricultural, industrial, and residential us e. The California Active Groundwater Level Network includes numerous wells monitored regularly to ensure sustainable groundwater use.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
43 3.13.3 Water Use & Dams
Water use in Chino encompasses various sectors, including municipal, industrial, and agricultural purposes. The City of Chino publishes annual water quality reports that summarize water sources, testing, and compliance with state and federal standards for drinking water.
3.14 Critical Wildlife and Habitat Types
Wildlife: According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), the Chino area is part of larger wildlife corridors that facilitate the movement and genetic exchange of wildlife.
These corridors are essential for maintaining ecological balance and supporting spec ies that require large territories or specific migratory paths.
Habitat Types: Critical habitats in and around the city of Chino typically include wetlands, riparian areas, and grasslands. These areas support the region's biodiversity and provide necessary resources for various species.
3.15 Community Risk Index
The Risk Index score is based on the following components: Social Vulnerability, Community Resilience, and Estimate Annual Loss (EAL), with EAL based on Exposure, Annualized Frequency, and Historic Loss Ratio (HLR) factors, for a total of five risk factors (FEMA National Risk Index, 2024). See Table 3-11
Each risk factor contributes to either the likelihood or consequence aspect of risk and can be classified as one of two risk types: risk based on geographic location or risk based on the nature and historical occurrences of natural hazards. The five risk factors are summarized in the table below (FEMA National Risk Index, 2024).
Table 3-5. FEMA National Risk Index: Risk Components & Factors
FEMA NATIONAL RISK INDEX
RISK COMPONENTS & FACTORS
Risk
Component Risk Factors Risk Factor
Description
Risk
Contribution
Risk Type
Assignment
Social
Vulnerability
Social
Vulnerability
Consequence
Enhancer Consequence Geographic Risk
Community
Resilience
Community
Resilience
Consequence
Reducer Consequence Geographic Risk
Expected Annual
Loss Exposure Expected
Consequence Consequence Natural Hazard
Risk
Expected Annual
Loss
Annualized
Frequency
Probability of
Occurrence Likelihood Natural Hazard
Risk
Expected Annual
Loss
Historic Loss
Ratio
Expected
Consequence Consequence Natural Hazard
Risk
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44 Figure 3.6. San Bernardino County FEMA Community Risk Index Score
Source: (FEMA National Index Report 2024)
3.16 Community Resilience
Community resilience is defined as the ability of a community to prepare for anticipated natural hazards, adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions.
The “Community Resilience Score” and “Community Resilience Rating” represent the relative level of a community’s resilience compared to all other communities at the same level. The Community Resilience Score is inversely proportional to a community’s risk. A higher Community Resilience Score results in a lower Risk Index Score.
For more information about the National Risk Index, its data, and how to interpret the information, visit the National Risk Index website at hazards.fema.gov/nri/learn-more to access supporting documentation and links.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
45 Figure 3.7. San Bernardino County FEMA Community Resilience Score
Source: (FEMA National Index Report 2024)
3.17 Social Vulnerability and Underserved Communities
Social vulnerability is defined as the susceptibility of social groups to the adverse impacts of natural hazards, including disproportionate death, injury, loss, or disruption of livelihood (FEMA National Risk Index, 2024).
The "Social Vulnerability Score” and “Rating” represent the relative level of a community’s social vulnerability compared to all other communities at the same level. A community’s Social Vulnerability Score is also proportional to a community’s risk. A higher Social Vulnerability Score results in a higher Risk Index Score (FEMA National Risk Index, 2024).
Social vulnerability is also one of five components included in the formulation of the “National Risk Index Score” in addition to Community Resilience, Estimated Annual Loss (EAL) based on Exposure, Annualized Frequency, and Historic Loss Ratio (HLR) factors, (FEMA National Risk Index, 2024).
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
46 Figure 3.8. San Bernardino County FEMA Social Vulnerability Score
Source: (FEMA National Index Report 2024)
The figure below illustrates the City of Chino Community Resilience Index Story Map.
This map utilizes density mapping to illustrate community areas that can be overburdened by 22 challenges identified by the FEMA Community Resilience Challenges Index.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
47 Figure 3.9. City of Chino - FEMA Community Resilience Index Story Map
CITY OF CHINO, CALIFORNIA
FEMA COMMUNITY RESILIENCE INDEX STORY MAP
22 CHALLENGE VARIABLES
Population, Household, Housing
Characteristics Economic Healthcare Connection to
Community
Population without a High School Diploma
Population 65 and Older
Population with a Disability
Households without a Vehicle
Households with Limited English
Single-parent Households
Households without a Smartphone
Mobile Homes as Percentage of Housing
Owner-Occupied Housing
Population Below Poverty
Level
Median Household Income
Unemployed Labor Force
Unemployed Women Labor
Force
Income Inequality
Workforce in Predominant
Sector
Number of
Hospitals
Medical
Professional
Capacity
Population without
Health Insurance
Presence of Civic
and Social
Organizations
Population without
Religious
Affiliation
Percent of
Inactive Voters
Population
Change
Source: FEMA Resilience Analysis and Planning Tool (RAPT) 2024
3.18 Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
Critical facilities are commonly considered to be police stations, fire and rescue facilities, hospitals, shelters, schools, nursing homes, water supply and waste treatment facilities, and other structures the community identifies as essential to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following a disaster.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
48 The following figure illustrates the locations of critical facilities within the City of Chino.
Figure 3.10. City of Chino - FEMA Critical Infrastructure Map
CITY OF CHINO CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES
FEMA CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE MAP
Source: FEMA Resilience Analysis and Planning Tool (RAPT) 2024
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
49 3.19 Hazard Mitigation-related Laws, Ordinances, Programs, Studies, and Plans
3.19.1 Local Historical Records and Relevant Technical Studies • City of Chino Climate Action Plan
• City of Chino Strategic Plan
• City of Chino Capital Improvement Plan
• City of Chino General Plan
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50 Part III: Risk Assessment
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
51 CHAPTER 4 HAZARD RISK SUMMARY
Risk assessment is the process of measuring the potential loss of life, personal injury, economic injury, and property damage resulting from natural hazards. It allows emergency management personnel to establish early response priorities by identifying potential hazards and vulnerable assets. The process focuses on the following elements:
• Hazard identification— Use all available information to determine what types of disasters may affect a jurisdiction, how often they can occur, and their potential severity.
• Vulnerability identification—Determine the impact of natural hazard events on the people, property, environment, economy, and lands of the region. • Cost evaluation—Estimate the cost of potential damage or expense that can be avoided by mitigation.
The risk assessment for this hazard mitigation plan update evaluates the risk of natural hazards prevalent in the planning area and meets the requirements of the DMA (44 CFR, Section 201.6(c)(2)).
4.1 Identified Hazards
There are countless hazards that pose a threat to human life, health, and well-being, and no attempt is made here to compile an exhaustive list. Those that are addressed in disaster planning are generally categorized as “natural” or “technological” (sometimes “manmade”). The FEMA website contains a thorough discussion and list of hazards in the “National Risk Index for Natural Hazards” section. Some hazards threaten all geographic areas, while others (e.g., flooding) are more limited in their extent. Studies were conducted to determine which hazards are of concern in the City of Chino.
The City of Chino hazards w ere identified, and their frequency of occurrence was evaluated using several resources, including:
• 2018 City of Chino Hazard Mitigation Plan
• 2022 San Bernardino County Hazard Mitigation Plan
• 2025 City of Chino General Plan
• Hazard planning documents developed by state, federal, and private agencies • NOAA weather data from the past 72 years
• Data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the California State Geological Survey (CGS)
Hazards identified as significant in this city and that will be cons idered in this plan are listed below.
Natural Hazards
• Drought
• Dam and Levee Failure
• Flooding(Urban & Flash)
• Severe Summer Storms
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
52 o Extreme Heat
o Hail
o High Winds
o Lightning
• Extreme Cold
• Tornado
• Wildfire
Geological Hazards
• Earthquake
Other Hazards of Concern
Although non- natural hazards are not required by FEMA for inclusion in a hazard mitigation plan, the City of Chino wishes to rank and mitigate against a comprehensive list of hazard events that could impact the city. Due to both the nature of non- natural hazards and the discretionary status regarding their inclusion, the following hazards of interest have been briefly and qualitatively assessed for the sake of public education and informing their inclusion within the hazard ranking and mitigation process.
Technological (Manmade) Hazards
• Civil Disturbance
• Cybersecurity Incident
• Hazardous Material Incident (Fixed, Transportation)
• Prolonged Power Outage
• Terrorism
• Transportation Incident (Air & Road)
Per FEMA’s mandate to address all natural hazards, the following natural hazards were not included because these hazards do not directly impact the City of Chino due to geographic location:
• Flooding (Riverine)
• Hurricane
• Landslide
• Sea Level Rise
• Storm Surge
• Tsunami
• Volcanic Activity
While FEMA requires only natural hazards to be addressed, the City of Chino has taken a more comprehensive approach by including both natural and non-natural hazards in its assessment. This inclusive strategy reflects the city's commitment to addressing all potential threats to community safety and resilience, regardless of their origin.
The hazards identified above were not assessed in isolation, but rather through a dynamic process that combined technical analysis with community input. As detailed in Chapter 2, 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
53 the planning team engaged the Steering Committee, stakeholders, and the general public to evaluate and prioritize these hazards based on both historical data and community perception of risk.
This collaborative approach included:
• Technical Review: Analysis of historical occurrences, scientific data, and previous planning documents
• Community Input: Feedback from public meetings, surveys, and stakeholder workshops about perceived risks and concerns
• Stakeholder Expertise: Professional insights from emergency managers, first responders, and subject matter experts
• Vulnerability Assessment: Consideration of impacts on various community segments, including traditionally underserved populations • Future Projections: Analysis of how changing conditions might affect hazard frequency and severity
In the following sections, each hazard will be analyzed in detail, incorporating both technical risk assessment and community perspective. This dual approach ensures that our mitigation strategies address not only the physical ri sks but also the community's specific concerns and needs. This comprehensive hazard assessment forms the foundation for the mitigation actions presented later in this plan, creating a direct link between identified hazards, community priorities, and proposed solutions.
4.2 Hazard Profile
The risk assessments in the following chapters describe the risks associated with each identified hazard of concern. The following sections were used to describe each hazard and communicate each respective level of risk:
• Hazard Description—Each hazard profile contains a description of the general definition and causes of the hazard. It may also include background information for understanding the context of the hazard within the City of Chino. • Location—The location or region in the City of Chino where each hazard may occur is described.
• Historical Frequency & Probability of Future Occurrence —This section identifies past hazard events of note that have occurred in the City of Chino. It also includes the likelihood of each hazard occurring again if available. • Extent—The strength or magnitude of each hazard is defined, usually through a form of measurement, such as a formula, scale, chart, or graph. • Impacts & Loss Estimates—The potential impacts of each hazard on the city are discussed. This section also outlines the potential economic/monetary loss from a hazard/event and the loss of property, structures, facilities, systems, livestock, and life.
• FEMA NRI Score—The hazard-specific FEMA National Risk Index scores for each natural hazard are included.
• Related Hazards—The hazard profiles that fall under a greater hazard category can be found within this section.
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54 4.3 Risk Assessment Methodology
Each hazard included in this plan was assessed and ranked based on a pre- defined hazard risk methodology consistent with FEMA’s mitigation plan requirements.
Information from the hazard profiles and input from subject matter experts were used to inform the hazard risk assessment process. The following is a description of the key factors.
4.3.1 Probability/Likelihood of Occurrence
The probability of occurrence of a hazard is indicated by a probability factor based on the likelihood of annual occurrence:
• High—Significant hazard event is likely to occur annually (Probability Factor = 3) • Medium—Significant hazard event is likely to occur within 25 years (Probability Factor = 2)
• Low—Significant hazard event is likely to occur within 100 years (Probability Factor = 1)
• Unlikely—There is little to no probability of significant occurrence, or the recurrence interval is greater than every 100 years (Probability Factor = 0)
The assessment of hazard frequency is generally based on past hazard events in the area.
4.3.2 Extent
Extent was assessed in two categories: extent/intensity and catastrophic potential of the hazard. Numerical impact factors were assigned as follows:
Extent/Intensity—Extent is defined as the range of anticipated intensities of the identified hazards. Extent is most commonly expressed using various scientific scales, such as the Enhanced Fujita scale.
• High—Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a high-intensity incident (Extent Factor = 3) • Medium—Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a medium-intensity incident (Extent Factor = 2) • Low—Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of a low-intensity incident (Extent Factor = 1) • Unlikely—Historical and/or probabilistic models/studies for this hazard indicate the possibility of little to no intensity (Extent Factor = 0)
Catastrophic—The potential that an occurrence of this hazard could be disastrous. • High—High potential that this hazard could be catastrophic (Extent Factor = 3) • Medium—Medium potential that this hazard could be catastrophic (Extent Factor = 2)
• Low—Low potential that this hazard could be catastrophic (Extent Factor = 1) • Unlikely—Virtually no potential that this hazard could be catastrophic (Extent Factor = 0)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
55 Each category was assigned a weighting factor to reflect its significance, consistent with those typically used for measuring the benefits of hazard mitigation actions: a weighting factor of 3 was assigned for Extent/Intensity and its potential to be Catastrophic.
4.3.3 Vulnerability
Vulnerabilities were assessed in three categories: population exposure, property exposure, and exposure based on changes in development. Numerical impact factors were assigned as follows:
People—Values were assigned based on the percentage of the total population exposed to the hazard event.
• High—30% or more of the population is exposed to this hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 3)
• Medium—15% to 29% of the population is exposed to this haz ard (Vulnerability Factor = 2)
• Low—14% or less of the population is exposed to this hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 1)
• No Vulnerability—None of the population is exposed to this hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 0)
Property Exposed—Values were assigned based on the percentage of the total property value exposed to the hazard event.
• High—25% or more of the total assessed property value is exposed to the hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 3)
• Medium—10% to 24% of the total assessed property value is exposed to the hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 2)
• Low—9% or less of the total assessed property value is exposed to the hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 1)
• No Vulnerability—None of the total assessed property value is exposed to the hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 0)
Changes in Development —Changes in development since the previous plan was approved have increased or decreased the community’s vulnerability/exposure to this hazard.
• High—Changes in development have significantly increased the vulnerability/exposure of the community to this hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 3) • Medium—Changes in development have increased the vulnerability/exposure of the community to this hazard, but not significantly (Vulnerability Factor = 2) • Low—Changes in development have minimally increased the vulnerability/exposure of the community to this hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 1) • No Vulnerability —Changes in development have had no effect and/or have decreased the vulnerability/exposure of the community to this hazard (Vulnerability Factor = 0)
Each category was assigned a weighting factor to reflect its significance, consistent with those typically used for measuring the benefits of hazard mitigation actions: a weighting 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
56 factor of 3 was assigned for People, and a weighting factor of 1 was assigned for Property Exposed and Changes in Development.
4.3.4 Impact
Hazard impacts were assessed in eight categories: population and life/safety, underserved/equity, property damages, economic, environmental, essential operations, future development, and clim ate change. Numerical impact factors were assigned as follows:
Population and Life/Safety: Values were assigned based on (1) best available historical and probabilistic data for individuals who are vulnerable to the hazard event and (2) the likelihood to experience adverse impacts in the event of its occurrence. • High: Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience significant adverse impacts (Impact Factor = 3)
• Medium: Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience some adverse impacts (Impact Factor = 2)
• Low: Populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse impacts (Impact Factor = 1)
• No impact : Populations exposed to this hazard are not likely to experience significant adverse impacts (Impact Factor = 0)
Underserved/Equity—Values were (1) assigned based on the best available data for underserved populations vulnerable to the hazard event and (2) are likely to experience adverse/disproportionate impacts from the hazard incident, resulting in greater dis parity in equity.
• High—Underserved populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience significant adverse/disproportionate impacts (Impact Factor = 3) • Medium—Underserved populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience some adverse/disproportionate impacts (Impact Factor = 2) • Low—Underserved populations exposed to this hazard are likely to experience minimal adverse/disproportionate impacts (Impact Factor = 1) • No impact —Underserved populations exposed to this hazard are not likely to experience significant adverse/disproportionate impacts (Impact Factor = 0)
Property Damages— Values were assigned based on the expected total property damages incurred from a hazard incident. It is important to note that values represent estimates of the loss from a major incident based on historical data or probabilistic models/studies.
• High—More than $5,000,000 in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event, or damages are expected to occur to 15% or more of the property value within the jurisdiction (Impact Factor = 3)
• Medium—More than $500,000 but less than $5,000,000 in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event, or expected damages are expected to be more than 5% but less than 15% of the property value within the j urisdiction (Impact Factor = 2)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
57 • Low—Less than $500,000 in property damages is expected from a single major hazard event, or less than 5% of the property value within the jurisdiction (Impact Factor = 1)
• No impact—Little to no property damage is expected fr om a single major hazard event (Impact Factor = 0)
Economic—An estimation of the impact, expressed in dollars, on the local economy is based on a loss of business revenue, crops, worker wages, and local tax revenues or the impact on the local gross domestic product (GDP).
• High—Total economic impact is likely to b e greater than $10,000,000 (Impact Factor = 3)
• Medium—Total economic impact is likely to be greater than $100,000 but less than or equal to $10,000,000 (Impact Factor = 2)
• Low—Total economic impact is not likely to be greater than $100,000 (Impact Factor = 1)
• No Impact—Virtually no significant economic impact (Impact Factor = 0)
Environmental Factor : Environmental impact from a major hazard event requiring outside resources and support and/or repair, clean- up, restoration, and/or preservation work.
• High: E nvironmental impact from a single major hazard event is likely to be significant, requiring extensive outside resources and support and/or repair, clean- up, restoration, and/or preservation work (Impact Factor = 3) • Medium: Environmental impact from a singl e major hazard event is likely to be localized, requiring some outside resources and support and/or repair, clean- up, restoration, or preservation work (Impact Factor = 2)
• Low: Environmental impact from a single major hazard event is likely to be minimal, requiring little to no outside resources and support, and/or minimal repair, clean-up, restoration, or preservation work (Impact Factor = 1) • No impact: No environmental impacts from a single major hazard event is likely (Impact Factor = 0)
Essential Operations Factor : Impact on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day -to-day operational demands and needs of the community from a single major hazard event.
• High: Significant impact on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day- to-day operational demands and needs of the community from a single major hazard event (Impact Factor = 3)
• Medium: Some impact on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day - to-day operational demands and needs of the community from a single major hazard event (Impact Factor = 2)
• Low: Minimal impact on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day -to- day operational demands and needs of the community from a single major hazard event (Impact Factor = 1)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
58 • No Impact: No impact on the ability of the jurisdiction to meet the essential day - to-day operational demands and needs of the community from a single major hazard event (Impact Factor = 0)
Future Development—The potential that future development will have on increasing or decreasing the impact/consequence of this hazard.
• High—Future development trends will significantly increase the impact/consequence of this hazard (Impact Factor = 3)
• Medium—Future development trends will increase the impact/consequence of this hazard, but not significantly (Impact Factor = 2)
• Low—Future development trends will minimally increase the impact/consequence of this hazard (Impact Factor = 1)
• No Impact—Future development trends will not increase the impact/consequence of this hazard and/or may even decreas e the impact/consequence of this hazard (Impact Factor = 0)
Climate Change—The potential that climate change will increase the risk of this hazard (e.g., type, location, and range of anticipated intensities of the identified hazard and impacts).
• High—Climate change trends will significantly increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts (Impact Factor = 3)
• Medium—Climate change trends will increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts, but not significantly (Impact Factor = 2)
• Low—Climate change trends will minimally increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts (Impact Factor = 1)
• No Impact—Climate change trends will not increase the risk of this hazard and its impacts (Impact Factor = 0)
Each category was assigned a weighting factor to reflect its significance, consistent with those typically used for measuring the benefits of hazard mitigation actions: a weighting factor of 3 was assigned for Population and Life Safety and Underserved/Equity, and a weighting factor of 2 was assigned for Property Damages. In addition, a weighting factor of 1 was assigned for Economic , Environmental, Essential Operations , Future Development, and Climate Change.
4.4 FEMA NRI Risk Scores
The National Risk Index (NRI) is a dataset and online tool to help illustrate the United States communities most at risk for 18 natural hazards: Avalanche, Coastal Flooding, Cold Wave, Drought, Earthquake, Hail, Heat Wave, Hurricane, Ice Storm, Landslide, Lightning, Riverine Flooding, Strong Wind, Tornado, Tsunami, Volcanic Activity, Wildfire, and Winter Weather. Because not all hazards apply to the City of Chino, only those with a defined risk to the city are included.
The National Risk Index leverages available source data for Expected Annual Loss due to these 18 hazard types, Social Vulnerability and Community Resilience, to develop a baseline relative risk measurement for each United States county and census tract. These 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
59 measurements are calculated using average past conditions but cannot be used to predict future outc omes for a community. The National Risk Index is intended to fill gaps in available data and analyses to better inform federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial decision-makers as they develop risk reduction strategies.
4.4.1 Social Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability measures the susceptibility of social groups to the adverse impacts of natural hazards, including disproportionate death, injury, loss, or disruption of livelihood.
Table 4-6. City of Chino – FEMA NRI Social Vulnerability Score and Rating FEMA NRI Score FEMA NRI Rating
61.43 Relatively High
Social Vulnerability is measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) published by the University of South Carolina’s Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI). Source: National Risk Index, 2023e; 2023f
4.4.2 Community Resilience
Community Resilience measures a community’s ability to prepare for anticipated natural hazards, adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions.
Table 4-7. City of Chino – FEMA NRI Community Resilience Score and Rating FEMA NRI Score FEMA NRI Rating
31.35 Relatively Low
Community Resilience is measured using the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (H VRI BRIC) published by the University of South Carolina’s Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI). Source: National Risk Index, 2023b; 2023e
4.4.3 Expected Annual Loss
The table below shows the overall expected annual loss score for the entire city based on all natural hazards. Hazard-specific scores are included in each hazard chapter under Impacts & Loss Estimates.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
60 Table 4-8. City of Chino – FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Score and Rating FEMA NRI Score FEMA NRI Rating
87.35 Relatively High
Expected Annual Loss scores are calculated using an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure × Annualized Frequency × Historic Loss Ratio). Source: National Risk Index, 2023d; 2023e
4.4.4 Overall NRI Score
The table below shows the overall FEMA National Risk Index Score for the City of Chino, based on all natural hazards. Hazard-specific scores are included in each hazard chapter under the FEMA NRI Score.
Table 4-9. City of Chino – FEMA Overall NRI Score and Rating FEMA Overall NRI Score Expected Annual Loss Rating
88.16 Relatively High
Risk Index scores are calculated using an equation that combines scores for Expected Annual Loss due to natural hazards, Social Vulnerability, and Community Resilience (Expected Annual Loss x Social Vulnerability / Community Resilience = Risk Index). Source: National Risk Index, 2023c; 2023e
Although city specific data is not made available via NRI datasets, the census tracts level data was utilized. Census tracts were selected based on the intersecting lines between the City boundary and those census tracts in proximity. A total of 20 census tracts were selected that were either completely within the city boundaries or a significant portion of the census tract intersected the city boundary., The image below identifies the City of Chino and intersecting NRI Census Tracts.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
61 Figure 4.1. City of Chino Intersecting NRI Census Tracts
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
62 4.5 Overall Risk Scores
The following table represents the new overall risk scores for the City of Chino based on the described methodology. Following a data- driven quantitat ive assessment, the planning team utilized subject matter knowledge and expertise and further refined the scores.
Table 4-10. Hazard Risk Scores for City of Chino
Hazard Event
Probability Consequence
Total Risk
Score
(Probability x
Consequence)
Probability
Factor
Sum of
Weighted
Extent
Factors
Sum of
Weighted
Vulnerability
Factors
Sum of
Weighted
Impact
Factors
Consequence
Score
Drought 3 12 9 21 42 6
Dam and Levee
Failure 1 18 11 30 59 3
Flooding
(Urban/Flash) 3 18 13 33 64 9
Severe Summer
Storms (Extreme
Heat, Hail, High
Winds, Lightning)
3 18 13 33 64 9
Extreme Cold 2 12 9 24 45 4
Tornado 3 18 11 33 62 3
Wildfire 3 18 13 33 64 9
Earthquake 3 18 13 33 64 9
Civil Disturbance 2 12 9 24 45 4
Cybersecurity
Incident 1 12 9 19 40 3
Hazardous Materials
Incident (Fixed,
Transportation)
3 15 11 30 56 9
Prolonged Power
Outage 2 18 9 25 52 6
Terrorism 1 18 11 33 62 3
Transportation
Incident (Road & Air) 3 12 11 27 50 6
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63 4.5.1 Qualitative Hazard Assessment Methodology
In addition to the quantitative assessment and FEMA NRI analysis specific to the City of Chino, a comprehensive stakeholder engagement process was implemented to ensure local expertise and community priorities were incorporated into the hazard assessment.
This process consisted of two key phases (Subject Matter Expert (SME) Assessment & Community Stakeholder Evaluation).
The Subject Matter Expert (SME) Assessment consisted of A panel of local subject matter experts conducted a detailed evaluation of each hazard utilizing their comprehensive knowledge of:
• City operations and available resources
• Historical hazard impacts within the community
• Local vulnerabilities and risk factors
• Community response capabilities and limitations
The SMEs ranked each hazard from least to most important based on their understanding of the City's specific context and challenges. Each hazard was assigned a value from 1 to 15, with 1 representing the least important to the community and 15 representing the most critical hazards requiring attention.
Following the SME assessment, the process was expanded to engage the broader community through a comprehensive Community Stakeholder Evaluation phase. This evaluation specifically targeted individuals with direct connections to Chino, including those who:
• Live within the city
• Work in Chino
• Own property or businesses in the city
• Recreate within the community
The evaluation garnered significant participation, with over 150 stakeholders providing input. These participants represented a cross-section of the community, including:
• Local residents
• Business owners and operators
• Representatives from community organizations
• Civic and community leaders
Each participant ranked the hazards using the sam e 1-15 scoring system employed in the SME assessment, ensuring consistency in the evaluation process while bringing valuable community perspective to the hazard prioritization effort.
4.5.2 Qualitative Assessment Results
The qualitative assessment process revealed significant insights through a unique dual - perspective approach, combining expert evaluation with community input. This comprehensive methodology provided a deeper understanding of how different segments of our community perceive and prioritize va rious hazards, while highlighting important distinctions between technical expertise and public experience. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
64 Through the assessment process, subject matter experts brought their professional knowledge and technical understanding of hazard impacts, while public stakeholders contributed valuable insights based on lived experiences and community concerns. This combination of perspectives proved essential in developing a complete picture of hazard vulnerabilities and community priorities.
4.5.3 Key Findings
The assessment revealed several notable patterns in how different groups perceive and prioritize hazards within our community. Earthquakes emerged as the predominant concern across all groups, receiving the highest possible ranking from both subject matter experts and public stakeholders. This unanimous assessment underscores a shared recognition of seismic risk that transcends technical and public perspectives.
Other hazards showed interesting variations between expert and public perspectives, providing valuable insights into different ways these risks are understood and experienced. For instance, flooding, particularly urban/ flash flooding, ranked as the second-highest concern among subject matter experts, while public stakeholders rated it somewhat lower. This difference likely reflects the technical understanding of the C ity's flood vulnerabilities compared to the public's direct experience with flooding events.
Infrastructure-related hazards revealed particularly notable distinctions between expert and public priorities. While subject matter experts placed high emphasis on facility disasters, public stakeholders expressed greater concern about power outages and cyber threats. This divergence highlights the different ways these groups experienc e and evaluate infrastructure vulnerabilities - experts focusing on system -wide implications while the public emphasizes daily impact scenarios.
Natural hazards such as severe summer storms and wildfires also generated different responses between groups. Subject matter experts ranked severe summer storms, including extreme heat, hail, high winds, and lightning, significantly higher than the public.
Conversely, public stakeholders placed greater emphasis on wildfire risk, possibly reflecting recent regional events and increased media attention to fire dangers.
Some hazards generated strong agreement between groups. Both technical experts and public stakeholders consistently ranked landslides, invasive species, and severe winter weather among the lower-priority risks. Similar alignment appeared in the assessment of civil disturbance and terrorism, with both groups assigning these hazards moderate to low priority rankings.
4.5.4 Steering Committee Hazard Assessment and Prioritization Process The Steering Committee's hazard assessment and prioritization process represented the culmination of both technical analysis and comprehensive community input. Their final determinations emerged from a systematic evaluation that combined rigorous data analysis with extensive community feedback.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
65 The Committee's evaluation process began with a thorough review of technical components, including quantitative risk scores, FEMA National Risk Index data, and historical occurrence patterns. They examined scientific projections and modeling data while also conducting detailed infrastructure vulnerability assessments. This technical foundation provided the scientific framework necessary for understanding the physical risks facing the community.
Equally important was the integration of community input gathered throughout the planning process. The Committee carefully considered feedback from public meetings held across different neighborhoods, analyzing survey results that revealed community risk perceptions and concerns. They paid particular attention to input from organizations serving various population segments, ensuring that perspectives from traditionally underserved communities were properly represented in the decision-making process.
To synthesize this wealth of information, the Committee adopted a collaborative approach. They began by reviewing technical risk scores and scientific data, then layered in community feedback and survey results to create a more complete picture of each hazard's impact. Local conditions and vulnerabilities were discussed in detail, with careful consideration given to the city's implementation capabilities and available resources.
Throughout their deliberations, the Committee worked to strike a careful balance between technical risk data and community perceptions. They emphasized the importance of ensuring equitable consideration of impacts across all neighborhoods while remaining mindful of practical implementation constraints. Both immediate and long- term hazard impacts were evaluated, along with careful assessment of the city's capacity to implement effective mitigation strategies.
This comprehensive evaluation process resulted in hazard priorities that reflect not only technical accuracy but also genuine community concerns. The resulting framework provides a strong foundation for the mitigation strategies presented in this plan, ensuring they address both the scientific reality of hazard risks and the expressed needs of the community.
4.5.5 Steering Committee Key Findings
Earthquakes emerged as the predominant concern, receiving the highest possible ranking (15) from both SMEs and public stakeholders, resulting in a maximum combined score of 30. This unanimous assessment underscores the community's unified recognition of seismic risk.
Urban/flash flooding ranked as the second- highest concern among SMEs (14), though public stakeholders rated it somewhat lower (10). This difference might reflect the SMEs' technical understanding of the city's flood vulnerabilities versus the public's lived experience with flooding events.
Infrastructure-related hazards showed interesting variations between expert and public perspectives. While SMEs ranked Facility Disaster high (13), public stakeholders placed 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
66 greater emphasis on power outages (14) and cyber threats (13). This divergence mi ght indicate different priorities based on daily impacts versus system-wide vulnerabilities.
Natural hazards such as Severe Summer Storms and Wildfire revealed notable differences in perception. SMEs ranked Severe Summer Storms, which includes extreme heat, hail, high winds, and lightning, higher than the public (12 versus 7). Conversely, the public ranked Wildfire risk significantly higher than SMEs (12 versus 7), possibly reflecting recent regional wildfire events and increased public awareness of fire danger.
There was strong agreement on lower -priority hazards, with both groups ranking Landslide, Invasive Species, and Severe Winter Weather among the lowest risks. Civil Disturbance and Terrorism also received consistent mid- to-low rankings from both groups, suggesting agreement on their relative importance compared to other hazards.
The assessment demonstrates the value of incorporating both expert knowledge and community perspective in hazard prioritization. While technical expertise identifies systemic vulnerabilities, public input reflects lived experiences and community concerns, providing a more complete picture of hazard priorities for planning purposes.
4.5.6 Steering Committee Final Determination Process
The final selection of hazards for inclusion in the plan emerged from robust dialogue and careful deliberation by the Steering Committee. The committee engaged in extensive discussion, weighing multiple factors and perspectives before reaching consensus.
Decision-Making Process
The committee's deliberations were characterized by:
• In-depth analysis of the quantitative risk scores
• Careful consideration of both SME and public stakeholder rankings • Thorough evaluation of the city's capabilities and resources • Extended dialogue with committee members sharing diverse perspectives • Thoughtful debate about competing priorities
• Assessment of the city's ability to effectively implement mitigation strategies
Selection Criteria
The final selection of hazards was based on three primary factors:
1. Risk Assessment Scores
a. Quantitative analysis results
b. Technical evaluation of potential impacts
c. Historical occurrence data
d. Vulnerability assessments
2. Stakeholder Input
a. SME rankings and justifications
b. Public stakeholder priorities
c. Community concerns and experiences
d. Local knowledge and perspectives
3. City Capacity
a. Available resources for mitigation
b. Implementation capabilities
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
67 c. Current and planned city priorities
d. Feasibility of mitigation actions
e. Ability to sustain long-term mitigation efforts
4.5.7 Selected Hazards
Through this comprehensive evaluation process, the committee reached consensus on including the following hazards in the plan:
1. Urban/Flash Flooding: Inundation of property in built environments, particularly in densely populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming drainage systems due to increased impervious surfaces
2. Earthquakes: Sudden ground shaking caused by movement within the Earth's crust
3. Severe Summer Storms: Intense weather events occurring in warm months, including extreme heat, hail, high winds, and lightning
4. Wildfire: Uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetation in rural or wilderness areas
5. Drought: Prolonged period of unusually dry weather causing water shortages
6. Cyber Threat: Potential attacks on computer systems, networks, or digital devices
7. Prolonged Power Outage: Extended period when electrical power is unavailable to a large area
8. Hazardous Materials Incident: Accidental release of dangerous substances that can harm people, property, or the environment
9. Transportation Incident: Accidents involving vehicles on roads or aircraft that disrupt normal travel
10. Disobedient Acts: Actions limited to public gatherings that significantly disrupt community peace
11. Facility Disaster: Events causing significant damage or disruption to buildings or infrastructure
These selected hazards represent threats that are both significant to the community and within the city's capacity to address through meaningful mitigation actions.
4.5.8 Hazard Analysis
The following section provides a comprehensive analysis of all hazards evaluated during the planning process, including those ultimately selected and not selected for inclusion in the final hazard mitigation plan. This analysis was developed through the three- phase process that included quantitative risk assessment scoring, Subject Matter Expert evaluation, and extensive public stakeholder input from over 150 participants. The final determination of which hazards to include in the plan was made by the Steering Committee through careful deliberation, weighing risk scores, stakeholder priorities, and the city's capacity to implement effective mitigation strategies.
The analysis draws upon data from authoritative sources, prioritizing the most localiz ed data available for each hazard. Primary data sources include:
• FEMA's National Risk Index (NRI) data providing hazard- specific risk scores and expected annual loss estimates
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
68 • Cal Fire's Fire Hazard Severity Zone maps and historical fire data • National Weather Service (NWS) records of severe weather events • USGS seismic and geological hazard data
• California Department of Water Resources flood hazard mapping • NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) historical event database
• California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) hazard event records • Local emergency response and incident reports from the City of Chino
Where city-specific data was available, it served as the primary source for analysis. In cases where local data was limited or unavailable, county-level data from San Bernardino County and regional assessments were utilized to ensure comprehensive coverage. This approach of using the most granular data available, while supplementing with broader regional data when necessary, ensures the most accurate possible assessment of each hazard's potential impact on the City of Chino.
4.5.9 Presidential Disasters and Emergency Declarations The following table provides a list of all state and Federal declarations associated with all natural hazards for the City of Chino CA.
Event Declaration
Date
FEMA Disaster
Number Location
California Bridge Fire 9/11/2024 FM-5537-CA
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
California Line Fire 9/7/2024 FM-5535-CA
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, Landslides,
and Mudslides 1/14/2023 DR-4683
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, and Mudslides 1/9/2023 EM-3591 San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
California Blue Ridge Fire 10/26/2020 FM-5381-CA San Bernardino County/City of
Chino
California Eldorado Fire 09/6/2020 FM-5350-CA San Bernardino County/City of
Chino
California Apple Fire 08/4/2020 FM-5325_CA San Bernardino County/City of
Chino
California Covid-19 Pandemic 3/22/2020 DR-4482 City of Chino California Hillside Fire 10/31/2019 FM-5301-CA
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
69 Event Declaration
Date
FEMA Disaster
Number Location
California Earthquakes 07/08/2019 EM-3415-CA
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, and Mudslides 3/16/2017 DR-4305 San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
California Blue Cut Fire 08/16/2016 FM-5147-CA
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
California Pilot Fire 08/8/2016 FM-5144_CA
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
California North Fire 07/17/2015 FM-5089-FM
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Winter Storms and Flooding 2/9/1998 DR-1203
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Storms, Flooding, Mud and Landslides 1/4/1997 DR-1155 San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Winter Storms, Flooding Landslides,
Mud Flow 3/12/1995 DR-1046
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, Landslides,
Mud Flows 1/10/1995 DR-1044
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Winter Storm, Mud and Land Slides,
and Flooding 2/3/1993 DR-979
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
California Earthquake Aftershocks 07/2/1992 DR-947
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Coastal Storms, Floods, Slides, and Tornadoes 2/9/1983 DR-677 San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Severe Storms and Flooding 1/26/1969 DR-253
San Bernardino
County/City of
Chino
Source: FEMA DR: https://www.fema.gov/disaster/declarations
4.6 Drought
4.6.1 Hazard Description
Drought is an expected phase in the climactic cycle of almost any geographical region and is certainly the case in California . Objective and quantitative definitions for drought exist, but most authorities agree that because of the many factors contributing to it. None 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
70 are entirely satisfactory because their onset and relief are slow and indistinct. According to the National Drought Mitigation Center, drought “originates from a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more. This deficiency results in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sector.” What is clear is that a condition perceived as “drought” in a given location results from a significant decrease in water supply relative to what is “normal” in that area.
4.6.1.1 Drought Types
• Meteorological Drought – Defined as below-normal precipitation over a set period.
Often, this type of drought is region- specific based on regional climatology. This drought type is often what is thought of as ‘drought’.
• Agricultural Drought – This type of drought occurs when a reduction in soil moisture results in unmet demand for crops. This drought type is region- , crop-, and time- specific and usually occurs after meteorological droughts. Agricultural drought can cause significant crop losses and economic disruption for agriculture- dependent communities.
• Hydrological Drought – This type of drought is driven by a deficiency of surface and subsurface water resources, often indicated by reduced streamflow, lake or reservoir water levels, and groundwater table heights. Due to the complex hydrological network that feeds surface and subsurface water resources, hydrological drought occurs after meteorological drought. • Socioeconomic Drought – This type of drought occurs when physical water shortages impact individuals or communities. Socioeconomic drought impacts can vary according to an individual’s or community’s ability to adapt or mitigate.
4.6.2 Hazard Location
Drought could occur anywhere in the City of Chino, likely affecting the entire city.
4.6.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
The figure below displays the precipitation conditions for the United States using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), taken from the National Weather Service (NWS).
The PDSI quantifies drought in terms of prolonged and abnormal moisture deficiency or excess. This index indicates general conditions and not local variations caused by isolated rain. The PDSI is an important climatological tool for evaluating the scope, severity, and frequency of prolonged periods of abnormally dry or wet weather. In addition, it can help delineate disaster areas and indicate the availability of irrigation water supplies, reservoir levels, range conditions, amount of stock water, and potential intensity of forest fires (NCAR, 2024).
The PDSI compares moisture deficiency and excess on a numerical scale that usually ranges from positive five to negative five. Positive values reflect excess moisture supplies, while negative values indicate moisture demands in excess of supplies.
Figure 4.2. Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
71 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
72 Figure 4.3. U.S. Drought Monitor
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
73 Note: City of Chino denoted by
4.6.4 Probability and Frequency
According to NOAA, the probability of drought is determined using precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, and streamflow data, among others. Key methods and tools used to assess and predict drought conditions include:
1. Palmer Drought Severity I ndex (PDSI): This index assesses the severity of a drought based on precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture. It helps identify the onset and end of drought conditions.
2. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) : This index measures the amount of precipitation over various timescales and is used to monitor both short -term and long-term drought conditions.
3. Soil Moisture Analysis : Soil moisture data, particularly from NASA's GRACE satellite, provides insights into the wetness or dryness of soil at various de pths, indicating drought conditions.
4. U.S. Drought Monitor: This tool integrates data from multiple indicators to provide a weekly map that shows the location and intensity of droughts across the U.S.
Figure 4.4. US Drought Monitor April 2025
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
74 According to the State of California HMP, t he cyclical occurrence of drought and documentation of past and current losses point to the strong probability that California will continue to be vulnerable to short and longer -term drought impacts. Based on the historical and more recent drought events in California, the State has a high probability of future drought events. According to FEMA, USDA, and NOAA, California experienced 117 drought events between 1950 and 2022. California can anticipate at least one period of drought somewhere in the State every year (State of California, 2023).
Figure 4.5. Drought: Probability and Frequency
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
75 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
76 Figure 4.6. NASA GRACE Surface Soil Moisture Percentile
4.6.5 Past Events
According to NOAA, between 01/01/13 and 12/ 31/24 there have been no documented drought event in the City of Chino or San Bernardino County. The figure below represents the PDSI for San Bernardino County between 2014 and 2023.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
77 Figure 4.7. San Bernardino County PDSI (2014-2023)
4.6.6 Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety and Health: Droughts affect life safety and public health in several ways.
Health problems can arise from poor water quality, poor food quality, and increased dust in the air. In addition, droughts make fires more likely, spread more quickly, and make them more challenging. In addition, p oor air quality and a lack of water may reduce residents’ engagement in recreational activities, reducing overall mental and physical well-being.
Drought impacts underserved and at -risk populations of the city by increasing the likelihood of health emergencies due to weather conditions usually accompanying droughts. These conditions can also impact lower-income populations, as food and water prices increase, or farmworkers who rely on agriculture for their livelihood.
In Chino, 91,775 residents (8.4 percent) are living with a disability. Disability and poverty are closely tied due to employment limitations. Many senior -headed households have special needs due to their relatively low incomes, disabilities or limitations, and dependency needs. Specifi cally, many people aged 65 years and older live alone. In Chino, 91,775 residents are 65 years and older, representing 12 .8 percent of the population. For residents 65 years and older, 7.7 percent live in poverty.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastruct ure: Drought has a negligible impact on buildings. Possible losses/impacts to critical facilities include the loss of essential functions due to low water supplies. Severe droughts can negatively affect drinking water supplies. Should a public water system be involved, the losses could total millions if outside water is shipped. Possible losses to infrastructure include the loss of potable water.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
78 Economy: Although no data demonstrates the economic impact of past drought events on the City of Chino, the most significant financial effect of drought is on agriculture.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: No data exists demonstrating the impact of drought on future development in the City of Chino. However, excessive drought can result in water shortages and increased competition for limited water resources, which can limit the ability of developers to expand projects within the city.
Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: According to the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), climate change is causing more extreme weather events, including severe drought. UCAR explains that warmer temperatures cause more evaporation, turning water into vapor in the air and causing drought in some areas of the world. Places prone to drought are expected to become even drier over the following century.
Providing projections of future climate change for a specific region is challenging. Shorter- term projections are more closely tied to existing trends, making longer -term projections even more challenging. The further a prediction reaches, the more subject it becomes to changing dynamics. Climate change is already impacting water resources, and resource managers have observed the following:
• Historical hydrologic patterns can no longer be solely relied upon to forecast the water’s future
• Precipitation and runoff patterns are changing, increasing the uncertainty for water supply and quality, flood management, and ecosystem functions • Extreme climatic events will become more frequent, necessitating improvement in flood protection, drought preparedness, and emergency response
Climate Change Impact on Drought: According to NOAA, climate change can lead to increased frequency and severity of drought. Warmer temperatures accelerate evaporation rates and reduce soil moisture, intensifying drought conditions. This is particularly problematic for regions already prone to droughts, which are now experiencing longer and more intense drought periods. Climate change also heightens the likelihood of compound extreme events, such as concurrent heatwaves and droughts.
These combined events can overwhelm adaptive capacities and significantly increase damage to ecosystems, agriculture, and infrastructure.
Furthermore, climate change contribut es to increased water stress by altering precipitation patterns and elevating temperatures, which affect both water availability and quality. This stress impacts agriculture, energy production, and urban water supplies.
Ecologically, intensified droughts pose significant threats to ecosystems and wildlife. For example, reduced stream-flows and higher water temperatures can negatively affect fish populations and other aquatic life. Economically, droughts exacerbated by climate change lead to substantial cost s, including losses in crop yields, increased wildfire risks, and strains on municipal and industrial water supplies.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
79 Table 4-11. 25-Year Climate Projections for City of Chino, California 25-YEAR CLIMATE PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA
HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
City of Chino is expected to experience a 46% increase in extremely hot days within 25 years.
By 2049, City of Chino is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 66°F to 69°F) in average annual temperatures.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
City of Chino is expected to experience a 33% increase in extremely hot days within 25 years.
By 2049, City of Chino is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 66°F to 68°F) in average annual temperatures.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/6071/explore/climate) 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
80 Table 4-12. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modele
d
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation
Average
Annual
Total
Precipitatio
n
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitatio
n
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Days Per
Year With
No
Precipitatio
n
321
days 322 days 323 days 324 days 325 days 324 days 327 days 318-322 316-329 314-333 316-331 312-334 314-332 300-344 Maximum
Number Of
Consecutiv
e Dry Days
78 days 82 days 81 days 83 days 85 days 84 days 92 days 70-94 67-100 68-95 72-101 71-106 69-108 69-140
Temperature Thresholds
Annual
days with
Maximum
temperatur
e > 90°
114
days 133 days 135 days 141 days 147 days 148 days 169 days 114-121 127-143 120-147 131-154 134-161 137-163 152-188 Annual
days with
Maximum
temperatur
e > 100°
52 days 69 days 72 days 78 days 85 days 87 days 111 days 49-54 59-84 60-87 66-99 73-108 74-99 97-143
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
81 4.6.7 FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
Table 4-13. San Bernardino County Expected Annual Loss Table
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE - DROUGHT
Annualized
Frequency Population Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
EALT
Total
Value
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Expected
Annual
Loss
Rating
61.20 events per
year
N/A N/A N/A N$1,643 $1,643 15.95 Very Low
Annualized Frequency: The natural hazard annualized frequency is defined as the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year. Annualized frequency is derived either from the number of recorded hazard occurrences each year over a given period or t he modeled probability of a hazard occurrence each year.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology.
Expected Annual Loss scores are calculated using an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure × Annualized Frequency × Historic Loss Ratio). Source: hazards.fema.gov/nri/expected-annual-loss Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.6.8 FEMA Hazard-Specific Risk Index Table
Table 4-14. City of Chino FEMA Hazard Specific Risk Index Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS - DROUGHT
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
15.99 Relatively High Relatively Low
Risk Index Scores : are a quantitative rating calculated using data for only a single hazard type. Risk Index Scores are calculated using data for only a single hazard type, and reflect a community's Expected Annual Loss value, community risk factors, and the adjustment factor used to calculate the risk value.
Social Vulnerability Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High.” Social Vulnerability is measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Community Resilience Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging f rom “Very Low” to “Very High.” Community Resilience is measured using the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (HVRI BRIC) published by the University of South Carolina's Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI).
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
82 4.6.9 FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
Table 4-15. San Bernardino County FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE - DROUGHT
Hazard Type Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence Population Agriculture
Value
Drought $79,073,920 N/A N/A N/A $79,073,920
Buildings: Building exposure value is defined as the dollar value of the buildings determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. The maximum possible building exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its building value as recorded in Hazus
6.0, which provides 2022 valuations of the 2020 Census.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology. The maximum possible population exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its population as recorded in Hazus 6.0.
Population loss is monetized into a population equivalence value using a VSL approach in which each fatality or ten injuries is treated as $11.6 million of economic loss (2022 dollars).
Agriculture: Agriculture exposure value is defined as the estimated dollar value of the crops and livestock determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. This is derived from the USDA 2017 Census of Agriculture county -level value of crop and pastureland with 2018 values for the US territories. All dollar values are inflation-adjusted to 2022 dollars.
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.7 Dam and Levee Failure
4.7.1 Hazard Description
Dam: A barrier constructed across a watercourse for storage, control, or diversion of water. Dams typically are constructed of earth, rock, concrete, or mine tailings.
Dam Failure: Failure characterized by the sudden rapid and uncontrolled release of impounded water or liquid-borne solids. It is recognized that there are lesser degrees of failure and that any malfunction or abnormality outside the design assumptions and parameters that adversely affect a dam’s primary function of impounding water could be considered a failure.
The Causes of Dam Failure: Dam failures are most likely to happen for one of five reasons (ASDSO, 2024):
1. Overtopping caused by water spilling over the top of a dam. Overtopping of a dam is often a precursor of dam failure. National statistics show that overtopping due to inadequate spillway design, debris blockage of spillways, or settlement of the dam crest account for approximately 34% of all U.S. dam failures.
2. Foundation defects, including settlement and slope instability, cause about 30% of all dam failures.
3. Cracking caused by movements like the natural settling of a dam.
4. Inadequate maintenance and upkeep.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
83 5. Piping is when seepage through a dam is not properly filtered, and soil particles continue to progress, and form sink holes in the dam. Another 20% of U.S. dam failures have been caused by piping (internal erosion caused by seepage).
Seepage often occurs around hydraulic structures, such as pipes and spillways; through animal burrows; around roots of woody vegetation; and through cracks in dams, dam appurtenances, and dam foundations.
Figure 4.8. Causes of Dam Failure Incidents, 2010-2019**
** From the ASDSO Dam Incident Database, dam failure incidents for the years 2010 through 2019. Incident data mostly obtained from the state dam safety programs and/or media reports. The incident data is not inclusive of all dam safety incidents.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
84 Figure 4.9. Dam Failure Incident Driver, 2010-2019
Levees: A man -made structure, typically an earthen embankment, designed and constructed according to sound engineering practices to contain, control, or divert the flow of water in order to provide protection from temporary flooding. Levees are often built alongside rivers and are used to prevent high water levels from flooding adjacent land.
The primary function of a levee is to provide flood risk reduction; however, they may also serve other purposes such as water conservation, irrigation, or to support a roadway or railway.
Levees can vary in size and complexity, from simple mounds of earth to large- scale systems incorporating elements such as floodwalls, gates, and pumps. The effectiveness of a levee can be influenced by its design, construction, and maintenance, as well as by natural factors like river flow and sedimentation.
Causes of Levee Failure: The definition of a "levee failure" according to the National Levee Database (NLD) generally encompasses the following:
1. Breach: The most seve re form of failure, a breach occurs when a levee fails completely, resulting in an opening that allows water to flow through uncontrolled.
This can lead to significant flooding and damage to areas that the levee was intended to protect.
2. Overtopping: Occurs when water levels rise above the height of the levee, leading to spillover on the protected side. While technically an overtopping may not be a structural failure of the levee itself, it represents a failure to contain the water as designed.
3. Structural Da mage: This includes any form of damage that compromises the integrity of the levee, such as erosion, seepage, or structural weakening. These issues may not immediately lead to a breach or overtopping but indicate that the levee is at risk of failing.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
85 4. Inadequate Performance: This refers to situations where the levee does not perform as designed, even if there's no visible structural damage. This could be due to design flaws or unforeseen environmental conditions.
4.7.2 Hazard Location
The following table and image illustrate the location and the details of each of dam surrounding the City of Chino . All of these structures are classified as “High” or “Significant” risk, meaning they have sufficient downstream populations to warrant the classification.
Table 4-16. List of Dams Surrounding the City of Chino
Name National ID# Location Owner Year Built Primary
Purpose
Height
(feet)
Storage
Capacity
(acre-
feet)
Max
Discharge
(cubic
feet/sec)
Chino
Ranch
Dam
#1
CA00755
San
Bernardino,
California
Tres
Hermanos
Conservation
Authority
1918
Water
Supply,
Irrigation
22 137 -
Rancho
Cielito
Dam
CA00761
San
Bernardino,
California
Rolling
Ridge Ranch 1912
Water
Supply,
Irrigation
9 110 -
Prado
Dam CA10022S003
San
Bernardino,
California
USACE -
Los Angeles
District
2017
Flood
Risk
Reduction
32 1,289,000 -
San
Antonio
Dam
CA00813
San
Bernardino,
California
USACE -
Los Angeles
District
1956
Flood and
debris
control
160 11,880 -
Seven
Oaks
Dam
CA01530
San
Bernardino,
California
Orange
County
Flood
Control
District &
San
Bernardino
County
Flood
Control
District
Construction
began in
1993 and
was
completed
in 2000
Flood
Control 550 145,600
Peak
inflow of
85,000 to
a
Controlled
Outflow of
7,000
Source: National Inventory of Dams (2024)
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
86 Figure 4.10. A Map of Dams Surrounding the City of Chino
According to the US Army National Levee Database, there are 6 levee systems located within 3 miles of the City of Chino.
4.7.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
Dams: Existing dam classification systems are numerous and vary within and between both federal and state agencies. Although differences in classification systems exist, they share a common thread: each system attempts to classify dams according to the potential impacts from a dam failure or mis -operation, should it occur. The hazard potential classification does not reflect in any way on the current condition of the dam (e.g., safety, structural integrity, flood routing capacity).
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
87 California dam classifications are defined under the California Water Code and used to permit construction, operation, and maintenance of dams by the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) .
According to California administrative code, dams are classified based on the potential downstream hazard in the event of a failure. This classification system helps prioritize regulatory oversight and emergency preparedness. These classifications are:
1. Low Hazard Potential : Failure or misoperation results in no probable loss of human life and low economic or environmental losses.
2. Significant Hazard Potential: Failure or misoperation results in no probable loss of human life but can cause economic loss, environmental damage, or disruption of lifeline facilities.
3. High Hazard Potential: Failure or misoperation will probably cause loss of human life and significant economic and environmental losses.
4. Extremely High Hazard Potential : A potential dam failure would result in considerable loss of life and inundate an area with a population of 1,000 people or more.
Federal dam safety hazard classifications can be found in FEMA’s Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety Hazard Potential Classification System for Dams publication. FEMA categorizes dams “according to the degree of adverse incremental consequences of a failure or mis -operation of a dam. Th e National Inventory of Dams uses the federal classification system. Dams are federally categorized into Low, Significant and High Hazard Potential based on the probable loss of human life and the impacts on economic, environmental, and lifeline interests. Improbable loss of life exists where persons are only temporarily in the potential inundation area.
1. Low Hazard Potential: dams where failure or mis-operation results in no probable loss of human life and low economic and/or environmental losses. Losses are principally limited to the owner’s property.
2. Significant Hazard Potential: dams where failure or mis-operation results in no probable loss of human life but can cause economic loss, environmental damage, disruption of lifeline facilities, or can impact other concerns.
3. High Hazard Potential: dams where failure or mis -operation will probably cause loss of human life.
Levees: The Levee Safety Action Classification (LSAC) is one of the many tools used to better inform stakeholders and residents of the residual risk in their communities.
The LSAC is neither a levee rating or grade, it is a classification system designed to take into account the probability of the levees being loaded (Hazard), existing condition of the levee, the current and future maintenance of the levee (Performance), and the Consequences if a levee were to fail or be overwhelmed. The following figure illustrates the Levee Safety Action Classification Table.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
88 Figure 4.11. Levee Safety Classification
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
89 4.7.4 Probability and Frequency
Dams: A dam can fail at any time, given the right circumstances. As a dam ages, the likelihood of failure increases as undesirable woody vegetation on the embankment, deteriorated concrete, inoperable gates, and corroded outlet pipes become problems.
Since dam failures are often exacerbated by flooding, the probability of dam failures can be associated with projected flood frequencies. The probability of future dam failure for regulated dams can be reduced by proactive preventative actions in compliance wit h existing dam safety programs.
Levees: Determining levee failure probability depends on the condition and level of protection that levees provide. FEMA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are working together to make sure that flood hazard maps clearly reflect the flood protection capabilities of levees, and that the maps accurately represent the flood risks posed to areas situated behind them. Levee owners — usually states, communities, or in some cases private individuals or organizations —are responsible for ensuring that the levees they own are maintained according to their design.
4.7.5 Past Events
There is no documented history of Dam and Levee Failure within the City of Chino or immediate area.
4.7.6 Vulnerability and Impacts
Public Health and Life Safety: According to FEMA, the public health and life safety impacts of dam or levee failure can be significant and wide-ranging. The primary concerns include:
• Loss of Life: This is the most serious impact. A sudden dam or levee failure can lead to fast -moving floods, potentially resulting in loss of life, especially in areas immediately downstream of a dam or in the protected area behind a levee. • Injuries: The force and unpredictability of floodwaters can result in physical injuries to people in the affected areas.
• Displacement of Populations: Dam or levee failures can lead to the displacement of people from their homes, either temporarily or permanently, due to flood damage. This displacement can have long- term impacts on mental health and community stability.
• Contamination of Water Supplies : Floodwaters can contaminate drinking water sources, leading to waterborne diseases and health complications. This is a particular concern in urban areas or where industrial and agricultural chemicals may be present.
• Sanitation and Hygiene Issues : Flooding can disrupt sewage systems and overwhelm sanitation services, leading to increased risks of diseases, particularly in densely populated areas.
• Disruption of Healthcare Services: Flooding can damage healthcare facilities and disrupt services, making it difficult for injured or ill individuals to receive necessary medical care.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
90 • Mental Health Impacts : The trauma and stress associated with flooding, displacement, loss of property, and potential loss of life can have long- lasting effects on mental health.
• Strain on Emergency Services : Dam or levee failures require signific ant emergency response efforts, which can strain local resources, especially in smaller or rural communities.
According to the California Department of Water Resources the below inundation map for the Rancho Cielito Dam indicates the vulnerable areas around the City of Chino.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: According to FEMA, dam or levee failure can have severe impacts on property and critical infrastructure. These impacts include:
• Extensive Property Damage: The sudden release of water from a dam or levee failure can lead to widespread flooding, resulting in significant damage to residential, commercial, and industrial properties. This includes damage to buildings, homes, and vehicles.
• Critical Infrastructure Damage: Flooding from dam or levee failures can severely impact critical infrastructure such as bridges, roads, railways, and utilities (water and sewage systems, electrical grids, gas lines). This not only causes immediate disruption but can also lead to long- term economic imp acts due to the time and cost associated with repairs and reconstruction.
• Agricultural Losses: In rural areas, flooding can inundate farmland, leading to crop destruction, soil erosion, and loss of livestock, which can have a profound impact on local and regional agricultural economies.
• Environmental Contamination: Floodwaters can carry and spread pollutants and hazardous materials from industrial sites, sewage systems, and other sources, leading to environmental contamination of water, soil, and ecosystems.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
91 • Disruption of Services : Essential services such as healthcare, education, emergency services, and transportation can be disrupted, affecting the wellbeing and daily life of the community.
• Economic Impact: The combined effect on property, infrastructure, and services can lead to significant economic losses, both direct and indirect. The cost of repairs, loss of business operations, and decrease in property values can have a lasting impact on affected communities.
• Recovery and Mitigation Costs : The financial burden of recovery and rebuilding can be substantial. In addition to immediate repair costs, there is often a need for investing in mitigation measures to prevent future incidents.
Economy: No data exists demonstrating the economic impact of past dam or levee failure events within the City of Chino. However, past events have shown to impact water supply, and could lead to costly repairs.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development : According to FEMA, dam failure or levee failure can signific antly impact current and future development in several ways:
• Reassessment of Land Use: After a dam or levee failure, there may be a need to reassess land use in affected areas. This can lead to changes in zoning laws and development regulations, especially in areas deemed high-risk for future flooding. • Impact on Real Estate Values: The perceived risk of flooding due to potential dam or levee failure can affect real estate values. Properties in areas identified as high risk may see a decrease in value, which can impact both current and future development decisions.
• Changes in Insurance and Financing: The risk of flooding may lead to higher insurance premiums for properties in the affected areas. In some cases, insurance may become difficult to obtain. This can influence development decisions, as the cost and availability of insurance are important factors in real estate development and investment.
• Infrastructure Redesign and Reinforcement : Existing and future infrastructure projects may need to be redesigned t o withstand potential flood events. This can include strengthening or raising buildings, bridges, and roads, as well as improving drainage systems.
• Mitigation and Resilience Planning: There may be an increased focus on mitigation and resilience in future development to reduce the impact of potential flood events.
This can include creating more green spaces, implementing better water management practices, and using flood- resistant building materials and techniques.
• Shift in Development Focus : In some cases, there might be a shift away from developing in high-risk areas. Development might be directed towards safer areas, potentially leading to changes in urban and regional planning strategies. • Emergency Preparedness and Response Planning: Future develop ment may need to incorporate improved emergency preparedness and response plans, including evacuation routes, emergency shelters, and communication systems.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
92 Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: According to the US Army Corps of Engineers, climate change can impact the severity of dam or levee failure. One of the primary concerns is the increased frequency and intensity of storms due to climate change. These more severe weather events can result in higher water levels and greater pressure on dams and levees, potentially exacerbating existing vulnerabilities and leading to structural failures. Additionally, the rising likelihood of flooding, driven by higher sea levels and extreme weather, places additional stress on these systems, particularly those already classified as high or extremely high hazard potential. The increased water flow and volume during such events can overwhelm these structures, leading to potential breaches.
Temperature changes associated with climate change can also affect the materials used in dam and levee construction. Extreme heat, for instance, can cause materials to expand and contract, leading to cracks and weakening the integrity of the structures over time.
Furthermore, altered precipitation patterns and increased runoff can accelerate sedimentation in reservoirs. This sediment buildup reduces the storage capacity of reservoirs, limiting their ability to manage floodwaters and increasing the risk of overtopping during heavy rainfall events.
Heavy precipitation leads to both riverine flooding and flash floods as the ground fails to absorb the high volume of precipitation that falls in a short period. Increasing annual precipitation contributes to sustained flooding.
Table 4-17. 25-Year Precipitation Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR PRECIPITATION PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 6% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.2″ decrease (from 3.2″ to 3.4″) in average annual precipitation.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 2% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.3″ decrease (from 3.1″ to 3.18″) in average annual precipitation.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/600013210/explore/climate)
Table 4-18. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modeled
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation:
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
93 Annual
Average
Total
Precipitation
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitation
(Wet Days)
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Maximum
Period of
Consecutive
Wet Days
6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 5 days
5-6 5-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 3-9
Annual Days With:
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 1 inch
1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day
1-1 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 2 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 3 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
That Exceed
99th
Percentile
Precipitation
2 days 2 days 3 days 2 days 3 days 3 days 3 days
1-16 1-17 1-18 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-19
Days With
Maximum
Temperature
Below 32*F
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
4.7.7 FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
The FEMA National Risk Index does not assess High Hazard Dams and Levees.
4.7.8 FEMA Hazard-Specific Risk
The FEMA National Risk Index does not assess High Hazard Dams and Levees.
4.7.9 FEMA NRI Exposure Value
The FEMA National Risk Index does not assess High Hazard Dams and Levees. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
94 4.8 Flooding
4.8.1 Hazard Description
Flooding is defined by the National Weather Service (NWS) as “the inundation of normally dry areas as a result of increased water levels in an established water course.” River flooding, the condition where the river rises to overflow its natural banks, may occur due to a number of causes, including prolonged, general rainfall, locally intense thunderstorms, snowmelt, and ice jams. In addition to these natural events, there are a number of factors controlled by human activi ty that may cause or contribute to flooding.
These include dam failure (discussed below) and activities that increase the rate and amount of runoff, such as paving, reducing ground cover, and clearing forested areas.
Flooding is a periodic event along most rivers, with the frequency depending on local conditions and controls, such as dams and levees. The land along rivers that is identified as being susceptible to flooding is called the floodplain.
Flooding can threaten life, safety, and health and often r esults in substantial damage to infrastructure, homes, and other property. The extent of damage caused by a flood depends on the topography, soils, and vegetation in an area, and the depth and duration of flooding, velocity of flow, rate of rise, and the amount and type of development in the floodplain.
Flooding can occur in a number of ways, and many instances are not independent of each other and can occur simultaneously during a flood event. The types of flooding considered for this plan include:
• Heavy rainfall
• Urban stormwater overflow
• Rapid snowmelt
• Rising groundwater (generally in conjunction with heavy prolonged rainfall and saturated conditions)
• Riverine ice jams
• Flash floods
• Alluvial fan flooding
• Flooding from dam failure
Urban/Flash Flooding: Urban (or “Flash”) flooding, as defined in the Urban Flooding Awareness Act, is “the inundation of property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such as storm sewers. ‘Urban flooding’ does not include flooding in undeveloped or agricultural areas. ‘Urban flooding’ includes (i) situations in which stormwater enters buildings through windows, doors, or other openings, (ii) water backup through sewer pipes, showers, toilets, sinks, and floor drains, (iii) seepage through walls and floors, and (iv) the accumulation of water on property or public rights -of-way. Urban flooding is characterized by its repetitive, costly, and systemic impacts on communities, regardless of whether or not these communities are located within formally designated floodplains or near any body of water. These impacts include damage to buildings and infrastructure, economic disruption, and negative effects on health and safety. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
95 A watershed is the land area that drains to a particular waterbody, such as a river, lake, or ocean. It is a geographic region that collects and channels precipitation and surface water to a common outlet, a stream, river, or other waterbody. Watersheds can vary in size, from a small drainage basin encompassing only a few acres to a large river basin spanning thousands of square miles. The health and quality of a watershed are critical for the sustainability of the ecosystem and the organisms that depend on it, including humans (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2024).
A healthy watershed is one in which natural land cover supports:
• Dynamic hydrologic and geomorphologic processes within their natural range of variation
• Habitat of sufficient size and connectivity to support native aquatic and riparian species
• Physical and chemical water quality conditions can support healthy biological communities.
Natural vegetative cover in the landscape, including the riparian zone, helps maintain the natural flow regime and fluctuations in water levels in lakes and wetlands. This, in turn, helps maintain natural geomorphic processes, such as sediment storage and deposition, that form the basis of aquatic habitats. The connectivity of aquatic and riparian habitats in the longitudinal, lateral, vertical, and temporal dimensions helps ensure the flow of chemical and physical materials and the movement of biota among habitats.
A healthy watershed has the structure and function in place to support healthy aquatic ecosystems. Key components of a healthy watershed include:
• Intact and functioning headwater streams, floodplains, riparian. corridors, biotic refugia, instream habitat, and biotic communities. • Natural vegetation in the landscape; and
• Hydrology, sediment transport, fluvial geomorphology, and disturbance regimes are expected for its location.
A stream’s flow regime refers to its characteristic pattern of flow magnitude, timing, frequency, duration, and rate of change. The flow regime plays a central role in shaping aquatic ecosystems and the health of biological communities. Alteration of natural flow regimes (e.g., more frequent floods) can reduce the quantity and quality of aquatic habitat, degrade aquatic life, and result in the loss of ecosy stem services (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2024).
4.8.2 Hazard Location
Most flooding occurs along natural streams or river channels. The land along a stream or river identified as susceptible to flooding is called the floodplain. Floods vary greatly in frequency and magnitude. Small flood events occur much more frequently than large, devastating events. A FEMA RAPT map illustrating flood risk to the City of Chino is below.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
96 Figure 4.12. FEMA RAPT Tool Flood Hazard Map for City of Chino
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA COMMUNITY RESILIENCE INDEX STORY MAP
Source: FEMA Resilience Analysis and Planning Tool (RAPT) 2024
4.8.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
The NFIP classifies floods t hrough the use of recurrence intervals as seen in the NFIP Flood Recurrence Intervals table below.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
97 Table 4-19. NFIP Flood Recurrence Intervals
NFIP FLOOD RECURRENCE INTERVALS
Flood Recurrence Interval Chance of Occurrence During Any Given Year 5 year 20%
10 year 10%
50 year 2%
100 year 1%
500 year 0.20%
The federal standard for floodplain management under the National Flood Insurance Plan (NFIP) is the 100- year floodplain. This area is chosen using historical data such that in any given year there is a 1% chance of a “base flood (also known as 100- year flood or regulatory flood). A base flood is one that covers or exceeds the 100- year floodplain. A 500-year floodplain is an area with at least a .2% chance of flood occurrence in any given year.
When surface water runoff introduced into streams and rivers exceeds the capacity of the natural or constructed channels to accommodate the flow, water overflows the stream banks, spilling out into adjacent low lying areas. Riverine flooding occurs as a consequence (FEMA, 2024).
Flash flooding can occur suddenly within six hours of intense rainfall from a thunderstorm or several thunderstorms. Flash floods are common near canyons, c liffs, and creek beds, making these areas especially hazardous during rainfall.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
98 Figure 4.13. NWS - Understanding Flash Flooding
4.8.4 Probability and Frequency
San Bernardino County has experienced 13 FEMA declarations associated with floods of all types between 1966-2023, which is an average of about 0.96 flood declarations every 4 years.
Urban/Flash Flooding: According to NOAA, 187 flash flooding incidents were recorded in San Bernardino County between 2019-2023 (1,826 days). This frequency averages to
0.10240 incidents daily during this timeframe and would indicate a similar trend moving forward.
Urban areas (such as the City of C hino) are typically connected to municipal sewer systems (stormwater and/or sanitary sewer). That said, it is more probable that flash flooding will occur within this area. Additionally, as development continues within Chino, an increase in flash flooding may occur.
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
99 4.8.5 National Flood Insurance Program Participation San Bernardino County and the City of Chino participate in the NFIP and are known to have adopted local ordinances and/or site plan review standards that regulate construction and land uses within designated floodplains.
In addition, as amended, Part 31, Water Resources Protection, Act 451 of 1994 regulates activities that result in occupation, fill or grade lands within floodplains along watercourses with a drainage area over two square miles. Such actions require an application, review, and permit issuance from the MDEQ before disturbance.
The City Floodplain Management Program, coordinated by the City Public Works Department, Engineering Services Division, provides floodplain information for existing structures and proposed projects within the Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHZ). The floodplain manager is responsible for implementing the substantial improvement/substantial damage provisions within the floodplain management ordinance.
In compliance with the NFIP, the City adopted a Floodplain Management Ordinance. This Ordinance requires that the lowest floor, including basement, for all new structures or substantial improvements to existing structures within a SFHA, shall be elevated one (1) to two (2) feet above the 100- year Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for that area. Lower insurance rates are available when the lowest floor is above the
Policies In-Force: According to FEMA, the City of Chino has 27 insurance policies in- force, totaling $9,506,000.
Table 4-20. Summary of NFIP Policies and Claims – San Bernardino County Community Name
NFIP
Entry
Date
Policies
In-Force
Total
Coverage
Total Written
Premium + FPF
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY*
(060270)
09/29/7
8 761 $194,450,00
0 $816,612
CHINO, CITY OF (060272) 03/18/9
6 27 $9,506,000 $85,997
Source: FEMA as of 12/31/2024
Table 4-21. CRS Eligible Communities within San Bernardino County Area
CRS
Entry
Date
Current
Effective
Date
Current
Class
%
Discount
for SFHA
%
Discount
for Non-
SFHA
Participating
San Bernardino
County NA NA NA NA NA No
City of Chino NA NA NA NA NA No
Source: FEMA as of 08/31/2024
As of the date of the plan update, the City of Chino does not participate in the CRS. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
100
4.8.6 Past Flash Flood Events
According to NOAA, 187 events were reported between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2023 (1,826 days).
Table 4-22. Past Flash Flood Events in San Bernardino County Location County Stat
e Date Time Typ
e Dth In
j PrD CrD
Totals: 0 0 15.291
M 10.00K
CEDAR PINES
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 1/17/19 13:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
JOSHUA TREE
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 2/2/19 16:4
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
1 0 100.00
K
SUGARLOAF
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 2/14/19 6:00 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 100.00
K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 2/14/19 6:31 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 50.00K
MT BALDY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 2/14/19 7:00 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 30.00K
RUNNING
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 2/14/19 7:00 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.000M
MONTE VISTA
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/22/19 13:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
CHINO
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/22/19 14:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
UPLAND
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/22/19 15:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
JOSHUA TREE
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/22/19 14:0
7 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
JOSHUA TREE
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/25/19 13:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/25/19 14:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 20.00K
BANNOCK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/25/19 16:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
SALTMARSH
STATION
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/25/19 16:1
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
(NXP)MCAF
TWENTYNINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/25/19 20:1
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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BUSH
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/7/19 14:3
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
EARP
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/19 22:3
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
GROMMET
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/19/1
9 21:4
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 700.00
K
(EED)NEEDLES
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/20/1
9 2:13 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
JOSHUA TREE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/28/1
9 15:0
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/28/1
9 15:4
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
(EED)NEEDLES
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/28/1
9 16:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
BANNOCK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/28/1
9 17:3
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 50.00K
PHELAN
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 12/4/19 11:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
CHAMPAGNE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/12/20 13:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
CROWN
JEWELL
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/12/20 14:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/12/20 15:1
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/12/20 16:1
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
AMBOY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/12/20 18:1
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 4/8/20 8:45 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
CLARK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/22/20 12:4
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
NIPTON
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/22/20 15:1
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
CIMA
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/22/20 15:5
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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BARSTOW
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/18/21 16:2
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
MINNEOLA
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/18/21 18:0
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
BARSTOW
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/18/21 19:4
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
NEEDLES
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/19/21 16:4
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
BAKER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/26/21 11:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/28/21 12:3
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
SEVEN OAKS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/30/21 12:3
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/30/21 14:4
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
JOSHUA TREE
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/30/21 16:4
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
(NXP)MCAF
TWENTYNINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/9/21 14:4
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
HAVASU LAKE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/29/21 18:2
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 50.00K
DESERT CITY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/30/21 12:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
WHEATON
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/30/21 12:5
2 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/30/21 14:2
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
FOREST FALLS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 10/25/2
1 16:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
CRESTLINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 12/30/2
1 17:5
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
YERMO
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/18/22 14:5
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
LENWOOD
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/18/22 15:2
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/25/22 16:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
IBIS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/25/22 16:4
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
WHEATON
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/29/22 22:0
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
DESERT CITY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/29/22 22:1
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
LUCERNE VLY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/30/22 17:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
FOREST FALLS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/30/22 17:2
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
MOUNTAIN
PASS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 11:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
SEVEN OAKS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 11:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
SEVEN OAKS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 11:0
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
HALLORAN
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 13:0
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 100.00
K
BAKER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 13:0
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 15.00K
BAKER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 14:3
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
PARKER DAM
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 15:0
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
KLINEFELTER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 15:2
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
CRUCERO
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 15:4
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.000M
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 16:0
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
DESERT SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 17:1
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
LUDLOW
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/22 17:4
2 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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BIG BEAR
LAKE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/1/22 11:2
7 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
SUGARLOAF
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/1/22 11:4
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
LANDERS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/1/22 12:4
2 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
DESERT SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/1/22 12:4
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
JOSHUA TREE
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/1/22 13:1
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
WHEATON
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/1/22 14:4
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
JOSHUA TREE
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/4/22 15:1
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/8/22 12:5
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/8/22 14:3
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
WHEATON
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/9/22 14:4
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
BAKER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/9/22 15:4
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
BAKER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/9/22 17:2
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
HOMER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/11/22 16:0
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
BANNOCK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/12/22 15:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
(NXP)MCAF
TWENTYNINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/12/22 21:4
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 20.00K
BANNOCK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/12/22 22:0
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
(NXP)MCAF
TWENTYNINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/12/22 23:4
2 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 30.00K
BUSH
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/12/22 23:5
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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JOSHUA TREE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/13/22 14:2
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
NEEDLES
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/13/22 18:1
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/16/22 14:1
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/16/22 14:1
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
BANNOCK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/18/22 16:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
EARP
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/18/22 19:2
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
MOUNTAIN
PASS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/24/22 13:4
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/24/22 17:1
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
RICE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/24/22 19:2
2 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
HAVASU LAKE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/24/22 20:2
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/24/22 22:1
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/25/22 0:03 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
BANNOCK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/26/22 17:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
DEVORE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/11/22 17:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
CRESTLINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/11/22 17:3
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
BAKER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 1:00 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 50.00K
LAKE
ARROWHEAD
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 12:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
LUCERNE VLY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 14:1
2 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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HODGE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 14:4
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
FALLSVALE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 15:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 4.000M
FOREST FALLS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 15:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 200.00
K
FOREST FALLS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 15:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 100.00
K
FOREST FALLS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 15:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 100.00
K
CALICO
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 16:4
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
WILD
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/12/22 17:0
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
JOSHUA TREE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/24/22 17:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/28/22 11:2
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
JOSHUA TREE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/28/22 13:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
DUNLAP
ACRES
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/28/22 15:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
(NXP)MCAF
TWENTYNINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/29/22 13:5
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 25.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 10/12/2
2 14:1
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 10/15/2
2 14:5
7 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 10/15/2
2 14:5
7 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
SALTUS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 10/15/2
2 15:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
OLD DALE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 10/15/2
2 19:0
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
ONTARIO
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/8/22 7:00 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
3 0 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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YUCAIPA
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/8/22 9:30 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
MT BALDY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/8/22 9:45 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
JOSHUA TREE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/8/22 12:1
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 11/8/22 12:2
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
RANCHO
CUCAMONGA
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 12/11/2
2 7:00 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
MORONGO
LODGE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 1/16/23 9:30 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
LYTLE CREEK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 2/24/23 20:4
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
CHINO
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/14/23 20:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
AMBOY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/15/23 15:4
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
(EED)NEEDLES
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/15/23 16:0
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 50.00K
HARVARD
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 3/15/23 16:3
7 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
VALLEY
WELLS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/20/23 13:3
2 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
ADELANTO
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/20/23 18:0
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
EL MIRAGE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/21/23 16:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/21/23 16:4
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 50.00K
BARSTOW
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/22/23 15:2
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
BARNWELL
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/2/23 13:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
JOSHUA TREE
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/13/23 16:2
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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GOFFS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/18/23 18:3
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
BANNOCK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/18/23 18:3
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
JAVA
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/18/23 19:1
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
OLD DALE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/18/23 20:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
WRIGHTWOOD
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 11:3
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
CRUCERO
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 12:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.000M
FOREST FALLS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 14:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
(NXP)MCAF
TWENTYNINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 14:1
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
SUGARLOAF
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 15:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
JOSHUA TREE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 15:0
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 16:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
SEVEN OAKS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 16:0
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
MORONGO
LODGE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 17:1
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
BAKER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 17:3
7 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 17:4
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
WESTEND
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 17:5
2 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
YUCCA VLY
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 18:1
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
BAKER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 18:4
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.000M
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(NXP)MCAF
TWENTYNINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 18:4
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
RED MTN
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 19:1
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
DAGGETT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 19:3
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
PIONEERTOW
N
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 22:1
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
MORONGO
LODGE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 23:1
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
MORONGO
LODGE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/23 23:5
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
KLINEFELTER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 5:28 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
RICE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 14:1
0 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 14:2
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
BUSH
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 14:2
7 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
HORSE THIEF
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 15:0
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.000M
HORSE THIEF
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 15:0
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
(NXP)MCAF
TWENTYNINE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 15:1
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
RICE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 15:5
1 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
BARSTOW
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 15:5
7 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
HORSE THIEF
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 16:0
9 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
SALTUS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 16:1
4 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
BANNOCK
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 16:3
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
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HORSE THIEF
SPGS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 17:0
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 17:1
8 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 5.00K
TWENTY NINE
PALMS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/1/23 18:2
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
CROSS RDS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/2/23 11:5
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 10.00K
HARVARD
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/2/23 13:2
6 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
VIDAL JCT
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/2/23 14:2
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 100.00
K
(EED)NEEDLES
ARPT
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/2/23 15:2
3 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 2.00K
FENNER
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/2/23 15:4
5 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
YUCCA VLY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 12/22/2
3 2:15 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 0.00K
YUCCA VLY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 12/22/2
3 2:42 PST-
8 Flash
Floo
d
0 0 1.00K
Totals: 0 0 15.291
M 10.00K
4.8.7 Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety and Public Health: Safety and health concerns during a flood range greatly.
One of the primary issues communities experience, especially during flash floods, is vehicles getting stuck and/or swept away by rapidly moving waters. These scenarios also present danger to first responders and bystanders attempting to rescue vehicle occupants.
According to FEMA (FEMA, 2021):
• Six inches of water will reach the bottom of most passenger cars, causing loss of control and potential stalling.
• A foot of water will float many vehicles.
• Two feet of rushing water will carry away most vehicles, including SUVs and pickups.
Just as vehicles are recommended to stay away from standing and/or moving flood waters, the CDC recommends the same for individuals. Flood waters can be both 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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unsanitary and dangerous. When individuals do get stuck within flood waters, some experience heart attacks and other medical conditions while trying to free themselves from the wate r. Contact with flood waters can increase the possibility of contracting a communicable disease (and other medical issues due to pollutants, chemicals, waste, and an increased number of insects).
When receding, flood waters can also saturate the ground, leading to infiltration into sanitary sewer lines. When wastewater treatment facilities are flooded, there is often nowhere for the treated sewage to be discharged or inflowing sewage to be stored.
Infiltration and lack of treatment lead to overloaded sewer lines, which back up into low - lying areas and some homes. Even though diluted by flood waters, raw sewage can be a breeding ground for bacteria, such as E. coli, and other disease-causing agents. Because of this threat, tetanus shots are given to people affected by a flood.
Stagnant water is often a perfect breeding ground for insects, specifically mosquitoes, known to carry and distribute various types of diseases. Standing water also creates mold, which can be a health issue for everyone but is an extreme hazard to those with breathing issues, children, and the elderly. If forced- air systems are affected by floods and are not subsequently cleaned properly, individuals may inadvertently breathe in pollutants. If the water system loses pressure, a boil order may be issued to protect people and animals from contaminated water.
The force of flood waters can damage gas lines, which creates the potential for secondary hazards such as gas leaks and fires. This force, along with standing water, can also damage the structural integrity of buildings, which can cause injuries if issues go unnoticed or unrepaired. While fires have not resulted from flooding within the City of Chino, history shows that floods can prevent fire departments and protection agenci es from successfully combating and sometimes even accessing a fire, allowing it to spread.
According to FEMA, flooding can also disproportionately impact disadvantaged or challenged communities in the following ways:
• Lack of Resilience Infrastructure: Dis advantaged communities often lack the infrastructure necessary to mitigate flood impacts, such as well-maintained levees, flood barriers, and stormwater management systems. The absence of these protective measures can make these areas more susceptible to f looding and its consequences.
• Inadequate Housing: Residents of disadvantaged communities may be more likely to live in substandard or low-lying areas prone to flooding. Such housing may lack flood-resistant construction and provide inadequate protection during floods. • Limited Financial Resources : These communities often have fewer financial resources to prepare for, respond to, and recover from flooding. This can lead to difficulty purchasing flood insurance, repairing flood- damaged homes, or accessing emergency resources.
• Health Vulnerabilities: Residents of disadvantaged communities may have higher rates of pre- existing health conditions or limited access to healthcare services. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Flooding can exacerbate these health vulnerabilities, especially if contaminat ed floodwater spreads diseases or disrupts medical care.
• Transportation Challenges : Limited access to reliable transportation can hinder evacuation efforts during flooding events, placing residents in these areas at greater risk. Public transportation opti ons may be insufficient or inaccessible, leaving residents stranded.
• Information Access : Disadvantaged communities may have limited access to timely, accurate information about flood risks and preparedness measures. This lack of information can lead to delayed or inadequate responses to flood warnings. • Environmental Justice Concerns : Flooding can lead to the release of hazardous materials, contaminating soil and water. Disadvantaged communities are likelier to be located near industrial sites or toxic facil ities, exacerbating environmental justice concerns.
• Community Disruption: Flooding can displace residents from their homes, disrupting communities and increasing social and economic hardships. The recovery and rebuilding process may take longer in these ar eas due to limited resources.
The FEMA Community Resilience Challenges Index (CRCI) provides a relative assessment of a community's potential resilience and gives insights into population and community characteristics from which to build emergency operations plans and targeted outreach strategies. The following figure illustrates the impact of flooding on the City of Chino.
Figure 4.14. Flooding Impacts to the City of Chino
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA COMMUNITY RESILIENCE INDEX STORY MAP
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Source: FEMA Resilience Analysis and Planning Tool (RAPT) 2024
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Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: A HAZUS analysis was conducted for a 100-year and 500- year flood to examine the exposure and damages of buildings to flooding.
100-year Flood Analysis:
HAZUS estimates that about 468 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 68% of the total number of buildings in the scenario.
Table 4-23. HAZUS 100-year Expected Building Damage by Occupancy Expected Building Damage by Occupancy
Damage
Level 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 >50
Occupancy Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Agriculture 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Commercial 70 53 58 44 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Education 2 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Government 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industrial 9 38 14 58 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0
Religion 3 33 6 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 181 32 240 42 86 15 43 8 13 2 4 1
Total 266 318 89 44 13 4
Table 4-24. HAZUS 100-year Expected Damage to Essential Facilities Expected Damage to # of Essential Facilities
Classification Total At Least Moderate At Least
Substantial
Loss
of Use
Emergency Operations Center 1 0 0 0
Fire Stations 5 0 0 0
Hospitals 2 0 0 0
Police Stations 1 0 0 0
Schools 27 0 0 0
Table 4-25. HAZUS 100-year Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates (Millions of Dollars) Area Residential Commercial Industrial Others Total
Building
Loss
Building 60.51 81.83 33.33 5.23 180.90
Content 35.53 285.86 88.27 32.72 442.38
Inventory 0.00 42.53 12.98 1.93 57.45
Subtotal 96.04 410.22 134.58 39.88 680.72
Business
Interruption
Income 1.40 208.98 5.57 11.08 227.03
Relocation 18.47 72.90 5.04 7.02 103.43
Rental
Income 11.86 46.09 2.19 0.97 61.11
Wage 3.30 192.00 8.40 43.56 247.26
Subtotal 35.03 519.97 21.19 62.64 638.83
All Total 131.07 930.19 155.78 102.52 1,319.56
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The total economic loss estimated for the flood is $1,319.56 million, representing 18.76% of the total replacement value of the scenario buildings.
The total building-related losses were $680.72 million. 48% of the estimated losses were related to business interruption in the region. The residential occupancies made up 9.93% of the total loss.
HAZUS estimates the number of households expected to be displaced due to the flood and the associated potential evacuation. HAZUS also estimates those displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters. The model estimates that 1,341 households ( 4,024 people) will be displaced due to the flood. Displacement includes households evacuated from within or very near the inundated area. Of these, 247 people are expected to seek temporary shelter in public shelters.
500-year Flood Analysis:
HAZUS estimates that about 1,287 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 67% of the total number of buildings in the scenario.
Table 4-26. HAZUS 500-year Expected Building Damage by Occupancy Expected Building Damage by Occupancy
Damage
Level 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 50>
Occupancy Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Agriculture 2 40 3 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Commercial 60 27 139 62 19 9 4 2 1 0 0 0
Education 3 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Government 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industrial 18 24 42 55 12 16 4 5 0 0 0 0
Religion 1 8 11 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 326 24 524 38 274 20 151 11 64 5 39 3
Total 411 719 305 159 65 39
Table 4-27. HAZUS 500-year Expected Damage to Essential Facilities Expected Damage to # of Essential Facilities
Classification Total At Least Moderate At Least
Substantial
Loss
of Use
Emergency Operations Center 1 0 0 0
Fire Stations 5 0 0 0
Hospitals 2 0 0 0
Police Stations 1 0 0 0
Schools 27 0 0 0
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Table 4-28. HAZUS 500-year Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates (Millions of Dollars) Area Residential Commercial Industrial Others Total
Building
Loss
Building 149.20 168.47 77.52 9.74 404.93
Content 86.83 570.69 205.74 61.13 924.38
Inventory 0.00 91.11 29.14 4.88 125.12
Subtotal 236.03 830.26 312.40 75.74 1,454.44
Business
Interruption
Income 2.81 356.52 9.00 18.50 386.83
Relocation 41.56 124.42 9.08 11.33 186.39
Rental
Income 23.38 80.44 3.36 1.46 108.55
Wage 6.62 329.99 13.54 67.41 417.56
Subtotal 74.27 891.37 34.98 98.71 1099.33
All Total 310.30 1,721.63 347.39 174.45 2,553.76
The total economic loss estimated for the flood is $2,553.76 million, representing 36.31% of the full replacement value of the scenario buildings.
The total building- related losses were $1,454.44 million. 43% of the estimated loss es were related to business interruption in the region. The residential occupancies made up
12.15% of the total loss.
HAZUS estimates the number of households expected to be displaced due to a flood and the associated potential evacuation. HAZUS also est imates the number of people requiring accommodations in temporary public shelters. The model estimates that 2,710 households ( 8,129 people) will be displaced due to a flood. Displacement includes households evacuated from within or very near the inundated area. Of these, 426 people are expected to seek temporary shelter in public shelters.
Repetitive Loss Properties: There are several different definitions of a “repetitive loss property.” The current FEMA definition of a repetitive loss property is:
“Repetitive Loss Structure: An NFIP -insured structure that has had at least two paid flood losses of more than $1,000 each in any 10-year period since 1978.” (FEMA, 2024).
Additionally, the definitions of a severe repetitive loss building, and severe repetitive loss property are:
“Severe Repetitive Loss Building: Any building that:
1. Is covered under a Standard Flood Insurance Policy made available under this title.
2. Has incurred flood damage for which:
a. Four or more separate c laim payments have been made under a Standard Flood Insurance Policy issued pursuant to this title, with the amount of each such claim exceeding $5,000 and with the cumulative amount of such claims payments exceeding $20,000; or
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b. At least two separate cl aims payments have been made under a Standard Flood Insurance Policy, with the cumulative amount of such claim payments exceeding the fair market value of the insured building on the day before each loss” (FEMA, 2024).
“Severe Repetitive Loss Property: Either a severe repetitive loss building or the contents within a severe repetitive loss building, or both” (FEMA, 2024).
FEMA encourages the mitigation of severe repetitive loss and repetitive loss properties through the distribution of mitigation grants, the NFIP’s Increased Cost of the Compliance program, and the Community Rating System (CRS) program. Depending on the number of repetitive loss properties within a CRS community, the community may be required to develop a specific plan to determine the causes of the repetitive claims and ways to mitigate the causes of the repetitive claims. At a minimum, each CRS community must conduct an annual outreach project to these properties advising the owner s of their location in the regulatory floodplain, property protection measures, and any funding options for property protection and flood insurance.
FEMA offers several programs to support communities in identifying and addressing the root causes of their repetitive losses. One such program is the Community Rating System (CRS), which this Plan fulfills the requirements as outlined in Chapter 4.
As of the date of the hazard mitigation plan, the City of Chino has 0 repetitive loss properties and 0 severe repetitive loss properties on record. Since 1988 the NFIP indicates that there has been a total of five incidents with losses reported totaling $2,398.67 in building damage claims.
4.8.8 Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure
Flooding can also disproportionately damage property and critical infrastructure within disadvantaged or challenged communities. Here are some of the ways in which flooding can affect these communities more severely:
• Housing Vulnerability : Disadvantaged communities often have a higher percentage of residents living in substandard or poorly constructed housing. These homes are more susceptible to flood damage, leading to significant property losses and displacement of residents.
• Limited Insurance Coverage: Residents in disadvantaged communities may be less likely to have flood insurance, either due to affordability issues or lack of awareness. This leaves property owners fi nancially vulnerable when flooding occurs, resulting in a heavier burden of property damage. • Inadequate Infrastructure: Critical infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, sewage systems, and utilities, may be subpar or outdated in disadvantaged areas. Flooding can damage or disrupt these systems, impeding emergency response efforts and hindering recovery.
• Healthcare Facilities: These communities may have limited access to healthcare facilities and services. Flooding can damage or inundate healthcare facilities, making it challenging for residents to access medical care during and after a flood event.
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• Schools and Education: Flood damage to schools can disrupt education for children in these communities. It may take longer for schools to reopen, affecting students' academic progress and overall well-being.
• Economic Impact : Flooding can devastate local economies, including small businesses, which are often the backbone of disadvantaged communities. Loss of income and job displacement can have long-lasting economic consequences. • Transportation Disruptions : Inadequate transportation infrastructure can be overwhelmed by floodwaters, making it difficult for residents to evacuate or access emergency services. This can also impede the delivery of essential supplies and aid.
• Environmental Justice : Disadvantaged communities may be more likely to be located near industrial or hazardous sites, which can release pollutants during flooding events, further exacerbating environmental justice concerns.
The following figure illustrates flooding impact to critical infrastructure in the City of Chino.
Figure 4.15. Flooding Impacts to Critical Infrastructure in the City of Chino
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA COMMUNITY RESILIENCE INDEX STORY MAP
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Source: FEMA Resilience Analysis and Planning Tool (RAPT) 2023
4.8.9 Economy
Flooding can have several different impacts on the City of Chino economy. One potential impact is damage to local businesses and infrastructure. Flooding can damage or destroy buildings, equipment, and inventory, disrupting operations and resulting in significant financial losses for businesses. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and utilities can also be damaged, which can impede transportation and communication networks and further disrupt the operations of businesses and other economic activity.
Another potential economic impact includes local area property values and insurance rates. Properties located in flood-prone areas may decline in value, and insurance rates may increase as the risk of flooding increases. This can make it more difficult for homeowners and businesses to secure loans and other forms of financing.
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4.8.10 Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development The risks associated with flooding are directly related to the population and infrastructure located within the boundaries of the riverine floodplains. Development should be limited in these potential impact areas. Infrastructure improvements should also consider potential impacts. Existing floodplain and construction regulations are in place to help reduce the impacts of flooding. Stormwater infrastructure should also be looked at to determine the impact of flash flooding. This infrastructure does not always take into effect the growth of a community. I ncreasing impervious surfaces (e.g., concrete parking lots) may cause increased stormwater runoff during short rain events.
4.8.11 Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts According to NOAA, climate change is impacting the severity and frequency of flooding events, including higher temperatures, which lead to more intense and frequent heavy rainfall, and rising sea levels, which exacerbate coastal flooding. Warmer temperatures also increase the atmosphere's capacity to hold moisture, resulting in more substantial and intense rainfall events.
This increase in heavy precipitation can overwhelm drainage systems and lead to flash flooding. Additionally, the increase in sea levels, driven by the melting of ice caps and thermal expansion of seawater, means that coastal areas are more prone to flooding during storms and high tide events. This combination of factors creates a greater risk of severe flooding, both inland and along the coasts.
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Table 4-29. 25-Year Precipitation Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR PRECIPITATION PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 6% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.2″ decrease (from 3.2″ to 3.4″) in average annual precipitation.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 2% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the C ity of Chino is expected to have a 0.3″ decrease (from 3.1″ to 3.18″) in average annual precipitation.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/600013210/explore/climate)
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Table 4-30. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modeled
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation:
Annual
Average
Total
Precipitation
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitation
(Wet Days)
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Maximum
Period of
Consecutive
Wet Days
6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 5 days
5-6 5-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 3-9
Annual Days With:
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 1 inch
1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day
1-1 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 2 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 3 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
That Exceed
99th
Percentile
Precipitation
2 days 2 days 3 days 2 days 3 days 3 days 3 days
1-16 1-17 1-18 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-19
Days With
Maximum
Temperature
Below 32*F
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
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4.8.11 FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
The FEMA NRI does not assess Urban/Flash flooding.
4.8.12 FEMA Hazard-Specific Risk Index Table
The FEMA NRI does not assess Urban/Flash flooding.
4.8.13 FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
The FEMA NRI does not assess Urban/Flash flooding.
4.9 Severe Summer Storms
4.9.1 Hazard Description
In this Plan, Severe Summer Storms are considered to be extreme heat, hail, high winds, and lightning.
4.9.2 Hazard Location
Severe summer storms could occur anywhere in the City of Chino.
4.9.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
Extreme Heat: NOAA defines extreme heat as a period of excessively high temperatures that significantly exceeds the long- term average for a particular location. This definition takes into account the local climate and expected temperature ranges for a given region.
Extreme heat events are typically characterized by several consecutive days of high temperatures that can pose significant health and safety risks. NOAA often uses specific temperature thresholds, such as heat indices or heat advisories, to define extreme heat conditions. During such events, there is an increased likelihood of heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke, as well as potential stress on critical infrastructure, power grids, and water resources. Extreme heat events are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change, making them a growing concern for public health and safety.
Hail: NOAA defi nes a hailstorm as a weather event in which hail, a form of solid precipitation consisting of ice, is produced within thunderstorms. Hail forms when updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops upward into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere, causing them to freeze. These hailstones then grow as they collide with supercooled water droplets, which freeze upon contact with the hailstone’s surface. Eventually, the hailstones become heavy enough to overcome the strength of the updraft and fall to the ground.
Hail can vary significantly in size, ranging from small pellets to large stones several inches in diameter. It is particularly dangerous because it can cause extensive damage to property, crops, and vehicles, and can also be deadly to livestock and humans. The size and impact of hailstones are influenced by the intensity of the updrafts and the availability of supercooled water droplets within the storm.
High Winds: NOAA defines high wind events as meteorological conditions in which wind speeds exceed certain threshold values, typically posing risks to life, property, and the 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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environment. These events are characterized by strong and sustained winds that may be accompanied by gusts or bursts of even higher wind speeds. The specific wind speed thresholds for defining high wind events can vary depending on the region and the local climate. NOAA and the National Weather Service (NWS) issue various wind- related advisories and warnings, such as High Wind Warnings and Wind Advisories, to alert the public to potential high wind events and their associated hazards. High wind events can result from various weather phenomena, including cold fronts, severe thunderstorms, tropical cyclones, and other meteorological patterns, and they can lead to power outages, transportation disruptions, and damage to structures and vegetation.
Lightning: NOAA defines lightning as a transient, high- current electric discharge with a path length that typically ranges from a few meters to tens of kilometers. This electrical discharge occurs w ithin a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground.
Lightning is a natural atmospheric electrical phenomenon that produces a brilliant flash of light and is often accompanied by thunder. It is caused by the rapid movement of electrical charges, typically between positively charged areas in the upper part of a cloud and negatively charged regions in the lower part of the cloud or on the ground. Lightning is a common occurrence in thunderstorms and can have various forms, including cloud- to-cloud lightning, cloud-to-ground lightning, and intra-cloud lightning.
4.9.4 Hazard Extent/Intensity
Extreme Heat: When an extreme heat event occurs, NWS may issue an excessive heat warning, an excessive heat watch, a heat advisory, or a heat outlook. The NWS defines these as the following:
• Excessive Heat Warning – Take Action . An Excessive Heat Warning is issued within 12 hours of the onset of extremely dangerous heat conditions. The general rule of thumb for this Warning is when the maximum heat index temperature is expected to be 105° or higher for at least two days and nighttime air temperatures will not drop below 75°; however, these criteria vary across the country, especially for areas not used to extreme heat conditions. If you don't take precautions immediately when conditions are extreme, you may become seriously ill or die (NOAA, 2024).
• Excessive Heat Watches—Be Prepared. Heat watches are issued when conditions are favorable for an excessive heat event in the next 24 to 72 hours. A Watch is used when the risk of a heat wave has increased but its occurrence and timing is still uncertain (NOAA, 2024).
• Heat Advisory – Take Action. A Heat Advisory is issued within 12 hours of the onset of extremely dangerous heat conditions. The general rule of thumb for this Advisory is when the maximum heat index temperature is expected to be 100° or higher for at least two days, and nighttime air temperatures will not drop below 75°; however, these criteria vary across the country, especially for areas that are not used to dangerous heat conditions. Take precautions to avoid heat illness. If you don't take precautions, you may become seriously ill or even die (NOAA, 2024). • Excessive Heat Outlooks are issued when the potential exists for an excessive heat event in the next 3- 7 days. An Outlook provides information to those who need considerable lead-time to prepare for the event (NOAA, 2024).
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Figure 4.16. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service Heat Index
Hail: NOAA measures extent and intensity using Doppler radar, which can detect hail by identifying signals that resemble extremely heavy rainfall. Dual -polarization radar technology, utilized by the NWS also enhances this capability by distinguishing between different types of precipitation, such as hail, ice pellets, and rain, and even estimating hail size.
The Hail Detection Algorithm (HDA) is used for radars, providing single hail size estimates and probabilities of severe hail. This tool is used in addition to balloon-borne radiosondes and computer models that simulate hailstorm dynamics, to provide comprehensive forecasts and assessments of hailstorm severity.
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Table 4-31. National Weather Service Hail Descriptions
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HAIL DESCRIPTIONS
DESCRIPTION DIAMETER (INCHES)
Pea 0.25”
Marble or Mothball 0.5”
Penny or Dime 0.75”
Nickel 0.88”
Quarter 1.0”
Half Dollar 1.25”
Walnut or Ping Pong Ball 1.5”
Golf Ball 1.75”
Hen’s Egg 2.0”
Tennis Ball 2.5”
Baseball 2.75”
Teacup 3.0”
Grapefruit 4.0”
Softball 4.5”
SOURCE: National Weather Service (2024)
The TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale (shown below) was developed by Jonathan Webb to measure and categorize hailstorms. It extends from H0 (hard hail, no damage) to H10 (super hailstorm, extensive structural damage, risk of severe/fatal injuries) with its increments of intensity or damage potential related to hail size (distribution and maximum), texture, numbers, fall speed, speed of storm translation, and strength of the accompanying wind. The scale could be modified depending on factors such as building materials and types (e.g., whether roofing tiles are predominantly slate, shingle, or concrete).
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Figure 4.17. TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale
Hail is considered severe when reaching a size of 0.75 inches in diameter or greater. The NWS Hail Descriptions table illustrates different hail sizes with a description for comparison.
NWS defines the local threat of severe hail for specified areas based on the likelihood that severe hail will occur combined with the anticipated size or diameter of the largest hailstones.
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Table 4-32. NWS Severe Hail Threat Levels
NWS SEVERE HAIL THREAT LEVELS
Severe Hail
Threat Level Threat Level Descriptions
Extreme
“An Extreme Threat to Life and Property from Severe Hail.” Within 12 miles of a location, a moderate likelihood or greater (6% of 15% probability) of severe hail with storms capable of baseball to softball sized stones. See diameter description below.
AND/OR...a high likelihood or greater (26% probability or greater) of severe hail, with storms capable of golf ball to baseball sized hail stones. See diameter description below.
AND/OR...a very high likelihood (36% or greater) of severe hail, with storms capable of quarter to golf ball sized hail stones. See diameter description below.
High
“A High Threat to Life and Property from Severe Hail.”
Within 12 miles of a location, a low likelihood (6% to 15% probability) of severe hail, with storms capable of baseball to softball sized stones. See diameter description below.
AND/OR...a moderate likelihood (16% to 25% probability) of very large hail (golf ball to baseball sized hail stones). See diameter description below.
AND/OR...a high likelihood (26% to 35% probability) of large hail (quarter to golf ball sized hail stones). See diameter description below.
Moderate
“ A Moderate Threat to Life and Property from Severe Hail.” Within 12 miles of a location, a very low likelihood (2% to 5% probability) of severe hail, with storms capable of baseball to softball sized stones. See description below.
AND/OR...a low likelihood (6% to 15% probability) of severe hail, with storms capable of golf ball to baseball sized hail stones. See description below.
AND/OR...a moderate likelihood (16% to 25% probability) of severe hail, with storms capable of quarter to golf ball sized hail stones. See diameter description below.
Low
“ A Low Threat to Life and Property from Severe Hail.”
Within 12 miles of a location, a very low likelihood (2% to 5% probability) of severe hail, with storms capable of golf ball to baseball sized hail stones. See diameter description below.
AND/OR...a low likelihood (6% to 15% probability) of severe hail, with storms capable of quarter to golf ball sized hail stones. See diameter description below.
Very Low
“ A Very Low Threat to Life and Property from Severe Hail.” Within 12 miles of a location, a very low likelihood (2% to 5% probability) of severe hail, with storms capable of nickel to golf ball sized hail stones. See diameter description below.
AND/OR...a low likelihood or greater (6% or greater) of small hail (less than 1 inch). See diameter description below.
Non-
Threatening
“ No Discernable Threat to Life and Property from Severe Hail.” Within 12 miles of a location, environmental conditions do not support the occurrences of severe hail.
Note: To be considered severe, hail stones must be at least 1 inch in diameter.
Small Hail - Hail less than 1 inch in diameter (from the size of peas to nickels).
Large Hail - Hail from 1 inch to 1 3/4 inch in diameter (from the size of quarters to golf balls) causing minor damage.
Very Large Hail - Hail from 1 3/4 inch to 2 3/4 inch in diameter (from the size of golf balls to baseballs) causing moderate damage.
Giant Hail - Hail larger than 2 3/4 inch (larger than baseballs, such as the size of grapefruit or softballs) causing major damage.
Source: National Weather Service (2024)
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High Winds: NOAA measures and monitors high wind incidents through a combination of meteorological tools, observation networks, and reporting systems, including:
1. Weather Stations and Anemometers : NOAA operates a vast network of weather stations equipped with anemometers that measure wind speed. These stations are strategically located across the United States and provide real -time data on wind conditions. The data collected from these stations is crucial for monitoring wind speed and direction.
2. Weather Radar: NOAA's Doppler weather radar systems are capable of detecting and tracking severe weather events, including high winds associated with thunderstorms, hurricanes, and other atmospheric disturbances. Radar data help meteorologists identify areas with strong winds and their movement.
3. Satellite Observations : NOAA uses weather satellites equipped with various sensors, including instruments that can provide information about atmospheric circulation and wind patterns. These satellite observations are particularly valuable for tracking high wind incidents in remote or oceanic areas.
4. Meteorological Models : NOAA utilizes advanced meteorological models and computer simulations to forecast and predict high wind events. These models take into account various factors, such as atmospheric pressure gradients, temperature differences, and weather patterns, to anticipate areas where high winds may occur.
5. NWS Reporting and Warnings : NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS) issues a range of alerts and warnings related to high wind events. These include High Wind Watches, High Wind Warnings, and Wind Advisories. The NWS uses data from weather stations, radar, and satellite observations to issue these alerts when high winds are expected.
6. Storm Spotter Reports : NOAA encourages the participati on of trained storm spotters, emergency responders, and the public in reporting high wind incidents.
Observations from storm spotters and the public help validate and refine NOAA's understanding of ongoing weather conditions.
7. Real-Time Data and Observations: NOAA continuously collects and analyzes real- time data and observations to monitor wind conditions. This information is disseminated through various communication channels, including websites, mobile apps, and weather broadcasts.
The NOAA Beaufort Wind Scale shown below is a system used to estimate wind speeds based on observed sea conditions or the effects of the wind on land features. The scale ranges from 0 to 12, with each number corresponding to a specific range of wind speeds and associated sea or land conditions.
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Table 4-33. NOAA Beaufort Scale for Estimating Wind Speed
NOAA BEAUFORT WIND SCALE
ESTIMATING WIND SPEED AND SEA STATE WITH VISUAL CLUES
Beaufort
Number
Wind
Description
Wind
Speed
(Knots)
Wave
Height Visual Clues
0 Calm 0 kts 0 feet Sea is like a mirror. Smoke rises vertically. 1 Light Air 1-3 kts < 1/2 Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests. Smoke drifts from funnel.
2 Light breeze 4-6 kts 1/2 ft
(max 1)
Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced,
crests have glassy appearance and do not break.
Wind felt on face. Smoke rises at about 80 degrees.
3 Gentle
Breeze
7-10
kts
2 ft
(max 3)
Large wavelets, crests begin to break. Foam of
glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses
(white caps). Wind extends light flag and pennants.
Smoke rises at about 70 deg.
4 Moderate
Breeze
11-16
kts
3 ft
(max 5)
Small waves, becoming longer. Fairly frequent white
horses (white caps). Wind raises dust and loose
paper on deck. Smoke rises at about 50 deg. No
noticeable sound in the rigging. Slack halyards curve
and sway. Heavy flag flaps limply.
5 Fresh
Breeze
17-21
kts
6 ft
(max 8)
Moderate waves, taking more pronounced long form.
Many white horses (white caps) are formed (chance
of some spray).
Wind felt strongly on face. Smoke rises at about 30
deg. Slack halyards whip while bending continuously
to leeward. Taut halyards maintain slightly bent
position. Low whistle in the rigging. Heavy flag
doesn't extend but flaps over entire length.
6 Strong
Breeze
22-27
kts
9 ft
(max
12)
Large waves begin to form. White foam crests are
more extensive everywhere (probably some spray).
Wind stings face in temperatures below 35 deg F
(2C). Slight effort in maintaining balance against
wind. Smoke rises at about 15 deg. Both slack and
taut halyards whip slightly in bent position. Low
moaning, rather than whistle, in the rigging. Heavy
flag extends and flaps more vigorously.
7 Near Gale 28-33
kts
13 ft
(max
19)
Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves
begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of
wind. Necessary to lean slightly into the wind to
maintain balance. Smoke rises at about 5 to 10 deg.
Higher pitched moaning and whistling heard from
rigging. Halyards still whip slightly. Heavy flag
extends fully and flaps only at the end. Oilskins and
loose clothing inflate and pull against the body.
8 Gale 34-40
kts
18 ft
(max
25)
Moderately high waves of greater length. Edges of
crests begin to break into the spindrift. The foam is
blown in well -marked streaks along the direction of
the wind. Head pushed back by the force of the wind
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and pull strongly. Halyards rigidly bent. Loud whistle
from rigging. Heavy flag straight out and whipping.
9 Strong Gale 41-47
kts
23 ft
(max
32)
High waves. Dense streaks of foam along direction of
wind. Crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll
over. Spray may affect visibility.
10 Storm 48-55
kts
29 ft
(max
41)
Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The
resulting foam, in great patches is blown in dense
streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole,
the sea takes on a whitish appearance. Tumbling of
the sea becomes heavy and shock -like. Visibility
affected.
11 Violent
Storm
56-63
kts
37 ft
(max
52)
Exceptionally high waves (small and medium -sized
ships might be for time lost to view behind the waves).
The sea is comple tely covered with long white
patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind.
Everywhere, the edges of the wave crests are blown
into froth. Visibility greatly affected.
12 Hurricane 64+ kts 45+ ft
The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is
completely white with driving spray. Visibility is
seriously affected.
Source: National Weather Service (2024)
Lightning: NOAA measures the extent and intensity of lightning using a network of ground-based sensors and satellites. The primary system used by NOAA to monitor lightning activity in the United States is the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), which functions as follows:
1. Ground-Based Sensors: The NLDN consists of a network of ground-based sensors strategically placed across the United States. These sensors are equipped with specialized antennas and electronics to detect the radio frequency signals generated by lightning discharges.
2. Detection of Lightning Strikes: When lightning occurs, it generates a burst of radio frequency signals. The ground-based sensors in the NLDN are designed to detect these signals. By measuring the time it takes for the signals to reach multiple sensors, the NLDN can pinpoint the location of lightning strikes with high accuracy.
3. Data Collection and Analysis : Data from the NLDN sensors are collected and analyzed in real -time. This inform ation includes the location (latitude and longitude), time, and polarity (positive or negative) of each lightning strike.
4. Intensity and Extent Monitoring : NOAA uses the data from the NLDN to monitor the intensity and extent of lightning activity. This information is important for various purposes, including weather forecasting, monitoring storm development, and assessing the risk of severe weather events.
5. Visualization and Public Alerts : The data from the NLDN are often visualized on weather radar displays and shared with the public, meteorologists, and emergency management agencies. It is used to issue warnings and advisories related to thunderstorms and lightning safety.
6. Lightning Activity Level (LAL): NWS uses a scale to describe the frequency of lightning strikes in a specific area.
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NOAA also uses data from weather satellites equipped with sensors that can detect lightning from space. These satellite- based sensors provide a broader view of lightning activity, particularly in remote or oceanic areas.
Table 4-34. NWS Lightning Activity Level
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
LIGHTNING ACTIVITY LEVEL (LAL)
LAL 1 No thunderstorms.
LAL 2 Isolated thunderstorms. Light rain will occasionally reach the ground. Lightning is very infrequent. 1 to 5 cloud to ground strikes in a 5-minute period.
LAL 3 Widely scattered thunderstorms. Light to moderate rain will reach the ground. Lightning is infrequent, 6 to 10 cloud to ground strikes in a 5 minute period.
LAL 4 Scattered thunderstorms. Moderate rain is commonly produced Lightning is frequent, 11 to 15 cloud to ground strikes in a 5 minute period.
LAL 5 Numerous thunderstorms. Rainfall is moderate to heavy. Lightning is frequent and intense, greater then 15 cloud to ground strikes in a 5 minute period.
LAL 6
Dry lightning (same as LAL 3 but without rain). This type of lightning has the potential for extreme fire activity and is normally highlighted in fire weather forecasts with a Red Flag Warning.
Source: NOAA National Weather Service (2023)
4.9.5 Probability and Frequency
Extreme Heat Frequency: Between 01/01/19 and 12/31/23 San Bernardino County recorded 255 events over 1,826 days. This averages to 0.13964 incidents per day during this time and 51 incidents annually.
Extreme Heat Probability: NOAA measures the probability of extreme heat through a comprehensive approach, integrating meteorological tools and data analysis. It closely monitors temperature forecasts, heat index values, and the output of advanced meteorological models to assess the potential for extreme heat events. Comparisons to historical climate data help determine the likelihood of such events. NOAA also considers the duration and intensity of extreme heat conditions, with a focus on nighttime warmth, which can significantly affect public health. Collaboration with public health agencies contributes to the analysis of heat -related illnesses. Ultimately, NOAA issues Heat Advisories and Excessive Heat Warnings to provide the public with information on the probability of extreme heat, associated health risks, and recommended safety measures.
Hail Frequency: Between 01/01/19 and 12/31/23 San Bernardino County recorded eight events over 1,826 days. This averages to 0.000438 incidents per day during this time and
1.6 incidents annually.
Hail Probability: NOAA assesses the probability of hail through atmospheric data from weather satellites, radar systems, and ground stations. This data provides insights into conditions conducive to hail formation, such as temperature, humidity, wind patterns, and 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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atmospheric pressure. Meteorologists focus on factors essential for hail development, like the presence of strong updrafts in thunderstorms that lift raindrops to heights where they freeze, as well as the height of the freezing level, wind strength and direction at differ ent altitudes, and atmospheric instability.
This collected data feeds into advanced weather prediction models that simulate potential weather scenarios, using complex mathematical equations to foresee changes in weather conditions, including the likelihoo d of hail. NOAA presents hail probabilities as percentages to indicate the chance of hail occurring in a particular area and timeframe, taking into account the inherent uncertainties of weather forecasting. When conditions indicate the potential for hail, NOAA issues warnings and alerts particularly in areas where hail poses a substantial threat to property and agriculture.
High Winds Frequency: Between 01/01/19 and 12/31/23 San Bernardino County recorded 184 events over 1,826 days. This averages to 0.100766 incidents per day during this time and 36.8 incidents annually.
High Winds Probability: NOAA measures the probability of high winds by utilizing meteorological tools and data analysis. Doppler radar systems monitor atmospheric conditions and the movement of weather systems, offering real -time information on high wind intensity. Advanced meteorological models consider atmospheric parameters, including pressure gradients, temperature differences, and wind patterns, to forecast the likelihood of high winds. Monitoring temperature and pressure patterns in the atmosphere, in addition to wind speed and gusts, provides crucial indicators of high wind probability.
NOAA tracks severe weather events associated with high winds, such as thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Real-time data from weather stations and public observations further contribute to the assessment of high wind probability. This information supports NOAA in issuing weather advisories and warnings to ensure public safety during high wind events.
Lightning Frequency: Between 01/01/19 and 12/31/23 San Bernardino County recorded six events over 1,826 days. This averages to 0. 00328587 incidents per day during this time and 1.2 incidents annually.
Lightning Probability: NOAA measures the probability of lightning by employing a multifaceted approach, using radar and satellite data to monitor atmospheric conditions, particularly thunderstorm development. Assessment of atmospheric instability, temperature, humidity, air mass clashes, and real -time observations plays a crucial role in gauging the likelihood of lightning. Advanced meteorological models are utilized for forecasting thunderstorm development, incorporating various factors like pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind patterns. Additionally, ground-based lightning detection networks are employed to track lightning strikes, contributing real-time data for assessing the probability and intensity of lightning in specific areas. Public reports and observations from weather spotters also enhance NOAA's understanding of local weather conditions.
This comprehensive data analysis support s the issuance of weather advisories and 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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warnings, ensuring public awareness and preparedness for potential lightning- related hazards.
4.9.6 Past Events
According to NOAA, 225 extreme heat events were reported between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2023 (1,826 days).
Table 4-35. Extreme Heat Events in San Bernardino County (2019-2023) Location County State Date Time T.Z. Type Dth Inj PrD CrD Totals: 4 0 500.0K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 6/11/19 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 6/11/19 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 6/11/19 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 6/11/19 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/11/19 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/24/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 7/27/19 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/27/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/3/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/3/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/3/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/4/19 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 500.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/13/19 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 8/14/19 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
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SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/14/19 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/14/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/14/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/14/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/20/19 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 8/20/19 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/20/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/20/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/20/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 8/21/19 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/21/19 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/26/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/30/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/30/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/30/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/30/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 9/1/19 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/1/19 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
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EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/1/19 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 9/1/19 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 9/1/19 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 9/3/19 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/13/19 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/21/19 13:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/22/19 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 4/28/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 5/26/20 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 5/27/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 5/27/20 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 5/27/20 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 5/27/20 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 5/27/20 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 5/27/20 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 6/2/20 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 6/2/20 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 6/3/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
137
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 6/3/20 12:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 7/11/20 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/11/20 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 7/11/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 7/11/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/11/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/11/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 7/11/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 7/11/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/11/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 7/17/20 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 7/30/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 7/30/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/30/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/30/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 7/30/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 7/30/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/30/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
138
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/1/20 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/1/20 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 8/1/20 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/1/20 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/1/20 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/1/20 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/1/20 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 8/1/20 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/1/20 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/13/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 1 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 8/13/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/14/20 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 8/14/20 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/14/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/14/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/14/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/14/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/14/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
139
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/20/20 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 1 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/24/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/24/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/25/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/25/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 9/4/20 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 9/4/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 1 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 9/4/20 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 9/4/20 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 1 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/4/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 9/4/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 9/4/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 9/4/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/4/20 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/5/20 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/17/20 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/29/20 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/12/20 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
140
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 4/1/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 4/2/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 4/28/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 4/28/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 6/2/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 6/2/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 6/2/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 6/2/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 6/14/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 6/14/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 6/14/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 6/14/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 6/14/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 6/14/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 6/14/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 6/14/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 6/14/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
141
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 6/14/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 6/27/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 6/27/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 6/27/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 6/27/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/7/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/7/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 7/7/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 7/7/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/7/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 7/9/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 7/9/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/2/21 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 8/2/21 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 8/2/21 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/3/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/3/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
SAN
BERNARDINO CA 8/3/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
142
COUNTY-
UP...
COUNTY-
UP...
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/3/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/4/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/4/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 8/15/21 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/15/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 8/25/21 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/25/21 8:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 8/25/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/25/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/26/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/26/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/26/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/29/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/29/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/4/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 9/6/21 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/6/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
SAN
BERNARDINO CA 9/6/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
143
COUNTY-
UP...
COUNTY-
UP...
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 9/6/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/6/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 9/7/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 9/9/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 9/12/21 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 9/12/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/28/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 10/28/21 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 6/9/22 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 6/9/22 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 6/9/22 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 6/9/22 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 6/9/22 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 6/9/22 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 7/21/22 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/21/22 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 8/30/22 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
144
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 8/30/22 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/30/22 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/30/22 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 8/30/22 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/30/22 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/30/22 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
EAST (ZON...
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 9/1/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/5/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 9/5/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
145
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 9/5/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 9/5/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 9/5/22 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/1/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/1/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 7/1/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/1/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 7/1/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 7/1/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 7/1/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/1/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/11/23 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/11/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/12/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 7/12/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 7/12/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 7/13/23 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
SAN
BERNARDINO CA 7/14/23 9:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
146
COUNTY
MO...
COUNTY
MO...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/14/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/14/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 7/14/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 7/14/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/14/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/19/23 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/19/23 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 7/19/23 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 7/19/23 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 7/19/23 0:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 7/25/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/28/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 8/28/23 11:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE)
CADIZ BASIN
(ZONE) CA 8/28/23 18:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY-
UP...
CA 8/28/23 18:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
JOSHUA
TREE NP
WEST (ZON...
CA 6/11/19 10:00 PST-
8 Excessive
Heat 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
Totals: 4 0 500.0K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
147
According to NOAA, 8 hail events were reported between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2023 (1,826 days).
Table 4-36. Hail Events in San Bernardino County (2019-2023) Location County Stat
e Date Time T.Z. Typ
e
Dt
h
In
j PrD CrD
Totals: 0 0 251.1K 0.00
K
BALDWIN
LAKE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 4/29/1
9 10:0
0 PST
-8 Hail 0 0 0.10K 0.00
K
LUDLOW
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 4/29/1
9 16:3
0 PST
-8 Hail 0 0 0.00K 0.00
K
WRIGHTWOO
D
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/6/19 16:0
0 PST
-8 Hail 0 0 0.00K 0.00
K
APPLE VLY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 5/11/1
9 11:0
0 PST
-8 Hail 0 0 0.00K 0.00
K
LUCERNE VLY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/23/1
9 15:0
0 PST
-8 Hail 0 0 0.00K 0.00
K
MOUNTAIN
PASS
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/22/2
0 13:1
0 PST
-8 Hail 0 0 250.00
K
0.00 K
YUCCA VLY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/24/2
1 13:1
5 PST
-8 Hail 0 0 0.00K 0.00
K
BIG BEAR
CITY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 6/22/2
2 11:3
0 PST
-8 Hail 0 0 1.00K 0.00
K
Totals: 0 0 251.1K 0.00
K
According to NOAA, 46 high wind events were reported between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2023 (1,826 days).
Table 4-37. High Wind Events in San Bernardino County (2019-2023) Location County Stat
e Date Tim
e T.Z. Type Dt
h Inj PrD CrD
Totals: 0 1 179.1
K
2.037
M
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 5/21/19 12:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 5.00K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 11/25/1
9 13:2
4 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 10.00
K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
CA 12/30/1
9 0:00 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 10.00
K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
148
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/29/20 10:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 10.00
K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/29/20 15:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 10.00
K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/29/20 18:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 10.00
K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 2/10/20 5:00 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 15.00
K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 2/11/20 2:00 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 15.00
K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 2/11/20 6:00 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 15.00
K 0.00K
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 10/25/2
0 19:0
1 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 15.00
K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 1/25/21 20:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 2.000
M
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
EASTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 2/24/21 20:3
9 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 1 40.00
K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 10/11/2
1 17:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 5.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/21/22 22:4
2 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 2.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/22/22 0:24 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 5.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/22/22 1:58 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 10.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/22/22 2:13 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 5.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
SAN
BERNARDIN CA 1/22/22 9:25 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 5.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
149
O AND
RIVER...
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/22/22 18:1
6 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 5.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 2/2/22 11:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 5.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 2/2/22 12:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 2/22/22 14:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.10K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 3/19/22 14:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
CA 3/19/22 15:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 3/19/22 15:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
CA 3/19/22 15:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
CA 3/20/22 1:51 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
CA 3/21/22 2:30 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 3/28/22 8:53 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 10/24/2
2 4:46 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 10/24/2
2 5:36 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 11/15/2
2 0:00 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 5.00K 0.00K
2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
150
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/14/23 21:0
6 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 1/16/23 6:18 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/23/23 0:01 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O COUNTY
MO...
CA 1/23/23 2:29 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/23/23 7:32 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 1/31/23 14:0
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
MORONGO
BASIN
(ZONE)
CA 7/30/23 17:1
8 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
WESTERN
MOJAVE
DESERT (Z...
CA 8/13/23 15:4
4 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 11/20/2
3 7:30 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 11/20/2
3 7:30 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 11/20/2
3 8:30 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 11/20/2
3 9:15 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 2.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 11/20/2
3 12:4
5 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 2.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDIN
O AND
RIVER...
CA 11/20/2
3 13:2
0 PST
-8
Strong
Wind 0 0 2.00K 0.00K
Totals: 0 1 179.1
K
2.037
M
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According to NOAA, 6 lightning events were reported between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2023 (1,826 days).
Table 4-38. Lightning Events in San Bernardino County (2019-2023) Location County Stat
e Date Time T.Z. Type Dt
h
In
j PrD CrD
Totals: 0 0 40.0K 2.00
K
HECTOR
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 6/23/2
1 17:4
5 PST
-8
Lightnin
g 0 0 10.00
K
0.00 K
BIG BEAR
CITY
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 7/31/2
1 11:3
0 PST
-8
Lightnin
g 0 0 0.00K 1.00
K
MOONRIDG
E
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/10/2
1 12:0
0 PST
-8
Lightnin
g 0 0 10.00
K
0.00 K
MENTONE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 9/9/21 14:1
6 PST
-8
Lightnin
g 0 0 0.00K 1.00
K
ARROWBEA
R LAKE
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 4/21/2
2 0:00 PST
-8
Lightnin
g 0 0 10.00
K
0.00 K
BARSTOW
SAN
BERNARDIN
O CO.
CA 8/20/2
3 12:0
0 PST
-8
Lightnin
g 0 0 10.00
K
0.00 K
Totals: 0 0 40.0K 2.00
K
4.9.7 Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety and Public Health (Extreme Heat): According to NOAA, extreme heat events carry significant health and life safety risks, notably heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke. These conditions can be life- threatening if not promptly addressed, with the elderly, young children, and individuals with pre- existing health conditions being particularly susceptible. Dehydration is a common and dangerous consequence of high temperatures, leading to symptoms like dizziness and confusion, and exacerbating the effects of heat -related illnesses. Respiratory problems are also aggravated by the heat, especially in areas with poor air quality, increasing the likelihood of respiratory distress for individuals with chronic respiratory diseases.
Extreme heat also places strain on both the human body and critical infrastructure. The cardiovascular system can be overburdened, heightening the risk of heart-related issues in individuals with underlying heart conditions. Physical and cognitive functions can be impaired due to excessive body strain, which raises the risk of accidents and injuries.
Infrastructure such as roads and power lines may fail, causing widespread disruptions.
Heatwaves intensify water scarcity, affecting potable water availability and agriculture, and increase the propensity for wildfires, endangering both life and property. These conditions can also lead to a spike in heat-related mortality rates, particularly in vulnerable 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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groups, underscoring the importance of effective heatwave preparedness and response strategies.
Extreme Heat impacts underserved and at -risk populations of the city by increasing the likelihood of health emergencies due to weather conditions usually accompanying extreme heat. These conditions can also impact lower-income populations.
The AHC communit y, population 65 and older as well as other power dependent populations are at higher risk to severe weather event including extreme heat, strong winds due to associated power outages . In Chino, 91,775 residents (8.4 percent) are living with a disability. Disability and poverty are closely tied due to employment limitations. Many senior -headed households have special needs due to their relatively low incomes, disabilities or limitations, and dependency needs. Specifically, many people aged 65 years and older live alone. In Chino, 91,775 residents are 65 years and older, representing 12.8 percent of the population. For residents 65 years and older, 7.7 percent live in poverty.
Life Safety and Public Health (Hail): According to NOAA, hail events can have several life safety and public health implications. Hailstones, which vary in size from small pellets to golf ball size or larger, can inflict bodily injury to those caught outside during a hailstorm.
Such injuries can range from minor bruises to more serious trauma, especially if the hail is large. The risk extends to animals as well, both livestock and pets, which can be severely injured or killed in extreme cases. For the public, hail can pose a significant hazard, prompting advisories for individuals to seek shelter during severe hailstorms.
Beyond direct physical harm, hail can cause substantial property damage, affecting homes, vehicles, and critical infrastructure like power lines and roofing. The resulting debris from damaged structures can lead to secondary public health concerns, such as obstructed roadways that impede emergency and medical services. Crop damage is another significant impact of hail events, which can compromise local food supplies and economic stability in agricultural communities. In the aftermath of severe hail, cleanup and repair efforts pose additional health risks, with individuals potentially exposed to injury from debris removal or structural repairs. NOAA emphasizes preparedness and timely weather warnings to mitigate these risks, urging the public to heed hailstorm advisories and take protective actions.
Life Safety and Public Health (High Winds): According to NOAA, high winds present a range of health and life safety impacts including direct physical risks, such as injuries or fatalities caused by flying debris, falling trees, or structural damage. Individuals who are outdoors during high winds are particularly vulnerable to being struck by de bris.
Additionally, high winds can cause significant property damage, including roof damage, broken windows, and structural failures, resulting in both financial losses and safety risks for occupants.
Strong winds can also damage power lines and electrical infrastructure, leading to power outages. These outages can disrupt essential services, affect communication systems, 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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and impact public safety and emergency response efforts. High winds also make travel hazardous, especially for high- profile vehicles, leading to accidents, road closures, and transportation delays, thereby posing safety risks for drivers and passengers.
In addition, strong winds can exacerbate wildfires, causing them to spread rapidly and intensify, which threatens life and property. Damage to telecommunication infrastructure can disrupt emergency communication systems, hindering the ability to convey cri tical information and coordinate response efforts.
Life Safety and Public Health (Lightning): According to NOAA, lightning poses health and life safety impacts and can cause injuries and fatalities, with victims potentially suffering from burns, cardiac arrest, neurological damage, and other severe health consequences. The risk is notably higher for individuals engaged in outdoor activities during thunderstorms. Additionally, lightning can lead to structural fires when it strikes buildings, trees, or other objects, thereby increasing the risk of injuries and property damage.
Lightning strikes to power lines and electrical equipment can result in power outages, affecting critical infrastructure and disrupting emergency services, which can hinder public safety responses. Lightning is also a common cause of wildfires, which can spread rapidly and pose severe threats to communities, property, and public safety. Moreover, lightning can damage communication equipment and infrastructure, impacting emergency communication systems and obstructing the conveyance of life-saving information.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure (Extreme Heat): According to NOAA, extreme heat can lead to property damage and critical infrastructure impacts. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause structural damage to buildings and transportation networks, affecting road surfaces and railway tracks. High demand for electricity during heatwaves can strain electrical grids, resulting in power outages that impact homes, bus inesses, and critical facilities. Water supply shortages and reduced water quality may occur due to drought conditions. Healthcare facilities may be overwhelmed with patients suffering from heat -related illnesses, affecting critical healthcare infrastructure. Extreme heat can also disrupt telecommunications equipment and communication systems and contribute to the ignition and spread of wildfires, resulting in property damage and environmental impacts. Lastly, vulnerable populations are at increased risk of heat-related illnesses, and public safety concerns arise, regarding strained emergency response and healthcare systems.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure (Hail): According to NOAA, hail incidents can impact property and critical infrastructure and cause billions of dollars in damage to structures, crops, and livestock. The severity of impact depends on the size and intensity of the hailstones. For example, hailstones can damage roofs, windows, and siding on buildings, often leading to costly rep airs and maintenance. Vehicles left unprotected during hailstorms are also highly susceptible to damage, such as dents and broken windshields.
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Hail can also disrupt critical infrastructure by damaging power lines and causing power outages. These outages c an affect essential services, including emergency response systems, healthcare facilities, and communication networks. The damage to electrical infrastructure can lead to extended periods of downtime, impacting businesses and residential areas alike.
In agricultural areas, hailstorms can destroy crops, leading to significant economic losses for farmers. The impact on crops can also disrupt the food supply chain, affecting prices and availability of produce. Additionally, hail can harm livestock, leading to direct financial losses and affecting the overall productivity of farming operations.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure (High Winds): According to the NOAA, high winds can cause property damage and disrupt critical infrastructure. High winds often lead to significant financial losses and safety hazards by damaging roofs, windows, and siding on buildings, as well as vehicles. Severe wind events can result in partial or complete structural collapse, posing immediate risks to occupants and potentially causing fatalities.
Regarding critical infrastructure, high winds frequently cause power outages by damaging power lines and transformers. These outages disrupt essential services such as healthcare, emergency response, and communications, and restoration efforts can be time-consuming, especially if the damage is extensive. Additionally, wind damage to telecommunication lines and towers can hinder communication systems, impacting both emergency services and the general public's ability to receive important updates.
Transportation is also impacted by high winds, which can make travel dangerous by reducing road visibility, causing vehicles to lose control, and leading to road closures.
This increases the likelihood of transportation delays and accidents, particularly for high- profile vehicles like t rucks and buses. Lastly, high winds can exacerbate other natural hazards such as wildfires by rapidly spreading flames, and can contribute to secondary hazards like flooding and landslides when combined with heavy rainfall.
4.9.8 Economy
Extreme Heat: According to NOAA, there are many economic impacts associated with extreme heat including increased healthcare costs resulting from a surge in heat-related illnesses, which necessitate medical treatment and contribute to healthcare expenditures.
Extreme heat can also lead to reduced productivity in various economic sectors, impacting labor efficiency and overall economic output. During heatwaves, cooling demands soar, driving up energy consumption, elevating utility bills, and placing strain on energy infrastructure.
The agricultural sector is also impacted by extreme heat due to damaged crops, reducing yields and affecting agriculture, thereby disrupting food supply chains and causing financial losses for farmers. Additionally, high temperatures can stress transportation infrastructure, causing road buckling, rail deformation, and necess itating repairs. Water resources may also face increased demand, requiring additional treatment and distribution efforts, which come with associated costs. The tourism and outdoor recreation 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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industries can be adversely affected as extreme heat deters touri sts and outdoor enthusiasts, impacting local economies dependent on these sectors. In the realm of insurance, heightened heat -related property and infrastructure damage may lead to higher premiums for individuals and businesses. Lastly, prolonged periods of extreme heat heighten the risk of wildfires, incurring costs associated with property damage, ecosystem disruption, firefighting efforts, and resource allocation.
Hail: According to NOAA, hail events can have economic impacts, due to the damage they inflict on vehicles, homes, and agriculture. Automobiles exposed to hail can sustain dents and broken glass, leading to expensive repairs and insurance claims. Residential and commercial roofing can be severely damaged, necessitating costly repairs or replacements. For the insurance industry, hailstorms often result in a high volume of claims, impacting their financial reserves and potentially leading to higher insurance premiums for customers in hail-prone areas.
The agricultural sector is especially vulnerable to hail events. Crops can be devastated by hail, leading to a loss of yield for farmers and affecting the local and regional food supply, which can drive up food prices. Hail can also damage greenhouses and farm equipment, adding to the financial burde n on agricultural businesses. The cumulative economic effect of hail includes not only the direct costs of damage and repairs but also the indirect costs associated with business interruptions and the increased prices of goods and services affected by the loss of crops and property damage.
High Winds: According to NOAA, high winds can impact public health and life safety impacts. Firstly, they present direct physical risks such as flying debris, falling trees, or structural damage, which can result in injuries and fatalities. Individuals who are outdoors during strong winds are particularly vulnerable to being struck by debris. In addition to physical injuries, high winds can cause extensive property damage, including roof damage, broken windows, and st ructural failures. This not only leads to substantial financial losses but also poses safety risks to the occupants of the affected buildings.
Furthermore, strong winds can damage power lines and other electrical infrastructure, leading to power outages. T hese outages can disrupt essential services, hinder communication systems, and impact public safety and emergency response efforts. High winds also make travel hazardous, especially for high- profile vehicles, leading to accidents, road closures, and transportation delays, thereby posing safety risks for drivers and passengers.
Moreover, high winds can exacerbate wildfires, causing them to spread rapidly and intensify, thus posing significant threats to life and property. Additionally, damage to telecommunication infrastructure can disrupt emergency communication systems, hampering the ability to convey critical information and coordinate response efforts effectively. High winds can also trigger secondary hazards such as landslides, storm surges, and flooding, depending on the specific weather event and geographical location.
Lightning: According to NOAA, lightning can impact public health and life safety including injuries and/or fatalities, with victims potentially experiencing burns, cardiac arrest, neurological damage, and other serious health consequences. The risk is particularly 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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elevated for individuals engaged in outdoor activities during thunderstorms. Additionally, lightning can lead to electrical fires when it strikes buildings, trees, or other obj ects, increasing the risk of injuries and property damage.
Lightning strikes can also cause power outages by damaging power lines and electrical equipment. These outages can disrupt critical infrastructure, emergency services, and public safety responses and further impede communications and infrastructure, impacting emergency communication systems and hindering the ability to convey life- saving information. Lastly, l ightning is a common cause of wildfires, which can spread rapidly and pose severe threats to communities, property, and public safety. It can also trigger secondary hazards, such as flash floods and landslides, which further endanger public safety.
4.9.9 Changes in Development and Impact to Future Development Extreme Heat: According to NOAA, extreme heat events can impact changes in development and future urban planning and construction. As temperatures rise, cities and developers are increasingly considering the heat resilience of buildings and infrastructure.
Currently, there's an increasing emphasis on designing structures that can withstand high temperatures while minimizing the need for energy -intensive cooling methods. This includes integrating materials that reflect rather than absorb heat, enhancing natural ventilation, and increasing green spaces to reduce the urban heat island effect.
Additionally, there's a trend toward "cool roofs," urban tree canopies, and permeable pavements to manage heat.
In many areas, climate- resilient urban planning is becoming a priority to accommodate the anticipated increase in frequency and severity of heatwaves due to climate change.
This planning involves the creation of heat action plans, the development of early warning systems, and the construction of cool refuges to protect vulnerable populations. Water resource management also becomes more critical in the design of new developments, as extreme heat can exacerbate water scarcity. Communities are also re-evaluating building codes, zoning laws, and development policies to ensure that new constructions a nd city expansions are both sustainable and resilient in the face of rising temperatures.
Hail: According to NOAA, hail events can impact development and construction practices, particularly in hail-prone regions. The frequency and intensity of hailstorms can influence the choice of building materials or design considerations in new constructions. In addition, there is an increasing emphasis on using hail -resistant materials, especially for roofing and siding. For instance, the adoption of impact -resistant shingles and reinforced glass is becoming more common to reduce damage and subsequent repair costs. Lastly, architectural designs are evolving to include features that can minimize hail damage, such as protective overhangs and the strategic placement of vulnerable elements like windows and skylights.
Urban and regional planning is also accounting for the risk of hail events. This involves selecting appropriate materials and designs for buildings and considering the broader impact on infrastructure such as transportation and utilities. Finally, the agricultural sector 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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is particularly vulnerable to hail, is also adapting through the use of protective structures like hail nets over crops.
High Winds: According to NOAA, high wind events can influence changes in development and future planning. Given that high winds can cause damage to buildings, power lines, and other infrastructure, urban planners and developers are typically prompted to reconsider/update building codes and construction practices to enhance the resilience of structures against high wind events. T here also may be an increased emphasis on using materials and designs that can withstand strong winds to minimize damage, depending on the structure such as a high-rise building.
High wind events can also impact the planning and placement of critical infrastructure including power lines, communication towers, and other essential services that could be relocated to reduce vulnerability to wind damage. The disruption of power and communication services during high wind events highlights the need for more robust and redundant systems that can quickly recover from such incidents.
Future development strategies may also incorporate more comprehensive emer gency preparedness and response plans to address risks associated with high winds, including the creation of buffer zones, implementing better land- use practices, and/or investing in technologies that improve early warning systems and weather forecasting capabilities.
Lightning: According to NOAA, lightning events can influence changes in development and future planning, due to its ability to cause extensive damage to property, ignite wildfires, and disrupt critical infrastructure. These impacts necessitate changes in building codes, construction practices, and urban planning to mitigate the risks associated with lightning.
One significant impact of lightning is the potential for structural fires when it strikes buildings, trees, or other objects. This can lead to increased emphasis on the use of fire- resistant materials and the implementation of advanced lightning protection systems in new developments. Additionally, lightning can cause power outages by damaging power lines and electrical equipme nt, prompting the need for more resilient electrical infrastructure and backup power solutions in both urban and rural areas.
Lightning can also affect communication systems, damaging equipment and infrastructure essential for emergency services. This dis ruption highlights the need for robust and redundant communication networks to ensure continuous operation during severe weather events. Furthermore, the occurrence of lightning- ignited wildfires necessitates changes in land- use planning, particularly in areas prone to wildfires. This includes creating buffer zones, using fire- resistant landscaping, and improving early detection and response systems for wildfires.
4.9.10 Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts Extreme Heat: According to the NOAA, climate change is impacting the severity and frequency of extreme heat events. As global temperatures rise due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, extreme heat events are becoming more intense, frequent, 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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and prolonged. NOAA data indicates that heatwaves are occurring earlier in the year and lasting longer, leading to higher temperatures than historically recorded. This increase in temperature exacerbates the urban heat island effect in cities, where concrete and asphalt store and re-radiate heat, further intensifying the impact of extreme heat events in these areas.
The compounding effects of climate change on extreme heat also have broader ecological impacts, such as altering natural ecosystems and increasing the risk of wildfires. Higher temperatures contribute to more significant evaporation and soil dryness, which in turn can lead to drought conditions, affecting water supplies and agriculture.
Additionally, the changing patterns of extreme heat are impacting public health, wit h increases in heat-related illnesses and deaths, particularly among vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and those with pre-existing health conditions.
Hail: According to NOAA, climate change is impacting the severity of hail events , including an increase in the intensity of hailstorms. As global temperatures rise, the atmosphere can hold more moisture, leading to greater instability and energy, which are critical factors for the formation of thunderstorms that produce hail. This can result in stronger updrafts in thunderstorms, essential for the formation of larger hailstones.
Consequently, while the frequency of hail events may not necessarily increase, the intensity and size of the hail produced during these events could also escalate, leading to more significant damage.
According to NOAA, the relationship between climate change and hail is intricate and varies by region. In some areas, warming temperatures might actually reduce the likelihood of hail by increasing the height at which hail melts before reaching the ground.
This could lead to a decrease in the number of hail events or a shift in their geographical distribution. Lastly, climate change may affect the seasonality of hail, potentially altering the timing of hailstorms and impacting agricultural planning and preparedness.
High Winds: According to NOAA, climate change is likely to increase the severity of high wind events. As global temperatures rise, the atmosphere holds more moisture, which can lead to more intense storms and stronger wind events. Warmer temperatures can enhance atmospheric instability, which contributes to the formation of severe storms and high wind occurrences. Additionally, changes in the jet stream patterns, influenced by the warming Arctic, can result in more frequent and intense high wind events.
These changes can lead to more extreme weather patterns, including stronger and more persistent high winds. These intensified winds have the potential to cause greater damage to infrastructure, increase the fr equency of power outages, and amplify risks to public safety.
Lightning: According to NOAA, climate change is expected to increase the severity of lightning events. Warmer global temperatures lead to more intense thunderstorms, as the atmosphere can hold more moisture and energy, which are key factors in the formation of lightning. Increased atmospheric instability due to higher temperatures contributes to 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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the development of more frequent and severe thunderstorms. In addition, studies have indicated that for every degree Celsius increase in global temperatures, the frequency of lightning strikes could increase by approximately 12%. This heightened activity poses greater risks of wildfires, power outages, and damage to critical infrastructure, all of which can have significant economic and safety implications.
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Table 4-39. 25-Year Precipitation Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR PRECIPITATION PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 6% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.2″ decrease (from 3.2″ to 3.4″) in average annual precipitation.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 2% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.3″ decrease (from 3.1″ to 3.18″) in average annual precipitation.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/600013210/explore/climate)
Table 4-40. 25-Year Climate Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR CLIMATE PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA
HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 46% increase in extremely hot days within 25 years.
By 2049, The City of Chino is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 66°F to 69°F) in average annual temperatures.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 33% increase in extremely hot days within 25 years.
By 2049, The City of Chino is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 66°F to 68°F) in average annual temperatures.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/6071/explore/climate) 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Table 4-41. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modeled
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation:
Annual
Average
Total
Precipitation
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitation
(Wet Days)
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Maximum
Period of
Consecutive
Wet Days
6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 5 days
5-6 5-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 3-9
Annual Days With:
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 1 inch
1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day
1-1 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 2 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 3 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
That Exceed
99th
Percentile
Precipitation
2 days 2 days 3 days 2 days 3 days 3 days 3 days
1-16 1-17 1-18 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-19
Days With
Maximum
Temperature
Below 32*F
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
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Table 4-42. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modele
d
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation
Average
Annual
Total
Precipitatio
n
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitatio
n
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Days Per
Year With
No
Precipitatio
n
321
days 322 days 323 days 324 days 325 days 324 days 327 days 318-322 316-329 314-333 316-331 312-334 314-332 300-344 Maximum
Number Of
Consecutiv
e Dry Days
78 days 82 days 81 days 83 days 85 days 84 days 92 days 70-94 67-100 68-95 72-101 71-106 69-108 69-140
Temperature Thresholds
Annual
days with
Maximum
temperatur
e > 90°
114
days 133 days 135 days 141 days 147 days 148 days 169 days 114-121 127-143 120-147 131-154 134-161 137-163 152-188 Annual
days with
Maximum
temperatur
e > 100°
52 days 69 days 72 days 78 days 85 days 87 days 111 days 49-54 59-84 60-87 66-99 73-108 74-99 97-143
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
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4.9.11 FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
Table 4-43. City of Chino Expected Annual Loss Table
CITY OF CHINO CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE – EXTREME HEAT
Annualize
d
Frequency
Populatio
n
Population
Equivalenc
e
Buildin
g
Value
Agricultur
e
Value
Total
Value
Expecte
d Annual
Loss
Score
Expecte
d Annual
Loss
Rating
4.45 events per
year
0.00065 $ 7,578.37 $ 0.084 $ 24,324 $31,902.4
5 50.21
Relativel
y
Moderate
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE – HAIL
Annualize
d
Frequency
Populatio
n
Population
Equivalenc
e
Buildin
g
Value
Agricultur
e
Value
Total
Value
Expecte
d Annual
Loss
Score
Expecte
d Annual
Loss
Rating
0.13 events per
year
0.0006 $ 7,578.38 $118.69 $ 86.70 $ 6,101.20 29.56 Very Low
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE – HIGH WIND
Annualize
d
Frequency
Populatio
n
Population
Equivalenc
e
Buildin
g
Value
Agricultur
e
Value
Total
Value
Expecte
d Annual
Loss
Score
Expecte
d Annual
Loss
Rating
0.22 events per
year
0.00003 $ 6,703.48 $
6516.08 $ 0.82 $13,220.3
8 18.02 Very Low
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE – LIGHTNING
Annualize
d
Frequency
Populatio
n
Population
Equivalenc
e
Buildin
g
Value
Agricultur
e
Value
Total
Value
Expecte
d Annual
Loss
Score
Expecte
d Annual
Loss
Rating
0.78 events per
year
0.0003 $ 3,246.61 $
819.43 N/A $4,066.04 4.98 Very Low
Annualized Frequency: The natural hazard annualized frequency is defined as the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year. Annualized frequency is derived either from the number of recorded hazard occurrences each year over a given period or the modeled probability of a hazard occurrence each year.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology.
Expected Annual Loss scores are calculated using an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure × Annualized Frequency × Historic Loss Ratio). Source: hazards.fema.gov/nri/expected-annual-loss Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
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4.9.12 FEMA Hazard-Specific Risk Index Table
Table 4-44. San Bernardino County FEMA Hazard Specific Risk Index Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS – EXTREME HEAT
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
52.15 Relatively High Relatively Low
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS - HAIL
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
29.70 Relatively High Relatively Low
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS – HIGH WIND
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
17.19 Relatively High Relatively Low
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS – LIGHTNING
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
5.37 Relatively High Relatively Low
Risk Index Scores : are a quantitative rating calculated using data for only a single hazard type. Risk Index Scores are calculated using data for only a single hazard type, and reflect a community's Expected Annual Loss value, community risk factors, and the adjustment factor used to calculate the risk value.
Social Vulnerability Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High.” Social Vulnerability is measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Community Resilience Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging f rom “Very Low” to “Very High.” Community Resilience is measured using the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (HVRI BRIC) published by the University of South Carolina's Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI).
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
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4.9.13 FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
Table 4-45. San Bernardino County FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE – EXTREME HEAT
Hazard
Type
Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence
Populatio
n
Agriculture
Value
Extreme
Heat
$1,343,572,557,37
9 $26,538,369,56
9 $1,316,913,200,00
0 113,527 $
120,987,810
CITY OF CHINOCA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE - HAIL
Hazard
Type
Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence
Populatio
n
Agriculture
Value
Hail $1,343,572,557 $26,538,369,56
9 $1,316,913,200,00
0 113,527 $12,098,781,
0 CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE – HIGH WIND
Hazard
Type
Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence
Populatio
n
Agriculture
Value
High
Wind $1,343,572,557 $26,538,369,56
9 $1,316,913,200,00
0 113,527 $120,987,810
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE – LIGHTNING
Hazard
Type
Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence
Populatio
n
Agriculture
Value
Lightnin
g
$1,343,451,569,56
9 $26,538,369,56
9 $1,316,913,200,00
0 113,527 N/A
Buildings: Building exposure value is defined as the dollar value of the buildings determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. The maximum possible building exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its building value as recorded in Hazus
6.0, which provides 2022 valuations of the 2020 Census.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology. The maximum possible population exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its population as recorded in Hazus 6.0.
Population loss is monetized into a population equivalence value using a VSL approach in which each fatality or ten injuries is treated as $11.6 million of economic loss (2022 dollars).
Agriculture: Agriculture exposure value is defined as the estimated dollar value of the crops and livestock determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. This is derived from the USDA 2017 Census of Agriculture county -level value of crop and pastureland with 2018 values for the US territories. All dollar values are inflation-adjusted to 2022 dollars.
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.10 Extreme Cold
4.10.1 Hazard Description
NOAA defines extreme cold as a period of excessively low temperatures that significantly fall below the long-term average for a specific location. This definition takes into account the local climate and expected temperature ranges. Extreme cold events are typically characterized by a prolonged duration of very cold weather, often accompanied by harsh wind chills, which can pose significant risks to human health, safety, and infrastructure.
NOAA often uses specific temperature thresholds to define extreme cold conditions, and 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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they issue advisories and warnings, such as Wind Chill Advisories and Extreme Cold Warnings, to alert the public to these hazardous conditions. During extreme cold events, there is an increased risk of cold-related illnesses, such as frostbite and hypothermia, and the potential for damage to water systems, transportation infrastructure, and power grids.
Extreme cold events are a concern, especially during the winter months, and can vary in intensity based on geographical location and local climate.
4.10.2 Hazard Location
Extreme Cold could occur anywhere in the City of Chino.
4.10.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
Extreme Cold: NOAA measures the extent and intensity of extreme cold using a combination of meteorological tools and observation networks. The assessment of extreme cold conditions involves analyzing various data points and indicators, including:
• Temperature Readings : NOAA uses a network of weather stations and temperature sensors to record air temperature data. During extreme cold events, temperature readings well below the normal or seasonal averages are noted.
Extremely low temperatures are a primary indicator of the intensity of extreme cold conditions.
• Wind Chill Index: In addition to actual air temperature, NOAA calculates the wind chill index. This index reflects how cold it feels to the human body and is determined by a combination of air temperature and wind speed. A lower wind chill index indicates more severe cold conditions.
• Historical Climate Data : NOAA maintains extensive records of historical climate data, including records of the lowest temperatures ever recorded in specific locations. Comparing current temperatures to historical records helps assess the extremeness of the cold event.
• Duration of Extreme Cold: The length of time that extreme cold conditions persist is another factor in assessing their intensity. Prolonged periods of extreme cold can have more significant impacts on both the environment and human health. • Wind Speed and Gusts : Wind speed and gusts can exacerbate the intensity of extreme cold. NOAA monitors these parameters to determine whether wind-driven cold temperatures are causing more significant issues.
• Real-Time Monitoring : NOAA continuously collects real -time data from weather stations and sensors to monitor the current conditions during an extreme cold event. These data points provide insights into the extent and intensity of the event. • Public Reports: Reports from the public, including trained weather spotters and community members, are valuable sources of information regarding the extent and impacts of extreme cold. Public reports contribute to NOAA's understanding of the real-time conditions on the ground.
NOAA uses all of these tools and data sources to assess the extent and intensity of extreme cold conditions and to issue appropriate advisories and warnings, such as Wind Chill Warnings and Extreme Cold Warnings, to inform the public and provide guidance on 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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how to stay safe during extreme cold events. Based on data provided via NOAA, the entire region including the City of Chino have and can experience temperatures in the upper 20s to low 30s.
Figure 4.18. NOAA / NWS Wind Chill Index
4.10.4 Frequency/Probability
Extreme Cold Frequency: Between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2023 San Bernardino County and the City of Chino recorded no extreme cold events.
Extreme Cold Probability: NOAA measures the probability of extreme cold using meteorological tools and data analysis. It closely monitors temperature forecasts and calculates the Wind Chill Index, which assesses the impact of temperature and wind speed on human comfort. Advanced meteorological models are used to forecast extreme cold events by considering atmospheric conditions, high-pressure systems, temperature anomalies, and other relevant factors. Historical climate data and records of the lowest temperatures recorded in specific areas aid in evaluating the probability of extreme cold.
NOAA also examines the expected duration and intensity of extreme cold, particularly during prolonged periods of low temperatures. Collaboration with public health agencies enhances the analysis of cold-related illnesses, and advisories and warnings are issued to provide the public with information about the likelihood of extreme cold, health risks, and recommended safety measures.
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4.10.5 Past Events
Between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2023 San Berna rdino County recorded no extreme cold events.
4.10.6 Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety and Public Health: According to NOAA, extreme cold poses the following health and life safety impacts:
• Hypothermia: Exposure to extreme cold can lead to hypothermia, a life-threatening condition where the body loses heat faster than it can produce it. Hypothermia can cause confusion, loss of consciousness, and, if not treated promptly, death. • Frostbite: Frostbite occurs when skin and underlying tis sues freeze, typically affecting extremities like fingers, toes, ears, and the nose. Severe frostbite can result in tissue damage and the need for amputation.
• Respiratory Issues : Cold air can exacerbate respiratory conditions, such as asthma, and increase the risk of respiratory distress, particularly in areas with high levels of air pollution.
• Cardiovascular Stress : Extreme cold can strain the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of heart -related complications, especially in individuals with heart conditions.
• Slips and Falls: Icy and slippery conditions increase the risk of slips, trips, and falls, which can lead to injuries, fractures, and head trauma. • Transportation Disruption: Cold weather can impact transportation systems, causing road closures, flight cancellations, and delays, which can pose safety risks for travelers.
• Power Outages : Extreme cold can damage power lines and electrical infrastructure, leading to power outages that can affect critical services, including heating and medical equipment.
• Water Infrastructure Issues : Freezing temperatures can damage water supply systems and lead to water shortages or frozen pipes, affecting drinking water availability.
• Snow-Related Hazards : Heavy snowfall and blizzards can lead to snow accumulation, road closures, and the risk of being trapped in vehicles or homes. • Shelter and Homelessness : Extreme cold poses particular risks to individuals experiencing homelessness, who may lack access to shelter and adequate protection from the elements.
Extreme Cold impacts underserved and at -risk populations of the city by increasing the likelihood of health emergencies due to weather conditions usually accompanying extreme cold. These conditions can also impact lower -income populations, due to enhanced exposure to extreme conditions.
In Chino, 91,775 residents (8.4 percent) are living with a disability. Disability and poverty are closely tied due to employment limitations. Many senior -headed households have special needs due to their relatively low incomes, disabilities or limitations, and dependency needs. Specific ally, many people aged 65 years and older live alone. In 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Chino, 91,775 residents are 65 years and older, representing 12 .8 percent of the population. For residents 65 years and older, 7.7 percent live in poverty.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructur e: According to NOAA, extreme cold can lead to property damage and critical infrastructure impacts. Low temperatures can result in frozen and burst water pipes, heating system failures, road and transportation infrastructure damage, and power outages, affecting homes, businesses, and critical facilities like hospitals. Healthcare facilities may struggle to provide care in frigid conditions, and transportation disruptions, including road closures and accidents, can impact critical infrastructure and supply c hains. Communication equipment can be affected, potentially hindering emergency communication systems, and snow accumulation can stress roofs and structures, leading to damage. Finally, extreme cold poses health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations, and can strain emergency response and healthcare systems.
4.10.7 Economy
According to NOAA, Extreme cold has a range of economic impacts including healthcare costs stemming from cold-related illnesses and injuries, which result in medical expenses.
Severe cold can also disrupt daily activities, reduce productivity across various economic sectors, and affect labor efficiency, impacting overall economic output. Cold weather necessitates increased heating demands, driving up energy consumption, utility bills, and placing strain on energy infrastructure. The agricultural sector is also vulnerable to extreme cold, which can damage crops and agricultural operations, causing food supply disruptions and financial losses for farmers. Transportation disruptions, including road closures, accidents, and heightened maintenance requirements, can affect supply chains and commerce. Infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and water supply systems, is stressed by freezing temperatures, necessitating repairs and maintenance.
Extreme cold events may also increase the demand for emergency response and public safety services, resulting in additional costs, and can necessitate emergency shelters and services for vulnerable populations, incurring expenses for local governments. Insurance premiums for individuals and businesses may rise due to increased cold-related property damage. Lastly, extreme cold can harm wildlife and ecosystems, leading to conservation and recovery efforts.
4.10.8 Changes in Development and Impact to Future Development According to NOAA, extreme cold events can impact current and future development. In areas prone to such conditions, there is an increasing emphasis on constructing buildings and infrastructure that can withstand the rigors of extreme cold. This includes enhanced insulation, robust heating systems, and materials resistant to freezing and thawing cycles.
Building codes are also being revised to incorporate these considerations, ensuring structures are not only energy-efficient but also resilient to cold-related damages like burst pipes and ice accumulation. Urban planning is also focusing on ensuring essential services and transportation remain operational during severe cold events, and that communities, (especially vulnerable populations), have access to adequate heating and emergency services.
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According to NOAA, the frequency and intensity of extreme cold events can potentially be exacerbated by climate change and are being factored into long- term development strategies. This involves planni ng for increased energy demands during cold snaps, incorporating sustainable and renewable energy sources, and developing emergency response protocols for cold weather events. Additionally, environmental considerations, such as the ecological impact of road salt and other ice- melting agents, are becoming a part of the planning process.
4.10.9 Effects of Climate Change on the Severity of Impacts According to NOAA, climate change can lead to various effects on the severity of extreme cold events. While global temperatures are generally rising, shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns and disruptions in polar vortex behavior can contribute to more variable and severe cold weather in specific regions. These changes can result in intense cold snaps and frigid conditions, even during overall warming trends. Extreme cold events can also have adverse effects on public safety, infrastructure, and agriculture.
Table 4-46. 25-Year Precipitation Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR PRECIPITATION PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 6% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.2″ decrease (from 3.2″ to 3.4″) in average annual precipitation.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 2% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.3″ decrease (from 3.1″ to 3.18″) in average annual precipitation.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/600013210/explore/climate)
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Table 4-47. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modeled
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation:
Annual
Average
Total
Precipitation
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitation
(Wet Days)
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Maximum
Period of
Consecutive
Wet Days
6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 5 days
5-6 5-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 3-9
Annual Days With:
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 1 inch
1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day
1-1 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 2 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 3 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
That Exceed
99th
Percentile
Precipitation
2 days 2 days 3 days 2 days 3 days 3 days 3 days
1-16 1-17 1-18 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-19
Days With
Maximum
Temperature
Below 32*F
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
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4.10.10 FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
Table 4-48. San Bernardino County Expected Annual Loss Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE – EXTREME COLD
Annualized
Frequency Population Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Value
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Expected
Annual
Loss
Rating
0 events
per year 0.00 $0 $0 N/A $0 0.00
No
Expected
Annual
Loss
Annualized Frequency: The natural hazard annualized frequency is defined as the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year. Annualized frequency is derived either from the number of recorded hazard occurrences each year over a given period or the modeled probability of a hazard occurrence each year.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology.
Expected Annual Loss scores are calculated usi ng an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure × Annualized Frequency × Historic Loss Ratio). Source: hazards.fema.gov/nri/expected-annual-loss Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.10.11 FEMA Hazard-Specific Risk Index Table
Table 4-49. City of Chino FEMA Hazard Specific Risk Index Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS – EXTREME COLD
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
0.00 Very High Relatively Moderate
Risk Index Scores : are a quantitative rating calculated using data for only a single hazard type. Risk Index Scores are calculated using data for only a single hazard type, and reflect a community's Expected Annual Loss value, community risk factors, and the adjustment factor used to calculate the risk value.
Social Vulnerability Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High.” Social Vulnerability is measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Community Resilience Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High.” Community Resilience is measured usi ng the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (HVRI BRIC) published by the University of South Carolina's Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI).
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
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4.10.12 FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
Table 4-50. City of Chino FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE – EXTREME COLD
Hazard
Type
Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence Population Agriculture
Value
Extreme
Cold $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
Buildings: Building exposure value is defined as the dollar value of the buildings determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. The maximum possible building exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its building value as recorded in Hazus
6.0, which provides 2022 valuations of the 2020 Census.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology. The maximum possible population exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its population as recorded in Hazus 6.0.
Population loss is monetized into a population equivalence value using a VSL approach in which each fatality or ten injuries is treated as $11.6 millions of economic loss (2022 dollars).
Agriculture: Agriculture exposure value is defined as the estimated dollar value of the crops and livestock determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. This is derived from the USDA 2017 Census of Agriculture county -level value of crop and pastureland with 2018 values for the US territories. All dollar values are inflation-adjusted to 2022 dollars.
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.11 Tornado
4.11.1 Hazard Description
The National Weather Service describes a tornado as a violently rotating column of air, usually pendant to a cumulonimbus, with circulation reaching the ground. It nearly always starts as a funnel cloud and may be accompanied by a loud roaring noise. On a local scale, it is the most destructive of all atmospheric phenomena. Like hail, most tornadoes are spawned by supercell thunderstorms. They usually last only a few minutes, although some have lasted more than an hour and traveled several miles.
4.11.2 Hazard Location
A tornado incident could occur anywhere within the City of Chino.
4.11.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
Wind speeds within tornadoes are estimated based on the damage caused and expressed using the Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale.
Table 4-51. Header Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale
EF Scale Class Windspeed
(mph)
Windspeed
(km/h) Description
EF0 Weak 65–85 105–137 Gale
EF1 Weak 86–110 138–177 Weak
EF2 Strong 111–135 178–217 Strong
EF3 Strong 136–165 218–266 Severe
EF4 Violent 166–200 267–322 Devastating
EF5 Violent > 200 > 322 Incredible
Source: NOAA (2024)
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4.11.4 Frequency and Probability
Frequency: Between 01/01/2019 and 12/31/2023 San Bernardino County recorded one tornadic event over 1,826 days. This averages to 0.00054765 incidents per day during this time and 0.20 incidents annually.
Probability: To measure tornado probability, NOAA uses atmospheric data from satellites, radar systems, weather stations, and weather balloons. This includes information on temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind patterns at various altitudes.
Typically, the probability of tornadoes is presented in percentages, reflecting the likelihood of occurrence in specific areas and timeframes. This probabilistic forecasting accounts for the inherent uncertainties in weather prediction. Meteorologists interpret this data and model outputs, considering both the current atmospheric situation and historical weather patterns, to assess tornado risks and generate accurate forecasts.
NWS issues tornado watches or warnings based on current conditions for tornadoes. A tornado watch indicates favorable conditions for tornadoes, while a warning signifies an imminent threat, often based on sightings or radar detection. This process involves continuous monitoring and updating of forecasts and warnings to adapt to rapidly changing weather conditions.
4.11.5 Past Events
Location County Stat
e Date Tim
e TZ Type Mag Dt
h Inj PrD CrD
Totals: 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
SPANGLER
SAN
BERNARDI
NO CO.
CA 4/16/
19 15:0
5 PS
T-8
Tornad
o EF0 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
Totals: 0 0 1.00K 0.00K
4.11.6 Vulnerabilities and Impacts
Public Health and Life Safety: According to NOAA, Tornadoes have potential to cause catastrophic life safety and public health impacts. The immediate threat to life from tornadoes can result in fatalities and injuries to humans and animals due to flying debris, collapsing structures, and the sheer force of the tornado itself. The risk to individuals in the path of a tornado is extremely high, as the rapid onset of these events often allows little time for seeking adequate shelter. Post-event, survivors may face a range of health concerns, including trauma, emotional distress, and the potential for injury during rescue efforts or cleanup operations.
Beyond personal safety, tornadoes can devastate critical infrastructure, leading to extended power outages, water supply contamination, and the disruption of healthcare services and emergency response capabilities. The destruction of homes and businesses 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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contributes to public health concerns, displacing residents and potentially causing long- term socioeconomic challenges. The public health sys tem can be strained as medical facilities cope with the influx of casualties and the broader needs of the affected community.
The entire City of Chino is vulnerable to tornado events ; however, populations over 65 and those considered living in poverty are considered at risk populations . Tornadoes increase the likelihood of health emergencies due to initial damage, mobility and loss of power. These conditions can also impact lower -income populations, as food and water prices increase or resource availability.
In Chino, 91,775 residents (8.4 percent) are living with a disability. Disability and poverty are closely tied due to employment limitations. Many senior -headed households have special needs due to their relatively low incomes, disabilities or limitations, and dependency needs. Specifically, many people aged 65 years and older live alone. In Chino, 91,775 residents are 65 years and older, representing 12 .8 percent of the population. For residents 65 years and older, 7.7 percent live in poverty.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: Tornadoes are among the most destructive weather events, with the potential to cause catastrophic property damage and critical infrastructure impacts, as per NOAA's findings. The intense winds of a tornado , which can exceed 200 miles per hour in the most severe cases, have the force to destroy buildings, homes, and vegetation, leaving a trail of debris. They can displace or overturn vehicles, rip apart roofs, and even lift and destroy well -built structures. The resultant debris can compound the damage by becoming airborne projectiles. For businesses, this means not only structural loss but also potential disruption of operations and economic activity, with recovery and rebuilding efforts often costing significantly.
When it comes to critical infrastructure, tornadoes can result in widespread destruction, compromising public safety and community functionality. They can severely damage power lines and utilities, leading to prolonged power outages and water supply contamination. Transportation infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and railways may be rendered unusable, hindering emergency response efforts and recovery operations.
Tornadoes also pose a risk to healthcare infrastructure by damaging hospitals and medical facilities, thereby limiting access to medical care when it is most needed. The extensive damage to infrastructure necessitates comprehensive disaster response plans and resilient construction practices to mitigate the impacts of tornadoes.
Economy: According to NOAA, tornadoes can have severe economic impacts resulting in long-term recovery efforts. Tornadoes can obliterate buildings, homes, infrastructure, and agricultural fields in mere moments, resulting in significant repair and reconstruction costs. The destruction of commercial and industrial facilities can disrupt local economies, leading to job losses, business interruptions, and a reduction in tax revenues for affected communities. Furthermore, the cost burden is often shared by insurance companies, 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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which may face substantial claims following a tornado, potentially increasing premiums for customers and influencing the insurance market's stability.
In addition to property damage, the economic repercussions of tornadoes include the expense of emergency response, debris cleanup, and temporary housing for displaced residents. Long-term economic impacts can be exacerbated by the loss of public services and utilities, reduced property values, and the potential for displaced businesses and residents to relocate permanently. These factors contribute to a complex economic aftermath, which can persist long after the physical debris has been cleared.
Changes in Development and Impact to Future Development : According to NOAA, tornadic events can impact changes in development and future construction practices, particularly in tornado- prone regions. Historical patterns and frequency of occurrence have also led to a focus on building resilience, with an emphasis on stronger construction standards to withstand high winds. This includes reinforcing the structural integrity of buildings, using wind -resistant materials, and incorporating tornado- safe rooms or shelters in both new and existing structures. Architects and engineers are increasingly adopting these enhanced safety measures in building designs, considering factors such as roof shapes and anchoring methods that can reduce wind damage. Finally, there's a growing trend towards community -wide tornado preparedness planning, which includes the development of emergency response strategies and the establishment of public storm shelters.
For future development, understanding and mapping tornado risk areas play a crucial role in urban planning decisions. This can influence zoning regulations, with potenti al restrictions on development in high-risk areas or requirements for specific building codes in such regions. The increasing frequency and intensity of tornadoes, possibly linked to climate change, also necessitates the integration of tornado risk assessm ents in long- term development plans.
Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: According to NOAA, climate change is impacting the severity and behavior of tornadic events, although the exact nature of these effects is complex and still a subject of ongoing research. One of the primary challenges in understanding the relationship between climate change and tornadoes is the complexity of tornado formation. Tornadoes require specific atmospheric conditions, including a combination of high instability and strong wind shear. Climate change may affect these conditions, but how these changes will influence tornado occurrence and intensity is not yet fully understood.
According to NOAA, climate change is expected to increase atmospheric instability by warming the Earth’s surface and may also lead to a decrease in wind shear, particularly in areas where tornadoes are most common. This could potentially lead to a change in the number or intensity of tornadoes, but the evidence is not yet conclusive. Second, shifts in climate patterns could affect the geographical distribution and seasonality of tornadoes, potentially leading to tornadoes in regions where they were previously less common or during times of the year when they were less expected. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Table 4-52. 25-Year Precipitation Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR PRECIPITATION PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 6% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.2″ decrease (from 3.2″ to 3.4″) in average annual precipitation.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 2% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.3″ decrease (from 3.1″ to 3.18″) in average annual precipitation.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/600013210/explore/climate)
Table 4-53. 25-Year Climate Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR CLIMATE PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA
HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
City of Chino is expected to experience a 46% increase in extremely hot days within 25 years.
By 2049, City of Chino is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 66°F to 69°F) in average annual temperatures.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
City of Chino is expected to experience a 33% increase in extremely hot days within 25 years.
By 2049, City of Chino is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 66°F to 68°F) in average annual temperatures.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/6071/explore/climate) 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Table 4-54. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modeled
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation:
Annual
Average
Total
Precipitation
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitation
(Wet Days)
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Maximum
Period of
Consecutive
Wet Days
6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 5 days
5-6 5-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 3-9
Annual Days With:
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 1 inch
1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day
1-1 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 2 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 3 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
That Exceed
99th
Percentile
Precipitation
2 days 2 days 3 days 2 days 3 days 3 days 3 days
1-16 1-17 1-18 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-19
Days With
Maximum
Temperature
Below 32*F
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
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Table 4-55. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modele
d
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation
Average
Annual
Total
Precipitatio
n
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitatio
n
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Days Per
Year With
No
Precipitatio
n
321
days 322 days 323 days 324 days 325 days 324 days 327 days 318-322 316-329 314-333 316-331 312-334 314-332 300-344 Maximum
Number Of
Consecutiv
e Dry Days
78 days 82 days 81 days 83 days 85 days 84 days 92 days 70-94 67-100 68-95 72-101 71-106 69-108 69-140
Temperature Thresholds
Annual
days with
Maximum
temperatur
e > 90°
114
days 133 days 135 days 141 days 147 days 148 days 169 days 114-121 127-143 120-147 131-154 134-161 137-163 152-188 Annual
days with
Maximum
temperatur
e > 100°
52 days 69 days 72 days 78 days 85 days 87 days 111 days 49-54 59-84 60-87 66-99 73-108 74-99 97-143
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
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4.11.11 FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
Table 4-56. City of Chino Expected Annual Loss Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE – TORNADO
Annualize
d
Frequenc
y
Populatio
n
Population
Equivalenc
e
Building
Value
Agricultur
e
Value
Total
Value
Expecte
d
Annual
Loss
Score
Expecte
d
Annual
Loss
Rating
0.00027
events per
year
0.0067 $78,082.12 $127,985.5
9 $385.83 $206,453.5
5 23.74 Very
Low
Annualized Frequency: The natural hazard annualized frequency is defined as the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year. Annualized frequency is derived either from the number of recorded hazard occurrences each year over a given period or the modeled probability of a hazard occurrence each year.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology.
Expected Annual Loss scores are calculated usi ng an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure × Annualized Frequency × Historic Loss Ratio). Source: hazards.fema.gov/nri/expected-annual-loss Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.11.12 FEMA Hazard-Specific Risk Index Table
Table 4-57. San Bernardino County FEMA Hazard Specific Risk Index Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS – TORNADO
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
24.02 Relatively High Relatively Low
Risk Index Scores : are a quantitative rating calculated using data for only a single hazard type. Risk Index Scores are calculated using data for only a single hazard type, and reflect a community's Expected Annual Loss value, community risk factors, and the adjustment factor used to calculate the risk value.
Social Vulnerability Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High.” Social Vulnerability is measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Community Resilience Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging f rom “Very Low” to “Very High.” Community Resilience is measured using the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (HVRI BRIC) published by the University of South Carolina's Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI).
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
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4.11.13 FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
Table 4-58. City of Chino FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE – TORNADO
Hazard
Type
Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence
Populatio
n
Agriculture
Value
Tornad
o
$1,343,572,557,37
9 $26,538,369,56
9 $1,316,913,200,00
0 113,527 $120,987,81
0 Buildings: Building exposure value is defined as the dollar value of the buildings determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. The maximum possible building exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its building value as recorded in Hazus
6.0, which provides 2022 valuations of the 2020 Census.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology. The maximum possible population exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its population as recorded in Hazus 6.0.
Population loss is monetized into a population equivalence value using a VSL approach in which each fatality or ten injuries is treated as $11.6 million of economic loss (2022 dollars).
Agriculture: Agriculture exposure value is defined as the estimated dollar value of the crops and livestock determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. This is derived from the USDA 2017 Census of Agriculture county -level value of crop and pastureland with 2018 values for the US territories. All dollar values are inflation-adjusted to 2022 dollars.
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.12 Wildfire
4.12.1 Hazard Description
Wildfire is an uncontrolled vegetative fire that burns in forests, grasslands, and other natural areas. Wildfires can spread quickly, driven by factors like wind and dry conditions, and they often pose significant threats to life, property, and the environment. These fires can be ignited by various sources, including lightning, human activities, and other natural causes. Wildfires can result in widespread devastation and require coordinated efforts for containment, suppression, and recovery.
In California, wildfire is common due to the combination of complex terrain, Mediterranean climate that annually facilitates several month- long rain-free periods, productive natural plant communities that provide ample fuels, and ample natural and anthropogenic ignition sources. The State has an extensive history of severe wildfire events and faces the probability of future events that are even more destructive than those of the past. Wildfires are the most frequent source of declared disasters and account for the third highest combined losses of natural hazards in California.
4.12.2 General Wildfire Types
Flammable expanses of brush, diseased timberland, overstocked forests, hot and dry summers, extreme topography, intense fire weather wind events, summer lightning storms, and human acts all contribute to California’s wildfire threat. Wildfires can generally be classified as follows:
• Ground fires occur when fuels ignite and burn underground. Ground fires may eventually burn through the ground surface and become surface fires. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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• Surface fires burn on the surface of the ground and are primarily fueled by low - lying vegetation.
• Ladder fuels are vegetation that allow surface fires to climb into the tree canopy and become crown fires.
• Crown fires spread from treetop to treetop at a rapid pace. Crown fires are often pushed by wind and can be extremely intense.
4.12.3 Factors Affecting Fire Behavior
According to the State of California 2023 HMP, fire behavior is based on factors such as the following:
• Fuel: Fuel may include living and dead vegetation on the ground, along the surface as brush and small trees, and above the ground in tree canopies. Lighter fuels such as Arundo donax and other grasses, leaves, and needles quickly expel moisture and burn rapidly, while heavier fuels such as tree branches, logs, and trunks take longer to warm and ignite. Trees killed or defoliat ed by forest insects and diseases are more susceptible to wildfire.
• Weather: Relevant weather conditions include temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, precipitation amount and duration, and the stability of the atmosphere. Conditions are very favorable for extensive and severe wildfires when the temperature is high, relative humidity is low, wind speed is increasing and coming from the east (offshore flow), and there has been little or no precipitation, so vegetation is dry. These conditions occur more frequently inland where temperatures are higher, and fog is less prevalent. • Terrain: The slope and elevation of a region influences the amount and moisture of fuel; the impact of weather conditions such as temperature and wind; potential barriers to fire spread, such as highways and lakes; and elevation and slope of landforms (fire spreads more easily uphill than downhill).
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Figure 4.19. Types of Wildfires
4.12.4 Wildland Fire vs. Wildland Urban Interface Fires According to the State of California 2023 HMP, f ire science distinguishes between wildland fires, which burn predominately in undeveloped areas, and wildland urban Interface (WUI) fires (USFS 2019). Mitigation actions, response actions and damage associated with the two types of fire may differ significantly.
Wildland Fires: Wildland fires that burn in undeveloped settings are part of a natural fire regime and may be beneficial to the landscape if th ey burn within the historical range of variability for fire size and intensity. Many species are adapted to California’s natural fire regimes and flourish after a low or mixed severity burn. These fires also enhance ecosystem function by creating landscapes that have more variation, are more resilient to other disturbances, and are better suited to withstand extremes in precipitation.
However, wildland fires still pose a threat and can have catastrophic impacts on wildlife and habitat.
Wildland fires may r esult in secondary negative impacts in the form of air pollution, including GHG emissions, soil erosion (resulting in siltation of streams and lakes), postfire flooding, or mudslides. The impacts can even extend beyond State borders. In 2020, wildfire smoke not only blanketed large swaths of California, but also worsened air quality across the United States.
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Unless wildland fires or their related cascading hazards occur in or near developed areas, they are rarely classified as disasters because they do not pose severe risk to life or widescale damage to the environment. Wildland fires that burn primarily on federally managed lands are only rarely classified as disasters. For example, the 2007 Zaca Fire (240,207 acres) and 2009 Station Fire (160,577 acres), both of which burned on U.S.
Forest Service lands, were enormous in size but did not result in federal disaster status.
Those fires stand in contrast to the October 2017 Northern California Wildfires, which were smaller in area but much more destructive, due to their proximity to larger urbanized areas.
WUI Fires: The WUI has been defined as “the area or zone where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels.
The WUI can be configured in many way s including a classic “interface” (e.g., a community that abuts a National Forest at a distinct boundary), an “intermix” (e.g., vegetative fuels distributed between buildings throughout a subdivision between buildings), or an “occlusion” (e.g., a community that completely surrounds a designated open space area) The combination of natural and human- made fuels that are burned in WUI fires may lead to the formation or release of toxic emissions not found in purely wildland fires.
WUI fires represent an increasingly significant concern for California. California has a chronic and destructive WUI fire history with significant losses of life, structures, infrastructure, agriculture, and businesses (USFS 2019). Most local governments that have prepared LHMPs have identified fire and WUI fires as specific hazards. Even relatively small WUI fires may result in disastrous damage.
Most WUI fires are suppressed before they exceed 100 acres (Li and Banerjee 2021).
The remainder usually occurs during episodes of hot, windy conditions that exceed initial attack capabilities and are more likely to cause heightened losses to the built environment. Many WUI fires occur in areas that have a historical pattern of wildland fires that burn under extreme conditions. The pattern o f increased damage is directly related to increased urban spread into areas that have historically had wildfire as part of the natural ecosystem.
California has a strong statewide approach toward WUI planning and regulatory requirements, including minimum WUI building code requirements, Fire Safe regulations, and State land use planning guidance from the California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR).
4.12.5 Hazard Location
Fire Hazard Severity Zone (FHSZ) maps are developed using a science-based and field- tested model that assigns a hazard score based on the factors that influence fire likelihood and fire behavior. Many factors are considered such as fire history, existing and potential fuel (natural vegetation), predicted flame length, blowing embers, terrain, and typical fire weather for the area. There are three levels of hazard in the State Responsibility Areas:
moderate, high, and very high.
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Fire Hazard Severity Zone maps evaluate “hazard,” not “risk”. They are like flood zone maps, where lands are described in terms of the probability level of a particular area being inundated by floodwaters, and not specifically prescriptive of impacts. “Hazard” is based on the physical conditions that create a likelihood and expected fire behavior over a 30 to 50-year period without considering mitigation measures such as home hardening, recent wildfire, or fuel reduction efforts. “Risk” is the potential damage a fire can do to the area under existing conditions, accounting for any modifications such as fuel reduction projects, defensible space, and ignition resistant building construction. Based on available mapping data and hazard histories, the areas in the south and southwest portions of the City of Chino are more likely to experience a wildfire event or indirect impacts of smoke plumes from the Chino Hills area from the southwest.
Figure 4.20. OSFM CAL Fire Hazard Severity Zone City of Chino CA.
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4.12.6 Hazard Extent/Intensity
The National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) employs several measures and tools to assess the extent and intensity of wildfires. These include the acreage burned, which quantifies the size of the affected area, with larger acreage indicating more extensive wildfires. Fire behavior indicators such as the rate of spread, fire-line intensity, and flame length offer insights into the wildfire's intensity, with rapid spread and high-intensity flames signifying a more severe fire. The table below illustrates fire suppression i nterpretations of flame length and fire-line intensity.
Table 4-59. Flame Length and Fireline Intensity Table
US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE – FOREST SERVICE
Fire Suppression Interpretations of Flame Length and Fireline Intensity Flame
Length
Fire
Intensity Interpretation
Feet Btu/ft/s Fire can generally be attacked at the head or flanks by persons using hand tools. Handline should hold the lire < 4 < 100
4-8 100-500
Fires are too intense for direct attack on the head by persons using hand tools. Handline cannot be relied on to hold fire. Equipment such as plows, dozers, pumpers, and retardant aircraft can be effective. 8-11 500-1,000 Fires may present serious control problems -torching out, crowning, and spotting. Controlling efforts at the fire head will probably be ineffective. >11 >1,000 Crowning, spotting, and major fire runs are probable. Control efforts at the head of a fire are ineffective.
Source: US Department of Agriculture – Forest Service
The containment status, measured as the percentage of the fire's perimeter under control, tracks the progress in limiting the wildfire's spread. Meteorological data on temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction are crucial for understanding fire potential, with critical fire weather conditions contributing to more intense wildfires. The extent of damage to homes, infrastructure, and communities, as well as the scale of evacuation orders issued, reflects the wildfire's impact. Lastly, resource deployment and fire danger rat ings are considered, enabling NIFC to assess wildfire severity and effectively manage response efforts.
4.12.7 Frequency and Probability
Frequency: Between 01/01/2013 and 12/31/2022 San Bernardino County recorded 43 wildfire events over 1,826 days. This averages to 0.023548 incidents per day during this time and 8.60 incidents annually.
Probability: The National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) measures the probability of wildfires by considering various factors and conditions that contribute to the likelihood of ignition and fire spread. Key elements in assessing this probability include:
• Weather Conditions : NIFC monitors weather data, including temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation, to evaluate the fire weather outlook. Dry and windy conditions with low humidity increase the likelihood of wildfires. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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• Fuel Moisture: The moisture content of vegetation, such as grasses, shrubs, and trees, is a critical factor. Dry or drought -affected fuels are more susceptible to ignition.
• Lightning Activity : NIFC tracks lightning activity in wildfire -prone regions, as lightning strikes are a common natural cause of wildfires. • Human Activities : Monitoring human activities that can lead to unintentional ignitions, such as campfires, discarded cigarettes, and equipment sparks, helps assess the human-related wildfire risk.
• Historical Data: Historical wildfire data, including the frequency and size of past wildfires, can inform the probability of future incidents. • Fire Danger Ratings: Fire danger ratings, such as the Fire Weather Index, provide a standardized assessment of fire risk based on weather and fuel conditions.
Past Events: The table below illustrates all wildfire events in San Bernardino County between 2019-2023. During this time there were 43 events with five deaths and 23 injuries reported.
Location County State Date Time T.Z. Type Dth Inj PrD CrD Totals 5 23 18.340M 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/15/19 18:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 400.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/4/19 12:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 3 100.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/14/19 19:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/10/19 11:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 2 0 8.000M 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/10/19 11:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 100.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/30/19 7:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 100.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/30/19 10:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/30/19 10:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 1 100.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/31/19 0:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 1 4.000M 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/31/19 0:30 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
SAN
BERNARDINO CA 7/3/20 14:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
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COUNTY
MO...
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 7/20/20 17:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 7/31/20 17:30 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 10.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 8/1/20 0:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 9/5/20 10:40 PST-
8 Wildfire 1 13 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/29/20 13:30 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 12/1/20 17:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 12/3/20 2:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 12/13/20 13:40 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 2/18/21 0:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 30.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 5/24/21 10:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 6/5/21 16:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 6/5/21 17:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 6/9/21 14:10 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 6/28/21 15:48 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 8/25/21 15:11 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 2.500M 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/21/21 14:20 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
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SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/22/21 11:27 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 3/14/22 0:00 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 6/12/22 5:45 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 8/17/22 12:15 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 9/5/22 14:37 PST-
8 Wildfire 2 3 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 9/23/22 14:30 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
SAN
BERNARDINO
COUNTY
MO...
CA 4/26/23 9:16 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 5/22/23 13:11 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
APPLE AND
LUCERNE
VALLEY...
CA 6/17/23 16:03 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 6/27/23 18:31 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 3.000M 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/13/23 23:58 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/14/23 13:57 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/14/23 14:30 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/15/23 14:28 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 7/27/23 17:49 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 0 0.00K 0.00K
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
SAN
BERNARDINO
AND RIVER...
CA 10/30/23 11:37 PST-
8 Wildfire 0 2 0.00K 0.00K
Totals 5 23 18.340M 0.00K
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4.12.8 Vulnerabilities and Impacts
Life Safety and Public Health: Wildfires can have significant life safety and public health impacts. First, wildfires produce smoke and particulate matter that can degrade air quality over large areas, potentially leading to respiratory issues, exacerbating pre- existing conditions, and causing symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, and irritation of the eyes and throat. Secondly, wildfires often necessitate the evacuation of communities, temporarily displacing residents from their homes. This displacement can result in stress, anxiety, and potential health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations.
Additionally, the dynamic nature of wildfires can lead to injuries and fatalities among responders and the public. These incidents may occur during evacuations, firefighting efforts, or while navigating hazardous fire conditions. Furthermore, the mental health impact of wildfires is noteworthy, as they can cause stress, anxiety, and trauma for those affected. The loss of homes and possessions, coupled with the unc ertainty of wildfire impacts, can contribute to long- term mental health challenges. Wildfires also have the potential to disrupt the food supply chain and water infrastructure, potentially leading to contamination of drinking water sources and causing shor tages of essential supplies.
Lastly, evacuation centers and crowded living conditions can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, making disease control and public health management a priority during and after wildfires.
The entire city of Chino is vulnerable to wildfire hazards due to potential cascading effects during any given event. The areas located in the south portion of the city fall within the high/very high fire hazard severity zones making these locations more vulnerable to direct wildfire impacts for both life safety and critical infrastructure.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: Overall, wildfires have far -reaching consequences on both property and critical infrastructure, emphasizing the importance of fire prevention and mi tigation measures. Wildfires can cause extensive destruction to homes, buildings, and infrastructure, resulting in significant financial losses. Homes and properties situated in or near the path of a wildfire are particularly vulnerable, and even with fire fighting efforts, many structures may be lost. In addition to property damage, wildfires can disrupt critical infrastructure such as power lines, electrical substations, transportation networks, and communication facilities.
Power outages can occur as a result of infrastructure damage, impacting not only residents but also essential services like hospitals, water treatment plants, and emergency communication systems. Roads and bridges may be compromised or rendered impassable due to the force of the wildfires, hindering access to affected areas.
The aftermath of wildfires can also lead to environmental damage, with erosion, sedimentation, and water quality issues affecting ecosystems and water sources.
Cleanup and restoration efforts can be costly and time- consuming, and the long- term economic impact on communities and regions is a significant concern.
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Figure 3-9 in the Community Profile illustrates the locations of critical facilities within the City of Chino. 2 public school, 1 private school 2 pharmacies and numerous transmission lines fall within or near the high/very high fire hazard severity zones making these facilities more vulnerable to direct impacts from wildfire events.
Economy: Wildfires can result in significant economic losses for communities and regions affected by these disasters. Some of the primary economic impacts include property damage and loss, the cost of firefighting efforts, and the expenses associated with recovery and rebuilding. Property damage encompasses homes, businesses, and infrastructure, leading to insurance claims and financial burdens on individuals and organizations. The cost of deploying firefighting resources, including personnel, equipment, and air support, is another significant economic factor. Additionally, post -fire efforts such as erosion control, reforestation, and repair of damaged infrastructure contribute to the economic toll. The disruption of economic activities, such as agriculture, tourism, and outdoor recreation, can further affect the local and regional economies.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: Wildfires can significantly impact changes in development and future development in several ways. The effects of wildfires on communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems can influence land use planning and development decisions. After a wildfire, local authorities may reassess land use and zoning regulations, especially in areas prone to wildfires. They may impose stricter building codes, setback requirements, and vegetation management rules to reduce fire risk in future developments.
Wildfires can also expose vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, such as power lines, roads, and water supply systems. This can lead to investment in infrastructure upgrades to enhance resilience and prevent future damage. Communities affected by wildfires often face the decision of whether to rebuild in the same location or relocate to safer areas. The experience of a wildfire can influence the choices made by property owners and developers. The increased frequency and severity of wildfires may impact the availability and cost of property insurance. Insurers may adjust premiums or coverage terms, affecting property development decisions. Moreover, wildfires can lead to increased community awareness and preparedness efforts, influencing development decisions.
Communities may implement Firewise practices and community wildfire protection plans that affect future development.
Lastly, wildfires can alter ecosystems and natural landscapes. Land managers and conservationists may adjust their plans for ecological restoration and habitat conservation, which can, in turn, influence land development in affected areas. Lastly, the cumulative impact of wildfires on a region can inform long- term planning strategies, influencing where and how future development occurs. It may lead to regional development policies that prioritize resilience and fire risk reduction. In summary, wildfires can prompt changes in development and future development by affecting land use regulations, infrastructure investment, community resilience, and long- term planning.
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Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: According to NOAA, climate change is having a profound influence on wildfires. Climate change can manifest its impact in various ways, significantly intensifying the frequency and severity of wildfires.
Firstly, escalating global temperatures lead to heightened evaporation rates, causing vegetation to dry out and become more susceptible to ignition. This prolonged warmth results in an extended fire season, providing more opportunities for wildfires to occur.
Secondly, climate change can exacerbate drought conditions in many regions, depleting soil moisture and rendering vegetation more flammable. As a result, severe and extended droughts increase the ease with which wildfires ignite and spread. Additionally, alterations in precipitation patterns, driven by climate change, can lead to more intense rainfall events, followed by prolonged dry periods. This cycle promotes rapid vegetation growth, which, in turn, creates additional fuel for wildfires. The impact of climate change is further exacerbated by an increase in extreme weather events, like thunderstorms and lightning strikes, which often serve as ignition sources for wildfires. Changes in wind patterns, brought about by shifting atmospheric circulation, can result in more frequent and intense wind events, facilitating the rapid spread of wildfires. Warmer temperatures can also contribute to increased insect outbreaks, weakening and killing trees, thus providing more fuel for fires. Lastly, climate change can extend the fire season in many regions, heightening the likelihood of wildfires.
Table 4-60. 25-Year Precipitation Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR PRECIPITATION PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 6% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.2″ decrease (from 3.2″ to 3.4″) in average annual precipitation.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
The City of Chino is expected to experience a 2% increase in heavy precipitation within 25 years.
By 2049, the City of Chino is expected to have a 0.3″ decrease (from 3.1″ to 3.18″) in average annual precipitation.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/600013210/explore/climate)
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Table 4-61. 25-Year Climate Projections for City of Chino, CA 25-YEAR CLIMATE PROJECTIONS FOR CITY OF CHINO, CA
HIGHER EMISSIONS (RCP8.5)
City of Chino is expected to experience a 46% increase in extremely hot days within 25 years.
By 2049, City of Chino is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 66°F to 69°F) in average annual temperatures.
LOWER EMISSIONS (RCP4.5)
City of Chino is expected to experience a 33% increase in extremely hot days w ithin 25 years.
By 2049, City of Chino is expected to have a 2°F increase (from 66°F to 68°F) in average annual temperatures.
Source: Neighborhoods at Risk (https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/6071/explore/climate) 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Table 4-62. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modeled
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Lower
Emissions
Higher
Emissions
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation:
Annual
Average
Total
Precipitation
6” 6” 7” 6” 6” 6” 6”
6-7 5-8 6-8 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-10
Days Per
Year With
Precipitation
(Wet Days)
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Maximum
Period of
Consecutive
Wet Days
6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 5 days
5-6 5-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 4-7 3-9
Annual Days With:
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 1 inch
1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day 1 day
1-1 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 2 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
With Total
Precipitation
> 3 inches
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Annual Days
That Exceed
99th
Percentile
Precipitation
2 days 2 days 3 days 2 days 3 days 3 days 3 days
1-16 1-17 1-18 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-19
Days With
Maximum
Temperature
Below 32*F
0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days 0 days
0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
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Table 4-63. Future Climate Indicators for San Bernardino County
FUTURE CLIMATE INDICATORS FOR SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA Indicator
Modele
d
History
(1976-
2005)
Early Century
(2015-2044)
Mid Century
(2035-2064)
Late Century
(2070-2099)
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Lower
Emission
s
Higher
Emission
s
Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Min-Max Precipitation
Days Per
Year With
No
Precipitatio
n (dry days)
321
days 322 days 323 days 324 days 325 days 324 days 327 days 318-322 316-329 314-333 316-331 312-334 314-332 300-344 Maximum
Number Of
Consecutiv
e Dry Days
78 days 82 days 81 days 83 days 85 days 84 days 92 days 70-94 67-100 68-95 72-101 71-106 69-108 69-140
Days Per
Year With
Precipitatio
n (wet
days)
44 days 43 days 42 days 41 days 41 days 41 days 39 days 43-47 37-49 32-51 34-49 31-53 33-52 22-65
Temperature Thresholds
Annual
days with
Maximum
temperatur
e > 90°
114
days 133 days 135 days 141 days 147 days 148 days 169 days 114-121 127-143 120-147 131-154 134-161 137-163 152-188 Annual
days with
Maximum
temperatur
e > 100°
52 days 69 days 72 days 78 days 85 days 87 days 111 days 49-54 59-84 60-87 66-99 73-108 74-99 97-143
Source: Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (2024)
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4.12.9 FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
Table 4-64. City of Chino Expected Annual Loss Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE – WILDFIRE
Annualized
Frequency Population Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Value
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Expected
Annual
Loss
Rating
0.0034 %
chance per
year
0.00052 $6,000.69 $9,085,434.23 $17.63 $9,091,452.55 32.96 Relatively Low
Annualized Frequency : The natural hazard annualized frequency is defined as the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year. Annualized frequency is derived either from the number of recorded hazard occurrences each year over a given period or the modeled probability of a hazard occurrence each year.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology.
Expected Annual Loss scores are calculated using an equation that combines values for exposure, annualiz ed frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure × Annualized Frequency × Historic Loss Ratio).
Source: hazards.fema.gov/nri/expected-annual-loss
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.12.10 FEMA Hazard-Specific Risk Index Table
Table 4-65. San Bernardino County FEMA Hazard Specific Risk Index Table
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS - WILDFIRE
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
33.03 Relatively High Relatively Low
Risk Index Scores : are a quantitative rating calculated using data for only a single hazard type. Risk Index Scores are calculated using data for only a single hazard type, and reflect a community's Expected Annual Loss value, community risk factors, and the adjustment factor used to calculate the risk value.
Social Vulnerability Ratings : are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High.” Social Vulnerability is measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Community Resilience Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging f rom “Very Low” to “Very High.” Community Resilience is measured using the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (HVRI BRIC) published by the University of South Carolina's Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI).
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
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4.12.11 FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
Table 4-66. City of Chino FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE - WILDFIRE
Hazard
Type
Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence Population Agriculture
Value
Wildfire $67,023,036,032.49 $1,713,380,234.37 $65,270,452,520.11 5,626.7 6 $39,203,277.95 Buildings: Building exposure value is defined as the dollar value of the buildings determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology. The maximum possible building exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its building value as recorded in Hazus 6.0, which provides 2022 valuations of the 2020 Census.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology. The maximum possible population exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its population as recorded in Hazus 6.0. Population loss is monetized into a population equivalence value using a VSL approach in which each fatality or ten injuries is treated as $11.6 million of economic loss (2022 dollars).
Agriculture: Agriculture exposure value is defined as the estimated dollar value of the crops and livestock determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology. This is derived from the USDA 2017 Census of Agriculture county -level value of crop and pastureland with 2018 values for the US territories. All dollar values are inflation-adjusted to 2022 dollars.
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.13 Earthquake
4.13.1 Hazard Description
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
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Figure 4.21. Earthquake
The earth has four major layers including the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our planet. But this skin is not all in one piece – it is made up of many pieces like a puzzle covering the surface of the earth. Not only that, but these puzzle pieces keep slowly moving around, sliding past one another, and bumping into each other. These are called puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the plate boundaries. The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.
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Figure 4.22. The Four Major Layers of Earth
Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always have aftershocks that follow.
These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock.
Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock.
4.13.2 Hazard Location
According to the 2023 State of California HMP, California has many faults with the potential to produce damaging earthquakes. In general, faults that slip the fastest over geologic time are more likely to produce earthquakes in the near future. More than 70 percent of California’s population lives within 30 miles of a known fault where strong ground shaking could occur in the next 30 years.
Faults offshore of California are also capable of producing damaging earthquakes. The Cascadia Subduction Zone—a sizeable offshore fault system extending from Northern
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California to British Columbia—can produce great earthquakes (magnitudes greater than
8.0) north of Cape Mendocino. An event on this offshore fault system can increase the tsunami risk.
4.13.3 Areas Susceptible to Earthquake Damage
The 2023 State of California HMP used three data sets to map susceptibility to damage from earthquakes. These da ta sets account for the primary causes of damage from earthquakes, including:
• NEHRP Soils Data : Earthquake vulnerability based on the presence of NEHRP Type D, E, and F soils (see Figure 4-30).
• Liquefaction Mapping: Earthquake vulnerability based on liquefaction susceptibility (see Figure 4-31). Liquefaction mapping data currently is not available statewide.
However, where this data is available, it can provide increased resolution on the risk associated with earthquakes.
• Earthquake Shaking Potential : Earth quake vulnerability based on having more than a 2 percent chance in 50 years of shaking that exceeds 1 g (see Figure X). • Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Zones : Mapping of areas with a higher probability of earthquake- induced landslides, within which specific actions are mandated by California law prior to any development.
• Mapping indicates that the entire State is at risk of earthquakes, particularly along the coastline and the San Andreas Fault.
Figure 4.23. Significant Faults in Southern California
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Figure 4.24. NEHRP Type D and Type E Soils in Southern California
Figure 4.25. Liquefaction Zones
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Figure 4.26. Areas of Significant Earthquake Shaking Potential
4.13.4 Hazard Extent/Intensity
The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in terms of both intensity and magnitude.
However, the two terms are quite different, and they are often confused. Intensity is based on the observed effects of ground shaking on people, buildings, and natural features. It varies from place to place within the disturbed region depending on the location of the observer with respect to the earthquake epicenter. Magnitude is related to the amount of seismic energy released at the hypocenter of the earthquake. It is based on the amplitude of the earthquake waves recorded on instruments which have a common calibration. The magnitude of an earthquake is thus represented by a single, instrumentally determined value.
Earthquake strength has traditionally been measured using the Richter scale, developed by Charles Richter in 1935. The Richter scale went through numerous adjustments since its conception and was eventually replaced by the “Moment Magnitude Scale” for earthquakes larger than 3.5; however, most still refer to both scales as the Richter scale.
The Richter magnitude scale, used as an indicator of the force of an earthquake, measures the magnitude, int ensity, and energy released by an earthquake with seismographs. Each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude; as an estimate of energy, each whole number step in the magnitude scale corresponds to the release of about 31 times more energy than the amount associated with the preceding whole number value. It is important to note that the Richter Magnitude Scale is not used to express damage.
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Table 4-67. The Richter Scale
THE RICHTER SCALE
Magnitude Description
< 2.0 Micro earthquakes, not felt.
2.0 - 2.9 Minor earthquakes, generally not felt, but are recorded.
3.0 - 3.9 Minor earthquakes, often felt, but rarely causes damage.
4.0 - 4.9 Light earthquakes, noticeable shaking of indoor items, rattling noises, and significant damage is unlikely.
5.0 - 5.9 Moderate earthquakes, can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions, and possible slight damage to well-designed buildings.
6.0 - 6.9 Strong earthquakes, can be destructive in areas up to about 99 miles across in populated regions.
7.0 - 7.9 Major earthquakes, can cause serious damage over larger regions.
8.0 - 8.9 Great earthquakes can cause serious damage in regions several hundred miles across.
9.0 - 9.9 Great earthquakes, devastating in areas several thousands of miles across. 10 < Massive earthquakes, never recorded, widespread devastation across vast regions.
The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensit y. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such as people awakening, movement of furniture, damage to chimneys, and finally - total destruction. The Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity Scale is the common intensity scale used in the United States. This scale is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity that range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic destruction. It does not have a mathematical basis; instead, it is an arbitrary ranking based on observed effects. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the non- scientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place.
The table below illustrates abbreviated descriptions of the 12 levels of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. 
Table 4-68. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE
Level of
Intensity Observed Earthquake Effects
I Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
II Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.
III
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly.
Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
IV
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
V Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
VI Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster.
Damage slight.
VII
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well- built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
VIII
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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IX
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well -designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
X Some well -built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
XI Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
XII Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air.
Earthquakes can trigger other types of ground failures which could contribute to the damage. These include landslides, dam failures, and liquefaction. In the last situation, shaking can mix groundwater and soil, liquefying and weakening the ground that supports buildings and severing utility lines. This is a special problem in floodplains where the water table is relatively high, and the soils are more susceptible to liquefaction.
4.13.5 Probability and Frequency
Probability: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) determines the probability of earthquake events through a combination of historical earthquake data, geological and seismological research, and advanced modeling techniques. This process involves analyzing past earthquakes to understand patterns of occurrence, fault line activities, and the distribution of seismic activity across different regions. By studying the behavior of tectonic plates, including their movement and the stress ac cumulation along faults, scientists can assess where earthquakes are more likely to occur. The USGS also utilizes seismic hazard maps that depict the likelihood of various levels of earthquake shaking in different areas over specific time frames. These maps are based on models that incorporate the rates at which earthquakes occur in different areas and the expected ground shaking from those earthquakes.
In addition, the USGS employs probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), a method that quantifies the likelihood of exceeding various levels of earthquake shaking in a given period, considering the uncertainties inherent in predicting earthquake behavior. PSHA considers the location, rate, and magnitude of potential earthquakes, as well as how seismic wav es will propagate through the Earth to affect locations. The analysis also incorporates the potential for soil amplification and other local effects that can influence ground shaking intensity.
Frequency: The figure below illustrates peak ground accelerations having a 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years, for a firm rock site. The long-term national seismic hazard map is based on the most recent USGS models for the conterminous U.S. (2018), Hawaii (1998), and Alaska (2007). These models are based on seismicity and fault-slip rates and consider the frequency of earthquakes of various magnitudes. In California, the hazard may be greater than shown, because site geology may amplify ground motions.
Figure 4.27. Long-term National Seismic Hazard Map
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4.13.6 Past Events
According to the 2023 State of California HMP, California has a long history of damaging earthquakes, and earthquake forecasts indicate a 93 percent chance that one or more major earthquakes (magnitude 7 or greater) will happen in the State in the 30 years following 2014.
4.13.7 Vulnerability and Impacts
Public Health and Life Safety: According to FEMA, earthquakes can impact life safety and public health in different ways. Some of the most common impacts are as follows:
• Injuries and Loss of Life: The violent shaking and structural damage caused by earthquakes can result in injuries and, in severe cases, loss of life. Falling debris, structural collapses, and ground ruptures can pose immediate risks to individuals in affected areas.
• Structural Damage: Earthquakes can cause extensive damage to buildings, homes, and infrastructure, making them unsafe for occupancy. This can lead to injuries, homelessness, and the need for temporary shelter. • Displacement: Earthquake-affected individuals may be forced to evacuate their homes due to damage or the threat of aftershocks. This displacement can lead to overcrowding in emergency shelters and increased stress for affected individuals and families.
• Mental Health Impact : Earthquakes can have long- lasting psychological effects, including trauma, anxiety, and post -traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which may require mental health support and counseling.
• Strain on Healthcare Systems : Earthquakes can overwhelm healthcare systems with an influx of injured individuals in need of medical attention. Hospitals and medical facilities may face challenges in providing care and resources. • Infrastructure Disruption: Critical infrastructure, including roads, bridges, utilities, and communication networks, can be damaged, affecting emergency response capabilities and access to essential services.
• Water Supply Contamination: Ground shaking can damage water supply systems, leading to contamination of drinking water sources. This poses health risks and requires water treatment and distribution efforts.
• Fire Hazards: Earthquakes can cause gas leaks and damage to electrical systems, increasing the risk of fires. Fire outbreaks can lead to additional injuries, property damage, and air quality issues.
• Aftershocks: Aftershocks following the initial earthquake can further damage weakened structures, hinder response efforts, and pr olong the risks to life safety and public health.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: Generally, wood frame buildings and structures on solid ground fare best during an earthquake. Wood frame buildings are flexible enough to withstand ground shak ing and swaying. Evaluations of recent earthquakes found that damage was primarily caused to:
• Unreinforced masonry structures.
• Older buildings with some degree of deterioration.
• Buildings without foundation ties.
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• Multi-story structures with open or “soft” first floors.
Most building codes have standards related to the first three concerns. This means that the most threatened buildings are older ones (built before current codes), masonry ones, and taller ones with open first floors.
In addition to t he building type, damage is related to the underlying soils. Buildings on solid ground fare better, while those on loose or sandy soils will suffer more from shaking.
These can be found in floodplains. If there is enough water present, the shaking can liquefy the underlying soils, which removes the support under the foundation.
Figure 3-9 in the Community Profile illustrates the locations of critical facilities within the City of Chino.
A HAZUS analysis was conducted to examine the life safety and health impact to people during an earthquake incident. In this analysis, HAZUS estimates the number of people that could be injured or killed by an earthquake in the City of Chino.
The casualties are broken down into four (4) severity levels that describe the extent of the injuries and are described as follows:
• Severity Level 1: Injuries will require medical attention, but hospitalization is not needed.
• Severity Level 2: Injuries will require hospitalization but are not considered life- threatening
• Severity Level 3 : Injuries will require hospitalization and can become life threatening if not promptly treated.
• Severity Level 4: Victims are killed by the earthquake.
The casualty estimates are provided for three (3) times of day: 2:00 AM, 2:00 PM and 5:00 PM. These times represent the periods of the day when different sectors of the community are at their peak occupancy loads. The 2:00 AM estimate considers that the residential occupancy load is maximum, the 2:00 PM estimate considers that the educational, commercial and industrial sector loads are maximum and 5:00 PM represents peak commute time.
The following table provides a summary of the casualties estimated by HAZUS for an earthquake.
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Table 4-69. HAZUS Casualty Estimates
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Economy: According to FEMA, earthquake events can have profound and multifaceted economic impacts, affecting communities, businesses, and governments at all levels.
Initially, earthquakes inflict direct damage to infrastructure, including buildings, roads, and bridges, leading to substantial repair and reconstruction costs. These costs not only strain public budgets but also divert resources from other vital community needs. Businesses experience significant disruptions, with some forced to cease operations temporarily or permanently, resulting in lost income, employment, and productivity. The ripple effects extend to the wider economy, as supply chains are disrupted, and consumer spending patterns shift in the aftermath of the disaster.
According to FEMA, earthquakes can undermine investor confidence and lead to declines in property values, especially in areas deemed at high risk for future seismic events. The insurance sector faces increased claims, which can impact the availability and cost of coverage for businesses and homeowners. Efforts to rebuild and recover from an earthquake often require substantial investment, which can stimulate economic activity in construction and related sectors but also highlight the need for improved resil ience and preparedness strategies.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: According to FEMA, earthquake events significantly influence changes in development and future planning strategies, primarily through the lens of enhancing resili ence and safety in earthquake- prone areas. In the aftermath of significant seismic activity, there is often a reassessment of building codes and construction practices to reduce the vulnerability of structures to future earthquakes. This includes the adoption of more stringent engineering standards, the use of earthquake -resistant materials, and the incorporation of innovative design techniques that allow buildings and infrastructure to withstand seismic forces. Such measures are crucial in minimizing physical damage and ensuring the safety of occupants during subsequent earthquakes. Lastly, urban planning and zoning regulations may be revised to limit development in high-risk areas, such as fault zones and areas susceptible to soil liquefaction, further mitigating potential damage and loss of life (FEMA, 2024).
According to FEMA, earthquake events also impact long- term planning of communities, through higher building code standards and retrofitting existing structures to improve their earthquake resilience. Efforts to enhance public awareness and preparedness, including earthquake drills and the development of emergency response plans, become integral components of community planning.
Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: According to NOAA, the relationship between climate change and the severity of earthquake events is not direct, as earthquakes are primarily caused by geophysical processes related to the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface. According to NOAA, earthquakes result from the buildup and release of energy along faults or by volcanic activity, processes that are generally considered to be independent of atmospheric conditions influenced by climate change.
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4.13.8 FEMA NRI Expected Annual Loss Estimates
Table 4-70. City of Chino Expected Annual Loss Table
CITY OF CHINO CA
FEMA NRI EXPECTED ANNUAL LOSS TABLE – EARTHQUAKE
Annualized
Frequency Population Population
Equivalence
Building
Value
Agriculture
Value
Total
Value
Expected
Annual
Loss
Score
Expected
Annual
Loss
Rating
0.0098%
chance per
year
0.83 $9,664,541.41 $47,900,631.4 N/A $57,565,172.81 96.13 Relatively High
Annualized Frequency: The natural hazard annualized frequency is defined as the expected frequency or probability of a hazard occurrence per year. Annualized frequency is derived either from the number of recorded hazard occurrences each year over a given period or the modeled probability of a hazard occurrence each year.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type-specific methodology.
Expected Annual Loss scores are calculated using an equation that combines values for exposure, annualized frequency, and historic loss ratios (Expected Annual Loss = Exposure × Annualized Frequency × Historic Loss Ratio).
Source: hazards.fema.gov/nri/expected-annual-loss
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
4.13.9 FEMA Hazard-Specific Risk Index Table
Table 4-71. City of Chino FEMA Hazard Specific Risk Index Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA HAZARD SPECIFIC RATINGS – EARTHQUAKE
Risk Index Score Social Vulnerability Rating Community Resilience Rating
96.07 Relatively High Relatively Low
Risk Index Scores: are a quantitative rating calculated using data for only a single hazard type. Risk Index Scores are calculated using data for only a single hazard type, and reflect a community's Expected Annual Loss value, community risk factors, and the adjustment factor used to calculate the risk value.
Social Vulnerability Ratings : are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High.” Social Vulnerability is measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Community Resilience Ratings: are a qualitative rating that describe the community in comparison to all other communities at the same level, ranging from “Very Low” to “Very High.” Community Resilience is measured using the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (HVRI BRIC) published by the University of South Carolina's Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (HVRI).
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
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4.13.10 FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
Table 4-72. City of Chino FEMA NRI Exposure Value Table
CITY OF CHINO, CA
FEMA EXPOSURE VALUE TABLE – EARTHQUAKE
Hazard
Type
Total
Value Building Value Population
Equivalence Population Agriculture
Value
Earthquake $1,343,572,557,379 $265,381,670,00 $1,317,238,000,000 113,555 N/A Buildings: Building exposure value is defined as the dollar value of the buildings determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. The maximum possible building exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its building value as recorded in Hazus 6.0, which provides 2022 valuations of the 2020 Census.
Population: Population exposure is defined as the estimated number of people determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. The maximum possible population exposure of an area (Census block, Census tract, or county) is its population as recorded in Hazus 6.0. Population loss is monetized into a population equivalence value using a VSL approach in which each fatality or ten injur ies is treated as $11.6 million of economic loss (2022 dollars).
Agriculture: Agriculture exposure value is defined as the estimated dollar value of the crops and livestock determined to be exposed to a hazard according to a hazard type- specific methodology. This is derived from the USDA 2017 Census of Agriculture county -level value of crop and pastureland with 2018 values for the US territories. All dollar values are inflation-adjusted to 2022 dollars.
Source: FEMA National Risk Index (2024)
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OTHER HAZARDS OF CONCERN
Although FEMA does not require non-natural hazards for inclusion in a hazard mitigation plan, City of Chino wishes to rank and mitigate against a comprehensive list of hazard events that could impact the county. Due to the nature of non- natural hazards and the discretionary status regarding their inclusion, the following hazards of interest have been briefly and qualitatively assessed for public education and informing their inclusion within the hazard ranking and mitigation process:
• Civil Disturbance
• Cybersecurity Incident
• Facility Disaster
• Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed, Transportation)
• Prolonged Power Outage
• Terrorism
• Transportation Incident (Air & Road)
4.14 Civil Disturbance
4.14.1 Hazard Definition
The FBI defines a civil disturbance as a collective act of public disorder or violence by a group of individuals which is aimed at challenging government authority or obstructing the functioning of governmental institutions. This can encompass a wide range of activities, including protests, riots, demonstrations, and other forms of public unrest. Civil disturbances are characterized by their potential to disrupt the peace and security of a community, potentially leading to harm to persons, damage to property, and a general state of chaos if not managed properly. Civil disturbances are often driven by social, economic, political, or environmental grievances, where participants seek to draw attention to their cause or demand change from governmental or societal structures. In cases where civil disturbances escalate to violence or criminal activities, law enforcement may intervene to restore order, protect lives and property, and uphold the rule of law.
4.14.2 Hazard Extent/Intensity
The FBI measures the extent or intensity of a civil disturbance through situational assessments, intelligence gathering, and analysis of the level of disruption caused. The extent of a civil disturbance is determined by several factors, including the number of participants, the geographic area affected, the duration of the event, and the presence of any violent activities or significant property damage. The intensity is further assessed by evaluating the level of aggression displayed, the use of weapons or destructive devices, and the response required by law enforcement and emergency services.
4.14.3 Past Events
No official recorded events available at the time of the plan update.
4.14.4 Probability
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events that could incite public unrest. This involves collecti ng and analyzing data from a wide range of sources, including law enforcement agencies, social media, public forums, and intelligence networks, to identify potential threats and assess the mood and sentiments of communities. The FBI also monitors upcoming events of political, social, or economic significance that might serve as catalysts for civil disturbances, such as elections, court decisions, or incidents of perceived injustice.
4.14.5 Vulnerability and Impacts
Health and Safety: According to the FBI, civil disturbance incidents can impact health and safety, posing both immediate and long-term risks to communities. In the short term, events can lead to injuries among participants, law enforcement personnel, and bystanders, resulting from physical confrontations, the use of crowd-control measures, or accidents in chaotic environments. Additionally, civil disturbances often result in the destruction of property, including homes, businesses, and public infrastructure, which can disrupt essential services su ch as healthcare, transportation, and access to food and water, further endangering public health and safety.
In the longer term, the impacts of civil disturbances can extend to the mental health and well-being of individuals and communities. The stress a nd trauma associated with experiencing or witnessing violence and destruction can lead to a range of psychological issues, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Finally, the disruption of community cohesion and trust in public institutions can have lasting effects, potentially hindering recovery efforts and resilience-building.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: According to the FBI, civil disturbance incidents can impact property damage and critical infrastruc ture. Civil disturbance incidents can often lead to vandalism, looting, arson, and the destruction of buildings, vehicles, and storefronts, which can result in substantial financial losses for businesses and homeowners. The impact on critical infrastructur e, such as utilities, transportation networks, emergency services, and communication systems, can disrupt essential services and pose serious challenges to public safety and the overall functioning of communities. Such disruptions can hinder emergency and law enforcement responses, complicating efforts to restore order and provide assistance to those affected by the disturbance.
According to the FBI, the extent of property damage and infrastructure impact can vary widely depending on the scale and intensit y of the civil disturbance, as well as the preparedness and response of law enforcement and emergency services. In the aftermath of such incidents, rebuilding and repairing damaged infrastructure and properties can be a lengthy and costly process, often requiring coordination between government agencies, private sector entities, and community organizations. The psychological impact on communities, including a sense of insecurity and decreased trust in public institutions, can also have lasting effects.
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4.14.6 Economy
According to the FBI, civil disturbance incidents can impact the economy with immediate and long-term effects. In the short term, civil disturbance incidents can disrupt business operations, leading to significant losses in revenue, especially f or small businesses that may not have the resources to recover quickly. The physical damage to property and infrastructure necessitates costly repairs and can deter future investment and tourism in the affected areas. Additionally, civil disturbances can s train public resources, as local and state governments may need to allocate significant funds towards law enforcement, emergency response, and rebuilding efforts, diverting funds from other public services and development projects.
In the long term, the economic impact of civil disturbances can extend beyond the immediate area of the incidents. The perception of instability can decrease investor confidence, potentially leading to a decline in investment at both local and national levels.
Insurance premiums in affected areas may rise, imposing additional costs on businesses and property owners. Lastly, the disruption to supply chains during civil disturbances can have ripple effects on the broader economy, affecting industries and markets beyond the immediate region.
4.15 Cybersecurity Incident
4.15.1 Hazard Description
Cyber-attacks are “deliberate exploitation of computer systems, technology -dependent enterprises, and networks.” Cyber -attacks use malicious code to alter computer operations or data. The vulnerability of computer systems to attacks is a growing concern as people and institutions become more dependent upon networked technologies. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reports that, “cyber intrusions are becoming more commonplace, more dangerous, and more sophisticated,” with implications for private - and public-sector networks.
Malware, or malicious software, can cause numerous problems once on a computer or network, from taking control of users’ machines to discreetly sending out confide ntial information. Ransomware is a specific type of malware that blocks access to digital files and demands a payment to release them. Hospitals, schools, state and local governments, law enforcement agencies, businesses, and even individuals can be targeted by ransomware. A 2017 study found ransomware payments over a two- year period totaled more than $16 million. Even if a victim is perfectly prepared with full offline data backups, recovery from a sophisticated ransomware attack typically costs far mor e than the demanded ransom. However, according to a 2016 study by Kaspersky Lab, roughly one in five ransomware victims who pay their attackers are still not able to retrieve their data.
Cyber spying or espionage is the act of illicitly obtaining intellectual property, government secrets, or other confidential digital information, and often is associated with attacks carried out by professional agents working on behalf of a foreign government or corporation.
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According to cybersecurity firm Symantec, i n 2016 “…the world of cyber espionage experienced a notable shift towards more overt activity, designed to destabilize and disrupt targeted organizations and countries.” A major data breach is when hackers gain access to large amounts of personal, sensiti ve, or confidential information and have become increasingly common. A 2018 report from the security firm Symantec found that more than seven billion identities have been exposed in data breaches over the last eight years. In addition to networked systems, data breaches can occur due to the mishandling of external drives.
Cyber-crime can refer to any of the above incidents when motivated primarily by financial gain or other criminal intent. The most severe type of attack is cyber terrorism, which aims to disrupt or damage systems to cause fear, injury, and loss to advance a political agenda.
Cyberattacks can be divided into two main categories: attacks against data, and attacks against physical infrastructure. Because our society is so dependent on technology, a large-scale cyberattack could overwhelm government and/or private- sector resources quickly, as well as threaten lives, property, the economy and national security.
Phishing is a technique employed in many of the above attacks and involves sending fraudulent emails purporting to be from known contacts or reputable companies to induce individuals to reveal personal information, such as passwords and credit card numbers, or to click on links that put the user at risk.
4.15.2 Hazard Location
Cyber disruptions are not central to one geographic area; they can occur anywhere within the City of Chino where technological systems exist or are utilized. A breach can originate at one computer and affect any other computer in the world. Targets include individual computers, networks, organizations, business sectors, or governments.
4.15.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
The extent of a cybersecurity breach is dependent on various factors. These factors include the system that is attacked, protective measures put in place, training of the people involved, warning time, and the firewalls that exist to protect different levels of the system.
4.15.4 Probability and Frequency
Cyberattacks have increased nationwide in recent years, particularly targeting the energy sector, as well as the banking and finance sectors. Hackers have exploited vulnerabilities in company computer systems by distracting employees, interfering with Internet Security Providers (ISP), and diverting resources to steal proprietary information and personally identifiable information (PII). Small devices can wreak havoc on critical systems —some USB drives have been manufactured with viruses or become infected, spreading malware to multiple computers. Traditional cybersecurity measures suc h as firewalls, signature- based access controls, and anti -virus software are becoming increasingly antiquated, necessitating more advanced security strategies.
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While specific data on the number of cyber incidents in the City of Chino are not available, the probability of future cyberattacks remains high, given the increasing reliance on digital infrastructure.
Several local jurisdictions in California have been affected by ransomware attacks in recent years. In 2023, the San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department was hit by a ransomware attack, forcing the county to pay a $1.1 million ransom to regain access to its systems. The attack disrupted critical law enforcement operations, highlighting the vulnerabilities faced by public agencies.
Other high-profile ransomware incidents include:
• The City of Atlanta (2018), where recovery costs exceeded $2.6 million, significantly more than the initial $52,000 ransom demand. • The City of Baltimore (2019), where a ransomware attack impacted email, voicemail, property tax portals, water bill and parking ticket systems, and delayed over 1,000 pending home sales.
• Orange County, North Carolina (2019), where a ransomware virus disrupted county services, including real estate transactions, marriage licenses, housing voucher processing, and tax bill verification.
4.15.5 Past Events
There have been no recorded cybersecurity events in the City of Chino.
4.15.6 Vulnerability and Impacts
Cyberattacks can have a wide range of impacts, ranging from minimal to significant, depending on if the County or its jurisdictions are the main target for the attack or if they are one of many targets. Some of these attacks may be malicious and can result in catastrophic damage to the nervous system of a community's cyber infrastructure. Back- up systems, redundancy, heightened awareness, integrity restoration, and recovery will provide means to adequately manage the consequence of an attack.
Direct Damage: Cyberattacks can inflict damage on physical systems by manipulating the technology supporting the built environment.
Economic Damage: Cyberattacks can inflict huge amounts of economic damage in many different ways. Cyberattacks targeting financial institutions (banks, stock markets, etc.) can directly impact the overall economy while other attacks may target individual businesses. Large scale cyberattacks can greatly affect the economy. Symantec reports that in the last three years, businesses have lost $3 billion due to phishing email scams alone. In an electronic -based commerce society, any disruption to daily activities can have disastrous impacts to the economy. It is difficult to measure the true extent of the impact.
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4.16 Hazardous Materials Incident
4.16.1 Hazard Description
Hazardous materials (HAZMAT) are substances that, because of their chemical or physical characteristics, are hazardous to humans and living organisms, property, and the environment are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and, when transported in commerce, by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). The EPA regulations address “hazardous substances” and “extremely hazardous substances.”
The EPA chooses to specifically list hazardous substances and extremely hazardous substances rather than providing objective definitions. Hazardous substances, as listed, are generally materials that, if released into the environment, tend to persist for long periods and pose long- term health hazards for living organisms. They are primarily chronic rather than acute health hazards.
Regulations require that spills of these materials into the environment in amounts at or above their individual “reportable quantities” must be reported to the EPA. Extremely hazardous substances, on the other hand, while also generally toxic materials, are acute health hazards that, when released, are immediately dangerous to the life of humans and animals and can cause serious damage to the environment. There are currently 355 specifically listed extremely hazardous substances listed along with their individual threshold planning quantities (TPQ)
When facilities have these materials in quantities at or above the TPQ, they must submit “Tier II” information to appropriate state and/or local agencies to facilitate emergency planning.
DOT regulations provide the following definition for the term “hazardous material”: A hazardous material is “a substance or material that the Secretary of Transportation has determined is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce” and has been designated as hazardous under section 5103 of federal hazardous materials transportation law (49 U.S.C. 5103). The term includes hazardous substances, hazardous wastes, marine pollutants, elevated temperature materials, materials designated as hazardous in the Hazardous Materials Table (see 49 CFR 172.101), and materials that meet the defining criteria for hazard classes and divisions in part 173 of subchapter C of the same chapter.
When a substance meets the DOT definition of a hazardous material , it must be transported under safety regulations providing for appropriate packaging, communication of hazards, and proper shipping controls.
In addition to EPA and DOT regulations, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) develops codes and stand ards for the safe storage and use of hazardous materials.
These codes and standards are generally adopted locally and include the use of the NFPA 704 standard for communication of chemical hazards in terms of health, fire, 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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instability (previously called “r eactivity”), and other special hazards (such as water reactivity and oxidizer characteristics).
While somewhat differently defined by the above organizations, the term “hazardous material” may be generally understood to encompass substances that have the capability to harm humans and other living organisms, property, and/or the environment. There is also no universally accepted, objective definition of the term “hazardous material event.” A useful working definition, however, might be framed as “any actual or threatened uncontrolled release of a hazardous material, its hazardous reaction products, or the energy released by its reactions that poses a significant risk to human life and health, property, and/or the environment.”
4.16.2 Hazard Location
While a HAZMAT transportation incident could occur anywhere in the City of Chino, the figure below illustrates fixed HAZMAT sites located within the City of Chino.
4.16.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
Diamond-shaped NFPA 704 signs ranking the health, fire, and instability hazards on a numerical scale from zero (least) to four (greatest) along with any special hazards are usually required to be posted on chemical storage buildings, tanks, and other facilities.
Similar NFPA 704 labels may also be required on individual containers stored and/or used inside facilities.
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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses several factors to assess the extent and intensity of HAZMAT or laboratory incidents. First, the EPA considers the type and quantity of hazardous materials inv olved in the incident, recognizing that different substances present varying risks to human health and the environment. Second, they assess the incident's location and geographic scope, determining whether it is localized to a laboratory, industrial facili ty, or if it has broader implications for densely populated areas or sensitive ecosystems.
Next, the EPA examines the release or exposure pathways to understand how hazardous materials are released and the potential routes of exposure to humans and wildlife. This includes evaluating whether the substances have become airborne, entered water bodies, or contaminated the soil. In addition, the agency investigates the immediate and long-term health and environmental effects stemming from the incident, encompassing the impact on air and water quality, ecosystems, and human health.
The response and cleanup measures taken during and after the incident play a pivotal role in assessing its extent and intensity. This involves evaluating the effectiveness of containment, control, and remediation efforts. Regulatory compliance is another crucial aspect, determining whether the incident involves non- compliance with environmental regulations and whether enforcement actions are necessary. The EPA also considers the impact on local communities, including evacuation orders, shelter -in-place advisories, public health consequences, and economic impacts. Lastly, the duration of the incident and the persistence of hazardous materials in the environment are taken into account to understand its intensity and the potential for prolonged consequences.
4.16.4 Probability and Frequency
Probability: The U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) determines the probability of hazardous incidents through risk assessment, data analysis, and regulatory compliance monitoring. PHMSA employs risk assessment methodologies that consider the physical condition of pipelines, the nature of the materials transported, historical incident data, environmental conditions, and human factors. This analysis identifies potential vulnerabilities and the likelihood of incidents occurring. PHMSA also relies on extensive data collection from pipeline operators and hazardous materials handlers, includin g reports on incidents, safety violations, and maintenance activities. This data is analyzed to identify trends, assess risk levels, and prioritize safety measures.
Frequency: According to the US DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, there have been 0 HAZMAT incidents recorded between 2019 and 2023 (1,862 days). This averages 0 incidents per day during this time and incidents annually.
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4.16.5 Past Events
Reference Appendix D for HAZMAT events table.
4.16.6 Vulnerabilities and Impacts
Life Safety and Public Health: According to the EPA, HAZMAT incidents can have substantial life safety and public health impacts. These impacts encompass immediate health ri sks due to exposure to hazardous materials, resulting in injuries, respiratory problems, chemical burns, or physical harm. In addition, long- term health effects may occur from prolonged exposure to contaminants, leading to respiratory diseases, cancers, and other chronic illnesses. Evacuations and displacement are often necessary in severe incidents, which can disrupt residents' lives, causing stress and mental health concerns.
Contaminants released during such incidents can pollute air and water sources, affecting air quality and posing risks to communities through water contamination.
Next, soil and crops may become contaminated, impacting local agriculture and posing food safety risks. The need for emergency healthcare resources may overwhelm hospitals and healthcare facilities, affecting the availability of medical care for various health issues. The psychological impacts, such as fear and uncertainty, can result in stress, anxiety, and mental health challenges among affected individuals and communities.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: HAZMAT incidents can result in significant property damage and critical infrastructure impacts. Property damage occurs when hazardous materials are released, leading to contamination and destruction of structures, both residential and commercial. The extent of property damage can be severe, particularly in cases of chemical spills, explosions, or fires.
Critical infrastructure, including water treatment facilities, power plants, transportation systems, and communication networks, can also be affected. Hazardous materials may contaminate water sources, disrupting water treatment plants and affecting the supply of clean water to communities. Power outages or damage to electrical infrastructure can result from fires or explosions, impacting energy supply and potentially causing additional safety risks. Transportation networks, including roads and bridges, can be compromised due to accidents or contamination, hindering access for emergency responders and the general public.
Economy: HAZMAT incidents can result in costs associated with emergency response, containment, cleanup, and environmental remediation. The financial burden of addressing the incident and managing hazardous materials can also be substantial.
These costs can include expenses related to deploying first responders, hazmat teams, and emergency services to the scene. This encompasses personnel, equipment, and resources necessary to contain and mitigate the incident promptly.
There are also costs related to cleaning up and decontaminating an affected area, which can involve the removal and disposal of hazardous materials. In addition, there can be 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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financial repercussions, damage to research facilities, scientific equipment, and valuable experimental materials can be expensive to replace or repair.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: Changes in development and future development can be impacted by HAMZAT incidents in several ways. First, such incidents may trigger a reassessment of environmental compliance and regulations in local laboratories and/or research facilities. This may lead to stricter oversight and increased regulatory requirements for handling hazardous materials and waste management, affecting the design and operation of future development projects.
Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: Changes in climate patterns can lead to extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, which can directly damage or disrupt HAZMAT storage facilities. For example, flooding can result in the release of hazardous materials from storage t anks or laboratories, posing significant risks to public health and the environment.
Climate change can also affect the transportation of hazardous materials. Increased temperatures can lead to heat -related transportation incidents, such as the overheatin g of vehicles carrying hazardous cargo, potentially causing leaks or accidents.
Lastly, changes in climate can alter the risk landscape by affecting the types and quantities of hazardous materials used in various industries. For example, changes in temperature and humidity levels can impact the stability of certain chemicals, making them more susceptible to accidental spills or reactions.
4.17 Prolonged Power Outage
4.17.1 Hazard Definition
An electric power outage (also power failure or power loss) is the loss of the electricity supply to a geographic area. The area of an outage (scale) can range from a single facility or neighborhood to a multi -state region. The length of the outage (scope) is determined by combination of factors to include the scale of the outage, weather, and redundant equipment and capacity.
A power outage can be described as a blackout if power is lost completely or as a brownout if the voltage level is below the normal minimum level specified for the system.
The reasons for a power outage can, for instance, be a defect in a power station, damage to a power line or other part of the distribution system, a short circuit, or the overloading of electricity mains. “Load shedding” is a common term for a controlled way of rotating available generation capacity between various districts or customers, thus avoiding total wide area blackouts.
Power outages are particularly serious for hospitals and other critical facilities and operations. Our society is extremely reliant upon life- critical medical devices, communications, and electronic information all of which require reliable (uninterrupted) electric power.
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The entire energy system is complex and consists of three major parts: generation, transmission, and distribution. The control and communication between these parts are extremely important as the failure of one part could disrupt the entire system. The energy system is reliant upon the following factors: continual maintenance, equipment replacement and redundancy, and additional high- load capacity. These factors have to be carefully balanced against operating cost and profit. These initiatives are expensive, but the costs cannot be readily pushed down to the consumer due to public pressure and opinion.
4.17.2 Hazard Location
This hazard affects every community in the City of Chino.
4.17.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
Power outages in the City of Chino are typically isolated and limited to a short amount of time (less than six hours).
4.17.4 Probability and Frequency
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) determines the probability of prolonged power outages by analyzing the physical condition of infrastructure, such as power plants, transmission lines, and distribution networks, as well as the likelihood of extreme weather events, natural disasters, and human-induced threats that could lead to disruptions. The DOE also utilizes historical data on past outages, weather patterns, and infrastructure vulnerabilities to model potential scenarios and identify areas at higher risk of prolonged outages. Technological advancements and the integration of renewable energy sources are also considered, as they can influence the grid's adaptability and response to power demands and potential threats.
The DOE also collaborates with other federal agencies, state and local governments, and the private sector to gather comprehensive data on threats to the energy sector. This includes cybersecurity threats to the grid's operational technology systems, which are critical for maintaining power supply and distribution. By employing predictive analytics and risk assessment models, the DOE can estimate the likelihood and potential duration of power outages under various conditions.
4.17.5 Past Events
The City of Chino has experienced several power outages, though specific instances of prolonged outages have not been comprehensively detailed in public records. Southern California Edison (SCE) provides electric utility services to Chino and has reported outages in the area. Residents have reported various issues with outages, particularly during extreme weather events such as high winds and storms, which can lead to power interruptions lasting several hours or more.
In addition to weather -related outages, Chino is also subject to Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS), a precautionary measure implemented by SCE to reduce wildfire risk during periods of extreme weather. PSPS events occur when strong winds, low humidity, and dry conditions increase the likelihood of wildfires, prompting SCE to temporarily shut 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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off power in high-risk areas. While Chino is not in a designated high-fire-risk zone, PSPS events affecting surrounding areas may still have indirect impacts, includi ng grid disruptions and strain on emergency services.
4.17.6. Vulnerability and Impacts
Public Health and Safety: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), prolonged power outages can have significant public health and safety impacts.
One of the primary concerns is the loss of refrigeration, which jeopardizes the safety of stored food and vaccines, potentially leading to foodborne illnesses and disruption of essential medical services. Additionally, the lack of heating or cooling s ystems during extreme weather conditions can result in temperature- related health issues, including hypothermia during cold spells and heat-related illnesses during heatwaves. The absence of power also affects the functionality of medical devices, water tr eatment plants, and sewage systems, increasing the risk of medical emergencies and waterborne diseases.
Moreover, prolonged power outages can hinder communication and access to information, complicating emergency response efforts and public health advisor ies. The inability to charge electronic devices can leave individuals isolated, especially those who are vulnerable or require special care. The CDC also highlights the increased risk of accidents and injuries in the dark, including falls, burns from candl es or generators, and carbon monoxide poisoning from improper use of alternative heating or power sources.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: According to the DOE, prolonged power outages can lead to significant property damage and critically i mpact infrastructure systems. For residential and commercial properties, the absence of electrical power affects heating, cooling, and ventilation systems, potentially leading to water pipes freezing and bursting in cold weather or exacerbating heat-related deterioration and mold growth in warmer climates. Electronic devices and appliances may suffer damage from power surges when electricity is restored, and the lack of lighting and security systems increases the vulnerability of properties to theft and vandalism.
On a larger scale, critical infrastructure such as water treatment facilities, communication networks, transportation systems, and hospitals rely heavily on continuous power supply.
Prolonged outages compromise the delivery of essential services, including public transportation, emergency response, healthcare services, and water supply, posing significant risks to public health and safety. Furthermore, the economic impact of outages on businesses and industries can be substantial, affecting local and national economies.
Economy: According to the DOE, prolonged power outages can impact the economy, affecting various sectors in both direct and indirect ways. Directly, businesses that rely on electric power for production, storage, and operations may experience significant losses due to halted operations, spoilage of perishable goods, and damage to sensitive equipment. The service sector, particularly those that depend on electronic transactions and digital communications, can also be severely disrupte d. This immediate halt in business activities not only affects the revenue of individual companies but also impacts the wages of employees who may be unable to work during outages. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Indirectly, prolonged power outages can erode consumer confidence and dete r investment, leading to broader economic repercussions beyond the immediate areas affected. Critical infrastructure failures, such as those in transportation, communication, and financial services, can disrupt supply chains and logistics, affecting local and national markets. The cumulative effect of these disruptions can contribute to economic downturns, particularly in regions where the economy is heavily reliant on industries vulnerable to power outages.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: According to the DOE, prolonged power outages can impact changes in development and future development strategies, particularly in terms of enhancing resilience and sustainability in urban planning and infrastructure design. The experience of prol onged outages highlights the vulnerabilities in existing energy systems and underscores the need for integrating more resilient power solutions. This realization is driving a shift towards the development of smart grids, renewable energy sources, and microgrid technologies that can operate independently of the main grid during outages. Such advancements not only aim to minimize the impact of future power outages but also contribute to sustainable development goals by incorporating clean energy solutions. Lastly, the DOE emphasizes the importance of adaptive infrastructure that can withstand various disruptions, including power outages. This includes designing buildings and communities that are energy - efficient and capable of utilizing backup power systems such as solar panels and battery storage.
Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: There is no data illustrating the impact of climate change on the severity of prolonged power outages.
4.18 Terrorism
4.18.1 Hazard Description
The unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." This definition encompasses both domestic and international terrorism. Domestic terrorism is characterized by acts committed by individuals or groups without foreign direction, specifically within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., aimed at influencing the government or population. International terrorism involves viol ent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law and are intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, influence the policy of a government, or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or ki dnapping, and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum.
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4.18.2 Hazard Location
Terrorism could occur anywhere in the City of Chino. However, these types of incidents tend to occur in places significant public gatherings/events, as well as locations of (former) employment, or at schools/universities.
Table 4-73. Types of Vulnerable Soft Targets in the City of Chino, California
TYPES OF VULNERABLE SOFT TARGETS IN CHINO, CA
Type of Location Examples and Description
Schools and Educational
Facilities
High-density areas with students and staff, often lacking advanced security measures.
Shopping Malls and Retail
Centers
Large, open spaces with high foot traffic, such as the Chino Spectrum Marketplace.
Entertainment Venues Places like movie theaters, concert halls, and sports arenas where large crowds gather.
Healthcare Facilities Hospitals and clinics that provide essential services but can be overwhelmed during disasters.
Public Parks and
Recreational Areas
Open areas like Monte Vista Park and Liberty Park, which attract families and groups.
Note: The above list should not be considered inclusive, as terrorism or an active assailant incident could occur anywhere in the City of Chino.
4.18.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) determines the extent and intensity of terrorism or active assailant events through a combination of investigative techniques, intelligence analysis, and collaboration with local, state, national, and international law enforcement and intelligence agencies. The extent of an event refers to its scal e, including the geographical area affected, the number of individuals involved (both perpetrators and victims), and the impact on infrastructure and public services. The intensity involves the level of violence, the types of weapons used, and the duration of the event. The FBI assesses these factors through the collection and analysis of evidence from the scene, eyewitness accounts, surveillance footage, and intelligence reports. This information helps the FBI understand the motivations behind the attack, the methods of operation, and any affiliations with domestic or international terrorist organizations. Lastly, the FBI utilizes advanced forensic techniques and counterterrorism methodologies to evaluate the severity of these events. This includes examining the sophistication of the attack, the level of planning and coordination involved, and the potential for future threats.
4.18.4 Probability and Frequency
Probability: The FBI determines the probability of terrorism or active assailant events through intelligence gathering, analysis of past incidents, and ongoing monitoring of potential threats. This process includes scrutinizing communications and activities of individuals or groups that may pose a terrorist threat, analyzing trends and patterns in global and domestic terrorism, and assessing the security environment of specific locations or events that may be considered targets. The FBI also collaborates with local, state, federal, and international law enforcement and intelligence agencies to gather and share information, enhancing the comprehensiveness of threat assessments. The use of 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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sophisticated technology and data analysis tools enables the FBI to sift through vast amounts of information to identify credible threats. Lastly, the FBI considers sociopolitical and economic factors that may influence the likelihood of terrorist activities or active assailant incidents. This approach allows the FBI to evaluate the motivations behind potential threats, the capability of individuals or groups to carry out an attack, and any indications of imminent action. Factors such as public events, political climates, and significant anniversaries also play a role in determining the probability of an event.
4.18.5 Past Events
There have been no known acts of terrorism in the City of Chino at the time of this 2024 Plan update.
4.18.6. Vulnerability and Impacts
Life Safety and Public Health: Terrorism incidents have profound life safety and public health impacts. These impacts include the loss of life, both directly through attacks and indirectly through the pervasive fear and emotional distress they induce. Additionally, physical injuries vary in severity among survivors, necessitating medical care and rehabilitation. Mental and emotional trauma is a pervasive outcome, leading to conditions like anxiety, depression, and PTSD among survivors and witnesses. Terrorism -induced displacement disrupts communities, contributing to challenges in accessing vital services.
Public health concerns arise, including mass casualties, disease outbreaks, or contamination from chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear materials. Furthermore, critical infrastructure may sustain damage, affecting public health and safety, and the economic aftermath may leave long-lasting impacts on local economies and businesses.
Increased security measures may result from terrorist threats, impacting daily life, and social disruption and resource allocation may disrupt social cohesion and divert resources from other essential needs.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: Terrorism incidents can cause extensive property damage and have significant critical infrastructure impacts. These impacts include the destruction or severe damage to buildings, including residential and commercial str uctures, leading to property losses. Additionally, vital transportation infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, airports, and public transit systems, may be targeted or affected, disrupting travel and trade. Disruptions can also extend to utilities, including power generation, water treatment, and communication systems, resulting in widespread power outages and water supply issues. Lastly, healthcare facilities (essential for addressing injuries and medical needs arising from acts of violence), may be damaged or rendered inoperable.
Economy: Terrorism incidents have a range of economic impacts. These impacts involve direct economic losses resulting from property damage, business disruption, and recovery expenses. Such incidents can curtail business activity due to reduced consumer confidence and decreased consumer spending, affecting various industries, especially those directly targeted. Furthermore, the fear and security concerns prompted by terrorism can deter tourists, leading to a decline in tourism revenue. Rebuilding and restoring damaged critical infrastructure, like transportation systems and utilities, can 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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impose significant economic burdens, alongside the increased costs of security measures and insurance. Finally, economic consequences of terrori sm can persist long -term, impacting overall economic growth, stability, and employment rates, with potential global economic repercussions and resource reallocation.
Changes in Development and Impact of Future Development: Terrorism incidents can have notable effects on changes in development and future development. These impacts encompass urban planning and infrastructure design, where concerns about security can lead to the incorporation of protective measures in building and infrastructure designs.
This may include features like blast-resistant structures and advanced security systems.
Property values and real estate dynamics can shift, with affected areas potentially experiencing decreased property values, while regions with enhanced security and reduced risk may become more appealing for development. Zoning regulations and land use policies may adapt to accommodate security considerations, potentially imposing restrictions on building heights, densities, and land use near critical infrastructure or known targets. Active assailant incidents can influence economic investments, attracting businesses and investors to areas with improved security measures. Lastly, communities may invest in resilience measures, such as emergency preparedness and infrastructur e upgrades, to mitigate future incidents' impact. These factors, in turn, can lead to displacement and relocation, influencing development patterns and dynamics.
Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: There is no data illustrating the impact of climate change on the severity of terrorist incidents.
4.19 Transportation Incident
4.19.1 Hazard Description
According to FEMA, the definitions of an air transportation incident and a road/highway incident are as follows:
An air transportation incident involves any significant event related to aircraft operation that affects public safety and may result in injury, loss of life, or property damage. This includes accidents and emergencies such as:
• Crashes and collisions involving commercial, private, or military aircraft. • Mid-air collisions.
• Runway incursions or excursions.
• Engine failures and fires in-flight or on the ground. • Hijackings and terrorist attacks involving aircraft.
A road/highway incident pertains to any significant event on roadways that poses a threat to public safety, potentially resulting in injuries, fatalities, or property damage.
These incidents can include:
• Traffic accidents involving passenger vehicles, trucks, motorcycles, or bicycles. • Multi-vehicle pile-ups.
• Pedestrian accidents.
• Roadway hazards such as debris, spills, or adverse weather conditions causing dangerous driving environments.
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• Infrastructure failures, such as bridge collapses or road cave-ins.
4.19.2 Hazard Location
A transportation incident could occur on anywhere in the City of Chino; however, several major thoroughfares facilitate vehicular and aviation traffic, including:
1. California State Route 60 (SR-60):
o This major east-west highway connects Chino with other parts of the Inland Empire and Los Angeles County. It is heavily trafficked and prone to accidents and congestion.
2. California State Route 71 (SR-71):
o Running north-south, SR-71 links Chino with cities to the north and south, including Pomona and Corona. It is a key commuter route and sees significant traffic, making it susceptible to incidents.
3. Central Avenue:
o A primary north- south arterial road in Chino, Central Avenue is crucial for local traffic and commercial transportation. It intersects with SR -60 and experiences high traffic volumes.
4. Euclid Avenue (California State Route 83):
o Another important north- south route, Euclid Avenue connects Chino to Ontario and other nearby communities. It is a significant corridor for both local and regional traffic.
5. Riverside Drive:
o Running east -west, Riverside Drive is a vital roadway for local traffic, connecting residential and commercial areas within Chino.
6. Chino Airport Vicinity:
o Located on the southwest side of Chino, the areas around Chino Airport are directly vulnerable to incidents involving small aircraft that operate out of this general aviation airport.
7. SR-60 and SR-71 Near Chino Airport:
o These highways run relatively close to Chino Airport, increasing the risk of aircraft incidents affecting these thoroughfares, particularly in the event of takeoff or landing emergencies.
8. Euclid Avenue (SR-83):
o As it passes near the City of Chino Airport, Euclid Avenue is another route potentially impacted by aircraft-related incidents.
4.19.3 Hazard Extent/Intensity
According to the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the extent and intensity of a major transportation incident are measured through a combination of quantitative and qualitative assessments, focusing on factors such as the severity of the impact on human life, infrastructure damage, and disruption to the transportation network. Quantitative measures include the number of fatalities and injuries, the extent of damage to vehicles and infrastructure (such as roads, bridges, and railways), and the duration of service disruptions. These metrics provide a concrete assessment of the immediate impact of the incident.
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Qualitatively, the intensity of a transportation incident is also evaluated based on the broader implications for the transportation system and public safety, including the potential for environmental harm, economic losses due to disrupted travel and cargo movement, and the psychological impact on the affected communities and first responders. The incident's complexity, such as the involvement of haz ardous materials or the need for specialized response teams, further characterizes its intensity.
4.19.4 Probability and Frequency
Probability: The USDOT measures the probability of major transportation incidents by analyzing historical data, risk assessment models, and predictive analytics across various modes of transportation, including highways, railways, aviation, and maritime. This involves examining past incident records to identify patterns, frequencies, and common factors contributing to accidents , such as vehicle malfunctions, human error, environmental conditions, and infrastructure vulnerabilities. By integrating this data with current transportation trends and emerging technologies, USDOT can estimate the likelihood of future incidents.
USDOT employs risk assessment methodologies that consider the complex interplay of variables affecting transportation safety including traffic volume, weather patterns, regulatory compliance, and the state of transportation infrastructure. Predictive analytics tools and simulation models are used to forecast potential scenarios and their probabilities, taking into account changes in policy, technology, and usage patterns.
4.19.5 Past Events
While the City of Chino has not experienced major aviation accidents, there have been notable incidents at the City of Chino Airport. On June 15, 2024, during a Father's Day event hosted by the Yanks Air Museum, a vintage twin- engine Lockheed 12A Electra Junior crashed shortly after takeoff, resulting in the tragic loss of two pilots.
Another incident occurred on April 22, 2019, when a Northrop N -9MB aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff from Chino A irport during a test flight. The sole pilot on board was fatally injured.
4.19.6. Vulnerability and Impacts
Public Health and Safety: According to the USDOT, major transportation incidents can impact public health and safety impacts. In the immediate aftermath, there can be direct physical harm to individuals involved, including fatalities and injuries ranging from minor to life-altering. The psychological impact on survivors, first responders, and witnesses can also be profound, potentially leading to pos t-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Moreover, incidents involving hazardous materials can pose additional health risks through exposure to toxic substances, potentially affecting both the immediate area and broader environment, leading to long- term health issues for the surrounding populations.
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Beyond the immediate effects, major transportation incidents can disrupt critical infrastructure and public services, affecting access to healthcare, emergency services, and utilities. This disruption can exacerbate public health challenges, especially in communities with limited resources or in cases where the transportation system plays a vital role in the delivery of medical supplies and food. The economic impact, including lost productivity and the cost of medical care and rehabilitation for injured individuals, further contributes to the incident's societal toll.
Property Damage and Critical Infrastructure: According to the USDOT, a major transportation incident can result in significant property damage and critically impact infrastructure, with immediate and long- term consequences. Immediate impacts include the destruction or severe damage to vehicles, roadways, bridges, railway tracks, and nearby buildings or structures. Such incidents can compromise the structural integrity of transportation infrastructure, leading to closures, detours, and extensive repair or reconstruction efforts. In cases involving hazardous materials, the incident can also cause environmental damage, contaminating land and water sources and necessitating costly cleanup operations.
The long-term impacts on critical infrastructure can disrupt transportation networks and services, affecting local and regional economies. The interruption of supply chains and commerce, combined with the resource-intensive recovery and rebuilding processes, can strain public and private sector finances. Furthermore, the loss of or damage to critical infrastructure can undermine public confidence in transportation safety and eff iciency, potentially deterring investment and development in affected areas.
Economy: According to the USDOT, a major transportation incident impact the economy, both at the local and national levels. In the immediate aftermath, such incidents disrupt transportation networks, leading to delays and detours that affect the delivery of goods and services. This disruption can result in significant economic losses for businesses, particularly those reliant on just -in-time delivery systems, and can lead to incr eased operational costs due to the need for rerouting and additional logistics planning.
Moreover, if critical infrastructure is damaged, the costs associated with repairs and rebuilding can be substantial, drawing financial resources away from other plann ed investments or services. The economic impact is further compounded by potential decreases in consumer and investor confidence, especially if the incident raises concerns about the safety and reliability of the transportation system.
In the long term, m ajor transportation incidents can lead to broader economic implications, including impacts on tourism, property values, and investment in affected areas. If the public perceives an area as unsafe or prone to disruptions, it may deter tourists and investors , leading to a decline in economic activity and growth. Lastly, the incident may prompt regulatory changes and increase safety requirements for transportation operators, leading to higher compliance costs that could be passed on to consumers.
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Changes in D evelopment and Impact of Future Development: According to the USDOT, major transportation incidents can impact changes in development and future development, particularly in terms of safety regulations, infrastructure resilience, and urban planning. Major transportation incidents often prompt a reevaluation of existing transportation policies, leading to the implementation of stricter safety standards and the adoption of new technologies designed to prevent accidents. For example, a major incident might acc elerate the deployment of advanced monitoring and emergency response systems or encourage the development of infrastructure capable of withstanding extreme conditions. These changes aim to enhance the safety and efficiency of transportation systems, potent ially shaping the direction of future transportation projects and investments.
Additionally, major transportation incidents can spur innovation in urban planning and sustainable development. In response to the vulnerabilities exposed by such incidents, there may be increased emphasis on integrating transportation modes and developing multi-modal transportation hubs that offer greater flexibility and redundancy. This approach can improve system resilience and reduce the impact of future incidents.
Effects of Climate Change on Severity of Impacts: There is no data illustrating the impact of climate change on the severity of transportation incidents.
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Part IV: Capability Assessment
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CHAPTER 5 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
The City of Chino does not have a dedicated Emergency Management Department; however, hazard mitigation planning efforts are led by the Emergency Services Coordinator, who is dedicated to Emergency Management.
5.1 Preventative Measures
Preventative activities keep problems related to natural hazards from escalating and ensure new developments have reduced vulnerability to hazards. The following examples of preventative measures are usually carried out by building, planning, zoning, and/or code enforcement officials:
• Floodplain Mapping and Data
• Open Space Preservation
• Floodplain Regulations
• Erosion Setbacks
• Planning and Zoning
• Stormwater Management
• Drainage System Maintenance
• Building Codes
The information within this Chapter largely focuses on building codes, planning and zoning, stormwater runoff, floodplain management, water q uality protection, and soil erosion control.
5.1.1 Building Codes
Updating and adopting new building codes, as well as addressing the effectiveness of these codes, can be one of the best ways to conduct mitigation. When properly designed and constructed, many buildings can withstand the impacts of high winds, a flood, or a tornado. The City of Chino works with various versions of the International Codes published by the International Code Council, Inc. (ICC). These codes include:
• International Building Code (IBC)
• International Residential Code (IRC)
• International Fire Code (IFC)
• International Mechanical Code (IMC)
• International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC)
• International Existing Building Code (IEBC)
• International Wildland-Urban Interface Code (IWUIC)
• International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC)
• International Swimming Pool and Spa Code (ISPSC)
• International Zoning Code (IZC)
5.1.2 Code Administration
Enforcement of code standards is critical to hazard mitigation. Adequate inspections are necessary during the construction process to ensure that builders understand and implement the requirements. The Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule (BCEGS) is a national program used by the insurance industry to determine how well new 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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construction is protected from wind, earthquakes, and other non-flood hazards. Similar to the Community R ating System (CRS) and the fire insurance rating scheme, building permit programs are reviewed and scored. A Class 1 community receives the highest rating, while a Class 10 community represents the most basic level of compliance.
The City of Chino adopts updated Building Code versions every three years as part of California's triennial code adoption cycle. The next scheduled update will occur in January 2026, when the City of Chino will adopt the 2025 Building Code version.
Training of code officials is also essential for effective code enforcement. The BCEGS rating for a community is influenced by the level of training and certification among code officials and inspectors. Courses offered through building code associations help local officials stay updated on seismic, wind, and flood hazard standards, ensuring consistent application of regulations to enhance community resilience.
The table below lists building code adoptions in use within the City of Chino.
Table 5-74. Building Codes used in the City of Chino, CA Building Code Residential Building Code Commercial
City of Chino 2022 California Residential Code
2021 International Residential Code
2022 California Building Code
2021 International Building Code
5.1.3 Planning and Zoning
Planning and zoning activities, such as land use plans, transportation plans, subdivision ordinances, zoning code and economic re- development plans, can be used to direct development away from hazardous areas. For example, comprehensive land use plans can designate floodplains and wetlands as areas for open space, wetlands, or low-density residential. The table below shows the City of Chino’s adopted comprehensive plans, zoning ordinances, and subdivision ordinances. The table also highlights communities where flood or other hazards are addressed or could be improved.
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Table 5-75. City of Chino Planning and Land Use Ordinances Community Comp
Plan
Mitigation and/or
Hazards Included in
Comprehensive Plan
Capital
Improvement
Plan
Mitigation
and/or
Hazards
Included in
Capital
Improvement
Plan
Flood
hazards or
drainage
provisions
in
Subdivisio
n
Ordinance
Requiremen
t to bury
utilities in
Subdivision
Ordinance
City of
Chino Yes
Geologic hazards,
including earthquakes,
ground failure and
subsidence and slope
instability Flooding
and dam failure
Wildland fires
Hazardous materials
and waste Airport
operations Disaster
and terrorism
preparedness Climate
Change
Yes
Arterial
Highways
Local Streets
Traffic Signal
Modification/
Installation
Sewer/ Storm
Drain
Water
Various
Landscape
Improvement
s
Title 19 I of
subdivision
ordinance
19.07.170
5.1.4 Comprehensive Plans
Comprehensive Plans are the primary tools used by communities to address future development. They can reduce future flood-related damages by indicating open space or low-density development within floodplains and other hazardous areas. Natural hazards should be emphasized in specific land use recommendations.
5.1.5 Capital Improvement Plans (CIP)
The City of Chino utilizes a CIP to guide major public expenditures over a multi -year period. The CIP encompasses a wide range of projects aimed at maintaining and enhancing the community's infrastructure, including roadways, water and sewer lines, and public facilities. The program is administered by the Public Works Engineering Division, which oversees the planning, design, bidding, construction inspection, and project management functions for City -sponsored CIP projects. The CIP is developed with input from City departments and citizen groups and is adopted by the City Council based on identified needs. Funding for these projects comes from various sources, such as the General Fund, Community Development Block Grants (CDBG), Measure I, SB 1, and other local and federal grants (City of Chino, 2025).
5.2 Regulatory Capabilities
These include local ordinances, policies, and laws to manage growth and development (e.g., land use plans, capital improvement plans, transportation plans, emergency preparedness and response plans, building codes, and zoning ordinances). The City of Chino will adopt the approved 2025 Hazard Mitigation Plan into their General Plan Safety 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Element for AB 2140 compliance. Table 5- 117 contains a list of legal and regulatory capabilities. The description section of each Planning and Regulatory Capability includes a paragraph on expansion, implementation, and improvement. These sections describe the processes to integrate this Hazard Mitigation Plan into other planning mechanisms.
Table 5-76. City of Chino Planning and Land Use Ordinances City Ordinance Code Chapter 15 City Code, Building Regulations Includes: Building Code, Electrical Code, Plumbing Code, Mechanical Code, Housing Code, House Moving, Grading, Community Preservation, Fire Code
Building Regulations (incorporated by reference and is based upon the 2022 California Building Code, 2022 California Residential Code, 2022 California Green Building Standards Code, and 2022 California Existing Building Code [all codified in California Code of Regulations, Title 24]); adopted November 17, 2022.
Expansion, Implementation, and Improvement: Building and Fire codes will be reviewed based on developing trends in identified hazards and mitigation measures that can make them more effective at preventing losses. They will be updated to comply with the latest International and State building codes.
Lead
Department City Planning Division Hazards
Addressed All hazards
City Ordinance Code Title 8 – Zoning
The Zoning Code addresses land use in precise detail. It sets standards for building and construction types and usage for all parcels in the City of Chino.
Expansion, Implementation, and Improvement: Zoning Code must be modified and updated to reflect changes in development. Zoning Code may be used to address land use regulations that support mitigation actions such as development.
Lead
Department City Planning Division Hazards
Addressed
Climate Change, Dam/Levee
Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flooding, Severe Weather,
Wildland Fire
City Ordinance Code Title 19 – Subdivisions
The Subdivision Code addresses the development of groups of residences and commercial property.
It describes requirements for transportation, water, and wastewater services. It sets limits on residential property density.
Expansion, Implementation, and Improvement: Subdivision Code should be modified and updated to support changes in land use development. Additionally, it should be implemented to require adequate infrastructure to support residential area populations.
Lead
Department City Planning Division Hazards
Addressed
Climate Change, Dam/Levee
Failure, Drought, Earthquake,
Flooding, Severe Weather,
Wildland Fire
City Climate Action Plan (CAP)
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The Climate Action Plan (CAP), adopted in December 2013, is the City’s strategic approach to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sources throughout the unincorporated area. The CAP reflects the County’s programs and actions to decrease energy use, improve energy efficiency, develop renewable energy, reduce vehicle mil es traveled, increase multi -modal travel options, expand green infrastructure, reduce waste, and improve the efficiency of government operations.
Expansion, Implementation, and Improvement: The CAP will be updated in parallel with the General Plan. The General Plan will provide the long-term resiliency framework of goals and policies, and the CAP will provide strategic implementation programs to show how the County will reduce GHG emissions in support of the State’s adopted reduction targets for 2030 and 2050, reducing GHG emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, with consideration of the State’s long-term goal to reduce GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.
Lead
Department City Planning Division Hazards
Addressed
Climate Change, Drought,
Flooding, Severe Weather,
Wildland Fire, Sea Level Rise
Community Wildfire Protection Plan – City of Chino
The 2022 update of the City of Chino County Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) provides an analysis on wildfire hazards and risk in the wildland urban interface (WUI) in City of Chino . The Plan follows the standards for CWPPs established by the federal Healthy Forest Restoration Act.
Expansion, Implementation, and Improvement: The Hazard Mitigation Plan and C ity Community Wildfire Protection Plan should be aligned and mitigation actions in the Hazard Mitigation Plan should support the goals of the CWPP. Analysis of the fire hazard in the Hazard Mitigation Plan can inform updates and revisions to the CWPP.
Lead
Department City of Chino Fire Department Hazards
Addressed Wildland Fire
Capital Improvement Plan (CIP)
The Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) provides broad direction for development of C ity facilities and infrastructure. It describes a strategy to maintain adequate support for the C ity’s communities and commerce. Additionally, it addresses transportation, greenhouse gases, stormwater, and other environmental factors.
Expansion, Implementation, and Improvement: The CIP should include mitigation measures that will be funded by the C ity such as improvements to stormwater collection systems, elevation of roadways at risk for flooding and strengthening of structures.
Lead
Department City of Chino Public Works Hazards
Addressed
Climate Change, Dam and
Levee Failure, Drought,
Earthquake, Flood, Landslide,
Sea Level Rise, Severe
Weather, Tsunami, Wildfire
CHAPTER 6: MITIGATION GOALS
The mitigation strategy includes the development of goals and prioritized hazard mitigation actions. Goals are long-term policy statements and global visions that support the mitigation strategy.
6.1 Community Priorities
The following topics were identifi ed by the planning team to be of priority for the City of Chino:
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• Life Safety
• Public Health
• Critical Infrastructure Maintenance and Protection
• Public Information and Warning
• Public Outreach, Education, and Awareness
• Equitable outcomes for underserved comm unities and socially vulnerable populations
• Inter-governmental Coordination
• Public-Private Partnerships
• Repetitive Loss Properties
• Climate Change
6.2 Goals and Guidelines
6.2.1 Mitigation Goals
The following goals (shown in order of importance) were developed by the planning team for the purpose of guiding and directing the Plan in accordance with governmental requirements, community priorities, and changing circumstances. These goals were compared with San Bernardino County Plans to ensure aligning viewpoints are used.
Goal 1. Life Safety: Prioritize the health and safety of City of Chino residents from the impacts of natural hazards.
Goal 2. Preventative Actions: Reduce risks through regulations, including building codes, limiting development within hazardous areas, and integrating mitigation strategies into local planning or capital improvement projects.
Goal 3. Property Protection. Reduce exposure to hazards through building or parcel - specific activities, such as structure/building acquisition, and protecting critical infrastructure and community lifelines within the City of Chino by identifying and reducing impacts of natural hazards through activities such as floodproofing and retrofitting.
Goal 4. Emergency Services. Reduce impacts of natural hazards by building response and recovery capabilities that are implemented during a disaster.
Goal 5. Structural Projects. Minimize the impacts of natural hazards on key structures within the Cit y of Chino through the implementation of mitigation projects, such as detention basins, tornado shelters, advanced warning systems, etc.
6.2.2 Mitigation Guidelines
The following guidelines were developed by the planning team for purpose of achieving the goals and to facilitate the development of hazard mitigation action items in Chapter 7:
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• Guideline 1. Prioritize hazard mitigation projects on the hazards that pose the greatest threat to the community.
• Guideline 2. Promote public education strategies for the community around the need to take steps to protect themselves, their families, and their property. • Guideline 3. Create and foster public -private partnerships and relationships with leaders from underserved communities to accomplish hazard mitigation activities and equitable outcomes for all communities, including underserved communities and socially vulnerable populations.
• Guideline 4 . Encourage interdepartmental and multi -jurisdictional collaboration and shared resources when developing and conducti ng hazard mitigation exercises and projects.
• Guideline 5. Strive to improve and expand communication/coordination between public works and emergency services before, during, and after a disaster response.
• Guideline 6. Seek County, State, and Federal support for mitigation projects
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The findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented in Chapters 1 through 6 of the City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan have been collated into this Action Plan. This chapter outlines actionable steps that the City will take to reduce risks associated with natural hazards and enhance community resilience. The guidelines and goals developed by the Workgroup, presented in Chapter 6, set the context for these actions. The following action items align with the six mitigation areas outlined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) within their Community Rating System (CRS) Program. This Action Plan establishes a comprehensive direction for the City regarding natural hazard mitigation, incorporating an awareness of local risks, resources, and needs, and planning a clear path forward.
The Action Plan also reflects the feedback gathered from public surveys, public meetings, and s takeholder engagement.
Surveys conducted at different stages of the planning process, along with feedback from public meetings and stakeholder reviews, were analyzed to ensure that community concerns and suggestions were addressed. Upon analyzing Survey 1 against Survey 2, as well as incorporating input from meetings and reviews, we were able to determine which actions the public found strong and favorable, and conversely, which actions they found wanting. Based on this analysis and comprehensive feedback, adjustments were made to the final actions presented in this chapter. This integration of public and stakeholder input ensures the plan meets the needs and priorities of the community. A summary report and all related surveys and feedback are available in the appendix for further reference.
7.1 Mitigation Action Plan
The Action Plan helps to prioritize mitigation initiatives according to a benefit/cost analysis of the proposed projects and their associated costs (44 CFR, Section 201.6(c)(3)(iii)). The action plan also provides the framework for how the proposed projects and initiatives will be implemented and administered over the next five years.
7.1.1 Mitigation Strategy/Action Timeline Parameters
While the preference is to provide definitive project com pletion dates, this is only possible for some mitigation strategies/actions. Therefore, the parameters for the timeline (Projected Completion Date) are as follows:
• Short-term—To be completed in one to five years
• Long-term—To be completed in greater than five years
• Ongoing—Currently being implemented under existing programs but without a definite completion date 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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7.1.2 Mitigation Strategy/Action Benefit Parameters
Benefit ratings are defined as follows:
• High—The project will provide an immediate reduction of risk exposure for life and property. • Medium—The project will have a long-term impact on reducing risk exposure for life and property, or the project will provide an immediate reduction in the risk exposure for property. • Low—Long-term benefits of the project are difficult to quantify in the short term.
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7.1.3 Mitigation Strategy/Action Estimated Cost Parameters While the preference is to provide definitive costs (dollar figures) for each mitigation strategy/action, this is only possible for some mitigation strategies/action. Therefore, the estimated costs for the mitigation initiatives identified in this Plan are identified as high, medium, or low, using the following ranges:
• High—Existing funding will not cover the project's cost; implementation would require new revenue through an alternative source (e.g., bonds, grants, and fee increases). • Medium—The project could be implemented with existing funding but would require a re-apportion of the budget or a budget amendment, or the project cost would have to be spread over multiple years. • Low—The project could be funded under the existing budget. The project is part of or can be part of a current ongoing program.
7.1.4 Mitigation Strategy/Action Prioritization Process The action plan must be prioritized according to a benefit/cost analysis of the proposed projects and their associated costs (44 CFR, Section 201.6(c)(3)(iii)). The benefits of proposed projects were weighed against estimated costs as part of the project prioritization process. The benefit/cost analysis was not of the detailed variety required by FEMA for project grant eligibility under the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) grant program. A less formal approach w as used because some projects may not be implemented for multiple years, and associated costs and benefits could change dramatically. Therefore, a review of the apparent benefits versus the evident cost of each project was performed. Parameters were established for assigning subjective ratings (high, medium, and low) to the costs and benefits of these projects.
The priorities are defined as follows:
• High—A project that addresses numerous goals or hazards, has benefits that exceed the cost, has funding secured or is an ongoing project, and meets eligibility requirements for the HMGP or BRIC grant program. High- priority projects may be completed in the short term (1 to 5 years). • Medium—A project that addressed multiple goals and hazards, with benefits that exceed costs, and for which funding has not been secured but is grant eligible under HMGP, BRIC, or other grant programs. The project can be completed in the short term once funding is secured. Medium-priority projects will become high-priority projects once funding is secured.
• Low—A project that will address a few or no goals, mitigate the risk of one or a few hazards, has benefits that do not exceed the costs or are challenging to quantify, for which funding has not been secured, that is not eligible for HMGP or BRIC grant funding, and for which the timeline for completion is long term. Low -priority projects may qualify for other grant funding sources from other programs.
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For many of the strategies identified in this action plan, the participating jurisdict ions may seek financial assistance under HMA programs, most requiring detailed benefit/cost analyses. These analyses will be performed on projects at the time of application using the FEMA benefit -cost model. For projects not seeking financial assistance f rom grant programs that require detailed analysis, the partners reserve the right to define “benefits” according to parameters that meet the goals and objectives of this Plan.
7.2 Mitigation Projects
Listed below are the projects that were developed to address the risks posed. It should be noted that this Plan serves only to recommend mitigation measures. Implementing these recommendations depends on adopting this Plan by the City of Chino City Council. It also depends on the cooperation and support of the designated offices responsible for each action item. In addition, each community was encouraged to include additional community-specific action/project items.
A summary of the previous plan’s action items through the final annual report, along with the mitigation activities communities completed to achieve each action item, can be found in Appendix E.
Participating jurisdictions agreed upon six mitigation actions that apply to the entire planning area. These shared actions, some of which address all hazards, help to meet the following requirement: “Does the plan identify and analyze a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects for each jurisdiction being considered to reduce the effects of hazards, with emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure? Does the plan include one or more action(s) per jurisdiction for each hazard identified within the risk assessment?” In addition to the six mitigation measures that appl y citywide, most communities identified additional mitigation actions unique to their jurisdiction. The following table summarizes the jurisdictions’ mitigation measures in relationship to the hazards addressed in the risk assessment. The total number of mit igation measures by hazard includes the existing/ongoing actions identified in Appendix E, some of which were identified and remain listed as All-Hazard measures from the previous plan update.
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XX = City of Chino Action(s) | X = Organization-Specific Action(s)
Table 7-77. Participating Organization’s Mitigation Strategies and Natural Hazard Alignment Organization Drought Flooding
Severe
Summer
Storms
Severe
Winter
Weather
Wildfire Earthquake Landslide Invasive
Species
XX City of Chino 5 12 13 10 9 10 4 4
X Chino Valley Fire
District 1
Table 7-78. Participating Organization’s Mitigation Strategies and Manmade Hazard Alignment Organization Civil
Disturbance
Cybersecurity
Incident
Facility
Disaster
HAZMAT
Incident
Prolonged
Power
Outage
Terrorism Transportation
Incident
All
Hazards
XX City of Chino 1 1 3 4 1 2 2 6
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7.3 Mitigation Action Plan & Projects for the City of Chino The projects in this section are considered citywide with lead agencies noted.
Action 7.3.1
Mitigation Project: Update the City’s HAZMAT Response Plan. Ensure that appropriate emergency funding is available.
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2025 City of Chino
City of Chino
Police/Emerge
ncy
Management
Chino Valley Fire District.
San Bernardino County Fire
Dept. Hazardous Materials
Response Team
High Ongoing Low to Medium
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3,4 HAZMAT, Terrorism, Civil
Disturbance High High City, County,
State
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
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Action 7.3.2
Mitigation Project: Develop and maintain a list of CUPA facilities throughout the City Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2025 City of Chino
City of Chino
Police/Emerge
ncy
Management
Chino Valley Fire / San
Bernardino County Fire
(CUPA)
Medium Ongoing Low
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3,5 HAZMAT High High Local Budget
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Utilize existing databases of CUPA facilities through city and state resources, develop master list at the city level and mai ntain on annual basis.
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Action 7.3.3
Mitigation Project: Evaluate and adopt Cal Fire ‘Fire Hazard Severity Map, if needed.
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2026-2027 City of Chino
City of Chino
Police/Emerge
ncy
Management
Chino Valley Fire District Medium Ongoing Low
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,3,5 Wildfire Medium Medium Local budget
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Review and evaluate existing Cal Fire mapping technologies and adopt accordingly for the city.
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Action 7.3.4
Mitigation Project: Adopt/Implement Ready, Set, Go program – Awareness if needed Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2025/2026 City of Chino
City of Chino
Police/Emerge
ncy
Management
Chino Valley Fire District Medium Ongoing Low
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3,5 Wildfire Medium Medium
Local Budget / Cal
Fire Wildfire
Prevention Grant
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Review adopt and implement program if valid throughout the city.
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Action 7.3.5
Mitigation Project: Vegetation Management program – require clearance and abatement of vegetation as it relates to creating defensible space.
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2024 City of Chino Chino Valley
Fire District City of Chino High Ongoing Medium
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3 Wildfire High High
Local Budget / Cal
Fire Wildfire
Prevention Grant /
HMGP
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Ensure all critical facilities are required to clear and maintain vegetation management areas associated with defensible spac e.
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Action 7.3.6
Mitigation Project: Construct the Euclid Avenue Bridge Project from Pine Avenue to SR -71 to allow motorist and goods movement during rain and flooding events in the area.
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2024 Voting
District 3
City of Chino
Public Works
City of Ontario, City of
Eastvale, SBCTA, City of
Chino Hills
High Ongoing High
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3,4,5
Flooding, Severe Summer
Storms, HAZMAT,
Transportation Incident (Road &
Air)
High High
Local, State, and
Federal Funding
including BRIC
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
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Action 7.3.7
Mitigation Project: Research / Purchase backup generators or other types of resources to provide backup power to City facilities (example water sites) to provide water to the community during a major catastrophic event.
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2025 City wide
City of Chino
Police/Emerge
ncy
Management
Others who can assist High Long Term /
Ongoing High
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
2,4,5
Earthquake, Facility Disaster,
Severe Summer Storms, Cyber
threat, Power Outages, Severe
Winter Weather
High High
Local funding as
well as any grant
opportunities
which may arise
including HMGP
and BRIC
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Review critical facilities and prioritize based on functional needs, determine appropriate locations and size/specifications. Apply for available funding opportunities.
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Action 7.3.8
Mitigation Project: Construct the Line H Storm Drain Project to prevent high water levels during rain events. The new storm drain line, along Quality Way and easement properties, will connect to the Prado Lake .
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2023 Voting
District 3
City of Chino
Public Works - High Ongoing High
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3,4,5 Flooding, Severe Summer
Storms, Severe Winter Weather High High
Local funding and
any other funding
sources which
may come up
including HMGP
and BRIC
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Line H
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Action 7.3.9
Mitigation Project: Construct the Line I Storm Drain Project to prevent high water levels during rain events. The project commences in the City of Ontario and the new storm drain line, along Euclid Avenue, will connect to the Prado Lake.
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion
Date
(Short-term,
Long-term, or
Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2023 Voting
District 3
City of Chino
Public Works
City of Ontario, County of
San Bernardino High Ongoing High
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3,4,5 Flooding, Severe Summer
Storms, Severe Winter Weather High High
Local funding and
cost sharing by City
of Ontario and San
Bernardino County
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Line I
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Action 7.3.10
Mitigation Project: Construct the Pine Avenue Bridge connection from Euclid Avenue to SR -71 freeway. This will allow another connection to SR-71 for motorist and goods movement.
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2024 Voting
District 3
City of Chino
Public Works
City of Ontario, City of
Eastvale, SBCTA, City of
Chino Hills
High Ongoing High
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3,4,5
Flooding, Severe Summer
Storms, HAZMAT,
Transportation (Road & Air)
High High
Local, State, and
Federal Funding
including HMGP
and BRIC
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
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Action 7.3.11
Mitigation Project: Construct the San Antonio Avenue Storm Drain Project to prevent high water levels during rain events. The project commences in the City of Ontario and the new storm drain line will connect to the existing Sultana Cypress storm drain channe l.
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2024 Voting
District 2
City of Chino
Public Works City of Ontario High Ongoing High
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3,4,5 Flooding, Severe Summer
Storms, Severe Winter Storms High High
Local funding and
cost sharing by
City of Ontario
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
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Action 7.3.12
Mitigation Project: Prepare an Urban Forest Management Plan to provide the City a roadmap to install trees and planting that can be resistant to extreme heat and provide tree species which can help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and are wind resistant .
Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2024 Voting
District All
City of Chino
Police/Emerge
ncy
Management
Chino Fire District Medium Long Term Medium
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
2,3,4,5 Severe Summer Storms,
Drought High High Local and state,
Cal Fire
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
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Action 7.3.13
Mitigation Project: Retrofit roofs of city buildings as needed Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2025 City wide
City of Chino
Police/Emerge
ncy
Management
City Managers Office - Medium Ongoing Low
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
2,3,4
Facility Disaster, Severe
Summer Storms, Severe Winter
Weather
High High Local Budget,
HMGP and BRIC -
Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Hardening/retrofitting of critical facility roofs throughout the city as needed based on a review of structures and vulnerabilities. Apply for grant funding where appropriate as needed.
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Action 7.3.14
Mitigation Project: Seismically Retrofit city buildings constructed prior to 2000 Year
Initiated
Applicable
Jurisdiction
Lead Agency/
Organization Support Agency
Priority and Level
of Importance
(Low, Medium, High)
Projected
Completion Date
(Short-term, Long-
term, or Ongoing)
Estimated Cost &
Analysis (Low,
Medium, High)
2025 City wide
City of Chino
Police/Emerge
ncy
Management
City Managers Office - Medium Short Term Medium
Applicable
Goal(s) Hazard(s) Mitigated Benefits
(Loss Avoided)
Benefit Analysis
(Low, Medium,
High)
Potential
Funding
Source(s)
1,2,3 Earthquake, Facility Disaster Medium Medium HMGP, BRIC - Action/Implementation Plan and Project Description:
Hardening/seismic retrofitting of critical facilities throughout the city as needed based on a review of structures and vulne rabilities. Apply for grant funding where appropriate as needed.
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The Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) will continue to monitor, evaluate, and update the Plan, specifically focusing on progress towards each action item within the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (Plan). While the LEPC itself is not a new concept, its role in taking over the monitoring of the HMP is a new process for the City of Chino. The LEPC will dedicate one meeting annually to discuss the report’s findings, progress each community has made, issues each community has experienced, and proposed projects.
The annual meeting shall also give the LEPC the opportunity to discuss revisions/amendments needed to this Plan.
Developing an annual report and meeting annually to discuss progress keeps the LEPC involved in the Plan maintenance process, formalizes the maintenance process, and provides a level of accountability to work toward accomplishing the action items within the Plan. The City of Chino Emergency Services Coordinator and staff assigned shall be responsible for coordinating and overseeing the development of the annual report and its associated meeting. In addition, to continue to encourage community participation, annual meetings shall be open to the public and a public comment period shall be incorporated into each meeting.
Per the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), this Plan shall be updated every five years. Again, City of Chino departments and staff assigned shall be responsible for coordinating and overseeing the next Plan update. City of Chino coordination shall be overseen by the City of Chino Emergency Services Coordinator . In addition, it is recommended that the next 5-year update be conducted over the process of one to two years. This will provide the LEPC ample time to meet, develop drafts, involve the public, coordinate with stakeholders, and finalize the Plan.
This chapter describes the Plan maintenance process for the City of Chino.
8.1 Formal Review Process
The Plan will be reviewed on an annual basis by the LEPC to determine the effectiveness of programs and to reflect changes that may affect mitigation priorities. The Emergency Services Coordinator or designee will be responsible for contac ting the LEPC and organizing the review. The LEPC will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan. The LEPC will review the goals and action items to determine their relevance to changing situations in the county as well as changes in Federal policy and to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions. The LEPC will also review the risk assessment portion of the Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified, given any new available data. The organizations responsible for the various action items will report on the status of the projects, the success of various implementation processes, difficulties encountered, success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised or removed.
The Emergency Services Coordinator (ESC) or designee will be responsible for ensuring the updating of the Plan. The ESC or designee will also notify all holders of the Plan and affected stakeholders when changes have been made. Every five years, the updated 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
260
Plan will be submitted to Cal OES and to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for review and approval.
8.2 Continued Public Involvement
The City of Chino and the LEPC are dedicated to involving the public directly in the review and updates of the Plan. The public will have the opportunity to provide input into Plan revisions and updates. Copies of the Plan will be kept by appropriate county departments and outside agencies.
Public meetings will be held when deemed necessary by the LEPC. The meetings will provide a forum where the public can express concerns, opinions, or new alternatives that can then be included in the Plan. The LEPC, and specifically Emergency Services Coordinator, will be responsible for using county resources to publicize the public meetings and maintain public involvement.
To further facilitate continued public involvement in the planning process, the City of Chino will ensure that:
• Emergency Services Coordinator will keep a copy of the Plan on hand at their office for review and comment by the public. The Plan will also be maintained on their website.
• A public meeting will be held annually to provide the public with a forum for discussing concerns, opinions, and ideas with the LEPC. • Mitigation flyers or mailings that contain mitigation activities and actions that promote reducing damages and risks of natural hazards are developed.
8.3 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Updating the Plan
To ensure the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan continues to provide an appropriate path for risk reduction throughout the City of Chino, it is necessary to regularly evaluate and update it. The LEPC will be responsible for monitoring the status of the Plan and gathering appropriate parties to report the status of mitigation actions. The LEPC will convene on an annual basis to determine the progress of the identified mitigation actions.
The LEPC will also be an active participant in the next Plan update. As the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan matures, new stakeholders, specifically those stakeholders and organizations that represent underserved populations and groups in the city, will be identified and encouraged to join the existing LEPC.
The Emergency Services Coordinator is responsible for contacting LEPC members and organizing the annual meeting. The LEPC’s responsibilities include:
• Annually reviewing each goal to determine its relevance and appropriateness. • Monitor and evaluate the mitigation strategies in this Plan to ensure the document reflects current hazard analyses, development trends, code changes and risk analyses and perceptions.
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• Ensure the appropriate implementation of annual status reports and regular maintenance of the Plan.
• Create future action plans and mitigation strategies. These should be carefully assessed and prioritized using benefit -cost analysis (BCA) methodology that FEMA has developed.
• Ensure the public is invited to comment and be involved in mitigation plan updates.
• Ensure that the city complies with all applicable Federal statutes and regulations during the periods for which it receives grant funding, in compliance with 44 CFR.
• Reassess the Plan considering any major hazard event. The LEPC will convene within 45 days of any major event to review all applicable data and to consider the risk assessment, Plan goals, and action items given the impact of the hazard event.
• Review the Plan in connection with other plans, projects, developments, and other significant initiatives.
• Coordinate with appropriate municipalities and authorities to incorporate regional initiatives that transcend the boundaries of the county. • Update the Plan every five years and submit it for FEMA approval. • Amend the Plan whenever necessary to reflect changes in State or Federal laws and statutes required in 44 CFR.
8.3.1 The Five-Year Action Plan
This section outlines the implementation agenda that the LEPC should follow five years following adoption of this Plan, and then every five years thereafter. The LEPC is responsible for ensuring the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is updated every five years.
The LEPC will consider the following action plan for the five-year planning cycle. It should be noted that the schedule below can be modified as necessary and does not include any meetings and/or activities that would be necessary following a disaster event (which would include reconvening the LEPC within 45 days of a disaster or emergency to determine what mitigation projects should be prioritized during the community recovery).
If an emergency meeting of the LEPC occurs, this proposed schedule may be altered to fit any new needs.
Year 0:
• 2025: Update City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, including a series of meetings & public meetings. Submit 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan for FEMA approval.
• 2025: Work on mitigation actions. The Emergency Services Coordinator will stay in contact with lead departments and municipalities to keep tabs on project status.
Year 1:
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• January 2026 – December 2026: Work on mitigati on actions. The Emergency Services Coordinator will stay in contact with lead departments and municipalities to keep tabs on project status. Encourage Plan integration efforts. • Fall/Winter 2026: Reconvene LEPC for an annual meeting. Discuss opportunities for mitigation plan integration with other planning documents. Discuss recent hazards. Update the status of projects. Hosting a public meeting.
Year 2:
• January 2027 – December 2027: Work on mitig ation actions. The Emergency Services Coordinator will stay in contact with lead departments and municipalities to keep tabs on project status. Encourage Plan integration efforts. • Fall/Winter 2027: Reconvene LEPC for an annual meeting. Discuss opportunities for mitigation plan integration with other planning documents. Discuss recent hazards. Update the status of projects. Host a public meeting.
Year 3:
• January 2028 – December 2028: Work on mitigation actions. The Emergency Services Coordinator will stay in contact with lead departments and municipalities to keep tabs on project status. Encourage Plan integration efforts. • Summer/Fall 2028: Apply for Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities or Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds to update the next iteration of the mitigation plan.
• Fall/Winter 2028: Reconvene LEPC for an annual meeting. Discuss opportunities for mitigation plan integration with other planning documents. Discuss recent hazards. Update the status of projects. Host a public meeting.
Year 4:
• January 2029 – December 2029: Work on mitigation actions. The Emergency Services Coordinator will stay in contact with lead departments and municipalities to keep tabs on project status. Encourage Plan integration efforts. Update 2025 Local Mitigation Plan, including a series of meetings & public meetings.
Year 5:
• 2030: Submit 2030 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan for FEMA approval. Repeat.
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8.4 Annual Natural Hazard Mitigation LEPC Planning Meetings During each annual LEPC meeting, the LEPC will be responsible for a brief evaluation of the 2025 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and to review the progress on mitigation actions.
8.4.1 Plan Evaluation
To evaluate the Plan, the LEPC should answer the following questions:
• Are the goals still relevant?
• Is the risk assessment still appropriate, or has the nature of the hazard and/or vulnerability changed over time?
• Are current resources appropriate for implementing this Plan? • Have lead agencies participated as originally proposed? • Has the public been adequately involved in the process? Are their comments being heard?
• Have city departments and participating jurisdictions been integrating mitigation into their planning documents?
If the answer to each of the above questions is “yes,” the P lan evaluation is complete. If any questions are answered with a “no,” the identified gap must be addressed.
8.4.2 Review of Mitigation Actions
Once the Plan evaluation is complete, the LEPC will review the status of the mitigation actions. To do so, the LEPC should answer the following questions:
• Have the mitigation actions been implemented as planned? • Have outcomes been adequate?
• What problems have occurred in the implementation process?
8.4.3 Meeting Documentation
Each annual LEPC meeting must be documented, including the Plan evaluation and review of mitigation actions. This may be done by survey or other means, as appropriate.
8.5 Implementation through Existing Programs
Hazard mitigation practices must be incorporated within existing plans, proj ects, and programs. Therefore, the involvement of all departments, private non- profits, private industry, and appropriate jurisdictions is necessary in order to find mitigation opportunities within existing or planned projects and programs. To execute this, the LEPC will assist and coordinate resources for the mitigation actions and provide strategic outreach to implement mitigation actions that meet the goals identified in this Plan.
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Appendix A: Stakeholder Participation
A.1 Stakeholder Invitees
City of Chino Stakeholders
Organization
Name
Organization
Type
Contact
Person Job Title Email Address Notes Changes/Additions 3/3/2025 American Red
Cross Nonprofit Erin Fox
Disaster Program
Manager [email protected] Part of MET-Net
Also Isaias Hernandez
[email protected]
Building
Resilient
Communities Nonprofit
Debra
Williams
Executive
Director/CEO [email protected] Part of MET-Net
California
Highway
Patrol
Law
Enforcement
Rodrigo
Jimenez
Public Information
Officer [email protected] Part of MET-Net
California
Institute for
Men
Law
Enforcement Paul Ybarra Lieutenant - PIO [email protected] Part of MET-Net Now Ignacio Vera
[email protected]
California
Institute for
Women
Law
Enforcement
William
Newborg Lieutenant - PIO
[email protected]
ov Part of MET-Net
CalTrans
District 8 Transportation
Brian
Rosenbaum
Emergency
Operations
Coordinator
[email protected]
v Part of MET-Net
Canyon Ridge
Hospital Medical Part of MET-Net
Chaffey
College Education Troy Ament
Associate
Superintendent of
Administrative
Services &
Emergency
Operations [email protected] Part of MET-Net
Chino Airport Transportation
Maureen
Snelgrove
Assistant Director
of Airports
Maureen.snelgrove@airports
.sbcounty.gov Part of MET-Net
Chino Basin
Water Special District
Dave
Schroder
Facilities and
Operations
Manager [email protected]
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Conservation
District
Chino
Neighborhood
House Nonprofit
Kevin
Cisneroz President
[email protected]
om
Part of Faith
Based
Collaborative
Chino Valley
Chamber of
Commerce Business
Zeb
Wellborn President
zwelborn@chinovalleychamb
er.com
Chino Valley
Fire District Special District
Danielle
O'Toole Fire Marshal [email protected]
Chino Valley
Medical
Center Medical
Connie
Rangel
[email protected]
om
Chino Valley
Medical
Center Medical Juan Mestas
Director of
Facilities
[email protected]
om Part of MET-Net Now Connie Rangel
Chino Valley
Unified School
District Education
Whitney
Fields
Director Risk
Management and
Human Resources
[email protected]
a.us Part of MET-Net
Now Jaime Ortega
[email protected]
City of Chino
Hills Government Joyce Lee
Emergency
Services
Coordinator [email protected] Part of MET-Net
City of
Eastvale Government
Simone
Blackwell
Environmental
Compliance
Analyst [email protected] Part of MET-Net
Also Brice Bartlette, Emergency
Services Coordinator with Riverside
Emergency Management
Department
City of
Ontario Government
Joseph
Ramos
Emergency
Manager [email protected]
Inland Empire
Utilities
Agency Utilities
Tony
Arellano Safety Officer [email protected] Part of MET-Net Inland Valley
Humane
Society Nonprofit
MaryAna
DeLos
Santos
Director of
Operations [email protected] Part of MET-Net
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Isaiah's Rock Nonprofit
Charleen
King Founder [email protected]
Monte Vista
Water District Utilities
Kelley
Donaldson
Communications
Affairs Manager [email protected] Part of MET-Net
OmniTrans Transportation
Andrew
Cheng
Emergency
Services
Coordinator
[email protected]
rg Part of MET-Net
Rolling Start,
Inc. Nonprofit Serra Rae
Emergency
Management/PSPS
Coordinator [email protected]
Now William Wood
[email protected]
San
Bernardino
County Office
of Emergency
Services Government
Crisanta
Gonzalez
Director of San
Bernardino County
Office of
Emergency
Services
[email protected]
unty.gov Part of MET-Net
San
Bernardino
County
Sheriffs -
Chino Hills
Station
Law
Enforcement
Randy
Naquin Sergeant [email protected] Part of MET-Net
San
Bernardino
County
Voluntary
Organizations
Active in
Disaster
(VOAD) Collaborative
Eric
Cimuchowski Chair [email protected] Part of MET-Net Southern
California
Edison Utilities Melissa Boyd
Government
Relations Manager [email protected] Part of MET-Net
Southern
California Gas
Company Utilities Janel Ruiz [email protected]
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Southern
California Gas
Company Utilities Larry Taylor
Area Manager -
Chino District [email protected] Part of MET-Net
U.S. Army
Corps of
Engineers Government
David
Kingston
Chief of
Emergency
Management
Branch
[email protected]
y.mil Part of MET-Net
Union Pacific
Railroad Transportation Lupe Valdez
Senior Director,
Public Affairs [email protected] Part of MET-Net
Waste
Management Utilities
Glenda
Chavez Solutions Manager [email protected] Part of MET-Net YMCA - Chino
Valley Nonprofit
Brian
Rachielles Branch Director [email protected] Part of MET-Net City of
Pomona Government
Naela
Cansino
Safety &
Emergency
Preparedness
Officer [email protected]
Emergency
Management Added 3/3/25
City of Upland Government
Justin
Salgado
Emergency
Services Officer
[email protected]
.gov
Emergency
Management Added 3/3/25
City of Rancho
Cucamonga Government Riley Davis
Emergency
Management
Specialist [email protected]
Emergency
Management Added 3/3/25
City of
Montclair Government Tracy Bryan
Emergency
Services
Coordinator [email protected]
Emergency
Management Added 3/3/25
City of Corona Government Lee Shin
Emergency
Services Manager [email protected]
Emergency
Management Added 3/17/25
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A.2 Stakeholder Meeting Sign in Sheet
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This Page Intentionally Blank
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Appendix B: Public Involvement Activities and
Documentation
Below are samples of public information and public involvement activities that were used during the development of the City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, including:
• Survey Results
• Public Meeting Announcements / News Releases
• Outreach Activities
• Public Meeting Photos
Organization Date Outreach Activity Method of Sharing
City of Chino 8/12/24
Public Input Wanted for
Local Hazard Mitigation
Plan Press Release
Email Distribution List and
Website
City of Chino 8/13/24 Hazard Mitigation
Workshop Invitation Facebook/Instagram
City of Chino 8/15/24 Presentation at Faith
Based Collaborative Presentation
City of Chino 8/16/24 LHMP Video Workshop
Invite Facebook/Instagram
City of Chino 8/21/24
Chino Link – Article
inviting residents to LHMP
workshops
Email Distribution List and
Website
City of Chino 8/29/24 Hazard Mitigation Survey
Invitation Facebok/Instagram
Chino Valley Chamber
of Commerce 9/4/24 Presentation at Business
at Breakfast meeting
Gave quick presentation on the
local hazard mitigation plan
update efforts and how to get
involved
City of Chino 9/7/24
Community outreach
booth at Chino Cares
Emergency Preparedness
Fair
Outreach booth encouraging
people to take the survey
City of Chino 9/9/24 Hazard Mitigation Survey
Invitation Facebook/Instagram
City of Chino 10/1/24
Make Your Voice Heard
on the Local Hazard
Mitigation Plan Press
Release
Email Distribution List and
Website
Chino Valley Fire
District 10/5/24
Community outreach
booth at Chino Valley Fire
District Open House
Outreach booth encouraging
people to take the survey
City of Chino 10/3/24 Hazard Mitigation
Workshop Invitation Facebook/Instagram
City of Chino 10/11/24 Hazard Mitigation
Workshop Invitation Facebook/Instagram
City of Chino 10/14/24 Hazard Mitigation Survey
and Workshop Invitation Facebook/Instagram
City of Chino 10/17/24 Hazard Mitigation
Workshop Reminder Facebook/Instagram
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City of Chino 10/26/24
Community outreach
booth at Chino Police
Department Open House
Outreach booth encouraging
people to take the survey
City of Chino 11/1/24
Presentation during
Community Emergency
Response Team (CERT)
Basic Training
Presentation
City of Chino 11/9/24
Community outreach
booth at Bark Around
Ayala Park
Outreach booth encouraging
people to take the survey
City of Chino
11/14/24 Hazard Mitigation Survey
Invitation Facebook/Instagram
City of Chino www.cityofchino.org/LHMP website
B.1 Survey
Community Survey Results Aug-Oct 2024
Survey Overview
The City of Chino conducted a comprehensive community survey as part of the Hazard Mitigation Planning process to gather public input on hazard concerns, priorities, and mitigation preferences. The survey was designed to identify which hazards residents consider most threatening to their community and to understand their personal level of preparedness and interest in participating in future mitigation efforts.
Survey Distribution and Outreach: The City implemented an extensive outreach campaign to ensure broad community participation. The survey was:
• Featured prominently on the City of Chino's official website • Promoted through all city social media channels
• Published in local newspaper
• Distributed to key stakeholders with requests to share with their constituents 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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• Made available to all attendees at public meetings, with staff assistance provided for completion
This multi-faceted approach ensured the survey reached a diverse cross-section of the community, including residents, business owners, community organizations, and other stakeholders with interests in Chino's resilience and safety.
Survey Participation: Total 175
• Complete Responses: 90.4%
• Partial Responses: 9.6%
Community Connection
Respondents were asked to identify their connection to the City of Chino. Many respondents had multiple connections to the community.
Connection to Chino Percentage
Live in Chino 73.9%
Work in Chino 24.3%
Frequently visit Chino 24.3%
Attend school in Chino 6.1%
None of the above 2.6%
Hazard Rankings
Respondents were asked to rank 15 potential hazards from most concerning to least concerning. The following table shows the overall ranking based on cumulative scores, with higher scores indicating greater concern.
Rank Hazard Score
1 Earthquake 1,422
2 Prolonged Power Outage 1,190
3 Cyber Threat 1,018
4 Flooding (Riverine & Flash) 983
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Rank Hazard Score
5 Wildfire 976
6 Hazardous Materials Incident 970
7 Severe Summer Storms 969
8 Facility Disaster 914
9 Transportation Incident (Road & Air) 899
10 Terrorism 786
11 Drought 765
12 Civil Disturbance 744
13 Severe Winter Weather 534
14 Invasive Species 497
15 Landslide 489
Single Most Concerning Hazard
When asked to identify the ONE hazard that concerned them the most, respondents overwhelmingly selected earthquakes.
Hazard Percentage
Earthquake 59.1%
Prolonged Power Outage 9.6%
Cyber Threat 7.8%
Wildfire 7.8%
Flooding (Riverine & Flash) 3.5%
Severe Summer Storms 2.6%
Transportation Incident (Road & Air) 2.6%
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Hazard Percentage
Terrorism 2.6%
Drought 2.6%
Facility Disaster 1.7%
Hazards Considered NOT Significant
Respondents were also asked to identify hazards they felt were NOT significant concerns for the community.
Hazard Percentage
Severe Winter Weather 20.0%
Earthquake 18.3%
Invasive Species 13.9%
Landslide 10.4%
Flooding (Riverine & Flash) 8.7%
Facility Disaster 7.0%
Terrorism 5.2%
Civil Disturbance 4.3%
Primary Concerns Regarding Chosen Hazard
Respondents were asked about their primary concern regarding their chosen hazard.
Primary Concern Percentage
Safety of family and self 73.9%
Disruption to daily life 13.0%
Property damage 6.1%
Environmental impact 3.5%
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Primary Concern Percentage
Job/income loss 1.7%
Other 1.7%
Anticipated Personal Impact
Respondents were asked about the most likely outcome they would personally experience if their chosen hazard event were to occur.
Expected Impact Percentage
Significant personal impact (evacuation, property damage, extended utility loss) 27.8%
Moderate disruption to daily life 20.9%
Catastrophic impact (loss of home, severe injury, loss of life) 17.4% Major life disruption (injury, long-term displacement, job loss) 14.8% Minor inconvenience 10.4%
Unsure/Don't know 8.7%
Resource Prioritization
When asked how limited resources should be prioritized, respondents were almost evenly split:
Priority Approach Percentage
Hazards that occur most frequently, even if less severe 55.7% Hazards with potential for most significant damage, even if less frequent 44.3% Interest in Future Participation
Respondents were asked about their interest in participating in future phases of the hazard mitigation planning process.
Level of Interest Percentage
Interested but would like more information first 40.4%
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Level of Interest Percentage
Prefer to stay informed but not actively participate 31.6% Would like to be actively involved 21.9%
Not interested in further participation 11.4%
Key Findings and Implications
1. Earthquake Preparedness is a Top Priority: With nearly 60% of respondents identifying earthquakes as their primary concern, earthquake preparedness and mitigation should be a significant focus of the HMP .
2. Infrastructure Resilience is Essential: The high ranking of power outages and cyber threats indicates community concern about critical infrastructure vulnerability. The HMP should address the resilience of these systems.
3. Personal Safety is the Primary Motivation: With 73.9% of respondents citing safety of family and self as their primary concern, messaging about hazard preparedness should emphasize personal safety benefits.
4. Balanced Approach to Resource Allocation: The nearly even split on resource prioritization suggests the HMP should address both frequent hazards and those with catastrophic potential.
5. Community Engagement Potential: With over 60% of respondents expressing interest in staying involved or learning more, there is a strong foundation for continued community engagement throughout the HMP process.
Executive Summary
The community survey results provide valuable insights into the concerns, priorities, and preferences of Chino residents regarding hazard mitigation. This analysis identifies key strategic recommendations that the steering committee should consider incorporating into the Hazard Mitigation Plan update to ensure it effectively addresses community needs and concerns.
Priority Action Areas
1. Earthquake Resilience and Preparedness
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Key Finding: Earthquakes represent the overwhelming concern for Chino residents (59.1% identified it as their primary concern), and the hazard ranked highest in overall priority scoring.
Strategic Recommendations:
• Develop targeted earthquake mitigation strategies for both public infrastructure and private properties
• Create comprehensive earthquake preparedness programs specifically designed for Chino's building stock and geological conditions
• Establish clear evacuation routes and emergency shelter locations specifically for earthquake scenarios
• Develop specialized outreach materials focusing on home earthquake safety measures (securing furniture, water heaters, etc.)
• Consider incentive programs for seismic retrofitting of vulnerable structures • Partner with local businesses to ensure continuity of essential services following an earthquake
• Develop neighborhood-based earthquake response teams and regular community drills
2. Critical Infrastructure Protection
Key Finding: The second and third highest concerns (prolonged power outages and cyber threats) both relate to infrastructure vulnerability.
Strategic Recommendations:
• Conduct a comprehensive vulnerability assessment of Chino's power distribution systems
• Develop backup power systems for critical facilities and vulnerable populations • Create a coordinated cyber-security strategy for city infrastructure systems • Establish clear protocols for emergency communications during extended power outages
• Partner with utility companies to prioritize grid hardening in vulnerable areas • Investigate microgrid opportunities for critical facilities 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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• Develop public cooling/warming centers with backup power for vulnerable populations
• Create public education campaigns about preparing for extended power outages
3. Family Safety-Focused Communication and Programs
Key Finding: 73.9% of respondents identified safety of family and self as their primary concern.
Strategic Recommendations:
• Redesign existing preparedness materials to emphasize family safety benefits • Develop family emergency plan templates tailored to Chino's specific hazards • Create child-friendly preparedness materials for schools and families • Establish neighborhood-based support networks for vulnerable residents • Implement a vulnerable population registry to prioritize assistance during emergencies
• Develop multi-lingual emergency preparedness materials reflecting Chino's diverse community
• Create age-appropriate preparedness programs for all segments of the population
4. Balanced Mitigation Strategy
Key Finding: Community is almost evenly split between prioritizing frequent hazards (55.7%) and catastrophic but less frequent hazards (44.3%).
Strategic Recommendations:
• Develop a two-tiered mitigation approach that addresses both types of hazards • Create clear metrics for evaluating and comparing different types of hazard risks • Establish transparent criteria for resource allocation decisions • Identify mitigation strategies that concurrently address multiple hazard types • Develop phased implementation plans that balance immediate and long-term risks • Identify "no-regrets" strategies that provide benefits regardless of which hazards occur
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• Establish clear monitoring and evaluation protocols to track effectiveness of both approaches
5. Enhanced Community Engagement
Key Finding: Over 60% of respondents expressed interest in being actively involved or learning more about the HMP process.
Strategic Recommendations:
• Develop ongoing engagement mechanisms beyond the planning phase • Create a hazard mitigation citizen advisory committee • Establish regular public forums to provide updates on implementation progress • Develop a transparent tracking system for mitigation actions visible to the public • Create volunteer opportunities for community members in mitigation projects • Establish neighborhood-level preparedness coordinators • Partner with community organizations to expand outreach capacity • Develop a multi-platform communications strategy to maintain community engagement
Implementation Considerations
Resource Allocation Strategy
Based on the survey results, the steering committee should consider a hazard mitigation funding allocation that:
• Dedicates significant resources to earthquake preparedness and resilience (≈30- 40%)
• Allocates substantial funding to critical infrastructure protection (≈20-30%) • Supports family-focused preparedness programs (≈15-20%) • Maintains flexibility to address both frequent and catastrophic hazards (≈10-15%) • Funds ongoing community engagement and education (≈10-15%) Measuring Success
The HMP should include specific metrics to evaluate success based on community priorities:
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• Reduction in earthquake vulnerability for both public and private structures • Improved resilience of critical infrastructure systems • Increased household preparedness levels
• Broader community participation in preparedness activities • Reduction in expected damage and recovery time from priority hazards Potential Partnerships
Based on the survey results, the steering committee should consider developing partnerships with:
• Local utility companies for infrastructure resilience • School districts for family and youth preparedness
• Business community for economic resilience
• Healthcare providers for vulnerable population support • Neighborhood associations for localized implementation • Faith communities for community outreach
• Local media for public awareness campaigns
Conclusion
The survey results provide clear direction for the HMP update. By focusing on earthquake resilience, critical infrastructure protection, family safety, a balanced mitigation approach, and enhanced community engagement, the plan can effectively address the priorities and concerns of Chino residents. These recommendations provide a framework for developing a more resilient community that is prepared for both the most likely and most severe hazards it faces.
Survey B: CITY OF CHINO HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Community Survey Results Oct-Dec 2024
Survey Overview
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The City of Chino conducted a comprehensive community survey as part of the Hazard Mitigation Planning process to gather public feedback on proposed mitigation actions. This survey was designed to evaluate whether the mitigation strategies identified by the city adequately address the hazards identified in the first survey and to gauge community support for specific actions.
Survey Distribution and Outreach: The City implemented an extensive outreach campaign to ensure broad community participation. The survey was:
• Featured prominently on the City of Chino's official website • Promoted through all city social media channels
• Published in local newspapers
• Distributed to key stakeholders with requests to share with their constituents • Made available to all attendees at public meetings, with staff assistance provided for completion
This multi-faceted approach ensured the survey reached a diverse cross-section of the community, including residents, business owners, community organizations, and other stakeholders with interests in Chino's resilience and safety.
Survey Participation:
• Complete Responses: 100%
• Total Respondents: 113
Respondent Background
Previous Involvement in Hazard Mitigation Planning
Previous Involvement Percentage
Yes 24.1%
No 75.9%
Familiarity with Chino's Hazard Mitigation Efforts
Level of Familiarity Percentage
Very familiar 10.3%
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Level of Familiarity Percentage
Somewhat familiar 31.0%
Not very familiar 27.6%
Not at all familiar 31.0%
Adequacy of Mitigation Actions by Hazard Type
All Hazards
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 28.6%
Somewhat Adequate 7.1%
Adequate 39.3%
Somewhat Inadequate 14.3%
Very Inadequate 7.1%
None Applicable 3.6%
Earthquakes
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 17.2%
Somewhat Adequate 10.3%
Adequate 51.7%
Somewhat Inadequate 17.2%
Very Inadequate 0.0%
None Applicable 3.4%
Flooding
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Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 13.8%
Somewhat Adequate 17.2%
Adequate 51.7%
Somewhat Inadequate 10.3%
Very Inadequate 3.4%
None Applicable 3.4%
Severe Summer Storms
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 13.8%
Somewhat Adequate 27.6%
Adequate 41.4%
Somewhat Inadequate 10.3%
Very Inadequate 3.4%
None Applicable 3.4%
Wildfire
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 21.4%
Somewhat Adequate 7.1%
Adequate 50.0%
Somewhat Inadequate 10.7%
Very Inadequate 3.6%
None Applicable 7.1%
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Drought
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 10.3%
Somewhat Adequate 27.6%
Adequate 41.4%
Somewhat Inadequate 13.8%
Very Inadequate 3.4%
None Applicable 3.4%
Cyber Threats
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 7.1%
Somewhat Adequate 28.6%
Adequate 39.3%
Somewhat Inadequate 21.4%
Very Inadequate 0.0%
None Applicable 3.6%
Prolonged Power Outage
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 3.6%
Somewhat Adequate 32.1%
Adequate 35.7%
Somewhat Inadequate 14.3%
Very Inadequate 7.1%
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Rating Percentage
None Applicable 7.1%
Hazardous Materials Incidents
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 10.3%
Somewhat Adequate 17.2%
Adequate 55.2%
Somewhat Inadequate 6.9%
Very Inadequate 3.4%
None Applicable 6.9%
Transportation Incidents
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 20.7%
Somewhat Adequate 20.7%
Adequate 44.8%
Somewhat Inadequate 6.9%
Very Inadequate 3.4%
None Applicable 3.4%
Disobedient Acts
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 17.2%
Somewhat Adequate 13.8%
Adequate 37.9%
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Rating Percentage
Somewhat Inadequate 20.7%
Very Inadequate 6.9%
None Applicable 3.4%
Facility Disasters
Rating Percentage
Very Adequate 22.2%
Somewhat Adequate 11.1%
Adequate 44.4%
Somewhat Inadequate 14.8%
Very Inadequate 3.7%
None Applicable 3.7%
Support for Specific Mitigation Actions
Drought Mitigation Actions
Mitigation Action Support (Yes)
Local Drought Ordinance 85.7%
Urban Water Management Plan 89.3%
Retrofit Water Supply Systems 96.4%
Turf Replacement Program 75.0%
Urban Flooding Mitigation Actions
Mitigation Action Support (Yes)
Updated Flood Management Code 85.2%
Facility Disaster Mitigation Actions
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Mitigation Action Support (Yes)
Upgrade City Facilities HVAC Systems 100.0%
Solar Power and Battery Backup 85.7%
Severe Summer Storms Mitigation Actions
Mitigation Action Support (Yes)
Cooling Centers for Extreme Heat Events 92.9%
Social Media Alerts for Severe Weather 85.7%
Fire Mitigation Actions
Mitigation Action Support (Yes)
Vegetation and Weed Abatement Program 92.9%
All Hazards Mitigation Actions
Mitigation Action Support (Yes)
CERT (Community Emergency Response Team) Training 89.3% Cyber Threat Mitigation Actions
Mitigation Action Support (Yes)
Cybersecurity Training for City Staff 82.1%
Dual Redundancy for Cyber Systems 92.9%
Perception of Balance in Mitigation Planning
Prevention vs. Preparedness
Rating Percentage
Good balance 81.5%
Not enough focus 7.4%
Unsure 11.1%
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Response vs. Recovery
Rating Percentage
Good balance 85.2%
Not enough focus 3.7%
Unsure 11.1%
Short-term vs. Long-term Solutions
Rating Percentage
Good balance 77.8%
Not enough focus 7.4%
Unsure 14.8%
Effectiveness of Mitigation Strategy Types
Infrastructure Improvements
Rating Percentage
Very effective 50.0%
Moderately effective 35.7%
Slightly effective 14.3%
Building Codes and Zoning Regulations
Rating Percentage
Very effective 32.1%
Moderately effective 50.0%
Slightly effective 14.3%
Not at all effective 3.6%
Public Education and Awareness Programs
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Rating Percentage
Very effective 39.3%
Moderately effective 35.7%
Slightly effective 25.0%
Emergency Response Planning
Rating Percentage
Extremely effective 3.6%
Very effective 39.3%
Moderately effective 42.9%
Slightly effective 14.3%
Natural Resource Protection
Rating Percentage
Very effective 33.3%
Moderately effective 48.1%
Slightly effective 18.5%
Respondent Demographics
Length of Association with Chino
Duration Percentage
More than 10 years 46.0%
1-5 years 29.0%
6-10 years 14.0%
Not associated with Chino 11.0%
Key Findings and Implications
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1. Adequacy of Current Mitigation Actions: Most respondents rated the city's mitigation actions as "Adequate" across all hazard categories, with the highest adequacy ratings for Hazardous Materials Incidents (55.2% rated as "Adequate").
2. Areas Needing Improvement: Cyber Threats and Prolonged Power Outages received the highest combined "Somewhat Inadequate" and "Very Inadequate" ratings (21.4% and 21.4% respectively), suggesting that these areas may need further attention and enhancement in the mitigation strategies.
3. Strong Support for Proposed Actions: Most proposed mitigation actions received high approval ratings (75-100%), indicating broad community support for the city's planned initiatives. The upgrade of city facilities' HVAC systems received unanimous support (100%).
4. Balanced Approach Perception: Over 75% of respondents felt the city maintains a good balance across multiple dimensions of mitigation planning, including prevention vs. preparedness (81.5%), response vs. recovery (85.2%), and short-term vs. long-term solutions (77.8%).
5. Infrastructure Priority: Half of all respondents (50%) rated infrastructure improvements as "Very effective" mitigation strategies, the highest rating among all strategy types, suggesting that infrastructure investment should be a priority.
6. Limited Familiarity with Hazard Mitigation: A majority of respondents (58.6%) were either "Not very familiar" or "Not at all familiar" with the city's hazard mitigation efforts, indicating a need for improved public education and engagement about existing mitigation strategies.
7. New Participant Involvement: With 75.9% of respondents indicating they had not previously been involved in hazard mitigation planning, this survey reached many new voices, which is important for comprehensive community input.
8. Long-term Community Perspective: Nearly half (46%) of respondents have been associated with Chino for more than 10 years, providing valuable long-term perspective on the city's hazards and mitigation needs.
9. Areas of Geographic Focus: Several areas were identified as needing focused attention, including areas around dairies (flooding concerns), the Prado Dam area, and Euclid Avenue.
10. Strong Foundation for Implementation: With high approval ratings for most mitigation actions and positive perception of the city's balanced approach, there is a strong foundation for successful implementation of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Executive Summary
The Mitigation Actions Survey provides valuable insights into how the community perceives the adequacy of Chino's proposed hazard mitigation strategies. This document outlines specific, actionable recommendations for the steering committee to enhance existing mitigation actions and address perceived gaps in the current strategy.
These strategic recommendations are derived directly from the community feedback and aim to build on the existing foundation of mitigation strategies while addressing areas that need improvement. The survey results indicate that while most mitigation actions are viewed as adequate, there are specific areas—particularly cyber threats and power outage resilience—that require additional focus.
The recommendations focus particularly on:
1. Enhancing cyber threat and power outage resilience - The two areas identified as having the most inadequate mitigation measures
2. Strengthening earthquake preparedness - The hazard with the highest overall priority from the first survey
3. Optimizing infrastructure investments - The strategy type rated as most effective by the community
4. Improving public awareness - Addressing the limited familiarity with current mitigation efforts
5. Targeting specific geographic areas - Addressing concerns about particular locations in Chino
Priority Action Areas
1. Cyber Threat Mitigation Enhancement
Key Finding: 21.4% of respondents rated current cyber threat mitigation actions as "Somewhat Inadequate" - the highest percentage in this category for any hazard. While cybersecurity training (82.1%) and dual redundancy (92.9%) received good support, respondents specifically noted that more infrastructure updates are needed beyond training.
Strategic Recommendations:
• Comprehensive Cyber Security Program
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o Develop a city-wide cyber security strategic plan that goes beyond current staff training
o Implement multi-factor authentication across all critical city systems o Establish regular third-party penetration testing and vulnerability assessments
o Create a cyber incident response plan with clearly defined roles and procedures
• Critical Infrastructure Protection
o Implement network segmentation to isolate critical infrastructure systems o Develop dedicated security protocols for SCADA and operational technology systems
o Establish backup systems that are fully isolated from primary networks o Create redundant communication channels for emergency operations • Community Cyber Resilience
o Develop public education programs on cyber security for residents and local businesses
o Create information sharing mechanisms with local businesses on emerging cyber threats
o Establish a community cyber incident reporting system o Partner with local IT professionals to create volunteer cyber response teams
2. Power Outage Resilience Improvement
Key Finding: 21.4% of respondents rated prolonged power outage mitigation measures as inadequate, while only 3.6% rated them as "Very Adequate" - the lowest for any hazard.
Strategic Recommendations:
• Critical Facility Power Resilience
o Expand backup power beyond current plans to include all emergency shelters
o Implement renewable energy + battery storage at key facilities rather than generators alone
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o Develop microgrids for critical infrastructure clusters o Create redundant power systems with multiple fuel sources • Vulnerable Population Protection
o Establish neighborhood resilience hubs with backup power in multiple locations
o Develop a medical needs registry for priority restoration and support o Create a mobile power resource deployment plan to serve vulnerable residents
o Partner with healthcare providers to ensure continuity of care during outages • Community Resilience
o Expand community education on prolonged outage preparation o Develop a volunteer network for welfare checks during extended outages o Create incentive programs for residential backup power systems o Establish clear protocols for emergency services during extended outages
3. Earthquake Resilience Enhancement
Key Finding: While 51.7% rated earthquake mitigation measures as "Adequate, " this hazard was identified as the top concern in the first survey, warranting comprehensive attention.
Strategic Recommendations:
• Infrastructure Resilience
o Accelerate seismic retrofitting schedule for city buildings o Expand retrofit focus beyond city buildings to include critical private infrastructure
o Develop more robust backup systems for water infrastructure post- earthquake
o Implement enhanced building codes for new construction • Response Capacity
o Expand CERT training to create neighborhood-level response teams 2025 City of Chino Local Hazard Mitigation Plan