Colton City Council
December 5, 2023

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Methods

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Reduction Plan 5-12 March 2021
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5.6 Inventory Limitations and Recommendations
The regional inventory captures GHG emissions from operations and activities in the 25-jurisdiction region and serves as a baseline for emission reduction measures and as a starting point for future GHG emissions inventories. Future updates to the GHG emissions inventories presented in this report should be conducted annually to ensure that the inventory remains accurate and that data gaps are resolved in a timely manner. Annual updating also would enable efficient tracking of the effectiveness of any GHG reduction measures put in place to address these emission sources.

Although care was taken to ensure that data sets were as complete and accurate as possible, activities were appropriately attributed to the correct jurisdiction, and assumptions were based on reputable guidance, there are nevertheless a number of inventory limitations that have been identified. These limitations are discussed in the sections that follow.

5.6.1 Emissions Sinks
GHG emissions sinks2 were not included in this report. Because these existing urban and natural forests are part of global atmospheric carbon cycling, ICLEI’s Community Inventory Protocol recommends that this emissions sink be disclosed but not combined with other anthropogenic emissions in an inventory. As such, carbon stocks and GHG emissions sinks were not included in the community inventories. In some areas, it may benefit individual jurisdictions to add emissions sinks to the inventories where those sinks represent a meaningful part of the local inventory. The San Bernardino County region likely has relatively limited emissions sinks due to the relative lack of large forested or wetland areas within the County. The most substantial carbon sinks in the County are likely the National Forest areas that are under federal jurisdiction.

5.6.2 Data Availability Gaps and Other Limitations
Although considerable efforts were made to obtain activity data from 2016, in some cases these data were unavailable and data from another year were substituted. One example of this limitation is for the water sector, where Urban Water Management Plans (UWMP) for each water provider in the County were used to calculate water consumption. Water demand information in the UWMPs is prepared for five-year increments, with the most recent year being 2015 (with forecasts estimated for 2020, 2025, etc.). As such, water demand information for 2015 was used to determine 2015 water per capita rates, and then those rates were applied to the 2016 populations.

Additional data gaps and limitations at the sector-level are discussed in this section.

Building Energy
In other cases, some data were not available. Most notably, some electricity and natural consumption data for some jurisdictions were not available because utilities in California are subject to privacy rules,3 which dictate that the utilities cannot disclose consumption data if certain criteria are not met.

2 A GHG emissions sink is a natural or human-made reservoir that absorbs and stores more CO2 or other GHG from the atmosphere than it releases.
3 The privacy rules were adopted by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) in the Direct Access Proceeding (CPUC Decision 97-10-031) to protect customer confidentiality. The 15/15 rule requires that any

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Very large consumers of energy are one example of a privacy restrictions that the utilities must adhere to, and thus some large consumers of electricity and natural gas could not be included in the utility data. With respect to electricity, datasets for two jurisdictions, Colton and Ontario, had data that was omitted due to the privacy rules.

For natural gas, the datasets from Southern California Gas Company for 12 jurisdictions had data omitted due to the privacy rules. These jurisdictions contain large, industrial uses that consume substantially more gas than typical uses. As such, the amount of gas they consume does not meet the privacy rules, and the data could not be provided. Because some of these industrial gas consumers are likely regulated by the California Air Resources Board, their corresponding emissions are likely included in the Stationary Sources sector. Due to the privacy rules, it cannot be determined with certainty which sources of emissions that were excluded from the utility data are included in the Stationary Sources sector. The CPUC privacy rules and the resulting omissions in the utility data thus represent an inventory data gap, which is presented here for full disclosure.

For a number of other jurisdictions, data were not omitted but were aggregated into broader categories to provide more anonymity. For example, if industrial electricity consumption did not meet the privacy criteria, SCE combined the industrial data with the commercial data and only provided the sum of these categories. For this reason, the non-residential energy emissions in the inventories have been grouped into one category rather than as sub-categories, such as commercial or industrial.

Additionally, electricity data for municipally owned streetlights, traffic lights, and outdoor lights were not included in the data set provided by SCE. As such, these data were obtained individually from each jurisdiction but were not available from the following jurisdictions: Adelanto, Barstow, Highland, and San Bernardino. The municipal lighting data for these jurisdictions were thus not included in the respective inventories, but such data is expected to be less than one percent of the total jurisdiction electricity consumption.

On-Road Transportation
For estimating On-Road emissions, the Origin-Destination based VMT DATA was provided for the year 2016 and 2040 by Fehr and Peers using the San Bernardino County Transportation Analysis Model (SB TAM). The SB TAM model was used for the regional VMT analysis and provided a more accurate measure of VMT. To determine the VMT for inventory years, the 2016 and 2040 VMT data were interpolated from 2016 to 2020 and 2030, and extrapolated to 2045. For the previous 2008 GHG Inventory, the VMT by speed bin data were used at the County level using a SCAG model. The current inventory update provided a more accurate analysis; however, it is not an “apples to apples” comparison between the VMT data for the 2008 inventory and 2016 inventory update, which may limit the assessment of progress between 2008 and 2016 for this sector.

aggregated information provided by the utilities must be made up of at least 15 customers and a single customer’s load must be less than 15% of an assigned category. If the number of customers in the complied data is below 15, or if a single customer’s load is more than 15% of the total data, categories must be combined before the information is released. The rule further requires that if the 15/15 Rule is triggered for a second time after the data have been screened once already using the 15/15 Rule, the customer be dropped from the information provided.

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Agriculture
Agriculture in San Bernardino County is dominated by the dairy industry and the related industries of calf production and forage crops. The county’s agricultural diversity includes fruit orchards in the east Valley area and nursery and vegetable production. In the Desert region, agriculture includes pistachio orchards, field crops (primarily alfalfa), and range-land cattle grazing. For the agriculture sector GHG inventory, the data available on agricultural crops did not correlate directly with the emission factors used for estimating the non-carbon GHG emissions. For example, for estimating the direct and indirect N
2O from Nitrogen applied in fertilizers, the percentage of farmland for each city was multiplied by the County’s overall N2O emissions, which were calculated from the County's total farmland acreage and emission factors from the CARB 2016 GHG Inventory. It was assumed that 140 lbs. of nitrogen are applied per acre and that all crops are the same. These assumptions were made due to limited data availability.

Water
Accurately apportioning emissions in the water sector to the correct jurisdiction was a challenging exercise and represents a limitation of the inventories. The water sector comprises indirect emissions from electricity that is consumed by pumps, treatment plants, lift stations, desalination facilities, and other infrastructure. This infrastructure is dispersed throughout the region and state.

Some water that is imported into the County originates in northern California and is conveyed south via aqueducts. For water that originates from within the County, such as from a reservoir or a groundwater basin, that water may be diverted and extracted in one jurisdiction in the County and then conveyed to another where it is ultimately used.

As a result of this complicated network of water infrastructure, assigning responsibility of water- related emissions to the appropriate jurisdiction is a difficult task. Water-related electricity is included in the Building Energy sector because there is water infrastructure, such as a groundwater pump, within the County. However, the groundwater pump may be located in one jurisdiction, such as Ontario for example, but ultimately pumps water that will be consumed in other jurisdictions as well. In an ideal scenario, the portion of electricity used to pump water that will be consumed in non-Ontario jurisdictions would be subtracted from Ontario’s Building Energy sector emissions (the total energy from this hypothetical groundwater pump would be included in the utility data for Ontario provided by SCE). The non-Ontario jurisdictions are consuming the water and thus the jurisdictional control over the water consumption would be in those non-Ontario jurisdictions, even though the energy via the groundwater pump is being consumed in Ontario.

Performing an ideal analysis would thus require a vast amount of detailed information, such as the exact locations of all water-related infrastructure within and outside of the County, the quantities of water served by that infrastructure, and which jurisdictions the water is ultimately conveyed to.

That level of detail is beyond the scope of this analysis, however, but such an analysis could be conducted for individual jurisdiction inventories for those that are developed in the future.

As such, the approach for the Water sector of this analysis is that all water-related energy is assigned to each jurisdiction based on the amount of water that is consumed in that jurisdiction.

That energy is subtracted from that jurisdiction’s energy totals in the Building Energy sector, irrespective of where the water infrastructure is actually located. Conducting a more precise accounting of Building Energy emissions overlap is not within the scope of this effort.

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Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan 5-15 March 2021
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Wastewater
Similar to the discussion above for the Water sector, apportioning Wastewater sectors accurately to the appropriate jurisdictions is also challenging due to the overlap between this sector and the Building Energy sector. Wastewater emissions comprise direct fugitive emissions that are a result of bacterial decomposition of solids in wastewater and of electricity and/or natural gas emissions resulting from operation of the wastewater treatment plants. The amount of wastewater generated by each jurisdiction was primarily determined by scaling the population number in each jurisdiction. While this is a reasonable method for apportioning Wastewater sector fugitive emissions, apportioning the building energy emissions from the treatment plants is more difficult. A treatment plant may be located in one jurisdiction, such as Victorville, that serves multiple other jurisdictions. Consequently, the Building Energy sector emissions from that treatment plant are attributed solely to Victorville, even though other jurisdictions have partial responsibility for those Building Energy emissions since they send wastewater to the Victorville plant.

In an ideal scenario, the Building Energy emissions at each wastewater treatment plant would be attributed to each jurisdiction that sends wastewater to treatment plants. However, such an analysis would require detailed information and calculations that are beyond the scope of this inventory, such as the origin and quantity of wastewater that enters all treatment plants that serve the County.

As such, the approach for the wastewater sector of this analysis is that all direct, fugitive emissions are apportioned to each jurisdiction based on the quantity of wastewater they generate. Any emissions associated with building energy, such as at the treatment plants, is not included in the Wastewater sector. Those emissions are included in the Building Energy sector, which results in a disproportionate share of emissions being attributed to jurisdictions that contain wastewater treatment plants within the boundaries. Those wastewater treatment plants are processing wastewater from multiple jurisdictions, but the level of detailed required to precisely account for the Building Energy overlap is beyond the scope of this effort.

5.6.3 High Global Warming Potential Gases
Emissions from the use of substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (ODS) (primarily hydrofluorocarbons [HFCs], and perfluorocarbons [PFCs])4 were not included in the inventories.

These substances are high GWP gases but are not specifically recommended for quantification in regional inventories. Quantification of these emissions is based on statewide emissions factors, which include a diverse set of possible sources; thus, scaling those statewide-based emissions to the regional- or local-scale likely introduces considerable uncertainty. Additionally, local governments have limited jurisdictional control or influence over these sources of emissions.

5.6.4 Business-as-Usual Forecasts
The BAU emissions forecasts are based on estimates, forecasts, and growth factors and not actual activity data for those years. BAU emissions for 2030 and 2045 are calculated based on the most appropriate growth data available for each sector. For example, future energy use emissions are estimated based on projected population, employment, and housing growth. Where possible, BAU

4 Emissions of HFCs and PFCs occur from their use in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. These high GWP compounds were phased in as ODS substitutes. The majority of anthropogenic high GWP GHGs are SF6, HFCs, and PFCs.

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Methods

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projections were made using the best available information and estimates provided by jurisdiction staff and experts on individual sectors. For many sectors, the projections of emissions were based on the future population estimates in 2030 and 2045 for the jurisdictions using data provided by SBCOG. This method assumes that emissions will remain proportionate to the current population, which may not be the case. For example, per capita energy consumption may change over time as habits and technology change. For other sectors, rather than population, BAU estimates were made based on employment levels, which requires a similar assumption regarding emissions remaining proportionate to current employment levels.

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References

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Appendix A
Section 6: References
California Air Pollution Control Officer’s Association. 2010. Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures. August. http://capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA-Quantification- Report-9-14-Final.pdf. Accessed: July 17, 2019.

California Air Resources Board. 2018. Documentation of California’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory. https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/doc/docs2/2g1b_instategenerationtransmissionanddistr ib_electricitytransmitted_sf6_2015.htm and
https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/doc/docs2/2g1b_importedelectricitytransmissionanddis trib_electricitytransmitted_sf6_2015.htm. Accessed: November 14, 2019.

California Air Resources Board. No date. EMFAC2017 Web Database version 1.02. https://www.arb.ca.gov/emfac/2017/. Accessed: June 26, 2019.

California Air Resources Board. 2016. Documentation of California’s 2000-2018 GHG Inventory. https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/doc/doc_index.php. Accessed March: 4, 2019 California Climate Action Registry. 2009. General Reporting Protocol. Version 3.1. https://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/fliers/files/ccar_grp_3-1_january2009_sfe- web.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2019
California Department of Finance. 2020. Estimates.
http://www.dof.ca.gov/Forecasting/Demographics/Estimates/. Accessed: January 22, 2020.

California Department of Food and Agriculture. California Agricultural Statistics Review 2016-2017. https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/Statistics/PDFs/2016-17AgReport.pdf. Accessed: March 8, 2019 California Employment Development Department. 2019. Employment by Industry Data, San Bernardino County. Available:< https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/data/employment- by-industry.html>. Accessed: January 22, 2020.

California Energy Commission. 2005. California’s Water-Energy Relationship. http://www.mwdh2o.com/PDFUWMP/CA%20Energy%20Commission's%202005%20Californi a's%20Water-Energy%20Relationship%20Report%20CEC-700-2005-011-SF.pdf . Accessed:

July, 17, 2019.

California Energy Commission. 2006. Refining Estimates of Water-Related Energy Use in California. https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-500-2006-118/CEC-500-2006-118.PDF.

Accessed: July, 17, 2019.

California Energy Commission. No date. Annual Power Content Labels for 2016. https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/pcl/labels/2016_index.html. Accessed: January, 29, 2019.

California Natural Resources Agency. 2019. Continuous Groundwater Level Measurements. https://data.cnra.ca.gov/dataset/continuous-groundwater-level-measurements. Accessed: July 17, 2019.

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Executive Summary

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan 6-2 March 2021
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California State Water Resources Control Board. No Date. Regulated Facility Report. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ciwqs/publicreports.html. Acessed:

July 25, 2019
Edison International. 2018. Edison International 2017 Sustainability Report. June. https://www.edison.com/content/dam/eix/documents/sustainability/eix-2017-sustainability- report.pdf. Accessed: February 21, 2019.

ICLEI Locl Governments for Sustainability. 2013. U.S. Community Protocol. http://icleiusa.org/publications/us-community-protocol/. Accessed: January 17, 2019.

Inland Empire Utilities Agency. Sevice Area Map. http://www.ieua- gis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/StorytellingTextLegend/index.html?appid=94ffa569367c4d4eb98f84 36f5b53125#! Acessed: June 20, 2019
Lincus. 2017. AB32 Emission Verificaton Report – 2016 Emissions.

Myhre, G., et. al. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Chapter 8 – Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing.
http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf. Accessed:

February 7, 2020.

San Bernardino County. 2007 Crop and Livestock Report.
http://cms.sbcounty.gov/Portals/13/CropReports/2007CropReport.pdf?ver=2010-07-09- 122426-810. Accessed July 4, 2019
San Bernardino County. 2017 Crop Report.
http://cms.sbcounty.gov/Portals/13/CropReports/2017CropReport.pdf?ver=2018-12-11- 094949-193. Accessed July 10, 2019
San Bernardino Council of Governments. 2019. Personal Communication via email with ICF to transmit regional socioeconomic data.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Database. https://www.epa.gov/cwns. Accesed August 5, 2019
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2018. eGRID Summary Tables 2016. February 15, 2018.

Edison International. 2017. https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions-generation-resource- integrated-database-egrid. Accessed: March 29, 2019.

U.S Environmental Protection Agency. 2018. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990- 2018. Acessed: August 27, 2019
Western Regional climate Center. No date. San Bernardino, CA (047723). https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi- bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7723. Accessed: January 22, 2020.

ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability USA. 2019. U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Final. October. Available:
<http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protocol/community-protocol/us-community-protocol- for-accounting-and-reporting-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions. Accessed: November 20, 2020.

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San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan 6-3 March 2021
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Available:<http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html>. Accessed:

November 20, 2020.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2018. Available: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas- emissions-and-sinks. Accessed November 20, 2020.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010b. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). Available: https://www.epa.gov/egrid. Accessed November 20, 2020.

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San Bernardino County Regional
GHG Reduction Plan:

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

March 2021

Prepared for:

San Bernardino Council of
Governments and Participating
San Bernardino Jurisdictions

Submitted by:

ICF International
201 Mission Street
Suite 1500
San Francisco, CA 94105

Montclair
Needles
Ontario
Rancho Cucamonga
Redlands
Rialto
San Bernardino
San Bernardino County
Twentynine Palms
Upland
Victorville
Yucaipa
Yucca Valley
Adelanto
Apple Valley
Barstow
Big Bear Lake
Chino
Chino Hills
Colton
Fontana
Grand Terrace
Hesperia
Highland
Loma Linda

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GHG Reduction Measure Methods

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Reduction Plan B-1 March 2021
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Appendix B
GHG Reduction Measure Methods
B.1 Introduction
This Appendix provides a detailed overview of the calculations and assumptions used to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions for each of the GHG reduction measures in the San Bernardino Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan (Plan). A qualitative discussion of benefits is also presented. The following information is provided for each measure. • Measure Description: Details the implementation requirement(s) and reduction goal for each measure.
• Assumptions: Includes all assumptions used in calculating emissions reductions. • GHG Analysis Details: Presents the methods for calculating 2030 business as usual (BAU) emissions,1 2030 emissions with state measures, and 2030 emissions with local measures. A qualitative summary of benefits is also provided. For additional information, please refer to the citations provided for each measure.

As an introduction to the measure details, this Appendix begins with an overview of the general GHG quantification methods by emissions sector.

B.2 Overview of GHG Methods
The quantification of GHG reductions was based on guidance provided by the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA), other reference sources (such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), and professional experience obtained from preparing climate action plans (CAP) for other jurisdictions in California. The majority of calculations were performed using standard factors and references, rather than performing a specific analysis of individual technologies. The following sections provide an overview of general calculation methods by emissions sector.

To avoid double counting emissions savings achieved by state programs, emissions reductions attributed to the candidate measures subtract reductions achieved through the relevant state measures first. Likewise, emissions reductions attributed to certain candidate measures subtract reductions achieved by overlapping local measures. By removing overlapping reductions, one can combine GHG reduction strategies to determine the cumulative effect of several measures without double counting measure effectiveness.

1 BAU emissions are defined as those that would occur without the implementation of state (e.g., renewable energy portfolio, Title 24) or local action (e.g., Energy-1, Energy-2).

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-2 March 2021
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B.2.1 State Measures
The Reduction Plan includes emissions benefits from seven statewide initiatives. These State measures span multiple emission sectors, but are primarily targeted at the building energy and transportation sectors. Emissions reductions achieved by these measures were apportioned to the city-level using statewide estimates of measure effectiveness and sector-specific information. For example, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) Senate Bill 350 requires a doubling of energy efficiency savings in the state by 2030. GHG reductions achieved by Senate Bill 350 within the Partnership cities were therefore quantified by determining the electricity and natural gas savings target in 2030 required by each jurisdiction to comply with Senate Bill 350 and applying utility- specific electricity emission factors and natural gas emission factors to each City’s energy savings. It is important to note that while the Partnership jurisdictions will achieve emissions reductions as a result of State programs, implementing State measures does not require local action.

B.2.2 Local Measures
The section summarizes local efforts that the Reduction Plan proposes to further reduce community-wide GHG emissions. Measures that are required by State law, such as compliance with Senate Bill 350, or jurisdiction regulations, such as an Idling Ordinance, would be mandatory for either existing and/or new development (and are identified with a [M]). Each Partnership jurisdiction would require implementation of these measures, pursuant to state and new or existing local laws and regulations. Measures that would be implemented through incentive-based approaches, such as building retrofits, would be voluntary and are marked with a [V]. GHG reductions associated with these voluntary measures were quantified based on anticipated participation rates. Measures that would be implemented by each Partnership jurisdiction for municipal measures are marked with a [CITY] mark. An example of this is Land Use-1: Tree Planting Programs. Some measures are a combination of jurisdiction measures and voluntary or mandatory measures.

B.2.3 GHG Performance Standard for New Development
The GHG Performance Standard for New Development (PS) provides a streamlined and flexible program for new projects to reduce their emissions. This approach uses a performance standard for new private developments as part of the discretionary approval process under CEQA. New projects would be required to quantify project-generated GHG emissions and adopt feasible reduction measures to reduce project emissions to a level which is a certain percentage below BAU project emissions, as specified by each Partnership city. This approach does not require project applicants implement a pre-determined set of measures. Rather, project applicants are encouraged to choose the most appropriate measures for achieving the reduction goal, while taking into consideration cost, environmental or economic benefits, schedule, and other project requirements.

To quantify the reductions achieved for the PS approach, the amount of new development emissions from 2016 to 2030 was estimated for each Partnership jurisdiction along with the GHG reductions needed to achieve the overall PS reduction goal for each city. Then the value of the other state and local measures for new development was estimated for each Partnership jurisdiction and subtracted from the PS reduction goal to derive the net additional reductions that would result from the PS implementation. This does not mean that the state and local other measures would apply on an equal basis for every single project, and thus individual new development projects may have higher

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Reduction Plan B-3 March 2021
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or lower project-level burdens than the average. Analysis of this measure indicates that the bulk of reductions needed to meet the PS would be from other state and local measures and a smaller portion from project-level reductions.

B.2.4 Building Energy Use
Reduction measures to address GHG emissions from building energy use are separated into two categories: energy efficiency and renewable energy. Emissions reductions associated with these measures were quantified using estimates of electricity kilowatt hour (kWh) and natural gas (therms) consumed by residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Activity data was provided for the existing inventory year (2016), which was scaled to 2020, 2030, and 2045 under BAU conditions using the socioeconomic data summarized in the San Bernardino Regional Inventory Methods (GHG Inventory) (ICF, 2020).

Emissions reductions achieved by energy efficiency and renewable energy measures were quantified using a general standards and factors. Specifically, percent reductions in energy consumption for various actions, such as exceeding the Title 24 Standard, were obtained from CAPCOA and other literature sources. These reductions were applied to the expected 2020, 2030, and 2045 energy usage to quantify total reductions in energy consumption. GHG emissions that would have been emitted had the energy been consumed were then calculated using utility-specific emission factors.

B.2.5 On-Road Transportation
There is one state and five local transportation measures included in the Plan; two to reduce the number of vehicle trips and encourage mode shifts from single-occupancy vehicles to alternative transportation, two to increase the use of electric transit and vehicles, and one to improve traffic flow. GHG emission reductions are dependent on jurisdiction’s commitment level to each measure, and were estimated using transit and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data and standard transportation emission factors.

B.2.6 Off-Road Vehicle Activity
Measures within the off-road sector seek to increase the use of electricity and reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in heavy-duty off-road equipment. GHG emissions in 2030 and 2045 for off-road activity within the County were quantified using the CARB OFFROAD2007 emissions model.

OFFROAD2007 provides detailed estimates of fuel consumption, hours of operation, and emissions by equipment type and horsepower. GHG emission reductions associated with electrifying off-road equipment were estimated using the OFFROAD2007 model outputs and the anticipated electrification level estimated by each jurisdiction. GHG emission reductions from vehicle idling restrictions were quantified using OFFROAD2007 model and standard fuel consumption factors.

B.2.7 Waste Generation
The waste reduction strategy aims to reduce the amount of waste produced by each community.

Existing waste generation volumes and diversion rates were obtained from CalRecycle. GHG emissions that would have been generated by waste if they had not been diverted were quantified

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GHG Reduction Measure Methods

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Reduction Plan B-4 March 2021
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using the CARB First Order Decay (FOD) model and the methods described in the GHG Inventory (ICF International, 2012).

B.2.8 Water Consumption
The Reduction Plan seeks to reduce energy and GHG emissions associated with water consumption through adoption of the voluntary CALGreen water efficiency measures for existing and new development and encourage water-efficient landscaping practices in the participating cities. Fixture flow rates from CALGreen (2010) and CAPCOA (2010) along with socioeconomic data were used to estimate the water savings from CALGreen standards. Information from CAPCOA was used to estimate the water savings from water-efficient landscaping practices. Indirect GHG emissions from electricity required to pump, treat, distribute and/or heat the consumed water were calculated using state-specific emission factors.

B.2.9 Wastewater Treatment
The Plan includes two wastewater measures; one to capture methane produced during the wastewater treatment process and one to improve the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment and pumping equipment. GHG emission reductions from methane capture were calculated from the percentage of methane generated by wastewater treatment plants captured and not released into the atmosphere. GHG emission reductions associated with improvements in energy efficiency were calculated from levels of planned improvements.

B.2.10 Agriculture
The Plan includes one agriculture measure to implement or improve methane capture and combustion at large dairies and animal operations facilities. The large dairies with more than 1,000 cattle are located in Chino, Ontario, and unincorporated areas of the County. Methane capture reduces fugitive methane emissions that are emitted from livestock as a result of decomposing manure. Capturing the fugitive methane prevents it from reaching the atmosphere. Captured methane can also be utilized as an energy source to generate electricity, which reduces the need for external energy from a utility.

B.3 Overview of Measure Benefits
Many of the GHG reduction measures would result in financial, environmental, and public benefits for the cities and communities that are additional to the expected GHG emission reductions. These benefits include cost savings over conventional activities, reductions in criteria pollutants, job growth, economic growth, and public health improvements. Based on literature reviews, a qualitative discussion of anticipated benefits is provided for each of the Partnership city’s GHG reduction measures. Benefits are identified using the following icons in Table B.3-1.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-5 March 2021
ICF

Table B.3-1
Benefits for the Reduction Plan’s GHG Reduction Measures

Reduced Energy Use

Reduced Energy Price Volatility

Reduced Waste Generation

Economic Growth

Resource Conservation

Public Health Improvements
Energy Diversification and/or
Security

Increased Quality of Life

Reduced Air Pollution

Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect
Increased Property Values

Smart Growth

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-6 March 2021
ICF

State-1: Senate Bill 100 (2018) Renewable Portfolio Standard Measure Description
Senate Bill 100 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on September 10, 2018. The RPS applies to all electricity retailers in the state and local publicly owned utilities. All of these entities must adopt the new RPS goals of 44 percent of retail sales from renewables by the end of 2024, 50 percent by the end of 2026, 52 percent by the end of 2027, 60 percent by the end of 2030, and the 100 percent requirement being met by the end of 2045.

Assumptions
Quantification of this measure employs the following assumptions:
• The 2016 renewable energy mix for each utility is as follows:
o 28% for Southern California Edison (SCE) (California Energy Commission, 2019) o 25% for Bear Valley Electric Service (BVES) (California Energy Commission, 2019) o 25% for Colton Public Utilities (CPU) (California Energy Commission, 2019) o 0% for the City of Needles (City of Needles, 2019)
o 0% for Victorville (California Energy Commission, 2019) o 22% for Rancho Cucamonga Municipal Utilities (RCMU) (California Energy Commission, 2019)
Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-7 March 2021
ICF

Implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) will increase the proportion of renewable energy within the energy supply mix of the utilities serving the participating cities. Renewable resources, such as wind and solar power, produce the same amount of energy as coal and other traditional sources, but do not emit any GHGs. By generating a greater amount of energy through renewable resources, electricity provided to each Partnership jurisdiction by their utilities will be cleaner and less GHG intensive.

Implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) will increase the proportion of renewable energy within the energy supply mix of the utilities serving the participating cities. Renewable resources, such as wind and solar power, produce the same amount of energy as coal and other traditional sources, but do not emit any GHGs. By generating a greater amount of energy through renewable resources, electricity provided to each Partnership jurisdiction by their utilities will be cleaner and less GHG intensive.
2030 BAU Emissions
The GHG Inventory (ICF, 2020) estimates that community-wide electricity consumption2 in 2030 for the participating cities would be approximately 16,327 gigawatt hours (GWh). The 2030 BAU renewable energy mix for each utility was determined as follows:

The GHG Inventory estimates that community-wide electricity consumption3 in 2016 for the participating cities would be approximately 16,327 gigawatt hours (GWh). The 2016 renewable energy mix for each utility was determined as follows:
a) SCE, BVES, CPU, Victorville, and RCMU: the direct renewable percentage for 2016 from the CEC’s Power Content Labels was used.
b) City of Needles: the direct renewable percentage for 2016 from the City of Needles AB32 Emission Verification Report was used.

Emissions Reductions
Based on the renewable energy mix assumptions listed above, achievement of the RPS will reduce the carbon intensity of the 2030 CO2 emission factor for each utility as follows:
a) From 529 pounds per MWh to 294 pounds per MWh for SCE (California Energy Commission, 2019).
b) From 417 pounds per MWh to 222 pounds per MWh for BVES (California Energy Commission, 2019).
c) From 1,156 pounds per MWh to 617 pounds per MWh for CPU (California Energy Commission, 2019).
d) From 190 pounds per MWh to 76 pounds per MWh for the City of Needles (City of Needles, 2019).
e) From 416 pounds per MWh to 212 pounds per MWh for Victorville (California Energy Commission, 2019).
f) From 529 pounds per MWh to 282 pounds per MWh for RCMU (California Energy Commission, 2019).

GHG emissions generated from electricity consumption were calculating assuming implementation of the RPS by multiplying 2030 community-wide electricity consumption by the RPS-adjusted emissions factors.

The difference in emissions between the 2030 BAU and 2030 RPS scenarios represents the emissions reductions achieved by this measure.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The RPS provides California with a flexible, market-based strategy to increase renewable energy generation and distribution. As discussed above, renewable energy provides the same amount of power as tradition sources (e.g., coal), but does not emit any GHGs or other criteria pollutants. Renewable energy

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-8 March 2021
ICF

therefore represents a clean source of power for the State and the participating cities. The following benefits are expected from implementation of the RPS (International Energy Agency, 2007; U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, 2009b).

Reduced Air Pollution: San Bernardino utilities generate power through a combination of sources, but the majority of electricity is provided by fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas). The extraction and processing of fossil fuels generates localized pollutants emissions at the place of mining and at the source of power generation. These pollutants may be dispersed into the atmosphere, where they can be transported over long distances and result in regional air pollution. Reducing the amount of fossil fuels processed at power stations through increased generation of renewable energy would contribute to cumulative reductions in criteria pollutants throughout the State.

Waste Reduction: The generation of electricity from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas) generates a substantial amount of waste including, but not limited to, fly ash, bottom ash, flue gas, and sludge. These products can have detrimental effects on the environment if absorbed into groundwater, soil, and/or biota. The extraction and mining of fossil fuels also generates waste. Increasing renewable energy production would reduce waste created by fossil fuel supplied power.

Energy Diversity and Security: Fuels that are traded in the open market are subject to energy supply constraints and interruptions from political unrest, conflict, and trade embargoes. Centralized power structures (e.g., stations, substations, refineries, ports) may also be targets of energy terrorism.

Providing a diversified and domestic energy supply reduces foreign fuel dependency.

Reduced Price Volatility: Energy supply constraints and the uneven global distribution of fossil fuels increase the instability of the energy market. As the demand for global fossil fuels rises, energy prices would likely be subject to fluctuations and frequent price spikes. Renewables would contribute to the diversification of the energy supply mix, thereby buffering local economies from the volatile global energy market.

Economic Development: Development of renewable energy infrastructure (e.g., solar farms, wind turbines) would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for local and regional economies.

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional air pollution and waste generation would contribute to overall improvements in public health.

2 Includes electricity consumed by buildings.
3 Includes electricity consumed by buildings.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-9 March 2021
ICF

State-2: Title 24 Standards for Non-Residential and Residential Buildings (Energy Efficiency Standards and CALGreen)
Measure Description
Requires that building shells and building components be designed to conserve energy and water. 2016 T24 standards are effective starting January 1, 2017, and 2019 T24 standards are effective starting January 1, 2020. The standards will be periodically updated between 2020 and 2045.

Assumptions
Quantification of this measure employs the following assumptions:
 The 2019 Title 24 standards are 8% and 4% more stringent than the 2008 T24 standards for single-family homes and multi-family homes, respectively (California Energy Commission, 2018).

This is equivalent to an increase in stringency of approximately 7% on average for all residential buildings the county as a whole.
 The 2019 Title 24 standards are 30% more stringent than the 2016 T24 standards for nonresidential buildings (California Energy Commission, 2018).  Stringency of the Title 24 energy efficiency standards will be increased by 7% every three years starting in 2019.
 Stringency of the Title 24 residential solar standards will remain at the 2019 level.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-10 March 2021
ICF

Energy efficiency upgrades as a result of the Title 24 standards will reduce electricity and natural gas consumption, thereby resulting in GHG emissions savings.

BAU Energy Consumption
The GHG Inventory (ICF, 2020) estimates that community-wide electricity consumption in 2030 for the participating cities is approximately 13,996 GWh and community-wide natural gas consumption in 2030 for the participating cities is approximately 437 million therms. In 2030, electricity consumption is estimated to be approximately 15,483 GWh and natural gas consumption is estimated to be approximately 483 million therms. In 2045, electricity consumption is estimated to be approximately 17,704 GWh and natural gas consumption is estimated to be approximately 564 million therms.

Emissions Reductions
The stringency of the Title 24 energy efficiency standards will be increased nine times relative to the GHG inventory base year (2016) by 2045.4 The 2019 standards represent a 7% and 30% increase in energy efficiency (electricity and natural gas) compared to the 2016 T24 standards for residential and non- residential buildings, respectively. Assuming a 7% tri-annual increase in the stringency of the Title 24 standards, after 2019, 2045 residential energy use would be reduced to 52.0% of the 2016 code. Non- residential energy use would likewise be reduced to 39.2% of the 2016 code.

Because the Title 24 code is revised on a semi tri-annual basis, only a fraction of total energy use is subject to each code revision. To avoid-double counting, estimated energy reductions were multiplied by the annual fraction of electricity subject to each code revision. The average reduction in residential energy use in 2020, 2030, and 2045 as a result of the Title 24 Standards was therefore estimated to be 1.8%, 16.3%, and 37.8%, respectively. The average non-residential reductions were estimated to be 7.5%, 37.0%, and

53.3%, respectively.

The stringency of the Title 24 standards’ residential solar requirement was increased in 2019. The 2019 standards represent a 46% reduction in energy consumption compared to the 2016 base year. This analysis presumes the change from 2016 to 2019, but does not presume any changes after 2019 for solar requirements.

Energy reductions achieved by Title 24 were calculated by multiplying the 46% reduction in energy consumption from the residential solar requirement, and the corresponding years’ reduction percentages for residential and non-residential development, by each Partnership city’s BAU electricity and natural gas consumption for residential and non-residential development. GHG emissions reductions were quantified by multiplying the total energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.5 Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of improvement of the Title 24 standards over time.

Reduced Energy Use: Energy retrofits and standards would improve the efficiency of residential and non-residential buildings. As such, the amount of energy (e.g., electricity, natural gas) consumed per unit of activity would be lowered.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced energy use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution (from reduced generation of electricity) and local air pollution (from reduced burning of natural gas).

Resource Conservation: Increased building efficiency would reduce water consumption, which would help conserve freshwater.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-11 March 2021
ICF

Increased Property Values: Energy-efficient bulidings have higher property values and resale prices than less efficient buildings.

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional and local air pollution would contribute to overall improvements in public health. A well-built, energy-efficient structure is also more durable and directly reduces certain health aliments. For example, properly sealed ducts help prevent mold and dust mites that can cause asthma.

Increased Quality of Life: The reduction of health aliments (see above) contributes to increased quality of life. Additionally, energy-efficient structures improve general comfort by equalizing room temperatures and reducing indoor humidity.

4 Increases assumed in 2019, 2022, 2025, 2028, 2031, 2034, 203, 2040, and 2043. 5 Utility emission factors account for decreased carbon intensities as a result of the State’s RPS.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-12 March 2021
ICF

State-3: SB 350 Clean Energy and Pollution Reduction Act Measure Description
SB 350 requires the state to double statewide energy efficiency savings in electricity and natural gas end uses by 2030.

Assumptions
Quantification of this measure employs the following assumptions:
 Statewide electricity and natural gas savings targets, developed by the California Energy Commission, may be adjusted to local jurisdictions based on statewide and city populations.  All reductions in energy consumption resulting from Title 24 Standards and from solar water heater deployment overlap with SB 350 reductions.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Lighting requires the production of electricity to power the lights, which represents an indirect source of GHG emissions. Different light fixtures have different efficacies; in other words, certain bulbs can utilize less energy to obtain the same output. Replacing less efficient bulbs with energy-efficient ones therefore reduces energy consumption, and thus GHG emissions.

Electricity and Natural Gas Savings Targets
Jurisdiction-level savings target are estimated by applying the statewide savings targets to the jurisdiction’s proportion of the statewide population. CEC estimates a statewide electricity savings target of 900,250 GWh by 2020, and 2,071,750 GWh by 2030 (California Energy Commission, 2017). The community-wide savings targets for San Bernardino County are estimated to be 1,900 GWh by 2020, and 4,372 GWh by 2030. CEC estimates a statewide natural gas savings target of 385 million therms by 2020, and 1,174 million therms by 2030 (California Energy Commission, 2017). The community-wide savings targets for San Bernardino County are estimated to be approximately 21 million therms by 2020, and 41 million therms by 2030.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of SB350.

Reduced Energy Use: Doubling energy efficiency will result in a 50% reduction in energy use.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced energy use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution (from reduced generation of electricity).

Resource Conservation: Doubling energy efficiency would reduce the demand for natural gas.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-13 March 2021
ICF

State-4: AB 1470 (Huffman) Solar Water Heaters
Measure Description
AB 1470 was a 10-year program starting in 2007 encouraging the installation of 200,000 solar water heating systems by 2017. AB 797 revised the program to promote the installation of solar thermal systems throughout the state, reserve 50 percent of the total program budget for the installation of solar thermal systems in low-income residential housing or in buildings in disadvantaged communities, and extend the operation of the program through July 31, 2020.

The resulting program is the California Solar Initiative CSI-Thermal Program. It offers cash rebates of up to $4,366 on solar water heating systems for single-family residential customers. Multifamily and Commercial properties qualify for rebates of up to $800,000 on solar water heating systems and eligible solar pool heating systems qualify for rebates of up to $500,000.

Assumptions
Quantification of this measure employs the following assumptions:
 Solar water heaters reduce natural gas use by 128 therms (California Air Resources Board, 2019).  An average of 0.004 water heaters per home will be replaced as a result of AB 1470 (California Air Resources Board, 2019; California Department of Finance, 2019).

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
California relies heavily on natural gas for water heating. Rooftop solar water heating technologies are designed to reduce fuel consumption, and thus GHG emissions.

Emissions Reductions
CARB estimates that implementation of AB 1470 would result in the installation of 200,000 solar water heaters by 2020. Assuming that an average of 0.004 heaters per home would be replaced as a result of AB 1470, and that the participating cities would have 61,538 water heaters would be replaced with solar water heaters between 2016 and 2020. Each solar water heater will reduce natural gas use by 128 therms (California Air Resources Board, 2019). Natural gas reductions were calculated by multiplying 128 therms by the number of water heaters installed. GHG emissions reductions were then quantified by multiplying the total energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of AB 1470.

Reduced Energy Use: Solar water heaters consume, on average, 128 therms less natural gas than non-solar units.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced energy use would contribute to corresponding reductions in local air pollution (from reduced burning of natural gas).

Increased Property Values: Energy-efficient bulidings have higher property values and resale prices than less efficient buildings.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-14 March 2021
ICF

State-5: Co-generation Facilities
Measure Description
The CPUC administers a Qualifying Facilities and Combined Heat and Power Program. Qualifying facilities are CHP facilities that meet certain size and efficiency criteria. Qualifying facilities can sell the energy they generate to investor-owned utilities (IOUs) at predetermined prices and conditions. CPUC’s QF/CHP Program, which implements the QF/CHP Settlement, requires that:

1. California’s three largest Investor-owned utilities (Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E) and Southern California Edison Company (SCE)) collectively procure 3,000 megawatts (MW) of capacity from CHP facilities by 2018, and

2. Reduce GHG emissions by 2.72 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) by 2020.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 2.72 million metric tons of GHG emissions will be reduced from State-5 by 2020.  Jurisdictions will reduce emissions in proportion to their population.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-15 March 2021
ICF

For the same level of power output, combined heat and power (CHP) systems (or co-generation systems) utilize less input energy than traditional separate heat and power (SHP) generation, resulting in fewer CO2 emissions. In traditional CHP systems, heat created as a by-product is wasted by being released into the environment. In contrast, CHP systems harvest the thermal energy and use it to heat onsite or nearby processes, thus reducing the amount of natural gas or other fuel that would otherwise need to be combusted to heat those processes. In addition, CHP systems lower the demand for grid electricity, thereby displacing the CO2 emissions associated with the production of grid electricity.

BAU Electricity Emissions
The GHG Inventory quantified electricity emissions associated with existing nonresidential facilities in 2016. The 2016 values were projected to 2020 using employment data in order to determine electricity use and emissions for all new commercial buildings built from 2017 to 2020, which are subject to State-5.

Emissions Reductions
Energy reductions associated with other state and local measures were subtracted from the energy used by all new nonresidential buildings built from 2016 to 2020. This was done in order to determine the energy used by new buildings after the implementation of preceding measures, before the installation of co- generation. Emission reductions were estimated by determining the amount of emissions that need to be reduced to reach the goal of 2.72 million metric tons by 2020 based on current progress reports for the CHP program. Then, it was assumed that the remaining amount of reductions would be reached by jurisdictions by assuming they reduce GHG emissions from the CHP program in proportion to the respective populations of each jurisdiction.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of State-5.

Reduced Air Pollution: Co-generation systems use waste heat to reduce the amount of natural gas or other fuel that would otherwise need to be combusted to heat processes and also lower the demand for grid electricity. As such, combustion at regional power stations would be reduced, contributing to cumulative reductions in criteria pollutants.

Waste Reduction: The generation of electricity from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas) generates a substantial amount of waste including, but not limited to, fly ash, bottom ash, flue gas, and sludge. These products can have detrimental effects on the environment if absorbed into groundwater, soil, and/or biota.

The extraction and mining of fossil fuels also generates waste. Increasing renewable energy production would reduce waste created by fossil fuel supplied power.

Energy Diversity and Security: Fuels that are traded in the open market are subject to energy supply constraints and interruptions from political unrest, conflict, and trade embargoes. Centralized power structures (e.g., stations, sub-stations, refineries, ports) may also be targets of energy terrorism.

Providing a diversified and domestic energy supply reduces foreign fuel dependency.

Reduced Price Volatility: Energy supply constraints and the uneven global distribution of fossil fuels increase the instability of the energy market. As the demand for global fossil fuels rises, energy prices would likely be subject to fluctuations and frequent price spikes. Utilizing waste heat in co-generation systems would contribute to the diversification of the energy supply mix, thereby buffering the local economy from the volatile global energy market.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-16 March 2021
ICF

Economic Development: Development of co-generation systems and associated infrastructure would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for the local economy.

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional air pollution and waste generation would contribute to overall improvements in public health.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-17 March 2021
ICF

OnRoad-State: AB 1493 (Pavley I and II) Greenhouse Reductions from New Passenger Vehicles
Measure Description
AB 1493 (Pavley I) requires the CARB to adopt vehicle standards that will lower GHG emissions from new light-duty autos in 2009. Additional strengthening of the Pavley standards (Pavley II or Advanced Clean Cars measure) has been proposed for vehicle model years 2017–2025. Together, the two standards are expected to increase average fuel economy to roughly 43 miles per gallon by 2020 and reduce GHG emissions from the transportation sector in California by approximately 14 percent. The State would continue to benefit from these standards beyond 2020.

Assumptions
Quantification of this measure employs the following assumptions:
 Assumptions are embodied in the EMFAC2017 model.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Engine efficiency improvements will reduce fuel consumption, thereby reducing GHG emissions from fossil fuel combustion.

Emissions Reductions
The EMFAC2017 model was used to generate emission factors for vehicles traveling within San Bernardino County (in the Mojave Desert Air Basin and South Coast Air Basin) for the years 2030 and 2045 with implementation of Pavley/Advanced Clean Cars. These emission factors were multiplied by the 2030 and 2045 BAU VMT for each jurisdiction and compared to the 2030 and 2045 BAU emissions. The difference in emissions equals the reductions associated with Pavley/Advanced Clean Cars.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of OnRoad-State measure.

Reduced Energy Use: Pavley/Advanced Clean Cars would increase the fuel efficiency of passenger vehicles, which would reduce the amount of fossil fuels consumed per mile traveled. The combustion of hydrocarbons generates a variety of air pollutants, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone precursors. Reducing the consumption of transportation fuels would therefore reduce local and regional air pollution.

Reduced Air Pollution: Efficient vehicles burn less fuel per mile traveled than less efficient vehicles. Air pollutants generated by fossil fuel combustion, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone precursors, would therefore be reduced.

Public Health Improvements: Fossil fuel combustion releases several toxic air contaminants known to cause adverse human health effects. Improvements in vehicle efficiency would reduce the amount of fuel combusted, resulting in corresponding reductions in toxic air contaminants. Additionally, reductions in ozone precursors would reduce the formation of smog, which has numerous human and environmental effects, including respiratory irritation and reduced plant productivity.

Energy Security: Reducing fuel consumption by passenger vehicles would lessen the demand for petroleum and ultimately the demand for imported oil.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-18 March 2021
ICF

Reduced Price Volatility: Energy supply constraints and the uneven global distribution of fossil fuels increase the instability of the energy market. As the demand for global fossil fuels rises, fuel prices would likely be subject to fluctuations and frequent price spikes. Biofuels and other renewable technologies would contribute to the diversification of the energy supply mix, thereby buffering local economies from the volatile global energy market.

Economic Development: The development of biofuels and other clean technologies would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for local and regional economies.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-19 March 2021
ICF

State-7: SB 1383 Methane Capture
Measure Description
The Landfill Methane Rule requires gas collection and control systems for landfills with greater than 450,000 tons of waste-in-place. The rule requires a 40% reduction in landfill methane emissions by 2030 from a 2013 baseline. As appropriate, install methane capture technology and associated monitoring systems on all landfills without methane capture with a goal of increasing the facility level methane capture rate to the highest extent feasible (i.e., approaching 100%) The measure also establishes statewide performance standards to maximize methane capture efficiencies.

Assumptions
Quantification of this measure employs the following assumptions:
 BAU methane capture rate = 75% (EPA default); Target methane capture rate = 95%.  40% reduction in methane emissions by 2030, from a 2013 baseline.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Implementation of the landfill methane rule would reduce GHG emissions attributable to landfills. Using a 2016 baseline, a 40% reduction in baseline emissions was modeled through 2030.

BAU Emissions
The GHG Inventory projected 2020 and 2030 landfill emissions for each city using historic landfill data obtained from CalRecycle.

Emissions Reductions
Implementation of the State-7 measure would decrease emissions from landfills by 40%. The amount of reductions was calculated by reducing baseline emissions by 40%.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of State-7.

Reduced Air Pollution: The decomposition of landfilled waste emits methane, which can react with other species in the atmosphere to form local smog. By sending less waste to regional landfills, methane emissions would be reduced.

Reduced Energy Use: Energy retrofits would improve the efficiency of residential buildings. As such, the amount of energy (e.g., electricity, natural gas) consumed per unit of activity would be lowered.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-20 March 2021
ICF

PS-1: GHG Performance Standard for New Development
Measure Description
Individual jurisdictions could adopt a GHG Performance Standard for New Development (PS), which would provide a streamlined and flexible program for new projects to reduce their emissions. This measure would include a performance standard for new private developments as part of the discretionary approval process under CEQA. New projects would be required to quantify project-generated GHG emissions and adopt feasible reduction measures to reduce project emissions to a level which is a certain percent below BAU project emissions.

The recommended PS reduction goal is at least 29%, based on San Joaquin Air Pollution Control District’s recommended CEQA significance threshold.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
• Emissions were estimated for the year 2016 for each Partnership jurisdiction using socioeconomic data.
• The PS percent reduction in new development emissions was determined by the jurisdictions on an individual basis.
• Some state measures which will affect new development, and therefore might overlap with the PS measure, could not be broken down into reductions associated with new development only (e.g., RPS). Consequently, these measures were not included in the calculation of the PS.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-21 March 2021
ICF

Implementation of the performance standard would reduce GHG emissions attributable to new discretionary development projects by 2030 by the percentage goal selected by individual cities selecting this measure. Measurable reductions of GHG emissions would be achieved through each city’s review and discretionary approval of residential, commercial, and industrial development projects. It is expected that project proponents would often include energy efficiency and alternative energy strategies to help reduce their project’s GHG emissions because these are often the most cost-effective approach to reducing GHG emissions but are free to propose any valid measures that would achieve the overall reduction goal.

BAU Emissions
The GHG Performance Standard for New Development would apply to all new buildings built in 2016 and later, so an estimate of emissions in 2016 was performed using inventory and socioeconomic data for 2008 and 2020. 2016 emissions were estimated using the same methods that were used to forecast 2008 emissions to 2020, as feasible.

Emissions Reductions
In order to calculate the reductions from this measure, a percent reduction from new development emissions from 2016 to 2020 was estimated for each city, depending on the PS percent reduction selected by each city (e.g., 29%). State measures and local mandatory measures were quantified for new development for each city. These measures achieve a certain portion of the PS goal, depending on the city.

The PS contributes the remaining percent reduction required to achieve the PS goal in new developments.

The value of these state and local measures for new development were subtracted from the PS reduction to derive the net additional reductions that would result from the PS implementation. This does not mean that the other state and local measures would apply on an equal basis for every single project; individual new development projects may have higher or lower project-level burdens than the average. However, state and local mandatory measures are still expected to result in the largest share of the burden in meeting the PS reduction target for all cities (with a smaller portion from project-level reductions).

Co-Benefit Analysis
Co benefits will depend on the exact measures selected by individual project proponents, but would be the same as the corresponding strategies described below, i.e., if a project proponent were to select energy- efficiency measures as part of meeting their project reductions, the benefits would be similar in character to those described below for energy efficiency retrofits.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-22 March 2021
ICF

Energy-1: Energy Efficiency Incentives and Programs to Promote Retrofits for Existing Buildings
Measure Description
Promote energy efficiency in existing residential buildings and nonresidential buildings, and remove funding barriers for energy efficiency improvements. Actions may include, but are not limited to:
implementing a low-income weatherization program, launching energy efficiency outreach/education campaigns targeted at residents and businesses, promoting the smart grid, leveraging funding mechanisms and grant funding, scheduling energy efficiency tune-ups and promoting energy efficiency management services for large energy users.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 The assumed market penetration rate for buildings (residential and nonresidential) performing retrofits was determined by the jurisdiction on an individual basis.  Participating residences perform weatherization for low-income households. To calculate reductions from low-income weatherization, the following assumptions were used:
o The number of low-income households in each city was determined by multiplying the total number of households in each city (Inventory) by the percent of homes classified as very low income, and low income (Draft RHNA Methodology Data Appendix, 2019). This percent ranges from 18% to 64% of households, depending on the city.
o Weatherization only applies to low-income households. o Each jurisdiction uses, on average, 1,553 kWh electrical energy, 10,000 cubic feet natural gas, and 5 gallons propane per household for heating, assuming each city is in the Mixed-dry/hot dry EIA climate zone (Energy Information Administration, 2015a, Energy Information Administration, 2015b).
o Energy savings from low-income weatherization are 20%, 32%, and 32% for heating electricity, natural gas, and fuel oil, respectively (Schweitzer, 2005).  Participating cities will launch energy efficiency campaigns targeted at residents and promote smart grid. This will result in a 5% energy savings (electricity and natural gas). This value was discounted from ICLEI’s Climate and Air Pollution Planning Assistant (CAPPA) value of 10% for the measure “Energy Efficiency Education Targeted at Residents” in order to be more conservative (ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, 2010).
 Participating cities will support and/or incentivize energy efficiency tune-ups and promote energy efficiency management services for large nonresidential energy users. To calculate reductions from low-income weatherization, the following assumptions were used:
o This will result in a 10% energy savings (electricity and natural gas) from the CAPPA “Energy Efficiency Retrofits of Existing Measures” measure (ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, 2010).
o The penetration rate for participating nonresidential buildings, as determined by the participating jurisdictions individually, applies to the total nonresidential energy use in each.

For example, for a penetration rate of 25%, 25% of total nonresidential energy use within a jurisdiction will be reduced by 10%.
 Participating jurisdictions will launch energy efficiency campaigns targeted at businesses. This will result in a 5% energy savings (electricity and natural gas). This value was discounted from the CAPPA value of 10% for the measure “Energy Efficiency Education Targeted at Businesses” in order to be more conservative (ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, 2010).

Analysis Details

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-23 March 2021
ICF

GHG Analysis

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-24 March 2021
ICF

Existing buildings generate a considerable amount of GHG emissions. Older developments are typically less energy-efficient and therefore consume greater amounts of electricity and natural gas, relative to newly constructed facilities.

BAU Energy Use
BAU electricity and natural gas use for residential and nonresidential buildings were used to calculate reductions for this measure. The GHG inventory documents the energy use and assumptions employed for the BAU analysis.

Emissions Reductions
Energy savings for each sub-measure were generally calculated by multiplying BAU energy use by a penetration rate, and then by a percent reduction in energy use. Emission reductions were then calculated by multiplying the energy savings by the appropriate emission factors.

For low-income weatherization, the total number of homes existing in 2016 (base inventory year) for each Partnership city was multiplied by the percent of low-income homes as determined by SCAG (SCAG, 2019).

The number of low-income homes was then multiplied by the penetration rate for each jurisdiction. Then, the energy used for electric heating, natural gas heating, and propane use was estimated by multiplying the number of low-income households by the respective energy use factors as detailed in the assumptions section above. The resulting energy use was multiplied by the percent reduction in energy use for low- income weatherization by energy source (see assumptions above) to determine energy reductions.

For efficiency campaigns targeted at residents, the total residential energy use (electricity and natural gas) in 2016 for each Partnership jurisdiction was multiplied by the penetration rate for each jurisdiction. The resulting energy use was then multiplied by 5% to determine energy savings for residential buildings.

For energy efficiency tune-ups and promote energy efficiency management services for large energy users, the total nonresidential energy use (electricity and natural gas) in 2016 for each Partnership jurisdiction was multiplied by the penetration rate for each jurisdiction. The resulting energy use was then multiplied by 10% to determine energy savings for nonresidential buildings.

For energy efficiency campaigns targeted at businesses, the total nonresidential energy use (electricity and natural gas) in 2016 for each Partnership jurisdiction was multiplied by the penetration rate for each jurisdiction. The resulting energy use was then multiplied by 5% to determine energy savings for nonresidential buildings.

GHG emissions savings were then quantified by multiplying the energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of Energy-1.

Reduced Energy Use: Energy retrofits would improve the efficiency of residential buildings. As such, the amount of energy (e.g., electricity, natural gas) consumed per unit of activity would be lowered.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced energy use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution (from reduced generation of electricity) and local air pollution (from reduced burning of natural gas and propane).

Increased Property Values: Energy-efficient homes have higher property values and resale prices than less efficient homes.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-25 March 2021
ICF

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional and local air pollution would contribute to overall improvements in public health. A well-built, energy-efficient structure is also more durable and directly reduces certain health aliments. For example, properly sealed ducts and air leaks helps prevent mold and dust mites that can cause asthma.

Increased Quality of Life: The reduction of health aliments (see above) contributes to increased quality of life. Additionally, energy-efficient homes improve general comfort by equalizing room temperatures and reducing indoor humidity.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-26 March 2021
ICF

Energy-2: Outdoor Lighting Upgrades for Existing Development Measure Description
Adopt outdoor lighting standards in the Zoning Ordinance to reduce electricity consumption. Require a certain percentage of residential and nonresidential outdoor lighting fixtures use high efficiency light- emitting diodes (LEDs) and a certain percentage of traffic signals use LEDs by 2020.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 Approximately 5.27% of total residential electricity in each Partnership jurisdiction is used for residential outdoor lighting (California Energy Commission, 2006).6  Approximately 6.21% of total commercial electricity in each Partnership city is used for commercial outdoor lighting (California Energy Commission, 2006).7  The 2020 BAU percentage of outdoor LED lights in residences is 28% (Department of Energy, 2015).
 The percent of outdoor lights in residences and commercial buildings that will be LEDs by 2030 was identified by each Partnership jurisdiction on an individual basis.  The 2020 BAU percentage of outdoor LED lights in commercial buildings is 28% (Department of Energy, 2015).
 Installation of an outdoor LED fixture achieves a 75% reduction in energy usage, relative to an incandescent bulb (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011a). This factor was used for residential outdoor lights and traffic signals.
 There are approximately 0.032 traffic signals per capita in the Participating jurisdiction (Lee personal communication, 2010).
 The wattage of an incandescent traffic light is 150 (U.S. Department of Energy, 2004), and there are 3 bulbs per traffic signal.
 Traffic signals operate 24 hours per day.
 The 2020 BAU percentage of LED traffic signals is 50% (estimate).  The percent of traffic signals that will be LEDs by 2030 was identified by each Partnership jurisdiction on an individual basis.

6 For the SCE service area, Table 10-3. This value is calculated by taking the exterior lighting electricity intensity for commercial lodging (0.7kWh/ft2-year) and dividing by the total electricity intensity (13.28 kWh/ft2-year) = 5.27%.

Residential electricity intensity was not available, so commercial lodging was used as a proxy. 7 For the SCE service area, Table 10-3. This value is calculated by taking the exterior lighting electricity intensity for all commercial buildings (0.85 kWh/ft2-year) and dividing by the total electricity intensity (13.69 kWh/ft2-year) =

6.21%.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-27 March 2021
ICF

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-28 March 2021
ICF

Electricity production is required to power the lights, which represents an indirect source of GHG emissions. Different light fixtures have different efficacies; in other words, certain bulbs can utilize less energy to obtain the same output. Replacing less efficient bulbs with energy-efficient ones therefore reduces energy consumption, and thus GHG emissions.
2020 BAU Emissions and 2030 Emissions with State Measures Outdoor Lights (Private)
Electricity reductions achieved by overlapping State (e.g., Title 24 and Senate Bill [SB] 350) were first removed to obtain energy consumption after the implementation of state measures. Electricity usage from outdoor lighting in existing residential and commercial developments was then estimated by multiplying the total anticipated energy use in 2020 under BAU conditions by 5.27% and 6.21%, respectively.

Traffic Signals
The number of existing and future traffic signals within each Partnership jurisdiction was determined using 0.032 signals per capita. BAU electricity consumption by traffic signals was calculated using the following equation.

Energy Consumption = [(jurisdiction population * (0.032 traffic signals per person) * (50% non-LED lights) * (incandescent wattage per bulb) * (3 bulbs per traffic signal)] + [(jurisdiction population * (0.032 traffic signals per person) * (50% LED lights) * (incandescent wattage per bulb) * (3 bulbs per traffic signal) * (90% reduction in energy use due to LED lights)] * 365 days * 24 hours
Emissions Reductions
Outdoor Lights (Private)
Energy reductions associated with the installation of LED blubs in existing outdoor residential and commercial lighting fixtures was calculated by multiplying the BAU outdoor lighting energy consumption by the penetration rate for each Partnership jurisdiction and then by a scaling factor (jurisdiction-specific penetration rate for LED lights under the measure minus 10% LED lights in the BAU case). The resulting energy use was then multiplied by 75% for residential and 90% for commercial, which are the anticipated reduction in electrical demand associated with LED lights (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011a; California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010). GHG emissions reductions were then quantified by multiplying the energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Traffic Lights
Energy reductions associated with the installation of LED traffic signals was calculated by first calculating the number of LED traffic signals installed in each Partnership jurisdiction, which is equal to:
(jurisdiction population) * (0.032 traffic signals per person) * (jurisdiction-specific penetration rate for LED lights)
Electricity savings were calculated by using the following equation:
(Number of new LED traffic signals) * (incandescent wattage per bulb) * (3 bulbs per traffic signal) * (90% reduction in energy use due to LED lights) * 365 days * 24 hours GHG emissions reductions savings were then quantified by multiplying the energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of Energy-2.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-29 March 2021
ICF

Reduced Energy Use: Energy-efficient lighting (e.g., LED fixtures) consumes, on average, 90% less electricity than incandescent bulbs.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced energy use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution (from reduced generation of electricity).

Increased Property Values: Energy efficient bulidings have higher property values and resale prices than less efficient buildings.

Increased Quality of Life: LEDs have a much longer lifetime than incandescent bulbs, resulting in reduced bulb turn-over and the need to purchase new fixtures.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-30 March 2021
ICF

Energy-3: Building Electrification
Measure Description
Adopt building electrification targets and incentives, for both new commercial and residential buildings and retrofits.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 Participating jurisdiction will incentivize electrification of existing and new residential and commercial buildings. To calculate reductions from electrification, the following assumptions were used:
o The penetration rate of participating buildings, as determined by the participating jurisdiction individually, applies to the total natural gas consumption for existing and new residential and commercial buildings. For example, for a penetration rate of 25% for new commercial buildings, 25% of natural gas consumption within a city associated with new commercial buildings will be converted to electricity.
o Fully electrified buildings consume 0 therms of natural gas. o No increase in energy intensity from switching from natural gas to electricity; energy use can be converted from therms and kWh to btu to calculate electricity use replacing natural gas use.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-31 March 2021
ICF

BAU Energy Use
The GHG Inventory quantified energy consumption associated with existing residential and commercial facilities in 2016.

Emissions Reductions
Energy reductions achieved by overlapping State (e.g., Title 24 and Senate Bill [SB] 350) were first removed to obtain energy consumption after the implementation of state measures.

Energy consumption for new buildings was estimated by subtracting the energy consumption associated with existing residential and commercial facilities in 2016 from projected energy consumption in 2030.

Natural gas consumption reductions were then estimated by multiplying the existing and new building natural gas consumption by the penetration rates determined by participating jurisdictions. Increased electricity use to offset the reductions in natural gas consumption were estimated by converting the natural gas consumption reductions to btu, then to kWh.

GHG emissions reductions were quantified by multiplying the natural gas consumption reductions (and electricity use increases) for each building type by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of Energy-3.

Reduced Energy Use: Energy retrofits and standards would improve the efficiency of residential and non-residential buildings. As such, the amount of energy (e.g., electricity, natural gas) consumed per unit of activity would be lowered.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced natural gas consumption use would contribute to reductions in regional and local air pollution (from reduced burning of natural gas).

Resource Conservation: Increased reliance on electric HVAC and water heating systems would reduce natural gas consumption, conserving reserves of natural gas.

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional and local air pollution would contribute to overall improvements in public health.

Increased Quality of Life: The reduction of health aliments (see above) contributes to increased quality of life.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-32 March 2021
ICF

Energy-5: Solar Installations for New Commercial/Industrial Development Measure Description
Encourage new businesses to install rooftop solar using Power Purchase Agreements and other low or zero up-front cost options for installing solar photovoltaic systems. This could be implemented through discretionary approvals and permitting for new projects. Establish a goal for solar installations on new buildings to be achieved before 2020. Each Partnership jurisdiction will choose its own goal. Potential goals might be (or other options):
 30% of energy requirements for new development supplied with solar power.  15% of energy requirements for new development supplied with solar power.  5% of energy requirements for new development supplied with solar power.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 This measure only affects new nonresidential buildings (buildings built in 2017 or after).  The percent energy requirements for new development supplied with solar power were determined by the jurisdictions on an individual basis.  The energy generated by solar PV is carbon neutral.
 Annual kWh generation of solar systems for 3, 5, and 10 kW systems for the Mojave and South Coast from CAPCOA were used.
 The amount of electricity generated by the panels will offset electricity provided by the utilities.

For example, a system which generates 7,683 kWh in a year will offset 7,683 kWh produced by power plants, and therefore reduce emissions associated with 7,683 kWh of electricity generation.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-33 March 2021
ICF

Utilizing electricity generated by solar PV panels displaces electricity demand that would ordinarily be provided by the utilities. Although SCE purchases a substantial amount of energy from renewable sources, electricity supplied by SCE still represents a source of indirect GHG emissions. Carbon neutral sources, such as solar, do not emit GHGs.

BAU Electricity Emissions
The GHG Inventory quantified electricity emissions associated with existing commercial facilities in 2016.

The 2016 values were projected to 2030 using employment data in order to determine electricity use and emissions for all new commercial buildings built from 2017 to 2030.

Emissions Reductions
Energy reductions associated with other state and local measures were subtracted from the energy used by all new nonresidential buildings built from 2017 to 2030. This was done in order to determine the energy used by new buildings after the implementation of preceding measures, before installation of solar PV.

The remaining quantity of electricity used by new nonresidential buildings was then multiplied by the percent energy requirements for new development supplied with solar power penetration rate, as determined by the participating jurisdictions. The resulting number of kWh was assumed to be provided by solar PV under this strategy. The amount of solar PV in kW was then determined by dividing this kWh figure by 1,678 kWh per kW of solar PV (CAPCOA, 2019).

Carbon neutral sources do not emit GHGs. The kWh affected by this measure would result in a 100% reduction in emissions, relative to BAU conditions. GHG emissions reductions achieved by this strategy were quantified by multiplying the resulting solar electricity production for each city by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of this strategy.

Reduced Air Pollution: Generating community electricity through renewable sources would displace a portion of electricity generated by fossil fuels. As such, combustion at regional power stations would be reduced, contributing to cumulative reductions in criteria pollutants.

Waste Reduction: The generation of electricity from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas) generates a substantial amount of waste including, but not limited to, fly ash, bottom ash, flue gas, and sludge. These products can have detrimental effects on the environment if absorbed into groundwater, soil, and/or biota.

The extraction and mining of fossil fuels also generates waste. Increasing renewable energy production would reduce waste created by fossil fuel supplied power.

Energy Diversity and Security: Fuels that are traded in the open market are subject to energy supply constraints and interruptions from political unrest, conflict, and trade embargoes. Centralized power structures (e.g., stations, sub-stations, refineries, ports) may also be targets of energy terrorism.

Providing a diversified and domestic energy supply reduces foreign fuel dependency.

Reduced Price Volatility: Energy supply constraints and the uneven global distribution of fossil fuels increase the instability of the energy market. As the demand for global fossil fuels rises, energy prices would likely be subject to fluctuations and frequent price spikes. Renewables would contribute to the diversification of the energy supply mix, thereby buffering the local economy from the volatile global energy market.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-34 March 2021
ICF

Economic Development: Development of renewable energy infrastructure (e.g., solar farms, wind turbines) would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for the local economy.

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional air pollution and waste generation would contribute to overall improvements in public health.

Increased Property Values: If renewable infrastcuture is added to San Bernardino County buildings as a result of this measure, property and resale values of those structures may be increased.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-35 March 2021
ICF

Energy-6: Onsite Solar Energy for New and Existing Warehouse Space Measure Description
Applies to new and existing warehouse space. Promote and incentivize solar installations on existing warehouse space through partnerships with SCE and other private sector funding sources including SunRun, SolarCity, and other solar lease or PPA companies. Establish goals such as the following:
 15% of existing and new warehouse roof space install solar installations.  20% of existing and new warehouse roof space install solar installations.  30% of existing and new warehouse roof space install solar installations.

This goal could be supported through non-financial incentives or streamlined permitting. Jurisdictions may also act as a resource for connecting project proponents with funding opportunities.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 The percent of warehouses participating in this measure and installing solar PV was determined by the jurisdiction on an individual basis.
 The energy generated by solar PV is carbon neutral.
 Annual kWh generation of solar systems for 3, 5, and 10 kW systems for the Mojave and South Coast from CAPCOA were used.
 Warehouses are one story; this means that for each square foot of building floor space there is one square foot of building roof space (for which to install solar PV) in warehouses.  Each square foot of solar PV produces 15 watts of electricity (BEST Contracting Services 2010).  The amount of electricity generated by the panels will offset electricity provided by the utilities.

For example, a system which generates 7,683 kWh in a year will offset 7,683 kWh produced by power plants, and therefore reduce emissions associated with 7,683 kWh of electricity generation.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-36 March 2021
ICF

Utilizing electricity generated by solar PV panels displaces electricity demand that would ordinarily be provided by the utilities. Although SCE purchases a substantial amount of energy from renewable sources, electricity supplied by SCE still represents a source of indirect GHG emissions. Carbon neutral sources, such solar, do not emit GHGs (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010).

Emissions Reductions
The total amount of warehouse building square footage in each Partnership jurisdiction was multiplied by the penetration rate to determine the total square footage of warehouses installing solar under this measure. The participating square footage was then multiplied by 15 watts per square foot of solar PV to determine the total power output in kW of solar (BEST Contracting Services, 2010). The kW value was then multiplied by the average kWh per kW of solar PV to determine the total annual kWh of electricity produced by the panels (CAPCOA, 2019).

Carbon neutral sources do not emit GHGs. The kWh affected by this measure would therefore result in a 100% reduction in emissions, relative to BAU conditions. GHG emissions reductions achieved by this strategy were quantified by multiplying the resulting solar electricity production for each city by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of this strategy.

Reduced Air Pollution: Generating community electricity through renewable sources would displace a portion of electricity generated by fossil fuels. As such, combustion at regional power stations would be reduced, contributing to cumulative reductions in criteria pollutants.

Waste Reduction: The generation of electricity from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas) generates a substantial amount of waste including, but not limited to, fly ash, bottom ash, flue gas, and sludge. These products can have detrimental effects on the environment if absorbed into groundwater, soil, and/or biota.

The extraction and mining of fossil fuels also generates waste. Increasing renewable energy production would reduce waste created by fossil fuel supplied power.

Energy Diversity and Security: Fuels that are traded in the open market are subject to energy supply constraints and interruptions from political unrest, conflict, and trade embargoes. Centralized power structures (e.g., stations, sub-stations, refineries, ports) may also be targets of energy terrorism.

Providing a diversified and domestic energy supply reduces foreign fuel dependency.

Reduced Price Volatility: Energy supply constraints and the uneven global distribution of fossil fuels increase the instability of the energy market. As the demand for global fossil fuels rises, energy prices would likely be subject to fluctuations and frequent price spikes. Renewables would contribute to the diversification of the energy supply mix, thereby buffering the local economy from the volatile global energy market.

Economic Development: Development of renewable energy infrastructure (e.g., solar farms, wind turbines) would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for the local economy.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-37 March 2021
ICF

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional air pollution and waste generation would contribute to overall improvements in public health.

Increased Property Values: If renewable infrastcuture is added to San Bernardino County buildings as a result of this measure, property and resale values of those structures may be increased.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-38 March 2021
ICF

Energy-7: Solar Installations for Existing Housing
Measure Description
Encourage residents to install rooftop solar using Power Purchase Agreements and other low or zero up- front cost options for installing solar photovoltaic systems. This could be implemented through discretionary approvals and permitting for new projects. Establish a goal for solar installations on existing homes to be achieved before 2030. Each Partnership jurisdiction will choose its own goal. Potential goals might be (or other options):
 25% of existing single-family homes have solar installations.  20% of existing single-family homes have solar installations.  15% of existing single-family homes have solar installations .

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 This measure only affects existing single-family homes (those built before 2016).  The market penetration rate for existing homes installing solar was determined by the jurisdiction on an individual basis.
 The energy generated by solar PV is carbon neutral.
 Annual kWh generation of solar systems for 3, 5, and 10 kW systems for the Mojave and South Coast from CAPCOA were used.
 The amount of electricity generated by the panels will offset electricity provided by the utilities.

For example, a system which generates 7,683 kWh in a year will offset 7,683 kWh produced by power plants, and therefore reduce emissions associated with 7,683 kWh of electricity generation.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-39 March 2021
ICF

Utilizing electricity generated by solar photovoltaic panels displaces electricity demand that would ordinarily be provided by the utilities. Although SCE purchases a substantial amount of energy from renewable sources, electricity supplied by SCE still represents a source of indirect GHG emissions. Carbon neutral sources, such solar, do not emit GHGs.

Emissions Reductions
The number of single-family homes in each city in 2016 (those that are considered existing) was multiplied by the percent penetration rate as specified by each Partnership city to determine the number of new homes installing solar PV. This number was then multiplied by average annual generation, which is the annual amount of electricity provided by the average solar system in the county (CAPCOA, 2019). This determines the total amount of renewable energy provided by the panels, and offset from the utilities.

Carbon neutral sources do not emit GHGs. The kWh affected by this measure would therefore result in a 100% reduction in emissions, relative to BAU conditions. GHG emissions reductions achieved by this strategy were quantified by multiplying the resulting solar electricity production for each city by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of this strategy.

Reduced Air Pollution: Generating community electricity through renewable sources would displace a portion of electricity generated by fossil fuels. As such, combustion at regional power stations would be reduced, contributing to cumulative reductions in criteria pollutants.

Waste Reduction: The generation of electricity from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas) generates a substantial amount of waste including, but not limited to, fly ash, bottom ash, flue gas, and sludge. These products can have detrimental effects on the environment if absorbed into groundwater, soil, and/or biota.

The extraction and mining of fossil fuels also generates waste. Increasing renewable energy production would reduce waste created by fossil fuel supplied power.

Energy Diversity and Security: Fuels that are traded in the open market are subject to energy supply constraints and interruptions from political unrest, conflict, and trade embargoes. Centralized power structures (e.g., stations, sub-stations, refineries, ports) may also be targets of energy terrorism.

Providing a diversified and domestic energy supply reduces foreign fuel dependency.

Reduced Price Volatility: Energy supply constraints and the uneven global distribution of fossil fuels increase the instability of the energy market. As the demand for global fossil fuels rises, energy prices would likely be subject to fluctuations and frequent price spikes. Renewables would contribute to the diversification of the energy supply mix, thereby buffering the local economy from the volatile global energy market.

Economic Development: Development of renewable energy infrastructure (e.g., solar farms, wind turbines) would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for the local economy.

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional air pollution and waste generation would contribute to overall improvements in public health.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-40 March 2021
ICF

Increased Property Values: If renewable infrastcuture is added to San Bernardino County buildings as a result of this measure, property and resale values of those structures may be increased.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-41 March 2021
ICF

Energy-8: Solar Installations for Existing Commercial / Industrial Buildings Measure Description
Cities establish a goal for solar installations on existing commercial buildings to be achieved by 2030 and 2045. Potential goals might be:
 15% of existing commercial buildings have solar installations  20% of existing commercial buildings have solar installations  25% of existing commercial buildings have solar installations This measure does not apply to warehouses, which are addressed in this another strategy.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 The percent of existing commercial/industrial buildings that install solar was determined by the cities on a city-by-city basis.
 The energy generated by solar PV is carbon neutral.
 Annual kWh generation of solar systems for 3, 5, and 10 kW systems for the Mojave and South Coast from CAPCOA were used.
 The amount of electricity generated by the panels will offset electricity provided by the utilities.

For example, a system which generates 7,683 kWh in a year will offset 7,683 kWh produced by power plants, and therefore reduce emissions associated with 7,683 kWh of electricity generation.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-42 March 2021
ICF

Utilizing electricity generated by solar PV panels displaces electricity demand that would ordinarily be provided by the utilities. Although SCE purchases a substantial amount of energy from renewable sources, electricity supplied by SCE still represents a source of indirect GHG emissions. Carbon neutral sources, such solar, do not emit GHGs (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association 2010).

BAU Electricity Emissions
The GHG Inventory quantified electricity emissions associated with existing commercial facilities in 2016.

The 2016 values were projected to 2030 using employment data in order to determine electricity use and emissions for all existing commercial buildings built before 2030.

Emissions Reductions
Energy reductions associated with other state and local measures were subtracted from the energy used by all existing nonresidential buildings built before 2016. This was done in order to determine the energy used by existing nonresidential buildings after the implementation of preceding measures, before installation of solar PV.

The remaining quantity of electricity used by existing nonresidential buildings was then multiplied by the percent of existing commercial/industrial buildings that will install solar under this measure, as determined by the participating cities. This new kWh value was then multiplied by 15%, which is the amount of each existing building’s energy demand that will be supplied by the solar PV panels.

Carbon neutral sources do not emit GHGs. The kWh affected by this measure would therefore result in a 100% reduction in emissions, relative to BAU conditions. GHG emissions reductions achieved by this strategy were quantified by multiplying the resulting solar electricity production for each city by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of this strategy.

Reduced Air Pollution: Generating community electricity through renewable sources would displace a portion of electricity generated by fossil fuels. As such, combustion at regional power stations would be reduced, contributing to cumulative reductions in criteria pollutants.

Waste Reduction: The generation of electricity from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas) generates a substantial amount of waste including, but not limited to, fly ash, bottom ash, flue gas, and sludge. These products can have detrimental effects on the environment if absorbed into groundwater, soil, and/or biota.

The extraction and mining of fossil fuels also generates waste. Increasing renewable energy production would reduce waste created by fossil fuel supplied power.

Energy Diversity and Security: Fuels that are traded in the open market are subject to energy supply constraints and interruptions from political unrest, conflict, and trade embargoes. Centralized power structures (e.g., stations, sub-stations, refineries, ports) may also be targets of energy terrorism.

Providing a diversified and domestic energy supply reduces foreign fuel dependency.

Reduced Price Volatility: Energy supply constraints and the uneven global distribution of fossil fuels increase the instability of the energy market. As the demand for global fossil fuels rises, energy prices would likely be subject to fluctuations and frequent price spikes. Renewables would contribute to the diversification of the energy supply mix, thereby buffering the local economy from the volatile global energy market.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-43 March 2021
ICF

Economic Development: Development of renewable energy infrastructure (e.g., solar farms, wind turbines) would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for the local economy.

Public Health Improvements: Reduced regional air pollution and waste generation would contribute to overall improvements in public health.

Increased Property Values: If renewable infrastcuture is added to San Bernardino County buildings as a result of this measure, property and resale values of those structures may be increased.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-44 March 2021
ICF

Energy-9: Promote Rooftop Gardens
Measure Description
This measure promotes the construction of rooftop gardens, which insulate the building underneath and increase energy efficiency. Rooftop gardens also cool the surrounding area through moisture retention and surface reflectively. The construction of the rooftop gardens would reduce energy consumption and associated GHG emissions in the building energy sector.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered for the quantification of this measure.  The market penetration rates for the number of new multifamily residences and square footage of new commercial facilities installing rooftop gardens was determined by the jurisdictions on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis.
 Multifamily residential building assumptions:
o The average per-unit floor area in new multifamily buildings was 1,107 square feet in the western region of the U.S. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013).
o Among multifamily buildings in Western Region, 87 percent were 1 to 3 floors and 13 percent were 4 or more floors (U.S. Census Bureau, 2017).
o The average per-unit floor area of lobby/hallway space was assumed to be 100 square feet per multifamily home.
o Based on the above assumptions, the average roof space per multifamily unit was calculated as 565 square feet.
o The green roof was assumed to be 25 percent of total roof space, which was calculated from above assumptions to be 141 square feet per multifamily home.  Commercial building assumptions:
o Roof space to floor space ratio of commercial buildings was assumed to be 1:3. o The green roof was assumed to be 50 percent of total roof space.  Energy Savings:
o Annual direct electricity savings is 0.45 kWh per roof per square foot. o Annual indirect electricity savings is 0.25 kWh per roof per square foot. o Total annual electricity savings is calculated as 0.70 kWh per roof per square foot.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
A green roof or rooftop garden is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect.

Emissions Reductions
The following steps were performed to calculate electricity savings associated with green roofs:
a) Residential electricity savings (kWh) = total new multifamily homes in 2030/2045 × market penetration rate (number of new multifamily residences installing green roof) × 141 square feet of green roof per multifamily unit × 0.70 kWh saved per square foot of green roof per year b) Commercial electricity savings (kWh) = total new commercial building square footage in 2030/2045 × market penetration rate (square footage of new commercial facilities installing

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-45 March 2021
ICF

Energy-9: Promote Rooftop Gardens
rooftop roof) × 0.3 (roof space to floor space ratio) × 50% of roof space is a green roof × 0.70 kWh saved per square foot of green roof per year
GHG savings from electricity reductions were then calculated by multiplying the energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure Energy-9.

Reduced Energy Use: Green roofs can provide cooling and heating, which reduces the need for summertime air conditioning use and winter heating. As a result, less electricity is consumed.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced electricity use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution. Vegetation on buildings adjacent to congested roadways may also help filter particulate matter and other local pollutants.

Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect: Urban heat island effect occurs when the ambient temperature in urban areas increases as a result of high energy consumption (e.g., air conditioning use during the summertime). Rooftop vegetation provides shade, which reduces the cooling load of buildings and helps mitigate the urban heat island effect.

Increased Quality of Life: Trees and vegetation improve the aesthetic quality of buildings, as well as reduce storm water runoff during periods of heavy rain.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-46 March 2021
ICF

Energy-10: Urban Tree Planting for Shading and Energy Savings Measure Description
Establish a jurisdiction-wide tree planting goal or tree preservation goal. Possible implementation mechanisms might include a requirement to account for trees removed and planted as part of new construction and/or establishing a goal and funding source for new trees planted on jurisdiction property.

To maximize GHG and other environmental benefits, new trees would be targeted to the downtown and urban areas. This measure will reduce energy consumption and associated GHG emissions in the building energy sector by reducing the heat island effect.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered for the quantification of this measure (SANBAG, 2014). • Annual energy savings of one mature tree is 204 kWh (ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability 2010).
• Annual energy savings from planting one tree due to decreased heat Island effect is 7 kWh (ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, 2010).
• Tree shading effects were not considered.
• Carbon sequestration was not considered.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
The exact location of where the trees would be planted in each jurisdiction is not known at this point. Trees planted along transportation corridors and roadways, or in parks and open space areas, would not shade buildings (which can reduce summer cooling energy consumption). Therefore, to be conservative, tree shading effects were not considered for this measure. In addition, carbon sequestration benefits from new trees were not considered because the BAU inventories do not have a BAU assessment of carbon sequestration for each jurisdiction.

Trees can also reduce the urban heat island effect through both shading and evapotranspiration. Thus, quantification of this measure focused on reduced urban heat island effect. The GHG benefits achieved from tree planting would vary based on the species, age, and size of tree planted.

Emissions Reductions
The following steps were performed to calculate electricity savings associated with urban tree planting:

Electricity savings (kWh) = total number of adult shade trees planted by each jurisdiction in 2030/2045 × 204 kWh saved per tree per year + total number of non-shade trees planted by each jurisdiction in 2030/2045 × 7 kWh saved per tree per year due to decreased heat island effect only GHG savings from electricity reductions were then calculated by multiplying the energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of Energy-10.

Reduced Energy Use: Trees planted adjacent to buildings shade, which cools buildings and reduces the need for summer-time air conditioning use. As a result, less electricity is consumed.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced electricity use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution. Trees planted adjacent to congested roadways may also help filter particulate matter and other local pollutants.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-47 March 2021
ICF

Energy-10: Urban Tree Planting for Shading and Energy Savings Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect: Urban heat island effect occurs when the ambient temperature in urban areas increases as a result of high energy consumption (e.g., air conditioning use during the summertime). Trees provide shade, which reduces the cooling load of buildings and helps mitigate the urban heat island effect.

Increased Quality of Life: Trees improve the aesthetic quality of buildings, as well as reduce storm water runoff during periods of heavy rain.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-48 March 2021
ICF

OnRoad-1: Alternative Fueled Transit Fleets – CNG to Electric Measure Description
The majority of the transit fleet in the County is currently compressed natural gas (CNG). Converting from CNG to electric would reduce GHG emissions as electricity from renewable sources has a lower emission rate than natural gas.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
• The market penetration rate for the conversion rate from CNG to electric transit fleets was determined by the transit authorities serving the County. • According to EMFAC2017, CNG buses represent 0.055% of total countywide VMT in 2016. • CNG bus fuel efficiency is 0.38 mile per standard cubic foot (CAPCOA 2010). • Electric bus fuel efficiency is 2.84 kWh per mile (NREL 2018).

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Converting transit fleets from CNG to electric will reduce GHG emissions from the combustion of CNG. On the other hand, the increased electricity consumption will increase GHG emissions. However, the GHG emission reductions will be significant in the long term as electricity will be generated from more renewable sources and ultimately achieve zero emissions.

Emissions Reductions
The following steps were performed to calculate GHG emission reductions from reduced CNG consumption:

GHG emission reductions (MTCO2e) = total countywide VMT in 2030/2045 × 0.055% CNG buses VMT of total VMT × market penetration rate (conversion rate) / 0.38 mile per standard cubic foot of CNG × CNG emission factor
The following steps were performed to calculate electricity consumption from increased electric transit fleets:

Electricity consumption (kWh) = total countywide VMT in 2030/2045 × 0.055% CNG buses VMT of total VMT × market penetration rate (conversion rate) × 2.84 kWh per mile GHG emissions from electricity consumption were then calculated by multiplying the energy consumption by the appropriate utility emission factors.

GHG emission reductions from this measure were the difference between decreased CNG emissions and increased electricity emissions.

Countywide GHG emission reductions were allocated to each jurisdiction by 2020 population.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure OnRoad-1.

Reduced Air Pollution: Even though CNG is cleaner than petroleum, the combustion of CNG emits some level of air pollutants including particulate matter and ozone precursors. Because less CNG would be consumed and replaced by cleaner electricity, air pollutants emissions would be reduced.

Public Health Improvements: CNG combustion releases several toxic air contaminants known to cause adverse human health effects. Reductions in the amount of CNG combusted would result in corresponding reductions in toxic air contaminants. Additionally, reductions in ozone precursors would reduce the formation of smog, which has numerous human and environmental effects, including respiratory irritation and reduced plant productivity.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-49 March 2021
ICF

OnRoad-2: Encourage Use of Mass Transit, Carpooling, Ridesharing, and Telecommuting Measure Description
Commute Trip Reduction programs aim to reduce commute trips and VMT through various strategies. The strategies include, but are not limited to, encouraging the use of mass transit, carpooling, ridesharing, and telecommuting. The level of VMT reductions that this measure could achieve is dependent on the level of commitment, from complete voluntary to required implementation with monitoring and performance standards. Jurisdictions could start implementing this measure from government employees and expand to adopting an ordinance to require businesses to implement Commute Trip Reduction programs. This measure only reduces commute trip VMT.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
• The market penetration rate for the percentage of employees eligible for this measure was determined by the jurisdictions on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. • All jurisdictions within the County have a population less than 400,000 and low transit use, so they were categorized as small low-density areas (Cambridge Systematics 2009). • Employer support program was assumed.
• The highest commute VMT reduction level with employer support program was 6.2% (Cambridge Systematics 2009).
• Commute trips VMT was assumed to take 30% of total light-duty vehicles VMT.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
This measure will reduce GHG emissions by reducing commute VMT. Reductions are dependent on each jurisdiction’s commitment to percentage of employees eligible for the commute trip reduction programs.

Emissions Reductions
The following steps were performed to calculate GHG emission reductions from reduced commute VMT:

GHG emission reductions (MTCO2e) = light-duty vehicles on-road GHG emissions in 2030/2045 × 30% commute trips × market penetration rate (percent employees eligible) × 6.2% commute VMT reduction
Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure OnRoad-2.

Reduced Energy Use: Commute trip reduction programs will reduce the number of single- occupied vehicle trips made by commuters within each jurisdiction. As a result, gasoline and diesel consumption would be reduced.

Increased Quality of Life: Some strategies of commute trips reduction program could reduce employees’ commute time, thus improving life quality. Reductions in the number of single-occupied vehicle trips may also reduce congestion and travel times.

Reduced Air Pollution: Because less petroleum would be consumed by vehicles, air pollutants generated by fossil fuel combustion, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone precursors, would be reduced. Likewise, reductions in congestion from fewer vehicles on the roadway network would contribute reductions in emissions generated by vehicle idling.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-50 March 2021
ICF

OnRoad-2: Encourage Use of Mass Transit, Carpooling, Ridesharing, and Telecommuting Public Health Improvements: Fossil fuel combustion releases several toxic air contaminants known to cause adverse human health effects. Reductions in the amount of fuel combusted would result in corresponding reductions in toxic air contaminants. Additionally, reductions in ozone precursors would reduce the formation of smog, which has numerous human and environmental effects, including respiratory irritation and reduced plant productivity.

Energy Security: Reducing fuel consumption by passenger vehicles would lessen the demand for petroleum and ultimately the demand for imported oil.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-51 March 2021
ICF

OnRoad-3: Improved Efficiency through Signal Synchronization Measure Description
This measure implements signal synchronization to improve traffic flow and reduce GHG emissions from less idling time and less stop-and-go driving. Signal timing optimization could be done with or without real-time traffic data.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
• 1% of GHG emissions reduction from reduced idling time and reduced stop-and-go (CARB, 2014).

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Emissions Reductions
Jurisdictions implementing this measure will reduce on-road transportation GHG emissions by 1%.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure OnRoad-3.

Reduced Energy Use: Less idling time and less stop-and-go will decrease gasoline and diesel consumption by vehicles.

Increased Quality of Life: Reductions in idling time and better traffic flow will reduce congestion and travel times, and thus improving life quality.

Reduced Air Pollution: Because less petroleum would be consumed by vehicles, air pollutants generated by fossil fuel combustion, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone precursors, would be reduced. Likewise, reductions in congestion from fewer vehicles on the roadway network would contribute reductions in emissions generated by vehicle idling.

Public Health Improvements: Fossil fuel combustion releases several toxic air contaminants known to cause adverse human health effects. Reductions in the amount of fuel combusted would result in corresponding reductions in toxic air contaminants. Additionally, reductions in ozone precursors would reduce the formation of smog, which has numerous human and environmental effects, including respiratory irritation and reduced plant productivity.

Energy Security: Reducing fuel consumption by passenger vehicles would lessen the demand for petroleum and ultimately the demand for imported oil.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-52 March 2021
ICF

OnRoad-4: Expand Bike Routes Including Pedestrian and Bicycle Friendly Streets Measure Description
Pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly roads are crucial to promoting walking and bicycle use as a transportation method. People tend to walk or bicycle if sidewalks and bicycle routes are available to separate them from motor vehicles and pedestrians’ and bicyclists’ safety can be ensured. Adopting and implementing a bicycle master plan and constructing more bicycle routes would encourage more bicycle rides and would help to reduce VMT and associated GHG emissions.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 Population density data was obtained for the year of 2016 and assumed to grow through 2030 and 2045 at the same rate as population growth (Open Data Network, 2016).  Unincorporated County areas do not have population density level data available, but given its large area, population density was assumed less than 500 people per square mile through 2045.  It was assumed that less than two miles of bicycle lanes per square mile would not have any bicycle mode shares.
 Bicycle mode share rates are dependent on the population density and miles of bicycle lanes per square mile as shown in the table below.

Source: Cambridge Systematics, 2009.
 The existing miles of bicycle lanes per square mile data were provided by each jurisdiction, and the 2030/2045 planned miles of bicycle lanes per square mile data were determined by each jurisdiction on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis.

Population
Density (per
square mile)
Bicycle Mode Share
2 miles bike
lanes per square
mile
4 miles bike
lanes per square
mile
8 miles bike
lanes per square
mile
less than 2 miles
bike lanes per
square mile
0–500 1.5% 2.7% 5.0% 0.0%
500–2,000 1.5% 2.7% 5.0% 0.0%
2,000–4,000 1.5% 2.7% 5.0% 0.0%
4,000–10,000 2.1% 3.7% 6.8% 0.0%
>10,000 4.4% 7.6% 14.0% 0.0%
Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Even though this measure is focused on both pedestrian and bicycle users, only GHG emission reductions from increased bicycle mode share were quantified. In addition, only light-duty vehicle trips VMT could be replaced by bicycle, so the VMT reduction was applied to light-duty vehicles VMT only.

Emissions Reductions
The following steps were performed to calculate GHG emission reductions from bicycle mode share:

GHG emission reductions (MT CO2e) = light-duty vehicles on-road GHG emissions in 2030/2045 × (bicycle mode share rate in 2030/2045 – existing bicycle mode share rate) Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure OnRoad-4.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-53 March 2021
ICF

Reduced Energy Use: Increased pedestrian and bicycle mode share will reduce the number of vehicle trips within each jurisdiction. As a result, gasoline and diesel consumption would be reduced.

Increased Quality of Life: Walking and bicycle riding are good forms of exercises that could improve health condition and life quality. In addition, reductions in the number of vehicle trips may also reduce congestion and travel times.

Reduced Air Pollution: Because less petroleum would be consumed by vehicles, air pollutants generated by fossil fuel combustion, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone precursors would be reduced. Likewise, reductions in congestion from fewer vehicles on the roadway network would contribute reductions in emissions generated by vehicle idling.

Public Health Improvements: Walking and bicycle riding are good forms of exercises that could improve health condition. In addition, fossil fuel combustion releases several toxic air contaminants known to cause adverse human health effects. Reductions in the amount of fuel combusted would result in corresponding reductions in toxic air contaminants, and reductions in ozone precursors would reduce the formation of smog, which has numerous human and environmental effects, including respiratory irritation and reduced plant productivity.

Energy Security: Reducing fuel consumption by passenger vehicles would lessen the demand for petroleum and ultimately the demand for imported oil.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-54 March 2021
ICF

OnRoad-5: Community Fleet Electrification
Measure Description
Hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and all-electric vehicles (EVs) produce lower emissions than conventional vehicles. Any type of electrified vehicle emits less GHG than conventional vehicles by at least 40 percent. However, more than 95% of people still drive conventional gasoline or diesel vehicles, so programs to encourage the use of EV or hybrid vehicle ownership are highly needed.

Executive Order (EO) B-16-2012 tasked the California Energy Commission (CEC) and other State agencies to support benchmarks to bring 1.5 million zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) to California’s roads and in conjunction make sure that Californians have easy access to ZEV infrastructure to charge those vehicles by 2025. San Bernardino County Transportation Authority (SBCTA) projected that to comply with EO B-16- 2012, there would be 44,846 ZEVs in San Bernardino County by 2025, and a total of 4,761 Level 2 and Level 3 charging stations would be needed to support the ZEVs (SBCOG, 2019). Each jurisdiction would be responsible for a portion of the charging station needs to support increased number of ZEVs.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
 The number of ZEVs goal in San Bernardino County in compliance with EO B-16-2012 would be 21,894 and 44,846 in 2020 and 2025, respectively (SBCOG, 2019). Therefore, the annual growth rate between 2020 and 2025 was calculated as 15%.
 In order to serve the ZEVs goal in 2025, the required number of Level 2 and Level 3 charging stations would be 3,504/171/662 and 400/1/23 in urban/rural/unincorporated areas, respectively (SBCOG, 2019).
 The goal number of charging stations was allocated to each jurisdiction by population, and the percentage of charging stations goal implemented by 2030/2045 was determined by the jurisdictions on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis.
 Assuming the same annual growth rate of total vehicles (3.8%) in the County between 2017 and 2018 (DMV, 2018 and DMV, 2019), the ZEVs would represent 1.2% and 2.0% of total vehicles in 2020 and 2025, respectively.
 Assuming the same annual growth rate of ZEVs market share between 2020 and 2025, the ZEVs would account for 3.5% and 16.9% of total vehicles in 2030 and 2045, respectively.  ZEVs fuel efficiency is 0.34 kWh per mile.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Converting from conventional vehicles to ZEVs will reduce GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. On the other hand, the increased electricity consumption will increase GHG emissions. However, the GHG emission reductions will be significant in the long term as electricity will be generated from more renewable sources and ultimately achieve zero emissions in the future.

Emissions Reductions
The following steps were performed to calculate GHG emission reductions from reduced conventional fuel vehicles:

GHG emission reductions (MTCO2e) = total jurisdiction on-road GHG emissions in 2030/2045 × (3.5% ZEVs by 2030 OR 16.9% ZEVs by 2045 – 0.5% ZEVs in 2017) × percentage of charging stations goal implemented by 2030/2045
GHG emissions from electricity consumption were then calculated by multiplying the energy consumption by the appropriate utility emission factors.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-55 March 2021
ICF

GHG emission reductions from this measure were the difference between decreased conventional fuel vehicles emissions and increased electricity emissions.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of OnRoad-5.

Reduced Air Pollution: Because less petroleum would be consumed by vehicles, air pollutants generated by fossil fuel combustion, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone precursors would be reduced.

Public Health Improvements: Fossil fuel combustion releases several toxic air contaminants known to cause adverse human health effects. Reductions in the amount of fuel combusted would result in corresponding reductions in toxic air contaminants. Additionally, reductions in ozone precursors would reduce the formation of smog, which has numerous human and environmental effects, including respiratory irritation and reduced plant productivity.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-56 March 2021
ICF

OffRoad-1: Electric-Powered Construction Equipment
Measure Description
This measure reduces diesel-powered construction equipment use and encourages electric-powered construction equipment by establishing a goal such that a portion of construction equipment is electric- powered. With current technology, equipment with relatively low horsepower could be converted to electric. Potential goals might be to require 80-100% of equipment that is less than 120 horsepower to be electric-powered.

Under this measure, incentives would be offered (e.g., reduced procedural requirements; preference points when bidding on jurisdiction contracts, partner with CARB or SCAQMD to leverage funding) to construction contractors that utilize electric equipment in a certain percentage of their fleet.

Achieving the goal would require close coordination with the SCAQMD, which sets air quality related requirements on construction vehicles and also provides mitigation options related to construction vehicles through Voluntary Emission Reduction Agreement (VERA) programs, which may overlap with this measure.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
• It was assumed that only equipment less than 120 horsepower could be replaced by electric- powered equipment.
• The market penetration rate for the conversion from diesel equipment to electric equipment was determined by the jurisdictions on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. This was done by allowing the individual jurisdictions to choose a percentage change of construction equipment to electric. • GHG reductions and electricity consumption in 2045 are calculated from 2030 data using the same growth rate as GHG forecast.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Utilizing electric power would offset direct GHG emissions from fuel combustion. Indirect emissions from electricity are significantly lower than direct emissions from fuel combustion. Electrifying construction vehicles therefore results in a reduction in GHG emissions.

Emissions Reductions
The OFFROAD2007 model calculates vehicle operating emissions by fuel type and average horsepower.

Model emissions outputs by vehicle class were filtered to only include less than 120 horsepower equipment and then multiplied by the percent of construction equipment electrified by 2030 and 2045 (determined by the jurisdictions) to calculate the GHG emission reductions from reduced use of fuel.

Electricity consumption by equipment is calculated by Horsepower × Load Factor × Hours of Operation ×

0.7457 (horsepower to kWh conversion factor) using OFFROAD2007 outputs. GHG emissions from electricity consumption were then calculated by multiplying the energy consumption by the appropriate utility emission factors.

The GHG emission reductions were calculated from the difference of reduced fuel emissions and increased electricity emissions.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure OffRoad-1.

Reduced Air Pollution: Utilizing electricity in place of diesel would reduce local air pollution.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-57 March 2021
ICF

OffRoad-1: Electric-Powered Construction Equipment
Public Health Improvements: Diesel combustion releases several toxic air contaminants known to cause adverse human health effects to construction workers. Reductions in the amount of fuel combusted would result in corresponding reductions in toxic air contaminants. Additionally, reductions in ozone precursors would reduce the formation of smog, which has numerous human and environmental effects, including respiratory irritation and reduced plant productivity.

Increased Quality of Life: Electric equipment is quieter and typically easier to maneuver than diesel-powered equipment.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-58 March 2021
ICF

OffRoad-2: Idling Ordinance
Measure Description
Adopt an ordinance that limits idling time for heavy-duty construction equipment beyond CARB or local air district regulations and if not already required as part of CEQA mitigation. Recommended idling limit is three minutes. As part of permitting requirements or City contracts, encourage contractors a to submit a construction vehicle management plan that includes such things as idling time requirements; requiring hour meters on equipment; and documenting the serial number, horsepower, age, and fuel of all on-site equipment. State law currently requires all off-road equipment fleets to limit idling to no more than five minutes.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure (SANBAG, 2014):
• 0.90 gallon of diesel fuel is consumed per hour of idling (U.S. EPA, 2009a). • 6.28 gallons of diesel fuel are consumed per hour of operation for construction equipment. • On average, construction equipment spends approximately 29.4% of daily operating time idling (U.S. EPA, 2009a).
• Construction equipment estimated operating time is assumed as eight hours per day. • Calculated from above information, diesel fuel consumption for idling takes 5.63% of total fuel consumption of the equipment.
• Current idling standard is five minutes and the idling ordinance requirement is assumed as three minutes, unless specified by jurisdictions.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Equipment idles during rest periods, which requires fuel and results in GHG emissions. Regulating idling time would therefore reduce fuel consumption and GHG emissions.

Emissions Reductions
Implementation of this measure would reduce idling time to no more than three minutes at any one time.

The CARB’s regulation for heavy-duty vehicle (five minutes) was used as a proxy to determine the percent reduction in potential idling emissions from implementation of this measure. Reducing idling time from 5 minutes to three minutes is a 40% reduction. Emissions savings associated with this measure were therefore calculated by multiplying baseline idling emissions by 0.40, and baseline idling emissions is calculated by multiplying the total construction equipment emissions by 5.63% fuel consumption due to idling.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure OffRoad-2.

Reduced Energy Use: Equipment idles during rest periods, which requires fuel. Regulating idling time therefore reduces fossil fuel consumption.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced idling and fuel combustion would contribute to reductions in toxic air contaminants, ozone precursors, and other inorganic and organic air pollutants.

Public Health Improvements: Construction workers are exposed to pollutants that cause adverse health effects when they work near idling vehicles. By reducing vehicle idling time, exposure periods would be decreased, which may contribute to long-term health improvements.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-59 March 2021
ICF

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-60 March 2021
ICF

OffRoad-3: Electric Landscaping Equipment
Measure Description
Under this measure the participating jurisdiction will adopt an ordinance that reduces gasoline or diesel- powered landscaping equipment use and/or reduces the amount and operating time of such equipment.

With current technology, equipment with relatively low horsepower could be converted to electric.

Potential goals might be to require 80 to 100% of equipment that is less than 120 horsepower to be electric-powered. Jurisdictions would work in close cooperation with the air district in drafting an ordinance or developing outreach programs to be consistent with current air district rules and CEQA guidelines. The ordinance could also include the following provisions for community landscaping equipment.
• Sponsor a lawnmower exchange program that allows residents to trade in their gasoline or diesel- powered mower for an electric mower at a low or discounted price. • Require exterior electrical outlets on all new building developments.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered in the evaluation of this measure:
• It was assumed that only equipment less than 120 horsepower could be replaced by electric- powered equipment.
• The market penetration rate for the conversion from gasoline and diesel equipment to electric was determined by the jurisdictions on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. • GHG reductions and electricity consumption in 2045 are calculated from 2030 data using the same growth rate as GHG forecast.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Utilizing electric power would offset direct GHG emissions from fuel combustion. Indirect emissions from electricity are significantly lower than direct emissions from fuel combustion. Electrifying landscaping equipment therefore results in a reduction in GHG emissions.

Emissions Reductions
The OFFROAD 2007 model calculates vehicle operating emissions by fuel type (e.g., diesel, gasoline) and average horsepower. Model emissions outputs by vehicle class were filtered to only include less than 120 horsepower equipment and then multiplied by the percent of landscaping equipment electrified by 2030 and 2045 (determined by the jurisdictions) to calculate GHG emission reductions from reduced fuel consumption.

Electricity consumption by equipment is calculated by Horsepower × Load Factor × Hours of Operation ×

0.7457 (horsepower to kWh conversion factor) using OFFROAD2007 outputs. GHG emissions from electricity consumption were then calculated by multiplying the energy consumption by the appropriate utility emission factors.

The GHG emission reductions were calculated from the difference of reduced fuel emissions and increased electricity emissions.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure OffRoad-3.

Reduced Air Pollution: Utilizing electricity in place of gasoline and diesel would reduce local air pollution.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-61 March 2021
ICF

OffRoad-3: Electric Landscaping Equipment
Public Health Improvements: Fossil fuel combustion releases several toxic air contaminants known to cause adverse human health effects. Reductions in the amount of fuel combusted would result in corresponding reductions in toxic air contaminants. Additionally, reductions in ozone precursors would reduce the formation of smog, which has numerous human and environmental effects, including respiratory irritation and reduced plant productivity.

Increased Quality of Life: Electric equipment is quieter and typically easier to maneuver than diesel- and gasoline-powered equipment.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-62 March 2021
ICF

Waste-1: Waste Diversion
Measure Description
Continue to provide public education and collection services to community residents and business. Exceed the waste diversion goals recommended by Assembly Bill 939 and CALGreen by adopting citywide waste goals of at least 75% of waste diversion.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered for the quantification of this measure.  The 2020 BAU waste diversion rate equals the 2016 diversion rate for each Partnership city (CALRecycle, 2010b).8
 The jurisdiction participating in this measure will increase their diversion rates linearly from their 2020 rate to their selected new diversion rate goal by 2050. These rates range from 50% to 100%.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

8 Diversion rates for years after 2006 are not available from CALRecycle.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-63 March 2021
ICF

Diversion programs reduce the amount of waste deposited in regional landfills. Because waste generates methane emissions during decomposition, reducing the volume of waste sent to landfills directly reduces GHG emissions. In general, waste diversion rates have risen dramatically since the early 1980s. The U.S. achieved 51% diversion in fiscal year 2009 (U.S. EPA, 2011b).

BAU Emissions
The GHG Inventory projected 2020 waste volumes for each city using historic landfill data obtained from CalRecycle. The 2016 diversion rate for each jurisdiction was assumed to remain constant under 2020 BAU conditions.

Emissions Reductions
Implementation of Waste-1 would increase the BAU diversion rate for each jurisdiction by 2020 (e.g., to 75%). The amount of waste diverted by material type under BAU conditions was therefore increased by the difference between the BAU diversion rate and the new diversion rate selected by the jurisdictions. GHG emissions that would have been generated by the diverted waste if it had been deposited in regional landfills were quantified using CARB’s FOD Model and new waste disposal quantities based on the new 2020 waste diversion goal for each jurisdiction.

CAPCOA recommends the use of EPA’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to quantify emissions reductions from diverting landfill waste to composting or recycling. The WARM model calculates life-cycle emission reductions, which includes emissions and avoided emissions upstream and downstream from the point of use. This approach is not consistent with the method used in the inventory, and EPA recommends against using this life-cycle approach for inventories because of the diffuse nature of the emissions and emission reductions within a single WARM emission factor. Consequently, the WARM model was not used to calculate reductions from Waste-1.

CARB’s FOD Model was used to calculate reductions because it is consistent with the inventory and does not have a lifecycle component.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of Waste-1.

Reduced Air Pollution: The decomposition of landfilled waste emits methane, which can react with other species in the atmosphere to form local smog. By sending less waste to regional landfills, methane emissions would be reduced.

Resource Conservation: Waste that is diverted to recycling centers can be converted into reusable products, thereby reducing the need for raw materials.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-64 March 2021
ICF

Water-1: Require Adoption of the Voluntary CALGreen Water Efficiency Measures for New Construction
Measure Description
Require adoption of the Voluntary CALGreen water efficiency measures for new construction. CALGreen voluntary measures recommend use of certain water-efficient appliances, and plumbing and irrigation systems, as well as more aggressive water savings targets. Update building standards and codes for new buildings to require adoption of these voluntary measures, including:
• Use of low-water irrigation systems.
• Installation of rainwater and graywater systems.
• Installation of water-efficient appliances and plumbing fixtures, as well as composting toilets. • A 30-40% reduction over BAU conditions in indoor water use, and a 55-60% reduction in outdoor potable water use (CALGreen Tier 1 or 2).

Assumptions

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-65 March 2021
ICF

The following assumptions were considered for the quantification of this measure:
 The market penetration rate for new buildings (residential and commercial) achieving CALGreen Tier 1 or 2 voluntary water efficiency measures and the penetration rate for new parks performing irrigation retrofits were determined by the jurisdictions on an individual basis.  The following voluntary CALGreen measures would be implemented by development.  Installation of water efficient appliances and plumbing fixtures (showerheads, faucets, toilets, urinals, and dishwashers).
 Use of low-water irrigation systems.
 57of total residential water use is for outdoor use / landscaping; the remaining 43% is used indoors (ConSol, 2010).
 35% of total nonresidential water use is for outdoor use / landscaping; the remaining 65% is used indoors (Yudelson, 2010).
 Heating a gallon of hot water requires 0.0098 therms of natural gas or 0.19 kWh of electricity (ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability 2010).
 73% of water used in faucets and showerheads is hot water (U.S. Department of Energy, 2012).  10.5% homes have electric water heaters (1.3 million households out of 12.4 million households used electricity to heat water in 2005 in California) (Energy Information Administration, 2009, Table WH2).
 40%of commercial buildings have electric heaters (2,771 million square feet out of 6,947 million square feet use electricity to heat water in 2003 in the Pacific Census Region) (Energy Information Administration, 2009, Table B32).
 Assumptions for water-efficient faucets:
 The current California standard residential faucet flow rate is 2.2 gallons/minute @ 60 psi; the mandatory CALGreen standard flow rate is 1.62 gallons/minute @ 60 psi (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010). This equates to a savings of 0.6 gallons/minute for each faucet replaced.
 The current California standard nonresidential bathroom faucet flow rate is 0.5 gallons/minute @ 60 psi; the voluntary CALGreen standard flow rate is 0.35 gallons/minute @ 60 psi (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010). This equates to a savings of 0.2 gallons/minute for each bathroom faucet replaced.
 There are 40 employees per faucet (20 employees per toilet and 2 toilets per faucet) (8 CCR Section 1526(a); 29 CFR 1910.141(c)(1)(i)).
 There are 2.1 faucets per household on average (ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability 2010).
 The average faucet use time (per capita or per employee) is 4.75 minutes use/day total: 0.75 minutes for bathroom faucets (three 0.25 minute uses for bathroom faucets) and 4 minutes for kitchen faucets (four one minute uses for kitchen faucets) (California Building Standards Commission 2011, p. 49)
 Assumptions for water-efficient showerheads:
 The current California standard showerhead flow rate is 2.5 gallons/minute @ 60 psi; the mandatory CALGreen standard flow rate is 2.0 gallons/minute @ 60 psi (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010). This equates to a savings of 0.5 gallons/minute for each showerhead replaced.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-66 March 2021
ICF

 The average shower use time is 8 minutes per day per capita (California Building Standards Commission, 2011, p. 49).
 Assumptions for water-efficient toilets/urinals:
 The current California standard toilet water use rate is 1.6 gallons/flush; the mandatory CALGreen standard flow rate is 1.28 gallons/flush (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010). This equates to a savings of 0.32 gallons/flush for each toilet replaced.

Flushes per commercial toiler per day for men is 1, and women is 3 (CalGreen Code Page 49).  The current California standard urinal water use rate is 1.0 gallons/flush; the voluntary CALGreen standard flow rate is 0.5 gallons/flush (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010). This equates to a savings of 0.5 gallons/flush for each toilet replaced.  2 toilet flushes per person per day (residential) and 2 urinal flushes per male employee per day (nonresidential) (California Building Standards Commission, 2011, p. 49).  In commercial building 50% of the employees are men and 50% are women.  Assumptions for water-efficient dishwashers:
 The current California standard dishwasher water use rate for standard dishwashers is 6.5 gallons/cycle/cubic foot; the voluntary CALGreen standard water use rate is 5.8 gallons/cycle/cubic foot (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010). This equates to a savings of 0.7 gallons/cycle for each standard dishwasher replaced.  The current California standard dishwasher water use rate for compact dishwashers is 4.5 gallons/cycle/cubic foot; the ENERGY STAR water use rate is 3.5 gallons/cycle/cubic foot (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010). This equates to a savings of 1.0 gallons/cycle for each compact dishwasher replaced.
 0.1 average dishwasher runs per person per day (Mayer and DeOreo, 1999).  100% of water used in dishwashers is hot water.
 Assumptions for low-water irrigation systems:
 The average lawn size per home is 0.2 acre (Grounds Maintenance 2012) (except for Yucca Valley, for which it was assumed 0.1 acres/lawn per home in order to more accurately calculate outdoor residential water use for this city).
 An acre of lawn requires 570,239 gallons to irrigate per year (Hanak and Davis, 2006)  35% of total nonresidential water use is for outdoor use / landscaping; the remaining 65% is used indoors (Yudelson, 2010).
 25% of park/open space acreage is irrigated (estimate).  26% savings in landscaping water use for homes and buildings installing low-water irrigation systems (U.S. EPA, 2007).
 25% of residential outdoor water use is replaced with gray water; 50% of nonresidential outdoor water use is replaced with gray water (estimate).

Analysis Details

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-67 March 2021
ICF

GHG Analysis
Water use contributes to GHG emissions indirectly, via the production of the electricity that is used to pump, treat, and distribute the water. Installing low-flow or high-efficiency water fixtures in buildings reduces water demand, energy demand, and associated indirect GHG emissions.

In 2010, the California Building Standards Commission unanimously adopted Title 24 Part 11 (also known as CALGreen), the mandatory green building standards code and the first such code in the nation.

CALGreen requires all new buildings in the state to be more energy efficient and environmentally responsible. Effective January 1, 2011, CALGreen requires that every new building constructed in California reduce water consumption by 20%. CALGreen voluntary measures recommend a 30–40% reduction over BAU conditions in indoor water use and 55–60% reduction over BAU outdoor potable water use.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-68 March 2021
ICF

California homes and businesses consume a significant amount of water through indoor plumbing needs and outdoor irrigation. ConSol estimates that an average three-bedroom home uses 174,000 gallons of water each year (ConSol, 2010). A large portion of water use can be attributed to inefficient fixtures (e.g., showerheads, toilets). Recognizing that water uses a great deal of electricity to pump, treat, and transport, the state adopted SB X7-7, which requires a 20% reduction in urban per capita use by December 31, 2020 (20X2020 goal). Achieving this goal would not only reduce electricity consumption, but avoid GHG emissions and conserve water.

Emissions Reductions
Water savings were calculated for the installation of six different water-efficient fixtures/systems: faucets, showerheads, toilets/urinals, dishwashers, low-water irrigation systems, and gray water systems. Methods for calculating water savings for each of these are described below.

Faucets:
• Residential water savings (gallons) = total new households in 2020,2030 and 2045 * jurisdiction- selected market penetration rate * persons/household (varies by jurisdiction) * 0.6 gallons of water saved/minute * 4.75 minutes of use/person per day * 365 days/year • Nonresidential bathroom faucet water savings (gallons) = total number of new employees in 2020,2030 and 2045 * jurisdiction-selected market penetration rate ÷ 40 employees/faucet * 0.2 gallons of water saved/minute * 0.75 minutes of use/employee per day * 260 workdays/year
• Nonresidential kitchen faucet water savings (gallons) = total number of new employees in 2020,2030 and 2045 * jurisdiction-selected market penetration rate ÷ 40 employees/faucet * 1.4 gallons of water saved/minute * 4 minutes of use/employee per day * 260 workdays/year
Showerheads:
a) Residential water savings (gallons) = total new residents in 2020,2030 and 2045 * 100% market penetration rate * 0.5 gallons of water saved/minute * 8 minutes of shower use/person per day * 365 days/year
b) No savings for nonresidential
Toilets/urinals:
a) Residential water savings (gallons) = total new residents in 2020,2030 and 2045 * 100% market penetration rate * 0.32 gallons of water saved/flush * 2 flushes/person per day * 365 days/year b) Nonresidential toilet water savings (gallons) = total number of new employees in 2020,2030 and 2045 * jurisdiction-selected market penetration rate * 0.48 gallons of water saved/flush * (50% men * 1 flush/male employee per day + 50% women * 3 flushed/female employee per day) * 365 days/year
c) Nonresidential urinal water savings (gallons) = total number of new employees in 2020,2030 and 2045 * city-selected market penetration rate * 0.5 gallons of water saved/flush * 50% men * 2 flushes/male employee per day * 260 workdays/year
Dishwashers:
a) Residential water savings (gallons) = total new residents in 2020,2030 and 2045 * jurisdiction- selected market penetration rate * (50% standard dishwashers * 0.7 gallons of water saved/cycle for standard dishwashers + 50% compact dishwashers * 1.0 gallons of water saved/cycle for compact dishwashers) * 0.1 dishwasher runs/person per day * 365 days/year b) No savings for nonresidential
Low-water irrigation systems:

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-69 March 2021
ICF

a) Residential water savings (gallons) = total new homes in 2020,2030 and 2045 * 0.2 acres of lawn/home average * 100% market penetration rate * 652,000 gallons used for irrigation/acre per year * 26% reduction in water use for irrigation control sensors b) Nonresidential building water savings (gallons) = total new 2020,2030 and 2045 water use * 35% outdoor water use for office buildings on average * jurisdiction-selected market penetration rate * 26% reduction in water use for irrigation control sensors c) Parks water savings (gallons) = total new 2020,2030 and 2045 park water use * jurisdiction- selected market penetration rate * 26% reduction in water use for irrigation control sensors Gray water systems:
a) Residential water savings (gallons) (total new homes in 2020,2030 and 2045 * 0.2 acres of lawn/home average * 100% market penetration rate * 570,239 gallons used for irrigation/acre per year – water saved from irrigation control sensors) * jurisdiction-selected percentage of outdoor water use that is replaced with gray water
b) Nonresidential building water savings (gallons) = (total new 2020,2030 and 2045 water use * 35% outdoor water use for office buildings on average – water saved from irrigation control sensors) * jurisdiction-selected percentage of outdoor water use that is replaced with gray water Water use savings result in energy use reductions for three different categories. Electricity savings from reduced water conveyance, treatment, distribution, and wastewater treatment were quantified by multiplying the anticipated water reductions by the appropriate energy-intensities.

Electricity savings from reduced water heating for faucets, showerheads, and dishwashers were quantified as follows:
c) Residential electricity savings (kWh) = gallons of water saved * 73% hot water for faucets and showerheads OR 100% hot water for dishwashers * 10.5% of homes with electric water heaters *

0.19 kWh to heat a gallon of water
d) Nonresidential electricity savings (kWh) = gallons of water saved * 73% hot water for faucets and showerheads OR 100% hot water for dishwashers * 40% of commercial buildings with electric water heaters * 0.19 kWh to heat a gallon of water
Natural gas savings from reduced water heating for faucets, showerheads, and dishwashers were quantified as follows:
a) Residential natural gas savings (therms) = gallons of water saved * 73% hot water for faucets and showerheads OR 100% hot water for dishwashers * 89.5% of homes with natural gas water heaters * 0.0098 therms to heat a gallon of water

b) Nonresidential natural gas savings (therms) = gallons of water saved * 73% hot water for faucets and showerheads OR 100% hot water for dishwashers * 40% of commercial buildings with electric water heaters * 0.19 kWh to heat a gallon of water
GHG savings from electricity and natural gas reductions were then calculated by multiplying the energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of Water-1.

Resource Conservation: Reduced water consumption would help conserve freshwater resources.

Reduced Energy Use: Water uses a great deal of electricity to pump, treat, and transport. Likewise, water consumed during showers, dish washing, and clothes washing require electricity and natural gas to

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-70 March 2021
ICF

heat the water to a comfortable temperature. Consequently, reductions in water use would reduce energy consumption from pumping, treatment, transporting, and heating Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced electricity use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution.

Increased Property Values: Energy-efficient bulidings have higher property values and resale prices than less efficient buildings.

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Attachment: San_Bernardino_Regional_GHG_Reduction_Plan_Appendices_Mar_2021 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) San Bernardino Council of Governments
Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-71 March 2021
ICF

Water-2: Implement a Program to Renovate Existing Buildings to Achieve Higher Levels of Water Efficiency9
Measure Description
Implement a program to renovate existing buildings to achieve higher levels of water efficiency. Education and outreach programs can help educate individuals on the importance of water efficiency and how to reduce water use. Rebate programs can help promote installation of water-efficient plumbing fixtures. The program could address:
 Development plans to ensure water conservation techniques are used (e.g., rain barrels, drought tolerant landscape).
 Water efficiency upgrades as a condition of issuing permits for renovations or additions of existing buildings.
 Adopt water conservation pricing, such as tiered rate structures, to encourage efficient water use.  Incentives for projects that demonstrate significant water conservation through use of innovative water consumption technologies.

Assumptions
The assumptions described in Water-1 were used to quantify water, energy, GHG emissions reductions associated with this measure. The following assumptions were modified:
 The market penetration rate for buildings (residential and commercial) performing water efficiency retrofits and the penetration rate for parks performing irrigation retrofits were determined by the jurisdictions on an individual basis.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

9 Emissions reductions associated with reduced electricity and natural gas for hot water heating will be achieved in the building energy sector. However, these emissions reductions are reported as part of Water-2 as they are a direct result of implementation of water-efficient fixtures.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-72 March 2021
ICF

Water use contributes to GHG emissions indirectly, via the production of the electricity that is used to pump, treat, and distribute the water. Installing low-flow or high-efficiency water fixtures in buildings reduces water demand, energy demand, and associated indirect GHG emissions.

California homes and businesses consume a significant amount of water through indoor plumbing needs and outdoor irrigation. ConSol estimates that an average three-bedroom home uses 174,000 gallons of water each year (ConSol, 2010). A large portion of water use can be attributed to inefficient fixtures (e.g., showerheads, toilets).

Emissions Reductions
The methods described in Water-1 were used to quantify water, energy, and GHG emissions reductions associated with this measure. The following assumptions were modified.  BAU water flow rates were based on the 1992 Energy Policy Act.10 Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of Water-2.

Resource Conservation: Efficient appliances and fixtures would reduce water consumption would help conserve freshwater resources.

Reduced Energy Use: Water uses a great deal of electricity to pump, treat, and transport. Likewise, water consumed during showers, dish washing, and clothes washing require electricity and natural gas to heat the water to a comfortable temperature. Consequently, reductions in water use would reduce energy consumption from pumping, treatment, transporting, and heating.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced energy use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution (from reduced generation of electricity) and local air pollution (from reduced burning of natural gas).

Increased Property Values: Energy-efficient buildings have higher property values and resale prices than less efficient buildings.

10 Because this measure applies to existing developing, assuming BAU flow rates are equivalent to the 2010 building code is inappropriate. According to the City’s Housing Element and the EIA, the majority of homes and commercial developments were constructed prior to 1980. Assuming the 1992 flow rate therefore represents a conservative assumption as several developments that comply with this measure will likely replace fixtures with flow rates much higher than required in 1992.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-73 March 2021
ICF

Water-3: Encourage Water-Efficient Landscaping Practices Measure Description
Encourage Water-Efficient Landscaping Practices. Adopt a landscaping water conservation plan that exceeds the requirements in the Model Landscape Ordinance (AB 1881).

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered for the quantification of this measure:
 The market penetration rate for buildings (residential and commercial) and parks performing water-efficient landscaping practices was determined by the jurisdiction on an individual basis.  The average lawn size per home is 0.2 acre (Grounds Maintenance, 2012).  An acre of lawn requires 570,239 gallons to irrigate per year (Hanak and Davis, 2006)  Assuming an irrigation efficiency of 71%, as specified in the Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance, and no Special Landscape Area, the percent reduction in MTCO2e for water-efficient landscapes is (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010):
o 0% reduction if 100% of vegetation is Moderate Example Plant Factor (PF) o 13% reduction if 40% of vegetation is Low PF, 40% is Moderate PF, and o 20% is High PF
o 35% reduction if 50% of vegetation is Low PF and 50% is Moderate PF o 70% reduction if 100% of vegetation is Low PF
 The average reduction in MTCO2e is 30% (based on the percent reductions above).  6.1% reduction in MTCO2e for water-efficient landscape irrigation systems (California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, 2010).
 35% of total nonresidential water use is for outdoor use/landscaping; the remaining 65% is used indoors (Yudelson, 2010).
 25% of park/open space acreage is irrigated (estimate).

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-74 March 2021
ICF

Water use contributes to GHG emissions indirectly, via the production of the electricity that is used to pump, treat, and distribute the water. California homes and businesses consume a significant amount of water through outdoor water use, which includes landscape irrigation. Designing water-efficient landscapes for a project site reduces water consumption and the associated indirect GHG emissions.

Examples of measures to consider when designing landscapes are reducing lawn sizes, planting vegetation with minimal water needs such as California native species, choosing vegetation appropriate for the climate of the project site, and choosing complimentary plants with similar water needs or which can provide each other with shade and/or water. Achieving this goal would not only reduce electricity consumption, but avoid GHG emissions and conserve water.

Emissions Reductions
The following steps were performed to calculate water savings:
a) Residential water savings (gallons) = total homes in 2020,2030 and 2045 * 0.2 acres of lawn/home average * jurisdiction-selected market penetration rate * 570,239 gallons used for irrigation/acre per year * (30% average reduction in water use for water-efficient landscapes + 6.1% reduction in water use for water-efficient landscape irrigation systems) b) Nonresidential building water savings (gallons) = total 2020, 2030, and 2045 water use * 22% outdoor water use for office buildings on average * jurisdiction-selected market penetration rate * (30% average reduction in water use for water-efficient landscapes + 6.1% reduction in water use for water-efficient landscape irrigation systems)
c) Parks water savings (gallons) = total 2020, 2030, and 2045 park water use * jurisdiction-selected market penetration rate * (30% average reduction in water use for water-efficient landscapes +

6.1% reduction in water use for water-efficient landscape irrigation systems) GHG savings from electricity reductions were then calculated by multiplying the energy reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of Water-3.

Resource Conservation: Efficient irrigation systems would reduce water consumption would help conserve freshwater resources.

Reduced Energy Use: Water uses a great deal of electricity to pump, treat, and transport.

Consequently, reductions in water use would reduce energy consumption from pumping, treatment, and transporting.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced energy use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution (from reduced generation of electricity).

Increased Property Values: Energy-efficient buildings have higher property values and resale prices than less efficient buildings.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-75 March 2021
ICF

Agriculture-3: Methane Capture at Large Dairies
Measure Description
This measure promotes installation of methane digesters at large dairies to capture methane emissions from decomposing manure. The methane could be used on site as an alternative to natural gas in combustion, power production, or as a transportation fuel. Further, individual project proponents can sell GHG credits associated with these installations on the voluntary carbon market. This is a voluntary measure; however, in September 2016, SB 1383 was signed into law and requires reducing methane emissions from dairy manure management to 40% below 2013 levels by 2030. The regulations to reduce dairy emissions will not take effect until after January 1, 2024.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered for the quantification of this measure. • Manure management emissions are 225.88 kg CH4 per head of cattle (CARB, 2019), which is equivalent to 6.32 MTCO2e per head.
• This measure is only applicable to jurisdictions with more than 1,000 cattle (CARB, 2008), which are Chino, Ontario, and Unincorporated County.
• Percent of cows at large dairies subject to methane capture is 73% (CARB, 2008). • New methane capture rate of installed systems is assumed to be 86% (CARB, 2008).

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Dairies produce large quantities of methane from enteric fermentation and manure management of dairy cows. Capturing this methane, instead of allowing it to be released into the atmosphere, would reduce GHG emissions associated with dairies. Biodigesters recover methane from animal manure through a process called anaerobic digestion. The captured methane can be flared, combusted to produce electricity, or converted to fuel such as natural gas.

Emissions Reductions
The 2030 and 2045 dairy emissions for each jurisdiction were calculated using the number of head of dairy cattle in 2016 and a countywide growth factor. Implementation of this measure would result in the capture of 86% of the methane generated from the manure of 73% of the dairy cows within Chino, Ontario, and Unincorporated County. Total emissions from dairy cows for these jurisdictions were multiplied by 73% and then by 86% to determine the quantity of methane captured within each jurisdiction.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure Agriculture-3.

Reduced Air Pollution: Manure management at dairies emits methane, which can react with other species in the atmosphere to form local smog. By capturing much of this methane, emissions would be reduced.

Resource Conservation: Methane can be used to generate electricity or produce other useful fuels, thereby reducing the need for energy.

Economic Development: Development of renewable energy infrastructure (e.g., anaerobic digesters) would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for the local economy.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-76 March 2021
ICF

Wastewater-1: Methane Recovery
Measure Description
Under this measure, the participating jurisdiction will coordinate with the Inland Empire Utilities Agency (IEUA) or other local wastewater treatment providers to identify funding and cooperating agencies for establishing methane recovery systems at all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that service the County residents. WWTPs in the region operated by IEUA, City of San Bernardino, and Victor Valley Waste Water Agency (VVWA) already have an approximately 62% methane capture rate. Jurisdictions serviced by these providers would only benefit from this measure if the methane capture rate could be increased. For WWTPs that currently do not have methane capture systems, plants operators would work with regional power providers, local jurisdictions, or other entities to identify funding for methane capture system installation.

Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered for the quantification of this measure.  For WWTPs with methane recovery system, 75% of captured methane will be combusted to generate electricity.
 Standard conversion factors were used to convert methane into energy, including: 662 grams methane per cubic meter; 35.3 cubic feet per cubic meter; 1,012 btu per cubic feet of methane;

0.00009 kWh per btu energy conversion factor (CAPCOA, 2010).  The efficiency factor for converting methane into electricity is 0.85 (CAPCOA, 2010).  Electricity generation is 0.00009 kWh per Btu of methane combusted.  Reductions are allocated regionally (reductions are proportionate to emissions).  Current methane capture rate in City of Barstow, Big Bear Area Regional Wastewater Agency, and City of Redlands is 0%. Current methane capture for the rest of the cities except for Twentynine Palms and Yucca Valley is 62%, which is the average of IEUA (60%) and San Bernardino Water Reclamation Facility (64%).
 Twentynine Palms and Yucca Valley will not benefit from this measure because they are on septic systems and do not have WWTPs.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Wastewater treatment plants produce large quantities of methane from wastewater processing. Capturing this methane, instead of allowing it to be released into the atmosphere, will reduce GHG emissions associated with wastewater treatment.

Emissions Reductions
The amount of electricity generated through combustion of the captured methane was calculated using the following equation:

Electricity generated (kWh) = total methane captured (metric tons) × 1,000,000 grams per metric ton/662 grams methane per cubic meter × 75% combustion rate × 35.3 cubic feet per cubic meter × 1,012 Btus per cubic feet of methane × 0.85 efficiency factor × 0.00009 kWh generated per Btu of methane combusted
GHG emissions reductions from electricity generation were quantified by multiplying the resulting electricity production for each jurisdiction by the appropriate utility emission factors. The reduction in methane emission was multiplied by global warming potential and included as GHG emission reductions.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure Wastewater-1.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-77 March 2021
ICF

Wastewater-1: Methane Recovery
Reduced Air Pollution: Wastewater treatment processes emit methane, which can react with other species in the atmosphere to form local smog. By capturing much of this methane, emissions would be reduced.

Resource Conservation: Methane can be used to generate electricity or produce other useful fuels, thereby reducing the need for energy.

Economic Development: Development of renewable energy infrastructure (e.g., anaerobic digesters, methane capture systems) would create new jobs, taxes, and revenue for the local economy.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-78 March 2021
ICF

Wastewater-2: Energy Efficiency Equipment Upgrades at Wastewater Treatment Plants Measure Description
This measure encourages the jurisdictions to work with their local wastewater treatment provider to upgrade and replace wastewater treatment and pumping equipment with more energy-efficient equipment, as financially feasible, at the existing facilities. The measure would require all pumping and treatment equipment to be 25% more energy efficient at the time of replacement and utilize best management practices for the treatment of waste. This measure could also include the following. • Assess the feasibility of using advance treatment of recycled water with microfiltration or reverse osmosis for future potable water use. Assess associated energy/GHG tradeoffs and out of basin water supply.

Assumptions
The following assumption was considered for the quantification of this measure. • Energy efficiency improvements were assumed to be 25% better than existing conditions, unless specified by jurisdictions or WWTPs.

Analysis Details
GHG Analysis
Some of the wastewater generated within the County is treated by the IEUA and other WWTP operators in a number of WWTPs. Collection and treatment of the wastewater generates fugitive methane emissions from organic decomposition, as well as GHGs from electricity consumption.

Emissions Reductions
Jurisdictions implementing this measure will reduce wastewater facility electricity consumption by 25%.

GHG emission reductions were quantified by multiplying the electricity reductions by the appropriate utility emission factors.

Co-Benefit Analysis
The following benefits are expected from implementation of measure Wastewater-2.

Reduced Energy Use: The collection and treatment of wastewater requires electricity. Improving the efficiency of pumping and treatment equipment would therefore reduce electricity consumption at the IEUA WWTPs.

Reduced Air Pollution: Reduced electricity use would contribute to reductions in regional air pollution.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-79 March 2021
ICF

B.4 References for Appendix B
BEST Contracting Services. 2010. Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Solutions - Do I have enough roof area? Available: http://www.bestcontracting.com/best-contracting-blog/bid/43824/Do-I-have- enough-roof-area-to-install-a-solar-PV-system.

California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2019a. 2017 Scoping Plan Documents. Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/ab-32-climate-change-scoping-plan/2017- scoping-plan-documents.

California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2019.b EMFAC 2017 Emissions Model. Available:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/
California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). 2010. Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures. August. Available: http://www.capcoa.org/wp- content/uploads/downloads/2010/09/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf California Building Standards Commission. 2011. 2010 California Green Building Standards Code California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 11. Available:
http://www.hcd.ca.gov/codes/shl/2010_CA_Green_Bldg.pdf Accessed: November 24, 2020.

California Department of Finance. 2019. Economic Forecasts, U.S. and California. Available:
http://www.dof.ca.gov/Forecasting/Economics/Eco_Forecasts_Us_Ca/.

California Energy Commission (2019). Annual Power Content Labels for 2016. Available at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/files/annual-power-content-labels-2016.

California Energy Commission (CEC). 2012. 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards: Staff Presentation from the May 31, 2012 Adoption Hearing. Available:
http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2013standards/rulemaking/documents/2012-5-31-Item- 05-Adoption_Hearing_Presentation.pdf Accessed: June 26, 2012.

CalRecycle. 2010a. Disposal Reporting System (DRS), California Solid Waste Statistics. Available:
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/lgcentral/Reports/DRS/Default.aspx.

CalRecycle. 2010b. Jurisdiction Diversion/Disposal Rate Summary. Available:
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/DataTools/Reports/DivDispRtSum.htm.

City of Needles. 2016. City of Needles AB32 Emission Verification Report - 2016 Emissions. Table 4. 2016 Power Content Label.

County of San Bernardino. 2011. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Plan. September. Available:
http://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/lus/GreenhouseGas/FinalGHG.pdf Accessed: June 27, 2012.

Department of Energy (DOE). 2015. DOE Energy Savings Forecast; Table 3.7. Available:
https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/05/f22/energysavingsforecast14.pdf.

Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2015a. Table CE6.1. Average annual household site space heating consumption by main heating fuel. Available:
https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2015/hc/php/hc1.6.php.

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Appendix B.

GHG Reduction Measure Methods

San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Plan B-80 March 2021
ICF

Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2015b. Table HC1.6. Fuels used and end uses in U.S. homes by climate region. Available:
https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2015/c&e/pdf/ce6.1.pdf.

Hanak and Davis. 2006. Lawns and Water Demand in California. Available:
https://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/cep/EP_706EHEP.pdf.

Huffman, et al. 2007. Fact Sheet: AB 1470- Solar Water Heating and Efficiency Act of 2007. Available:
http://www.environmentcalifornia.org/uploads/e2/33/e23381557c9bb00ba563ba66199d6f3 d/_Fact_Sheet_AB_1470.pdf Accessed: August 17, 2011.

San Bernardino Associated Governments (SANBAG). 2014. San Bernardino County Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan. Available; https://www.gosbcta.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/10/Final-Plan-.pdf
Schweitzer, Martin. 2005. Estimating the National Effects of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Weatherization Assistance Program with State-Level Data: A Meta Evaluation Using Studies From 1993 to 2005. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of the Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program. September. Available:
http://weatherization.ornl.gov/pdfs/ORNL_CON-493.pdf Accessed: November 24, 2020.

Southern California Area Governments. 2019. Draft RHNA Methodology Data Appendix, 2019.

Available: http://www.scag.ca.gov/programs/Documents/RHNA/Draft-RHNA-Methodology- Data-Appendix.pdf.

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2004. NREL. State Energy Program Case Studies: California Says “Go” To energy-Saving Traffic Lights. Available: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35551.pdf Accessed: August 20, 2011.

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 2012. Buildings Energy Data Book, Table 8.2.4 Per Capita Use of Hot Water in Single Family Homes by End Use (Gallons per Capita per Day). Available:
http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/TableView.aspx?table=8.2.4 Accessed: February 2, 2014.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). Available: https://www.epa.gov/egrid.

Lee, Raymond. P.E. City of Ontario. September 17th, 2010—Email correspondence with Stephanie Fincher, ICF International.

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Draft
City of Colton

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
Screening Tables Implementing Performance Standards
December 2021

Prepared for:

City of Colton
City Hall
650 N La Cadena Drive
Colton, California 92324

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton i December2021
8 CONTENTS
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 California Environmental Quality Act .................................................................................................. 2 CEQA Mandates for Analysis of Impacts .......................................................................................... 2 Greenhouse Gas Impact Determination .............................................................................................. 3 Statewide or Regional Thresholds of Significance ........................................................................... 3 Quantitative Analysis Relative to the San Bernardino County Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update ................................................................................................................................ 3 Methodology Overview ...................................................................................................... 3 The Development Review Process ................................................................................................... 4 Methods for the Calculation of GHG Emissions .................................................................. 5 Screening Tables Implementing Performance Standards ..................................................................... 6 Instructions for Residential, Commercial, or Industrial Projects ........................................ 6 Instructions for Mixed-Use Projects ................................................................................... 6 References ....................................................................................................................................... 19

APPENDIX A: GHG Development Review Process Flow Chart Diagram APPENDIX B: Transit Priority Project and Sustainable Community Project Checklist APPENDIX C: Methodology for the Development and Application of the Screening Tables

TABLES
Table 1: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Residential Development .............................................................................................................................. 7 Table 2: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Commercial Development and Public Facilities ............................................................................................ 13

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City of Colton December 2021

Introduction
The City of Colton adopted a Climate Action Plan in 2015, outlining actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The City’s GHG emissions reduction target was 15% below the 2008 emissions level by 2020, which aligns with California’s statewide reduction target.

The State has enacted new climate change regulations, most notably the Senate Bill (SB) 32, which provides Statewide targets to reduce GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. To ensure conformity with State climate regulations, the SBCTA has updated the 2014 San Bernardino County Regional GHG Reduction Plan (Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update). Pe r the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update (Regional GHGRP Update), the City would reduce its community GHG emissions to a level that is 46% below its 2008 emissions level by 2030. The City will meet and exceed this goal through a combination of State (65%) and local (35%) efforts.

Reductions related to transportation, water conveyance, solid waste, wastewater treatment, building energy, agriculture, and off-road equipment all play a crucial part in gaining the level of efficiency needed within the new development across the City . The Pavley vehicle standards, the S tate’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), the renewable portfolio standards ( RPS), and other S tate measures will significantly reduce GHG emissions in Colton’s on -road and building energy sectors in 2030. An additional reduction of 80,526 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents ( MTCO2e) will be achieved primarily through the local measures.

The l argest emissions contributions are from transportation and building energy emission sectors.

Mitigation of GHG emissions impacts through the Development Review Process (DRP) provides one of the most substantial reduction strategies for reducing communitywide GHG emissions associated with new development.

The Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update includes the GHG Performance Standard for the City, that will reduce (MT CO2e) per year from new development (29% below projected 2030 Business as usual( BAU)) scenario. The DRP procedures for evaluating GHG impacts and determining significance for CEQA purposes will be streamlined by utilizing the performance standard review checklist to mitigate project GHG emissions and demonstrating compliance with the GHG Reduction Plan Update.

Development projects will have the option of preparing a project -specific technical analysis to quantify and mitigate GHG emissions or completing the performance review checklist to demonstrate compliance with performance standards.

The City shall utilize the GHG Screening Tables (see Table 1 and Table 2) developed as part of the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update to implement the performance standard and determine GHG reductions from new development. The level of GHG reductions desi gned into the performance standard checklist are consistent with the State goal of achieving 46 percent below 2008 levels of emissions by 2030.

The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires the assessment of environmental impacts for proposed projects including the impacts of GHG emissions. The purpose of this document is to provide

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
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8 guidance on how to analyze GHG emissions and determine the significance of those emissions during CEQA review of proposed development projects within the City. The analysis, methodology, and significance determination (thresholds) are based upon the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update. The Screening Tables can be used by the City for review of development projects in order to ensure that the specific reduction strategies in the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update are implemented as part of the CEQA process for development projects. The Screening Tables provide a menu of options that ensures both implementation of the reduction strategies and flexibility on how development projects would implement the reduction strategies to achieve an overall reduction of emissions, consistent with the reduction targets of the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update.

California Environmental Quality Act
CEQA Mandates for Analysis of Impacts
CEQA requires Lead Agencies inform decision -makers and the public regarding the following: potential significant environmental effects of proposed projects; feasible ways that environmental damage can be avoided or reduced through the use of feasible mitigation measures and/or project alternatives; and the reasons why the Lead Agency approved a project if significant environmental effects are involved ( CEQA Guidelines § 15002). CEQA also requires Lead Agencies to evaluate potential environmental effects based to the fullest extent possible on scientific and factual data (CEQA Guidelines § 15064[b]). A determination of whether or not a particular environmental impact would be significant shall be based on substantial evidence, which includes facts, reasonable assumptions predicated upon facts, and expert opinion supported by facts (CEQA Guidelines § 15064f[5]).

CEQA Guidelines § 15064.4[a] [b] explicitly require Lead Agencies to evaluate GHG emissions during CEQA review of potential environmental impacts generated by a proposed project. To assist in this effort, two questions are included in Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines:
■ Would the project generate GHG emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment?
■ Would the project conflict with any applicable plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of GHGs?
Finally, under the “rule of reason,” an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) is required to evaluate impacts to the extent that is reasonably feasible ( CEQA Guidelines § 15151; San Francisco Ecology Center v. City and County of San Francisco [1975] 48 Cal.App.3rd 584). While CEQA does require Lead Agencies to make a good faith effort to disclose what they reasonably can, CEQA d oes not demand what is not realistically possible (Residents at Hawks Stadium Committee v. Board of Trustees [1979] 89 Cal.App.3rd 274, 286).

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
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8 Greenhouse Gas Impact Determination
Statewide or Regional Thresholds of Significance
There are currently no publis hed statewide thresholds of significance for measuring the impact of GHG emissions generated by a proposed project . CEQA Guidelines § 15064.7 indicates only that “each public agency is encouraged to develop and publish thresholds of significance that the agency uses in the determination of the significance of environmental effects.” South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) has published draft thresholds that, when finalized, jurisdictions within the SCAQMD boundary can use if they do not have their own thresholds and GHG mitigation plans. However, the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update for the City addresses cumulative GHG emi ssions, has reduction targets that reduce the cumulative GHG impacts to less than significant, has a set of reduction measures that achieves the reduction targets, and provides an implementation plan to implement the reduction measures. This document provi des guidance in how to address GHG emissions in CEQA analysis and determine the significance of project-generated GHG emissions.

Quantitative Analysis Relative to the San Bernardino
County Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update

METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW
An individual project cannot generate enough GHG emissions to influence global climate change. The project participates in climate change by its incremental contribution combined with the cumulative increase of all other sources of GHGs, which when taken together may have a significant impact on global climate change (AEP 2007). To address the State’s requirement to reduce GHG emissions, the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update’s target of reducing GHG emissions within the City by 46 percent below 2008 baseline by 2030. The City will meet and exceed this goal through a combination of state (65%) and local (35%) efforts.

Because the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update addresses GHG emissions reduction, in concert with SB 32, and international efforts to address global climate change, and includes specific local requirements that would substantially lessen the cumulative problem , compliance with the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update would fulfill the description of mitigation found in CEQA Guidelines § 15130(a)(3) and § 15183.5.

GHG emissions are only important in the context of cumulative emissions ; therefore, the focus of the analysis is on answering the question of whether incremental contributions of GHGs are a cumulatively considerable contribution to climate change impacts. The Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update includes a set of reduction measures designed to substantially lessen cumulative impacts associated with GHG emissions as described in CEQA Guidelines § 15130(a)(3), in determining if a project’s effects would result

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8 in significant impacts. The Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update has the following components that fulfill cumulative mitigation for GHG emissions:

1. Provides a communitywide GHG emissions reduction target that would substantially lessen the cumulative impact;

2. Provides measures that new development projects shall follow to meet the City’s reduction target and substantially lessen the cumulative impact;

3. Provides a set of GHG emission inventories that provide quantitativ e facts and analysis for how the measures within the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update meet the reduction target s that substantially lessen the cumulative impact; and

4. Provides an implementation, monitoring, and update program to ensure that the reduction target is met.

The Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update satisfies the first condition by adopting targets of reducing GHG emissions within the City by 46 percent by 2030. The 2030 reduction target is compliant with SB 32 (AEP 2012 and 2016).

The Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update satisfies the second condition through the implementation of the reduction measures for new development. This document supplies the specific criteria that new development shall follow to ensure that the reduction measures associat ed with new development are implemented and the reduction targets are met.

The Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update satisfies the third criterion by providing a set of communitywide GHG emissions inventories for existing conditions and future 2030 and 2045 GHG emissions that are anticipated without the reduction measures ( Adjusted Business-As-Usual, or ABAU). The Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update also demonstrates reduced levels of 2030 and 2045 GHG emissions that demonstrate how the implementation of reduction measures achieves the reduction target s. These communitywide GHG emission inventories are found in Appendix A of the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update.

The Development Review Process
Integrating the reduction measures of the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update into the CEQA development review process is the first step in determining how a proposed project will implement the GHG reduction measures within the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update. The GHG emissions development review process is predicated on responses to two questions:
■ Question 1: Is the proposed activity a “Project” as defined by CEQA? If the activity is not a project under CEQA, no further action is required concerning GHG emissions in the development review process.

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 5 December2021
8 ■ Question 2: Is the project exempt under CEQA? If so, then the California Air Resources Board has determined that GHG emissions are less than significant and no additi onal GHG reductions are needed. CEQA Guidelines § 15300 through § 15332 list the CEQA exemptions.

Appendix A of this document contains a flow chart that diagrams this development review process.

There are also exemption opportunities associated with transit -oriented development (TOD) associated with the Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) for the region de veloped by the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) and first introduced in the 2012 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP).

Exemptions associated with TOD are divided into two categories : transit priority projects (TPP) and Sustainable Community Projects (SCP). Appendix B of this document provides the TPP and SCP Checklist to assist project applicants in determining if a project qualifies for these e xemptions under CEQA. If the project does not qualify for a CEQA exemption , then the applicant can move on to the next section of Methods for the Calculation of GHG Emissions and Screening Tables.

METHODS FOR THE CALCULATION OF GHG EMISSIONS
Analysis of development projects can either be done through emissions calculations or by using the Screening Tables as described below.

Total GHG emissions are the sum of emissions from both direct and indirect sources. Direct sources include mobile sources, such as construction equipment, motor vehicles, and landscape equipment, and stationary sources , such as cooling and heating equipment. Indirect sources comprise electrical and potable water use, and the generation of solid waste and wastewater.

Direct GHG emissions from mobile and stationary sources are determined as the sum of the annual GHG emissions from construction equipment, motor vehicles, landscape equipment, and heating and cooling equipment.

Indirect sources are reported based on the following:
• Electrical usage is reported as annual emissions from electrical usage. • Potable water usage is reported as the annual emissions from electricity used for potable water treatment and transportation.
• Solid waste is reported as the sum of annual emissions from solid waste disposal treatment, transportation, and fugitive emissions of methane at the solid waste facilities. • Wastewater usage is reported as the annual emissions from wastewater transport and treatment.

Analysis of development projects not using the Screening Tables should use the emission factors found in the latest version of the Climate Registry (TCR) General Reporting Protocol Version 3.0 (TCR, May 2019), The latest version of published Emission Factors (TCR , May 2021) and guidance in the Association of Environmental Professionals’ (AEP) White Paper: Community -Wide Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory Protocols (AEP, June 2011). Quantification of emissions from electricity used for potable water treatment

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 6 December2021
8 and transportation as well as wastewater transport and treatment can be found in the California Energy Commission ( CEC) document titled Refining Estimates of Water -Related Energy Use in California (CEC 2006).

Screening Tables Implementing Performance
Standards
The purpose of the Screening Tables is to provide guidance in measuring the reduction of GHG emissions attributable to certain design and construction measures incorporate d into development projects. The analysis, methodology, and significance determination (thresholds) are based upon the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update, which include GHG emission inventories (2016); forecasts for years, 2030, and 2045; 2030 emission reduction targets; and the goals and policies to reach the targets. Appendix C of this document sets forth the methodology for the development and application of the Screening Table s and uses the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) guidance on quantifying project - level GHG reductions (CAPCOA 2010).

INSTRUCTIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL , OR

INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
The Screening Tables assign points for each option incorporated into a project as mitigation or a project design feature (collectively referred to as “feature”). The point values correspond to the minimum emissions reduction expected from each feature. The menu of features al lows maximum flexibility and options for how development projects can implement the GHG reduction measures. The point levels are based upon improvements compared to 201 6 emission levels of efficiency. Projects that obtain at least 100 points will be consistent with the reduction quantities anticipated in the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update. Consistent with CEQA Guidelines , such projects would be determined to have a less than significant individual and cumulative impact for GHG emissions.

Note that the Screening Tables use a base level of efficiency that corresponds to the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Non -residential Buildings (Title 24, Part 6) that became effective January 1, 2020. These are the statewide minimum requirements of efficiency that are currently in effect.

INST RUCTIONS FOR MIXED -USE PROJECTS
Mixed-use projects provide additional opportunities to reduce emissions by combining complementary land uses in a manner that can reduce vehicle trip s. Mixed -use projects also have the potential to complement energy-efficient infrastructure in a way that reduces emissions. For mixed-use projects, both Table 1 and Table 2 should be filled out , but the points should be proportioned identical to the proportioning of the mix of uses. For example, a mixed-use project that is 50 percent commercial uses and 50 percent residential uses will show ½ point for each assigned point value in Table 1 and Table 2, and

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 7 December2021
8 the points will be added from both tables . Mixed-use projects that obtain at least 100 points will be consistent with the reduction quantities in the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update and would be considered less than significant for GHG emissions.

Those projects that do not obtain 100 points using the S creening Tables will need to provide additional analysis to determine the significance of GHG emissions. Nothing in this guidance shall be construed as limiting the City’s authority to adopt a statement of overriding consideration for projects that require the preparation of an EIR due to significant GHG impacts. The following tables provide a menu of performance standards/options related to GHG mitigation measures and design features that can be used to demonstrate consistency with the reduction measures and GHG reduction quantities in the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update.

Table 1: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Residential Development
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Reduction Measure Energy: Exceed Energy Efficiency Standards in New Residential Units Building Envelope
Insulation • 2019 Title 24 Requirements (walls R-8, roof/attic R-30) • Enhanced Insulation (rigid wall insulation R-13, roof/attic R-38) • Greatly Enhanced Insulation ( spray foam wall insulated walls R -18 or higher, roof/attic R-38 or higher)
0 points
9 points
11 points

Windows • 2019 Title 24 Windows ( 0.3 U-factor, 0. 23 solar heat gain coefficient [SHGC])
• Enhanced Window (0.28 U-Factor, 0.22 SHGC)
• Greatly Enhanced Window (less than 0.28 U-Factor, less than 0.22 SHGC) 0 points
4 points
5 points

Cool Roofs • Enhanced Cool Roof (CRRC Rated 0.2 aged solar reflectance, 0.75 thermal emittance)
• Greatly Enhanced Cool Roof (CRRC Rated 0.35 aged solar reflectance, 0.75 thermal emittance)
6 points

7 points

Air Infiltration Minimizing leaks in the building envelope is as important as the insulat ion properties of the building. Insulation does not work effectively if there is excess air leakage.

• Air barrier applied to exterior walls, calking, and visual inspection such as the HERS Verified Quality Insulation Installation (QII or equivalent) • Blower Door HERS Verified Envelope Leakage or equivalent 6 points

5 points

Thermal
Storage of
Building
Thermal storage is a design characteristic that helps keep a constant temperature in the building. Common thermal storage devices include strategically placed water filled columns, water storage tanks, and thick masonry walls.

• Modest Thermal Mass (10% of floor or 10% of walls 12” or more thick exposed concrete or masonry with no permanently installed floor covering such as carpet, linoleum, wood, or other insulating materials) 1 point
• Enhanced Thermal Mass (20% of floor or 20% of walls 12” or more thick exposed concrete or masonry with no permanently installed floor covering such as carpet, linoleum, wood, or other insulating materials) 2 points

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 8 December2021
8 Table 1: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Residential Development
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Indoor Space Efficiencies
Heating/
Cooling
Distribution
System
• Minimum Duct Insulation (R-6 required)
• Enhanced Duct Insulation (R-8)
• Distribution loss reduction with inspection (HERS Verified Duct Leakage or equivalent)
0 points
5 points
7 points

Space
Heating/
Cooling
Equipment
• 2019 Title 24 Minimum HVAC Efficiency (SEER 13/75% AFUE or 7.7 HSPF) • Improved Efficiency HVAC (SEER 14/78% AFUE or 8 HSPF) • High Efficiency HVAC (SEER 15/80% AFUE or 8.5 HSPF)
• Very High Efficiency HVAC (SEER 16/82% AFUE or 9 HSPF) 0 points
2 points
4 points
5 points

Water Heaters • 2019 Title 24 Minimum Efficiency (0.57 Energy Factor) • Improved Efficiency Water Heater (0.675 Energy Factor) • High Efficiency Water Heater (0.72 Energy Factor)
• Very High Efficiency Water Heater ( 0.92 Energy Factor) • Solar Pre-heat System (0.2 Net Solar Fraction)
• Enhanced Solar Pre-heat System (0.35 Net Solar Fraction) 0 points
7 points
9 points
11 points
2 points
5 points

Daylighting Daylighting is the ability of each room within the building to provide outside light during the day reducing the need for artificial lighting during daylight hours. • All peripheral rooms within the living space have at least one window (required)
• All rooms within the living space have daylight (through use of windows, solar tubes, skylights, etc.)
• All rooms daylighted

0 points

1 point

1 point

Artificial
Lighting
• Efficient Lights (25% of in -unit fixtures considered high efficacy. High efficiency is defined as 40 lumens/watt for 15 watt or less fixtures; 50 lumens/watt for 15-40 watt fixtures, 60 lumens/watt for fixtures >40watt) • High Efficiency Lights (50% of in-unit fixtures are high efficiency) • Very High Efficiency Lights (100% of in-unit fixtures are high efficiency) 5 points

6 points
7 points

Appliances • Energy Star Refrigerator (new)
• Energy Star Dishwasher (new)
• Energy Star Washing Machine (new)
1 point
1 point
1 point

Miscellaneous Residential Building Efficiencies
Building
Placement
North/south alignment of building or other building placement such that the orientation of the buildings optimizes natural heating, cooling, and lighting. 3 points
Shading At least 90% of south -facing glazing will be shaded by vegetation or overhangs at noon on June 21st.
2 points
Energy Star
Homes
EPA Energy Star for Homes (version 3 or above) 15 points Independent
Energy
Efficiency
Calculations
Provide point values based upon energy efficiency modeling of the project. Note that engineering data will be required documenting the energy efficiency and point values based upon the proven efficiency beyond Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards.

TBD
Other This allows innovation by the applicant to provide design features that increase the energy efficiency of the project not provided in the table. Note that engineering data will be required documenting the energy efficiency of innovative designs and poi nt values given based upon the proven efficiency beyond Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards.

TBD

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 9 December2021
8 Table 1: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Residential Development
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Existing
Residential
Retrofits
Having residential developments within walking and biking distance s of local retail helps to reduce vehicle trips and/or vehicle miles traveled.

The point value of residential projects in close proximity to local retail will be determined based upon traffic studies that demonstrate trip reductions and/or reductions in vehicle miles traveled (VMT).

The suburban project will have at least three of the following on site and/or off site within ¼ -mile: Residential Development, Retail Development, Park, Open Space, or Office.

The mixed -use development should encourage walking and other non- auto modes of transport from residential to office/commercial locations (and vice versa). The project should minimize the need for external trips by including services/facilities for daycare, banking/ATM, restaurants, vehicle refueling, and shopping.

TBD
Reduction Measure Energy : Building Electrification
All-Electric
Homes
All electric homes reduce GHG emissions, as the grid electricity they use is generated using less carbon over time. Grid electricity in California will be 60 percent renewable energy by 2030 and 100 percent renewable energy by 2040. 12 points
Reduction Measure Energy: Clean Energy
Residential Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaic Solar Photovoltaic panels installed on individual homes or in collective neighborhood arrangements such that the total power provided augments:

• 30 percent of the power needs of the project
• 40 percent of the power needs of the project
• 50 percent of the power needs of the project
• 60 percent of the power needs of the project
• 70 percent of the power needs of the project
• 80 percent of the power needs of the project
• 90 percent of the power needs of the project
• 100 percent of the power needs of the project
9 points
12 points
17 points
20 points
23 points
25 points
28 points
31 points

Wind Turbines Some areas of the City lend themselves to wind turbine applications. Analysis of the areas’ capability to support wind turbines should be evaluated prior to choosing this feature. Individual wind turbines at homes or collective neighborhood arrangements of wind turbines such that the total power provided augments:

• 30 percent of the power needs of the project
• 40 percent of the power needs of the project
• 50 percent of the power needs of the project
• 60 percent of the power needs of the project
• 70 percent of the power needs of the project
• 80 percent of the power needs of the project
• 90 percent of the power needs of the project
• 100 percent of the power needs of the project
9 points
12 points
17 points
21 points
23 points
25 points
28 points
31 points

Off-site
Renewable
Energy Project
The applicant may submit a proposal to supply an off -site renewable energy project such as renewable energy retrofits of existing homes. These off -site renewable energy retrofit project proposals will be determined on a case -by- case basis and shall be accompanied by a detailed plan that documents the quantity of renewable energy the proposal would generate. Point values will be determined based upon the energy generated by the proposal.

TBD

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 10 December2021
8 Table 1: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Residential Development
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Other
Renewable
Energy
Generation
The applicant may have innovative designs or unique site circumstances (such as geothermal) that allow the project to generate electricity from renewable energy not provided in the table. The ability to supply other renewable energ y and the point values allowed will be decided based upon engineering data documenting the ability to generate electricity.

TBD
Reduction Measure Water: Water Conservation
Residential Irrigation and Landscaping
Water
Efficient
Landscaping
• Limit conventional turf to < 25% of required landscape area • Limit conventional turf to < 50% of required landscape area • No conventional turf (warm season turf to < 50% of required landscape area and/or low water using plants are allowed)
• Only California Native P lants that requires no irrigation or some supplemental irrigation
0 points
2 points
4 points

5 points

Water
Efficient
Irrigation
Systems
• Low precipitation spray heads < .75”/hr or drip irrigation • Weather based irrigation control systems or moisture sensors (demonstrate 20% reduced water use)
1 point
2 points

Storm Water
Reuse Systems
Innovative on-site storm water collection, filtration, and reuse systems are being developed that provide supplemental irrigation water and provide vector control. These systems can greatly reduce the irrigation needs of a project. Point values for these types of systems will be determined based upon design a nd engineering data documenting the water savings.

TBD
Residential Potable Water
Showers Water Efficient Showerheads (2.0 gpm) 2 points
Toilets Water Efficient Toilets (1.5 gpm) 2 points
Faucets Water Efficient faucets (1.28 gpm) 2 points
Dishwasher Water Efficient Dishwasher (6 gallons per cycle or less) 1 point Washing
Machine
Water Efficient Washing Machine (Water factor <5.5) 1 point WaterSense EPA WaterSense Certification 7 points
Increase Residential Reclaimed Water Use
Recycled
Water
5% of the total project’s water use comes from recycled/reclaimed water 5 points Reduction Measures On-Road: Transportation
Increase Residential Density
Residential
Density
Designing the project with increased densities, where allowed by the General Plan and/or Zoning Ordinance, reduces GHG emissions associated with traffic in several ways. Increased densities affect the distance people travel and provide greater options for the modes of travel they choose. This strategy also provides a foundation for implementation of many other strategies, which would benefit from increased densities.
1 point is allowed for each 10% increase in density beyond 7 units/acre, up to 500% (50 points)
1–50 points

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 11 December2021
8 Table 1: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Residential Development
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Mixed-Use Development
Mixed-Use Mixes of land uses that complement one another in a way that reduces the need for vehicle trips can greatly reduce GHG emissions. The point value of mixed-use projects will be deter mined based upon a Transportation Impact Analysis (TIA) demonstrating trip reductions and/or reductions in vehicle miles traveled .

Suggested ranges:
• Diversity of land uses complementing each other (2–28 points) • Increased destination accessibility other than transit (1–18 points) • Increased Transit Accessibility (1–25 points)
• Infill location that reduces vehicle trips or VMT beyond the measures described above (points TBD based on traffic data).

TBD
Residential
Near Local
Retail
(Residential-
only Projects)
Having residential developments within walking and biking distance of local retail helps to reduce vehicle trips and/or vehicle miles traveled.

The point value of residential projects in close proximity to local retail will be determined based upon traffic studies that demonstrate trip reductions and/or reductions in vehicle miles traveled (VMT).

The suburban project will have at least three of the following on site and/or off site within ¼ -mile: Residential Development, Retail Development, Park, Open Space, or Office.

The mixed -use deve lopment should encourage walking and other non- auto modes of transport from residential to office/commercial locations (and vice versa). The project should minimize the need for external trips by including services/facilities for day care, banking/ATM, restaurants, vehicle refueling, and shopping.
1–16 points
Traffic Flow Management Improvements
Signal
Synchroni-
zation
Techniques for improving traffic flow include: traffic signal coordination to reduce delay, incident management to increase response time to breakdowns and collisions, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to provide real -time information regarding road conditions and directions, and speed management to reduce high free-flow speeds.
• Signal synchronization
• Traffic signals connected to existing ITS

1 point/signal
3 points/signal

Increase Public Transit
Public Transit
Access
The point value of a project’s ability to increase public transit use will be determined based upon a Transportation Impact Analysis (TIA) demonstrating decreased use of private vehicles and increased use of public transportation.

Increased transit accessibility (1–15 points)
TBD
Reduction Measure: Adopt and Implement a Bicycle Master Plan to Expand Bike Routes around the City
Sidewalks
• Provide sidewalks on both sides of the street (required) • Provide pedestrian linkage between residential and commercial uses within 1 mile

1 point
3 points

Bicycle Paths • Provide bicycle paths within project boundaries • Provide bicycle path linkages between residential and other land uses • Provide bicycle path linkages between residential and transit TBD
2 points
5 points

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 12 December2021
8 Table 1: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Residential Development
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Reduction Measure: Install Electric Chargers
Single-family
DU EV
Chargers
Installation of Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers in the garage of single-family DUs:
• Level 1 110 volt AC Chargers
• Level 2 240 volt AC Fast Chargers

2 points
5 points

Multi-family
DU EV
Chargers
Installation of Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers in the parking areas of Multi -family Residential Development:
• Level 1 110 volt AC Chargers
• Level 2 240 volt AC Fast Chargers
2 points/charger
5 points/ charger

Reduction Measure Waste-1 : Increased Water Diversion
Recycling City-initiated recycling program diverting 100 % of waste requires coordination in neighborhoods to realize this goal. The following recycling features will help the City fulfill this goal:

• Provide green waste composting bins at each residential unit • Multifamily residential projects that provide dedicated recycling bins separated by types of recyclables combined with instructions/education program explaining how to use the bins and the importance or recycling • Construction waste recycling

4 points
3 points

4 points

Other GHG Reduction Feature Implementation
Other GHG
Emissions
Reduction
Features
This allows innovation by the applicant to provide residential design features for the GHG emissions from construction and/or operation of the project not provided in the table. Note that engineering data will be required documenting the GHG reduction amount and point values given based upon emission reductions calculations using approved models, methods, and protocols.

TBD
Total Points Earned by Residential Project:

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 13 December2021
8 Table 2: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Commercial Development and Public Facilities
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Reduction Measure Energy: Exceed Energy Efficiency Standards in New Commercial Units Building Envelope
Insulation • 2019 Title 24 Requirements (walls R-16; roof/attic R-32) • Modestly Enhanced Insulation (walls R-15, roof/attic R-38) • Enhanced Insulation (rigid wall insulation R-13, roof/attic R-38) • Greatly Enhanced Insulation ( spray foam insulated walls R -18 or higher, roof/attic R-38 or higher)

0 points
9 points
11 points
12 points

Windows • 2019 Title 24 Windows (0.3 U-factor, 0.23 solar heat gain coefficient [SHGC])
• Enhanced Window (0.28 U-Factor, 0.22 SHGC)
• Greatly Enhanced Window ( less than 0.28 U -Factor, less than 0.22 SHGC)
0 points

4 points
5 points

Cool Roofs • Enhanced Cool Roof (CRRC Rated 0.2 aged solar reflectance, 0.75 thermal emittance)
• Greatly Enhanced Cool Roof ( CRRC Rated 0.35 aged solar reflectance, 0.75 thermal emittance)
7 points

8 points

Air Infiltration Minimizing leaks in the building envelope is as important as the insulation properties of the building. Insulation does not work effectively if there is excess air leakage.

• Air barrier applied to exterior walls, calking, and visual inspection such as the HERS Verified Quality Insulation Installation (QII or equivalent)
• Blower Door HERS Verified Envelope Leakage or equivalent 7 points

6 points

Thermal
Storage of
Building
Thermal storage is a design characteristic that helps keep a constant temperature in the building. Common thermal storage devices include strategically placed water filled columns, water storage tanks, and thick masonry walls.

• Modest Thermal Mass (10% of floor or 10% of walls 12” or more thick exposed concrete or masonry with no permanently installed floor covering such as carpet, linoleum, wood , or other insulating materials)
2 points
• Enhanced Thermal Mass (20% of floor or 20% of walls 12” or more thick exposed concrete or masonry with no permanently installed floor covering such as carpet, linoleum, wood , or other insulating materials)
• Enhanced Thermal Mass (80% of floor or 80% of walls 12” or more thick exposed concrete or masonry with no permanen tly installed floor covering such as carpet, linoleum, wood , or other insulating materials)

4 points

14 points

Indoor Space Efficiencies
Heating/Cooling
Distribution
System
• Modest Duct insulation (R-6 required)
• Enhanced Duct Insulation (R-8)
• Distribution loss reduction with inspection (HERS Verified Duct Leakage or equivalent)
0 points
5 points
6 points

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 14 December2021
8 Table 2: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Commercial Development and Public Facilities
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Space Heating/
Cooling
Equipment
• 2019 Title 24 Minimum HVAC Efficiency (SEER 13/75% AFUE or 7.7 HSPF)
• Improved Efficiency HVAC (SEER 14/78% AFUE or 8 HSPF) • High Efficiency HVAC (SEER 15/80% AFUE or 8.5 HSPF)
• Very High Efficiency HVAC (SEER 16/82% AFUE or 9 HSPF) 0 points

4 points
5 points
7 points

Commercial
Heat Recovery
Systems
Heat recovery strategies employed with commercial laundry, cooking equipment, and other commercial heat sources for reuse in HVAC air intake or other appropriate heat recovery technology. Point values for these types of systems will be determined based upon design and engineering data documenting the energy savings.

TBD
Water Heaters • 2019 Title 24 Minimum Efficiency (0.57 Energy Factor) 0 points • Improved Efficiency Water Heater (0.675 Energy Factor) 8 points • High Efficiency Water Heater (0.72 Energy Factor) 10 points • Very High Efficiency Water Heater (0.92 Energy Factor) 11 points • Solar Pre-heat System (0.2 Net Solar Fraction)
• Enhanced Solar Pre-heat System (0.35 Net Solar Fraction)

2 points
5 points

Daylighting Daylighting is the ability of each room within the building to provide outside light during the day reducing the need for artificial lighting during daylight hours.

• All peripheral rooms within building have at least one window or skylight
0 points
• All rooms within building have daylight (through use of windows, solar tubes, skylights, etc.)
1 point
• All rooms daylighted

1 point
Artificial
Lighting
• Efficient Lights (25% of in -unit fixtures considered high efficiency.

High efficiency is defined as 40 lumens/watt for 15 watt or less fixtures; 50 lumens/watt for 15-40 watt fixtures, 60 lumens/watt for fixtures >40 watt)
• High Efficiency Lights (50% of in-unit fixtures are high efficiency) • Very High Efficiency Lights (100% of in -unit fixtures are high efficiency)

5 points

7 points
8 points

Appliances • Energy Star Commercial Refrigerator (new)
• Energy Star Commercial Dishwasher (new)
• Energy Star Commercial Clothes Washer

2 points
2 points
2 points

Miscellaneous Commercial Building Efficiencies
Building
Placement
North/south alignment of building or other building placement such that the orientation of the buildings optimizes conditions for natural heating, cooling, and lighting.

4 points
Shading At least 90% of south -facing glazing will be shaded by vegetation or overhangs at noon on June 21st.

6 points
Other This allows innovation by the applicant to provide design features that increase the energy efficiency of the project not provided in the table.

TBD

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 15 December2021
8 Table 2: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Commercial Development and Public Facilities
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Note that engineering data will be required documenting the energy efficiency of innovative designs and point values given based upon the proven efficiency beyond Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards.

Existing
Commercial
Buildings
Retrofits

The applicant may wish to provide energy efficiency retrofit projects to existing commercial buildings to further the point value of their project.

Retrofitting existing commercial buildings within the City is a key reduction measure that is needed to reach the reduction goal. The potential for an applicant to take advantage of this program will b e decided on a case-by-case basis and shall have the approval from the City of Chino Planning Department. The decision to allow applicants to participate in this program will be evaluated based upon, but not limited to the following:

TBD
• Will the energy efficiency retrofit project benefit low income or disadvantaged communities?

• Does the energy efficiency retrofit project provide co -benefits important to the City?

• Point value will be determined based upon engineering and design criteria of the energy efficiency retrofit project.

Reduction Measure Energy:All Electric Buildings

All-Electric
Buildings

All electric buildings reduce GHG emissions, as the grid electricity they use is generated using less carbon over time. Grid electricity in California will be 60 percent renewable energy by 2030 and 100 percent renewable energy by 2040.

15 points
Reduction Measure Energy: Clean Energy
Commercial/Industrial Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaic
Solar Photovoltaic panels installed on commercial buildings or in collective arrangements within a commercial development such that the total power provided augments:

• 30 percent of the power needs of the project
• 40 percent of the power needs of the project
• 50 percent of the power needs of the project
• 60 percent of the power needs of the project
• 70 percent of the power needs of the project
• 80 percent of the power needs of the project
• 90 percent of the power needs of the project
• 100 percent of the power needs of the project

8 points
12 points
16 points
19 points
23 points
26 points
30 points
34 points

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 16 December2021
8 Table 2: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Commercial Development and Public Facilities
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Wind Turbines Some areas of the City lend themselves to wind turbine applications.

Analysis of the areas capability to support wind turbines should be evaluated prior to choosing this feature.

Wind turbines as part of the commercial development such that the total power provided augments:

• 30 percent of the power needs of the project
• 40 percent of the power needs of the project
• 50 percent of the power needs of the project
• 60 percent of the power needs of the project
• 70 percent of the power needs of the project
• 80 percent of the power needs of the project
• 90 percent of the power needs of the project
• 100 percent of the power needs of the project

8 points
12 points
16 points
19 points

23 points
26 points
30 points
34 points

Off-site
Renewable
Energy Project
The applicant may submit a proposal to supply an off-site renewable energy project such as renewable energy retrofits of existing residential or e xisting commercial/industrial. These off -
site renewable energy
retrofit project proposals will be determined on a case -by-case basis accompanied by a detailed plan documenting the quantity of renewable energy the proposal will generate. Point values will be based upon the energy generated by the proposal.

TBD
Other
Renewable
Energy
Generation
The applicant may have innovative designs or unique site circumstanc es (such as geothermal) that allow the project to generate electricity from renewable energy not provided in the table. The ability to supply other renewable energy and the point values allowed would be decided based upon engineering data documenting the ability to generate electricity.

TBD
Reduction Measure Water: Exceed Water Efficiency Standards Commercial Irrigation and Landscaping
Water Efficient
Landscaping
• Eliminate conventional turf from landscaping
• Only moderate water using plants
• Only low water using plants
• Only California Native landscape that requires no or only supplemental irrigation
0 point
2 points
3 points
5 points

Water Efficient
Irrigation
Systems
• Low precipitation spray heads< .75”/hr or drip irrigation • Weather based irrigation control systems combined with drip irrigation (demonstrate 20% reduced water use)
1 point
3 points

Storm Water
Reuse Systems
Innovative on-site storm water collection, filtration, and reuse systems are being developed that provide supplemental irrigation water and provide vector control. These systems can greatly reduce the irrigation needs of a project. Point values for these types of systems will be determined based upon design and engineering data documenting the water savings.

TBD
Commercial Potable Water
Showers Water Efficient Showerheads (2.0 gpm) 2 points
Toilets • Water Efficient Toilets/Urinals (1.5 gpm)
• Waterless Urinals (note that commercial buildings having both waterless urinals and high efficiency toilets will have a combined point value of 6 points)
3 points
3 points

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 17 December2021
8 Table 2: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Commercial Development and Public Facilities
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Faucets Water Efficient faucets (1.28 gpm) 2 points
Commercial
Dishwashers
Water Efficient dishwashers (20% water savings) 2 points Commercial
Laundry
Washers
• Water Efficient laundry (15% water savings)
• High Efficiency laundry Equipment that captures and reuses rinse water (30% water savings)
2 points
4 points

Commercial
Water
Operations
Program
Establish an operational program to reduce water loss from pools, water features, etc., by covering pools, adjusting fountain operational hours, and using water treatment to reduce draw down and replacement of water.

Point values for these types of plans will be determined based upon design and engineering data documenting the water savings.

TBD
Increase Commercial/Industrial Reclaimed Water Use
Recycled
Water

Graywater (purple pipe) irrigation system on site 5 points Reduction Measure On-Road: Transportation
Mixed-Use Development
Mixed-Use Mixes of land uses that complement one another in a way that reduces the need for vehicle trips can greatly reduce GHG emissions. The point value of mixed-use projects will be determined based upon traffic studies that demonstrate trip reductions and/or reductions in vehicle miles traveled.

TBD
Local Retail
Near
Residential
(Commercial
only Projects)
Having residential developments within walking and biking distance of local retail helps to reduce vehicle trips and/or vehicle miles traveled.

The point value of residential projects in close proximity to local retail will be determined based upon traffic studies that demonstrate trip reductions and/or reductions in vehicle miles traveled.

TBD
Preferential Parking
Parking • Provide reserved preferential parking spaces for car -share, carpool, and ultra-low or zero emission vehicles.
• Provide larger parking spaces that can accommodate vans used for ride-sharing program s and reserve them for vanpools and include adequate passenger waiting/loading areas.
1 point

1 point

Signal Synchronization and Intelligent Traffic Systems
Signal
Improvements
Techniques for improving traffic flow include: traffic signal coordination to reduce delay, incident management to increase response time to breakdowns and collisions, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to provide real -time information regarding road conditions and directions, and speed management to reduce high free-flow speeds.
• Synchronize signals along arterials used by project.
• Connect signals along arterials to existing ITS.

1 point/signal
3 points/signal

Increase Public Transit
Public Transit The point value of a project’s ability to increase public transit use will be determined based upon a Transportation Impact Analysis (TIA) demonstrating decreased use of private vehicles and increased use of public transportation.

Increased transit accessibility (1–15 points)

TBD

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 18 December2021
8 Table 2: Screening Table for Implementing GHG Performance Standards for Commercial Development and Public Facilities
Feature Description
Assigned Point
Values
Project
Points
Adopt and Implement a Bicycle Master Plan to Expand Bike Routes around the City Sidewalks • Provide sidewalks on both sides of the street (required) • Provide pedestrian linkage between commercial and residential land uses within 1 mile
1 point
3 points

Bicycle Paths • Provide bicycle paths within project boundaries • Provide bicycle path linkages between commercial and other land uses
• Provide bicycle path linkages between commercial and transit 1 point
2 points
5 points

Install Electric Vehicle Chargers
Worker and
Customer
Based Electric
Vehicle
Chargers
Installation of Electric Vehicle (EV) Chargers for passenger EVs:
• Level 2 240 volt AC Fast Chargers
• Level 3 480 volt DC Rapid Chargers
5 points/charger
8 points/charger

Electric
Commercial
Truck Chargers
Installation of electric chargers for medium duty and heavy duty trucks:
• Level 1 AC Chargers for EV Medium Duty Trucks
• Level 1 AC Chargers for EV Class 8 (Heavy Duty) Trucks • Level 2 AC Chargers for EV Medium Duty Trucks
• Level 2 AC Chargers for EV Class 8 (Heavy Duty) Trucks • Level 3 DC Fast Chargers for EV Class 8 (Heavy Duty) Trucks 3 points/charger
5 points/charger
8 points/charger
12 points/charger
16 points/charger

Reduction Measure: Reduce Waste to Landfills
Recycling City initiated recycling program diverting 80 % of waste requires coordination with commercial development to realize this goal. The following recycling features will help the City fulfill this goal:

• Provide separated recycling bins within each commercial building/floor and provide large external recycling collection bins at central location for collection truck pick-up
2 points
• Provide commercial/industrial recycling programs that fulfills an on- site goal of 80% diversion of solid waste
• Recycle construction waste

5 points

4 points

Other GHG Reduction Feature Implementation
Other GHG
Emissions
Reduction
Features
This allows innovation by the applicant to provide commercial design features that the GHG emissions from construction and/or operation of the project not provided in the table. Note that engineering data will be required documenting the GHG reduction amount and point values given based upon emission reductions calculations using approved models, methods, and protocols.

TBD
Total Points Earned by Commercial/Industrial Project:

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 19 December2021
8 References

Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP). White Paper: Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change Impacts in CEQA Documents, June 2007. _____. White Paper: Community-Wide Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory Protocols, June 2011.

Website: https://www.califaep.org/climate.
_____. White Paper: Next Steps, Projections, and Target Setting in Climate Action Plans, March 2012. _____. White Paper: Beyond Newhall and 2020: A Field Guide to New CEQA Greenhouse Gas Thresholds and Climate Action Plan Targets in California. October 2016.. _____. California Environmental Quality Act 2018 Statute & Guidelines, February 2021.

California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures, August 2010.

California Air Resources Board (CARB). AB 32 Scoping Plan, December 2008. Website: https://www. arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/document/adopted_scoping_plan.pdf. _____. Scoping Plan Update, December 2017.

California Climate Action Registry (CCAR). General Reporting Protocol, Version 2.2, January 2009.

Website: https://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/fliers/files/ccar_grp_3-1_january 2009_sfe-web.pdf.

California Energy Commission (CEC). Refining Estimates of Water Related Energy Use in California, 2006.

California Energy Commission (CEC). 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards and Compliance Manuals. Website: https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/building-energy-

San Bernardino County Regional GHG Reduction Plan 2014 https://www.gosbcta.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/10/Final-Plan-.pdf
San Bernardino County Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update https://www.gosbcta.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/09/San-Bernardino-County-Regional-GHG-Reduction-Plan_Main- Text_Feb-2021.pdf
The Climate Registry (TCR). General Reporting Protocol Version 3, May 2019. Website:
https://www.theclimateregistry.org/protocols/General-Reporting-ProtocolV3.pdf (accessed October 2021).
_____.Default Emission Factors, May 2021. Website: https://www.theclimateregistry.org/wp- content/uploads/2021/05/2021-Default-Emission-Factor-Document.pdf (accessed October 2021).

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton 20 December2021
8 APPENDIX A:

GHG DEVELOPMENT REVIEW PROCESS FLOW

CHART DIAGRAM

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City of Colton A-1 December 2021

Is the Project Exempt under CEQA?
Option 1:

Use Screening
Tables
GHG Emissions with
mitigation from
Screening Tables Less
than Significant
GHG Emissions
are Potentially
Significant
Does Project
Achieve 30
Points?
Option 2:

Project Specific
Quantification
Will 2030 GHG
Emissions be
Reduced by 40%?
Mitigated GHG
Emissions Less
than Significant
GHG Emissions
are Potentially
Significant
Is the proposed activity a Project under CEQA?
GHG Emissions
are Less Than
Significant
YES NO
NO YES

YES NO YES NO
Approach to Implementation of GHG Development Review

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) APPENDIX B:

TRANSIT PRIORITY PRO JECT AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY PROJECT CHECKLIST

City of Colton December 2021

APPENDIX B:

TRANSIT PRIORITY PROJECT AND

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY PROJECT

CHECKLIST

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) APPENDIX B:

TRANSIT PRIORITY PRO JECT AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY PROJECT CHECKLIST

City of Colton B-1 December 2021

TRANSIT PRIORITY PROJECT CHECKLIST
The following checklist will assist in determining if your project qualifies as a Transit Priority Project (TPP) and a Sustainable Community Project (SCP) as defined in PRC 21155(a), (b), and PRC 21152.

Yes No Is the project:
☐ ☐ 1. Located within ½ mile of a trolley station, future station, or transit center? ☐ ☐ 2. At least 50% residential use , based upon total square footage, and non- residential uses within the project between 26% and 50% of total square footage with FAR of not less than

0.75?
☐ ☐ 3. At or above a minimum net density of at least 20 dwelling units per acre? ☐ ☐ 4. Is your project consistent with the general land use designations in the SC P (if you answered yes to questions 1 through 3, then answer yes to this one)? If you answered Yes to questions 1 through 4 then your project is a Transit Priority Project (TPP) as defined by PRC Section 21155(b). Continue with the next list of environmental questions:

Yes No Does the project:
☐ ☐ 5. Contain sites on the Cortese List?
☐ ☐ 6. Site contain any hazardous substances, contaminated soil or hazardous material? ☐ ☐ 7. Site include historical resources?
☐ ☐ 8. Have an unusually high risk of fire or explosion from material stored or used at properties within ¼ mile of the project site?
☐ ☐ 9. Site currently include areas developed as Open Space (parks, habitat, etc.)? Continue with the next list of land use questions below:

Yes No
☐ ☐ 10. Does the project design have all the buildings at least 15% more efficient than Title 24 energy standards and uses 25% or less water than average households? ☐ ☐ 11. Is the project site eight acres or less in size? ☐ ☐ 12. The project does not include any single level of a building exceeding 75 TSF? ☐ ☐ 13. The project does not conflict with nearby industrial uses? ☐ ☐ 14. The project will sell at least 20% of housing to families of moderate income, or 10% of housing will be rented to families of low income, or at least 5% of housing will be rented to families of very low income, or the project provides open space equal or greater than

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton B-2 December 2019
8 5 acres per 1,000 residents, or the developer will pay in-lieu fees sufficient to result in the development of affordable housing meeting one of the criteria described above? Determining Eligibility based upon the answers:

Full CEQA Exemption for Sustainable Community Projects (SCPs) If you answered Yes to all the TPP questions 1 through 4, No to all the environmental questions 5 through 9, and Yes to all the land use questions 10 through 14, then your project is an SCP and is eligible for a full CEQA Exe mption under SB 375.

Transit Priority Projects (TPP)
If you answered Yes to all the TPP questions 1 through 4, but did not qualify as a n SCP then your project is a TPP.

Your TPP needs to incorporate all appropriate mitigation measures required by an applicable CEQA document (such as an adopted EIR for a Specific Plan) for your project location. If your TPP meets these two criteria then your TPP does not need to analyze the following impacts in the Sustainable Communities Environmental Assessment (SCEA) or CEQA analysis:
• Growth-inducing impacts,
• Regional transportation impacts, and
• GHG emissions related to passenger cars and light-duty trucks.

The impacts listed above are considered less than significant because the project is a TPP and the SCEA or CEQA document should reference PRC Section 21155.2(c)

Other Residential and Mixed-Use Projects
If you answered Yes to question 4, but did not qualify as an SCP or TPP , your project may not need to analyze some of the impacts in the CEQA analysis if your project is a residential project or mixed-use project with 75% of the total building square footage of the project is residential units. In addition, your project needs to incorporate all appropriate mitigation measures required by an applicable prior CEQA document (such as an adopted EIR for a Specific Plan) for your project location. If your project meets these criteria, then the CEQA analysis of your project does not need to analyze the following impacts:
• Growth-inducing impacts,
• Regional transportation impacts, and
• GHG emissions related to passenger cars and light-duty trucks.

The impacts listed above are considered less than significant because the project meets the criteria in PRC Section 21155.2(c)

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update) APPENDIX C:

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPL IC ATION OF THE SCREENI NG TABLES

City of Colton December 2021
8 APPENDIX C:

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND

APPLICATION OF THE SCREENING TABLES

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City of Colton D-1 December 2021
8 METHODS SUMMARY
The point values in the Screening Tables were derived from the projected emissions reductions that would be achieved by each of the reduction measures associated with new development within the City of Colton associated with Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update. The points within the Screening Tables were proportioned by residential unit or square footage of commercial/industrial uses. This was accomplished by taking the predicted growth in households and commer cial uses in 2030 and proportioning the appropriate reduction quantities for new development to the residential, commercial, and industrial land use sectors within the Screening Table s. This results in point values that are proportioned by residential unit or commercial/industrial square footage . Because of this outcome, the size of the project is not relevant to the Screening Table s. Regardless of size, each project needs to garner 100 points to demonstrate consistency with the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update. Efficiency, not size of the project, is critical.

Note that the Screening Tables and point values are best used for typical development projects processed by the City. Examples of typical development projects include residential subdivisions, multifamily residential apartments, condominiums, and townhouses, retail commercial, big box retail, office buildings, business parks, and typical warehousing. Mixed-use projects can use the instructions at the beginning of the Screening Tables. Transit-oriented development (TOD) and infill projects are able to use the Screening Tables; however, the Screening Table points are likely to underestimate total emission reductions afforded these types of projects. Note that the Screening Tables include the opportunity to customize points in the sections of the Screening Tables marked TBD and account for the predicted reductions in vehicle trips and vehicle miles traveled within a project -specific traffic study and GHG analysis. TOD and infill projects can be more accurately assessed and points allocated using this method.

However, more unusual types of industrial projects , such as cement manufacturing, metal foundries, refrigerant manufacturing, electric generating stations —including large alternative energy electric generation, and oil refineries , cannot use the Screening Tables because the emission sources for those types of uses were not contemplated in the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE POINT VALUES
Within the local reduction measures, 10 MT CO2e would be reduced using the Screening Tables for new development. The Screening Tables and the point allocation within the Screening Tables are tied to 10 MT CO2e of reductions.

The first step in allocating point values is to determine the number of new homes and commercial buildings that are anticipated by year 20 30. The City predicts that a total of 3,976 new residential units will be needed b y 20 30 and a total of approximately 4,588,621 square feet of new commercial and industrial buildings within the City is needed to accommodate anticipated `job growth.

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Attachment: Colton GHG Screening Tables_2023 (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISS IONS SCREENING TABLES
City of Colton D-2 December 2021
8 Approximately 3,976 new residential units and 4,588,621 square feet of new commercial and industrial buildings within the City are anticipated to either use the Screening Tables or provide an independent analysis demonstrating reductions. Evaluating the growth in residential and commercial/industrial land uses, approximately 61 percent is attributable to residential and 39 percent is attributable to commercial/industrial land uses. Using those ratios, the Screening Tables would need to reduce 6.1 MT CO2e from residential development and 3.9 MT CO2e from commercial/industrial development by 2030.

Dividing the 6.1 MT CO 2e reductions of emissions afforded the Screening Table for new residential development by the anticipated 3,976 new residential units that will be built yields 0. 0025 MT CO2e per residential unit that needs to be reduced to fulfill the anticipated reductions of the Regional GHG Reduction Plan Update. Using the same process, the Screening Tables for new commercial/industrial development would need to reduce 0. 00085 MT CO 2e per 1,000 gross square feet of commercial/industrial building area.

The levels of reduction efficiency for typical residential units in this climate zone yields:

0.00009MT CO2e per Point per Residential Unit
The levels of reduction efficiency for the mix of commercial/industrial uses in this climate zone yields:

0.00003 MT CO2e per Point per 1,000 Square Feet of Gross Commercial/Industrial Building Area Since each residential unit needs to reduce 0.0025 MT CO2e and each 1,000 square feet of commercial/ industrial building area needs to reduce 0.0085 MT CO2e, each project needs to gain 30 points to provide the expected reductions from the Screening Tables.

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Attachment: R-34-23_DAP23-0027_2023 Colton Climate Action Plan Update (4299 : 2023 Climate Action Plan Update)

ITEM NO. 2

STAFF REPORT

DATE: DECEMBER 5, 2023
TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL MEMBERS
FROM: BILL SMITH, CITY MANAGER
PREPARED BY: STACEY DABBS, FINANCE DIRECTOR
SUBJECT: APPROVE VOUCHER NUMBERS 208794 TO 208871 DATED 10/30/2023 AND TOTALING $75,992.21; VOUCHER NUMBERS
208872 TO 209002 DATED 11/02/2023 AND TOTALING
$1,174,963.69; REPLACEMENT CHECK NUMBER 209003 FOR
$1,861.70; VOUCHER NUMBERS 209004 TO 209137 DATED
11/13/2023 AND TOTALING $4,488,711.11 AND A PAYROLL
DISBURSEMENT LISTING DATED 09/30/2023 TO 10/13/2023 AND TOTALING $1,058,070.89.

RECOMMENDED ACTION

Staff recommends that the City Council take the following action:

Approve voucher numbers 208794 to 208871 dated 10/30/2023 and totaling $75,992.21; voucher numbers 208872 to 209002 dated 11/02/2023 and totaling $1,174,963.69; replacement check number 209003 for $1,861.70; voucher numbers 209004 to 209137 dated 11/13/2023 and totaling $4,488,711.11 and a payroll disbursement listing dated 09/30/2023 to 10/13/2023 and totaling $1,058,070.89.

BACKGROUND

The California Government Code requires that the legislative body ratify all vouchers issued in the course of conducting City business.

ISSUES/ANALYSIS

All vouchers and related backup documentation have been reviewed by the City Treasurer.

FISCAL IMPACTS
2 Packet Pg. 529
Staff Report to the Mayor and City Council
Warrants - Accounts Payable
December 5, 2023

None.

ALTERNATIVES

1. Provide alternative direction to staff.

ATTACHMENT

1. Fund Number and Title Legend

2. Voucher lists

3. Payroll Registers
2 Packet Pg. 530
City of Colton
Fund Number and Title Legend
Fund Title Fund Title
100 GENERAL FUND 701 LLMD #2
150 TREASURERS ACCOUNT GROUP 702 LLMD #1
206 COMMUN ITY CHILD CARE 703 CFO 87-1 DEBT SERV ICE
209 DSF FLY CONSERVATION 704 CFO 87-1 CONSTRUCT ION
210 SPECIAL GAS TAX 707 CFO 88-1 DEBT SERV ICE
211 LIBRARY GRANT FUND 708 CFO 88-1 CONSTRUCTION
212 STATE TRAFFIC RELIEF FUND 709 DSF FLY CONSERVATION
213 S.Y.E.T .P. GRANT 722 STORM WATER
214 POLLUT ION REDUCT ION FUND 733 CFO 89-1 CONSTRUCT ION 215 COMMUNITY DEV ACT FUND 734 CFO 89-2 CONSTRUCT ION
216 CDBG HOUS ING REHAB FUND 744 CFO 89-1 DEBT SERV ICE 217 DRUG/GANG INTERVENTION 745 CFO 89-2 DEBT SERV ICE
218 MEASURE I FUND 750 AQUA MANSA CFO
219 STATE AID- CAPITAL PROJECTS 754 SB COUNTY HOSPITAL
220 Vi Tep 762 TRUST AND AGENCY
225 MISC GRANTS 766 DEFERRED COMPENSAT ION
240 HOST CITY FEES - CIP 781 CFO 90-1 DEBT SERVICE
247 Quimby In Lieu Fees 782 CFO 90-1 CONSTRUCT ION
248 PARK DEVELOPMENT FUND 850 Redeve lopment Obligation Retirement Fund 249 TRAFF IC IMPACT FUND 851 Successor Agency Administration 250 NEW FAC ILITIES DEVELOPMENT FEE 855 Hous ing Auth - RM PARK DEVELOPMENT 251 CIVIC CENTER DEVELOPMENT FEE 856 Housing Auth - RANCHO MED BOND PROCEEDS 252 FIRE FAC ILITY DEVELOPMENT FEE 857 LMI Asset Fund
253 POLICE FACILITY DEVELOPMENT FEE 864 Housing Auth - LOW/MOD BOND PROCEEDS 261 ASSET FORFEITURE 865 Housing Auth - RANCHO MED CHFA 326 AD 94-1 DEBT SERVICE 866 ECONOM IC DEVELOPMENT
332 1971 SEWER BONDS, A & C 867 Consolidation Proj_08 -09 350 PFA Debt Fund 870 Housing Auth - RM PARK OPERAT IONS 357 POB-Non Enterprise 871 Successor Agcy-RANCHO/M ILL PROJECT AREA 358 PENS ION OBLIGATION DEBT SERV ICE 872 Succe ssor Agcy-RANCHO/MILL DEBT SERV ICE 359 CORP YARD DEBT SERV ICE 873 Successor Agcy-RDA II PROJECT FUND 363 1978-2 ASSESSMENT DIST . 874 Housing Auth - LOW/MOD DEBT SERV ICE 364 WATER IMPRVMNT DIST A 875 Housing Auth - LOW/MOD BOND PROCEEDS 379 AD 1979-1 DEBT SERV ICE 876 Successor Agcy-SANTA ANA RIV BND PROCEED 427 AD 94-1 CONSTRUCT ION 877 Successor Agcy-SANTA ANA RIVER CIP 450 Capita l Improvement Project s 878 RDA FIXED ASSETS GROUP 451 Colton Crossing Fund 879 Successor Agcy-WEST VALLEY CIP 453 STREET IMPROVEMENTS PRGM 881 Successor Agcy-MT VERNON BOND PROCEEDS 457 CAP ITAL IMPROVEMENT 882 Successo r Agcy-MT VERNON CIP 469 EQU IPMENT REPLACEMENT 885 Successor Agcy -MT VERNON DEBT SERV ICE 520 ELECTR IC UTILITY 886 RDA ADM INISTRAT ION
521 WATER UTILITY 887 COOLEY RANCH - now 894
522 WAS TEWATER UTILITY 888 MT VERNON - now 882
523 SOLID WASTE 889 WEST VALLEY - now 879
524 CEMETERY 890 Successor Agcy-RDA - LONG TERM DEBT GRP 525 RECYCLING 891 Successo r Agcy-RDA I DEBT SERV ICE FUND 526 PUBLIC BENEFIT FUND 892 Successor Agcy-RDA I - CAP ITAL PROJECTS 527 WASTEWATER UTILITY - GRAND TERRACE 893 Successor Agcy -RDA II DEBT SERV ICE FUND 551 WATER DEVELOPMENT 894 Successor Agcy -COOLEY RANCH PRO JECT 552 SEWER DEVELOPMENT 895 Successor Agcy-COOLEY RANCH DEBT SERV 560 CEMETARY ENDOWMENT CARE 896 SANTA ANA RIVER - now 877 605 Facility & Equipment Maintenance Fund 897 Successor Agcy-SANTA ANA RIVER DEBT SVC 606 INFORMATION SERV ICES FUND 898 Housing Auth - LOW/MOD CAPITAL PROJECTS 607 INSURANCE FUND 899 Successor Agcy-WEST VALLEY PRJ - DBT SV 608 AUTOMOT IVE SHOP 941 GENERAL LONG -TERM DEBT
610 AUTOMOT IVE SHOPS 958 GENERAL FIXED ASSETS
990 GASB 34

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Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 542
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 543
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 544
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 545
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 546
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 547
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 548
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 549
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 550
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 551
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 552
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 553
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 554
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 555
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 556
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 557
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 558
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 559
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 560
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 561
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 562
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 563
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 564
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 565
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 566
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 567
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 568
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 569
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 570
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 571
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 572
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 573
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 574
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 575
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 576
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 577
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 578
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 579
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 580
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 581
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 582
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 583
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 584
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 585
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 586
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 587
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 588
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 589
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 590
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 591
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.b
Packet Pg. 592
Attachment: Voucher lists (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 593
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 594
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 595
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 596
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 597
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 598
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 599
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 600
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

2.c
Packet Pg. 601
Attachment: Payroll Registers (4235 : Warrants - Accounts Payable)

ITEM NO. 3

STAFF REPORT

DATE: DECEMBER 5, 2023
TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL MEMBERS
FROM: BILL SMITH, CITY MANAGER
PREPARED BY: AURELIO DE LA TORRE, CITY TREASURER
SUBJECT: RECEIVE AND FILE TREASURER'S REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 2023.

RECOMMENDED ACTION

Staff recommends that the City Council take the following action:

Receive and File Treasurer's Report for September 2023.

ATTACHMENT

1. Treasurer's report Sept 2023
3 Packet Pg. 602

3.a
Packet Pg. 603
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 604
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 605
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 606
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 607
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 608
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 609
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 610
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 611
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 612
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

3.a
Packet Pg. 613
Attachment: Treasurer's report Sept 2023 (4297 : Treasurer's Report)

ITEM NO. 4

STAFF REPORT

DATE: DECEMBER 5, 2023
TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL MEMBERS
FROM: BILL SMITH, CITY MANAGER
PREPARED BY: BRIAN DICKINSON, PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR
SUBJECT: APPROVE RESOLUTIONS AUTHORIZING THE SUBMITTAL OF THE TDA ARTICLE 3 CLAIM FORM FOR THE SOUTH LA CADENA
DRIVE BICYCLE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT; RESOLUTION NO. R-
103-23; R-104-23.

RECOMMENDED ACTION

Staff recommends that the City Council take the following action:

1. Authorize Resolution No. R-104-23 (Exhibit A) authorizing the submittal of a TDA Article 3 Claim Form to the San Bernardino County Transportation Authority (SBCTA) and authorize the City Manager or his designee to execute the Claim Form; and

2. Approve Resolution R -103-23 (Exhibit B) amending the Fiscal Year 2023/2024 Capital Improvement Program budget to include South La Cadena Drive Bicycle Improvement Project.

BACKGROUND

The Transportation Development Act (TDA) Article 3 is state general sales and gas tax funds that provide two percent of the Local Transportation Funds (LTF) to counties and cities for facilities for the exclusive use of pedestrians and bicyclists, known as TDA Article 3 Program.

In August 1999, the SBCTA Board approved a policy that 80 percent would be available for pedestrian and bicycle projects. The remaining 20 percent of the Article 3 program would be made available for projects that improve access t o transit stops for pedestrians and persons with disabilities. In 2015, the Board approved the use of up to 10 percent of the funds available for pedestrian and bicycle projects for maintenance of existing bicycle and pedestrian facilities. In 2017, the Board further approved a policy to set-aside a minimum of 50 percent of the remaining bicycle and pedestrian facilities project funding for smaller projects under $250,000. Eligible 4 Packet Pg. 614
Staff Report to the Mayor and City Council
Claim Form Submittal - South La Cadena Drive Bicycle Improvement Project December 5, 2023