Agenda packet — Corona City Council, June 17, 2026 (part 11 of 26)

Target ILI Range

1.0 - 3.0
>3.0 -5.0
>5.0 - 8.0
Greater than 8.0
Less than 1.0
Water resources are believed to be sufficient to meet long-term needs, but demand management interventions (leakage management, water conservation) are included in the long-term planning. Water resources are plentiful, reliable, and easilyextracted.

Although operational and financial considerations may allow a long-term ILI greater than 8.0, such a level of leakage is not an effective utilization of water as a resource. Setting a target level greater than 8.0 - other than as an incremental goal to a smaller long-term target - is discouraged.If the calculated Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) value for your system is 1.0 or less, two possibilities exist. a) you are maintaining your leakage at low levels in a class with the top worldwide performers in leakage control. b) A portion of your data may be flawed, causing your losses to be greatly understated. This is likely if you calculate a low ILI value but do not employ extensive leakage control practices in your operations. In such cases it is beneficial to validate the data by performing field measurements to confirm the accuracy of production and customer meters, or to identify any other potential sources of error in the data.

Water resources can be developed or purchased at reasonable expense; periodic water rate increases can be feasibly imposed and are tolerated by the customer population.Cost to purchase or obtain/treat water is low, as are rates charged to customers.

Existing water supply infrastructure capability is sufficient to meet long-term demand as long as reasonable leakage management controls are in place.Superior reliability, capacity and integrity of thewater supply infrastructure make it relatively immune to supply shortages.

Financial Considerations
Once data have been entered into the Reporting Worksheet, the performance indicators are automatically calculated. How does a water utility operator know how well his or her system is performing? The AWWA Water Loss Control Committee provided the following table to assist water utilities is gauging an approximate Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) that is appropriate for their water system and local conditions. The lower the amount of leakage and real losses that exist in the system, then the lower the ILI value will be.

Note: this table offers an approximate guideline for leakage reduction target-setting. The best means of setting such targets include performing an economic assessment of various loss control methods. However, this table is useful if such an assessment is not possible.

Water resources are costly to develop or purchase; ability to increase revenues via water rates is greatly limited because of regulation or low ratepayer affordability.

Water Resources Considerations
Available resources are greatly limited and are very
difficult and/or environmentally unsound to develop. Operational Considerations Operating with system leakage above this level would require expansion of existing infrastructure and/or additional water resources to meet the demand.

General Guidelines for Setting a Target ILI
(without doing a full economic analysis of leakage control options) AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Loss Control Planning 38

Page 1594 of 3356 ends

AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Examples of Completed and Validated Audits American Water Works Association.

WAS v5.0
Example Audit 1a:

Example 1a: Million Gallons: Example 1b: Million Gallons: Example 2a: Megalitres:

Reporting Worksheet
Example 2b: Megalitres:

Reporting Worksheet
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1595 of 3356 Example Audits 39 Example Audit 1b:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1596 of 3356 Example Audits 40 Example Audit 2a:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1597 of 3356 Example Audits 41 Example Audit 2b:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1598 of 3356 Example Audits 42 DEVELOPED BY: Andrew Chastain-Howley, PG*, MCSM. Black & Veatch Will J. Jernigan, P.E. Cavanaugh & Associates, P.A.George Kunkel, P.E. Philadelphia Water Department Alain Lalonde, P.Eng. Master Meter Canada Inc.

Ralph Y. McCord, P.E. Louisville Water CompanyDavid A. Sayers Delaware River Basin CommissionBrian M. Skeens, P.E. CH2M HILLReinhard Sturm Water Systems Optimization, Inc.John H. Van Arsdel M.E. Simpson Company, Inc.

REFERENCES:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Acknowledgements
- Alegre, H., Hirner, W., Baptista, J. and Parena, R. Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. IWA Publishing ‘Manual of Best Practice’ Series, 2000. ISBN 1 900222 272- Kunkel, G. et al, 2003. Water Loss Control Committee Report: Applying Worldwide Best Management Practices in Water Loss Control. Journal AWWA, 95:8:65- AWWA Water Audits and Loss Control Programs, M36 Publication, 3 rd Edition, 2009 - Service Connection Diagrams courtesy of Ronnie McKenzie, WRP Pty Ltd.

AWWA Water Audit Software Version 5.0 Developed by the Water Loss Control Committee of the American Water Works Association August, 2014
This software is intended to serve as a basic tool to compile a preliminary, or “top-down”, water audit. It is recommended that users also refer to the current edition of the AWWA M36 Publication, Water Audits and Loss Control Programs, for detailed guidance on compiling a comprehensive, or “bottom-up”, water audit using the same water audit methodology.

American Water Works Association.

WAS v5.0
www.awwa.org
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1599 of 3356 Acknowledgements 43 VERSION HISTORY:

Version: Release Date: Number of Worksheets:
v1 2005/ 2006 5
v2 2006 5v3 2007 7
v4 - v4.2 2010 10
v5 2014 12
In v5, changes were made to the way Water Supplied information is entered into software, with each major component having a corresponding Master Meter Error Adjustment entry (and data grading requirement). This required changes to the data validity score calculation; v5 of the software uses a weighting system that is, in part, proportional to the volume of input components. The Grading Matrix was updated to reflect the new audit inputs and also to include clarifications and additions to the scale descriptions.

The appearance of the software was updated in v5 to make the software more user-friendly and several new features were added to provide more feedback to the user. Notably, a dashboard tab has been added to provide more visual feedback on the water audit results and associated costs of Non-Revenue Water. A comments sheet was added to allow the user to track notes, comments and to cite sources used.

Key Features and Developments
The AWWA Water Audit Software was piloted in 2005 (v1.0 beta). The early versions (1.x) of the software restricted data entry to units of Million Gallons per year. For each entry into the audit, users identified whether the input was measured or estimated.

The Grading Matrix also showed the actions required to move to a higher grading score. Grading descriptions were available on the Reporting Worksheet via a pop-up box next to each water audit input. A water audit data validity score is generated (max = 100) and priority areas for attention (to improve audit accuracy) are identified, once a user completes the requied data grading. A service connection diagram was also added to help users understand the impact of customer service line configurations on water losses and how this information should be entered into the water audit software. An acknoweldgements section was also added. Minor bug fixes resulted in the release of versions 4.1 and 4.2. A French language version was also made available for v4.2.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1600 of 3356 Acknowledgements 44 Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year: 15/16 7/2015 - 6/2016
Data Validity Score: 73
Water Exported Revenue Water
175.362 175.362
Billed Metered Consumption (water exported
is removed) Revenue Water
8,471.394
Own Sources Authorized
Consumption 8,471.394 Billed Unmetered Consumption 8,471.394

0.000
8,590.070 Unbilled Metered Consumption

0.000
5,628.983 118.676 Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
118.676
System Input Water Supplied Unauthorized Consumption 1,022.647 9,669.403 Apparent Losses 23.735
9,494.041 44.914 Customer Metering Inaccuracies

0.000
Systematic Data Handling Errors
Water Losses 21.178
Water Imported 903.971 Leakage on Transmission and/or Distribution Mains
Real Losses Not broken down
4,040.420 859.058 Leakage and Overflows at Utility's Storage Tanks
Not broken down
Leakage on Service Connections
Not broken down
AWWA Free Water Audit Software: Water Balance
Non-Revenue Water
(NRW)
Billed Authorized Consumption
Unbilled Authorized Consumption
(Adjusted for known
errors)
Billed Water Exported
City of Corona Department of Water and Power
WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1601 of 3356 Water Balance 21 Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year: 15/16 Show me the VOLUME of Non-Revenue Water Data Validity Score: 73 Show me the COST of Non-Revenue Water AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Dashboard
7/2015 - 6/2016
City of Corona Department of Water and Power
0 200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
Cost $
Total Cost of NRW =$2,016,652
Unbilled metered (valued at Var. Prod. Cost)
Unbilled unmetered (valued at Var. Prod. Cost)
Unauth. consumption
Cust. metering inaccuracies
Syst. data handling errors
Real Losses (valued at Var. Prod. Cost)
WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.

Water Exported
Authorized Consumption
Water Losses
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Water Exported
Water Imported
Volume From Own Sources
Water Exported
Billed Auth. Cons.

Unbilled Auth. Cons.

Apparent Losses
Real Losses
Water Exported
Revenue Water
Non Revenue Water
The graphic below is a visual representation of the
Water Balance with bar heights propotional to the
volume of the audit components
Water Exported
Water Supplied
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1602 of 3356 Dashboard 22 Water Audit Report for: City of Corona (3310037)
Reporting Year:

System Attributes:

Apparent Losses: 689.524 acre-ft/yr
+ Real Losses: 1,144.093 acre-ft/yr
= Water Losses: 1,833.617 acre-ft/yr
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 1,139.50 acre-ft/yr Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $1,162,818
Annual cost of Real Losses: $698,640 Valued at Variable Production Cost Performance Indicators:

Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 6.6% Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 4.3% Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 14.15 gallons/connection/day Real Losses per service connection per day: 23.47 gallons/connection/day Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 0.25 gallons/connection/day/psi From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 1,144.09 acre-feet/year

1.00 * This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

System Attributes and Performance Indicators
*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 65 out of 100 *** Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:
16/17 7/2016 - 6/2017
Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumpiton ?
?
American Water Works Association.

WAS v5.0
Financial:

Operational Efficiency:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Performance Indicators 3 Page 1603 of 3356 5 Name of Contact Person: All audit data are entered on the Reporting Worksheet Email Address: Value can be entered by user
Telephone | Ext.: 951 817-5762 Value calculated based on input data Name of City / Utility: These cells contain recommended default values City/Town/Municipality:

State / Province: Pcnt: Value:

Country: 0.25%
Year: 16/17 Financial Year
Start Date: 07/2016 Enter MM/YYYY numeric format
End Date: 06/2017 Enter MM/YYYY numeric format
Audit Preparation Date: 9/1/2017
Volume Reporting Units:

PWSID / Other ID:

If you have questions or comments regarding the software please contact us via email at: [email protected] AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0
City of Corona
The following worksheets are available by clicking the buttons below or selecting the tabs along the bottom of the page Corona
[email protected]
Auditors are strongly encouraged to refer to the most current edition of AWWA M36 Manual for Water Audits for detailed guidance on the water auditing process and targetting loss reduction levels This spreadsheet-based water audit tool is designed to help quantify and track water losses associated with water distribution systems and identify areas for improved efficiency and cost recovery. It provides a "top-down" summary water audit format, and is not meant to take the place of a full-scale, comprehensive water audit format. 3310037
US
Use of Option
(Radio) Buttons:

The spreadsheet contains several separate worksheets. Sheets can be accessed using the tabs towards the bottom of the screen, or by clicking the buttons below.

Melinda Weinrich
Acre-feet
Please begin by providing the following information The following guidance will help you complete the Audit California (CA)
American Water Works Association Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.

Select the default percentage
by choosing the option button
on the left
To enter a value, choose
this button and enter a
value in the cell to the right
Instructions
The current sheet.

Enter contact
information and basic
audit details (year,
units etc)
Performance
Indicators
Review the
performance indicators
to evaluate the results
of the audit
Comments
Enter comments to
explain how values
were calculated or to
document data
sources
Water Balance
The values entered in
the Reporting
Worksheet are used to
populate the Water
Balance
Dashboard
A graphical summary
of the water balance
and Non-Revenue
Water components
Grading Matrix
Presents the possible
grading options for
each input component
of the audit
Service Connection
Diagram
Diagrams depicting
possible customer service
connection line
configurations
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements for
the AWWA Free Water
Audit Software v5.0
Loss Control
Planning
Use this sheet to
interpret the results of
the audit validity score
and performance
indicators
Definitions
Use this sheet to
understand the terms
used in the audit
process
Example Audits
Reporting Worksheet
and Performance
Indicators examples
are shown for two
validated audits
Reporting Worksheet
Enter the required data
on this worksheet to
calculate the water
balance and data grading
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Instructions 1

Page 1604 of 3356 ends

Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year:

All volumes to be entered as: ACRE-FEET PER YEAR
Master Meter and Supply Error Adjustments
WATER SUPPLIED Pcnt: Value:

Volume from own sources: 7 26,718.429 acre-ft/yr 8 acre-ft/yr Water imported: 7 2,525.068 acre-ft/yr 9 acre-ft/yr
Water exported: 5 378.049 acre-ft/yr 9 acre-ft/yr
Enter negative % or value for under-registration
WATER SUPPLIED: 28,856.241 acre-ft/yr Enter positive % or value for over-registration .

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
Billed metered: 5 26,949.270 acre-ft/yr
Billed unmetered: n/a acre-ft/yr
Unbilled metered: 7 1.214 acre-ft/yr Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 5 72.141 acre-ft/yr 1.25% 24061 acre-ft/yr AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 27,022.625 acre-ft/yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 1,833.617 acre-ft/yrApparent Losses Pcnt: Value:

Unauthorized consumption: 72.141 acre-ft/yr 0.25% acre-ft/yr Customer metering inaccuracies: 3 550.010 acre-ft/yr 2.00% acre-ft/yr Systematic data handling errors: 67.373 acre-ft/yr 0.25% acre-ft/yr Apparent Losses: 689.524 acre-ft/yr
Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)
Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 1,144.093 acre-ft/yr WATER LOSSES: 1,833.617 acre-ft/yr

NON-REVENUE WATER
NON-REVENUE WATER: 1,906.971 acre-ft/yr
= Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered

SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains: 9 802.6 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: 7 43,510 Service connection density: 54 conn./mile main
Yes
Average length of customer service line: 30.0 ft
Average operating pressure: 5 93.6 psi

COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: 10 $44,191,347 $/Year Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 9 $3.87 Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 5 $610.65 $/acre-ft WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE: PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION: 1: Volume from own sources 2: Customer metering inaccuracies 3: Billed metered Default option selected for Systematic data handling errors - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed Average length of customer service line has been set to zero and a data grading score of 10 has been applied Are customer meters typically located at the curbstop or property line? AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Reporting Worksheet

72.141
16/17 7/2016 - 6/2017
City of Corona (3310037)
<----------- Enter grading in column 'E' and 'J' ---------->

9.207
Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
$/100 cubic feet (ccf)
Default option selected for unauthorized consumption - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed *** YOUR SCORE IS: 65 out of 100 ***
A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score ?????
? Click to access definition
??????
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (n/a or 1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades ?
??
?
??
(length of service line, beyond the property boundary, that is the responsibility of the utility) Use buttons to select
percentage of water
supplied
OR
value
Click here: ?for help using option buttons below
?
?
?
?
+
+ Click to add a comment
WAS v5.0
+++
+
++
American Water Works Association.
???
+
++
++
++
++
+
+
+
+ Use Customer Retail Unit Cost to value real losses
?
To select the correct data grading for each input, determine the highest grade where the utility meets or exceeds all criteria for that grade and all grades below it.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Reporting Worksheet 2 Page 1605 of 3356 Water Audit Report for: City of Corona (3310037)
Reporting Year:

System Attributes:

1.00 * This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

WAS v5.0
Financial:

Operational Efficiency:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Performance Indicators 3 Page 1606 of 3356 General Comment:

Audit Item Comment
Volume from own sources: Well 3 + Well 20 + Well 21 + Temescal Desalter Effluent + Lester Production + SDO Production. All raw sources. Magnetic meters are monitored daily in WIMS and SCADA.

Vol. from own sources: Master meter
error adjustment:

Water imported: (Treated) Mills WR-24 (Z3 + Z4 + Z5 + Bedford Meters) and Arlington Desalter. Magnetic meters are monitored daily in WIMS and SCADA.

Water imported: master meter error
adjustment:

Water exported: Norco Connection and Home Gardens. Magnetic meters are monitored daily in WIMS and SCADA.

Water exported: master meter error
adjustment:

Billed metered: Provided by Customer Care's CIS Infinity V3 software.

Billed unmetered:

Unbilled metered: Monthly Dead-end Hydrants =340,322 gallons. Quarterly Dead-end Hydrants = 8,608 gallons. Annual Dead-end Hydrants = 46,641 AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

User Comments
Use this worksheet to add comments or notes to explain how an input value was calculated, or to document the sources of the information used.

WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1607 of 3356 Comments 4 Audit Item Comment
Unbilled unmetered:

Unauthorized consumption:

Customer metering inaccuracies:

Systematic data handling errors:

Length of mains: Engineering provided length of mains which includes all lateral lines. Information was calculated through GIS system.

Number of active AND inactive
service connections:

Value provided by Customer Care for Drinking Water Annual Report. Total Active Connections 41,810 + Total Other Connections (fire suppression, street cleaning, construction meters, temporary meters, line flushing) 1,225 + Total Inactive Connections 475 = 43,510.

Average length of customer service
line:

Average operating pressure: Engineering provided pressures from 6 distinct pressure zones. Pressure is monitored on critical infrastructure and PRVs throughout the system and recorded on SCADA, calculated average pressure range at all zones.

Total annual cost of operating water
system: Calculation provided by our finance division.

Customer retail unit cost (applied to
Apparent Losses): Calculation based on dividing total revenue by the total volume of billed consumption.

Variable production cost (applied to
Real Losses): Calculation provided by our finance division.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1608 of 3356 Comments 5 AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Customer Service Line Diagrams
Average Length of Customer
Service Line
The three figures shown on this
worksheet display the
assignment of the Average
Length of Customer Service
Line, Lp, for the three most
common piping configurations.

Figure 1 shows the
configuration of the water meter
outside of the customer building
next to the curb stop valve. In
this configuration Lp = 0 since
the distance between the curb
stop and the customer metering
point is essentially zero.

Figure 2 shows the
configuration of the customer
water meter located inside the
customer building, where Lp is
the distance from the curb stop
to the water meter.

Figure 3 shows the
configuration of an unmetered
customer building , where Lp is
the distance from the curb stop
to the first point of customer
water consumption, or, more
simply, the building line.

In any water system the Lp will
vary notably in a community of
different structures, therefore
the average Lp value is used
and this should be
approximated or calculated if a
sample of service line
measurements has been
gathered.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
American Water Works Association.

WAS v5.0
Click for more
information
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Service Connection Diagram 31

Page 1609 of 3356 ends

Item Name
Apparent
Losses

AUTHORIZED

CONSUMPTION
Average length of
customer service
line
Average operating
pressure
Billed Authorized
Consumption
Billed metered
consumption
Billed unmetered
consumption
All consumption that is billed and authorized by the utility. This may include both metered and unmetered consumption. See "Authorized Consumption" for more information.
= unauthorized consumption + customer metering inaccuracies + systematic data handling errors Apparent Losses include all types of inaccuracies associated with customer metering (worn meters as well as improperly sized meters or wrong type of meter for the water usage profile) as well as systematic data handling errors (meter reading, billing, archiving and reporting), plus unauthorized consumption (theft or illegal use).

NOTE: Over-estimation of Apparent Losses results in under-estimation of Real Losses. Under-estimation of Apparent Losses results in over-estimation of Real Losses.

All metered consumption which is billed to retail customers, including all groups of customers such as domestic, commercial, industrial or institutional. It does NOT include water supplied to neighboring utilities (water exported) which is metered and billed. Be sure to subtract any consumption for exported water sales that may be included in these billing roles. Water supplied as exports to neighboring water utilities should be included only in the Water Exported component. The metered consumption data can be taken directly from billing records for the water audit period. The accuracy of yearly metered consumption data can be refined by including an adjustment to account for customer meter reading lag time since not all customer meters are read on the same day of the meter reading period. However additional analysis is necessary to determine the lag time adjustment value, which may or may not be significant.

All billed consumption which is calculated based on estimates or norms from water usage sites that have been determined by utility policy to be left unmetered.

This is typically a very small component in systems that maintain a policy to meter their customer population. However, this quantity can be the key consumption component in utilities that have not adopted a universal metering policy. This component should NOT include any water that is supplied to neighboring utilities (water exported) which is unmetered but billed. Water supplied as exports to neighboring water utilities should be included only in the Water Exported component.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Definitions
Description
= billed water exported + billed metered + billed unmetered + unbilled metered + unbilled unmetered consumption The volume of metered and/or unmetered water taken by registered customers, the water utility's own uses, and uses of others who are implicitly or explicitly authorized to do so by the water utility; for residential, commercial, industrial and public-minded purposes.

Typical retail customers' consumption is tabulated usually from established customer accounts as billed metered consumption, or - for unmetered customers - billed unmetered consumption. These types of consumption, along with billed water exported, provide revenue potential for the water utility. Be certain to tabulate the water exported volume as a separate component and do not "double-count" it by including in the billed metered consumption component as well as the water exported component.

Unbilled authorized consumption occurs typically in non-account uses, including water for fire fighting and training, flushing of water mains and sewers, street cleaning, watering of municipal gardens, public fountains, or similar public-minded uses. Occasionally these uses may be metered and billed (or charged a flat fee), but usually they are unmetered and unbilled. In the latter case, the water auditor may use a default value to estimate this quantity, or implement procedures for the reliable quantification of these uses. This starts with documenting usage events as they occur and estimating the amount of water used in each event. (See Unbilled unmetered consumption)
This is the average length of customer service line, Lp, that is owned and maintained by the customer; from the point of ownership transfer to the customer water meter, or building line (if unmetered). The quantity is one of the data inputs for the calculation of Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL), which serves as the denominator of the performance indicator: Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). The value of Lp is multiplied by the number of customer service connections to obtain a total length of customer owned piping in the system. The purpose of this parameter is to account for the unmetered service line infrastructure that is the responsibility of the customer for arranging repairs of leaks that occur on their lines. In many cases leak repairs arranged by customers take longer to be executed than leak repairs arranged by the water utility on utility-maintained piping. Leaks run longer - and lose more water - on customer-owned service piping, than utility owned piping.

If the customer water meter exists near the ownership transfer point (usually the curb stop located between the water main and the customer premises) this distance is zero because the meter and transfer point are the same. This is the often encountered configuration of customer water meters located in an underground meter box or "pit" outside of the customer's building. The Free Water Audit Software asks a "Yes/No" question about the meter at this location. If the auditor selects "Yes" then this distance is set to zero and the data grading score for this component is set to 10.

If water meters are typically located inside the customer premise/building, or properties are unmetered, it is up to the water auditor to estimate a system-wide average Lp length based upon the various customer land parcel sizes and building locations in the service area. Lp will be a shorter length in areas of high density housing, and a longer length in areas of low density housing and varied commercial and industrial buildings. General parcel demographics should be employed to obtain a composite average Lp length for the entire system.

Refer to the "Service Connection Diagram" worksheet for a depiction of the service line/metering configurations that typically exist in water utilities. This worksheet gives guidance on the determination of the Average Length, Lp, for each configuration.

This is the average pressure in the distribution system that is the subject of the water audit. Many water utilities have a calibrated hydraulic model of their water distribution system. For these utilities, the hydraulic model can be utilized to obtain a very accurate quantity of average pressure. In the absence of a hydraulic model, the average pressure may be approximated by obtaining readings of static water pressure from a representative sample of fire hydrants or other system access points evenly located across the system. A weighted average of the pressure can be assembled; but be sure to take into account the elevation of the fire hydrants, which typically exist several feet higher than the level of buried water pipelines. If the water utility is compiling the water audit for the first time, the average pressure can be approximated, but with a low data grading. In subsequent years of auditing, effort should be made to improve the accuracy of the average pressure quantity. This will then qualify the value for a higher data grading.

A
WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.

Find
Find
Find
Find
View
Service
Connection
Diagram
Find
Find
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1610 of 3356 Definitions 32 Item Name Description
A
Customer
metering
inaccuracies
Customer retail
unit cost
Infrastructure
Leakage Index
(ILI)
Length of mains

NON-REVENUE
WATER
Number of active
AND inactive
service
connections
Real Losses
Revenue Water
Service
Connection
Density
= Apparent Losses + Real Losses + Unbilled Metered Consumption + Unbilled Unmetered Consumption. This is water which does not provide revenue potential to the utility.

Number of customer service connections, extending from the water main to supply water to a customer. Please note that this includes the actual number of distinct piping connections, including fire connections, whether active or inactive. This may differ substantially from the number of customers (or number of accounts). Note: this number does not include the pipeline leads to fire hydrants - the total length of piping supplying fire hyrants should be included in the "Length of mains" parameter.

Apparent water losses caused by the collective under-registration of customer water meters. Many customer water meters gradually wear as large cumulative volumes of water are passed through them over time. This causes the meters to under-register the flow of water. This occurrence is common with smaller residential meters of sizes 5/8-inch and 3/4 inch after they have registered very large cumulative volumes of water, which generally occurs only after periods of years. For meters sized 1-inch and larger - typical of multi-unit residential, commercial and industrial accounts - meter under-registration can occur from wear or from the improper application of the meter; i.e. installing the wrong type of meter or the wrong size of meter, for the flow pattern (profile) of the consumer. For instance, many larger meters have reduced accuracy at low flows. If an oversized meter is installed, most of the time the routine flow will occur in the low flow range of the meter, and a significant portion of it may not be registered. It is important to properly select and install all meters, but particularly large customer meters, size 1-inch and larger.

The auditor has two options for entering data for this component of the audit. The auditor can enter a percentage under-registration (typically an estimated value), this will apply the selected percentage to the two categories of metered consumption to determine the volume of water not recorded due to customer meter inaccuracy. Note that this percentage is a composite average inaccuracy for all customer meters in the entire meter population. The percentage will be multiplied by the sum of the volumes in the Billed Metered and Unbilled Metered components. Alternatively, if the auditor has substantial data from meter testing activities, he or she can calculate their own loss volumes, and this volume may be entered directly.

Note that a value of zero will be accepted but an alert will appear asking if the customer population is unmetered. Since all metered systems have some degree of inaccuracy, a positive value should be entered. A value of zero in this component is valid only if the water utility does not meter its customer population.

The Customer Retail Unit Cost represents the charge that customers pay for water service. This unit cost is applied routinely to the components of Apparent Loss, since these losses represent water reaching customers but not (fully) paid for. Since most water utilities have a rate structure that includes a variety of different costs based upon class of customer, a weighted average of individual costs and number of customer accounts in each class can be calculated to determine a single composite cost that should be entered into this cell. Finally, the weighted average cost should also include additional charges for sewer, storm water or biosolids processing, but only if these charges are based upon the volume of potable water consumed.

For water utilities in regions with limited water resources and a questionable ability to meet the drinking water demands in the future, the Customer Retail Unit Cost might also be applied to value the Real Losses; instead of applying the Variable Production Cost to Real Losses. In this way, it is assumed that every unit volume of leakage reduced by leakage management activities will be sold to a customer.

Note: the Free Water Audit Software allows the user to select the units that are charged to customers (either $/1,000 gallons, $/hundred cubic feet, or $/1,000 litres) and automatically converts these units to the units that appear in the "WATER SUPPLIED" box. The monetary units are United States dollars, $.

The ratio of the Current Annual Real Losses (Real Losses) to the Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL). The ILI is a highly effective performance indicator for comparing (benchmarking) the performance of utilities in operational management of real losses.

Physical water losses from the pressurized system (water mains and customer service connections) and the utility’s storage tanks, up to the point of customer consumption. In metered systems this is the customer meter, in unmetered situations this is the first point of consumption (stop tap/tap) within the property. The annual volume lost through all types of leaks, breaks and overflows depends on frequencies, flow rates, and average duration of individual leaks, breaks and overflows.
=number of customer service connections / length of mains Length of all pipelines (except service connections) in the system starting from the point of system input metering (for example at the outlet of the treatment plant). It is also recommended to include in this measure the total length of fire hydrant lead pipe. Hydrant lead pipe is the pipe branching from the water main to the fire hydrant. Fire hydrant leads are typically of a sufficiently large size that is more representative of a pipeline than a service connection. The average length of hydrant leads across the entire system can be assumed if not known, and multiplied by the number of fire hydrants in the system, which can also be assumed if not known. This value can then be added to the total pipeline length. Total length of mains can therefore be calculated as:

Length of Mains, miles = (total pipeline length, miles) + [ {(average fire hydrant lead length, ft) x (number of fire hydrants)} / 5,280 ft/mile ] or
Length of Mains, kilometres = (total pipeline length, kilometres) + [ {(average fire hydrant lead length, metres) x (number of fire hydrants)} / 1,000 metres/kilometre ]
Those components of System Input Volume that are billed and have the potential to produce revenue.

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AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1611 of 3356 Definitions 33 Item Name Description
A
Systematic data
handling errors
Total annual cost
of operating the
water system
Unauthorized
consumption
Unbilled
Authorized
Consumption
Unavoidable
Annual Real
Losses (UARL)
UARL (gallons)=(5.41Lm + 0.15Nc + 7.5Lc) xP,
or
UARL (litres)=(18.0Lm + 0.8Nc + 25.0Lc) xP
where:

Lm = length of mains (miles or kilometres)
Nc = number of customer service connections
Lp = the average distance of customer service connection piping (feet or metres) (see the Worksheet "Service Connection Diagram" for guidance on deterring the value of Lp) Lc = total length of customer service connection piping (miles or km) Lc = Nc X Lp (miles or kilometres)
P = Pressure (psi or metres)
The UARL is a theoretical reference value representing the technical low limit of leakage that could be achieved if all of today's best technology could be successfully applied. It is a key variable in the calculation of the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). Striving to reduce system leakage to a level close to the UARL is usually not needed unless the water supply is unusually expensive, scarce or both.

NOTE: The UARL calculation has not yet been proven as fully valid for very small, or low pressure water distribution systems. If, in gallons:
(Lm x 32) + Nc < 3000 or
P <35psi
in litres:
(Lm x 20) + Nc < 3000 or
P < 25m
then the calculated UARL value may not be valid. The software does not display a value of UARL or ILI if either of these conditions is true.

All consumption that is unbilled, but still authorized by the utility. This includes Unbilled Metered Consumption + Unbilled Unmetered Consumption. See "Authorized Consumption" for more information. For Unbilled Unmetered Consumption, the Free Water Audit Software provides the auditor the option to select a default value if they have not audited unmetered activities in detail. The default calculates a volume that is 1.25% of the Water Supplied volume. If the auditor has carefully audited the various unbilled, unmetered, authorized uses of water, and has established reliable estimates of this collective volume, then he or she may enter the volume directly for this component, and not use the default value.

Includes water illegally withdrawn from fire hydrants, illegal connections, bypasses to customer consumption meters, or tampering with metering or meter reading equipment; as well as any other ways to receive water while thwarting the water utility's ability to collect revenue for the water. Unauthorized consumption results in uncaptured revenue and creates an error that understates customer consumption. In most water utilities this volume is low and, if the water auditor has not yet gathered detailed data for these loss occurrences, it is recommended that the auditor apply a default value of 0.25% of the volume of water supplied. However, if the auditor has investigated unauthorized occurrences, and has well validated data that indicates the volume from unauthorized consumption is substantially higher or lower than that generated by the default value, then the auditor should enter a quantity that was derived from the utility investigations. Note that a value of zero will not be accepted since all water utilities have some volume of unauthorized consumption occurring in their system.

Note: if the auditor selects the default value for unauthorized consumption, a data grading of 5 is automatically assigned, but not displayed on the Reporting Worksheet.

These costs include those for operations, maintenance and any annually incurred costs for long-term upkeep of the drinking water supply and distribution system. It should include the costs of day-to-day upkeep and long-term financing such as repayment of capital bonds for infrastructure expansion or improvement. Typical costs include employee salaries and benefits, materials, equipment, insurance, fees, administrative costs and all other costs that exist to sustain the drinking water supply. Depending upon water utility accounting procedures or regulatory agency requirements, it may be appropriate to include depreciation in the total of this cost. This cost should not include any costs to operate wastewater, biosolids or other systems outside of drinking water.

Apparent losses caused by accounting omissions, errant computer programming, gaps in policy, procedure, and permitting/activation of new accounts; and any type of data lapse that results in under-stated customer water consumption in summary billing reports.

Systematic Data Handling Errors result in a direct loss of revenue potential. Water utilities can find "lost" revenue by keying on this component.

Utilities typically measure water consumption registered by water meters at customer premises. The meter should be read routinely (ex: monthly) and the data transferred to the Customer Billing System, which generates and sends a bill to the customer. Data Transfer Errors result in the consumption value being less than the actual consumption, creating an apparent loss. Such error might occur from illegible and mis-recorded hand-written readings compiled by meter readers, inputting an incorrect meter register unit conversion factor in the automatic meter reading equipment, or a variety of similar errors.

Apparent losses also occur from Data Analysis Errors in the archival and data reporting processes of the Customer Billing System. Inaccurate estimates used for accounts that fail to produce a meter reading are a common source of error. Billing adjustments may award customers a rightful monetary credit, but do so by creating a negative value of consumption, thus under-stating the actual consumption. Account activation lapses may allow new buildings to use water for months without meter readings and billing. Poor permitting and construction inspection practices can result in a new building lacking a billing account, a water meter and meter reading; i.e., the customer is unknown to the utility's billing system.

Close auditing of the permitting, metering, meter reading, billing and reporting processes of the water consumption data trail can uncover data management gaps that create volumes of systematic data handling error. Utilities should routinely analyze customer billing records to detect data anomalies and quantify these losses. For example, a billing account that registers zero consumption for two or more billing cycles should be checked to explain why usage has seemingly halted. Given the revenue loss impacts of these losses, water utilities are well-justified in providing continuous oversight and timely correction of data transfer errors & data handling errors.

If the water auditor has not yet gathered detailed data or assessment of systematic data handling error, it is recommended that the auditor apply the default value of 0.25% of the the Billed Authorized Consumption volume. However, if the auditor has investigated the billing system and its controls, and has well validated data that indicates the volume from systematic data handling error is substantially higher or lower than that generated by the default value, then the auditor should enter a quantity that was derived from the utility investigations and select an appropriate grading. Note: negative values are not allowed for this audit component. If the auditor enters zero for this component then a grading of 1 will be automatically assigned.

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AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1612 of 3356 Definitions 34 Item Name Description
A
Unbilled metered
consumption
Unbilled
unmetered
consumption
Convert From…
Million Gallons (US) = 3.06888329 Acre-feet
Use of Option
Buttons
Variable
production cost
(applied to Real
Losses)
Volume from own
sources
Volume from own
sources: Master
meter and supply
error adjustment
1 The cost to produce and supply the next unit of water (e.g., $/million gallons). This cost is determined by calculating the summed unit costs for ground and surface water treatment and all power used for pumping from the source to the customer. It may also include other miscellaneous unit costs that apply to the production of drinking water. It should also include the unit cost of bulk water purchased as an import if applicable.

It is common to apply this unit cost to the volume of Real Losses. However, if water resources are strained and the ability to meet future drinking water demands is in question, then the water auditor can be justified in applying the Customer Retail Rate to the Real Loss volume, rather than applying the Variable Production Cost.

The Free Water Audit Software applies the Variable Production costs to Real Losses by default. However, the auditor has the option on the Reporting Worksheet to select the Customer Retail Cost as the basis for the Real Loss cost evaluation if the auditor determines that this is warranted.

The volume of water withdrawn (abstracted) from water resources (rivers, lakes, streams, wells, etc) controlled by the water utility, and then treated for potable water distribution. Most water audits are compiled for utility retail water distribution systems, so this volume should reflect the amount of treated drinking water that entered the distribution system. Often the volume of water measured at the effluent of the treatment works is slightly less than the volume measured at the raw water source, since some of the water is used in the treatment process. Thus, it is useful if flows are metered at the effluent of the treatment works. If metering exists only at the raw water source, an adjustment for water used in the treatment process should be included to account for water consumed in treatment operations such as filter backwashing, basin flushing and cleaning, etc. If the audit is conducted for a wholesale water agency that sells untreated water, then this quantity reflects the measure of the raw water, typically metered at the source.

An estimate or measure of the degree of inaccuracy that exists in the master (production) meters measuring the annual Volume from own Sources, and any error in the data trail that exists to collect, store and report the summary production data. This adjustment is a weighted average number that represents the collective error for all master meters for all days of the audit year and any errors identified in the data trail. Meter error can occur in different ways. A meter or meters may be inaccurate by under-registering flow (did not capture all the flow), or by over-registering flow (overstated the actual flow). Data error can occur due to data gaps caused by temporary outages of the meter or related instrumentation. All water utilities encounter some degree of inaccuracy in master meters and data errors in archival systems are common; thus a value of zero should not be entered. Enter a negative percentage or value for metered data underregistration; or, enter a positive percentage or value for metered data over-registration.

Any kind of Authorized Consumption which is neither billed or metered. This component typically includes water used in activities such as fire fighting, flushing of water mains and sewers, street cleaning, fire flow tests conducted by the water utility, etc. In most water utilities it is a small component which is very often substantially overestimated. It does NOT include water supplied to neighboring utilities (water exported) which is unmetered and unbilled – an unlikely case. This component has many sub-components of water use which are often tedious to identify and quantify. Because of this, and the fact that it is usually a small portion of the water supplied, it is recommended that the auditor apply the default value, which is 1.25% of the Water Supplied volume. Select the default percentage to enter this value.

If the water utility has carefully audited the unbilled, unmetered activities occurring in the system, and has well validated data that gives a value substantially higher or lower than the default volume, then the auditor should enter their own volume. However the default approach is recommended for most water utilities.

Note that a value of zero is not permitted, since all water utilities have some volume of water in this component occurring in their system.

The user may develop an audit based on one of three unit selections:
1) Million Gallons (US)
2) Megalitres (Thousand Cubic Metres)
3) Acre-feet
Once this selection has been made in the instructions sheet, all calculations are made on the basis of the chosen units. Should the user wish to make additional conversions, a unit converter is provided below (use drop down menus to select units from the yellow unit boxes):

Enter Units:

Units and
Conversions
(conversion factor = 3.06888328973723)
Metered consumption which is authorized by the water utility, but, for any reason, is deemed by utility policy to be unbilled. This might for example include metered water consumed by the utility itself in treatment or distribution operations, or metered water provided to civic institutions free of charge. It does not include water supplied to neighboring utilities (water exported) which may be metered but not billed.

Converts to…..

To use the default percent value choose this button To enter a value choose this button and enter the value in the cell to the right NOTE: For Unbilled Unmetered Consumption, Unauthorized Consumption and Systematic Data Handling Errors, a recommended default value can be applied by selecting the Percent option. The default values are based on fixed percentages of Water Supplied or Billed Authorized Consumption and are recommended for use in this audit unless the auditor has well validated data for their system. Default values are shown by purple cells, as shown in the example above.

If a default value is selected, the user does not need to grade the item; a grading value of 5 is automatically applied (however, this grade will not be displayed).

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AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1613 of 3356 Definitions 35 Item Name Description
A
Water exported
Water exported:

Master meter and
supply error
adjustment
Water imported
Water imported:

Master meter and
supply error
adjustment

WATER LOSSES
= apparent losses + real losses
Water Losses are the difference between Water Supplied and Authorized Consumption. Water losses can be considered as a total volume for the whole system, or for partial systems such as transmission systems, pressure zones or district metered areas (DMA); if one of these configurations are the basis of the water audit.

An estimate or measure of the volume in which the Water Imported volume is incorrect. This adjustment is a weighted average that represents the collective error for all of the metered and archived imported flow for all days of the audit year. Meter error can occur in different ways. A meter may be inaccurate by underregistering flow (did not capture all the flow), or by over-registering flow (overstated the actual flow). Error in the metered, archived data can also occur due to data gaps caused by temporary outages of the meter or related instrumentation. All water utilities encounter some level of meter inaccuracy, particularly if meters are aged and infrequently tested. Occasional errors also occur in the archived metered data. Thus, a value of zero should not be entered. Enter a negative percentage or value for metered data under-registration; or, enter a positive percentage or value for metered data over-registration. If regular meter accuracy testing is conducted on the meter(s) - which is usually conducted by the water utility selling the water - then the results of this testing can be used to help quantify the meter error adjustment.

An estimate or measure of the volume in which the Water Exported volume is incorrect. This adjustment is a weighted average that represents the collective error for all of the metered and archived exported flow for all days of the audit year. Meter error can occur in different ways. A meter may be inaccurate by underregistering flow (did not capture all the flow), or by over-registering flow (overstated the actual flow). Error in the metered, archived data can also occur due to data gaps caused by temporary outages of the meter or related instrumentation. All water utilities encounter some degree of error in their metered data, particularly if meters are aged and infrequently tested. Occasional errors also occur in the archived data. Thus, a value of zero should not be entered. Enter a negative percentage or value for metered data under-registration; or enter a positive percentage or value for metered data over-registration. If regular meter accuracy testing is conducted on the meter(s) - which is usually conducted by the water utility selling the water - then the results of this testing can be used to help quantify the meter error adjustment. Corrections to data gaps or other errors found in the archived data should also be included as a portion of this meter error adjustment.

The Water Imported volume is the bulk water purchased to become part of the Water Supplied volume. Typically this is water purchased from a neighboring water utility or regional water authority, and is metered at the custody transfer point of interconnection between the two water utilities. Usually the meter(s) are owned by the water supplier selling the water to the utility conducting the water audit. The water supplier selling the bulk water usually charges the receiving utility based upon a wholesale water rate.

The Water Exported volume is the bulk water conveyed and sold by the water utility to neighboring water systems that exists outside of their service area.

Typically this water is metered at the custody transfer point of interconnection between the two water utilities. Usually the meter(s) are owned by the water utility that is selling the water: i.e. the exporter. If the water utility who is compiling the annual water audit sells bulk water in this manner, they are an exporter of water.

Note: The Water Exported volume is sold to wholesale customers who are typically charged a wholesale rate that is different than retail rates charged to the retail customers existing within the service area. Many state regulatory agencies require that the Water Exported volume be reported to them as a quantity separate and distinct from the retail customer billed consumption. For these reasons - and others - the Water Exported volume is always quantified separately from Billed Authorized Consumption in the standard water audit. Be certain not to "double-count" this quantity by including it in both the Water Exported box and the Billed Metered Consumption box of the water audit Reporting Worksheet. This volume should be included only in the Water Exported box.

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AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1614 of 3356 Definitions 36 Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year: 16/17
Data Validity Score: 65
Functional Focus
Area
Audit Data Collection
Short-term loss control
Long-term loss control
Target-setting
Benchmarking
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Determining Water Loss Standing
For validity scores of 50 or below, the shaded blocks should not be focus areas until better data validity is achieved.

Preliminary Comparisons - can
begin to rely upon the
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI)
for performance comparisons for
real losses (see below table)
Performance Benchmarking - ILI
is meaningful in comparing real
loss standing
Identify Best Practices/ Best in
class - the ILI is very reliable as a
real loss performance indicator
for best in class service
Research information on leak
detection programs. Begin
flowcharting analysis of customer
billing system
Level II (26-50) Level V (91-100)
Analyze business process for
customer metering and billing
functions and water supply
operations. Identify data gaps.

Stay abreast of improvements in
metering, meter reading, billing,
leakage management and
infrastructure rehabilitation
Conduct loss assessment
investigations on a sample
portion of the system: customer
meter testing, leak survey,
unauthorized consumption, etc.

Establish ongoing mechanisms
for customer meter accuracy
testing, active leakage control
and infrastructure monitoring
Refine, enhance or expand
ongoing programs based upon
economic justification
Launch auditing and loss control
team; address production
metering deficiencies
Evaluate and refine loss control
goals on a yearly basis
Begin to assess long-term needs
requiring large expenditure:
customer meter replacement,
water main replacement program,
new customer billing system or
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)
system.

Begin to assemble economic
business case for long-term
needs based upon improved data
becoming available through the
water audit process.

Conduct detailed planning,
budgeting and launch of
comprehensive improvements for
metering, billing or infrastructure
management
Continue incremental
improvements in short-term and
long-term loss control
interventions
Establish long-term apparent and
real loss reduction goals (+10
year horizon)
Establish mid-range (5 year
horizon) apparent and real loss
reduction goals
City of Corona (3310037)
7/2016 - 6/2017
Water Loss Control Planning Guide
Establish/revise policies and
procedures for data collection
Refine data collection practices
and establish as routine business
process
Annual water audit is a reliable
gauge of year-to-year water
efficiency standing
Level III (51-70) Level IV (71-90)
Water Audit Data Validity Level / Score
Level I (0-25)
American Water Works Association.

WAS v5.0
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Loss Control Planning 37

Page 1615 of 3356 ends

Target ILI Range

Water resources are costly to develop or purchase; ability to increase revenues via water rates is greatly limited because of regulation or low ratepayer affordability.

General Guidelines for Setting a Target ILI
(without doing a full economic analysis of leakage control options) AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Loss Control Planning 38

Page 1616 of 3356 ends

AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Examples of Completed and Validated Audits American Water Works Association.

WAS v5.0
Example Audit 1a:

Example 1a: Million Gallons: Example 1b: Million Gallons: Example 2a: Megalitres:

Reporting Worksheet
Example 2b: Megalitres:

Reporting Worksheet
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1617 of 3356 Example Audits 39 Example Audit 1b:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1618 of 3356 Example Audits 40 Example Audit 2a:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1619 of 3356 Example Audits 41 Example Audit 2b:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1620 of 3356 Example Audits 42 DEVELOPED BY: Andrew Chastain-Howley, PG*, MCSM. Black & Veatch Will J. Jernigan, P.E. Cavanaugh & Associates, P.A.George Kunkel, P.E. Philadelphia Water Department Alain Lalonde, P.Eng. Master Meter Canada Inc.

REFERENCES: - Alegre, H., Hirner, W., Baptista, J. and Parena, R. Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. IWA Publishing ‘Manual of Best Practice’ Series, 2000. ISBN 1 900222 272- Kunkel, G. et al, 2003. Water Loss Control Committee Report: Applying Worldwide Best Management Practices in Water Loss Control. Journal AWWA, 95:8:65- AWWA Water Audits and Loss Control Programs, M36 Publication, 3 rd Edition, 2009 - Service Connection Diagrams courtesy of Ronnie McKenzie, WRP Pty Ltd.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

WAS v5.0
www.awwa.org
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1621 of 3356 Acknowledgements 43 VERSION HISTORY:

The most significant enhancement in v2 of the software was to allow the user to choose the volumetric units to be used in the audit, Million Gallons or Thousand Cubic Metres (megalitres) per year. Two financial performance indicators were added to provide feedback to the user on the cost of Real and Apparent losses. In v3, the option to report volumetric units in acre-feet was added. Another new feature in v3 was the inclusion of default values for two water audit components (unbilled unmetered and unauthorized consumption). v3 also included two examples of completed audits in units of million gallons and Megalitres. Several checks were added into v3 to provide instant feedback to the user on common data entry problems, in order to help the user complete an accurate water audit.v4 (and versions 4.x) of the software included a new approach to data grading. The simple "estimated" or "measured" approach was replaced with a more granular scale (typically 1-10) that reflected descriptions of utility practices and served to describe the confidence and accuracy of the input data. Each input value had a corresponding scale fully described in the Grading Matrix tab. The Grading Matrix also showed the actions required to move to a higher grading score. Grading descriptions were available on the Reporting Worksheet via a pop-up box next to each water audit input. A water audit data validity score is generated (max = 100) and priority areas for attention (to improve audit accuracy) are identified, once a user completes the requied data grading. A service connection diagram was also added to help users understand the impact of customer service line configurations on water losses and how this information should be entered into the water audit software. An acknoweldgements section was also added. Minor bug fixes resulted in the release of versions 4.1 and 4.2. A French language version was also made available for v4.2.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1622 of 3356 Acknowledgements 44 Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year: 16/17 7/2016 - 6/2017
Data Validity Score: 65
Water Exported Revenue Water
378.049 378.049
Billed Metered Consumption (water exported
is removed) Revenue Water
26,949.270
Own Sources Authorized
Consumption 26,949.270 Billed Unmetered Consumption 26,949.270

0.000
27,022.625 Unbilled Metered Consumption

1.214
26,709.222 73.355 Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

72.141
System Input Water Supplied Unauthorized Consumption 1,906.971 29,234.290 Apparent Losses 72.141
28,856.241 689.524 Customer Metering Inaccuracies
550.010
Systematic Data Handling Errors
Water Losses 67.373
Water Imported 1,833.617 Leakage on Transmission and/or Distribution Mains
Real Losses Not broken down
2,525.068 1,144.093 Leakage and Overflows at Utility's Storage Tanks
Not broken down
Leakage on Service Connections
Not broken down
AWWA Free Water Audit Software: Water Balance
Non-Revenue Water
(NRW)
Billed Authorized Consumption
Unbilled Authorized Consumption
(Adjusted for known
errors)
Billed Water Exported
City of Corona (3310037)
WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1623 of 3356 Water Balance 21 Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year: 16/17 Show me the VOLUME of Non-Revenue Water Data Validity Score: 65 Show me the COST of Non-Revenue Water AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Dashboard
7/2016 - 6/2017
City of Corona (3310037)
0 100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
Cost $
Total Cost of NRW =$1,906,253
Unbilled metered (valued at Var. Prod. Cost)
Unbilled unmetered (valued at Var. Prod. Cost)
Unauth. consumption
Cust. metering inaccuracies
Syst. data handling errors
Real Losses (valued at Var. Prod. Cost)
WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.

Water Exported
Authorized Consumption
Water Losses
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Water Exported
Water Imported
Volume From Own Sources
Water Exported Billed Auth. Cons.

Unbilled Auth. Cons. Apparent Losses
Real Losses
Water Exported
Revenue Water
Non Revenue Water
The graphic below is a visual representation of the
Water Balance with bar heights propotional to the
volume of the audit components
Water Exported
Water Supplied
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1624 of 3356 Dashboard 22 Grading >>> n/a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Volume from own sources:

Select this grading only if
the water utility
purchases/imports all of its
water resources (i.e. has
no sources of its own)
Less than 25% of water production
sources are metered, remaining
sources are estimated. No regular
meter accuracy testing or electronic
calibration conducted.
25% - 50% of treated water
production sources are metered;
other sources estimated. No regular
meter accuracy testing or electronic
calibration conducted.

Conditions between
2 and 4
50% - 75% of treated water
production sources are metered,
other sources estimated. Occasional
meter accuracy testing or electronic
calibration conducted.

Conditions between
4 and 6
At least 75% of treated water
production sources are metered, or at
least 90% of the source flow is derived
from metered sources. Meter
accuracy testing and/or electronic
calibration of related instrumentation is
conducted annually. Less than 25% of
tested meters are found outside of +/-
6% accuracy.

Conditions between
6 and 8
100% of treated water production
sources are metered, meter accuracy
testing and electronic calibration of
related instrumentation is conducted
annually, less than 10% of meters are
found outside of +/- 6% accuracy
Conditions between
8 and 10
100% of treated water production
sources are metered, meter accuracy
testing and electronic calibration of
related instrumentation is conducted
semi-annually, with less than 10% found
outside of +/- 3% accuracy. Procedures
are reviewed by a third party
knowledgeable in the M36 methodology.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Volume from
own Sources" component:
to qualify for 2:

Organize and launch efforts to
collect data for determining volume
from own sources
to maintain 10:

Standardize meter accuracy test
frequency to semi-annual, or more
frequent, for all meters. Repair or
replace meters outside of +/- 3%
accuracy. Continually investigate/pilot
improving metering technology.

Volume from own sources
master meter and supply error
adjustment:

Select n/a only if the water
utility fails to have meters
on its sources of supply
Inventory information on meters and
paper records of measured volumes
exist but are incomplete and/or in a
very crude condition; data error
cannot be determined
No automatic datalogging of
production volumes; daily readings
are scribed on paper records without
any accountability controls. Flows
are not balanced across the water
distribution system: tank/storage
elevation changes are not employed
in calculating the "Volume from own
sources" component and archived
flow data is adjusted only when
grossly evident data error occurs.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Production meter data is logged
automatically in electronic format and
reviewed at least on a monthly basis
with necessary corrections
implemented. "Volume from own
sources" tabulations include estimate
of daily changes in tanks/storage
facilities. Meter data is adjusted
when gross data errors occur, or
occasional meter testing deems this
necessary.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Hourly production meter data logged
automatically & reviewed on at least a
weekly basis. Data is adjusted to
correct gross error when
meter/instrumentation equipment
malfunction is detected; and/or error is
confirmed by meter accuracy testing.

Tank/storage facility elevation changes
are automatically used in calculating a
balanced "Volume from own sources"
component, and data gaps in the
archived data are corrected on at least
a weekly basis.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Continuous production meter data is
logged automatically & reviewed each
business day. Data is adjusted to
correct gross error from detected
meter/instrumentation equipment
malfunction and/or results of meter
accuracy testing. Tank/storage facility
elevation changes are automatically
used in "Volume from own sources"
tabulations and data gaps in the
archived data are corrected on a daily
basis.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Computerized system (SCADA or
similar) automatically balances flows
from all sources and storages; results
are reviewed each business day. Tight
accountability controls ensure that all
data gaps that occur in the archived flow
data are quickly detected and corrected.

Regular calibrations between SCADA
and sources meters ensures minimal
data transfer error.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Master meter
and supply error adjustment"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Develop a plan to restructure
recordkeeping system to capture all
flow data; set a procedure to review
flow data on a daily basis to detect
input errors. Obtain more reliable
information about existing meters by
conducting field inspections of
meters and related instrumentation,
and obtaining manufacturer
literature.
to maintain 10:

Monitor meter innovations for
development of more accurate and less
expensive flowmeters. Continue to
replace or repair meters as they
perform outside of desired accuracy
limits. Stay abreast of new and more
accurate water level instruments to
better record tank/storage levels and
archive the variations in storage volume.

Keep current with SCADA and data
management systems to ensure that
archived data is well-managed and error
free.

Water Imported:

Select n/a if the water
utility's supply is
exclusively from its own
water resources (no bulk
purchased/ imported
water)
Less than 25% of imported water
sources are metered, remaining
sources are estimated. No regular
meter accuracy testing.
25% - 50% of imported water
sources are metered; other sources
estimated. No regular meter
accuracy testing.

Conditions between
2 and 4
50% - 75% of imported water
sources are metered, other sources
estimated. Occasional meter
accuracy testing conducted.

Conditions between
4 and 6
At least 75% of imported water
sources are metered, meter accuracy
testing and/or electronic calibration of
related instrumentation is conducted
annually for all meter installations.

Less than 25% of tested meters are
found outside of +/- 6% accuracy.

Conditions between
6 and 8
100% of imported water sources are
metered, meter accuracy testing and
electronic calibration of related
instrumentation is conducted annually,
less than 10% of meters are found
outside of +/- 6% accuracy
Conditions between
8 and 10
100% of imported water sources are
metered, meter accuracy testing and
electronic calibration of related
instrumentation is conducted semiannually for all meter installations, with less than 10% of accuracy tests found
outside of +/- 3% accuracy.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Water
Imported Volume" component:
(Note: usually the water
supplier selling the water - "the
Exporter" - to the utility being
audited is responsible to
maintain the metering
installation measuring the
imported volume. The utility
should coordinate carefully
with the Exporter to ensure
that adequate meter upkeep
takes place and an accurate
measure of the Water
Imported volume is quantified.)
to qualify for 2:

Review bulk water purchase
agreements with partner suppliers;
confirm requirements for use and
maintenance of accurate metering.

Identify needs for new or
replacement meters with goal to
meter all imported water sources.
to maintain 10:

Standardize meter accuracy test
frequency to semi-annual, or more
frequent, for all meters. Continue to
conduct calibration of related
instrumentation on a semi-annual basis.

Repair or replace meters outside of +/-
3% accuracy. Continually
investigate/pilot improving metering
technology.
to qualify for 4:

Locate all water production sources on maps and in the
field, launch meter accuracy testing for existing meters, begin to install meters on unmetered water production
sources and replace any obsolete/defective meters.

To qualify for 4:

Locate all imported water sources on maps and in the field, launch meter accuracy testing for existing meters, begin to install meters on unmetered imported water
interconnections and replace obsolete/defective meters. to qualify for 6:

Formalize annual meter accuracy testing for all imported water meters, planning for both regular meter accuracy
testing and calibration of the related instrumentation.

Continue installation of meters on unmetered imported water interconnections and replacement of obsolete/defective
meters.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software: Grading Matrix
The grading assigned to each audit component and the corresponding recommended improvements and actions are highlighted in yellow. Audit accuracy is likely to be improved by prioritizing those items shown in red to qualify for 6:

Refine computerized data collection and archive to include hourly production meter data that is reviewed at least on a weekly basis to detect specific data anomalies and gaps.

Use daily net storage change to balance flows in calculating "Water Supplied" volume. Necessary corrections to data
errors are implemented on a weekly basis.
to qualify for 8:

Ensure that all flow data is collected and archived on at least an hourly basis. All data is reviewed and detected errors corrected each business day. Tank/storage levels variations are employed in calculating balanced "Water Supplied"
component. Adjust production meter data for gross error and inaccuracy confirmed by testing.
to qualify for 10:

Link all production and tank/storage facility elevation change data to a Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) System, or similar computerized monitoring/control system, and establish automatic flow balancing algorithm and regularly calibrate between SCADA and source meters. Data is
reviewed and corrected each business day.
to qualify for 6:

Formalize annual meter accuracy testing for all source
meters; specify the frequency of testing. Complete
installation of meters on unmetered water production sources and complete replacement of all obsolete/defective meters. to qualify for 8:

Conduct annual meter accuracy testing and calibration of related instrumentation on all meter installations on a regular basis. Complete project to install new, or replace defective existing, meters so that entire production meter population is metered. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 6%
accuracy.
to qualify for 10:

Maintain annual meter accuracy testing and calibration of related instrumentation for all meter installations. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 3% accuracy. Investigate new meter technology; pilot one or more replacements with
innovative meters in attempt to further improve meter
accuracy.
to qualify for 4:

Install automatic datalogging equipment on production
meters. Complete installation of level instrumentation at all tanks/storage facilities and include tank level data in automatic calculation routine in a computerized system.

Construct a computerized listing or spreadsheet to archive input volumes, tank/storage volume changes and
import/export flows in order to determine the composite "Water Supplied" volume for the distribution system. Set a procedure to review this data on a monthly basis to detect gross anomalies and data gaps.

WATER SUPPLIED
to qualify for 10:

Conduct meter accuracy testing for all meters on a semiannual basis, along with calibration of all related instrumentation. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 3% accuracy. Investigate new meter technology; pilot one or more replacements with innovative meters in attempt to improve meter accuracy.
to qualify for 8:

Complete project to install new, or replace defective, meters on all imported water interconnections. Maintain annual meter accuracy testing for all imported water meters and conduct calibration of related instrumentation at least annually. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 6%
accuracy.

WAS 5.0
American Water Works Association. Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1625 of 3356 Grading Matrix 23 Grading >>> n/a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Water imported master meter
and supply error adjustment:

Select n/a if the Imported
water supply is
unmetered, with Imported
water quantities estimated
on the billing invoices sent
by the Exporter to the
purchasing Utility.

Inventory information on imported
meters and paper records of
measured volumes exist but are
incomplete and/or in a very crude
condition; data error cannot be
determined Written agreement(s)
with water Exporter(s) are missing or
written in vague language
concerning meter management and
testing.

No automatic datalogging of
imported supply volumes; daily
readings are scribed on paper
records without any accountability
controls to confirm data accuracy
and the absence of errors and data
gaps in recorded volumes. Written
agreement requires meter accuracy
testing but is vague on the details of
how and who conducts the testing.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Imported supply metered flow data is
logged automatically in electronic
format and reviewed at least on a
monthly basis by the Exporter with
necessary corrections implemented.

Meter data is adjusted by the
Exporter when gross data errors are
detected. A coherent data trail exists
for this process to protect both the
selling and the purchasing Utility.

Written agreement exists and clearly
states requirements and roles for
meter accuracy testing and data
management.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Hourly Imported supply metered data
is logged automatically & reviewed on
at least a weekly basis by the Exporter.

Data is adjusted to correct gross error
when meter/instrumentation equipment
malfunction is detected; and to correct
for error confirmed by meter accuracy
testing. Any data gaps in the archived
data are detected and corrected during
the weekly review. A coherent data
trail exists for this process to protect
both the selling and the purchasing
Utility.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Continuous Imported supply metered
flow data is logged automatically &
reviewed each business day by the
Exporter. Data is adjusted to correct
gross error from detected
meter/instrumentation equipment
malfunction and/or results of meter
accuracy testing. Any data
errors/gaps are detected and
corrected on a daily basis. A data trail
exists for the process to protect both
the selling and the purchasing Utility.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Computerized system (SCADA or
similar) automatically records data
which is reviewed each business day by
the Exporter. Tight accountability
controls ensure that all error/data gaps
that occur in the archived flow data are
quickly detected and corrected. A
reliable data trail exists and contract
provisions for meter testing and data
management are reviewed by the selling
and purchasing Utility at least once
every five years.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Water
imported master meter and
supply error adjustment"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Monitor meter innovations for
development of more accurate and less
expensive flowmeters; work with the
Exporter to help identify meter
replacement needs. Keep
communication lines with Exporters
open and maintain productive relations.

Keep the written agreement current with
clear and explicit language that meets
the ongoing needs of all parties.

Water Exported:

Select n/a if the water
utility sells no bulk water to
neighboring water utilities
(no exported water sales)
Less than 25% of exported water
sources are metered, remaining
sources are estimated. No regular
meter accuracy testing.
25% - 50% of exported water
sources are metered; other sources
estimated. No regular meter
accuracy testing.

Conditions between
2 and 4
50% - 75% of exported water
sources are metered, other sources
estimated. Occasional meter
accuracy testing conducted.

Conditions between
4 and 6
At least 75% of exported water sources
are metered, meter accuracy testing
and/or electronic calibration conducted
annually. Less than 25% of tested
meters are found outside of +/- 6%
accuracy.

Conditions between
6 and 8
100% of exported water sources are
metered, meter accuracy testing and
electronic calibration of related
instrumentation is conducted annually,
less than 10% of meters are found
outside of +/- 6% accuracy
Conditions between
8 and 10
100% of exported water sources are
metered, meter accuracy testing and
electronic calibration of related
instrumentation is conducted semiannually for all meter installations, with less than 10% of accuracy tests found
outside of +/- 3% accuracy.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Water
Exported Volume" component:
(Note: usually, if the water
utility being audited sells
(Exports) water to a
neighboring purchasing Utility,
it is the responsibility of the
utility exporting the water to
maintain the metering
installation measuring the
Exported volume. The utility
exporting the water should
ensure that adequate meter
upkeep takes place and an
accurate measure of the
Water Exported volume is
quantified.)
to qualify for 2:

Review bulk water sales
agreements with purchasing utilities;
confirm requirements for use &
upkeep of accurate metering.

Identify needs to install new, or
replace defective meters as needed.
to maintain 10:

Water exported master meter
and supply error adjustment:

Select n/a only if the water
utility fails to have meters
on its exported supply
interconnections.

Inventory information on exported
meters and paper records of
measured volumes exist but are
incomplete and/or in a very crude
condition; data error cannot be
determined Written agreement(s)
with the utility purchasing the water
are missing or written in vague
language concerning meter
management and testing.

No automatic datalogging of
exported supply volumes; daily
readings are scribed on paper
records without any accountability
controls to confirm data accuracy
and the absence of errors and data
gaps in recorded volumes. Written
agreement requires meter accuracy
testing but is vague on the details of
how and who conducts the testing.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Exported metered flow data is logged
automatically in electronic format and
reviewed at least on a monthly basis,
with necessary corrections
implemented. Meter data is adjusted
by the utility selling (exporting) the
water when gross data errors are
detected. A coherent data trail exists
for this process to protect both the
utility exporting the water and the
purchasing Utility. Written agreement
exists and clearly states requirements
and roles for meter accuracy testing
and data management.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Hourly exported supply metered data is
logged automatically & reviewed on at
least a weekly basis by the utility selling
the water. Data is adjusted to correct
gross error when
meter/instrumentation equipment
malfunction is detected; and to correct
for error found by meter accuracy
testing. Any data gaps in the archived
data are detected and corrected during
the weekly review. A coherent data
trail exists for this process to protect
both the selling (exporting) utility and
the purchasing Utility.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Continuous exported supply metered
flow data is logged automatically &
reviewed each business day by the
utility selling (exporting) the water.

Data is adjusted to correct gross error
from detected meter/instrumentation
equipment malfunction and any error
confirmed by meter accuracy testing.

Any data errors/gaps are detected and
corrected on a daily basis. A data trail
exists for the process to protect both
the selling (exporting) Utility and the
purchasing Utility.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Computerized system (SCADA or
similar) automatically records data
which is reviewed each business day by
the utility selling (exporting) the water.

Tight accountability controls ensure that
all error/data gaps that occur in the
archived flow data are quickly detected
and corrected. A reliable data trail
exists and contract provisions for meter
testing and data management are
reviewed by the selling Utility and
purchasing Utility at least once every
five years.
to qualify for 10:

Maintain annual meter accuracy testing for all meters. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 3% accuracy. Investigate new meter technology; pilot one or more replacements with
innovative meters in attempt to improve meter accuracy. to qualify for 10:

Conduct accountability checks to confirm that all Imported supply metered data is reviewed and corrected each business day by the Exporter. Results of all meter accuracy tests and data corrections should be available for sharing between the Exporter and the purchasing Utility. Establish a schedule for a regular review and updating of the contractual language in the written agreement between the selling and the purchasing Utility; at least every five years.

To qualify for 4:

Locate all exported water sources on maps and in field, launch meter accuracy testing for existing meters, begin to install meters on unmetered exported water
interconnections and replace obsolete/defective meters
to qualify for 4:

Install automatic datalogging equipment on Imported
supply meters. Set a procedure to review this data on a monthly basis to detect gross anomalies and data gaps.

Launch discussions with the Exporters to jointly review terms of the written agreements regarding meter accuracy testing and data management; revise the terms as
necessary.
to qualify for 6:

Refine computerized data collection and archive to include hourly Imported supply metered flow data that is reviewed at least on a weekly basis to detect specific data anomalies and gaps. Make necessary corrections to errors/data errors on a weekly basis.
to qualify for 8:

Ensure that all Imported supply metered flow data is
collected and archived on at least an hourly basis. All data is reviewed and errors/data gaps are corrected each business day.
to qualify for 6:

Formalize annual meter accuracy testing for all exported water meters. Continue installation of meters on unmetered exported water interconnections and replacement of
obsolete/defective meters.
to qualify for 8:

Complete project to install new, or replace defective, meters on all exported water interconnections. Maintain annual meter accuracy testing for all exported water meters. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 6% accuracy.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1626 of 3356 Grading Matrix 24 Grading >>> n/a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Water
exported master meter and
supply error adjustment"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Monitor meter innovations for
development of more accurate and less
expensive flowmeters; work with the
purchasing utilities to help identify meter
replacement needs. Keep
communication lines with the purchasing
utilities open and maintain productive
relations. Keep the written agreement
current with clear and explicit language
that meets the ongoing needs of all
parties.

Billed metered:
n/a (not applicable). Select
n/a only if the entire
customer population is not
metered and is billed for
water service on a flat or
fixed rate basis. In such a
case the volume entered
must be zero.

Less than 50% of customers with
volume-based billings from meter
readings; flat or fixed rate billing
exists for the majority of the
customer population
At least 50% of customers with
volume-based billing from meter
reads; flat rate billing for others.

Manual meter reading is conducted,
with less than 50% meter read
success rate, remainding accounts'
consumption is estimated. Limited
meter records, no regular meter
testing or replacement. Billing data
maintained on paper records, with no
auditing.

Conditions between
2 and 4
At least 75% of customers with
volume-based, billing from meter
reads; flat or fixed rate billing for
remaining accounts. Manual meter
reading is conducted with at least
50% meter read success rate;
consumption for accounts with failed
reads is estimated. Purchase
records verify age of customer
meters; only very limited meter
accuracy testing is conducted.

Customer meters are replaced only
upon complete failure. Computerized
billing records exist, but only sporadic
internal auditing conducted.

Conditions between
4 and 6
At least 90% of customers with volumebased billing from meter reads; consumption for remaining accounts is
estimated. Manual customer meter
reading gives at least 80% customer
meter reading success rate;
consumption for accounts with failed
reads is estimated. Good customer
meter records eixst, but only limited
meter accuracy testing is conducted.

Regular replacement is conducted for
the oldest meters. Computerized
billing records exist with annual auditing
of summary statistics conducting by
utility personnel.

Conditions between
6 and 8
At least 97% of customers exist with
volume-based billing from meter
reads. At least 90% customer meter
reading success rate; or at least 80%
read success rate with planning and
budgeting for trials of Automatic Meter
Reading (AMR) or Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) in one or more
pilot areas. Good customer meter
records. Regular meter accuracy
testing guides replacement of
statistically significant number of
meters each year. Routine auditing of
computerized billing records for global
and detailed statistics occurs annually
by utility personnel, and is verified by
third party at least once every five
years.

Conditions between
8 and 10
At least 99% of customers exist with
volume-based billing from meter reads.

At least 95% customer meter reading
success rate; or minimum 80% meter
reading success rate, with Automatic
Meter Reading (AMR) or Advanced
Metering Infrastructure (AMI) trials
underway. Statistically significant
customer meter testing and
replacement program in place on a
continuous basis. Computerized billing
with routine, detailed auditing, including
field investigation of representative
sample of accounts undertaken annually
by utility personnel. Audit is conducted
by third party auditors at least once
every three years.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Billed
Metered Consumption"
component:

If n/a is selected because
the customer meter
population is unmetered,
consider establishing a
new policy to meter the
customer population and
employ water rates based
upon metered volumes.
to qualify for 2:

Conduct investigations or trials of
customer meters to select
appropriate meter models. Budget
funding for meter installations.

Investigate volume based water rate
structures.
to maintain 10:

Continue annual internal billing data
auditing, and third party auditing at least
every three years. Continue customer
meter accuracy testing to ensure that
accurate customer meter readings are
obtained and entered as the basis for
volume based billing. Stay abreast of
improvements in Automatic Meter
Reading (AMR) and Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) and information
management. Plan and budget for
justified upgrades in metering, meter
reading and billing data management to
maintain very high accuracy in customer
metering and billing.

Billed unmetered:

Select n/a if it is the policy
of the water utility to meter
all customer connections
and it has been confirmed
by detailed auditing that all
customers do indeed have
a water meter; i.e. no
intentionally unmetered
accounts exist
Water utility policy does not require
customer metering; flat or fixed fee
billing is employed. No data is
collected on customer consumption.

The only estimates of customer
population consumption available
are derived from data estimation
methods using average fixture count
multiplied by number of connections,
or similar approach.

Water utility policy does not require
customer metering; flat or fixed fee
billing is employed. Some metered
accounts exist in parts of the system
(pilot areas or District Metered
Areas) with consumption read
periodically or recorded on portable
dataloggers over one, three, or
seven day periods. Data from these
sample meters are used to infer
consumption for the total customer
population. Site specific estimation
methods are used for unusual
buildings/water uses.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Water utility policy does require
metering and volume based billing in
general. However, a liberal amount
of exemptions and a lack of clearly
written and communicated
procedures result in up to 20% of
billed accounts believed to be
unmetered by exemption; or the
water utility is in transition to
becoming fully metered, and a large
number of customers remain
unmetered. A rough estimate of the
annual consumption for all unmetered
accounts is included in the annual
water audit, with no inspection of
individual unmetered accounts.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Water utility policy does require
metering and volume based billing but
established exemptions exist for a
portion of accounts such as municipal
buildings. As many as 15% of billed
accounts are unmetered due to this
exemption or meter installation
difficulties. Only a group estimate of
annual consumption for all unmetered
accounts is included in the annual
water audit, with no inspection of
individual unmetered accounts.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Water utility policy does require
metering and volume based billing for
all customer accounts. However, less
than 5% of billed accounts remain
unmetered because meter installation
is hindered by unusual circumstances.

The goal is to minimize the number of
unmetered accounts. Reliable
estimates of consumption are
obtained for these unmetered
accounts via site specific estimation
methods.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Water utility policy does require
metering and volume based billing for all
customer accounts. Less than 2% of
billed accounts are unmetered and exist
because meter installation is hindered
by unusual circumstances. The goal
exists to minimize the number of
unmetered accounts to the extent that is
economical. Reliable estimates of
consumption are obtained at these
accounts via site specific estimation
methods.
to qualify for 4:

Purchase and install meters on unmetered accounts.

Implement policies to improve meter reading success.

Catalog meter information during meter read visits to
identify age/model of existing meters. Test a minimal
number of meters for accuracy. Install computerized billing system.
to qualify for 6:

Purchase and install meters on unmetered accounts.

Eliminate flat fee billing and establish appropriate water rate structure based upon measured consumption. Continue to
achieve verifiable success in removing manual meter reading barriers. Expand meter accuracy testing. Launch regular meter replacement program. Launch a program of annual
auditing of global billing statistics by utility personnel. to qualify for 10:

Purchase and install meters on unmetered accounts. Launch Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) or Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) system trials if manual meter reading success rate of at least 99% is not achieved within a five-year program. Continue meter accuracy testing program. Conduct planning and budgeting for large scale meter replacement based upon meter life cycle analysis using cumulative flow target. Continue annual detailed billing data auditing by utility personnel and conduct third party auditing at least once every three years.
to qualify for 4:

Install automatic datalogging equipment on exported supply meters. Set a procedure to review this data on a monthly basis to detect gross anomalies and data gaps. Launch
discussions with the purchasing utilities to jointly review terms of the written agreements regarding meter accuracy testing and data management; revise the terms as
necessary.
to qualify for 8:

Purchase and install meters on unmetered accounts. If
customer meter reading success rate is less than 97%,
assess cost-effectiveness of Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) or Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) system for portion or entire system; or otherwise achieve ongoing
improvements in manual meter reading success rate to 97% or higher. Refine meter accuracy testing program. Set
meter replacement goals based upon accuracy test results.

Implement annual auditing of detailed billing records by utility personnel and implement third party auditing at least once every five years.

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
to qualify for 10:

Conduct accountability checks to confirm that all exported metered flow data is reviewed and corrected each business day by the utility selling the water. Results of all meter accuracy tests and data corrections should be available for sharing between the utility and the purchasing Utility. Establish a schedule for a regular review and updating of the contractual language in the written agreements with the purchasing utilities; at least every five years.
to qualify for 6:

Refine computerized data collection and archive to include hourly exported supply metered flow data that is reviewed at least on a weekly basis to detect specific data anomalies and gaps. Make necessary corrections to errors/data errors on a weekly basis.
to qualify for 8:

Ensure that all exported metered flow data is collected and archived on at least an hourly basis. All data is reviewed and errors/data gaps are corrected each business day.

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Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Billed
Unmetered Consumption"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Conduct research and evaluate
cost/benefit of a new water utility
policy to require metering of the
customer population; thereby greatly
reducing or eliminating unmetered
accounts. Conduct pilot metering
project by installing water meters in
small sample of customer accounts
and periodically reading the meters
or datalogging the water
consumption over one, three, or
seven day periods.
to maintain 10:

Continue to refine estimation methods
for unmetered consumption and explore
means to establish metering, for as
many billed remaining unmetered
accounts as is economically feasible.

Unbilled metered:
select n/a if all billingexempt consumption is
unmetered.

Billing practices exempt certain
accounts, such as municipal
buildings, but written policies do not
exist; and a reliable count of unbilled
metered accounts is unavailable.

Meter upkeep and meter reading on
these accounts is rare and not
considered a priority. Due to poor
recordkeeping and lack of auditing,
water consumption for all such
accounts is purely guesstimated.

Billing practices exempt certain
accounts, such as municipal
buildings, but only scattered, dated
written directives exist to justify this
practice. A reliable count of unbilled
metered accounts is unavailable.

Sporadic meter replacement and
meter reading occurs on an asneeded basis. The total annual water consumption for all unbilled, metered
accounts is estimated based upon
approximating the number of
accounts and assigning consumption
from actively billed accounts of same
meter size.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Dated written procedures permit
billing exemption for specific
accounts, such as municipal
properties, but are unclear regarding
certain other types of accounts.

Meter reading is given low priority and
is sporadic. Consumption is
quantified from meter readings where
available. The total number of
unbilled, unmetered accounts must
be estimated along with consumption
volumes.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Written policies regarding billing
exemptions exist but adherence in
practice is questionable. Metering and
meter reading for municipal buildings is
reliable but sporadic for other unbilled
metered accounts. Periodic auditing of
such accounts is conducted. Water
consumption is quantified directly from
meter readings where available, but
the majority of the consumption is
estimated.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Written policy identifies the types of
accounts granted a billing exemption.

Customer meter management and
meter reading are considered
secondary priorities, but meter reading
is conducted at least annually to obtain
consumption volumes for the annual
water audit. High level auditing of
billing records ensures that a reliable
census of such accounts exists.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Clearly written policy identifies the types
of accounts given a billing exemption,
with emphasis on keeping such
accounts to a minimum. Customer
meter management and meter reading
for these accounts is given proper
priority and is reliably conducted.

Regular auditing confirms this. Total
water consumption for these accounts is
taken from reliable readings from
accurate meters.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Unbilled
Metered Consumption"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Reassess the water utility's policy
allowing certain accounts to be
granted a billing exemption. Draft an
outline of a new written policy for
billing exemptions, with clear
justification as to why any accounts
should be exempt from billing, and
with the intention to keep the
number of such accounts to a
minimum.
to maintain 10:

Reassess the utility's philosophy in
allowing any water uses to go "unbilled".

It is possible to meter and bill all
accounts, even if the fee charged for
water consumption is discounted or
waived. Metering and billing all
accounts ensures that water
consumption is tracked and water waste
from plumbing leaks is detected and
minimized.

Unbilled unmetered:

Extent of unbilled, unmetered
consumption is unknown due to
unclear policies and poor
recordkeeping. Total consumption
is quantified based upon a purely
subjective estimate.

Clear extent of unbilled, unmetered
consumption is unknown, but a
number of events are randomly
documented each year, confirming
existence of such consumption, but
without sufficient documentation to
quantify an accurate estimate of the
annual volume consumed.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Extent of unbilled, unmetered
consumption is partially known, and
procedures exist to document certain
events such as miscellaneous fire
hydrant uses. Formulae is used to
quantify the consumption from such
events (time running multiplied by
typical flowrate, multiplied by number
of events).

Default value of

1.25% of system input
volume is employed
Coherent policies exist for some forms
of unbilled, unmetered consumption but
others await closer evaluation.

Reasonable recordkeeping for the
managed uses exists and allows for
annual volumes to be quantified by
inference, but unsupervised uses are
guesstimated.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Clear policies and good recordkeeping
exist for some uses (ex: water used in
periodic testing of unmetered fire
connections), but other uses (ex:
miscellaneous uses of fire hydrants)
have limited oversight. Total
consumption is a mix of well quantified
use such as from formulae (time
running multiplied by typical flow,
multiplied by number of events) or
temporary meters, and relatively
subjective estimates of less regulated
use.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Clear policies exist to identify permitted
use of water in unbilled, unmetered
fashion, with the intention of minimizing
this type of consumption. Good records
document each occurrence and
consumption is quantified via formulae
(time running multiplied by typical flow,
multiplied by number of events) or use
of temporary meters.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Unbilled
Unmetered Consumption"
component:
to qualify for 5:

Utilize the accepted default value of

1.25% of the volume of water
supplied as an expedient means to
gain a reasonable quantification of
this use.
to qualify for 2:

Establish a policy regarding what
water uses should be allowed to
remain as unbilled and unmetered.

Consider tracking a small sample of
one such use (ex: fire hydrant
flushings).
to qualify for 5:

Utilize accepted default value of

1.25% of the volume of water
supplied as an expedient means to
gain a reasonable quantification of all
such use. This is particularly
appropriate for water utilities who are
in the early stages of the water
auditing process, and should focus on
other components since the volume
of unbilled, umetered consumption is
usually a relatively small quatity
component, and other larger-quantity
components should take priority.
to qualify for 6 or
greater:

Finalize policy and
begin to conduct field
checks to better
establish and quantify
such usage. Proceed
if top-down audit
exists and/or a great
volume of such use is
suspected.
to maintain 10:

Continue to refine policy and procedures
with intention of reducing the number of
allowable uses of water in unbilled and
unmetered fashion. Any uses that can
feasibly become billed and metered
should be converted eventually.
to qualify for 10:

Ensure that meter management (meter accuracy testing,
meter replacement) and meter reading activities for unbilled accounts are accorded the same priority as billed accounts.

Establish ongoing annual auditing process to ensure that water consumption is reliably collected and provided to the annual water audit process.
to qualify for 4:

Implement a new water utility policy requiring customer metering. Launch or expand pilot metering study to include several different meter types, which will provide data for economic assessment of full scale metering options.

Assess sites with access difficulties to devise means to obtain water consumption volumes. Begin customer meter
installation.
to qualify for 6:

Refine policy and procedures to improve customer metering participation for all but solidly exempt accounts. Assign staff resources to review billing records to identify errant
unmetered properties. Specify metering needs and funding requirements to install sufficient meters to significant reduce the number of unmetered accounts
to qualify for 4:

Review historic written directives and policy documents allowing certain accounts to be billing-exempt. Draft an outline of a written policy for billing exemptions, identify criteria that grants an exemption, with a goal of keeping this number of accounts to a minimum. Consider
increasing the priority of reading meters on unbilled
accounts at least annually.
to qualify for 6:

Draft a new written policy regarding billing exemptions based upon consensus criteria allowing this occurrence. Assign resources to audit meter records and billing records to obtain census of unbilled metered accounts. Gradually include a greater number of these metered accounts to the routes for regular meter reading.
to qualify for 10:

Refine written procedures to ensure that all uses of unbilled, unmetered water are overseen by a structured permitting process managed by water utility personnel. Reassess policy to determine if some of these uses have value in being
converted to billed and/or metered status.

APPARENT LOSSES
to qualify for 5:

Utilize accepted default value of 1.25% of the volume of water supplied as an expedient means to gain a
reasonable quantification of this use.
to qualify for 4:

Evaluate the documentation of events that have been
observed. Meet with user groups (ex: for fire hydrants - fire departments, contractors to ascertain their need and/or volume requirements for water from fire hydrants).
to qualify for 8:

Assess water utility policy and procedures for various
unmetered usages. For example, ensure that a policy exists and permits are issued for use of fire hydrants by persons outside of the utility. Create written procedures for use and documentation of fire hydrants by water utility personnel.

Use same approach for other types of unbilled, unmetered water usage.
to qualify for 8:

Communicate billing exemption policy throughout the
organization and implement procedures that ensure proper account management. Conduct inspections of accounts
confirmed in unbilled metered status and verify that accurate meters exist and are scheduled for routine meter readings.

Gradually increase the number of unbilled metered accounts that are included in regular meter reading routes.
to qualify for 8:

Push to install customer meters on a full scale basis. Refine metering policy and procedures to ensure that all accounts, including municipal properties, are designated for meters.

Plan special efforts to address "hard-to-access" accounts.

Implement procedures to obtain a reliable consumption
estimate for the remaining few unmetered accounts awaiting meter installation.
to qualify for 10:

Continue customer meter installation throughout the service area, with a goal to minimize unmetered accounts. Sustain the effort to investigate accounts with access difficulties, and devise means to install water meters or otherwise measure water consumption.

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Unauthorized consumption:

Extent of unauthorized consumption
is unknown due to unclear policies
and poor recordkeeping. Total
unauthorized consumption is
guesstimated.

Unauthorized consumption is a
known occurrence, but its extent is a
mystery. There are no requirements
to document observed events, but
periodic field reports capture some of
these occurrences. Total
unauthorized consumption is
approximated from this limited data.
conditions between
2 and 4
Procedures exist to document some
unauthorized consumption such as
observed unauthorized fire hydrant
openings. Use formulae to quantify
this consumption (time running
multiplied typical flowrate, multiplied
by number of events).

Default value of

0.25% of volume of
water supplied is
employed
Coherent policies exist for some forms
of unauthorized consumption (more
than simply fire hydrant misuse) but
others await closer evaluation.

Reasonable surveillance and
recordkeeping exist for occurrences
that fall under the policy. Volumes
quantified by inference from these
records.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Clear policies and good auditable
recordkeeping exist for certain events
(ex: tampering with water meters,
illegal bypasses of customer meters);
but other occurrences have limited
oversight. Total consumption is a
combination of volumes from formulae
(time x typical flow) and subjective
estimates of unconfirmed
consumption.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Clear policies exist to identify all known
unauthorized uses of water. Staff and
procedures exist to provide enforcement
of policies and detect violations. Each
occurrence is recorded and quantified
via formulae (estimated time running
multiplied by typical flow) or similar
methods. All records and calculations
should exist in a form that can be
audited by a third party.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Unauthorized
Consumption" component:
to qualify for 5:

Use accepted default of 0.25% of
volume of water supplied.
to qualify for 2:

Review utility policy regarding what
water uses are considered
unauthorized, and consider tracking
a small sample of one such
occurrence (ex: unauthorized fire
hydrant openings)
to qualify for 5:

Utilize accepted default value of

0.25% of volume of water supplied as
an expedient means to gain a
reasonable quantification of all such
use. This is particularly appropriate
for water utilities who are in the early
stages of the water auditing process.
to qualify for 6 or
greater:

Finalize policy
updates to clearly
identify the types of
water consumption
that are authorized
from those usages
that fall outside of this
policy and are,
therefore,
unauthorized. Begin
to conduct regular
field checks. Proceed
if the top-down audit
already exists and/or
a great volume of
such use is
suspected.
to maintain 10:

Continue to refine policy and procedures
to eliminate any loopholes that allow or
tacitly encourage unauthorized
consumption. Continue to be vigilant in
detection, documentation and
enforcement efforts.

Customer metering
inaccuracies:
select n/a only if the entire
customer population is
unmetered. In such a case
the volume entered must
be zero.

Customer meters exist, but with
unorganized paper records on
meters; no meter accuracy testing
or meter replacement program for
any size of retail meter. Metering
workflow is driven chaotically with no
proactive management. Loss
volume due to aggregate meter
inaccuracy is guesstimated.

Poor recordkeeping and meter
oversight is recognized by water
utility management who has allotted
staff and funding resources to
organize improved recordkeeping
and start meter accuracy testing.

Existing paper records gathered and
organized to provide cursory
disposition of meter population.

Customer meters are tested for
accuracy only upon customer
request.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Reliable recordkeeping exists; meter
information is improving as meters
are replaced. Meter accuracy
testing is conducted annually for a
small number of meters (more than
just customer requests, but less than
1% of inventory). A limited number of
the oldest meters are replaced each
year. Inaccuracy volume is largely an
estimate, but refined based upon
limited testing data.

Conditions between
4 and 6
A reliable electronic recordkeeping
system for meters exists. The meter
population includes a mix of new high
performing meters and dated meters
with suspect accuracy. Routine, but
limited, meter accuracy testing and
meter replacement occur. Inaccuracy
volume is quantified using a mix of
reliable and less certain data.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Ongoing meter replacement and
accuracy testing result in highly
accurate customer meter population.

Testing is conducted on samples of
meters of varying age and
accumulated volume of throughput to
determine optimum replacement time
for various types of meters.

Ongoing meter
replacement and
accuracy testing result
in highly accurate
customer meter
population. Statistically
significant number of
meters are tested in
audit year. This testing
is conducted on
samples of meters of
varying age and
accumulated volume of
throughput to
determine optimum
replacement time for
these meters.

Good records of all active customer
meters exist and include as a minimum:
meter number, account
number/location, type, size and
manufacturer. Ongoing meter
replacement occurs according to a
targeted and justified basis. Regular
meter accuracy testing gives a reliable
measure of composite inaccuracy
volume for the customer meter
population. New metering technology is
embraced to keep overall accuracy
improving. Procedures are reviewed by
a third party knowledgeable in the M36
methodology.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Customer
meter inaccuracy volume"
component:

Gather available meter purchase
records. Conduct testing on a small
number of meters believed to be the
most inaccurate. Review staffing
needs of the metering group and
budget for necessary resources to
better organize meter management.
to qualify for 9:

Continue efforts to manage meter
population with reliable recordkeeping.

Test a statistically significant number
of meters each year and analyze test
results in an ongoing manner to serve
as a basis for a target meter
replacement strategy based upon
accumulated volume throughput.
to qualify for 10:

Continue efforts to
manage meter
population with reliable
recordkeeping, meter
testing and
replacement. Evaluate
new meter types and
install one or more
types in 5-10 customer
accounts each year in
order to pilot improving
metering technology.
to maintain 10:

Increase the number of meters tested
and replaced as justified by meter
accuracy test data. Continually monitor
development of new metering
technology and Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) to grasp
opportunities for greater accuracy in
metering of water flow and management
of customer consumption data.
to qualify for 6:

Standardize the procedures for meter recordkeeping within an electronic information system. Accelerate meter accuracy testing and meter replacements guided by testing results. to qualify for 8:

Expand annual meter accuracy testing to evaluate a
statistically significant number of meter makes/models.

Expand meter replacement program to replace statistically significant number of poor performing meters each year. to qualify for 5:

Use accepted default of 0.25% of system input volume
to qualify for 4:

Review utility policy regarding what water uses are
considered unauthorized, and consider tracking a small
sample of one such occurrence (ex: unauthorized fire
hydrant openings)
to qualify for 4:

Implement a reliable record keeping system for customer meter histories, preferably using electronic methods
typically linked to, or part of, the Customer Billing System or Customer Information System. Expand meter accuracy
testing to a larger group of meters.
to quality for 8:

Assess water utility policies to ensure that all known
occurrences of unauthorized consumption are outlawed, and that appropriate penalties are prescribed. Create written procedures for detection and documentation of various
occurrences of unauthorized consumption as they are
uncovered.
to qualify for 10:

Refine written procedures and assign staff to seek out likely occurrences of unauthorized consumption. Explore new
locking devices, monitors and other technologies designed to detect and thwart unauthorized consumption.

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Systematic Data Handling
Errors:

Note: all water utilities
incur some amount of this
error. Even in water
utilities with unmetered
customer populations and
fixed rate billing, errors
occur in annual billing
tabulations. Enter a
positive value for the
volume and select a
grading.

Policies and procedures for
activation of new customer water
billing accounts are vague and lack
accountability. Billing data is
maintained on paper records which
are not well organized. No auditing
is conducted to confirm billing data
handling efficiency. An unknown
number of customers escape
routine billing due to lack of billing
process oversight.

Policy and procedures for activation
of new customer accounts and
oversight of billing records exist but
need refinement. Billing data is
maintained on paper records or
insufficiently capable electronic
database. Only periodic unstructured
auditing work is conducted to confirm
billing data handling efficiency. The
volume of unbilled water due to billing
lapses is a guess.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Policy and procedures for new
account activation and oversight of
billing operations exist but needs
refinement. Computerized billing
system exists, but is dated or lacks
needed functionality. Periodic, limited
internal audits conducted and confirm
with approximate accuracy the
consumption volumes lost to billing
lapses.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Policy and procedures for new account
activation and oversight of billing
operations is adequate and reviewed
periodically. Computerized billing
system is in use with basic reporting
available. Any effect of billing
adjustments on measured
consumption volumes is well
understood. Internal checks of billing
data error conducted annually.

Reasonably accurate quantification of
consumption volume lost to billing
lapses is obtained.

Conditions between
6 and 8
New account activation and billing
operations policy and procedures are
reviewed at least biannually.

Computerized billing system includes
an array of reports to confirm billing
data and system functionality. Checks
are conducted routinely to flag and
explain zero consumption accounts.

Annual internal checks conducted with
third party audit conducted at least
once every five years. Accountability
checks flag billing lapses.

Consumption lost to billing lapses is
well quantified and reducing year-byyear.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Sound written policy and procedures
exist for new account activation and
oversight of customer billing operations.

Robust computerized billing system
gives high functionality and reporting
capabilities which are utilized, analyzed
and the results reported each billing
cycle. Assessment of policy and data
handling errors are conducted internally
and audited by third party at least once
every three years, ensuring
consumption lost to billing lapses is
minimized and detected as it occurs.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Systematic
Data Handling Error volume"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Draft written policy and procedures
for activating new water billing
accounts and oversight of billing
operations. Investigate and budget
for computerized customer billing
system. Conduct initial audit of
billing records by flow-charting the
basic business processes of the
customer account/billing function.
to maintain 10:

Stay abreast of customer information
management developments and
innovations. Monitor developments of
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
and integrate technology to ensure that
customer endpoint information is wellmonitored and errors/lapses are at an economic minimum.

Length of mains:

Poorly assembled and maintained
paper as-built records of existing
water main installations makes
accurate determination of system
pipe length impossible. Length of
mains is guesstimated.

Paper records in poor or uncertain
condition (no annual tracking of
installations & abandonments). Poor
procedures to ensure that new water
mains installed by developers are
accurately documented.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Sound written policy and procedures
exist for documenting new water main
installations, but gaps in management
result in a uncertain degree of error in
tabulation of mains length.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Sound written policy and procedures
exist for permitting and commissioning
new water mains. Highly accurate
paper records with regular field
validation; or electronic records and
asset management system in good
condition. Includes system backup.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Sound written policy and procedures
exist for permitting and commissioning
new water mains. Electronic
recordkeeping such as a Geographical
Information System (GIS) and asset
management system are used to
store and manage data.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Sound written policy exists for managing
water mains extensions and
replacements. Geographic Information
System (GIS) data and asset
management database agree and
random field validation proves truth of
databases. Records of annual field
validation should be available for review.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Length of
Water Mains" component:
to qualify for 2:

Assign personnel to inventory
current as-built records and
compare with customer billing
system records and highway plans
in order to verify poorly documented
pipelines. Assemble policy
documents regarding permitting and
documentation of water main
installations by the utility and building
developers; identify gaps in
procedures that result in poor
documentation of new water main
installations.
to maintain 10:

Continue with standardization and
random field validation to improve the
completeness and accuracy of the
system.

Number of active AND inactive
service connections:

Vague permitting (of new service
connections) policy and poor paper
recordkeeping of customer
connections/billings result in suspect
determination of the number of
service connections, which may be
10-15% in error from actual count.

General permitting policy exists but
paper records, procedural gaps, and
weak oversight result in questionable
total for number of connections,
which may vary 5-10% of actual
count.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Written account activation policy and
procedures exist, but with some gaps
in performance and oversight.

Computerized information
management system is being brought
online to replace dated paper
recordkeeping system. Reasonably
accurate tracking of service
connection installations &
abandonments; but count can be up
to 5% in error from actual total.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Written new account activation and
overall billing policies and procedures
are adequate and reviewed
periodically. Computerized information
management system is in use with
annual installations & abandonments
totaled. Very limited field verifications
and audits. Error in count of number of
service connections is believed to be
no more than 3%.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Policies and procedures for new
account activation and overall billing
operations are written, well-structured
and reviewed at least biannually. Wellmanaged computerized information management system exists and
routine, periodic field checks and
internal system audits are conducted.

Counts of connections are no more
than 2% in error.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Sound written policy and well managed
and audited procedures ensure reliable
management of service connection
population. Computerized information
management system, Customer Billing
System, and Geographic Information
System (GIS) information agree; field
validation proves truth of databases.

Count of connections recorded as being
in error is less than 1% of the entire
population.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Number of
Active and Inactive Service
Connections" component:

Note: The number of
Service Connections
does not include fire
hydrant leads/lines
connecting the hydrant
to the water main
to qualify for 2:

Draft new policy and procedures for
new account activation and overall
billing operations. Research and
collect paper records of installations
& abandonments for several years
prior to audit year.
to maintain 10:

Continue with standardization and
random field validation to improve
knowledge of system.
to qualify for 10:

Close any procedural loopholes that allow installations to go undocumented. Link computerized information management
system with Geographic Information System (GIS) and
formalize field inspection and information system auditing processes. Documentation of new or decommissioned service connections encounters several levels of checks and balances. to qualify for 4:

Refine policy and procedures for new account activation and overall billing operations. Research computerized
recordkeeping system (Customer Information System or
Customer Billing System) to improve documentation format for service connections.
to qualify for 6:

Refine procedures to ensure consistency with new account activation and overall billing policy to establish new service connections or decommission existing connections. Improve process to include all totals for at least five years prior to audit year.
to qualify for 4:

Complete inventory of paper records of water main
installations for several years prior to audit year. Review policy and procedures for commissioning and documenting new water main installation.
to qualify for 8:

Launch random field checks of limited number of locations.

Convert to electronic database such as a Geographic
Information System (GIS) with backup as justified. Develop written policy and procedures.
to qualify for 10:

Link Geographic Information System (GIS) and asset
management databases, conduct field verification of data.

Record field verification information at least annually. to qualify for 6:

Finalize updates/improvements to written policy and
procedures for permitting/commissioning new main
installations. Confirm inventory of records for five years prior to audit year; correct any errors or omissions.

Note: if customer water
meters are located outside
to qualify for 4:

Finalize written policy and procedures for activation of new billing acocunts and overall billing operations management.

Implement a computerized customer billing system.

Conduct initial audit of billing records as part of this process.
to qualify for 6:

Refine new account activation and billing operations
procedures and ensure consistency with the utility policy regarding billing, and minimize opportunity for missed billings.

Upgrade or replace customer billing system for needed
functionality - ensure that billing adjustments don't corrupt the value of consumption volumes. Procedurize internal annual audit process.
to qualify for 8:

Formalize regular review of new account activation process and general billing practices. Enhance reporting capability of computerized billing system. Formalize regular auditing process to reveal scope of data handling error. Plan for periodic third party audit to occur at least once every five years.

Gradings 1-9 apply if customer properties are unmetered, if customer meters exist and are located inside the customer building premises, or if the water utility owns and is responsible for the entire service connection piping from the water main to the customer building. In any of these cases the average distance between the curb stop or boundary separating utility/customer responsibility for service connection piping, and the typical first point of use (ex: faucet) or the customer meter must be quantified. Gradings of 1-9 are used to grade the validity of the means to quantify this value. (See the "Service Connection Diagram" worksheet) to qualify for 8:

Formalize regular review of new account activation and
overall billing operations policies and procedures. Launch random field checks of limited number of locations. Develop reports and auditing mechanisms for computerized
information management system.

SYSTEM DATA
Either of two conditions can be met for a
grading of 10:
a) Customer water meters exist outside
to qualify for 10:

Close policy/procedure loopholes that allow some customer accounts to go unbilled, or data handling errors to exist.

Ensure that billing system reports are utilized, analyzed and reported every billing cycle. Ensure that internal and third party audits are conducted at least once every three years.

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Vague policy exists to define the
delineation of water utility ownership
and customer ownership of the
service connection piping. Curb
stops are perceived as the
breakpoint but these have not been
well-maintained or documented.

Most are buried or obscured. Their
location varies widely from site-tosite, and estimating this distance is arbitrary due to the unknown location
of many curb stops.

Policy requires that the curb stop
serves as the delineation point
between water utility ownership and
customer ownership of the service
connection piping. The piping from
the water main to the curb stop is the
property of the water utility; and the
piping from the curb stop to the
customer building is owned by the
customer. Curb stop locations are
not well documented and the
average distance is based upon a
limited number of locations
measured in the field.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Good policy requires that the curb
stop serves as the delineation point
between water utility ownership and
customer ownership of the service
connection piping. Curb stops are
generally installed as needed and are
reasonably documented. Their
location varies widely from site-tosite, and an estimate of this distance is hindered by the availability of paper
records of limited accuracy.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Clear written policy exists to define
utility/customer responsibility for
service connection piping. Accurate,
well-maintained paper or basic
electronic recordkeeping system
exists. Periodic field checks confirm
piping lengths for a sample of
customer properties.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Clearly worded policy standardizes the
location of curb stops and meters,
which are inspected upon installation.

Accurate and well maintained
electronic records exist with periodic
field checks to confirm locations of
service lines, curb stops and customer
meter pits. An accurate number of
customer properties from the
customer billing system allows for
reliable averaging of this length.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Average
Length of Customer Service
Line" component:
to qualify for 2:

Research and collect paper records
of service line installations. Inspect
several sites in the field using pipe
locators to locate curb stops. Obtain
the length of this small sample of
connections in this manner.
to maintain 10:

Continue with standardization and
random field validation to improve
knowledge of service connection
configurations and customer meter
locations.

Average operating pressure:

Available records are poorly
assembled and maintained paper
records of supply pump
characteristics and water distribution
system operating conditions.

Average pressure is guesstimated
based upon this information and
ground elevations from crude
topographical maps. Widely varying
distribution system pressures due to
undulating terrain, high system head
loss and weak/erratic pressure
controls further compromise the
validity of the average pressure
calculation.

Limited telemetry monitoring of
scattered pumping station and water
storage tank sites provides some
static pressure data, which is
recorded in handwritten logbooks.

Pressure data is gathered at
individual sites only when low
pressure complaints arise. Average
pressure is determined by averaging
relatively crude data, and is affected
by significant variation in ground
elevations, system head loss and
gaps in pressure controls in the
distribution system.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Effective pressure controls separate
different pressure zones; moderate
pressure variation across the system,
occasional open boundary valves are
discovered that breech pressure
zones. Basic telemetry monitoring of
the distribution system logs pressure
data electronically. Pressure data
gathered by gauges or dataloggers at
fire hydrants or buildings when low
pressure complaints arise, and during
fire flow tests and system flushing.

Reliable topographical data exists.

Average pressure is calculated using
this mix of data.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Reliable pressure controls separate
distinct pressure zones; only very
occasional open boundary valves are
encountered that breech pressure
zones. Well-covered telemetry
monitoring of the distribution system
(not just pumping at source treatment
plants or wells) logs extensive pressure
data electronically. Pressure gathered
by gauges/dataloggers at fire hydrants
and buildings when low pressure
complaints arise, and during fire flow
tests and system flushing. Average
pressure is determined by using this
mix of reliable data.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Well-managed, discrete pressure
zones exist with generally predictable
pressure fluctuations. A current fullscale SCADA System or similar realtime monitoring system exists to
monitor the water distribution system
and collect data, including real time
pressure readings at representative
sites across the system. The average
system pressure is determined from
reliable monitoring system data.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Well-managed pressure districts/zones,
SCADA System and hydraulic model
exist to give very precise pressure data
across the water distribution system.

Average system pressure is reliably
calculated from extensive, reliable, and
cross-checked data. Calculations are
reported on an annual basis as a
minimum.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Average
Operating Pressure"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Employ pressure gauging and/or
datalogging equipment to obtain
pressure measurements from fire
hydrants. Locate accurate
topographical maps of service area
in order to confirm ground
elevations. Research pump data
sheets to find pump pressure/flow
characteristics
to maintain 10:

Continue to refine the hydraulic model of
the distribution system and consider
linking it with SCADA System for realtime pressure data calibration, and averaging.
to qualify for 4:

Formalize a procedure to use pressure
gauging/datalogging equipment to gather pressure data
during various system events such as low pressure
complaints, or operational testing. Gather pump pressure and flow data at different flow regimes. Identify faulty pressure controls (pressure reducing valves, altitude
valves, partially open boundary valves) and plan to properly configure pressure zones. Make all pressure data from
these efforts available to generate system-wide average pressure.
to qualify for 6:

Expand the use of pressure gauging/datalogging equipment to gather scattered pressure data at a representative set of sites, based upon pressure zones or areas. Utilize pump pressure and flow data to determine supply head entering each pressure zone or district. Correct any faulty pressure controls (pressure reducing valves, altitude valves, partially open boundary valves) to ensure properly configured
pressure zones. Use expanded pressure dataset from these activities to generate system-wide average pressure.
to qualify for 8:

Install a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System, or similar realtime monitoring system, to monitor system parameters and control operations. Set regular
calibration schedule for instrumentation to insure data accuracy. Obtain accurate topographical data and utilize pressure data gathered from field surveys to provide
extensive, reliable data for pressure averaging.
to qualify for 10:

Annually, obtain a system-wide average pressure value from the hydraulic model of the distribution system that has been calibrated via field measurements in the water distribution system and confirmed in comparisons with SCADA System
data.
to qualify for 6:

Establish coherent procedures to ensure that policy for curb stop, meter installation and documentation is followed. Gain consensus within the water utility for the establishment of a computerized information management system.
to qualify for 4:

Formalize and communicate policy delineating
utility/customer responsibilities for service connection piping. Assess accuracy of paper records by field
inspection of a small sample of service connections using pipe locators as needed. Research the potential migration to a computerized information management system to
store service connection data.
to qualify for 10:

Link customer information management system and
Geographic Information System (GIS), standardize process for field verification of data.
to qualify for 8:

Average length of customer
service line:
meters are located outside
of the customer building
next to the curb stop or
boundary separating
utility/customer
responsibility, then the
auditor should answer
"Yes" to the question on
the Reporting Worksheet
asking about this. If the
answer is Yes, the grading
description listed under the
Grading of 10(a) will be
followed, with a value of
zero automatically entered
at a Grading of 10. See
the Service Connection
Diagram worksheet for a
visual presentation of this
distance.
a) Customer water meters exist outside
of customer buildings next to the curb
stop or boundary separating
utility/customer responsibility for service
connection piping. If so, answer "Yes"
to the question on the Reporting
Working asking about this condition. A
value of zero and a Grading of 10 are
automatically entered in the Reporting
Worksheet .
b). Meters exist inside customer
buildings, or properties are unmetered.

In either case, answer "No" to the
Reporting Worksheet question on meter
location, and enter a distance
determined by the auditor. For a
Grading of 10 this value must be a very
reliable number from a Geographic
Information System (GIS) and
confirmed by a statistically valid number
of field checks.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1631 of 3356 Grading Matrix 29 Grading >>> n/a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total annual cost of operating
water system:

Incomplete paper records and lack
of financial accounting
documentation on many operating
functions makes calculation of water
system operating costs a pure
guesstimate
Reasonably maintained, but
incomplete, paper or electronic
accounting provides data to estimate
the major portion of water system
operating costs.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Electronic, industry-standard cost
accounting system in place.

However, gaps in data are known to
exist, periodic internal reviews are
conducted but not a structured
financial audit.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Reliable electronic, industry-standard
cost accounting system in place, with
all pertinent water system operating
costs tracked. Data audited
periodically by utility personnel, but not
a Certified Public Accountant (CPA).

Conditions between
6 and 8
Reliable electronic, industry-standard
cost accounting system in place, with
all pertinent water system operating
costs tracked. Data audited at least
annually by utility personnel, and at
least once every three years by thirdparty CPA.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Reliable electronic, industry-standard
cost accounting system in place, with all
pertinent water system operating costs
tracked. Data audited annually by utility
personnel and annually also by thirdparty CPA.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Total Annual
Cost of Operating the Water
System" component:
to qualify for 2:

Gather available records, institute
new financial accounting procedures
to regularly collect and audit basic
cost data of most important
operations functions.
to maintain 10:

Maintain program, stay abreast of
expenses subject to erratic cost
changes and long-term cost trend, and
budget/track costs proactively
Customer retail unit cost
(applied to Apparent Losses):

Customer population
unmetered, and/or only a
fixed fee is charged for
consumption.

Antiquated, cumbersome water rate
structure is used, with periodic
historic amendments that were
poorly documented and
implemented; resulting in classes of
customers being billed inconsistent
charges. The actual composite
billing rate likely differs significantly
from the published water rate
structure, but a lack of auditing
leaves the degree of error
indeterminate.

Dated, cumbersome water rate
structure, not always employed
consistently in actual billing
operations. The actual composite
billing rate is known to differ from the
published water rate structure, and a
reasonably accurate estimate of the
degree of error is determined,
allowing a composite billing rate to be
quantified.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Straight-forward water rate structure
in use, but not updated in several
years. Billing operations reliably
employ the rate structure. The
composite billing rate is derived from
a single customer class such as
residential customer accounts,
neglecting the effect of different rates
from varying customer classes.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Clearly written, up-to-date water rate
structure is in force and is applied
reliably in billing operations.

Composite customer rate is
determined using a weighted average
residential rate using volumes of water
in each rate block.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Effective water rate structure is in
force and is applied reliably in billing
operations. Composite customer rate
is determined using a weighted
average composite consumption rate,
which includes residential, commercial,
industrial, institutional (CII), and any
other distinct customer classes within
the water rate structure.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Current, effective water rate structure is
in force and applied reliably in billing
operations. The rate structure and
calculations of composite rate - which
includes residential, commercial,
industrial, institutional (CII), and other
distinct customer classes - are reviewed
by a third party knowledgeable in the
M36 methodology at least once every
five years.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Customer
Retail Unit Cost" component:
to qualify for 2:

Formalize the process to implement
water rates, including a secure
documentation procedure. Create a
current, formal water rate document
and gain approval from all
stakeholders.
to qualify for 6:

Evaluate volume of water used in
each usage block by residential
users. Multiply volumes by full rate
structure.

Launch effort to fully
meter the customer
population and charge
rates based upon
water volumes
to maintain 10:

Keep water rate structure current in
addressing the water utility's revenue
needs. Update the calculation of the
customer unit rate as new rate
components, customer classes, or other
components are modified.

Variable production cost
(applied to Real Losses):

Note: if the water utility
purchases/imports its
entire water supply, then
enter the unit purchase
cost of the bulk water
supply in the Reporting
Worksheet with a grading
of 10
Incomplete paper records and lack
of documentation on primary
operating functions (electric power
and treatment costs most
importantly) makes calculation of
variable production costs a pure
guesstimate
Reasonably maintained, but
incomplete, paper or electronic
accounting provides data to roughly
estimate the basic operations costs
(pumping power costs and treatment
costs) and calculate a unit variable
production cost.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Electronic, industry-standard cost
accounting system in place. Electric
power and treatment costs are
reliably tracked and allow accurate
weighted calculation of unit variable
production costs based on these two
inputs and water imported purchase
costs (if applicable). All costs are
audited internally on a periodic basis.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Reliable electronic, industry-standard
cost accounting system in place, with
all pertinent water system operating
costs tracked. Pertinent additional
costs beyond power, treatment and
water imported purchase costs (if
applicable) such as liability, residuals
management, wear and tear on
equipment, impending expansion of
supply, are included in the unit variable
production cost, as applicable. The
data is audited at least annually by
utility personnel.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Reliable electronic, industry-standard
cost accounting system in place, with
all pertinent primary and secondary
variable production and water
imported purchase (if applicable)
costs tracked. The data is audited at
least annually by utility personnel, and
at least once every three years by a
third-party knowledgeable in the M36
methodology.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Either of two conditions can be met to
obtain a grading of 10:
1) Third party CPA audit of all pertinent
primary and secondary variable
production and water imported purchase
(if applicable) costs on an annual basis.
or:
2) Water supply is entirely purchased as
bulk water imported, and the unit
purchase cost - including all applicable
marginal supply costs - serves as the
variable production cost. If all applicable
marginal supply costs are not included
in this figure, a grade of 10 should not
be selected.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Variable
Production Cost" component:
to qualify for 2:

Gather available records, institute
new procedures to regularly collect
and audit basic cost data and most
important operations functions.
to maintain 10:

Maintain program, stay abreast of
expenses subject to erratic cost
changes and budget/track costs
proactively
to qualify for 6:

Formalize process for regular internal audits of production costs. Assess whether additional costs (liability, residuals management, equipment wear, impending infrastructure
expansion) should be included to calculate a more
representative variable production cost.
to qualify for 8:

Formalize the accounting process to include direct cost components (power, treatment) as well as indirect cost
components (liability, residuals management, etc.) Arrange to conduct audits by a knowledgable third-party at least once every three years.
to qualify for 10:

Standardize the process to conduct a third-party financial audit by a CPA on an annual basis.
to qualify for 4:

Implement an electronic cost accounting system,
structured according to accounting standards for water
utilities
to qualify for 4:

Review the water rate structure and update/formalize as needed. Assess billing operations to ensure that actual billing operations incorporate the established water rate structure.
to qualify for 8:

Evaluate volume of water used in each usage block by all classifications of users. Multiply volumes by full rate structure.
to qualify for 10:

Conduct a periodic third-party audit of water used in each usage block by all classifications of users. Multiply volumes by full rate structure.
to qualify for 4:

Implement an electronic cost accounting system,
structured according to accounting standards for water
utilities
to qualify for 10:

Standardize the process to conduct a third-party financial audit by a CPA on an annual basis.

COST DATA
to qualify for 6:

Establish process for periodic internal audit of water system operating costs; identify cost data gaps and institute
procedures for tracking these outstanding costs.
to qualify for 8:

Standardize the process to conduct routine financial audit on an annual basis. Arrange for CPA audit of financial records at least once every three years.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1632 of 3356 Grading Matrix 30 Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year:

All volumes to be entered as: ACRE-FEET PER YEAR
Master Meter and Supply Error Adjustments
WATER SUPPLIED Pcnt: Value:

Volume from own sources: 5 28,068.945 acre-ft/yr 8 acre-ft/yr Water imported: 7 1,301.253 acre-ft/yr 9 acre-ft/yr
Water exported: 7 381.931 acre-ft/yr 9 acre-ft/yr
Enter negative % or value for under-registration
WATER SUPPLIED: 28,988.267 acre-ft/yr Enter positive % or value for over-registration .

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
Billed metered: 7 27,146.310 acre-ft/yr
Billed unmetered: n/a acre-ft/yr
Unbilled metered: 8 60.980 acre-ft/yr Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 362.353 acre-ft/yr 1.25% acre-ft/yr AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 27,569.643 acre-ft/yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 1,418.624 acre-ft/yr Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:

Unauthorized consumption: 72.471 acre-ft/yr 0.25% acre-ft/yr Customer metering inaccuracies: 5 555.251 acre-ft/yr 2.00% acre-ft/yr Systematic data handling errors: 67.866 acre-ft/yr 0.25% acre-ft/yr Apparent Losses: 695.587 acre-ft/yr
Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)
Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 723.036 acre-ft/yr WATER LOSSES: 1,418.624 acre-ft/yr

NON-REVENUE WATER
NON-REVENUE WATER: 1,841.957 acre-ft/yr
= Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered

SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains: 7 802.6 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: 7 44,612 Service connection density: 56 conn./mile main
Yes
Average length of customer service line: ft
Average operating pressure: 7 93.6 psi

COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: 10 $42,212,218 $/Year Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 9 $2.51 Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 5 $590.95 $/acre-ft WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:

PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:
1: Volume from own sources
2: Customer metering inaccuracies
3: Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses)
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Reporting Worksheet
Default option selected for Unbilled unmetered - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed 18/19 7/2018 - 6/2019
City of Corona (3310037)
<----------- Enter grading in column 'E' and 'J' ----------> Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
$/100 cubic feet (ccf)
Default option selected for unauthorized consumption - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed *** YOUR SCORE IS: 63 out of 100 ***
A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score Default option selected for Systematic data handling errors - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed Average length of customer service line has been set to zero and a data grading score of 10 has been applied Are customer meters typically located at the curbstop or property line? ?
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Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (n/a or 1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades ?
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(length of service line, beyond the property boundary,
that is the responsibility of the utility)
Use buttons to select
percentage of water supplied
OR
value
Click here: ?
for help using option
buttons below
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+
+ Click to add a comment
WAS v5.0
+
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American Water Works Association.

Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
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+ Use Customer Retail Unit Cost to value real losses
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To select the correct data grading for each input, determine the highest grade where the utility meets or exceeds all criteria for that grade and all grades below it.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Reporting Worksheet 1

Page 1633 of 3356 ends

Water Audit Report for: City of Corona (3310037)
Reporting Year:

System Attributes:

Apparent Losses: 695.587 acre-ft/yr
+ Real Losses: 723.036 acre-ft/yr
= Water Losses: 1,418.624 acre-ft/yr
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 1,157.02 acre-ft/yr Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $760,525
Annual cost of Real Losses: $427,278 Valued at Variable Production Cost Performance Indicators:

Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 6.4% Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 3.4% Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 13.92 gallons/connection/day Real Losses per service connection per day: 14.47 gallons/connection/day Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 0.15 gallons/connection/day/psi From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 723.04 acre-feet/year

0.62 * This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

System Attributes and Performance Indicators
*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 63 out of 100 *** Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:
18/19 7/2018 - 6/2019
Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumpiton ?
?
American Water Works Association.

WAS v5.0
Financial:

Operational Efficiency:

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Performance Indicators 2 Page 1634 of 3356 General Comment:

Audit Item Comment
Volume from own sources:

Well 3 + Well 20 + Well 21 + Temescal Desalter Effluent + Lester Production + SDO Production. All raw sources. Magnetic meters are monitored daily in WIMS and SCADA. Physical meter verification is conducted daily on about half of all production meters. Comments: Input derivation from supporting documents confirmed.

Exclusion of non-potable volumes confirmed. Corona DWP will be installing a new mag meter at the Lester Plant effluent soon.

Vol. from own sources: Master meter
error adjustment: Electronic calibrations were performed on production mag meters in September 2017.

Water imported: (Treated) Mills WR-24 and Arlington Desalter. Magnetic meters are monitored daily in WIMS and SCADA.

Water imported: master meter error
adjustment: Electronic calibration performed in September 2017 to WI mag meters. Adjustments made as needed at time of annual calibration.

Water exported: Norco Connection and Home Gardens. Magnetic meters are monitored daily in WIMS and SCADA.

Water exported: master meter error
adjustment: Electronic calibration performed in September 2017 to WE mag meters. Adjustments made as needed at time of annual calibration.

Billed metered: Provided by Customer Care's CIS Infinity V3 software. Meters are read manually monthly. Small portion of system is AMR (read monthly).

Billed unmetered:

Unbilled metered:
*Monthly Dead-end Hydrants =885,203 gallons. Quarterly Dead-end Hydrants = 41,887 gallons. Annual Dead-end Hydrants = 174,521 gallons. Total Flushing = 3.38 AF*26,827 units to the Stein Account under contract. It equals 57.6 AF for the fiscal year.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

User Comments
Use this worksheet to add comments or notes to explain how an input value was calculated, or to document the sources of the information used.

WAS
American Water Works Association.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Comments 3 Page 1635 of 3356 Audit Item Comment
Unbilled unmetered:

Unauthorized consumption:

Customer metering inaccuracies:

Systematic data handling errors:

Length of mains: Engineering provided length of mains which includes all lateral lines. Information was calculated through GIS system. Changes are sent to GIS system modeler and corrections are field validation. City inspectors validate GIS data regularly.

Number of active AND inactive
service connections:

Value provided by Customer Care for Drinking Water Annual Report. Total Active Connections 43,375 + Total Other Connections (fire suppression, street cleaning, construction meters, temporary meters, line flushing) 1,237 = 44,612.

Average length of customer service
line:

Total annual cost of operating water
system: Calculation provided by our finance division.

Customer retail unit cost (applied to
Apparent Losses): Calculation based on dividing total revenue by the total volume of billed consumption.

Variable production cost (applied to
Real Losses): Calculation provided by our finance division.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Comments 4 Page 1636 of 3356 Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year: 18/19 7/2018 - 6/2019
Data Validity Score: 63
Water Exported Revenue Water
381.931 381.931
Billed Metered Consumption (water exported is removed) Revenue Water 27,146.310
Own Sources Authorized Consumption 27,146.310 Billed Unmetered Consumption 27,146.310

0.000
27,569.643 Unbilled Metered Consumption

60.980
28,068.945 423.333 Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
362.353
System Input Water Supplied Unauthorized Consumption 1,841.957 29,370.198 Apparent Losses 72.471
28,988.267 695.587 Customer Metering Inaccuracies
555.251
Systematic Data Handling Errors
Water Losses 67.866
Water Imported 1,418.624 Leakage on Transmission and/or Distribution Mains Real Losses Not broken down
1,301.253 723.036 Leakage and Overflows at Utility's Storage Tanks Not broken downLeakage on Service Connections
Not broken down
AWWA Free Water Audit Software: Water Balance
Non-Revenue Water
(NRW)
Billed Authorized Consumption
Unbilled Authorized Consumption
(Adjusted for known
errors)
Billed Water Exported
City of Corona (3310037)
WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Water Balance 5 Page 1637 of 3356 Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year: 18/19 Show me the VOLUME of Non-Revenue Water Data Validity Score: 63 Show me the COST of Non-Revenue Water AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Dashboard
7/2018 - 6/2019
City of Corona (3310037)
0 100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000
Cost$
Total Cost of NRW =$1,437,972
Unbilled metered (valued at Var. Prod. Cost)Unbilled unmetered (valued at Var. Prod. Cost)Unauth. consumptionCust. metering inaccuraciesSyst. data handling errorsReal Losses (valued at Var. Prod. Cost) WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.

Water ExportedAuthorized ConsumptionWater Losses
0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Water ExportedWater ImportedVolume From Own Sources
Real Losses Apparent LossesUnbilled Auth. Cons. Billed Auth. Cons.Water Exported Water ExportedRevenue WaterNon Revenue Water
The graphic below is a visual representation of the
Water Balance with bar heights propotional to the
volume of the audit components
Water Exported Water Supplied
AWWA Free Water Audit Software v5.0 Page 1638 of 3356 Dashboard 6 Grading >>> n/a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Volume from own sources:

Conditions between
2 and 4
50% - 75% of treated water
production sources are metered,
other sources estimated. Occasional
meter accuracy testing or electronic
calibration conducted.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Volume from
own Sources" component:
to qualify for 2:

Organize and launch efforts to
collect data for determining volume
from own sources
to maintain 10:

Volume from own sources
master meter and supply error
adjustment:

Conditions between
6 and 8
Continuous production meter data is
logged automatically & reviewed each
business day. Data is adjusted to
correct gross error from detected
meter/instrumentation equipment
malfunction and/or results of meter
accuracy testing. Tank/storage facility
elevation changes are automatically used in "Volume from own sources" tabulations and data gaps in the
archived data are corrected on a daily
basis.

Regular calibrations between SCADA
and sources meters ensures minimal
data transfer error.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Master meter
and supply error adjustment"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Keep current with SCADA and data
management systems to ensure that
archived data is well-managed and error
free.

Water Imported:

Conditions between
2 and 4
50% - 75% of imported water
sources are metered, other sources
estimated. Occasional meter
accuracy testing conducted.

Less than 25% of tested meters are
found outside of +/- 6% accuracy.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Water
Imported Volume" component:
(Note: usually the water
supplier selling the water - "the
Exporter" - to the utility being
audited is responsible to
maintain the metering
installation measuring the
imported volume. The utility
should coordinate carefully with the Exporter to ensure that adequate meter upkeep
takes place and an accurate
measure of the Water
Imported volume is quantified. )
to qualify for 2:

Review bulk water purchase
agreements with partner suppliers;
confirm requirements for use and
maintenance of accurate metering.

Identify needs for new or
replacement meters with goal to
meter all imported water sources.
to maintain 10:

Standardize meter accuracy test
frequency to semi-annual, or more
frequent, for all meters. Continue to
conduct calibration of related
instrumentation on a semi-annual basis.

Repair or replace meters outside of +/-
3% accuracy. Continually
investigate/pilot improving metering
technology.
to qualify for 10:

Refine computerized data collection and archive to include hourly production meter data that is reviewed at least on a weekly basis to detect specific data anomalies and gaps.

Use daily net storage change to balance flows in calculating "Water Supplied" volume. Necessary corrections to data
errors are implemented on a weekly basis.
to qualify for 8:

WATER SUPPLIED
to qualify for 4:

To qualify for 4:

Formalize annual meter accuracy testing for all imported water meters, planning for both regular meter accuracy
testing and calibration of the related instrumentation.

Continue installation of meters on unmetered imported water interconnections and replacement of obsolete/defective
meters.
to qualify for 4:

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Water imported master meter
and supply error adjustment:

Select n/a if the Imported
water supply is
unmetered, with Imported
water quantities estimated
on the billing invoices sent
by the Exporter to the
purchasing Utility.

Meter data is adjusted by the
Exporter when gross data errors are
detected. A coherent data trail exists
for this process to protect both the
selling and the purchasing Utility.

Written agreement exists and clearly
states requirements and roles for
meter accuracy testing and data
management.

Conditions between
4 and 6
Hourly Imported supply metered data
is logged automatically & reviewed on
at least a weekly basis by the Exporter.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Water
imported master meter and
supply error adjustment"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Keep the written agreement current with
clear and explicit language that meets
the ongoing needs of all parties.

Water Exported:

Conditions between
2 and 4
50% - 75% of exported water
sources are metered, other sources
estimated. Occasional meter
accuracy testing conducted.

Conditions between
4 and 6
At least 75% of exported water
sources are metered, meter accuracy
testing and/or electronic calibration
conducted annually. Less than 25% of
tested meters are found outside of +/-
6% accuracy.

Review bulk water sales agreements
with purchasing utilities; confirm
requirements for use & upkeep of
accurate metering. Identify needs to
install new, or replace defective
meters as needed.
to maintain 10:

Water exported master meter
and supply error adjustment:

Select n/a only if the water
utility fails to have meters
on its exported supply
interconnections.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Continuous exported supply metered
flow data is logged automatically &
reviewed each business day by the
utility selling (exporting) the water.

Data is adjusted to correct gross error
from detected meter/instrumentation
equipment malfunction and any error
confirmed by meter accuracy testing.

Any data errors/gaps are detected and
corrected on a daily basis. A data trail
exists for the process to protect both
the selling (exporting) Utility and the
purchasing Utility.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Computerized system (SCADA or
similar) automatically records data
which is reviewed each business day by
the utility selling (exporting) the water.

To qualify for 4:

Install automatic datalogging equipment on Imported
supply meters. Set a procedure to review this data on a monthly basis to detect gross anomalies and data gaps.

Launch discussions with the Exporters to jointly review terms of the written agreements regarding meter accuracy testing and data management; revise the terms as
necessary.
to qualify for 6:

Ensure that all Imported supply metered flow data is
collected and archived on at least an hourly basis. All data is reviewed and errors/data gaps are corrected each business day.

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Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Water
exported master meter and
supply error adjustment"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Customer meters are replaced only
upon complete failure. Computerized
billing records exist, but only sporadic
internal auditing conducted.

Regular replacement is conducted for
the oldest meters. Computerized
billing records exist with annual auditing
of summary statistics conducting by
utility personnel.

Conditions between
6 and 8
At least 97% of customers exist with
volume-based billing from meter
reads. At least 90% customer meter
reading success rate; or at least 80%
read success rate with planning and
budgeting for trials of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) or Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) in one or more pilot areas. Good customer meter records. Regular meter accuracy
testing guides replacement of
statistically significant number of
meters each year. Routine auditing of
computerized billing records for global
and detailed statistics occurs annually
by utility personnel, and is verified by
third party at least once every five
years.

Conditions between
8 and 10
At least 99% of customers exist with
volume-based billing from meter reads.

At least 95% customer meter reading
success rate; or minimum 80% meter
reading success rate, with Automatic
Meter Reading (AMR) or Advanced
Metering Infrastructure (AMI) trials
underway. Statistically significant
customer meter testing and
replacement program in place on a
continuous basis. Computerized billing with routine, detailed auditing, including field investigation of representative
sample of accounts undertaken annually
by utility personnel. Audit is conducted
by third party auditors at least once
every three years.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Billed
Metered Consumption"
component:

Conduct investigations or trials of
customer meters to select
appropriate meter models. Budget
funding for meter installations.

Investigate volume based water rate
structures.
to maintain 10:

Billed unmetered:

The only estimates of customer
population consumption available
are derived from data estimation
methods using average fixture count
multiplied by number of connections,
or similar approach.

The goal is to minimize the number of
unmetered accounts. Reliable
estimates of consumption are
obtained for these unmetered
accounts via site specific estimation
methods.

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
to qualify for 4:

Purchase and install meters on unmetered accounts.

Implement policies to improve meter reading success.

Catalog meter information during meter read visits to
identify age/model of existing meters. Test a minimal
number of meters for accuracy. Install computerized billing system.
to qualify for 6:

Purchase and install meters on unmetered accounts.

Ensure that all exported metered flow data is collected and archived on at least an hourly basis. All data is reviewed and errors/data gaps are corrected each business day.
to qualify for 8:

Implement annual auditing of detailed billing records by utility personnel and implement third party auditing at least once every five years.
to qualify for 4:

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Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Billed
Unmetered Consumption"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Continue to refine estimation methods
for unmetered consumption and explore
means to establish metering, for as
many billed remaining unmetered
accounts as is economically feasible.

Unbilled metered:
select n/a if all billingexempt consumption is
unmetered.

Billing practices exempt certain
accounts, such as municipal
buildings, but written policies do not
exist; and a reliable count of unbilled
metered accounts is unavailable.

Meter upkeep and meter reading on
these accounts is rare and not
considered a priority. Due to poor
recordkeeping and lack of auditing,
water consumption for all such
accounts is purely guesstimated.

Billing practices exempt certain
accounts, such as municipal
buildings, but only scattered, dated written directives exist to justify this practice. A reliable count of unbilled
metered accounts is unavailable.

Conditions between
2 and 4
Dated written procedures permit
billing exemption for specific
accounts, such as municipal
properties, but are unclear regarding
certain other types of accounts.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Written policy identifies the types of
accounts granted a billing exemption.

Regular auditing confirms this. Total
water consumption for these accounts is
taken from reliable readings from
accurate meters.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Unbilled
Metered Consumption"
component:
to qualify for 2:

Reassess the water utility's policy
allowing certain accounts to be
granted a billing exemption. Draft an
outline of a new written policy for
billing exemptions, with clear
justification as to why any accounts
should be exempt from billing, and
with the intention to keep the number
of such accounts to a minimum.
to maintain 10:

Reassess the utility's philosophy in
allowing any water uses to go "unbilled".

Unbilled unmetered:

Extent of unbilled, unmetered
consumption is unknown due to
unclear policies and poor
recordkeeping. Total consumption
is quantified based upon a purely
subjective estimate.

Default value of

1.25% of system input
volume is employed
Coherent policies exist for some forms
of unbilled, unmetered consumption
but others await closer evaluation.

Reasonable recordkeeping for the
managed uses exists and allows for
annual volumes to be quantified by
inference, but unsupervised uses are
guesstimated.

Conditions between
6 and 8
Clear policies and good recordkeeping
exist for some uses (ex: water used in
periodic testing of unmetered fire
connections), but other uses (ex:
miscellaneous uses of fire hydrants)
have limited oversight. Total
consumption is a mix of well quantified
use such as from formulae (time running multiplied by typical flow, multiplied by number of events) or
temporary meters, and relatively
subjective estimates of less regulated
use.

Conditions between
8 and 10
Clear policies exist to identify permitted
use of water in unbilled, unmetered
fashion, with the intention of minimizing
this type of consumption. Good records
document each occurrence and
consumption is quantified via formulae (time running multiplied by typical flow, multiplied by number of events) or use of temporary meters.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Unbilled
Unmetered Consumption"
component:
to qualify for 5:

Utilize the accepted default value of

1.25% of the volume of water
supplied as an expedient means to
gain a reasonable quantification of
this use.
to qualify for 2:

Establish a policy regarding what
water uses should be allowed to
remain as unbilled and unmetered.

Consider tracking a small sample of
one such use (ex: fire hydrant
flushings).
to qualify for 5:

Utilize accepted default value of

Finalize policy and
begin to conduct field
checks to better
establish and quantify
such usage. Proceed
if top-down audit
exists and/or a great
volume of such use is
suspected.
to maintain 10:

Review historic written directives and policy documents allowing certain accounts to be billing-exempt. Draft an outline of a written policy for billing exemptions, identify criteria that grants an exemption, with a goal of keeping this number of accounts to a minimum. Consider increasing
the priority of reading meters on unbilled accounts at least annually.
to qualify for 6:

Ensure that meter management (meter accuracy testing,
meter replacement) and meter reading activities for unbilled accounts are accorded the same priority as billed accounts.

Establish ongoing annual auditing process to ensure that water consumption is reliably collected and provided to the annual water audit process.
to qualify for 8:

Gradually increase the number of unbilled metered accounts that are included in regular meter reading routes.
to qualify for 5:

Utilize accepted default value of 1.25% of the volume of water supplied as an expedient means to gain a
reasonable quantification of this use.
to qualify for 4:

APPARENT LOSSES
to qualify for 8:

Use same approach for other types of unbilled, unmetered water usage.
to qualify for 8:

Push to install customer meters on a full scale basis. Refine metering policy and procedures to ensure that all accounts, including municipal properties, are designated for meters.

Plan special efforts to address "hard-to-access" accounts.

Implement procedures to obtain a reliable consumption
estimate for the remaining few unmetered accounts awaiting meter installation.
to qualify for 10:

Assess sites with access difficulties to devise means to obtain water consumption volumes. Begin customer meter
installation.
to qualify for 6:

Extent of unauthorized consumption
is unknown due to unclear policies
and poor recordkeeping. Total
unauthorized consumption is
guesstimated.

Unauthorized consumption is a
known occurrence, but its extent is a
mystery. There are no requirements
to document observed events, but
periodic field reports capture some of
these occurrences. Total
unauthorized consumption is
approximated from this limited data.
conditions between
2 and 4
Procedures exist to document some
unauthorized consumption such as observed unauthorized fire hydrant openings. Use formulae to quantify
this consumption (time running
multiplied typical flowrate, multiplied
by number of events).

Default value of

0.25% of volume of
water supplied is
employed
Coherent policies exist for some forms
of unauthorized consumption (more than simply fire hydrant misuse) but others await closer evaluation.

Reasonable surveillance and
recordkeeping exist for occurrences
that fall under the policy. Volumes
quantified by inference from these
records.

Improvements to attain higher
data grading for "Unauthorized
Consumption" component:
to qualify for 5:

Use accepted default of 0.25% of
volume of water supplied.
to qualify for 2:

Review utility policy regarding what
water uses are considered
unauthorized, and consider tracking
a small sample of one such
occurrence (ex: unauthorized fire
hydrant openings)
to qualify for 5:

Utilize accepted default value of

Finalize policy updates
to clearly identify the
types of water
consumption that are
authorized from those
usages that fall
outside of this policy
and are, therefore,
unauthorized. Begin
to conduct regular
field checks. Proceed
if the top-down audit
already exists and/or
a great volume of
such use is
suspected.
to maintain 10:

Customer metering
inaccuracies:
select n/a only if the entire
customer population is
unmetered. In such a case
the volume entered must
be zero.

Customer meters exist, but with
unorganized paper records on
meters; no meter accuracy testing or meter replacement program for any size of retail meter. Metering
workflow is driven chaotically with no
proactive management. Loss
volume due to aggregate meter
inaccuracy is guesstimated.