Cypress City Council
September 22, 2026

emergency and millions of dollars in claims. This fire and others not only caused property loss, but also damaged ecosystems, water resources, and impacted air quality.

Post-fire soil degradation and the expansion of invasive, non-native plants has further hindered recovery.6
In California, wildfires have strained the private insurance market. Many insurers, facing frequent and unsustainable financial exposure and constraints on rate hikes caused by Proposition 103 have withdrawn from high-risk areas, or stopped issuing new policies altogether. Some insurers have even withdrawn from the state completely.

California homeowners in high-risk wildfire areas report premiums ranging from $5,000 to $12,000 annually.7 Orange County, California’s fifth most expensive housing market as of the 4th quarter 2025,8 faces challenges that are different than the statewide market. With an average home price of $1.2 million,9 rising insurance costs further threaten housing affordability. A recent survey found that 43% of Orange County seniors worry most about housing costs and financial security.10 Among the hardest hit by insurance premium increases and policy nonrenewal are retirees, renters, and owners of condominiums, townhomes, and mobile homes.

The Safer from Wildfires regulation requires insurers to offer discounts to homeowners who take proactive steps to reduce wildfire risk. Discounts are based on both achieving community-level designations, which assess the collective mitigation efforts of neighborhoods, and property-level improvements such as installing fire-resistant roofing, ember-resistant vents, and clearing defensible space.11 Reducing wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface helps ensure that insurance coverage remains accessible. California’s wildfire and insurance crisis demands coordinated action from local governments and fire authorities, communities, and homeowners to reduce risk of wildfire.
6 Mashall A. Hayrikian, Engineering and Environmental Implications of the LA wildfires: Eaton and Palisades Fire, Marshall Geoscience – Geotechnical Engineering, Laboratory Services, http://www.marshallgeo.com/geotechnical-engineering/engineering-and-environmental-implications-of-lawildfires-eaton-palisades-fires/ 7 Merlin Law Group. Fire Insurance in California: A Complete Guide. https://www.merlinlawgroup.com/fireinsurance-california-guide/. Accessed March 6, 2026. 8 California Association of Realtors®, Median Prices of Existing Single Family Homes. Accessed March 8, 2026. https://www.car.org/marketdata/data/housingdata
9 O.C. CA Real Estate and Property Data, ATTOM, October 2025 10 Gabriel San Roman, New report on aging in Orange County outlines key concerns among seniors, Los Angeles Times, June 21, 2024, https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/story/2024-06- 21/aging-in-orange-county-report
11 California Code of Regulations, Title 10, Section 2644.9, Consideration of Mitigation Factors; Wildfire Risk Models. https://regulations.justia.com/states/california/title-10/chapter-5/subchapter-4-8/article4/section-2644-9/ Wildfires Hit Home
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REASON FOR STUDY
Wildfires have become an increasingly severe threat to residential communities in Orange County, particularly those in high-risk fire zones. The frequency and intensity of wildfires has escalated due to prolonged droughts, rising temperatures, and development encroachment into wildland-urban interface areas. Catastrophic losses from these wildfires have resulted in a continuing insurance crisis.

This study aims to (1) identify the shared responsibilities of local governments and fire service agencies, communities and homeowners to reduce the risk of wildfire in the wildland-urban interface, (2) investigate the status of actions taken by the California legislature and Department of Insurance to provide relief to policyholders, and (3) inform communities and homeowners on home hardening, defensible space, insurance risk reduction, and wildfire safety awareness.

METHOD OF STUDY
The investigation reviewed the efforts of Orange County local governments, local fire departments, and homeowner associations to better understand and provide an independent look at the above concerns and possible solutions. To achieve a clear picture of the wildfire problem in the Orange County wildland-urban interface and its impact on insurance rates, the 2025-2026 Grand Jury has done the following:
 Reviewed studies and academic papers
 Issued a Fire Hazard Severity Zone survey to all Orange County cities  Examined the 2025 California Wildland-Urban Interface Code  Observed a demonstration at a Yorba Linda Water District Heli-Hydrant™  Visited Firewise USA Site designated communities
 Conducted literature review of previous statewide Grand Jury reports  Interviewed California Department of Insurance staff, reviewed Department website and pertinent regulations
 Visited Orange County Fire Authority facilities to better understand their training, procedures, and preparedness
 Conducted multiple interviews with city, county, and fire officials, as well as homeowners association staff and residents regarding wildland-urban interface wildfire risk reduction
Wildfires Hit Home

Orange County Fire Authority helicopter approaching Yorba Linda Water District Heli-HydrantTM Source: Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026

INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS
The 2025-2026 Grand Jury investigated the risk of wildfire in Orange County wildlandurban interface areas, the insurance industry’s response to this risk, actions taken by fire prevention authorities to reduce the risk of damage and destruction of homes by wildfire, and the state legislature and California Department of Insurance (CDI) response to the insurance crisis. The Grand Jury also investigated actions homeowners should take to share the responsibility to reduce community wildfire risk, and by doing so, potentially reduce their insurance costs.

The Grand Jury investigation included evaluation of CDI initiatives, the Safer from Wildfires insurance regulation,12 and other regulations related to wildfire and insurance risk reduction. The investigation also included examination of recent changes to Fire Hazard Severity Zone mapping, the 2025 CWUIC, and pending amendments to the ember-resistant Zone 0 regulations that comprise defensible space requirements.

Shared Responsibility for Reduction of Wildfire and
Insurance Risk
There is a broad scope of shared responsibility for risk reduction in wildland-urban interface areas. State legislators, CDI, state and local fire prevention authorities, counties and cities, community-level organizations, and homeowners all share responsibility for taking actions necessary to prevent wildfires in wildland-urban interface areas and thereby reduce insurance risk and policy rates. Figure 2 below illustrates the shared responsibility.
12 California Code of Regulations, Title 10, Section 2644.9 Wildfires Hit Home
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Figure 2 Shared responsibility for risk reduction in wildland-urban interface areas The conclusion of this report focuses on the responsibilities of local governments and fire prevention authorities to provide homeowners the information and guidance needed to reduce property-level wildfire and insurance risk and thereby reduce these risks across entire communities.

Wildland-Urban Interface
Wildland-urban interface (WUI) is where urban development meets or intermixes with undeveloped natural areas. The term
“wildland-urban interface” refers most often
to areas where houses are located within or
adjacent to relatively larger areas of natural
vegetation. The U.S. Forest Service refers to
WUI simply as “areas where human
development meets natural landscapes.13
WUI is at greatest risk of wildfire in
13 Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Wildland-Urban Interface. https://research.fs.usda.gov/nrs/fire/wui. Accessed January 12, 2026.

Source: RanchoMissionViejo.com
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California, where we have led the nation in both WUI growth and wildfires for 30 years.14 The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem
The current National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Firewise USA program was developed out of the 1986 Wildfire Strikes Home conference principally organized by the U.S. Forest Service and the NFPA. This initiative was the initial fire management response to the home destruction problem related to wildfires nationally recognized in 1985 which has since become known as the WUI fire problem.15 By the middle of this century, many Orange County residents may have a dramatic experience with wildfire due to increasingly drier, hotter conditions. Research that examined wildfires during the period from 1959 through 2009 predicts that in the next 25 years Southern California will see increased wildfires during months when fall winds occur and also during the warmer, summer months. It is estimated that by the mid-21st century there will be a 64% increase in acreage burned during higher intensity fall winds, and a 77% increase during summer winds due to warmer and drier climate. A greater concern is the estimated 20% increase in structures destroyed due to fires during fall winds and estimated 74% increase in structures destroyed due to fires during summer winds in warmer, drier conditions.16
Orange County development that continues into the WUI should expect to face these predictions. This Orange County Grand Jury report focuses on the implications for increased wildfire and insurance risk and our concern that most homes in WUI areas are not prepared to resist ignition and destruction by wildfire.

Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Disaster and Suburban Conflagration WUI fire disasters and suburban conflagrations occur during extreme fire conditions when numerous houses ignite and burn simultaneously, overwhelming the capabilities of firefighting resources.17 If enough homes are ignition-resistant, many homes do not ignite during extreme fire conditions and fire protection is not overwhelmed by the 14 Center for Critical Urban and Environmental Studies. University of California, Santa Cruz. Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Research for Resilience: Addressing California’s Climate, Conservation & Housing Crises. https://criticalurbanenvironments.ucsc.edu/projects/wildland-urban-interface-wui-research-forresilience/ 15 Jack Cohen. The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem: A Consequence of the Fire Exclusion Paradigm. Forest History Today. Fall 2008: 20-26.
https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2008_cohen_j002.pdf. Accessed March 25, 2026. 16 Yufang Jin, et al. Identification of two distinct fire regimes in Southern California; implications for economic impact and future change. Environmental Research Letters, Volume 1, Number 9. IOP Science, September 8, 2015. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005.

Accessed January 9, 2026.
17 Cohen, The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem, 22.

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homes that do ignite; the ignition-resistant homes can survive without firefighter protection, and an extreme wildfire can occur without becoming a WUI fire disaster18 or suburban conflagration.

Suburban conflagrations occur when fire spreads from the wildlands into the WUI and suburban environment. Suburban conflagration follows the conceptual WUI fire chain of events in Figure 3.19 Once a structure in a community ignites, the probability of its complete destruction is high and the risk to the rest of the community increases as the burning structure produces significant heat and embers.20 Effective prevention of structure ignitions through home hardening and defensible space measures can break the WUI fire chain of events.

Figure 3 WUI and suburban conflagration fire disaster chain of events.21 Home Ignition Zone and Home Ignition Potential
The home ignition zone refers to a home and its immediate surroundings within 100 to 200 feet. The home ignition zone principally determines the potential for WUI fire disasters. Research shows that a home’s ignition potential during extreme wildfires is determined by the characteristics of its exterior materials and design, their response to 18 Cohen, The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem, 23. 19 Ian M. Gammanco, et al. The Return of Conflagration in Our Built Environment. Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety. September 2023. https://ibhs.org/wpcontent/uploads/Suburban_Wildfire_Conflagration_WhitePaper.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2026. 20 Gammanco, The Return of Conflagration, 22.
21 Gammanco, The Return of Conflagration, 14.

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burning objects within 100 feet, and their response to embers. Most destroyed homes in residential areas ignite from smaller flames and firebrands (lofted embers), not surrounding vegetation.22 Reducing home ignition potential is the key to preventing WUI fire disaster.

Reducing Home Ignition Potential Can Prevent Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Disaster and Suburban Conflagration
During extreme WUI fires, homes ignite and burn and sustain the requirements for combustion both indirectly and directly: Indirectly from radiation and convection heating from flames, and directly from ember spot ignitions on a house. Computational modeling and laboratory and field experiments show that large flames of burning shrubs and tree canopies must be within 100 feet to ignite a home’s wood exterior, while most destroyed homes ignite from smaller flames and directly from burning embers.23 These research results suggest that addressing the conditions in the home ignition zone to significantly reduce home ignition potential can prevent WUI fire disaster. Reducing home ignition potential means addressing the ignitability of the structure rather than the immediate surroundings.

Source: Patrick T. Fallon / Agence France-Presse / Getty Images An analysis of CAL FIRE data and Butte County property records shows that about 51% of the 350 single-family homes built after 2008 in the path of the Camp Fire were undamaged. By contrast, only 18% of the 12,100 homes built prior to 2008 escaped damage.24 The homes built after 2008 were required to conform to 2008 Title 24, Chapter 7A of the California Building Standards Code which focused on construction of new buildings located within WUI and Fire Hazard Severity Zones. These 2008 wildfire risk mitigation requirements for new homes included materials such as fire-resistant 22 Cohen, The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem, 23. 23 Cohen, The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem, 24. 24 Dale Kasler and Phillip Reese. In Camp Fire, Newer Houses Were Much Less Damaged. The Sacramento Bee. April 11, 2019, updated January 9, 2024. https://www.kqed.org/science/1940012/newer- %D8%8Cuses-much-less-damaged-in-camp-fire. Accessed March 4, 2026.

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 15 of 74
roofs and siding, and construction methods for exterior wildfire protection. These wildfire risk mitigation requirements for new construction directly reduce home ignition potential and help homes constructed to the new standards survive undamaged.

Benefits of Reducing Home Ignition Potential Can Exceed Costs The benefits of reducing home ignition potential through compliance with new construction requirements can exceed costs, with 90% of the benefits estimated from reduced property losses and insurance costs. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for complying with the 2015 International Wildland-Urban Interface Code (IWUIC) has been calculated by the National Institute of Building Science for a number of representative counties with moderate to extreme fire risk. Total benefits were calculated at $3 billion and total costs at $800 million, suggesting a BCR of approximately 4:1 or $4 saved for every $1 of additional construction and maintenance cost.25 A national average BCR for retrofitting typical 2,000 square-foot existing homes plus nearby non-residential buildings (stores, schools, etc.) to 2018 IWUIC ignition-resistant construction and defensible space was also calculated. Benefits of retrofit exceed costs, with 93% of the benefits estimated from reduced property losses. Total benefits were calculated at $430 billion and total costs at $240 billion, equivalent to a national average BCR of 2:1 or $2 saved for every $1 of retrofit and maintenance costs.26 The per-house retrofit cost is highly uncertain. The lowest average per-house retrofit cost would imply a much higher benefit-cost ratio, perhaps as high as 8:1, equivalent to an average of $8 saved for every $1 of retrofit cost.27
Office of the State Fire Marshal Fire Hazard Severity
Zone Mapping
California laws now require Fire Hazard Severity Zone (FHSZ) mapping.28,29,30 The need for FHSZ mapping arose from repeated occurrence of major destructive fires. The FHSZ maps are developed using a science-based and field-tested model that assigns a hazard score based on the factors that influence fire likelihood and fire behavior. There are three levels of hazard score: Moderate, High, and Very High. Many factors are 25 National Institute of Building Science, Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves. 63 26 National Institute of Building Science, Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves, 114. 27 National Institute of Building Science, Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves, 115. 28 California Public Resources Code 4201-4204. https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-prc/division4/part-2/chapter-1/article-9/ 29 California Government Code 51175-89. https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-gov/title-5/division1/part-1/chapter-6-8/section-51175/ 30 California Code of Regulations Title 14, Section 1280. https://regulations.justia.com/states/california/title-14/division-1-5/chapter-7/subchapter-3/article-1/section1280/ Wildfires Hit Home

considered such as fire history, existing and potential fuel (natural vegetation), predicted flame length, blowing embers, terrain, and typical fire weather for the area. FHSZ maps evaluate hazard, not risk. “Hazard” is based on the physical conditions that create a likelihood and expected fire behavior over a 30- to 50-year period without considering mitigation measures such as home hardening, recent wildfire, or fuel reduction efforts. “Risk” is the potential damage that a fire can do to the area under existing conditions, accounting for any modifications such as fuel reduction projects, defensible space, and ignition resistant building construction.31
FHSZ mapping began with the State
Responsibility Area (SRA), defined as a
designated area in California where the
state has primary responsibility for fire
prevention and suppression. The SRA
FHSZ mapping went into effect in April
2024. Since then, the Office has also been
mapping Local Responsibility Areas (LRA),
defined as a portion of land where local
agencies, such as city or county fire
departments, are responsible for wildfire
protection. All Orange County FHSZ maps
are accessible at the CAL FIRE website.32
Figure 4 shows an example of an Orange
County city FHSZ map. Appendix C shows
a screenshot of Orange County FHSZs
using the CAL FIRE Find Your Fire Hazard
Severity Zone viewer accessible at this
CAL FIRE web address:33
31 CAL FIRE. Office of the State Fire Marshal. Fire Hazard Severity Zones. Explore Fire Hazard Severity Zones. . https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/community-wildfire-preparedness-and-mitigation/fire-hazardseverity-zones. Accessed March 20, 2026. 32 CAL FIRE. Office of the State Fire Marshal. Fire Hazard Severity Zones in Local Responsibility Area.

Phase 4. Orange County.
https://calfire.app.box.com/s/wahuw9ny7cgn89xpxh7092ur50r1pwvj/folder/312669458215. Accessed March 12, 2026.
33 CAL FIRE. Office of the State Fire Marshal. Fire Hazard Severity Zones. https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/whatwe-do/community-wildfire-preparedness-and-mitigation/fire-hazard-severity-zones. Accessed March 12, 2026.

Figure 4 Example of an Orange County City LRA
Fire Hazard Severity Zone Map
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https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/5065c998b4b0462f9ec3c6c226c610a9.

Homeowners can enter their address in this viewer to find whether their property is located within a specific FHSZ.

How Fire Hazard Severity Zone Maps Impact Homeowners
FHSZ maps have no direct impact on insurance coverage. The CDI states that the FHSZ maps are intended to drive local planning decisions, not insurance decisions, and that FHSZ maps have nothing to do with insurance rating.34 Though not used directly for insurance rating, FHSZ mapping does have significant indirect impacts. Properties located in High or Very High FHSZs are subject to certain legal requirements. New state building code requirements effective January 2026 for homes within a FHSZ or a WUI area include fire-resistant materials and construction methods. Buildings in these areas are subject to defensible space requirements. If you sell a home located in these areas, you are required to disclose fire risk and compliance to potential buyers using a specific form.

These regulations are in place to increase fire-resistance of communities and ensure property owners are aware of the risks involved in living in a wildfire-prone area.

California Wildland-Urban Interface Code Effective January 1, 2026 Title 24, Part 7 of the California Building Standards Code, also referred to as the 2025 California Wildland-Urban Interface Code (CWUIC),35 became effective January 1, 2026.

Title 24, Part 7, Chapter 5, Special Building Construction Regulations establishes minimum standards to locate, design and construct buildings and structures or portions thereof for the protection of life and property, to resist damage from wildfires, and to mitigate building and structure fires from spreading to wildland fuels.36 Chapter 5 requirements for construction within a FHSZ or a WUI area include:
 Specifications for fire-resistance-rated construction and non-combustible materials
 Ignition-resistant construction and material
 Replacement or repair of roof coverings
34 California Department of Insurance. CAL FIRE Hazard Maps Do Not Affect Insurance Rates or Availability. https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0400-news/0102-alerts/2025/CAL-FIRE-hazard-maps-do-notaffect-insu.cfm. Accessed March 6, 2026. 35 2025 California Wildland-Urban Interface Code, Title 24, Part 7, 2024 IWUIC Amended, Effective Date:

Jan 01, 2026. https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAWUIC2025P2. Accessed January 22, 2026. 36 2025 California Wildland-Urban Interface Code, Title 24, Part 7, 2024 IWUIC Amended, Effective Date:

Jan 01, 2026. https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAWUIC2025P2. Accessed January 22, 2026.

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Defensible Space Requirements and the New Ember-Resistant Zone 0 The State Board of Forestry and Fire Protection is responsible for the existing defensible space regulations37 for buildings or structures located in the SRA or in Very High FHSZ in the LRA. If you have a home or building in the SRA or in the Very High FHSZ in the LRA, you are responsible for ensuring that your property complies with defensible space requirements to protect structures from wildfire. The Board of Forestry and Fire Protection webpages include an illustration of existing Defensible Space Zones 0, 1, and 2 (Figure 5), and links to Zones 0, 1, and 2 resources.38 Figure 5 Board of Forestry and Fire Protection Defensible Zones 0, 1, and 2 It is important to note that “ember-resistant Zone 0” does not mean all vegetation, including trees, within 0-5 feet must be removed. New ember-resistant Zone 0 37 California Public Resources Code Division 4 - Forests, Forestry and Range and Forage Lands Part 2 - Protection of Forest, Range and Forage Lands Chapter 3 - Mountainous, Forest-, Brush- and GrassCovered Lands Section 4291. https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-prc/division-4/part-2/chapter3/section-4291/. Accessed January 14, 2026. 38 State of California Board of Forestry and Fire Protection. https://bof.fire.ca.gov/projects-andprograms/defensible-space-zones-0-1-and-2. Accessed January 14, 2026.

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 19 of 74
vegetation options will be finalized later in 2026. The next public workshop meeting is scheduled for April 23, 2026. New ember-resistant Zone 0 requirements enhance existing defensible space requirements in High and Very High FHSZs in the LRA to create an ember-resistant zone within 0 to 5 feet of a building. 39 Compliance with existing or enhanced defensible space requirements addresses home ignition potential and reduces home ignitability. Reducing the ignitability of enough homes can break the WUI fire chain of events and help more homes escape destruction or survive undamaged.

AB38 Defensible Space Compliance Documentation and Disclosure AB38 became effective in 2021, requiring sellers of property located in a High or Very High FHSZ to provide buyers with documentation stating the property complies with state defensible space requirements or local vegetation management ordinances, as applicable. The law provides that if documentation demonstrating compliance cannot be obtained by the close of escrow, a written agreement may be executed showing that the buyer agrees to obtain documentation of compliance within one year of the close of escrow. 40
The law also requires a Defensible Space Disclosure be provided by sellers of property located in a High or Very High FHSZ to buyers of homes constructed before January 1, 2010. The Disclosure must include specified information and a copy of a final inspection report, or information on where the report may be obtained. A sample Defensible Space Disclosure notice is reproduced at Appendix D.

California Homeowners Insurance Crisis
Devastating property losses and casualties resulting from numerous wildfires in California WUI areas and other natural disasters beginning in 2018 have precipitated a continuing homeowners insurance crisis. Beginning in 2022 and 2023, insurers began dramatically raising California homeowners fire insurance premiums in what were considered wildfire risk areas, and some insurers began to stop issuing policies in highrisk areas or withdraw from the California homeowners’ insurance market altogether.

Like many homeowners throughout the state that are severely impacted by the insurance crisis, many Orange County homeowners are also impacted. 39 Board of Forestry and Fire Protection. Summary of October 2025 Draft Zone 0 Regulation Language. https://34c031f8-c9fd-4018-8c5a-4159cdff6b0d-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/bof-website/projectsand-programs/defensible-space-zones-0-1-2/october-zone-0-summary-and-ruleplead.pdf?rev=927f9551dc7b4f15b8263671cca15ef2&hash=F80F2C5451370BB3C855E38CCCC516D4.

Accessed February 17, 2025.
40 Assembly Bill 38, Wood. Fire safety: low-cost retrofits: regional capacity review: wildfire mitigation.

Approved October 2, 2019. California-2019-AB38-Chaptered Wildfires Hit Home

Actions have been taken by the state legislature and the CDI during the last three years to strengthen the property insurance market, increase insurer commitments to write more policies in wildfire-distressed areas, and provide a framework to support homeowners in securing premium reductions from insurers when they take specific actions to reduce their community- and property-level wildfire risk.41 Despite these actions, many homeowners remain vulnerable to dramatic policy premium increases, nonrenewal, or the inability to secure traditional insurance coverage.

A recent New York Times article42 cites a 2023 California Association of Realtors survey wherein “nearly 7 percent of realtors surveyed…said that they had deals fall out of escrow that year because buyers couldn’t find adequate, affordable coverage.” As further cited in the article: “The percentage of realtors reporting that they had deals fall through for lack of insurance has more than doubled since 2023, to 16.6 percent.” Unabated Growth of the California FAIR Plan
The continuing statewide insurance crisis is further demonstrated by the unabated growth in California FAIR Plan residential insurance policies. The FAIR Plan provides basic fire insurance coverage for
eligible high-risk properties when
such coverage is demonstrated by
the applicant to be unavailable in
the traditional insurance market.43
FAIR Plan coverage is limited,
relatively expensive, and is the
insurer of last resort for these
properties. During the period from
September 2023 to September
2025, the number of FAIR Plan
residential dwelling policies in
force (PIF) increased from
320,581 to 625,033 as shown at
41 California Department of Insurance. Sustainable Insurance Strategy. https://ains.assembly.ca.gov/system/files/2023-12/insurance-commissioner-ricardo-lara-californiasustainable-insurance-strategy-presentation-to-assembly-insurance-committee-12-13-2023.pdf. Accessed January 29, 2026.
42 New York Times.California Promised Insurance Relief, But Delivered Loopholes. November 1, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/01/us/los-angeles-california-fire-insurance-regulations.html. Accessed March 25, 2026.
43 The California FAIR Plan. https://www.cfpnet.com/. Accessed March 25, 2026.

Figure 6 Total FAIR Plan Dwelling and Commercial Policies Have Increased, September 2023 to September 2025
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Figure 6.44 FAIR Plan data for Orange County residential policies in 2022 is shown in Appendix E.

The FAIR Plan is a syndicated fire insurance pool comprised of all insurers licensed to conduct property and casualty business in California. The FAIR Plan was established by statute45 in August 1968 as an insurance placement facility and all licensed property/casualty insurers that write basic property insurance are required to be members of the FAIR Plan. The FAIR Plan issues policies on behalf of its member companies, and each member company participates in the profits, losses, and expenses of the FAIR Plan in direct proportion to its market share of business written in the state. The FAIR Plan is not a state agency or public entity; it does not receive public or taxpayer funding. As the total number of FAIR Plan policies continues to grow unabated, so does the financial strain on the overall FAIR Plan fire insurance pool.

Insurance Relief for Homeowners: Safer from Wildfires
Insurance Regulation
The first of the wildfire safety regulatory incentives was the Safer from Wildfires regulation enacted in fall 2022.46 Safer from Wildfires requires insurers to offer premium discounts based, in part, on mandatory factors including community-level wildfire risk mitigation designations and property-level wildfire risk mitigation efforts. Every action taken under Safer from Wildfires qualifies applicants and policyholders for insurance discounts.

Safer from Wildfires: Community-Level Wildfire Risk Mitigation There are two examples of community-level wildfire risk mitigation designations listed in the Safer from Wildfire regulation: 1) Fire Risk Reduction Community Listing47 approved by the Board of Forestry and Fire Protection, and 2) Firewise USA Site Designation48 approved by the National Fire Protection Association. Other examples of communitylevel wildfire risk mitigation designations include local Fire Safe Council supported by the California Fire Safe Council, Community Wildfire Protection Plan supported by the 44 Key Statistics & Data. The California FAIR Plan. https://www.cfpnet.com/key-statistics-data/. Accessed March 25, 2026.
45 California Insurance Code sections 10090 et seq. https://law.justia.com/codes/california/codeins/division-2/part-1/chapter-9/section-10090/. Accessed April 21, 2026. 46 California Code of Regulations, Title 10, Section 2644.9 47 Fire Risk Reduction Community listed by the Board of Forestry and Fire Protection pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 4290.1. https://bof.fire.ca.gov/projects-and-programs/fire-risk-reductioncommunity-list. Accessed February 10, 2026. 48 Firewise USA program managed by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). https://www.nfpa.org/Education-and-Research/Wildfire/Firewise-USA. Accessed April 21, 2026.

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U.S. Fire Administration, and the Wildfire Prepared Neighborhood™ Pilot Program49 being launched by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS).

Safer from Wildfires: Property-Level Wildfire Risk Mitigation Safer from Wildfires also requires insurers to offer premium discounts based, in part, on the reduced wildfire risk resulting from each and every property-level wildfire risk mitigation action. These individual property-level wildfire risk mitigation efforts include measures addressing the immediate surroundings of a building and building hardening.

The IBHS offers homeowner guidance based on its research,50 and a property-level Wildfire Prepared Home™ designation51 that recognizes mitigation measures addressing both immediate surroundings and home hardening.

Safer from Wildfires: Property-Level Measures Addressing Immediate Surroundings - Defensible Space
The following measures are specified in Safer from Wildfires to address the immediate surroundings of a building. Each of these actions qualifies for insurance discount:
a. Clearing of vegetation and debris from under decks
b. Clearing of vegetation, debris, mulch, stored combustible materials, and any and all movable combustible objects from the area within five (5) feet of the building c. Use of only noncombustible materials in any improvements to the property, including fences and gates situated within five (5) feet of the building d. Removal or absence of combustible structures, including sheds and other outbuildings, from the area within thirty (30) feet of the building or as much of such area as is under the control of the applicant or policyholder e. Whether the property upon which the building is situated complies with state or local defensible space requirements, as applicable
Safer from Wildfires: Property-Level Building Hardening Measures The following building hardening measures are specified in Safer from Wildfires. Each of these actions qualifies for insurance discount:
a. Class-A fire rated roof
b. Enclosed eaves
49 Institute for Business & Home Safety. Wildfire Prepared Neighborhood Pilot Program. https://wildfireprepared.org/wildfire-prepared-neighborhood-pilot-program/. Accessed March 19, 2026. 50 IBHS Research. Wildland Fire Embers and Flames: Home Mitigations That Matter. April 2023. https://ibhs1.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/Home-Mitigations-that-Matter-FINAL.pdf.

Accessed February 10, 2026.
51 Institute for Business & Home Safety. Wildfire Prepared Home: Take Proven Steps to Reduce Your Risk. https://wildfireprepared.org/. Accessed March 19, 2026.

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c. Fire-resistant vents
d. Multipane windows, including dual pane windows, or functional shutters, which when closed, cover the entire window and do not have openings e. At least six (6) inches of noncombustible vertical clearance at the bottom of the exterior surface of the building, measured from the ground up Safer from Wildfires: Optional Factors
The Safer from Wildfires regulation also incorporates other optional factors that are substantially related to risk of wildfire loss. These optional factors may include, but are not limited to: fuel, slope, access, aspect, structural characteristics, wind, and other community-level or property-level mitigation efforts, or designations as recommended by a state or local fire safety agency or organization as reducing wildfire risk.

Reducing Wildfire and Insurance Risk: AB888 The
California Safe Homes Grant Program
AB888 established the California Safe Homes Grant Program in October 2025 to be developed and administered by the Department of Insurance for the purpose of achieving the following goals:
(1) Reducing local and statewide wildfire losses
(2) Improving insurability and resilience of vulnerable communities (3) Home hardening of insurable properties to mitigate wildfire risk and enable consumers to get access to insurance premium incentives offered by insurance companies and in alignment with the department’s rules.

Eligible California Safe Home Grant Program applicants include qualifying individuals and qualifying cities, counties, and special districts. For individuals, grant funds may be awarded if the following criteria are met:
(1) The property of the applicant is covered by an admitted insurer or the California FAIR Plan
(2) The property of the applicant is in a ZIP Code that overlaps with a High or Very High FHSZ.
(3) The income of the applicant is no higher than the low-income limit for the county in which they reside
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As of January 1, 2026, the Department of Insurance was developing the grant application portal and planned to begin accepting California Safe Homes Grant applications in spring 2026.52
Our Shared Responsibilities
Orange County Fire Authority (OCFA)
OCFA serves all unincorporated areas of Orange County and its 23 Orange County member cities. The OCFA Board of Directors is made up of elected officials from the County and its member cities. The 11 Orange County cities that are not served by OCFA have their own city fire departments, i.e., their own fire service agencies having jurisdiction. The list of OCFA member cities and other Orange County fire service agencies is included at Appendix F.

OCFA education and outreach programs are comprehensive. Online materials and event scheduling is accessible at their website. and a staff of seven community education specialists and a community education supervisor are available to coordinate and attend events. The Wildfire Preparedness53 webpages cover multiple topic areas including:
 Ready, Set, Go!
 Home Assessment
 Defensible Space Disclosure
Inspection
 Pest Control (tree pests
management)
 Immediate Zone
 FHSZ Maps
 Insurance
 Contractors (specializing in
wildfire preparedness)
OCFA takes a systematic approach to mitigating risk through its Community Risk Reduction Department (formerly Fire Prevention). OCFA Community Risk Reduction (CRR) staff identifies community risks, collaborates with developers, agencies, and residents to build and maintain safe communities.54 In addition to the extensive Wildland Preparedness webpages, the CRR department webpages include a section on Wildland & Vegetation with specific information for homeowners in wildland interface areas. The CRR department supports homeowners’ risk reduction efforts by providing an online 52 CalMatters. California homeowners could qualify for grants for new roofs and fire safety. January 1, 2026. https://calmatters.org/economy/2026/01/california-safe-homes-grants/. Accessed February 17, 2026.
53 Orange County Fire Authority. Wildfire Preparedness. https://ocfa.org/ready-set-go/. Accessed February 24, 2026.
54 Orange County Fire Authority. About Us. Departments. https://ocfa.org/aboutus/departments/community-risk-reduction/. Accessed February 24, 2026.

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 25 of 74
home assessment tool55 that covers the basics of both home hardening and defensible space principles. The online assessment tool guides the homeowner through a series of questions and ends with the opportunity to receive an emailed report providing recommendations for fire mitigation strategies. Before beginning the online questionnaire, homeowners are given the option to request an in-person home assessment with an OCFA Fire Prevention Specialist.

Fire Hazard Severity Zone Survey Results - Local Governments and Fire Service Agencies
This investigation included a survey of Orange County cities to gather information about their efforts to reduce risk of wildfire in WUI areas and their outreach programs for homeowners. The Grand Jury invited 34 Orange County cities to respond to the survey and received 28 responses. Of these 28 responses, 20 were from various city departments, and eight were from city fire departments.

The Orange County cities that responded to the survey reported having from zero to 100% of their city land area within Moderate, High, or Very-High FHSZs. Reported land areas may not match each individual city’s FHSZ map. A summary of the survey results for city area reported in FHSZs are shown at Figure 7:

55 Orange County Fire Authority. Home Assessment Tool. https://ocfa.org/ready-set-go/homeassessment/. Accessed February 24, 2026.

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City Area Reported in
Fire Hazard Severity Zones
% of
Responding
Cities
# of
Responding
Cities
No area in FHSZ 21% 6
Some area in FHSZ (not quantified) 14% 4
2% to 25% in FHSZ 25% 7
26% to 50% in FHSZ 18% 5
51% to 75% in FHSZ 11% 3
76% to 100% in FHSZ 11% 3
Figure 7 City Area Reported in Fire Hazard Severity Zones 11 of 28 responding cities reported having achieved or have applications pending approval for community-level wildfire risk mitigation designations. Achievement of community-level wildfire risk mitigation designations is a significant way local governments, local fire departments, unincorporated areas, and special districts can reduce wildfire and insurance risk for their residents. A summary of the survey results for cities that have achieved or applied for community-level wildfire risk mitigation designation are shown at Figure 8.
21%
14%
25%
18%
11%
11%
City Area Reported in Fire Hazard Severity Zones
No area in FHSZ Some area in FHSZ (not quantified)
2% to 25% in FHSZ 26% to 50% in FHSZ
51% to 75% in FHSZ 76% to 100% in FHSZ
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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 27 of 74
Achieved, Applied for, or Plan to Apply
for a Community-Level Wildfire Risk
Mitigation Designations
% of
Responding
Cities
# of
Responding
Cities
Yes 39% 11
No 61% 17
In progress 0% 0
Figure 8 Cities Reporting Achieved, Applied for, or Plan to Apply for a Community-Level Wildfire Risk Mitigation Designation
16 of 28 responding cities reported having an outreach program that provides information and guidance to property owners on wildfire risk mitigation measures and grant programs. A summary of the survey results on cities reporting whether they have these outreach programs in place are shown at Figure 9. These outreach programs are needed to help homeowners achieve awareness and ability to plan and take actions required to reduce individual and community wildfire and insurance risk. 39%
61%
0%
Cities That Have Achieved, Applied for, or Plan to
Apply for a Community-level Wildfire Risk
Mitigation Designation
Yes No In progress
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Outreach Program to Provide Information
and Guidance to Property Owners on
Wildfire Risk Mitigation Measures and
Grants
% of
Responding
Cities
# of
Responding
Cities
Yes 57% 16
No 29% 8
In progress 14% 4
Figure 9 Cities Reporting Outreach Program to Provide Information and Guidance to Property Owners on Wildfire Risk Mitigation Measures and/or Grants
11 of the 16 cities reported having their own outreach programs, are Orange County Fire Authority (OCFA) member cities, and referred to one or more of OCFA’s comprehensive programs and resources (see Figure 10). While OCFA member cities’ use of OCFA outreach programs and resources is efficient and beneficial to their residents, the availability of a direct local contact at the city who is knowledgeable and can provide even a minimum of information and guidance on wildfire mitigation resources would help remove barriers to homeowners’ actions to reduce wildfire risk. 29% 57%
14%
Cities That Have an Outreach Program to Provide
Information and Guidance to Property Owners on
Wildfire Risk Mitigation Measures and/or Grants
Yes No In progress
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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 29 of 74
Outreach Program Refers to Orange
County Fire Authority Programs and
Resources
% of
Responding
Cities
# of
Responding
Cities
Yes 55% 11
No 45% 9
Figure 10 Cities Reporting Their Outreach Program Refers to Orange County Fire Authority Outreach Programs and Resources
Orange County Homeowners Associations Play an Important Role According to the California Community Managers Association, there are 4,927 homeowners associations (HOA) in Orange County, and 82% of Orange County residents live in HOAs.56 These HOAs communicate directly with their residents, and thus have the ability to mobilize people and resources to effectively achieve and maintain community-level wildfire risk mitigation designations and reduce their residents’ homeowner insurance premiums.

HOAs are the local contact for their residents, and through their architectural and landscape standards can effectively communicate information on home hardening and defensible space requirements. HOAs often host community leaders and local fire service agencies for fire prevention workshops and other outreach events for HOA residents. Their local contact function can also provide information and organize opportunities to volunteer and support local fire prevention overall through activities such as Citizens Brigade57 and Bike Brigade.58 These HOA-hosted workshops, outreach 56 California Association of Community Managers. Estimated number of residents living in HOAs based on average of 2010-2014 Census reports of 3.04 persons per household. www.cacm.org. 57 Weathered: After the LA Firestorm. PBS, KCET, 2026.
58Ellis, Rebecca. Los Angeles Times. January 10, 2026. Topanga Canyon felt abandoned. So residents are banding together to fight fire. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2025-01-10/topanga-canyonfelt-abandoned-so-residents-are-banding-together-to-fight-fire. Accessed March 6, 2026. 55%
45%
Cities With an Outreach Program That Refers
To OCFA Programs and Resources
Yes No
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events, and local contact functions are effective means to help homeowners achieve awareness and ability to plan and take actions necessary to reduce wildfire and insurance risk.

HOAs often have significant responsibility for large open space areas of Orange County that can total hundreds of acres of fuel modification zones. The HOAs’ collaborative role with local fire service agencies in managing these fuel modification zones is as important as their role with HOA residents in the shared responsibilities for wildfire and insurance risk reduction.

Homeowners are Responsible for Reducing Home Ignition Potential Fire science research has demonstrated that ignition-resistant homes can survive wildfire without firefighter protection.59 Where there are enough ignition-resistant homes, the WUI fire chain of events can be broken to prevent fire disasters, and these homes can escape destruction or survive undamaged. Taking the actions necessary to make homes ignition resistant to windborne embers is the responsibility of homeowners. The role of the homeowner is critical in the shared responsibilities for reducing wildfire and insurance risk in WUI areas.

Homeowners need support from local governments and fire service agencies to achieve the awareness and ability to plan and take actions necessary to make homes ignition resistant. This support is most effectively delivered through local outreach programs; effective communications in outreach programs have been found to be the more local, personalized efforts such as one-on-one consultation with fire experts, townhall events, small workshops, tours, and demonstrations.60 For example, provision of in-person or online home assessments that result in written recommendations to homeowners for specific wildfire risk mitigation actions. Documentation of the recommended actions taken can then be presented to homeowners’ insurers for the insurance discounts required by Safer from Wildfires.

Safer from Wildfires home hardening and defensible space measures protect homes and communities, save homeowners, local governments, and fire authorities as well as insurance companies from catastrophic loss while also providing discounts for homeowners’ insurance premiums.

Reducing wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface helps ensure that insurance coverage remains accessible. California’s wildfire and insurance crisis demands coordinated action from local governments and fire authorities, communities, and homeowners to reduce risk of wildfire.
59 Cohen, The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem, 23. 60 Gammanco, The Return of Conflagration, 34.

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 31 of 74

FINDINGS
In accordance with California Penal Code Sections 933 and 933.05, the 2025-2026 Orange County Grand Jury requires (or, as noted, requests) responses from each agency affected by the findings presented in this section. The responses are to be submitted to the Presiding Judge of the Superior Court.

Based on its investigation “Wildfires Hit Home” the 2025-2026 Orange County Grand Jury has arrived at the following six findings:

F1 More frequent and severe wildfires driven by increasingly hotter, drier, and windier conditions in the Orange County wildland-urban interface are escalating impacts on financial and non-financial resources. Among the financial costs are dramatic increases in homeowners’ insurance premiums, nonrenewals, and inabilities to obtain insurance.

F2 Actions that address conditions in the home ignition zone to significantly reduce ignition potential can prevent a community wildland-urban interface fire disaster or suburban conflagration.

F3 Expanded engagement with the community to raise awareness and provide support regarding home hardening and defensible space will increase effectiveness of wildfire risk mitigation and insurance risk reduction efforts.

F4 Achievement of community-level and property-level wildfire risk mitigation designations (such as Firewise USA Site, Fire Risk Reduction Community or Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety certification) lessens wildfire risk and helps reduce insurance premium costs.

F5 All county residents should be made aware that Safer from Wildfire regulation requires insurers to provide discounts to homeowners and communities that implement home hardening and defensible space measures regardless of whether a property is located within a Fire Hazard Severity Zone.

F6 AB888, California Safe Homes Grant Program, provides financial assistance to eligible homeowners, cities, counties, and special districts for home hardening and defensible space measures. Applying for and using these grant funds will reduce wildfire losses and improve insurability and resilience of vulnerable communities.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
In accordance with California Penal Code Sections 933 and 933.05, the 2025-2026 Orange County Grand Jury requires (or, as noted, requests) responses from each agency affected by the recommendations presented in this section. The responses are to be submitted to the Presiding Judge of the Superior Court.

Based on its investigation described herein, the 2025-2026 Orange County Grand Jury makes the following recommendations:

R1 By December 31, 2026, the Orange County Board of Supervisors should plan to host a county-wide annual wildfire prevention fair for the County and all cities and fire service agencies, including Orange County Fire Authority, to showcase respective wildfire outreach programs, and for the first annual wildfire prevention fair to be scheduled no later than December 31, 2027. [F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6]
R2 By December 31, 2026, cities and fire service agencies, including Orange County Fire Authority should commit to participation in a county-wide annual wildfire prevention fair planned by the Orange County Board of Supervisors to showcase wildfire prevention outreach programs. [F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6]
R3 By December 31, 2026, cities, unincorporated areas, special districts, and fire service agencies in High and Very-High Fire Hazard Severity Zones should initiate planning activities to achieve community-level wildfire risk mitigation designations and/or establish a local Fire Safe Council within one year. [F4, F5, F6]
R4 By December 31, 2026, to ensure city residents are engaged and aware of wildfire risk reduction resources, OCFA member and non-member cities should provide information, develop their own outreach program, and establish a direct contact person(s) for their residents. This is in addition to whatever referrals or references made to OCFA outreach programs. [F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6]

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 33 of 74

COMMENDATIONS
Yorba Linda Water District
The 2025-26 Orange County Grand Jury extends its special thanks to the Yorba Linda Water District (YLWD) for providing two tours of its facilities, including their non-portable Heli-Hydrants™. The YLWD with foresight and planning installed three Heli-Hydrant™ facilities. One of the tanks was the first
to be installed in Southern California.

These innovative tanks enable fire
department helicopters to access water
more quickly and efficiently, improving
helicopter firefighting capabilities in
areas where wildland vegetation and
human development intersect, such as
in the Yorba Linda service area.

Newport Beach Fire Department
The 2025-2026 Orange County Grand Jury acknowledges and recognizes the Newport Beach Fire Department for their outstanding and continuing efforts to lead the Southern California region in dedication and adherence to the highest level of fire protection and safety. They are a role model for other cities in Orange County and elsewhere. In 2024, the Insurance Services Office honored Newport Beach Fire Department as a Top Tier Class 1 fire agency through its Public Protection Classification Program Newport Beach Fire Department shares the Top Tier Class 1 designation with only about 1% of the top fire departments nationwide.

The Grand Jury particularly commends Newport Beach Fire Prevention leadership, who generously dedicated time and expertise to share insights from their extensive knowledge of fire science.

Source: 2025-2026 Grand Jury
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REQUIRED RESPONSES
California Penal Code Section 933 requires the governing body of any public agency which the Grand Jury has reviewed, and about which it has issued a final report, to comment to the Presiding Judge of the Superior Court on the findings and recommendations pertaining to matters under the control of the governing body. Such comment shall be made no later than 90 days after the Grand Jury publishes its report (filed with the Clerk of the Court). Additionally, in the case of a report containing findings and recommendations pertaining to a department or agency headed by an elected County official (e.g., District Attorney, Sheriff, etc.), such elected County official shall comment on the findings and recommendations pertaining to the matters under that elected official’s control within 60 days to the Presiding Judge with an information copy sent to the Board of Supervisors.

The following excerpts from the California Penal Code provide the requirements for public agencies to respond to the Findings and Recommendations of this Grand Jury report:
§933
(c) No later than 90 days after the grand jury submits a final report on the operations of any public agency subject to its reviewing authority, the governing body of the public agency shall comment to the presiding judge of the superior court on the findings and recommendations pertaining to matters under the control of the governing body, and every elected county officer or agency head for which the grand jury has responsibility pursuant to Section 914.1 shall comment within 60 days to the presiding judge of the superior court, with an information copy sent to the board of supervisors, on the findings and recommendations pertaining to matters under the control of that county officer or agency head and any agency or agencies which that officer or agency head supervises or controls. In any city and county, the mayor shall also comment on the findings and recommendations. All of these comments and reports shall forthwith be submitted to the presiding judge of the superior court who impaneled the grand jury. A copy of all responses to grand jury reports shall be placed on file with the clerk of the public agency and the office of the county clerk, or the mayor when applicable, and shall remain on file in those offices. One copy shall be placed on file with the applicable grand jury final report by, and in the control of the currently impaneled grand jury, where it shall be maintained for a minimum of five years.
§933.05.
(a) For purposes of subdivision (b) of Section 933, as to each grand jury finding, the responding person or entity shall indicate one of the following:

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 35 of 74
(1) The respondent agrees with the finding.
(2) The respondent disagrees wholly or partially with the finding, in which case the response shall specify the portion of the finding that is disputed and shall include an explanation of the reasons, therefore.
(b) For purposes of subdivision (b) of Section 933, as to each grand jury recommendation, the responding person or entity shall report one of the following actions:
(1) The recommendation has been implemented, with a summary regarding the implemented action.
(2) The recommendation has not yet been implemented, but will be implemented in the future, with a timeframe for implementation.
(3) The recommendation requires further analysis, with an explanation and the scope and parameters of an analysis or study, and a timeframe for the matter to be prepared for discussion by the officer or head of the agency or department being investigated or reviewed, including the governing body of the public agency when applicable. This timeframe shall not exceed six months from the date of publication of the grand jury report.
(4) The recommendation will not be implemented because it is not warranted or is not reasonable, with an explanation, therefore.
(c) However, if a finding or recommendation of the grand jury addresses budgetary or personnel matters of a county agency or department headed by an elected officer, both the agency or department head and the board of supervisors shall respond if requested by the grand jury, but the response of the board of supervisors shall address only those budgetary or personnel matters over which it has some decision-making authority. The response of the elected agency or department head shall address all aspects of the findings or recommendations affecting his or her agency or department.

The Orange County Grand Jury requires the following responses:

Orange County Board of Supervisors 90 Day Response Required Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R1, R2, R3
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Orange County Fire Authority Board of Directors 90 Day Response Required Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3
City of Aliso Viejo 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Anaheim 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Brea 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Buena Park 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Costa Mesa 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Cypress 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 37 of 74
City of Dana Point 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Fountain Valley 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Fullerton 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Garden Grove 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Huntington Beach 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Irvine 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of La Habra 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4

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City of La Palma 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Laguna Beach 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Laguna Hills 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Laguna Niguel 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Laguna Woods 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Lake Forest 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Los Alamitos 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 39 of 74
City of Mission Viejo 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Newport Beach 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Orange 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Placentia 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Rancho Santa Margarita 90 Day Response Required Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of San Clemente 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of San Juan Capistrano 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4

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City of Santa Ana 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Seal Beach 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Stanton 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Tustin 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Villa Park 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4
City of Westminster 90 Day Response Requested
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R4
City of Yorba Linda 90 Day Response Required
Findings: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6
Recommendations: R2, R3, R4

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 41 of 74
Acronyms
AB Assembly Bill
B Brush
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
CAL FIRE California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection CAL OES California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services CC Contract Counties
CDI California Department of Insurance
CRR Community Risk Reduction
CWUIC California Wildland-Urban Interface Code
FAIR Fair Access to Insurance Requirement
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FHDS Fire Hardening and Defensible Space
FHSZ Fire Hazard Severity Zone
G Grass
HOA Homeowners Association
IBHS Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety®
IWUIC International Wildland-Urban Interface Code
LRA Local Responsibility Area
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
OCFA Orange County Fire Authority
P&C Property and Casualty
PIF Policies in Force
SB Senate Bill
SRA State Responsibility Area
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
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USFS United States Forest Service
WRAP Wildfire Risk Reduction and Asset Protection
WUI Wildland-Urban Interface
YLWD Yorba Linda Water District

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 43 of 74
Glossary
Aspect Compass direction that a slope or terrain surface faces, influencing sunlight exposure, temperature, and vegetation.

Catastrophic loss A sudden, severe, and often, widespread event resulting in extreme financial, loss of life, or permanent injury.

Class-A roof Highest fire resistance classification for a roof assembly, signifying its effectiveness against severe fire exposure.

Conflagration A particularly large and destructive fire; in the built environment, this may describe a fire that spreads via structure to structure.

Defensible space Buffer zone created and managed between buildings and surrounding wildland area to protect buildings from embers, flames, or heat, slow or stop wildfire spread, and help ensure safety of firefighters.

Ember Small piece of burning or glowing fragment from a fire.

Ember-resistant Refers to features that reduce the risk of ignition from embers.

Ember spot ignition Refers to one of the principal ways homes can ignite during extreme WUI fires, by embers directly on a house.

Firebrands Refers to airborne embers; pieces of burning wood.

Firewise USA Program administered by NFPA® and co-sponsored by the USDA Forest Service and the National Association of State Foresters.

Fuel modification zone Designated area where vegetation is managed to reduce wildfire risk for protection of homes and communities.

Fuel reduction Management of vegetation to reduce risk of wildfires.

Heli-Hydrant™ Patented rapid-fill water tank system for helicopter firefighting operations.

Home hardening Utilizing building materials, construction methods and maintenance practices to increase resistance to ignition from fire exposure.

Home ignition potential Susceptibility of a home and its immediate surroundings within 100 feet (thirty meters) to ignite during a wildfire.

Home ignition zone A home and its immediate surroundings within 100 feet (thirty meters).

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Ignition Process leading to the onset of a sustained combustion reaction; “start of a fire.”
Ignition-resistant Refers to materials and construction methods designed to resist ignition or sustained flaming combustion; difficult to catch fire when exposed to direct flame or heat.

Wildland fuels Burnable plant materials that can act as fuel during wildfires, including grasses, shrubs, trees, dead leaves, and fallen pine needles.

Zone 0 Ember-resistant defensible space within the first five feet around a structure, required for properties in State Responsibility Area or Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone in the Local Responsibility Area.

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Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 45 of 74
Bibliography
2025 California Wildland-Urban Interface Code, Title 24, Part 7, 2024 IWUIC Amended, Effective Date: Jan 01, 2026. Accessed January 22, 2026. https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAWUIC2025P2.
2025 California Wildland-Urban Interface Code, Title 24, Part 7, 2024 IWUIC Amended, Effective Date: Jan 01, 2026. Accessed January 22, 2026. https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAWUIC2025P2/chapter-6-fire-protectionrequirements.

Artemis. “Golden Bear Re Ltd. (Series 2026-1).” Artemis Deal Directory. Accessed February 1, 2026. https://www.artemis.bm/deal-directory/golden-bear-re-ltd-series-2026- 1/.

Austin, Troy, et al. “A Spatial Analysis of Structure Loss and Survival Resulting from the 2018 Camp Fire in Paradise, California.” Frames Resource Catalog. February 19, 2020.

Accessed November 25, 2025. https://www.frames.gov/catalog/60818 Becker, Jo. “California Promised Insurance Relief, But Delivered Loopholes.” New York Times. November 1, 2025. Accessed November 25, 2025.
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/01/us/los-angeles-california-fire-insuranceregulations.html CAL FIRE. Office of the State Fire Marshal. Fire Hazard Severity Zones. Fire Hazard Severity Zones in Local Responsibility Area>Phase 4>Orange> https://calfire.app.box.com/s/wahuw9ny7cgn89xpxh7092ur50r1pwvj/folder/3126694582 15 CAL FIRE. Top 20 Deadliest California Wildfires. Accessed October 9, 2025. https://34c031f8-c9fd-4018-8c5a-4159cdff6b0d-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/- /media/calfire-website/our-impact/fire-statistics/top-20-deadliest-cawildfires.pdf?rev=0d4612ff0cb447fb827fa0ac6c309d3d&hash=34718653A215C315C5E 3CB5BB6A4E550
CAL FIRE. Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires. Accessed October 9, 2025. https://34c031f8-c9fd-4018-8c5a-4159cdff6b0d-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/- /media/calfire-website/our-impact/fire-statistics/top-20-destructive-cawildfires.pdf?rev=737a1073f76947b4a3bfb960b19f44c7&hash=7CA02D30D9BF46A32 D5D98BD108BA26A
California Board of Forestry and Fire Protection. Fire Risk Reduction Community List.

Accessed February 16, 2026. https://bof.fire.ca.gov/projects-and-programs/fire-riskreduction-community-list.

Wildfires Hit Home

California Code of Regulations Title 14, Section 1280.
https://regulations.justia.com/states/california/title-14/division-1-5/chapter-7/subchapter3/article-1/section-1280/ California Department of Insurance – Wildfire Risk Reduction Regulations California Department of Insurance. CAL FIRE hazard maps do not affect insurance rates or availability. Accessed February 1, 2026. https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0400- news/0102-alerts/2025/CAL-FIRE-hazard-maps-do-not-affect-insu.cfm The California FAIR Plan. https://www.cfpnet.com/
California Government Code 51175-89. https://law.justia.com/codes/california/codegov/title-5/division-1/part-1/chapter-6-8/section-51175/ California Insurance Code § 2644.9
California Insurance Code sections 10090 et seq.
https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-ins/division-2/part-1/chapter-9/section10090/ California Public Resources Code 4201-4204.
https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-prc/division-4/part-2/chapter-1/article-9/ California Public Resources Code Division 4 - Forests, Forestry and Range and Forage Lands Part 2 - Protection of Forest, Range and Forage Lands Chapter 3 - Mountainous, Forest-, Brush- and Grass-Covered Lands Section 4291. Accessed January 14, 2026. https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-prc/division-4/part-2/chapter-3/section4291/.

California’s Sustainable Insurance Strategy. Accessed January 22, 2026. https://boe.ca.gov/meetings/pdf/2024/202402-CA-Insurance-Martinez.pdf.

Center for Critical Urban and Environmental Studies. University of California, Santa Cruz. Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Research for Resilience: Addressing California’s Climate, Conservation & Housing Crises. Accessed November 25, 2025. https://criticalurbanenvironments.ucsc.edu/projects/wildland-urban-interface-wuiresearch-for-resilience/.

Cohen, Jack. The Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Problem: A Consequence of the Fire Exclusion Paradigm. Forest History Today. Fall 2008: 20-26.

Copley, Michael. “California Fire Victims Say Fighting with Insurance Companies Has Delayed Rebuilding.” NPR News, January 13, 2026. https://www.kanw.org/nprnews/2026-01-13/california-fire-victims-say-fighting-with-insurance-companies-hasdelayed-rebuilding.

Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 47 of 74
Edelson, Josh. [Cover page lower left image of a home survives Palisades Fire].

Photograph. Agence France-Presse / Getty Images. Accessed March 25, 2026.

Edelson, Josh. [Cover page lower right image of a home burns in Paradise, California during the Camp Fire]. Photograph. “In Camp Fire, Newer Houses Were Much Less Damaged Accessed.” The Sacramento Bee. April 11, 2019. Accessed March 25, 2026. https://www.kqed.org/science/1940012/newer-houses-much-less-damaged-in-camp-fire Executive Order N-13-23. https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/9.21.23- Homeowners-Insurance-EO.pdf
Executive Order N-18-25. Accessed January 13, 2026. https://www.gov.ca.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2025/02/2025-2-6.Urban-Conflagration-EO-ATTESTED.pdf.

Fallon, Patrick T. [A House a hill with fire and smoke]. Photograph. Agence FrancePresse / Getty Images. Accessed March 25, 2026.

Firewise USA program managed by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). https://www.nfpa.org/Education-and-Research/Wildfire/Firewise-USA Hall, Alex – Journal of Environmental Research, September 8, 2015.

Gammanco, Ian M., et al. The Return of Conflagration in Our Built Environment.

Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety. September 2023. Accessed March 20, 2026. https://ibhs.org/wpcontent/uploads/Suburban_Wildfire_Conflagration_WhitePaper.pdf.

Hayrikian, Mashall A.. Engineering and Environmental Implications of the LA wildfires:

Eaton and Palisades Fire. Marshall Geoscience – Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory Services. http://www.marshallgeo.com/geotechnical-engineering/engineering-andenvironmental-implications-of-la-wildfires-eaton-palisades-fires/.

Instagram. [Cover page upper left image of Wildland-Urban Interface at Rancho Mission Viejo]. Photograph. Accessed March 25, 2026.
https://www.instagram.com/popular/rancho-mission-viejo-ca/.

Instagram. [Rancho Mission Viejo.com]. Photograph. Accessed March 25, 2026. https://www.instagram.com/p/CsmLvqlMqm2/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=M zRlODBiNWFlZA%3D%3D.

IBHS Research. Wildland Fire Embers and Flames: Home Mitigations That Matter. April 2023. Accessed February 10, 2026. https://ibhs1.wpenginepowered.com/wpcontent/uploads/Home-Mitigations-that-Matter-FINAL.pdf.

Wildfires Hit Home

Institute for Business & Home Safety. Wildfire Prepared Neighborhood Pilot Program.

Accessed March 19, 2026. https://wildfireprepared.org/wildfire-prepared-neighborhoodpilot-program/.

Jacobo, Julia and Ginger Zee, Ginger. A perfect storm of weather and climate conditions led to the severity of the California fires, ABC News, Accessed January 8, 2026, http://www.abcnews.com/US/perfect-storm-weather-climate-conditions-severitycalifornia-fires/story?id=117468072 Kasler, Dale and Reese, Phillip. “In Camp Fire, Newer Houses Were Much Less Damaged.” The Sacramento Bee. April 11, 2019, updated January 9, 2024. Accessed March 4, 2026. https://www.kqed.org/science/1940012/newer-%D8%8Cuses-muchless-damaged-in-camp-fire.

McChrystal Group. After-Action Review of Alert Notification Systems and Evacuation Policies for the Eaton and Palisades Fires. Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, September 25, 2025. https://lacounty.gov/2025/09/25/la-county-releases-after-actionreview-of-alert-notification-systems-and-evacuation-policies-for-the-eaton-andpalisades-fires/.

Miller, Rebecca. “Residents Reducing Wildfire Risks: Findings from the NFPA® Firewise® Sites of Excellence Pilot, 2019-2020,” May 2022. NFPA® Firewise USA®:

Residents Reducing Wildfire Risks. https://www.nfpa.org/education-andresearch/wildfire/firewise-usa/firewise-sites-of-excellence National Institute of Building Science. “Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves.” 2019. https://nibs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/NIBS_MMC_MitigationSaves_2019-1.pdf Orange County Fire Authority. Resource Library. Accessed March 8, 2026. https://ocfa.org/documents/.

Orange County Grand Jury (2025 – 2026). [OCFA helicopter approaching Yorba Linda Water District Heli-Hydrant™]. Photograph, January 27, 2026. Unpublished internal documentation.

Orange County Grand Jury (2025 – 2026). [Cover page upper right image of Orange County Fire Authority helicopter water drop]. Photograph, January 27, 2026.

Unpublished internal documentation.

Polacek, Andy. 2018. “Catastrophe Bonds: A Primer and Retrospective.” Chicago Fed Letter, no. 405. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2018/405.

Rojanasakul, Jira, & Brown, Claire. “America’s Home Insurance Affordability Crunch:

See What’s Happening Near You.” New York Times. November 19, 2025. Accessed Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 49 of 74
November 25, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/11/19/climate/homeinsurance-premiums-costs-usa.html?smid=nytcore-android-share San Diego County Grand Jury. “Fire Country: Forging a United Defense in the Backcountry,” SanDiegoCounty.gov. May 15, 2025.
https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/grandjury/reports/2024-2025/firecountry/Fire-%20Final%20Filed%20Version.pdf Senate Bill 504. Accessed January 14, 2026.
https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB504/id/3018449.

State of California Board of Forestry and Fire Protection. Accessed January 14, 2026. https://bof.fire.ca.gov/projects-and-programs/defensible-space-zones-0-1-and-2.

The California FAIR Plan. Key Statistics & Data. Accessed March 8, 2026. https://www.cfpnet.com/key-statistics-data/
Thompson, Andrea. How the Ferocious Santa Ana Winds are Fueling the Palisades Fire. Scientific American. Accessed January 7, 2026. http://www.scientificamerican.com United Policyholders – WRAP Resource Center and Safer from Wildfires Initiative U.S. Fire Administration. What is the WUI? Accessed November 25, 2025. https://www.usfa.fema.gov/wui/what-is-the-wui/
Weathered: After the LA Firestorm. Directed by Trip Jennings. Presented by Maiya May.

PBS, 2026. 56 min.

Wildland-Urban Interface. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed January 12, 2026. https://research.fs.usda.gov/nrs/fire/wui.

Yufang, Jin, et al. Identification of two distinct fire regimes in Southern California:
implications for economic impact and future change. Environmental Research Letters, Volume 1, Number 9. IOP Science, September 8, 2015. Accessed January 9, 2026. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094005. “ZIP Codes in Orange County, California.” Felt.com. Accessed November 11,2025. https://felt.com/map/ZIP-Codes-in-Orange-County-CaliforniaGX3e19BKrS5uwCICY3r5gFD?loc=33.6408,-117.7804,9z.

Wildfires Hit Home

Appendix A
CAL FIRE Wildfire Data

Source: CalFire Redbook Data
Figure 11 Top 20 Deadliest California Wildfires
Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 51 of 74
Source: CalFire Redbook Data
Figure 12 Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires

Wildfires Hit Home

Figure 13 Large Fires 300 Acres and Greater - State and Contract Counties Direct Protection Area Figure 14 Orange County Wildfires by Size

Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 53 of 74
Appendix B
Safer from Wildfires Flyer
Figure 15 Safer from Wildfires Flyer, Page 1
Wildfires Hit Home

Figure 16 Safer from Wildfires Flyer, Page 2

Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 55 of 74
Appendix C
Fire Hazard Severity Zone Map of Orange County
Figure 17 Fire Hazard Severity Zone Map of Orange County

Wildfires Hit Home

Appendix D
Figure 18 Fire Hardening and Defensible Space Disclosure, Page 1 Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 57 of 74
Figure 19 Fire Hardening and Defensible Space Disclosure, Page 2 Wildfires Hit Home

Appendix E
California Department of Insurance Data
Figure 20 California Property and Casualty Insurance Company Homeowners Premium and Loss Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 59 of 74
Note: P. O. Boxes are excluded from this list. Data is for calendar year 2022 and includes homeowners (excluding condominium), mobile home, dwelling fire owner- and tenant-occupied insuring structures with four or less units.

Source: California Department of Insurance
Figure 21 FAIR Plan Data for Orange County Zip Codes 90620 - 92679 Wildfires Hit Home

Note: P. O. Boxes are excluded from this list. Data is for calendar year 2022 and includes homeowners (excluding condominium), mobile home, dwelling fire owner- and tenant-occupied insuring structures with four or less units.

Source: California Department of Insurance
Figure 22 FAIR Plan Data for Orange County Zip Codes 92680 – 92899 Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 61 of 74
Appendix F
OCFA and Covered Cities
Figure 23 Orange County Fire Authority Covered Cities
Wildfires Hit Home

Figure 24 Orange County Fire Jurisdictions
Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 63 of 74
Appendix G
Ready, Set, Go!, Zone 0 At-A-Glance and Links
Figure 25 Ready, Set Go! Flyer for Immediate Zone
Wildfires Hit Home

Figure 26 Ready, Set, Go! Flyer on Defensible Space
Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 65 of 74
Figure 27 Ready, Set, Go! Flyer for Home Hardening, Page 1 Wildfires Hit Home

Figure 28 Ready, Set, Go! Flyer for Home Hardening, Page 2 Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 67 of 74
Figure 29 Ready, Set, Go! Flyer on Vegetation Management Wildfires Hit Home

Figure 30 Ready, Set, Go! On Be Ember Aware
Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 69 of 74
Figure 31 Ready, Set, Go! Flyer on Home Assessment
Wildfires Hit Home

Figure 32 Ready, Set, Go! Flyer on Wildfire Home Risk Assessment, Page 1 Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 71 of 74
Figure 33 Ready, Set, Go! Flyer on Wildfire Home Risk Assessment, Page 2 Wildfires Hit Home

Figure 34 Zone 0 At-A-Glance, Page 1
Wildfires Hit Home
Orange County Grand Jury 2025-2026 Page 73 of 74
Figure 35 Zone 0 At-A-Glance, Page 2
Wildfires Hit Home

Links
Immediate Zone
https://storageocfaprod001.blob.core.windows.net/blobocfaprod01/2025/12/ImmediateZone-2025.pdf Defensible Space
https://storageocfaprod001.blob.core.windows.net/blobocfaprod01/2025/03/OCFA-RSGDefensible-Space-1-1.pdf Home Hardening
https://storageocfaprod001.blob.core.windows.net/blobocfaprod01/2025/12/HomeHardening-2025.pdf Vegetation Management
https://storageocfaprod001.blob.core.windows.net/blobocfaprod01/2026/01/OCFA-RSGVegetation-Management.pdf Be Amber Aware
https://storageocfaprod001.blob.core.windows.net/blobocfaprod01/2025/07/OCFA-RSGBe-Ember-Aware-688b04d7e4fb9.pdf Home Assessment
https://storageocfaprod001.blob.core.windows.net/blobocfaprod01/2025/12/HomeAssessment-2025.pdf Wildfire Home Risk Assessment
https://storageocfaprod001.blob.core.windows.net/blobocfaprod01/2025/07/OCFA-RSGHome-Assessment-Form-688b05b09d57e.pdf Zone 0 At-A-Glance
https://34c031f8-c9fd-4018-8c5a-4159cdff6b0d-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/- /media/calfire-website/prepare/zone-0-at-a-glance.pdf
September 22, 2026
The Honorable Shelia F. Hanson
Presiding Judge
Orange County Superior Court
700 Civic Center Drive West
Santa Ana, CA 92701
City of Cypress Response – Wildfires Hit Home
Dear Honorable Judge Hanson,
The City of Cypress has received and reviewed the above-reference Grand Jury Report. In accordance with the Grand Jury’s request, the City of Cypress respectfully submits the following response.

Findings:

F1. More frequent and severe wildfires driven by increasingly hotter, drier, and windier conditions in the Orange County wildland-urban interface are escalating impacts on financial and non-financial resources. Among the financial costs are dramatic increases in homeowners’ insurance premiums, nonrenewals, and inabilities to obtain insurance.

The City partially agrees with the finding. The City of Cypress agrees that more frequent and severe wildfires are occurring within the State of California, however the City lacks the specific data and analysis regarding homeowner’s insurance premiums to agree or disagree with that portion of the finding.

F2. Actions that address conditions in the home ignition zone to significantly reduce ignition potential can prevent a community wildland-urban interface fire disaster or suburban conflagration.

The City agrees with the finding. The City’s response was developed after review of the OCFA response to the OCGJ Report Wildfires Hit Home report. 2 F3. Expanded engagement with the community to raise awareness and provide support regarding home hardening and defensible space will increase effectiveness of wildfire risk mitigation and insurance risk reduction efforts.

The City agrees with the finding. The City’s response was developed after review of the OCFA response to the OCGJ Report Wildfires Hit Home report.

F4. Achievement of community-level and property-level wildfire risk mitigation designations (such as Firewise USA Site, Fire Risk Reduction Community or Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety certification) lessens wildfire risk and helps reduce insurance premium costs.

The City partially agrees with the finding. While the City of Cypress agrees that community-level and property-level wildfire risk mitigation designations lessens wildfire risk, the City does not have the data to evaluate the impact of those designations on insurance premium costs.

F5. All county residents should be made aware that Safer from Wildfire regulation requires insurers to provide discounts to homeowners and communities that implement home hardening and defensible space measures regardless of whether a property is located within a Fire Hazard Severity Zone.

The City agrees with the finding.

F6. AB888, California Safe Homes Grant Program, provides financial assistance to eligible homeowners, cities, counties, and special districts for home hardening and defensible space measures. Applying for and using these grant funds will reduce wildfire losses and improve insurability and resilience of vulnerable communities.

The City partially agrees with this finding. The City agrees that utilizing state grant funds under the California Safe Homes Grant Program significantly reduces wildfire losses and boosts structural resilience. However, the City lacks sufficient information or expertise to evaluate the impact of such measures on private market insurability.

Recommendations:

R2. By December 31, 2026, cities and fire service agencies, including Orange County Fire Authority should commit to participation in a county-wide annual wildfire prevention fair planned by the Orange County Board of Supervisors to showcase wildfire prevention outreach programs. [F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6]
The recommendation has not yet been implemented. The City of Cypress will actively support OCFA if the County of Orange elects to move forward with the recommended County-wide event.

R4. By December 31, 2026, to ensure city residents are engaged and aware of wildfire risk reduction resources, OCFA member and non-member cities should provide information, 3 develop their own outreach program, and establish a direct contact person(s) for their residents. This is in addition to whatever referrals or references made to OCFA outreach programs. [F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6]
The recommendation will be implemented in coordination with OCFA. The City will coordinate with OCFA to provide information and other risk reduction resources as appropriate. The City’s Building Official will serve as the point of contact for residents and provide referrals to OCFA or other applicable resources.

The City of Cypress would like to thank the Grand Jury for addressing this issue. Should you have any questions or need additional information, please contact Shannon DeLong, City Manager, at [email protected].

Regards,
Leo Madrano
Mayor
City of Cypress
 



  





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