Fountain Valley City Council
November 4, 2025

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-19 scare of over 350 kilometers (225 miles) along the San Andreas Fault. Strong shaking was said to have lasted for over a minute, and water from the Los Angeles River was reportedly thrown out of its bed. Damage was not nearly as serious as it would be today since Southern California was sparsely populated at the time. Were the Fort Tejon earthquake to occur today, the damage could easily run into billions of dollars, and the loss of life could be substantial. The present-day communities of Wrightwood and Palmdale lie upon or near the 1857 rupture area. 1933 Long Beach Earthquake
In 1933, the Long Beach 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the Los Angeles Basin on March 10. The earthquake occurred on the Newport-Inglewood Fault, causing serious damage in Long Beach and other communities. The earthquake resulted in 120 deaths and over $50 million in property damage. Most of the damaged buildings were of unreinforced masonry
construction. The following images of the damage were taken from the Southern California Earthquake Data Center website. 1971 Sylmar Earthwuake (San Fernando)
On February 9, 1971, the Los Angeles Basin shook for over one minute. There were 65 deaths and a financial cost of over $500 million. The earthquake resulted in a crack in the Van Norman Dam where an 80-square mile area had to be evacuated due to fear the dam would break. Numerous people were trapped in buildings and fires were started from natural gas line breaks.

Two hospitals collapsed killing nine people. The Veterans Administration Hospital had seven deaths (photos left), and the Olive View Hospital had two deaths. Following this earthquake, the Alquist Hospital Seismic Act was passed establishing structural and nonstructure classifications for hospital building seismic –safety levels. 1987 Whittier Narrows Earthquake

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-20 In October 1987, the Whittier Narrows Earthquake struck the Los Angeles area with a 5.9 magnitude earthquake. This earthquake occurred on a fault system not previously known for seismic activity. There were 8 deaths and 200 injuries. The earthquake damage was estimated at $358 million.
1994 Northridge Earthquake
On January 17, 1994, the Northridge Earthquake struck at a 6.7 magnitude in the Los Angeles area. There were 57 deaths and over 1,500 people were injured. The earthquake caused billions of dollars in damages and disrupted the lives of thousands of residents, schools and businesses in Southern California.

For days afterward, thousands of homes and businesses
were without electricity; tens of thousands had no gas; and nearly 50,000 had little or no water. According to NASA Ames Research Center, building officials inspected over 66,500 structures and determined 4,000 were severely damaged and deemed uninhabitable. An additional 11,000 buildings were moderately damaged and authorized only for limited occupancy. Several collapsed bridges and overpasses created commuter havoc on the freeway system. In addition, ground shaking caused extensive damage and triggered liquefaction. This ignited dozens of fires throughout the area resulting in further damage.

However, the earthquake occurred early in the morning on a holiday. These circumstances considerably reduced the impact. Many collapsed buildings were unoccupied, and most businesses were not yet open. Still, the direct and indirect economic losses ran into the tens of billions.

State and Federal Declared Earthquake Disasters
While the City has neither had state nor federally declared earthquake disasters since the last plan update, it is important to note that other California counties have. This includes Kern and San Bernadino Counties in July of 2019. This earthquake event resulted in the state declaring a

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-21 disaster for those counties. In addition, Humboldt County experienced an earthquake in December of 2022, also resulting in the governor classifying the event as a state recognized disaster. It is crucial to recognize the history of state declared earthquake disasters in other California counties due to the fact that the service area is set in an earthquake fault zone and can occur at any moment without warning.

E.5 Earthquake Probability
To asses probability of earhthquake, this report will rely on Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). PGA mapping represents peak horizontal acceleration of the ground on firm-rock conditions. The approach of representing peak horizontal ground acceleration on firm-rock is a common and widely used method of showing ground accelerations. The development of probabilistic acceleration maps is a result of three types of basic input parameters:
1) Attenuation of ground shaking with distance from the earthquake source. 2) Frequency of earthquakes within an area or region, termed recurrence; and 3) The character and extent of regions and faults that generate earthquakes.

According to the following Peak Ground Acceleration Map, the City is located in an area that will experience a PGA ranging from 0.50 g to 0.70 g with 10% exceedance in 50 years (0.0021 annual probability).

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-22 Figure E.3 Peak Groun Acceleration Map
According to Table 3.12 below (provided by the United States Geographic Survey), this PGA Value is typically associated with a 6.9 magnitude earthquake. Thus, there is a 0.21% annual possibility of a 6.9 magnitude earthquake affecting the City.

City of Fountain Valley
City of Fountain Valley

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-23 Table E.8 Mercalli intesity and Corresponding peak Group Acceleration

MERCALLI

INTESITY

RICHTER

INTESITY

ACCELERATION
(%G)

VELOCITY
(CM/S)

PERCIEVED

SHAKING

POTENTIAL
DAMAGE

3.5 < 0.17 < 0.1 Not Felt None

4.2 – 4.3 0.17 - 1.4 0.1 - 1.1 Weak None

4.8 1.40 – 3.9 1.1 - 3.4 Light None

4.9 – 5.4 3.9 - 9.2 3.4 - 8.1 Moderate Very light

5.5 – 6.0 9.2 - 18 8.1 - 16 Strong Light

6.1 18 - 34 16 - 31 Very Strong Moderate

6.2 34 - 65
31 - 60 Severe
Moderate to
Heavy

6.9 65 - 124 60 - 116 Violent Heavy
.7.0 > 124 > 116 Extreme Very Heavy
The City has been impacted by earthquakes numerous times over the years. Typical of many locations in Southern California, seismic building standards have prevented these earthquakes from causing any severe damage within the City. However, as noted above, the potential for a large-scale earthquake is possible. Based on data the proximity of identifies fault lines and the information demonstrated in the PGA maps, it is clear the whole community are at risk to the impacts of an earthquake event. Given the frequency, and likelihood, of earthquake occurrences in the area coupled with the possibility for a large-scale scenario, the City has ranked earthquakes

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-24 as one of the hazards with highest vulnerability for the City. The Steering Committee determined that the impacts of Climate Change would not have any effect on the probability of earthquake scenarios.

E.5 Earthquake vulnerability and Potential
Vulnerability
In the event of an earthquake, vulnerable populations may be impacted to a greater extent than others in the community. An earthquake may cause infrastructure /systems damage as well as loss of equipment, which would restrict access and use of facilities that cater to high-risk members of the community. During the planning process, the HMPC identified the following facilities as being at a more significant risk than other City assets.

Table E.9 Earthquake Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE % DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
FIRE STATION #1 $14,65600 75% $1,427,550
FIRE STATION #2 $1,148,240 75% $861,180

CITY HALL/
COUNCIL CHAMBERS $5,397,224 35% $1,889,028
Note: Loss estimates are estimates only and do not represent expected/actual damage Note: Loss estimates are based on insurance surveys and may not represent accurate replacement values. These values were used for planning purposes only.

Additionally, facilities such as the Senior Center, privately-owned Carmel Village, and Crystal Cove Care house/serve the elderly population. Since these facilities are spread out throughout the region, there is no way for the city to know which of these is more likely to be impacted.

Therefore, the city can assume that the vulnerable population will be impacted equally since we cannot predict where an earthquake would occur. In Mitigation Action 2024.HMP.01, the City intends to evaluate the structural integrity of City buildings, including the Senior Center and City

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-25 Hall, with the intention of reducing the impacts of earthquake so the City can continue to provide normal and emergency services to the community, particularly the elderly which may be impacted to a great extent. Additionally, Mitigation Action 204.HMP.03 seeks to establish a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) to assist the City in resource allocation and support to the elderly population following a disaster such as an earthquake.

The HMPC identified that earthquakes have the ability to impact the City as a whole, and did not anticipate any changes to population patterns (density or migration). It was also noted that emergency situations have a great potential for impacting those with mobility and language proficiency challenges. Also, those without a strong economic foundation will face challenges in recovery. While open to the public, City personnel are trained to provide or locate support for people in need, particularly for vulnerable populations. It is useful to note that the City and County emergency plans include considerations for vulnerable populations, including the elderly, in response in the event of an earthquake.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Event-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
AE.1 Adversarial Event Identification and Background................................... Adversarial Event-2 AE.2 Adversarial Event Location..................................................................... Adversarial Event-4 AE.3 Adversarial Event Extent ........................................................................ Adversarial Event-4 AE.4 Adversarial Event History ....................................................................... Adversarial Event-5 AE.5 Adversarial Event Probability ................................................................. Adversarial Event-5 AE.6 Adversarial Event Vulnerability............................................................... Adversarial Event-6

LIST OF TABLES
Table AE.1 Adversarial Event Loss Estimate Table......................................... Adversarial Event-7

Appendix B
Adversarial Event

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Event-2 AE.1 Adversarial Event Identification and
Background
Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of a political or social objective.

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a type of weapon that can bring significant harm to a large number of people or structures. Examples of WMD include nuclear, radiological, biological, or chemical agents. Aside from attacking local targets, terrorists might also use WMD to inflict harm on a large population.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has categorized two types of terrorism in the United States.

International Terrorism involves terrorist activity committed by groups or individuals who are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States, or whose activities transcend national boundaries.

Domestic Terrorism involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government or population without foreign direction.

Well-known international terrorist groups include Islamic Fundamentalist groups, such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS); European terrorists, including the Red Brigade in Italy, Spain’s Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), and the Japanese Red Army; separatist groups, such as Sierra Lumenoso, and the “Shining Path” in Peru. Add to these a host of narco-terrorists, such as the Medellin and Cali drug cartels.

In the United States, a number of animal rights activists; environmentalist groups; white supremacists, such as the League of Aryan nations; and groups including the Covenant, Sword and Arm of the Lord, New World Order, and skinheads have been responsible for acts of terrorism on United States soil. Added to these are groups like the Klu Klux Klan; survivalists, such as the Freemen in Montana; and doomsday cults, such as David Koresh in Waco, Texas, and Jim Jones in Guyana.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Event-3 There are a number of methods a terrorist may use to carry out their objective, including attacks of a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosive, and cyber nature. In addition, terrorists conduct hijackings, assassinations, armed assaults, kidnappings/hostage taking, arson fires, sabotage of critical infrastructures such as utilities and transportation, and the dissemination of confidential or otherwise vulnerable information for the planning of terrorist attacks.

Chemical
Chemical agents involve the use of chemical compounds to kill or seriously injure victims. There are numerous kinds of chemical weapons, and their effectiveness is determined by a number of factors, including age, purity, weather conditions, wind direction, and means of dissemination.

Biological
Biological agents include microbes, such as bacteria or viruses, and toxins derived from plants or animals that can produce illness or death. Illegal facilities that manufacture these substances are difficult to detect because they employ fermentation technology commonly used in the production of legitimate products such as antibiotics, vaccines, and consumables.

Radiological and Nuclear
Radiological or nuclear terrorism is the use of radioactive materials and/or nuclear explosives, as well as any terrorist actions against nuclear facilities by individuals or groups, to inflict harm on a population and advance political or social objectives. Sources of radiological material including nuclear fuel cycle waste, medical and dental equipment, military weaponry, and machines used in private industry.

Explosive
The impact of a bombing depends largely on the type, size, and placement of the device used.

Additionally, a WMD in combination with an explosive device expands the lethality, physical damage, and economic disruption. The use of an explosive device can also inflict significant disruption of society through destruction of critical infrastructure and widespread fear amongst the target population.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Event-4 Additional Terrorism Methods
Additional terrorism methods include hijackings, kidnappings, and the taking of hostages; armed assaults and mass shootings; assassinations of public figures; sabotage of transportation systems and utility infrastructure; the dissemination of confidential information that would aid terrorist organizations when planning an attack; arson fires; and many other means of disrupting normal society or endangering lives and property.

AE.2 Adversarial Event Location
The City of Fountain Valey (City), while not as high-profile as nearby cities like Los Angeles, still faces potential risks from adversarial events that could impact various parts of the community.

Key city facilities such as City Hall, the Police Facility, Fire Station #1 on Bushard Street, and Fire Station #2 on Newhope Street, are critical to the city’s operations and may be more likely to be targeted during an adversarial incident due to their symbolic importance and vital roles in public safety. These central locations, essential for the city’s functionality, are more vulnerable to disruption compared to residential areas, which are less visible and dispersed throughout the city.

In addition to government buildings, public spaces such as Miles Square Park could also be a viable target for an adversarial event, given their size and location within the city. Though residential neighborhoods may seem less likely to be targeted, they are not immune to the broader impacts of such incidents. The City’s proximity to larger regional centers and transportation networks, such as Interstate 405, means that an event could cause significant disruptions throughout the city. The impact on essential services could affect both residents and businesses, underscoring the need for a comprehensive mitigation strategy that addresses all areas of the city. Even City facilities with a lower public profile might be impacted by an adversarial event, highlighting the importance of preparedness across the entire community.

AE.3 Adversarial Event Extent
The extent of potential adversarial events in the City can vary greatly, ranging from localized incidents, such as an active shooter situation, to large-scale catastrophic events involving WMDs.

While incidents like shootings could have a more confined impact, affecting specific areas or

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Event-5 facilities, the use of a WMD could result in widespread destruction, with far-reaching consequences for the entire city. The scale and severity of these events depend on various factors, including the location and method of attack. Regardless of the nature of the incident, the impact on public safety, city infrastructure, and the ability to provide essential services could be significant.

AE.4 Adversarial Event History
The United States has proven to be a high priority target for both domestic and international terrorists. Acts of terror have become increasingly alarming in their magnitude in recent years.

Examples of this include the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and the attacks of September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center complex and the Pentagon.

Not all attacks, however, are at this level of intensity. The United States has also been subject to small scale attacks in the past such as the bombing at the Boston Marathon in 2013 or Las Vegas Shooting in 2017.

While the City has not been directly impacted by any major adversarial events, there have been protests that highlight the potential for such incidents. In 2020, during a period of heightened regional tensions, a peaceful protest was organized at Mile Square Park, drawing attention due to its size and public visibility. Although the protest remained peaceful and did not escalate into significant disturbances, it underscored the potential for such events to occur in public spaces within the city. While the City has not experienced terrorism or large-scale violence in the past, the absence of these events does not mean that similar or more severe incidents could not happen in the future.

AE.5 Adversarial Event Probability
The likelihood of an adversarial event occurring in the City is challenging to estimate, as it depends on various factors such as regional tensions and broader security issues. While the City has not experienced significant incidents in the past, its proximity to larger urban areas and key transportation routes increases the chances of being affected by events in neighboring cities.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Event-6 Although the probability of a major adversarial event may be relatively low, it remains a possibility, making it essential to prepare for a variety of scenarios.

AE.6 Adversarial Event Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
The City’s public buildings and infrastructure are vulnerable to a range of potential adversarial events. Key city facilities such as City Hall, the Police Facility, Fire Station #1 on Bushard Street, and Fire Station #2 on Newhope Street, are vital to the city’s operations and are more likely to be targeted. Additionally, public spaces like Mile Square Park, which attract gatherings and events, could pose a risk for larger crowds in the event of civil unrest or other disruptive incidents. Impacts on any of these city facilities could disrupt essential services and impair the city’s ability to respond effectively. To address this, the City has developed Mitigation Strategy 2024.HMP.05, which focuses on enhancing security features at critical city facilities.

The table below is an excerpt from the full Loss Estimate Table located in Chapter 3. 4 and provides loss estimates for critical City facilities and essential services in the event of an adversarial incident. The projected financial impacts vary based on the asset type and estimated damage percentages. The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) reasoned that all City facilities, including, but not limited to, City Hall, the Boys & Girls Clubhouse Academy, Library, and City Yard, etc. are anticipated to sustain a 7% loss, resulting in financial damages ranging from approximately $120,000 to over $400,000. Essential services, such as fire and police, are projected to experience an 80% loss, with estimated financial damages of $284,000 and $427,360, respectively. Meanwhile, water and wastewater services are expected to face lower damage percentages (5%), yet their substantial replacement values result in significant projected losses of $561,969 and $247,750, respectively. These figures highlight the potential vulnerability of both municipal infrastructure and emergency response services, highlighting the importance of proactive security measures and resilience-building efforts to mitigate the impact of adversarial threats

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Event-7 Table AE.1 Adversarial Event Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
City Hall & Council
Chambers $5,397,224 7 $377,806
Boys and Girls Clubhouse
Academy
$1,719,880 7 $120,392
Library $2,251,840 7 $157,629
City Yard $5,794,520 7 $405,616
Fire Service $355,000 80 $284,000
Police Service $534,199 80 $427,360
Water Service $11,239,380 5 $561,969
Wastewater $4,954,995 5 $247,750
Note: Replacement values provided by 9/2018 Assessment by Jones Lang Lasalle (JLL) Note: Inflation estimated using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (2018-2024, or $1 to $1.24)
Vulnerability to People
The City’s residents, especially vulnerable groups like the very young, elderly, people with disabilities, and those with LEP, could face more challenges in an emergency. These individuals might have difficulty evacuating, receiving information, or accessing essential services during a crisis, which is why the City considered their specific needs when developing mitigation actions.

To address the needs of vulnerable populations, the HMPC developed Mitigation Strategy 2024.HMP.04, focusing on expanding coordination and protections, particularly for very young children. While the City recognizes that all residents are vulnerable in an emergency, this population was identified as one that could be effectively targeted during the planning process to improve preparedness and response.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Cyberattack-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
C.1 Cyberattack Identification and Background....................................................... Cyberattack-2 C.2 Cyberattack Location......................................................................................... Cyberattack-2 C.3 Cyberattack Extent............................................................................................ Cyberattack-3 C.4 Cyberattack History ........................................................................................... Cyberattack-3 C.5 Cyberattack Probability ..................................................................................... Cyberattack-5 C.5 Cyberattack Vulnerability................................................................................... Cyberattack-5

LIST OF TABLES
Table C.1 Cyberattack Loss Estimate Table............................................................. Cyberattack-6 Appendix C
Cyberattack

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Cyberattack-2 C.1 Cyberattack Identification and Background
A cyberattack is a deliberate attempt to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a computer system, network, or data. Cyberattacks can take many forms, including hacking, phishing, ransomware, and denial-of-service attacks, and they may be carried out by cybercriminals, insider threats, or organized crime networks. In some cases, these attacks are politically motivated and aim to disrupt critical infrastructure, steal sensitive information, or undermine public trust. When such actions are tied to an ideological or political cause, they may be classified as cyber terrorism, where the intent is to advance a specific agenda through the disruption or destruction of digital systems.

For a city, a cybersecurity attack can have significant and widespread consequences, threatening essential services and public safety. As municipal systems controlling utilities like water, electricity, and transportation increasingly rely on digital technology, they become prime targets for attackers.

A ransomware attack, for example, could lock City officials out of vital systems, delaying emergency responses or halting traffic management. Similarly, a breach of public records could expose sensitive personal data or disrupt critical processes like emergency response coordination. Such attacks not only disrupt operations but also damage the trust residents place in their local government.

C.2 Cyberattack Location
The City of Fountain Valley’s (City’s) critical facilities, such as City Hall and the Water Department facilities, are essential for managing municipal operations and public services. These facilities increasingly rely on digital networks, making them potential targets for cyberattacks. While such attacks would not cause physical damage, they could disrupt services citywide. For instance, a cyberattack on the Water Department could impede water distribution or wastewater management, affecting residents and businesses throughout the City. Similarly, if City Hall's administrative systems were compromised, it could delay public services and emergency responses. Therefore, safeguarding the cybersecurity of these critical facilities is important to ensure delivery of essential services to the community.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Cyberattack-3 C.3 Cyberattack Extent
The extent of a cybersecurity attack on the City would depend on the target and the nature of the attack. If city systems, such as those housed at City Hall or the Water Department, were compromised, the impact could ripple across various municipal services. A ransomware attack, for instance, could lock City officials out of critical administrative systems, disrupting daily operations and hindering the City’s ability to deliver essential services to its residents. Similarly, a breach of water management systems could hinder the City's ability to regulate water distribution and wastewater treatment, potentially affecting public health and daily activities for residents and businesses. The disruption caused by such an event could be citywide.

While a cybersecurity attack would not cause physical damage to the City’s infrastructure, its operational consequences could be far-reaching. Essential services like emergency response coordination or traffic management could face delays or interruptions, creating safety concerns.

Furthermore, personal information stored in city databases could be exposed, leaving residents vulnerable to identity theft or fraud.

A cybersecurity attack could also make the City more vulnerable to ransom payment demands, particularly if critical systems are taken offline or sensitive data is encrypted. For instance, a cyberattack targeting City administrative systems or water facilities could leave officials with limited options to restore operations quickly. The inability to access essential systems could pressure the City to consider paying a ransom to resume services or protect sensitive information.

Such a scenario not only increases the financial burden on the City but also sets a dangerous precedent, potentially encouraging future attacks. This heightened vulnerability would amplify the extent of the attack’s impact, as it could prolong disruptions to vital services, damage public trust, and strain the City’s financial resources.

C.4 Cyberattack History
San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department Cyberattack
In April 2023, various news outlets, including ABC 7 Los Angeles and the San Bernadino Sun, reported the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department experienced a significant cyberattack

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Cyberattack-4 that disrupted its digital systems for several days. The attack was initiated through a phishing email that appeared to originate from a trusted external contractor, allowing the attackers to infiltrate the Sheriff Department’s network. Once inside, the hackers encrypted critical data and demanded a ransom for its release. In response, the county decided to pay a $1.1 million ransom.

Although the attack did not compromise public safety operations, it caused significant disruptions, and the department lost data spanning five years. In the aftermath, the Sheriff's Department has taken steps to replace the compromised database, upgrade outdated hardware, and improve its overall cybersecurity posture.

Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) Cyberattack As explained in an Orange County Register article dated August of 2016, the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) became a victim of a significant cyberattack that exploited vulnerabilities in a third-party vendor’s system. This ransomware attack encrypted critical files, rendering them inaccessible and disrupted OCTA’s operations. The attackers demanded a ransom for the decryption key, and while some data was eventually restored, irreplaceable information was permanently lost. The financial impact was substantial, with the agency spending over $500,000 on recovery efforts, including enhanced cybersecurity measures and system restoration. This incident not only disrupted OCTA’s ability to deliver transportation services effectively but also highlighted the risks posed by external vendors.

Orange County District Attorney's Office Breach
In 2023, ABC 7 Los Angeles reported that the Orange County District Attorney's Office experienced a major data breach. The breach exposed sensitive information, such as case files and personal details tied to ongoing investigations, raising serious concerns about privacy and security. This incident disrupted the office’s operations and sparked public scrutiny, with residents questioning the effectiveness of the office’s data protection policies. In response, the District Attorney’s Office launched a review of its cybersecurity practices and strengthened its security measures to prevent similar breaches in the future.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Cyberattack-5 C.5 Cyberattack Probability
Determining the exact probability of a cyberattack impacting the City is challenging, as it depends on several factors. However, the City recognizes that the frequency of cyberattack incidents has been steadily increasing in recent years, suggesting that cities are becoming more vulnerable.

The rise in cyberattacks targeting neighboring cities and regions highlights a growing trend, with digital systems progressively more exposed to threats. As the City continues to increasingly rely on digital infrastructure for daily operations, the risk of being targeted by cybercriminals also rises.

With the evolution of cybeattacks, it is more likely that the City could be targeted at some point in the future. While the City has made strides in improving its cybersecurity, the growing sophistication of cybercriminals means that municipalities remain attractive targets due to potential vulnerabilities. While the likelihood of an attack cannot be precisely determined, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) emphasized that preparing for such scenarios is vital, as the consequences of an attack could deeply affect the city’s ability to function and meet residents’ needs.

C.5 Cyberattack Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures:

The City’s critical facilities and digital infrastructure are particularly susceptible to cyberattacks, which have the potential to severely disrupt city operations. Key locations such as City Hall and the City Water Department depend on interconnected digital systems to manage essential services, including administrative functions, public utilities, and water management. A successful cyberattack targeting these systems could compromise sensitive data, interrupt vital operations, and hinder the city’s ability to deliver essential services to residents. While physical damage is unlikely in such an event, the reliance on digital infrastructure means that even a temporary disruption could cascade into significant operational challenges.

The table below is an excerpt from the full Loss Estimate Table located in Chapter 3. 4. The HMPC identified that a cyberattack would primarily disrupt the City’s ability to deliver essential services to the community. As highlighted in the accompanying table, a cyberattack could compromise

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Cyberattack-6 critical systems supporting public safety and water supply, significantly affecting the City’s operations. The table below is an excerpt from the critical facilities loss estimate, illustrating the potential financial impact of hazard-related damage to essential public services. It includes estimated losses for fire, police, water, and wastewater services based on their replacement values and expected damage percentages. According to the data, fire and water services are projected to experience total losses in the event of a major cybersecurity incident, with 100% damage to their infrastructure, resulting in estimated losses of $355,000 and $11,239,380, respectively. Similarly, wastewater services are also anticipated to face total losses amounting to $4,954,995. Police services, while expected to sustain 85% damage, still represent a significant financial impact, with an estimated loss of $454,069. This analysis highlights the potential vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure and highlights the importance of mitigation efforts to reduce financial and operational disruptions.

Table C.1 Cyberattack Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME REPLACEMENT
VALUE % DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Fire Service $355,000 100% $355,000
Police Service $534,199 85% $454,069
Water Service $11,239,380 100% $11,239,380
Wastewater $4,954,995 100% $4,954,995
Note: Replacement values provided by 9/2018 Assessment by Jones Lang Lasalle (JLL) Note: Inflation estimated using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (2018-2024, or $1 to $1.24)
To address these risks, the City has developed Mitigation Strategy 2024.HMP.06, which focuses on bolstering cybersecurity protections and ensuring the resilience of critical systems. The HMPC emphasized that while an attack might not occur in the next five years, the potential consequences if it did would be severe and could disrupt vital services across the city.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Cyberattack-7 Vulnerability to People:

Residents of the City could experience significant challenges during a cyberattack. Disruptions to essential city services, including public communication networks and online resources, could prevent access to important information and services. This could impact both the city’s ability to operate and residents’ day-to-day needs.

The City also recognizes the significant impact cyberattacks could have on vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly, and has prioritized actions to strengthen cybersecurity defenses and community awareness. Mitigation Strategy 2024.HMP.06 focuses on upgrading the City’s Information Technology Systems to address evolving cyber threats and protect critical City data and infrastructure. By enhancing these systems, the City aims to reduce the risk of service disruptions that could disproportionately affect residents who rely on essential services and timely access to resources. To further safeguard the community, Mitigation Strategy 2024.HMP.07 ensures that vendor agreements are reviewed to include stringent security measures, with a focus on protecting resident data. This is especially important for elderly residents, who are often targeted by identity theft and other cybercrimes. Additionally, Mitigation Strategy 2024.HMP.08 emphasizes expanding public outreach to educate the community about cybersecurity best practices, empowering residents to recognize and respond to potential threats.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
F.1 Flood Identification and Background.......................................................................Flood -2 F.2 Flood Location ...........................................................................................................Flood -4 F.3 Flood Extent ...............................................................................................................Flood -4 E.4 Flood History .............................................................................................................Flood -7 E.5 Flood Probability .......................................................................................................Flood -9 E.5 Flood Vulnerability ....................................................................................................Flood -9 E.6 National Flood Insurance Program Compliance ..................................................Flood -12

LIST OF TABLES
Table F.1 Large Scale Flooding Events in Orange County .................................................Flood-7 Table F.2 Disaster Declarations ..........................................................................................Flood-8 Table F.3 Flood Loss Estimate Table.................................................................................Flood-11

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure F.1 Fountain Valley FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map ............................................Flood-6 Appendix D
Flood

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-2
F.1 Flood Identification and Background
According to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), flood is the most common type of disaster including both man made and naturally occurring incidents in the United States. Land along rivers, streams, lakeshores, and coastlines are particularly susceptible to flooding.

The primary responsibility of the local governments during widespread flooding is to protect public safety. The second responsibility is protection of the environment followed by property such as highways, streets, bridges, and structure protection.

The types and causes of flooding that can occur within the City of Fountain Valley (City) are the result of:
• Heavy rain,
• Atmospheric Rivers,
• Flood control channel overflow,
• Wastewater flooding within residences as a result of lift station failures, and • Coastal, tropical, and/or hurricane storms.

Due to light annual rainfall and the City’s location on the flood plain protecting it from channel overflow, dam failure is the most likely cause of flooding with the City.

What are Floods?
A flood occurs any time a body of water rises to cover what is usually dry land. Floods have many causes, including heavy rains, spring snowmelt, coastal storms, and dam or levee failure. When flooding occurs, affected areas may sustain damage to structures and personal property, as well as severe damage to the environment in the form of soil erosion, deforestation and damage to utilities and transportation systems.

Floods can take several hours to days to develop. The following flood characterization designates the amount of time for response.
• Flood Watch – a flood is possible in the area.
• Flood Warning – flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in the area. • Flash Flood Watch – a flash flood is possible in the area. Those affected should seek immediate shelter or higher ground.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-3
• Flash Flood Warning – flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in the area. Flash floods can occur without warning, during heavy rain in mountainous regions ensure that precautions and flash flood warnings are adhered to.

Alluvial Fan Flooding
Alluvial fan flooding occurs in the steep arid or semiarid mountains found throughout California.

Alluvial fans are fan-shaped deposits of eroded rock and soil carried out of mountains and into valley floors by landslides, mudslides, mudflows, and surface runoff. At the beginning of the valley, alluvial fans are steep and narrow with boulders and other course material. The deposited material becomes increasingly fine as the gradient decreases and the material, mainly gravel, sand and mud, spreads.

When rain falls, runoff from the canyon walls flows as a high-velocity sheet that channels into rivulets, and then to natural drainage courses. The rapidly moving water often carries large boulders and other material from the watershed depositing them into runoff channels, blocking the flow of water. Floodwater then spills out onto the fan, with each event finding a new channel that soon fills up with deposits and overflows. Flooding in alluvial fans often can cause greater damage than clear-water flooding.

Flash Flooding
A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas, rivers and streams that is caused by the intense rainfall associated with a thunderstorm or multiple thunderstorms. Flash floods also occur when a man-made structure, such as a dam, collapses. Flash flooding occurs when the ground under a storm becomes saturated with water so quickly that it cannot be absorbed. The runoff collects in low-lying areas and flows rapidly downhill. As a result, anything in its path is suddenly in rising water. Typically, flash floods begin with a slow-moving thunderstorm. A slow-moving thunderstorm usually takes longer to move out of the affected areas and causes the area to endure a greater amount of rainfall for a longer period of time. In addition, a thunderstorm may pass over an affected area repeatedly, dumping even more rainfall.

The heavy rainfall associated with these storm systems contributes to urban flooding in a number of ways. Primarily, heavy rainfall will often overwhelm the capacity of the conventional drainage system made up of storm drains, catch basins, sewers, and additional natural mechanisms for storm-water management. These systems typically cannot handle more than one or two inches of rainfall per hour before they begin to back up and overflow. This amount is further diminished

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-4
if the storm drains, and other components of the storm-water management system, have not been adequately maintained, are clogged with debris such as trash or natural waste, or are old and in a state of disrepair. Heavy rainfall, combined with storm-water runoff, can cause local waterways to rise and overflow their banks.

F.2 Flood Location
Flooding in the City can happen anywhere, but the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) noted that it is most likely to occur in specific areas, including the streets of Sandalwood, Walnut, and Heil. These locations are particularly vulnerable during periods of heavy precipitation, which often leads to significant runoff that overwhelms the local drainage systems. The Sandalwood pump stations have faced challenges during such events, highlighting their importance to the city's flood mitigation strategy. It is important to note that a project is currently underway to enhance the reliability and capacity of these pump stations to better protect the surrounding neighborhoods.

Flooding has also caused substantial damage to critical infrastructure within the city. Notably, the basement of Orange Coast Hospital has experienced flooding in past events, with the issues compounded by a roof collapse due to poor maintenance of drainage systems. Such incidents not only disrupt hospital operations but also put the safety and functionality of essential services at risk. Power outages during these events have further strained City resources, affecting residents and businesses alike and emphasize the interconnected vulnerabilities of infrastructure.

F.3 Flood Extent
A flood event in the region can range from a few isolated areas where a number of streets are flooded preventing temporary access to homes and businesses, to numerous homes inundated with several feet of water causing millions of dollars of damage. Floods in the City can cause extensive damage to residential and business properties, parks and recreational facilities, road and highway infrastructure, and critical utility facilities.

Large amounts of water from other parts of Orange County flow through the City on the way to the ocean. These regional water flows are carried through flood control channels owned and operated by the County of Orange. In addition to these County channels, the City maintains three local storm drain channels and two storm water pumps to drain the local floodwaters

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-5
The extent of flooding can vary widely depending on the severity of the weather event. During significant storm events, water may rise to several feet in low-lying areas, impacting streets, residential neighborhoods, and commercial areas. For example, intersections in areas with poor drainage can experience standing water of 1-2 feet, creating hazards for vehicles and pedestrians. In extreme scenarios, flash flooding may occur, with water moving quickly and causing damage to infrastructure, homes, and utilities.

Some of the most severe flooding incidents in the City have occurred during heavy rainfall events linked to atmospheric rivers. These events can produce several inches of rain over a short period, leading to widespread inundation. The Santa Ana River, which flows near the city, benefits from flood control infrastructure, reducing the risk of flooding. However, intense rainfall can still overwhelm localized systems, especially in areas near natural drainage basins or older stormwater infrastructure.

Beyond direct impacts, flooding in the City disrupts transportation systems, temporarily closing key roadways and intersections. In addition, floodwater can threaten critical infrastructure, such as power lines, sewer systems, and communication networks, increasing the effects of the hazard.

The following section provides FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) for the City. According to the map, virtually all the City is located in 100-year flood plain with minor portions of the City in the 500-year flood plain. The 100- and 500-year recurrence intervals indicate a 0.01 and 0.002 annual probability of a flooding event, respectively.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-6
Figure F.1 Fountain Valley FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-7
E.4 Flood History
To indicate the potential for a severe storm/flooding event, Table F.1 below, based on data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center, lists an excerpt of large-scale flooding events that have resulted in damage within Orange County since the previous planning period. Incidents that did not involve fatalities, injuries, property loss, or crop damage have been excluded from this table, which aims to highlight events with significant impacts.

Table F.1 Large Scale Flooding Events in Orange County

DATE LOCATION INJURIES FATALITIES PROPERTY
DAMAGE
CROP
DAMAGE
12/06/2018 Esperanza 0 0 5K 0
1/15/2019 Fountain Valley 0 0 0 0
2/13/2019 Laguna Beach 0 0 80K 0
3/20/2019 Yorba Linda 0 0 .5K 0
3/20/2019 Rossmoor 0 0 5K 0
4/06/2020 La Jolla 0 0 25K 0
7/03/2020 Orange County
Coastal
0 2 40K 0
3/10/2021 Silverado 0 0 75K 0
12/14/2021 Silverado 0 0 800K 0
3/01/2023 Red Hill 0 0 10K 0
1938 Talbert (Fountain Valley) Flood
Photo Courtesy Orange County Archives

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-8
State and Federal Declared Flood Disasters
Over the years, both state and federally declared disasters have highlighted the significant impacts of flooding on life, property, and infrastructure. These declarations provide critical assistance and resources for response and recovery efforts. The table below lists flood-related disaster declarations taken from FEMA’s Website for Disasters and Decalations, and the California Franchise Tax Board, along with their respective disaster codes, offering an overview of past events that have shaped mitigation and preparedness efforts.

Table F.2 Disaster Declarations

DISASTER CODE INCIDENT PERIOD
EM-3591-CA 01/08/2023-1/31/2023
EM-3592-CA 03/09/2023-07/10/2023
DR-4683-CA 12/27/2022-01/31/2023
DR-4699-CA 02/21/2023-07/10/2023
DR-4758-CA 01/21/2024-01/23/2024
CA Disaster Loss 109 02/2024-02/2019
CA Disaster Loss 127 12/2021
CA Disaster Loss 140 12/2022-01/2023
CA Disaster Loss 141 02/2023-03/2023
CA Disaster Loss 142 08/2023
CA Disaster Loss 146 02/2024

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-9
E.5 Flood Probability
The probability of flooding in the City is expected to increase as a result of future conditions, including climate change and evolving weather patterns. Climate models project that Southern California will experience more frequent and intense rainfall events due to the increased prevalence of atmospheric rivers and shifting storm dynamics. Warmer temperatures associated with climate change can increase the atmosphere's capacity to hold moisture, leading to heavier precipitation during storms. These conditions may increase the risk of flooding in areas with poor drainage. Long-term weather patterns, such as prolonged droughts followed by heavy rainfall, could further exacerbate the risk. Currently, the City is not anticipating any changes to land use in the near future to mitigation flood vulnerability, but the City is cognizant othat considerartions may be necessry in the distant future if climate change predicitons are correct. The combination of these factors suggests that the probability of flooding in the City may rise over the coming decades.

E.5 Flood Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
In terms of vulnerability to structures, the City’s built-out environment is generally resilient, with no significant vulnerabilities identified during the team's discussion. However, the City’s infrastructure, particularly drainage systems, remains a concern. While city assets such as buildings and roads are not immediately vulnerable to flooding, issues with local drainage systems could exacerbate flooding risks. The mitigation action aimed at improving drainage capacity is therefore crucial. Specifically, 2024.HMP.09, which involves assessing drainage capacities and prioritizing the Walnut Lift Station, directly addresses these concerns. The Walnut Lift Station has been identified as a key point due to its repeated flooding issues, and improvements to drainage infrastructure will reduce the risk of flood-related damage to the city’s structural assets.

The table below is an excerpt from the full Loss Estimate Table located in Chapter 3. 4, highlighting facilities and services that were deemed more significantly at risk than other city assets. It presents estimated financial losses for critical facilities and essential services in the event of flooding, with projected damage based on a 3% loss estimate for most facilities and services, except for fire and police services, which are estimated at 80%. City facilities including, but not limited to, City Hall, the Boys & Girls Clubhouse Academy, the Child Care Facility, the Library, and the City Yard are expected to sustain losses ranging from approximately $51,596 to $173,836,

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-10 while the Police Facility, given its higher valuation, has the most substantial projected facility loss at $439,518. Additionally, essential services such as fire and police operations are estimated to experience significant losses of $284,000 and $427,360, respectively, due to their high vulnerability during flood events. Water and wastewater services, which are critical for maintaining public health and infrastructure functionality, are projected to incur losses of $337,181 and $148,650, respectively. These estimates highlight the financial risks posed by flooding, reinforcing the need for mitigation strategies that minimize disruptions and ensure community resilience.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-11 Table F.3 Flood Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME REPLACEMENT
VALUE % DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
City Hall & Council
Chambers $5,397,224 3 $161,917
Library $2,251,840 3 $67,555
City Yard $5,794,520 3 $173,836
Fire Service $355,000 80% $284,000
Police Service $534,199 80% $427,360
Water Service $11,239,380 3% $337,181
Wastewater $4,954,995 3% $148,650
Note: Replacement values provided by 9/2018 Assessment by Jones Lang Lasalle (JLL) Note: Inflation estimated using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (2018-2024, or $1 to $1.24)
Vulnerability to People
While the city’s physical structures are relatively protected, the HMPC identified that the most vulnerable aspect during flooding events is the community's access to essential services, particularly fire and police services. Flooding can significantly disrupt emergency response times, which could lead to delayed assistance for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, lowincome residents, and individuals with disabilities. The HMPC’s mitigation actions reflect this concern. For example, 2024.HMP.10 emphasizes expanding public outreach to better educate the community on flood preparation, which will help mitigate the impact of flooding on residents, particularly those most at risk. Furthermore, 2024.HMP.11, which focuses on implementing a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program, will help prepare and mobilize volunteers to support vulnerable populations during emergencies, ensuring that these groups receive the assistance they need during floods or other crises.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-12 E.6 National Flood Insurance Program
Compliance
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is a Federal program enabling property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance as a protection against flood losses in exchange for State and community floodplain management regulations that reduce future flood damages.

Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement between communities and the Federal Government. If a community adopts and enforces a floodplain management ordinance to reduce future flood risk to new construction in floodplains, the Federal Government will make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses. This insurance is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to reduce the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods. The following table illustrates the City of Fountain Valley participation in the program:

Table F.4 NFIP Participation
Agency CIF County
Init FHBM
Identified
Init FIRM
Identified
Curr Eff
Map Date
Reg-Emer
Date
Fountain
Valley
060218# Orange 03/29/74 11/17/82 12/03/09 11/17/82
Floodplain Management
The City Community Development Department is responsible for the implementation of floodplain management provisions within the City. The City uses a variety of methods to enforce floodplain management, but the primary methods include planning review and permitting. The City’s website outlines a relatively small portion of the City which is designated as Zone A. All portions of the City which fall outside this zone are designated Zone X and outside the 100-year floodplain. For projects and permit requests submitted for consideration within the impacted area, the City’s internal policy leads personnel to check for flood-related insurance as well as potential hazards, as applicable to the design/permit, with regard to flood.

Chapter 18.37 Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction of the City’s municipal code outlines the process for abatement following a natural disaster, such as a flood. Although flooding is not described specifically, the process for review of structures, hazard identification, abatement, and

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-13 approval following improvement are outlined in this section. If flood concerns are identified, floodplain management principles will be applied by the Community Development Department through this process and implemented accordingly.

Flood Recommendations/Repetitive Loss Properties
There were no properties identified as having repetitive losses or assets impacted by regular flooding. In fact, the City is located in a Flood Zone X (Map Numbers 06059C0254J, 06059C0252J, 06059C0256J and 06059C0258J; dated December 3, 2009). According to the FEMA website, areas of this designation are expected to have minimal flood incidents and are outside the 500-year flood level.

Although the City currently has no identified repetitive loss facilities, the City has included three mitigation actions above (2024.HMP.09. 2024.HMP.10, & 2014.HMP.11) to maintain compliance with NFIP.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DRF.1 Dam/Reservoir Failure Identification and Background..................Dam/Reservoir Failure-2 DRF.2 Dam/Reservoir Failure Location ...................................................Dam/Reservoir Failure-5 DRF.3 Dam/Reservoir Failure Extent.......................................................Dam/Reservoir Failure-8 DRF.4 Dam/Reservoir Failure History......................................................Dam/Reservoir Failure-9 DRF.5 Dam/Reservoir Failure Probability ..............................................Dam/Reservoir Failure-11 DRF.6 Dam/Reservoir Failure Vulnerability............................................Dam/Reservoir Failure-12

LIST OF TABLES
Table DRF.1 City of Fountain Valley Reservoirs Information....................Dam/Reservoir Failure-8 Table DRF.2: Selected Dam Failures in California ................................. Dam/Reservoir Failure-10 Table DRF.3 Dam and Reservoir Failure Loss Estimate Table ..............Dam/Reservoir Failure-12 Appendix E
Dam/Reservoir Failure

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-2 DRF.1 Dam/Reservoir Failure Identification and
Background
Dam Failure
A dam is a barrier preventing the flow of water or loose solid materials (such as soil or snow) or a barrier built across a watercourse for impounding water. Dams are artificial barriers, which are 25 feet or more in height or have an impounding capacity of 50 acre-feet or more. Dams are important because they provide water for drinking, for industry, irrigation, fishing and recreation, water for hydroelectric power production, water for navigation in rivers, and other needs. Dams also protect people by reducing or preventing floods.

There are four general types of dams: Arch, Buttress, Gravity, and Embankment. Each of these types of dams has different failure characteristics.

Arch Dams
Arch dams are best suited to narrow canyons where they divert the force of the water behind the dam to the sides of the canyon in order to help support the weight. Therefore, arch dams need not be as thick as gravity dams since the dam itself supports less weight making them less expensive to construct. Arch dams may carry less weight than other dams; however, they are affected by the same kinds of force. These forces include pressure of the water, weight of the water, and weight of the dam.

Buttress Dams
Buttress dams are also known as Ambursen dams, named after the American engineer who implemented this design in the early 20th century. Originally, buttress dams were used in areas requiring irrigation, but where the land was not capable of supporting the size and weight of other types of dams. Generally, buttress dams are built in wide valleys. The name "buttress" dam comes from the structure of the dam itself. The dam is supported at intervals by several buttresses, concrete slabs reinforced with steel, which form a watertight seal against the river. There are two main types of buttress dams: flat slab and multiple arches.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-3 Gravity Dams
Gravity dams serve the same purposes as arch and buttress dams; however, they differ in structure and method of retaining water. This type of dam is solid and triangular in shape; therefore, it requires a large amount of concrete or other construction material. The immense weight of the concrete provides stabilization and allows the dam to maintain control of the water.

Embankment Dams
Embankment dams are massive dams made of earth or rock. Embankment dams usually have some sort of waterproof interior (called the core), which is covered with earth or rock fill. Grass may even grow on the earth fill. Water will seep in through the earth or rock fill but should not seep into the core. They rely on weight to resist the flow of water, similar to concrete gravity dams.

The embankment dam is the only dam type that is not made of concrete. Embankment dams may be made of earth or rock, both of which are pervious to water, that is, water can get into it. Water seeps into the core material and should stop at the seepage line. The core material is usually more watertight than the rock or earth that is on the outside of the dam, but the core material is still not totally impervious to water.

According to the FEMA website, dam failures are generally caused by one or a combination of the following reasons:

Overtopping
The Association of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO) reports 34% of all U.S. dam failures are due to overtopping as a result of inadequate spillway design, debris blockage of spillways, or settlement of the dam crest. Overtopping occurs when primary and emergency spillways are not sufficient to pass floodwater and the excess runs over the top of the dam. The overflow can erode the embankment, weakening the dam wall and potentially cause a full dam failure. While the City has not experienced the repercussions of a major dam failure, the Sweetwater Dam failure that occurred on January 27, 1916, is an example of a failure in Southern California that was the result of overtopping. After experiencing a long period of drought, the area received more than thirty-nine

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-4 inches of rain. As a result, more than 200 bridges were washed out, entire communities were swept away, levees collapsed, and valleys were inundated.

Acts of sabotage
Sabotage, or deliberate actions aimed at disrupting normal dam operations, can occur for many reasons. Like an act of terrorism or public demonstration, acts of sabotage can be motivated by a number of factors; political, socio-economic, and religious are a just a few. Often, they occur suddenly, and without warning. However, according to the Stanford University National Performance of Dams Program (NPDP), sabotage and vandalism have been the cause of the fewest dam failures between the years 1975 and 2001. Therefore, while the City is vulnerable to acts of sabotage, it is unlikely to occur.

Structural failure of materials used in dam construction According to the NPDP, dam failure due to structural deficiencies are only marginally more common than the acts of sabotage. Due to state regulations for dam construction and maintenance, failures due to inadequate structural integrity are rare.

According to FEMA, causes of dam failure in this category may include:
• Movement and/or failure of the foundation supporting the dam, • Settlement and cracking of concrete or embankment dams, • Piping and internal erosion of the soil in embankment dams, and • Inadequate maintenance and upkeep.

Reservoir Failure
Reservoir failure is the uncontrolled release of impounded water from a reservoir. Flooding, earthquakes, blockages, landslides, lack of maintenance, improper operation, poor construction, vandalism, and terrorism can all cause a reservoir to fail. Seismic activity may also cause inundation by the action of a differential movement of the tank and the water within the tank, causing shearing or buckling of the tank.

Above Ground Water Storage Reservoirs
One of the more common failures for water storage tanks during an earthquake is the shearing of the connecting piping. Typically, the inlet, outlet, and overflow piping on water storage tanks are

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-5 connected to flanged iron fittings that are then connected to underground flanged piping. This piping configuration is rigid and does not allow for motion of the piping during a seismic event. Unsynchronized motion between water storage tanks and piping can create large stresses and subsequent
structural failure. During a moderate earthquake, water storage tanks without proper protective features can release the entire contents of a tank, which may cause unwanted secondary effects on the tank foundation and even surrounding property and population.

During a seismic event, the tank itself is subjected to many different types of motion influenced by the size and shape of the tank, the use of anchors, impulsive and convective forces of the water contained in the tank, and the properties of the soil. These factors influence the tank motion, while ground motion has a linear effect on the underground piping. This differential in piping and tank motion during an earthquake has proven to be a key weakness in a typical configuration during seismic events of magnitudes credible in California.

DRF.2 Dam/Reservoir Failure Location
The City faces potential risks from two dams: the Prado Dam and the Seven Oaks Dam. These dams are located northeast of Orange County in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, respectively, and are part of the Santa Ana River system. Both dams play key roles in controlling water flow during storms and floods, but their failure could have significant consequences for the City and the surrounding areas.

The Prado Dam is closer to Fountain Valley, about 40 miles downstream from the Seven Oaks Dam. It sits in the Chino Hills near Corona and has a reservoir that can hold approximately 61 billion gallons of water. The Seven Oaks Dam, located near Redlands, is even larger, with a capacity of about 47 billion gallons. Together, these dams manage water flow into the Santa Ana River, which runs through Orange County and ultimately to the Pacific Ocean.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-6 If either of these dams were to fail, the City could experience significant flooding. The Santa Ana River is the primary channel for floodwater, and its proximity to Fountain Valley means the City would be among the areas impacted during a dam failure event. While the City itself has never experienced a dam failure, the potential risk is still taken seriously, as it could affect homes, businesses, and essential infrastructure.

Santa Ana River, Prado Dam, and Seven Oaks Dam
Santa Ana River
There are two flood control dams that control flood flow in the Santa Ana River. The Seven Oaks Dam is located on the river in the upper Santa Ana Canyon about eight miles northeast of the City of Redlands in San Bernardino County. This dam was completed in 1999. The Prado Dam is about 40 miles downstream of the Seven Oaks Dam. Approximately 47 billion gallons (145,600 acre-feet) of water can be stored in the Seven Oaks reservoir and 61 billion gallons (187,600 acre-feet) in the Prado Dam reservoir.

During a flood, the Seven Oaks Dam will store water destined for the Prado Dam for as long as the reservoir at Prado Dam is rising. When the water surface of Prado Dam reservoir is less than the buffer pool, water conservation releases are then made in coordination with the Orange County Water District based on the capacity of the groundwater recharge facilities and agreements with other agencies. Flood control releases occur when the water surface in the reservoir exceeds the buffer pool. Releases are increased to match inflow from upstream (5,000 cubic feet per second). The objective of the flood control operation is to drain the reservoir pools as quickly as possible without exceeding the capacity of the channel downstream. When the water surface elevation in the Prado Dam reservoir exceeds 543 feet, uncontrolled releases from the spillway occur.

In the event of Prado Dam failure, floodwaters would flow through the Santa Ana Canyon on its way to the Pacific Ocean. The flood would range from about 3,000 feet wide in the canyon to over 15 miles wide downstream at the Santa Ana Freeway (Interstate 5). The flooding would impact over one million people and 110,000 acres. According to an estimate developed by Ranch Santiago Community College District, within 6 hours, the intersection of Bristol and Civic Center in Santa Ana, CA would experience severe flooding and peak at 4 feet. Shortly after, the City would be likely be inundated as its borders are in close proximity. The peak elevation would be

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-7 32 feet with 7 feet average over the river’s bank depth. The greatest flooding would occur in the area between the Bolsa Chica Mesa and the Newport Beach Mesa where flood depths can vary from one to nine feet.

Prado Dam
Prado Dam is an earth-fill dam across the Santa
Ana River at the Chino Hills near Corona,
California in Riverside County with the resulting
impounded water creating Prado Flood Control
Basin reservoir. The U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers built the dam in Lower Santa Ana
River Canyon. Its primary purpose is flood
control and it is the downstream element of the
Santa Ana River's flood control system, which is
a natural constriction about 30.5 mi (49.1 km)
upstream from the ocean. The area upstream from the dam contains 2,255 sq. mi (5,840 km2) of the watershed's 2,650 sq. mi (6,900 km2). The dam's construction was authorized in 1936, and the flood of 1938 demonstrated its necessity. Construction was completed in 1941. Prado Flood Control Basin also provides water storage for groundwater recharge operations. Pictures of the Prado Dam are provided on the following page:

Seven Oaks Dam
The Seven Oaks Dam is located on the Santa Ana River, 4 miles (6 km) northeast of Redlands, California. It was constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as a flood control dam. The dam sits virtually on top of the San Andreas Fault and is designed to withstand a magnitude 8.0 earthquake.

Construction of the Seven Oaks Dam began in
August 1994. When it was completed, the height
of the dam was 550 ft. (168 m) and was over
2,200 ft. (670 m) wide at its base; 43,000,000 yd³
(33,000,000 m³) of earth and rock were required
to build it. The Seven Oaks Dam is ranked as the

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-8 10th largest earth fill dam in the United States. The Seven Oaks Dam forms Seven Oaks Reservoir, which has a capacity of 147,970 acre-feet (182,521,000 m³).

Water Storage Reservoirs
The City has two existing storage reservoirs, each with a capacity of 5 million gallons (MG).

Reservoir No.1 is a steel reservoir constructed in 1965. Reservoir No. 2 is a buried concrete reservoir located in Cordata Park off Tanager Avenue. Table 3.16 below presents a summary of reservoir information.

Table DRF.1 City of Fountain Valley Reservoirs Information NAME

WORKING

STORAGE
VOLUME
(MG)
USABLE

STORAGE
VOLUME
(MG)
DIAMET
ER (FT.)
HEIGHT
(FT.)
BOTTO
M ELEV
(FT.)
HIGH
WATER
LEVEL
(FT.)
Reservoir
No. 1

5.0 3.5 210 20 27 47
Reservoir
No. 2

5.0 2.5 208 20 4 24
Total 10.0 7.0 - - - -
DRF.3 Dam/Reservoir Failure Extent
The extent of damage from a dam or reservoir failure depends on several factors, including the volume of water released, the condition of the river system, and the topography of the affected areas. For exmaple, if Prado Dam were to fail, a massive surge of water would move rapidly downstream through the Santa Ana River, spreading across a wide area. Neighborhoods closer to the river could experience severe flooding with water depths exceeding 30 feet, while areas farther from the river might experience shallower flooding, depending on the shape of the land and natural drainage patterns.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-9 In the event of a reservoir failure, water could travel quickly through the Santa Ana Canyon, gaining momentum before spreading out into the surrounding floodplain. For Fountain Valley, this could mean widespread flooding of homes, businesses, parks, and local roads. Critical infrastructure, such as utilities, bridges, and emergency services, could also be significantly impacted, potentially leading to disruptions in electricity, clean water, and transportation. These damages would make it difficult for residents to evacuate or return home quickly, creating longterm recovery challenges for the City and its community.

Although the likelihood of a dam or reservoir failure is very low due to the extensive maintenance and monitoring performed by agencies like the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the potential consequences are devastating. This makes dam and reservoir failure a high-consequence but low-probability hazard.

DRF.4 Dam/Reservoir Failure History
The history of dam and reservoir failures in Southern California serves as a stark reminder of the risks associated with aging infrastructure and the region’s natural hazards. While catastrophic failures have been rare, the consequences of these events are often devastating, prompting advancements in engineering standards and emergency planning. By examining these historical failures, we gain valuable insights into the vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure and the importance of ongoing maintenance and oversight.

In the Orange County and Los Angeles region, several notable dam and reservoir failures—or near failures—have shaped local infrastructure practices and policies. These events have not only impacted the immediate communities but have also served as catalysts for improved safety measures and regulations across California.

St. Francis Dam Failure (1928)
One of the most catastrophic dam failures in U.S. history occurred in 1928 when the St. Francis Dam, located in northern Los Angeles County, collapsed just two years after its completion. The failure unleashed a 12-billion-gallon flood wave that swept through the Santa Clara River Valley, destroying everything in its path. Over 400 people lost their lives in this tragedy, and entire towns

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-10 were devastated. The disaster revealed critical engineering flaws and a lack of adequate oversight during the dam’s construction, leading to sweeping changes in dam safety regulations statewide.

Prado Dam Challenges
Although not a failure, Prado Dam, located near Corona in Riverside County and serving as a vital flood control structure for Orange County, has faced significant maintenance issues. In the early 2000s, concerns about seepage and aging infrastructure prompted a major rehabilitation effort to ensure the dam's continued functionality. Heavy rainfall during these periods heightened fears of potential failure, emphasizing the importance of proactive management and regular assessments to address vulnerabilities.

Santiago Dam and Irvine Lake
The Santiago Dam, which forms Irvine Lake, has also experienced structural concerns during periods of heavy rain. While no catastrophic failure has occurred, these concerns highlight the risks associated with aging infrastructure, particularly as climate change increases the frequency of extreme weather events. Regular inspections and maintenance of the dam have been essential to ensuring the safety of nearby communities.

Overall, there have been at least 460 deaths from dam failures in California. A brief selection of these failures is outlined in Table DRF.2.

Table DRF.2: Selected Dam Failures in California
YEAR

FAILED DAM LOCATION CAUSE OF FAILURE/DEATHS
1883 English Sierra County Dam Crumbles to foundations, decay of timber used
1892 Long Valley Creek San Jacinto Heavy rains, dam carried away by flood
1895 The Angels Calaveras County Undetermined during flood, poor foundation
1896 Vernon Heights Oakland Shallow foundation
1898 Snake Ravine Stanislaus County Poor compaction

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-11 1916 Sweetwater San Diego Dam collapse releasing 13 billion gallons of water
1925 Sheffield Santa Barbara Earthquake comprised foundation integrity
1928 St. Francis Los Angeles
County Likely instability of underlying soil
1963 Baldwin Hills Los Angeles Leak through embankment turned into washout
1964 Hell Hole Rubicon River Failed during construction due to unprecedented rains
1965 Matilija Ventura
Bad foundation and concrete
disintegrating
1971 San Fernando Los Angeles Gate failure only resulting from earthquake
1995 Folsom Dam Sacramento Gate failure only – minor damage to dam and spillway
2017 Oroville Oroville Inundated spillways resulted in
severe erosion
Source: Association of State Dam Safety Officials and various open sources DRF.5 Dam/Reservoir Failure Probability
The probability of a dam failure impacting Fountain Valley is considered low but cannot be entirely ruled out. The City is vulnerable to potential flooding from Prado and Seven Oaks Dams, both located upstream along the Santa Ana River in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, respectively. These dams serve as critical flood control structures designed to mitigate the effects of heavy rainfall and stormwater runoff. However, in the event of a dam failure, the consequences could be catastrophic, leading to loss of life, destruction of high-value properties, and disruption to residential areas, businesses, and tourism. Although both dams are maintained under strict regulatory oversight, historical incidents, such as the 2005 seepage event at Prado Dam that prompted evacuations, highlight the ongoing need for vigilance.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-12 DRF.6 Dam/Reservoir Failure Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
The table on the following page outlines the estimated financial impacts of a dam or reservoir failure on key City facilities and essential services. Most City facilities including, but not limited to, City Hall and the City Yard are projected to experience 5% damage. However, the most significant vulnerabilities lie within the city’s water infrastructure, where critical assets such as pump stations and storage tanks face a 50% estimated damage rate. Water Reservoir #1 and #2 Pump Stations, along with the Euclid and Tanager Water Storage Tanks, could each sustain multi-million-dollar losses. Reservoir No. 1, faces heightened vulnerability in the event of a dam or reservoir failure.

The structure of Reservoir No. 1, which was constructed in 1965, is particularly susceptible to damage due to its aging design, which can create significant stress and potentially lead to leaks or failure during high-pressure events.

The table below is an excerpt from the full Loss Estimate Table located in Chapter 3. 4. Public safety services are also at heightened risk, with estimated losses of $284,000 for fire services and $427,360 for police services due to their essential role in emergency response and potential operational disruptions. Additionally, water and wastewater services, which are crucial for maintaining public health and sanitation, are projected to incur damages of $1,123,938 and $247,750, respectively. By implementing structural improvements, the City can mitigate the risks associated with dam and reservoir failure, enhancing the protection of critical infrastructure.

Table DRF.3 Dam and Reservoir Failure Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
City Hall & Council
Chambers $5,397,224 5 $269,861
City Yard $1,719,880 5 $85,994

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-13 Water Reservoir #1 Pump
Station $4,960,000 50 $2,480,000
Water Storage Tank- Euclid $6,200,000 50 $3,100,000
Water Reservoir #2 Pump
Station $4,960,000 50 $2,480,000
Water Storage TankTanager
$6,200,000 50 $3,100,000
Fire Service $355,000 80% $284,000
Police Service $534,199 80% $427,360
Water Service $11,239,380 10% $1,123,938
Wastewater $4,954,995 5% $247,750
Note: Replacement values provided by 9/2018 Assessment by Jones Lang Lasalle (JLL) Note: Inflation estimated using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (2018-2024, or $1 to $1.24)
Recognizing the importance of safeguarding the City's water storage capacity, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) identified recommended Mitigation Action 2024.HMP.12, which focuses on structural improvements for Reservoir No. 1 to enhance its resilience and ensure it meets modern engineering standards. Upgrading the reservoir would reduce the likelihood of catastrophic failure, improve the tank’s ability to withstand stress, and ensure that critical water resources remain available during emergencies.

Vulnerability for People
In the event of a dam or reservoir failure, the residents of the City would face significant risks from flooding and potential loss of life. The Prado and Seven Oaks Dams, which influence the flow of the Santa Ana River, are critical to managing floodwater in the region. A failure of either dam could result in widespread flooding, endangering residents and causing extensive damage to homes, businesses, and infrastructure. Vulnerable populations, such as seniors, low-income families, and

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam/Reservoir Failure-14 individuals with disabilities, would be particularly at risk due to challenges in evacuating quickly, limited resources, or lack of access to transportation.

The HMPC has recognized the importance of addressing these risks and proposed mitigation actions aimed at improving public safety and reducing the impacts of potential dam or reservoir failure. For example, by evaluating and strengthening critical infrastructure, such as Reservoir No. 1, the City can better prepare to manage flood risks and protect vulnerable populations. By implementing Mitigation Action 2024.HMP.12, the City can ensure a safer, more resilient future for all residents, especially those most at risk from the consequences of dam or reservoir failure.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.1 Mitigation Goals and Objectives .......................................................................................... 4-2

4.2 Indentifcation of Mitigation Recommendations .................................................................... 4-4

4.3 Prioritization of Mitigation Recommendations...................................................................... 4-9

4.5 Implementation Strategy .................................................................................................... 4-14

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Overal Plan Goals and Objectives ............................................................................. 4-2 Table 4.2 Mitigation Action Identification .................................................................................... 4-6 Table 4.3 Benefit-Cost Review Summary Table....................................................................... 4-10 Table 4.4 Ongoing Mitigation Strategies .................................................................................. 4-15 Chapter 4
Mitigation Strategies

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-2

4.1 Mitigation Goals and Objectives
To structure goals and objectives that produce
appropriate mitigation actions, the hazard profiles and loss estimates were thoroughly reviewed to identify
patterns in the location of potential hazard events and the vulnerability of the infrastructure identified within those locations. This information was used to develop clear
goals to mitigate the effects of natural hazard events.

The mitigation goals provide guidelines for developing
mitigation projects to provide prioritized hazard reduction. The goals are based on the findings of the Risk Assessment and input from the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) and characterize long-term hazard reduction targets and the enhancement of current mitigation capabilities.

Table 4.1 includes the Plan goals and corresponding mitigation objectives. These strategies were developed and reviewed by the HMPC using knowledge of the local area (including high-hazard areas and sensitive populations), review of past efforts, findings of the Risk Assessment, and identification of mitigation projects.

Table 4.1 Overal Plan Goals and Objectives

PLAN GOALS SUPPORTING GOAL OBJECTIVES
PROTECT LIFE & PROPERTY Objective 1.1: Implement activities that assist in protecting lives within the community by making homes,
businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resistant to losses from hazards.

Objective 1.2: Continue to obtain and assess hazard
assessment information to monitor high hazard areas and Step 1:

Develop
Mitigation Goals &
Objectives
Step 2:

Identify and
Prioritize
Mitigation Actions
Step 3:

Prepare an
Implementation
Strategy
Step 4:

Document the
Mitigation
Planning Process
Develop
Complete Hazard
Mitigation Plan
44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(i): [The
hazard mitigation strategy shall
include a] description of mitigation
goals to reduce or avoid long-term
vulnerabilities to the identified
hazards.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-3
encourage preventative measures as vulnerability
changes.

PROMOTE PUBLIC

AWARENESS & OUTREACH
Objective 2.1: Continue to grow and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of
the risks associated with hazards and available resources Objective 2.2: Continue to provide information on tools, partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities. Adapting to
changing vulnerabilities

PROMOTE PARTNERSHIPS &

IMPLEMENTATION
Objective 3.1: Identify and communicate new sources of
information and identify new groups Look at new ways to communicate information and identify new groups to
coordinate participation among and within public
agencies, citizens, nonprofit organizations, businesses, and industry to gain a vested interest in implementation Objective 3.2: Encourage leadership within public and
private sector organizations to prioritize and implement local and regional hazard mitigation activities.

ENHANCE EMERGENCY

SERVCIES AND MANAGEMENT

CAPABILITY
Objective 4.1: Enhance emergency operations by
increasing collaboration and coordination among public
agencies, citizens, nonprofit organizations, businesses, and industry, to address needs and resource allocation
throughout the community.

Objective 4.2: Review and include considerations of mass influx to improve warning and evacuation procedures for residents and businesses.

Following the development of the overall Plan goals and strategies, each hazard was reviewed to determine hazard-specific mitigation objectives. These objectives were determined using the overall plan goals, the hazard profiles, and the 2018 Plan hazard-specific objectives, and were used to help establish mitigation action items. It should be noted that the HMPC worked to better align its goals and objectives with the 2023 Hazard Mitigation Plan Guidance with the inlcusion of

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-4
vulnerable populations. Since the goals and objectives listed above are meant to support the entire community, references to vulnerable popuations was not added. As a trade off, the HMPC demonstrated concern for vulnerable populations in the proposed mitigation actions in Table 4.2.

Otherwise, the goals and objectives from the 2018 plan were pulled through to the 2024 update albeit with language that better aligned with current City efforts for improvement.

4.2 Indentifcation of Mitigation Recommendations
Mitigation actions are administrative and/or engineering project recommendations to reduce the City’s
vulnerability to the identified hazards. Vital City
employees are required in the development of actions
and projects that are designed to mitigate these hazards and solve problems cost-effectively, as well as ensure
consistency with the City’s long-term mitigation goals and capital improvements. During the third HMPC meeting, a
team-based approach was used to brainstorm mitigation
projects based on the identified hazards and associated loss estimates. In addition, FEMA’s Local Mitigation Planning Handbook and the California Adaptation Planning Guide were used to identify actions to mitigate the effects of climate change.

The evaluation and prioritization of the mitigation actions were used as aids to produce a list of recommended mitigation actions to incorporate into the mitigation plan. Each of the mitigation recommendations listed in Table 4.2 fell into one or more of the following categories:

Table 4.2 provides an overview of the mitigation actions and other relevant information, in no specific order. Following the identification of mitigation actions, a Cost-Benefit Review was 44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(ii): [The
mitigation strategy shall include a]
section that identifies and analyzes
a comprehensive range of specific
mitigation actions and projects
being considered to reduce the
effects of each hazard, with
particular emphasis on new and
existing buildings and
Updates to
Local Plans and
Regulations
Structure and
Infrastructure
Projects
Natural Systems
Protections
Education and
Awareness
Programs

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-5
conducted in order to determine a prioritization of the items. Section 4.4 contains more information on the Cost-Benefit Review and the prioritization of the projects.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-6
Table 4.2 Mitigation Action Identification

MITIGATION ACTIVITY

HAZARDS

MITIGATED

MITIGATION

ACTION CATEGORY

CORRESPONDING
GOALS

RESPONSIBLE

DEPARTMENT

RESOURCES

ESTIMATED

PROJECT
COSTS

TIMEFRAME

PROTECTS
NEW

BUILDINGS

PROTECTS

EXISTING

BUIDILNGS
2024.HMP.01: Determine whether City-owned
buildings and infrastructure require structural
upgrades and implement projects. This action is
intended to promote government continuity during
a disaster and provide stability to programs which
support identified vulnerable populations.

Earthquake
Local Planning and
Regulations/
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects
Goal 1 Public Works
Capital
Improvement
Projects
$2,500,000/
project Long N Y
2024.HMP.02: Identify elderly care facilities that
would need assistance during an evacuation
scenario and develop a plan, as necessary, to find
housing/shelter for impacted residence.

All Hazards Local Planning and
Regulations
Goal 4 Fire Department Staff Time Staff Time Medium N N 2024.HMP.03: Implement a Community
Emergency Response Team (CERT) program to
garner public support for proactive community
involvement in mitigation and emergency
preparedness. The CERT program would be
leveraged to support vulnerabilities populations,
as appropriate, during an emergency.

All Hazards
Local Planning and
Regulations/
Education and
Awareness Programs
Goal 4
Police
Department
Emergency
Management
Performance
Grant (EMPG)
Funding3/ Staff
Time
$100,000
Staff Time/ Medium N N
2024.HMP.04: Expand coordination with local
schools to better prepare staff and students to
identify, prevent, and respond to shootings/drug -
related hazards, and other physical events.

Adversarial
Events
Education and
Awareness Programs
Goal 3
Police
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
2024.HMP.05: Evaluate existing security features
at the Community Services Buildings and
implement improvements to better secure the
facilities against physical attacks.

Adversarial
Events
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects
Goal 1/
Goal 4
IT Department/
Police
Department
Staff Time/
Capital
Improvements
$750,000
average/facility
Medium N Y

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-7
2024.HMP.06: Implement upgrades to City
Information Technology Systems to address
dynamic challenges to protecting City data and
infrastructure. Cybersecurity
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects
Goal 1 IT Department
General Fund/
Disaster
Mitigation and
Technical
Assistance
Grant Funding3
$1,000,000 Long N Y
2024.HMP.07: Review vendor arrangements for
security clauses and verify resident data is being
protected adequate. Although this action will
benefit the entire community, emphasis is placed
on protecting the elderly community who are often
victims of cyber-attacks/identification theft.

Cybersecurity Local Planning and
Regulations
Goal 3 IT Department/
Administration
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
2024.HMP.08: Expand Public Outreach with
regard to Cyber Security protection. Cybersecurity
Education and
Awareness Programs
Goal 2 Fire Department/
IT Department
Staff Time
$30,000/
campaign/
Staff Time
Short N N
2024.HMP.09: Assess drainage capacities
throughout the city and determine the elements of
infrastructure (catch basins and pipelines) require
improvement to allow for proper drainage. |
The LHMP Team identified the Walnut Lift Station
as a priority for this action due to frequent flooding
issues.

Flood
Local Planning and
Regulations/
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects
Goal 1 Public Works
Watershed
Surveys and
Planning Grant
Funding3/
Capital
Improvements
$20,000,000/
project
Medium N Y
2024.HMP.10: Expand public outreach to provide
education to the business and the community with
regard to resources for flood preparation. (I.e. roof
protection, sandbag availability, CERT
participation)
Flood
Education and
Awareness Programs
Goal 2 Fire Department
Emergency
Management
Performance
Grant (EMPG)
Funding3/ Staff
Time
$30,000/
campaign/
Staff Time
Short N N

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-8
2024.HMP.11: Implement a CERT program to
better utilize/prepare volunteer support to assist in
emergency support, particularly in support of
vulnerable populations.

Flood
Education and
Awareness Programs
Goal 4 Fire Department
Emergency
Management
Performance
Grant (EMPG)
Funding3/ Staff
Time
$100,000
Staff Time/ Long N N
2024.HMP.12: Consider structural improvements
for Reservoir No. 1 in order to meet current
seismic codes. Dam Reservoir
Failure/
Earthquake
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects
Goal 1 Public Works
Building
Resilient
Buildings and
Infrastructure
Grant Funding3/
Capital
Improvement
50,000,000 Medium N Y
2024.HMP.13: Establish a permanent Emergency
Operations Center (EOC) to adequately house
emergency management equipment and provide
space for training opportunities for
CERT/Residents.

All Hazards
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects
/Education and
Awareness Programs
Goal 4 Fire Department
Emergency
Management
Performance
Grant (EMPG)
Funding3
$20,000,000 Long Y N
2024.HMP.14: Hire a dedicated Emergency
Manager for the City to champion EOC
management, emergency planning, seek grant
opportunities for resilience efforts, and oversee
community outreach.

All Hazards Local Planning and
Regulations
Goal 4 Fire Department
Emergency
Management
Performance
Grant (EMPG)
Funding3/
General Fund
$150,000/year Long N N
Notes: 1. Values provided by the HMPC

2. Timeframe definitions are as follows.
a) Short: Task to be completed within 1-2 years
b) Medium Task to be completed within 3-5 years
c) Long: Task to be completed after the 5-year planning period

3. If the indetified Grant Program is unavailable, additional grant funding resources are listed in Chapter 5 Table 5.4 Grant Funding Tools Table

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-9
Mitigation Actions Not Included in the Hazard Mitigation Plan During the Planning process, the HMPC proposed several ideas to improve resiliency throughout the City. All developed mitigation actions were inlcuded in the final Plan. There were no actions discussed which are not represented in the Mitigation Actions listed in Table 4.2.

4.3 Prioritization of Mitigation Recommendations
A simplified Benefit-Cost Review was applied in order to prioritize the mitigation recommendations for implementation. The priority for implementing mitigation recommendations depends upon the overall cost effectiveness of the recommendation, when taking into account monetary and nonmonetary costs and benefits associated with each action. Additionally, the following questions were considered when developing the Benefit-Cost Review:
• How many people will benefit from the action?
• How large an area is impacted?
• How critical are the facilities that benefit from the action? • Environmentally, does it make sense to do this project for the overall community? Table 4.4 provides a detailed benefit-cost review for each mitigation recommendation, as well as a relative priority rank (High, Medium, and Low) based upon the judgment of the HMPC. The general category guidelines are listed below.
• High – Benefits are perceived to exceed costs without further study or evaluation • Medium – Benefits are perceived to exceed costs, but may require further study or evaluation prior to implementation
• Low – Benefits and cost evaluations requires additional evaluation prior to implementation It should be noted that the values for costs (cons) are estimates only.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-10
Table 4.3 Benefit-Cost Review Summary Table

MITIGATION ACTIVITY BENEFITS COSTS PRIORITY
2024.HMP.01: Determine whether Cityowned buildings and infrastructure require structural upgrades and implement projects.

This action is intended to promote
government continuity during a disaster and
provide stability to programs which support
identified vulnerable populations.

Avoided Loss of Life/Injury
Avoided Asset Damage
Reduced Emergency
Management Efforts
Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (youth,
elderly)
$2,500,000/ project
Staff Time
Medium
2024.HMP.02: Identify elderly care facilities
that would need assistance during an
evacuation scenario and develop a plan, as
necessary, to find housing/shelter for
impacted residence.

Avoided Loss of Life/Injury
Reduced Emergency
Management Efforts
Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (elderly)
Staff Time High
2024.HMP.03: Implement a Community
Emergency Response Team (CERT) program
to garner public support for proactive
community involvement in mitigation and
emergency preparedness. The CERT
program would be leveraged to support
Reduced Emergency
Management Efforts
Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (youth,
elderly)
$100,000 for materials
Staff Time/ Medium

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-11

MITIGATION ACTIVITY BENEFITS COSTS PRIORITY
vulnerabilities populations, as appropriate,
during an emergency.
2024.HMP.04: Expand coordination with local
schools to better prepare staff and students to
identify, prevent, and respond to
shootings/drug -related hazards, and other
physical events.

Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (youth)
Reduced Emergency
Management Efforts
Avoided Loss of Life/Injury
Staff Time High
2024.HMP.05: Evaluate existing security
features at the Community Services Buildings
and implement improvements to better
secure the facilities against physical attacks.

Avoided Loss of Life/Injury
Avoided Asset Damage
Reduced Emergency
Management Efforts
$750,000 average/facilty Low
2024.HMP.06: Implement upgrades to City
Information Technology Systems to address
dynamic challenges to protecting City data
and infrastructure.

Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (elderly)
Improvde continuity of
operations
Avoided Asset Damage
$1,000,000 Medium
2024.HMP.07: Review vendor arrangements
for security clauses and verify resident data is
being protected adequate. Although this
action will benefit the entire community,
emphasis is placed on protecting the elderly
Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (elderly)
Improvde continuity of
operations
Staff Time Medium

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-12

MITIGATION ACTIVITY BENEFITS COSTS PRIORITY
community who are often victims of cyberattacks/identification theft. 2024.HMP.08: Expand Public Outreach with
regard to Cyber Security protection.

Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (elderly,
youth)
$30,000/ campaign
Staff Time High
2024.HMP.09: Assess drainage capacities
throughout the city and determine the
elements of infrastructure (catch basins and
pipelines) require improvement to allow for
proper drainage. |
The HMPC identified the Walnut Lift Station
as a priority for this action due to frequent
flooding issues.

Avoided Asset Damage
Reduced emegerncy
management Efforts
$20,000,000/ project High
2024.HMP.10: Expand public outreach to
provide education to the business and the
community with regard to resources for flood
preparation. (I.e. roof protection, sandbag
availability, CERT participation)
Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (elderly)
Reduced emegerncy
management Efforts
$30,000/ campaign
Staff Time
High
2024.HMP.11: Implement a CERT program to
better utilize/prepare volunteer support to
Resilience for services for
vulnerable populations (elderly)
Reduced emegerncy
$100,000 for materials
Staff Time/
Low

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-13

MITIGATION ACTIVITY BENEFITS COSTS PRIORITY
assist in emergency support, particularly in
support of vulnerable populations.
management Efforts
Avoided Loss of Life/Injury
2024.HMP.12: Consider structural
improvements for Reservoir No. 1 in order to
meet current seismic codes.

Avoided Asset Damage
Improved Continuity of City
Services
50,000,000
Medium
2024.HMP.13: Establish a permanent
Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to
adequately house emergency management
equipment and provide space for training
opportunities for CERT/Residents.

Improved Emgergency
Management Capabilities
Avoided loss of Life
Avoided Asset Damage
Improved Continuity of City
Services.
$20,000,000
Medium
2024.HMP.14: Hire a dedicated Emergency
Manager for the City to champion EOC
management, emergency planning, seek
grant opportunities for resilience efforts, and
oversee community outreach.

Improved Emgergency
Management Capabilities
Improved Continuity of City
Services.
$150,000/year in salary costs
Low

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-14

4.5 Implementation Strategy
Mitigation Actions classified as high-priority mitigation actions provide the most significant vulnerability reduction, as related to cost and probability, and are typically implemented before lower ranked improvements. The City of Fountain Valley, however, may find that under some circumstances that a mitigation action classified as low-priority mitigation actions may need to be implemented before a higher priority recommendation. The priority levels associated with each improvement are indicated on the “Mitigation Action Prioritization: Benefit-Cost Review” table in the previous section.
2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan Strategies
The HMPC reviewed the mitigation strategies and actions from the 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan.

The 2018 Plan outlined mitigation strategies scheduled for completion in the near future and additional projects for consideration. However, as many of these projects are contingent on the City receiving grant funding to implement, some of these have yet to be implemented.

Several of the Mitigation Strategies from the 2018 Plan have been carried through into this update.

Table 4.4 on the following page provides some of the mitigation strategies from the 2018 Plan and their correlation to the current Plan. As mentioned previously, only some of the mitigation actions garnered the funding necessary for implementation. The table on the follow page denotes whether or not an action was completed since the last Plan update.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-15
Table 4.4 Ongoing Mitigation Strategies
2018 MITIGATION STRATEGIES CORRELATED MITIGATION STRATEGIES STATUS HMP.2018.01: Evaluate the structural and nonstructural (e.g., fire protection system) integrity of critical City facilities in relation to seismic hazards Completed – Used to purchase new location for
secondary fire station. Currently under
construction.

Completed
HMP.2018.02: Conduct an evaluation of the
hazards and reliability associated with the critical
equipment located in the Police Building in relation
to all identified hazards.

Completed – Used to implement upgrade to Police
Building to meeting current safety standards.

Completed
HMP.2018.03: Implementing seismic retrofits to
the underground concrete tank Reservoir #2.

Redirected – The City determeined seismic issues
were no longer a concern for this site.

Removed
HMP.2018.04: Continue to replace water mains
(e.g., older asbestos concrete piping) with
seismically robust materials.

Removed – The City removed this project from the
Plan. It will be inlcuded in a separate Pipeline
Replacement effort.

Removed
HMP.2018.05: Evaluate the structural and nonstructural (e.g., fire protection system) integrity and operability of Fire Station #1 and Fire Station #2 in
relation to seismic hazards.

Redirected and Completed – This action was
redirected into the purchase of the land for the
secondary Fire Station currently under
construction.

Completed

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-16
2018 MITIGATION STRATEGIES CORRELATED MITIGATION STRATEGIES STATUS HMP.2018.06: Enhance operability for emergency
response by improving emergency egress for the
Police Department
Completed – Used to implement upgrade to Police
Building to meeting current safety standards.

Completed
HMP.2018.07: Consider improving site security at
the #2 Reservoir, including perimeter fencing,
cameras, and alarms.

Compelted – The City implemented security
upgrades at the site.

Completed
HMP.2018.08: Evaluate and update security
measures and practices at critical City facilities to
minimize the potential for a security breach.
2024.HMP.06: Implement upgrades to City
Information Technology Systems to address
dynamic challenges to protecting City data and
infrastructure.

Ongoing
HMP.2018.09: Replace Walnut pump station in
order to ensure sufficient capacity during severe
storms.

Complete – The Pump Station equipement was
replaced by the City.

Completed
HMP.2018.10: Consider tying into the Huntington
Beach desalination plant for an alternate water
source to provide redundancy in the event of a
drought.

Removed – This action was no longer considered a
priorty by the City.

Removed
HMP.2018.11: Install backup power for critical
facilities to ensure operability during emergency
events
Completed – Generators were purchased for all
critical City facilities.

Completed

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-17
2018 MITIGATION STRATEGIES CORRELATED MITIGATION STRATEGIES STATUS HMP.2018.12: Enhance emergency operability by
implementing communication infrastructure
improvements
Action was abandoned and determined to be
unecessary for the City.

Removed
HMP.2018.13: Expand public outreach to include
public resources during an emergency and for predisaster mitigation.

Completed – The City implented an annual Disaster
Expo held at the Senior Center to fulfil this action.

Completed
HMP.2018.14: Evaluate how to improve hazard
information dissemination considering the specific
diverse community within the City
Completed – The City has implemented providing
hazard information in Spanish and Vietnamese
which are the two most-widely spoken languages
(other than Engligh) within the City.

Completed
HMP.2018.15: Acquire location to house
designated EOC and Department Operations
Center (DOC)
Completed – The City pruchased a new location
and is currently building a secondary Fire Station.

The EOC will be housed at this new location.

Completed
HMP.2018.16: Conduct Emergency Drills including
schools, hospitals, Red Cross, private industry,
OCTA, and other essential stakeholders.

Completed – The City regularly takes part in
emergencu drills with critical stakeholders.

Completed

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-1
Table of Contents

5.1 Mitigation Progress Monitoring.................................................................................... 2

5.2 Planning Mechanisms ................................................................................................. 2

5.3 Periodic Assessment Requirements ........................................................................... 8

5.4 Update Requirements ...............................................................................................10

LIST OF TABLES
Table 5.1: Planning/Regulatory Tools Table ...................................................................... 2 Table 5.2: Administrative/Technical Tools Table ................................................................ 2 Table 5.3: Fiscal Tools Table ............................................................................................. 3 Table 5.4 Grant Funding Tools Table................................................................................. 3 Table 5.5 Outreach and Partnership Tools ........................................................................ 5 Table 5.6: Hazard Mitigation Plan Goals ......................................................................... 11 Table 5.7: Action Item Implementation ............................................................................13 Chapter 5
Plan Maintenance

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-2

5.1 Mitigation Progress Monitoring
The Mitigation Strategy section in the Hazard Mitigation Plan identifies mitigation actions that have been prioritized based on the loss estimates and the probability of each hazard, which will typically be implemented according to the priority rank. To thoroughly track hazard mitigation status, the City of Fountain Valley (City) must continuously monitor and document the progress of the implementation of mitigation actions. Though mitigation actions may be delegated to different departments within the City, the Fire Marshal will have the responsibility of monitoring overall progress.

To facilitate this monitoring process, Table 5.7: “Action Item Implementation” was developed to provide a mechanism for monitoring the overall implementation progress.

The table is designed to monitor mitigation actions according to project managers, project status, and project milestones. The table can be found at the end of this chapter.

5.2 Planning Mechanisms
The City maintains the following processes to incorporate mitigation strategies of the Hazard Mitigation Plan into planning mechanisms:

Website
The City’s HMP will be posted on the City website to enable citizens to review and provide feedback regarding mitigation objectives and strategies. Feedback from residents can be incorporated during the annual review or five-year update of the HMP. In addition, the website can be used as a vehicle to maintain an ongoing conversation with the public regarding upcoming mitigation projects and provide an avenue for hazard education.

Step 1:

Adopt the mitigation
plan
Step 2:

Implement the Plan
Recommendations
Step 3:

Evaluate Your
Planning Results
Step 4:

Revise the Plan
Monitor Mitigation
Plan Effectiveness
§201.6(c)(4)(i): [The plan
maintenance process
shall include a] section
describing the method
and schedule of
monitoring, evaluating,
and updating the
mitigation plan within a
five-year cycle.
§201.6(c)(4)(ii): [The plan shall include a] process by which local governments incorporate the requirements of the mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms such as comprehensive or capital improvement plans, when appropriate.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-3
City Council
The City Council is responsible for approving projects, plans, and programs on a citywide level. By providing mitigation planning concepts to the City Council, mitigation actions and projects will be incorporated into relevant planning efforts. The Fire Department can work with Council Members to encourage the inclusion of mitigation goals and objectives for any project or planning efforts which are reviewed by the council.

Public Works Department
This department provides infrastructure and maintenance services to City assets and to the public. The Public Works Department is broken down into four divisions, Utilities, General Services, Engineering, and Environmental. Hazard mitigation will be integrated into Public Works programs through its involvement in the Steering Committee. In addition, the Public Works Department is in charge of seismic retrofits.

Planning and Building Department
The City Planning Department is generally involved in land use, general planning, developments, and residential projects; thus, mitigation can be incorporated into potential projects. The Department is responsible for enforcing the local building codes and ensuring that minimum code standards, including National Flood Insurance Program compliance, are maintained.

Housing and Community Development Department
The Housing and Community Development Department provides support to a number of programs related to physical housing and neighborhood preservation. Through this department, the City is able to incorporate hazard mitigation into community development.

Assembly Bill (AB) 2140
Passed in 2006, AB 2140 compliance would allow the City to be considered for additional state cost-share on eligible Public Assistance. To be eligible, the City must have an approved Hazard Mitigation Plan and adopt that plan into the Safety Element of the City’s general plan. Although currently the hazard mitigation plan has not been adopted into the City’s Safety Element, doing so would allow the City to bring in more grant funding and reduce the administrative burden of implementing mitigation projects. The City intends to adopt the current plan into the City’s Safety Element for future planning purposes.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-1
Grant Funding
Grant Funding can be obtained through many different Federal, State, and specialty organizations. Searching for and obtaining additional funding for the City allows the City to implement improvement projects while limiting the burden of project costs. As part of the implementation strategy of this plan, obtaining grant funding will be crucial to the success of implementing large mitigation actions. Table 5.4 Grant Funding includes a list of some of the programs the City can explore to obtain supplemental funding to implement resiliency action.

Resource Tables
This section serves as a high-level capability assessment of the City’s resources through which hazard mitigation objectives may be achieved. The following subsections attempt to document the Planning/Regulatory, Administrative/Technical, Fiscal, Grant funding, and Outreach/Partnership resources available to the City.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-2
Table 5.1: Planning/Regulatory Tools Table
Regulatory Tool Updated Comments
“City of Fountain Valley General Plan
Update”
2023 Plan outlines how the City is organized with regards to area such as land use, safety, different conservation efforts, and economic resilience and development.

City Ordinance for Water Conservation
Regulations
2009 Ordinance outlines legality and framework for imposing water use restrictions and fines in times of water shortage.

Urban Water Management Plan 2020 The plan provides water supply planning for a 25-year planning period in 5-year increments. The plan identifies water supplies for existing and future demands; quantifies water demands during the normal year, single-dry year, and multiple-dry years; and identifies supply reliability under the three hydrological conditions.

Security Vulnerability Assessment 2017 Plan outlines potential vulnerabilities for security breaches and makes recommendation for improvement in order to mitigate potential adversarial events.

Table 5.2: Administrative/Technical Tools Table
Administrative/Technical Tool Personnel/Resources
Emergency Management Division The Emergency Manager, along with the Fire Marshal, is responsible for emergency preparedness and hazard mitigation planning. This is the department ultimately responsible for promoting the implementation of hazard mitigation objectives.

Fire Department The Fire Department is the seat of the emergency management division and will oversee its accomplishments. In addition, the Department has the authority to inspect facilities storing hazardous materials for proper storage, host public education campaigns, and inspect building structures.

Police Department The Police Department is able to support public outreach and may assist in identifying areas of improvement for resistance to civil unrest and adversarial events.

City Council The City Council can review and approve mitigation propositions for implementation.

Advisory Committee for the Disabled This committee seeks to ensure the disabled population is considered in public planning and projects Planning Commission This commission reviews planning documents for the City and will help promote considerations for hazard mitigation in future planning documents.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-3
Community Development Department The Community Development Department is response for all developments within the City. This department will be able to include considerations for local hazards in new projects.

Public Works The Public Works Department is responsible for street improvements and overall City maintenance. This department can implement hazard mitigation activities as part of planned maintenance and City upgrades.

Administration Administration is a multi-faceted resource. The City may utilize experts in its many departments.

Table 5.3: Fiscal Tools Table
Fiscal Tool Available for Use
General Fund Yes, with approval
Capital Improvement Plan Yes
Water Fund Yes
Authority to impose taxes for specific
purposes
Yes, with voter approval
Table 5.4 Grant Funding Tools Table
Grant Funding Tool Agency Purpose Contact
Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program
(PDM)
U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, Federal Emergency
Management Agency
To provide funding for States, and communities for cost-effective hazard mitigation activities which complement a comprehensive hazard mitigation program and reduce injuries, loss of life, and damage and deconstruction of property.

FEMA
500 C. Street, SW
Washington, DC 20472
Phone: (202) 646-4621
www.fema.gov
Hazard Mitigation Grant
Program
U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, Federal Emergency
Management Agency
To prevent future losses of lives property due to disasters; to implement State of local hazard mitigation plans; to enable mitigation measures to be implemented during immediate recovery from a disaster; and to provide funding for previously identified mitigation measures to benefit the disaster area.

FEMA
500 C Street S.W.

Washington, DC 20472
Phone (202) 646-4621
www.fema.gov

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-4
Flood Mitigation Assistance
(FMA)
U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, Federal Emergency
Management Agency
To help States and communities plan and carry out activities designed to reduce the risk of flood damage to structures insurable under the NFIP.

FEMA
500 C Street S.W.

Washington, DC 20472
Phone (202) 646-4621
www.fema.gov
Emergency Management
Performance Grants (EMPG)
U. S. Department of Homeland
Security; Federal Emergency
Management Agency
To encourage the development of comprehensive emergency management at the State and local level and to improve emergency management planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery capabilities.

FEMA
500 C Street S.W.

Washington, DC 20472
Phone (202) 646-4621
www.fema.gov
Community Development Grant
Program (CDBG)
U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development To develop viable urban communities by providing decent housing and a suitable living environment. Principally for low-to-moderate income individuals.

HUD
451 7th Street, S. W.

Washington, DC 20410-7000
Phone: (202) 708-3587
www.hud.gov
Public Assistance Program (PA)
U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, Federal Emergency
Management Agency
To provide supplemental assistance to States, local governments, and certain private nonprofit organizations to alleviate suffering and hardship resulting from major disasters or emergencies declared by the President. Under Section 406, Public Assistance funds may be used to mitigate the impact of future disasters.

FEMA
500 C Street S.W.

Washington, DC 20472
Phone (202) 646-4621
www.fema.gov
Emergency Watershed
Protection
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Natural Resource
Conservation Service
To provide emergency technical and financial assistance to install or repair structures that reduce runoff and prevent soil erosion to safeguard life and property.

NRCS
PO BOX 2890
Washington, DC 20013
Phone: (202) 720-3527
www.nrcs.usda.gov
Disaster Mitigation and
Technical Assistance Grants
U.S. Department of
Commerce, Economic
Development Administration
To help States and localities to develop and /or implement a variety of disaster mitigation strategies.

EDA
Herbert C. Hoover Building
Washington, DC 20230
Phone: (800) 345-1222
www.eda.gov
Watershed Surveys and
Planning
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Natural Resource
Conservation Service
To provide planning assistance to Federal, State, and local agencies for the development of coordination water and related land resources programs in watersheds and river basins
NRCS
PO Box 2890
Washington, DC 20013
Phone: (202) 720-3527
www.nrcs.usda.gov

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-5
National Earthquake Hazards
Reduction Program (NEHRP)
U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, Federal Emergency
Management Agency
To mitigate earthquake losses that can occur in many parts of the nation providing earth science data and assessments essential for warning of imminent damaging earthquakes, land-use planning, engineering design, and emergency preparedness decisions.

FEMA
500 C Street S.W.

Washington, DC 20472
Phone (202) 646-4621
www.fema.gov
Engineering for Natural
Hazards
National Science Foundation Supports fundamental research that advances knowledge for understanding and mitigating the impact of natural hazards on constructed civil infrastructure National Science Foundation
Phone: (703) 292-7024
https://www.nsf.gov
Table 5.5 Outreach and Partnership Tools
Outreach Tool Available for Use
City Website The City website is an open forum for providing hazard information and for accepting ongoing comments from the public. The City website will likely be the main avenue for maintaining an open dialogue with the public for hazard mitigation throughout the planning period.

Mutual Aid Agreements As part of expanding its resilience to the impacts of hazard events, the City will periodically review its current mutual aid agreements, identify gaps, and secure new agreements to expand its available mutual resources when necessary.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-6
Building on Existing Capabilities
As part of the Plan update, potential improvements to the City’s existing capabilities were discussed. The City is cognizant of the need to continually evaluate its efforts and take an active role in promoting resiliency within the City. The City currently utilizes the Fire Department to train its staff and reach out to the community regarding preventative and preparedness strategies for hazard events. The Capital Improvement Program (CIP) directs funding to improve infrastructure, and the City continually searches for grant opportunities to allow the City to accomplish additional improvements that address hazard mitigation efforts for public facilities. In addition to the City’s current efforts, the following is a list of potential new initiatives that would improve the City’s ability to promote resiliency.
• Regulatory/Fiscal: Enhance the CIP proposal procedure to include a Mitigation/Resiliency element to be considered for each project proposal. The intent is to consider how each CIP project might contribute to mitigation efforts, citing the HMP when proposed projects align with hazard mitigation planning efforts. • Administrative: Expand the Community Safety Division’s programs sufficiently to provide specialized natural disaster training and safety for City personnel and the public, as appropriate.
• Grant Funding: Expand search for grant funding specifically to assist with aging infrastructure improvements, water reliability, energy efficiency, and facility upgrades. • Outreach/Education: Implement a CERT Team and increase volunteer opportunities to work with the public to gain community participation in resiliency efforts and voluntary resilience projects for privately-owned properties.

Progress for Mitigation Incorporation
The sections above demonstrate the many resources available to the City for successful mitigation action implementation. Some of these resources have already proven their usefulness through successful action implementation over the last planning period. For example, since the last update, the City has been able to obtain support for translating emergency messages into Spanish and Vietnamese to better serve the non-English speaking community. Additionally, since the last update, the City has expanded public outreach by initiating the annual Disaster Expo at the Senior Center to raise awareness and provide education on disaster preparedness. Although the City has used the Hazard Mitigation Plan to make many affectual changes within the City, it has not had the opportunity to incorporate it into local planning mechanisms.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-7
Available Planning Mechanisms to Incorporate Mitigation Requirements
The City uses the following local planning mechanisms for incorporating the mitigation requirements of the Hazard Mitigation Plan.

General Planning
The City is responsible for updating and incorporating mitigation actions and concepts into the Fountain Valley General Plan. The General Plan, which is currently under revision, is evaluated on a periodic basis which includes a review of the policies and programs associated with land use and development. Action Items from the HMP will be reviewed during the current update and incorporated, as applicable. As part of this review, ordinances and codes will be reviewed to ensure they are consistent with the mitigation strategies and referred to the appropriate regulatory authority, as needed.

Capital Improvements Plan
The City maintains a Capital Improvements Plans (CIP) with projects that are budgeted for at least a five-year period. Engineering mitigation projects are included within the Capital Improvements Plan. Additionally, the projects already included within the Capital Improvements Plan are reviewed for mitigation improvements (e.g., areas prone to flooding are configured with mitigation elements, new reservoirs are reviewed to ensure they configured with seismic flexible joints, current seismic design criteria are applied to pipeline construction, facility locations are reviewed for special hazards, etc.).

Emergency Operations Plan
The Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) is periodically updated and includes specific response procedures to identified hazards. In order to ensure the plan includes an appropriate response, the EOP update will incorporate the risk assessment element of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. In addition, many of the mitigation actions identified by the City are geared toward emergency response and the EOP will be updated to reflect the implemented mitigation actions.

Codes and Ordinances
The City has several codes and ordinances, taken from the Fountain Valley Municipal Code, in place to enforce hazard mitigation, including:

18.06.090 Liquefaction Study

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-8
This article allows the building official to require a geotechnical study for areas subject to potential liquefaction as identified by several factors, including shallow groundwater, or designated seismic zones.

21.14.040 Floodplain (-FP) Overlay Zoning District – Flood Damage Prevention The City also implements flood hazard mitigation through its floodplain management zoning code as described in Chapter 4.3.

21.14.050 Seismic Hazard (-SH) Overlay Zoning District
The City created this zoning district to address potential seismic and liquefaction hazards. In these designated areas, the building official may require special design requirements or site-specific soil reports in order to minimize hazards.

5.3 Periodic Assessment Requirements
Mitigation planning is an ongoing process, and as such, the Hazard Mitigation Plan should be treated as a living document that must grow and adapt in order to keep pace with changes within the City. Continuing from the 2018
Plan, an annual assessment will be completed to
document any changes in site hazards (e.g., updated
FIRM maps, contemporary seismic studies, etc.) or the
installation and purchase of new equipment (e.g., back-up generators, emergency response equipment, etc.) to
ensure they do not have any major effects on City’s hazard vulnerabilities that would impact the conclusions or actions associated with the Hazard Mitigation Plan. In addition, these reviews will track the progress of proposed mitigation actions and the incorporation of mitigation planning in other City planning documents. As needed, these reviews can be used to promote mitigation action with the City or alter mitigation strategies within the plan, as appropriate. If any of the abovementioned goals have not made progress, Plan objectives can be brought to department heads for approval. The criteria for progress will be evaluated by the completion of mitigation actions, references of this Plan in planning mechanisms, and the frequency with which public comments, particularly from representatives of vulnerable groups, are obtained.

Prior to the fifth year of the revision cycle and after the third annual review, these annual observations will be evaluated to determine what changes should be implemented in the required Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. The results of the annual evaluations will be folded back into each §201.6(c)(4)(i): [The plan
maintenance process shall
include a] section describing the
method and schedule of
monitoring, evaluating, and
updating the mitigation plan
within a five-year cycle.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-9
phase of the planning process and should yield decisions on how to update each section of the Plan. The official Plan update is expected to begin one year prior to the five-year anniversary date.

The Fire Marshal has the responsibility of implementing these annual and five-year requirements.

During the annual review, if any updates are deemed minor, then the Fire Marshal or designee will perform the updates. However, if more major updates are required, then the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) will be reconvened to discuss the effects on the Plan. For the fifthyear revision, the entire HMPC will reconvene in order to use their expertise to update the Plan in its entirety.

In addition to these periodic requirements, any significant modification to the City’s facilities should be considered with respect to a possible impact on the Hazard Mitigation Plan. All HMPC members are responsible for providing updates for the Plan to the Fire Marshal, as necessary.

As noted in the following section, the completed Hazard Mitigation Plan will be available on the City’s website to allow the public to continue to be involved during these periodic reviews.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-10

5.4 Update Requirements
The Emergency Management and Assistance regulations (44 CFR Part 201) state that it is the responsibility of local agencies (i.e., the City) to “at a minimum, review and, if necessary, update the local mitigation plan every five years from date of plan approval to continue program eligibility.” As stated in Section 5.3, this responsibility lies with the Fire Marshal. The evaluation procedures listed below will provide insight into the major changes that need to be included in the five-year update and resubmission to FEMA:
• Annual Hazard Mitigation Plan review with respect to changes in hazard vulnerability (e.g., additional hazards identified, natural hazard events, etc.) • Annual Hazard Mitigation Plan review with respect to development of new facilities • Five-year comprehensive update to address the findings of the annual reviews • Re-submittal of the updated Hazard Mitigation Plan to CalOES/FEMA Additionally, the risk assessment portion of the plan will be reviewed to determine if the information should be updated or modified. Each division/department responsible for the various implementation actions will report on:
• Status of their projects,
• Implementation processes,
• Any difficulties encountered,
• How coordination efforts are proceeding, and
• Strategies that should be revised.

Plan Update
The City’s Hazard Mitigation Plan was last updated in 2018. During HMPC Meeting #2, the Plan goals were reviewed for consistency and applicability to the City, along with the goals from the 2023 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan and 2021 Orange County All-Hazards Mitigation Plan. Table 5.6 illustrates the changes in the priorities of the Plan.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-11
Table 5.6: Hazard Mitigation Plan Goals
2018 Plan Goals Current Plan Goals
Protect Life and Property Protect Life and Property
Promote Public Awareness and Outreach Promote Public Awareness and Outreach Promote Partnerships and Implementation Promote Partnerships and Implementation Improve Emergency Services and
Management Capability
Enhance Emergency Services and
Management Capability
As shown in Table 5.6, the overall Plan goals did not change significantly. However, Plan objectives were updated to further clarify how the City wanted to achieve the Plan goals. Details of the Plan objectives can be found in Chapter 4 of this Plan.

Continued Public Involvement
To facilitate ongoing public input, the completed and adopted Hazard Mitigation Plan will be posted on the City’s website and social media outlets to allow the public to remain engaged and provide feedback. The website will include a link to a contact form allowing the public to submit comments. When updating the Hazard Mitigation Plan, the City will solicit participation from HMPC participants to discuss any issues that need to be addressed in the Hazard Mitigation Plan update. Public participation will be solicited through public notices and advertised on the website.

The goal of outreach is to solicit public involvement in the HMPC, which brainstorms the hazards facing the City and discusses ways to mitigate those hazards. The public was encouraged to participate in the hazard mitigation process through discussions at City events. The City can use the feedback from those discussions when deciding which mitigation action to implement. It can generally be assumed that actions reducing risk for the hazards discussed with the public will be well received by the community. More detailed information regarding the survey results can be found in Chapter 1 and Appendix D.

If Plan revisions are needed, City will request involvement from vulnerable groups within the City.

It is anticipated that public announcements via the website will be supplemented by targeted outreach materials—such as letters and surveys—that City representatives will deliver to representatives of vulnerable communities. This will guarantee that outreach efforts directed towards obtaining the involvement of vulnerable populations are more extensive.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-12
As part of future efforts, the City is determined to include a wider group of representative groups in the planning process and further expand its concept of vulnerability throughout the City particularly where it involves vulnerable populations. This is likely to be completed through the aid of local charity groups, the Chamber of Commerce, and additional City personnel with special information regarding particular groups at risk within the City.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-13
Table 5.7: Action Item Implementation
Action ID Action Description Responsible Department Completion Timeframe Status Details/Status
Summary
2024.HMP.01
Determine whether City-owned buildings and infrastructure require structural upgrades and implement projects. This action is intended to promote government continuity during a disaster and provide stability to programs which support identified vulnerable populations.

Public Works Long Open
2024.HMP.02
Identify elderly care facilities that would need assistance during an evacuation scenario and develop a plan, as necessary, to find housing/shelter for impacted residence.

Fire Department Medium Open
2024.HMP.03
Implement a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program to garner public support for proactive community involvement in mitigation and emergency preparedness. The CERT program would be leveraged to support vulnerabilities populations, as appropriate, during an emergency.

Police Department Medium Open
2024.HMP.04
Expand coordination with local schools to better prepare staff and students to identify, prevent, and respond to shootings/drug -related hazards, and other physical events.

Police Department Short Open
2024.HMP.05
Evaluate existing security features at the Community Services Buildings and implement improvements to better secure the facilities against physical attacks.

IT Department/ Police Department Medium Open
2024.HMP.06
Implement upgrades to City Information Technology Systems to address dynamic challenges to protecting City data and infrastructure.

IT Department Long Open
2024.HMP.07 Review vendor arrangements for security clauses and verify resident data is being protected adequate. Although this action will benefit the entire community, IT Department/ Administration Short Open

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-14
emphasis is placed on protecting the elderly community who are often victims of cyber-attacks/identification theft.
2024.HMP.08 Expand Public Outreach with regard to Cyber Security protection. Fire Department/ IT Department
Short Open
2024.HMP.09
Assess drainage capacities throughout the city and determine the elements of infrastructure (catch basins and pipelines) require improvement to allow for proper drainage. |
The LHMP Team identified the Walnut Lift Station as a priority for this action due to frequent flooding issues.

Public Works Medium Open
2024.HMP.10
Expand public outreach to provide education to the business and the community with regard to resources for flood preparation. (I.e. roof protection, sandbag availability, CERT participation)
Fire Department Short Open
2024.HMP.11
Implement a CERT program to better utilize/prepare volunteer support to assist in emergency support, particularly in support of vulnerable populations.

Fire Department Long Open
2024.HMP.12
Consider structural improvements for Reservoir No. 1 in order to meet current seismic codes.

Public Works Medium Open
2024.HMP.13
Establish a permanent Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to adequately house emergency management equipment and provide space for training opportunities for CERT/Residents.

Fire Department Long Open
2024.HMP.14
Hire a dedicated Emergency Manager for the City to champion EOC management, emergency planning, seek grant opportunities for resilience efforts, and oversee community outreach.

Fire Department Long Open
Note: Timeframe definitions are as follows.
a) Short: Task to be completed within 1-2 years
b) Medium Task to be completed within 3-5 years
c) Long: Task to be completed after the 5-year planning period

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan A-1
ANNEX A. GLOSSARY
Active fault - For implementation of Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (APEFZA) requirements, an active fault is one that shows evidence of or is suspected of having experienced surface displacement within the last 11,000 years. APEFZA classification is designed for land use management of surface rupture hazards. A more general definition (National Academy of Science, 1988), states "a fault that on the basis of historical, seismological, or geological evidence has the finite probability of producing an earthquake" (see potentially active fault).

Aftershocks - Minor earthquakes following a greater one and originating at or near the same place.

Asset - Any man-made or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to people, buildings, infrastructure like bridges, roads, and sewer and water systems; lifelines like electricity and communication resources; or environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wetlands, or landmarks.

A zone - Under the National Flood Insurance Program, area subject to inundation by the 100-year flood where wave action does not occur or where waves are less than 3 feet high, designated Zone A, AE, A1-A30, A0, AH, or AR on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM).

Base flood - Flood that has a 1 percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also known as the 100-year flood.

Bedrock - The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel.

Contour - A line of equal ground elevation on a topographic (contour) map.

Critical facility - Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following hazard events. Critical facilities include, but are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and hospitals.

Debris - (Seismic) The scattered remains of something broken or destroyed; ruins; rubble; fragments. (Flooding, Coastal) Solid objects or masses carried by or floating on the surface of moving water.

Debris flow - A saturated, rapidly moving saturated earth flow with 50 percent rock fragments coarser than 2 mm in size which can occur on natural and graded slopes.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan A-2
Duration - How long a hazard event lasts.

Earthquake - Vibratory motion propagating within the Earth or along its surface caused by the abrupt release of strain from elastically deformed rock by displacement along a fault.

Epicenter - The point at the Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake originated.

Erosion - Under the National Flood Insurance Program, the process of the gradual wearing away of landmasses. In general, erosion involves the detachment and movement of soil and rock fragments, during a flood or storm or over a period of years, through the action of wind, water, or other geologic processes.

Essential facility - Elements that are important to ensure a full recovery of a community or state following a hazard event. These would include government functions, major employers, banks, schools, and certain commercial establishments, such as grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations.

Extent - The size of an area affected by a hazard or hazard event.

Fault - A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are differentially displaced parallel to the plane of fracture.

Fault slip rate - The average long-term movement of a fault (measured in cm/year or mm/year) as determined from geologic evidence.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - Independent agency created in 1978 to provide a single point of accountability for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and emergency preparedness, response and recovery.

Flash flood - A flood event occurring with little or no warning where water levels rise at an extremely fast rate.

Flood - A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from (1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters, (2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or (3) mudflows or the sudden collapse of shoreline land.

Floodplain - Any land area, including watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan A-3
Frequency - A measure of how often events of a particular magnitude are expected to occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude, duration, and/or extent typically occurs, on average. Statistically, a hazard with a 100-year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years on average and would have a 1 percent chance – its probability – of happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies depending on the kind of hazard being considered.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - A computer software application that relates physical features on the Earth to a database to be used for mapping and analysis.

Ground motion - The vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or epicenter, but soft soils can further amplify ground motions.

Ground rupture - Displacement of the earth's surface as a result of fault movement associated with an earthquake.

Hailstorm – Storm associated with spherical balls of ice. Hail is a product of thunderstorms or intense showers. It is generally white and translucent, consisting of liquid or snow particles encased with layers of ice. Hail is formed within the higher reaches of a well-developed thunderstorm. When hailstones become too heavy to be caught in an updraft back into the clouds of the thunderstorm (hailstones can be caught in numerous updrafts adding a coating of ice to the original frozen droplet of rain each time), they fall as hail and a hailstorm ensues.

Hazard - A source of potential danger or adverse condition. Hazards in this how-to series will include naturally occurring events such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property.

Hazard event - A specific occurrence of a particular type of hazard.

Hazard identification - The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area.

Hazard mitigation - Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk from hazards and their effects.

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) – Authorized under Section 404 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, HMGP is administered by FEMA and provides grants to states, tribes, and local governments to implement hazard

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan A-4
mitigation actions after a major disaster declaration. The purpose of the program is to reduce the loss of life and property due to disasters and to enable mitigation activities to be implemented as a community recovers from a disaster.

Hazard Mitigation Plan – A collaborative document in which hazards affecting the community are identified, vulnerability to hazards assessed, and consensus reached on how to minimize or eliminate the effects of these hazards.

Hazard profile - A description of the physical characteristics of hazards and a determination of various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when they are recorded and displayed as maps.

Hazardous Material Facilities – Facilities housing industrial and hazardous materials, such as corrosives, explosives, flammable materials, radioactive materials, and toxins.

HAZUS (Hazards U.S.) - A GIS-based nationally standardized earthquake loss estimation tool developed by FEMA.

Hurricane - An intense tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in which wind speeds reach 74-miles-per-hour or more and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center or "eye." Hurricanes develop over the north Atlantic Ocean, northeast Pacific Ocean, or the south Pacific Ocean east of 160°E longitude. Hurricane circulation is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

Hydrology - The science of dealing with the waters of the earth. A flood discharge is developed by a hydrologic study.

Infrastructure - Refers to the public services of a community that have a direct impact on the quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and sewer treatment facilities, and includes an area's transportation system such as airports, heliports; highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses, railways, bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, drydocks, piers and regional dams.

Landslide - A general term covering a wide variety of mass-movement landforms and processes involving the downslope transport, under gravitational influence, of soil and rock material en masse.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan A-5
Liquefaction - Changing of soils (unconsolidated alluvium) from a solid state to weaker state unable to support structures; where the material behaves similarly to a liquid as a consequence of earthquake shaking. The transformation of cohesionless soils from a solid or liquid state as a result of increased pore pressure and reduced effective stress.

Magnitude - A measure of the strength of a hazard event. The magnitude (also referred to as severity) of a given hazard event is usually determined using technical measures specific to the hazard.

Mitigation plan - A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of natural hazards typically present in the state and includes a description of actions to minimize future vulnerability to hazards.

Nor'easter - An extra-tropical cyclone producing gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy snow or rain.

Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) - The greatest amplitude of acceleration measured for a single frequency on an earthquake accelerogram. The maximum horizontal ground motion generated by an earthquake. The measure of this motion is the acceleration of gravity (equal to 32 feet per second squared, or 980 centimeter per second squared) and generally expressed as a percentage of gravity.

Potentially active fault - A fault showing evidence of movement within the last 1.6 million years (750,000 years according to the U.S. Geological Survey) but before about 11,000 years ago, and that is capable of generating damaging earthquakes.

Probability - A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur.

Replacement value - The cost of rebuilding a structure. This is usually expressed in terms of cost per square foot and reflects the present-day cost of labor and materials to construct a building of a particular size, type and quality.

Retrofit - Any change made to an existing structure to reduce or eliminate damage to that structure from flooding, erosion, high winds, earthquakes, or other hazards Richter scale - A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude devised by seismologist C.F.

Richter in 1935. Seismologists no longer use this magnitude scale because of limitations in how it measures large earthquakes and prefer instead to use moment magnitude as a measure of the energy released during an earthquake.

Risk - The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan A-6
condition that causes injury or damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, moderate or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the intensity of the hazard.

Seismicity - Describes the likelihood of an area being subject to earthquakes.

Tectonic plate - Torsionally rigid, thin segments of the earth's lithosphere that may be assumed to move horizontally and adjoin other plates. It is the friction between plate boundaries that cause seismic activity.

Topographic - Characterizes maps that show natural features and indicate the physical shape of the land using contour lines. These maps may also include manmade features.

Tornado - A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.

Tsunami - Great sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption.

Vulnerability - Describes how exposed or susceptible to damage an asset is. Vulnerability depends on an asset's construction, contents, and the economic value of its functions.

Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the community is often related to the vulnerability of another. For example, many businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power – if an electric substation is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and damaging than direct ones.

Vulnerability assessment - The extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built environment.

Wildfire - An uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, exposing and possibly consuming structures.

Zone - A geographical area shown on a Flood Insurance Rate Map. 100-year flood – A flood that has a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. This flood event is also referred to as the base flood. The term "100-year flood" can be misleading; it is not the flood that will occur once every 100 years. Rather, it is the flood elevation that has a 1- percent chance of being equaled or exceeded each year. Therefore, the 100-year flood could occur more than once in a relatively short period of time. The 100-year flood, which is the standard used by most federal and state

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan A-7
agencies, is used by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) as the standard for floodplain management to determine the need for flood insurance. 500-year flood – A flood that has a 0.2-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any one year.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan B-1
ANNEX B. REGULATIONS
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-390) facilitates a new and revitalized approach to mitigation planning. DMA 2000 amended the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act by repealing the previous mitigation planning provisions (Section 409) and replacing them with a new set of mitigation plan requirements (Section 322). This new section emphasizes the need for state, Tribal, and local entities to closely coordinate mitigation planning and implementation efforts. The following pages provide a description of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, as well as the Interim Final Rule for mitigation planning.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan C-1
ANNEX C. HAZARD ANALYSIS
The City of Fountain Valley (City) hazard identification and ranking was obtained primarily from Hazard Identification exercise. The Hazard Identification exercise was conducted as a participatory Steering Committee exercise to identify the potential hazards within the City. The exercise was facilitated utilizing an automated interactive software spreadsheet program that asked specific questions on potential hazards and then rated them accordingly. These questions guided the team in the correct facilitation and application of the program. The following spreadsheet summarizes the Hazard Identification exercise risk ranking results, including the descriptions of each hazard factor, and provides the specific descriptor choices for each risk factor and description. Additionally, a risk ranking matrix is provided to designate the overall ranking score and categorization of each hazard.

Hazard Identification and Risk Ranking
Each hazard profile included a profile ranking of the
hazard (ranging from low risk to high risk). The
Steering Committee determined this initial profile
ranking based on all of the hazard identification and
profile research summarized and group discussion
and evaluation of all of the data, including numerical
rankings (1-5) of the following criteria:
• Consequence/Severity – How widespread is
the impact area?
• Secondary Effects – Could the event trigger another event and separate response?
• Probability/Frequency – Historical view of how often this type of event occurs locally and projected recurrence intervals.
• Warning/Onset – Advance warning of the event, or none. • Duration – Length of elapsed time where response resources are active. • Recovery – Length of time until lives and property return to normal.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan C-2
Table C.1 Risk Factors for Hazard Identification

RISK FACTOR DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTORS VALUE
PROBABILITY/ FREQUENCY Predic�on of how o�en a
hazard will occur in the future.

Rare event - occurs less than once every 50 years 1
Infrequent event - occurs between once every 8 years
and once every 50 years (inclusive)
2 Regular event - occurs between once a year and once
every 7 years
3 Frequent event - occurs more than once a year 4

CONSEQUENCE/SEVERITY
Physical Damage - structures
and lifelines
Economic Impact – loss of
func�on for power, water,
sanita�on, roads, etc., as
applicable
No damage 1
Minor/slight damage to buildings and structures, no
loss of lifelines 2
Moderate building damage, minor loss of lifelines
(less than 12 hours) 3
Moderate building damage, lifeline loss (less than 24
hours) 4
Extensive building damage, widespread loss of
lifelines (water, gas, electricity, sanita�on, roads), loss of life
5 VULNERABILITY
Impact Area - area impacted by
a hazard event,
Secondary Impacts - Capability
of triggering addi�onal hazards
Onset - Period of �me between
ini�al recogni�on of an
approaching hazard and when
the hazard begins to impact the
community
No physical damage, no secondary impacts 1
Localized damage area 2
Localized damage area, minor secondary impacts,
delayed hazard onset 3
Moderate damage area, moderate secondary
impacts, moderate warning �me 4
Widespread damage area, significant secondary
impacts, no warning �me 5

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan C-3
Each profile includes a ranking of the hazard. The hazard rankings were determined by assigning each hazard the appropriate risk factors as described above. The risk factors were then used with a hazard ranking matrix to determine the final hazard score. The following table provides the matrix used for determining each hazard’s score.

Table C.2 Risk Rank Matrix

PROBABILITY/

FREQUENCY DESCRIPTION RISK RANKING MATRIX
Rare Event:

Occurs less than once every 50
years
Probability/Frequency Consequence/Severity
Value 1 1 2 3 4 5
Vulnerability
1 1 2 3 4 5
2 2 4 6 8 10
3 3 6 9 12 15
4 4 8 12 16 20
5 5 10 15 20 25
Infrequent Event:

Occurs between once every 8
years and once every 50 years
(inclusive)
Probability/Frequency Consequence/Severity
Value 2 1 2 3 4 5
Vulnerability
1 2 4 6 8 10
2 4 8 12 16 20
3 6 12 18 24 30
4 8 16 24 32 40
5 10 20 30 40 50
Regular Event:

Occurs between once a year and
once every 7 years
Probability/Frequency Consequence/Severity
Value 3 1 2 3 4 5
Vulnerability
1 3 6 9 12 15
2 6 12 18 24 30
3 9 18 27 36 45
4 12 24 36 48 60
5 15 30 45 60 75

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan C-4
The hazard scores from the Hazard Ranking Matrix were compared to the hazard rank criteria to finally categorize each hazard with a hazard ranking. The table below provides the value determinations for each hazard ranking.

Table C.3 Risk Rank Categorization
High Hazard 50-100
Moderately High Hazard 25-49
Moderate Hazard 15-24
Moderately Low Hazard 5-14
Low Hazard 1-4
The hazard ranking worksheets are provided in the following pages.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan C-5
Table C.4 Hazard Identification and Risk Ranking

EARTHQUAKE

RANK FACTORS HAZARD FACTOR DESCRIPTION RANK
Probability Infrequent event - occurs between once every 8 years and once every 50 years (inclusive)
2 Consequence Extensive building damage, widespread loss of lifelines (water, gas, electricity, sanitation, roads), loss of life
5 Vulnerability Widespread damage area, significant secondary impacts, no warning time 5 Risk Moderately High 50
Comments 1994 Northridge earthquake: damage of three water well pumps within the City. Minor building damage (no record of major damages).

ADVERSARIAL
EVENTS

RANK FACTORS HAZARD FACTOR DESCRIPTION RANK
Probability Infrequent event - occurs between once every 8 years and once every 50 years (inclusive)
2 Vulnerability Extensive building damage, widespread loss of lifelines (water, gas, electricity, sanitation, roads), loss of life
5 Consequence Moderate damage area, moderate secondary impacts, moderate warning time 4 Risk Moderately High 40
Comments

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan C-6
CYBER
ATTACK

RANK FACTORS HAZARD FACTOR DESCRIPTION RANK
Probability Infrequent event - occurs between once every 8 years and once every 50 years (inclusive)
3 Consequence Extensive building damage, widespread loss of lifelines (water, gas, electricity, sanitation, roads), loss of life
5 Vulnerability Moderate damage area, moderate secondary impacts, moderate warning time 4 Risk Moderately High 40
Comments
FLOOD

RANK FACTORS HAZARD FACTOR DESCRIPTION RANK
Probability Regular event - occurs between once a year and once every 7 years 3 Consequence Minor/slight damage to buildings and structures, no loss of lifelines, first aid injury and no disability
2 Vulnerability Localized damage area, minor secondary impacts, delayed hazard onset 3 Risk Moderate 18
Comments Flooding areas: Sandalwood, Walnut, Heil. Sandalwood pump stations impacted (current project underway). Orange coast Hospital basement damage. Roof collapsed due to maintenance issues with drains. Power outages. *Result of high precipitation, runoff; Mentioned impacts to city infrastructure, roadways; updates to the flood map;

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan C-7
DAM/

RESERVOIR

FAILURE

RANK FACTORS HAZARD FACTOR DESCRIPTION RANK
Probability Rare event - occurs less than once every 50 years 1 Consequence Moderate building damage, lifeline loss (less than 24 hours), severe injury or disability
4 Vulnerability Moderate damage area, moderate secondary impacts, moderate warning time 4 Risk Moderate 16
Comments

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan
D-1
ANNEX D. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND

PLANNING PROCESS
Public participation is a crucial component of the Hazard Mitigation Planning process, ensuring that the voices of all community members, particularly those from vulnerable populations, are included in the development of hazard mitigation strategies. For the City of Fountain Valley (City), engaging the public through outreach efforts was a priority, especially for those who may face heightened risks during emergencies. While various outreach methods were considered, the primary focus was on engaging the senior community, a key vulnerable population identified by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC), through direct interaction at the Senior Expo and through the distribution of informational flyers. These efforts provided valuable insight into their awareness of local hazards, their concerns about vulnerability, and their preferences for receiving information. The feedback gathered through this method played an important role in shaping the city’s Hazard Mitigation Plan, ensuring that it is both relevant and responsive to the needs of all residents.

Participant Profiles and Methods for Successful Outreach To ensure the development of the Hazard Mitigation Plan accurately reflects community needs and concerns, the City focused its outreach efforts on engaging vulnerable populations, particularly seniors, who are often at higher risk during disasters. Recognizing that traditional outreach methods had effectively engaged the general population, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) intentionally targeted the senior demographic to incorporate their unique perspectives into the planning process.

A key component of this targeted outreach was participation in the annual Senior Exposition, held at The Center at Founders Village Senior & Community Center. The Senior Exposition is a health and wellness fair that connects seniors with valuable services and information. It includes vendor booths, health screenings, prizes, giveaways, music, and food, making it an attractive, yet informative, gathering for the senior community.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan
D-2
The event attracted numerous vendors from the area, including healthcare providers and organizations specializing in senior services. A few of the participant included MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center, UCI Health- Fountain Valley, Hyundai, Syrentis Clinical Research, and Optum.

At the event, the HMPC set up a dedicated booth where committee members provided information about the hazard mitigation planning process and the hazards identified during the planning meetings. The team also distributed printed flyers containing details about the planning process, local hazards, and ways seniors could contribute feedback. These materials ensured that seniors could review the information at their own pace and provide thoughtful input.

In addition to engaging with seniors directly, HMPC members also took the opportunity to speak with representatives from various organizations that cater to vulnerable populations.

Conversations with vendors and service providers offered valuable insights into the specific challenges vulnerable populations may face during disasters, including mobility issues, medical needs, and communication barriers.

By participating in the Senior Exposition, the HMPC strengthened its understanding of how seniors experience hazard risks and gathered meaningful feedback for the Hazard Mitigation Plan. This targeted approach helped ensure that the perspectives of the senior community, and the organizations that serve them, were integrated into the City's longterm hazard mitigation strategies. Additionally, by reaching out through this public event, the City worked to ensure that all residents, especially those who may face challenges in accessing digital platforms or online surveys, had an opportunity to participate.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan
D-3
Inferences from Public Outreach
The Senior Expo provided an excellent platform to connect directly with Fountain Valley residents and seniors, who are a key demographic when considering hazard vulnerability.

Through conversations with residents of the City, it became evident that many elderly residents prefer written materials, such as the flyers that were available to them at the booth, over in-person discussions, as written information allows them to process the details at their own pace before providing input. Recognizing this, the City identified an opportunity to improve future outreach efforts by incorporating printed materials into routine mailings, such as including hazard mitigation updates and information for resources in water bills. This approach ensures that critical information reaches a broader audience and allows seniors to engage in the planning process in a way that aligns with their preferences. The City also acknowledged the need to expand public education efforts, which directly informed the development of the mitigation actions that are aimed at increasing outreach, including targeted cyber security awareness for seniors and improved protections against cyber threats.

In addition to communication preferences, seniors at the event expressed concerns about mobility and evacuation challenges in the event of a disaster. Many worried about how they would be able to evacuate safely, which highlighted the importance of planning for accessible transportation options and sheltering for elderly residents. In response, the City incorporated a mitigation action to identify elderly care facilities that would require evacuation assistance and develop a plan to ensure safe relocation and sheltering.

Additionally, feedback regarding the need for stronger community preparedness led to the inclusion of a Community Emergency Response Team, which will help train volunteers to assist vulnerable populations during emergencies.

Another key theme that emerged from discussions at the Senior Exposition was the importance of maintaining stable government services and emergency response capabilities during disasters. Seniors expressed concerns about access to essential services, such as medical care and emergency support, in the aftermath of a disaster.

This feedback reinforced the need for structural improvements to city-owned buildings and

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan
D-4
infrastructure to ensure government continuity and the stability of programs that support vulnerable populations.

To reach more people, flyers with important information about local hazards, the mitigation planning process, and ways for residents to get involved were handed out at the event and in other community spaces. Going forward, sending written materials through the mail, as well as using CERT volunteers to connect with vulnerable populations, will be key to getting feedback, especially from senior residents. These efforts, along with the mitigation actions informed by the feedback received at the Senior Exposition, will help create a more inclusive and effective hazard mitigation strategy that addresses the unique concerns of elderly residents and the broader community.

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan
D-5
Potential Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee
Participants
The following list outlines potential HMPC participants that should be invited to participate in the Plan update. All invitations should be documented to be included in the Hazard Mitigation Plan as evidence of public and stakeholder outreach. Please maintain records of any emails. If appropriate, please consider copying [email protected]. Risk Management Professionals staff is happy to maintain documentation on the City’s behalf.

1. Fountain Valley Chamber of Commerce

2. Carmel Village

3. Boys & Girls Club

4. Orange Coast Memorial Hospital

5. City of Fountain Valley Housing Department

6. City of Fountain Valley Planning

7. City of Fountain Valley Police Department

8. City of Fountain Valley Fire Department

9. City of Fountain Vally Public Works

10. City of Fountain Valley Finance

11. Municipal Water District of Orange County

12. Orange County Social Services

13. City of Huntington Beach

14. City of Costa Mesa

City of Fountain Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan
D-6
Planning Process
The following sections provide additional information and supporting documentation about the planning process implemented by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee to update the Hazard Mitigation Plan. For descriptions of the content of each Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee meeting, please refer to Chapter 1.

CITY OF FOUNTAIN VALLEY

CITY COUNCIL

COUNCIL ACTION REQUEST
To: Honorable Mayor and Agenda Date: November 4, 2025
Members of the City Council
SUBJECT: Approve Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65 (1126) with Pacific Coast Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Inc. for HVAC Maintenance Services at City Facilities to extend the contract term by twenty-five (25) months and increase the annual contract amount by $7,413.57 for a total annual contract cost of $114,442.45.

Three-Year Strategic Goals
☒ Enhance the culture and environment of “A Nice Place to Live” ☐ Achieve fiscal stability by evaluating processes, and attract and retain revenue producing businesses/opportunities
☒ Attract and retain quality staff through best practices and trends ☒ Maintain, build, and modernize infrastructure to support growth and future needs of the City
☐ Not applicable
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

Staff is requesting that the City Council approve Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65 (1126) with Pacific Coast Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Inc., for HVAC Maintenance Services at City Facilities to extend the contract term by twenty-five (25) months and increase the annual contract amount by $7,413.57 for a total annual contract cost of $114,442.45.

The City’s current contract (CON-19-65/1126) with Pacific Coast Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Inc. (Pacific Coast Refrigeration) for HVAC maintenance services at City facilities will expire on November 30, 2025.

Per the terms of the contract, the City has the option to renew the contract, with contractor concurrence, for three (3) additional two-year periods on the same terms and conditions.

Amendment Nos. 1 and 2 renewed the contract for two (2) additional two-year periods, leaving one (1) two-year extension available to the City.

Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65
November 4, 2025

Public Works staff is satisfied with the performance of the contractor and wishes to extend the contract for a third two-year term, plus an additional month for administrative purposes, through December 31, 2027.

Pacific Coast Refrigeration has agreed to extend the contract through December 31, 2027, and has requested an increase of 6.0% to the annual contract amount for the preventative maintenance services portion of the contract and to increase the hourly labor rate for repairs from $102 to $108. In addition, the City wishes to increase the estimated dollar amount per year for parts and materials from $20,000 to $22,000, plus the originally agreed upon 30% vendor markup, to reflect increased costs. The Contractor’s requested rate increases only account for $4,813.57 of the total contract increase, which accounts for a total contract increase of 4.5% over the previous annual contract amount. This is below the 6.3% Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) increase from August 2023 to August 2025.

DISCUSSION:

The City of Fountain Valley utilizes contract HVAC maintenance services to perform routine preventative maintenance and needed repairs. The City of Fountain Valley has heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) in ten (10) City facilities.

In 2019, Public Works staff developed a comprehensive request for proposals (RFP) that detailed the scope of work for HVAC Maintenance Services at City Facilities, to which the City received four proposals. After City staff carefully evaluated the proposals to determine which contractor would provide the best value to the City, City Council awarded a contract (CON-19-65 / 1126) to Pacific Coast Refrigeration. The term of the contract commenced on December 1, 2019, and continued through November 30, 2021. Per the terms of the contract, the City has the option to renew the contract, with contractor concurrence, for three (3) additional two-year terms on the same terms and conditions.

On November 2, 2021, City Council approved Amendment No. 1 to CON-19-65 (1126), which extended the contract two years through November 30, 2023, and increased the annual contract amount by 2.0% for preventative maintenance services, resulting in an increase of $741.04 to the annual contract amount.

On October 17, 2023, City Council approved Amendment No. 2 to the contract, which extended the term for an additional two-year period through November 30, 2025, increased the annual contract amount for preventative maintenance services by 2.0%, and increased the hourly labor rate for repairs from $92 to $102. Amendment No. 2 also adjusted the scope of work to include quarterly preventative maintenance for the new air conditioning units installed in Building A and B Snack Bars at the Sports Park and increased the estimated dollar amount per year for repair related parts and materials from $15,000 to $20,000. The impact of these changes was an increase of $12,935.84 to the annual contract amount.

Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65
November 4, 2025

The current term of the contract will expire on November 30, 2025. Per the terms of the contract, the City has the option to renew the contract, with contractor concurrence, for a third two-year period on the same terms and conditions.

Public Works staff have managed all of the work performed by Pacific Coast Refrigeration over the past six years and have been satisfied with their performance. Therefore, staff wishes to extend the contract for a third two-year period, plus an additional month for administrative purposes, through December 31, 2027.

Pacific Coast Refrigeration has agreed to extend the contract through December 31, 2027, and has requested an increase of 6.0% to the annual contract amount for the preventative maintenance services portion of the contract and to increase the hourly labor rate for repairs from $102 to $108.

In addition, the City wishes to increase the estimated dollar amount per year for repair related parts and materials from $20,000 to $22,000, plus the 30% vendor markup, to reflect increased costs.

The scope of work will remain the same.

Continuing to provide HVAC maintenance services supports the City’s strategic goals to enhance the culture and environment of “A Nice Place to Live” and attracting and retain quality staff through best practices and trends by ensuring climate-controlled facilities that are comfortable for all who use them. Ongoing maintenance services also support the City’s strategic goal to maintain the City’s HVAC units to maximize their lifespans and modernize infrastructure to support the needs of the City.

FISCAL REVIEW:

The annual cost of the amended contract is an amount not to exceed $114,442.45. The pricing shall apply to the additional month added to extend the term for administrative purposes through December 31, 2027, adding $16,450.95 to the total value of the contract. The cost of the contract will be expensed to the Service Contract accounts in the Government Building Fund based on the facility being serviced, as detailed below.

The full financial impact of the amended contract is $245,335.85 for the twenty-five (25) month term, and the adopted FY 2025/26 and FY 2026/27 budget is sufficient to cover these costs.

Annual Contract Cost Comparison
Facility – Account # Current
Annual Cost
Eff. Dec 1, 2023
Amend. No. 3
Annual Cost
Eff. Dec 1, 2025
Preventative Maintenance
City Hall – 111.10.10000.53010 $ 7,698.96 $ 8,160.88
Chiller – 111.10.10000.53010 $ 728.28 $ 771.97

Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65
November 4, 2025

City Yard – 111.50.50000.53010 $ 4,153.28 $ 4,402.44
Recreation Center – 111.80.80000.53010 $ 5,410.08 $ 5,734.68 Sports Park Bldg. B – 111.80.80000.53010 $ 873.92 $ 926.32 Sports Park Bldg. A – Snack Bar
111.80.80000.53010
$ 840.00 $ 890.40
Sports Park Bldg. B – Snack Bar
111.80.80000.53010
$ 840.00 $ 890.40
Senior Center – 111.80.80001.53010 $ 6,117.56 $ 6,484.60 Police Department – 111.70.70000.53010 $ 8,739.36 $ 9,263.72 Fire Station #1 – 111.60.60001.53010 $ 3,121.20 $ 3,308.44 Fire Station #2 – 111.60.60002.53010 $ 1,706.24 $ 1,808.60 Preventative Maintenance Subtotal $ 40,228.88 $42,642.45 Repairs – Parts & Materials/Labor*
Repairs – Parts and Materials
(City’s Est. Qty. per Year X 30% Vendor Markup)
$ 26,000.00 $28,600.00
Repairs – Labor $36,720.00 $38,880.00
Repairs – After-Hours Labor $ 4,080.00 $ 4,320.00
Repairs – Parts & Materials/Labor Subtotal $66,800.00 $71,800.00 Annual Contract Total $107,028.88 $114,442.45
Amount of Increase $7,413.57
Percentage Increase 6.9%
*For budgeting purposes, the total amount for repairs is dispersed among the seven building accounts listed above. As the year progresses, the repair funds can be moved between accounts to meet specific needs for repairs.

The annual contract increase of $7,413.57 is attributed to the Contractor’s rate increase request and the City’s wish to increase the estimated dollar amount per year for parts and materials from $20,000.00 to $22,000.00, plus the 30% vendor markup, to reflect increased costs as noted below.

Annual Financial Impact of Changes to Contract
*Includes $2,000 increase in parts and materials and a 30% vendor markup. This increase was the direct result of the City increasing the estimated annual quantity for parts & materials. The vendor’s markup did not change.

The Contractor’s requested rate increases only account for $4,813.57 of the total contract increase, which is an increase of 4.5% over the previous annual contract amount. This is Contractor Requested Increase
6% Increase to Preventative Maintenance $ 2,413.57 2.3% increase Labor Rate Increase for Repairs $ 2,400.00 2.2% increase Total Contractor Increase $ 4,813.57 4.5% increase
City Requested Increase
Estimated Annual Dollar Amount for Parts & Materials $ 2,600.00* 2.4% increase Total Amount of Requested Increases $ 7,413.57 6.9% increase

Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65
November 4, 2025

below the 6.3% Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) increase from August 2023 to August 2025.

Per the terms of the contract, the compensation terms may be adjusted by a mutually agreeable amount based on and no greater than the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) for Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA changes over the previous contract period. The August CPI data is released mid-September, making it the most recent data available to the Contractor prior to submitting their CPI adjustment request in writing to the City sixty days before the end of the then-current contract period, as required by the contract.

The total value of the amended HVAC maintenance services contract is $114,442.45 per year, which is divided between preventative maintenance services and repair services.

The fixed cost for preventative maintenance services is $42,642.45 per year. The remaining $71,800.00 is allocated for needed repair services and is not guaranteed to be paid to the contractor. The contractor will only be paid for actual services rendered. By allocating both the fixed preventative maintenance cost and the repair cost, staff will be able to expedite repairs at pre-negotiated competitive rates. Costs for preventative maintenance services and repair services will be billed separately.

FY 2025/26 Financial Impact
The current adopted budget for FY 2025/26 allocates $111,770.00 for HVAC maintenance services at City facilities. This budget allocation was an estimate based upon the current HVAC maintenance contract and projected increases per the terms of the contract.

After factoring in the current cost for July - November 2025 and the amended cost for December 2025 - June 2026, the total financial impact of CON-19-65 (1126) in FY 2025/26 will be $111,766.64. There are sufficient funds in the FY 2025/26 budget to accommodate Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65.

Facility Account # July – Nov
2025 Costs
(Amend. 2)
Dec 2025 – June
2026 Costs
(Amend. 3)
FY 2025/26
Total Costs
Preventative Maintenance
City Hall & Chiller
111.10.10000.53010
$ 1,924.74 $ 6,892.63 $ 8,817.37
Corporation Yard
111.50.50000.53010
$ 1,038.32 $ 3,301.83 $ 4,340.15
Recreation Center / Sports
Park Buildings
111.80.80000.53010
$ 1,991.00 $ 6,331.35 $ 8,322.35
Senior Center
111.80.80001.53010
$ 1,529.39 $ 4,863.45 $ 6,392.84

Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65
November 4, 2025

Police Department
111.70.70000.53010
$ 2,184.84 $ 6,947.79 $ 9,132.63
Fire Station No. 1
111.60.60001.53010
$ 780.30 $ 2,481.33 $ 3,261.63
Fire Station No. 2
111.60.60002.53010
$ 426.56 $ 1,356.45 $ 1,783.01
Repairs – Parts & Materials/Labor
Divided among facilities* $27,833.33 $41,883.33 $69,716.66 Total $37,708.48 $74,058.16 $111,766.64
*For budgeting purposes, the total amount for repairs is dispersed among the seven building accounts listed. As the year progresses, the repair funds can be moved between accounts to meet specific needs for repairs.

As described above, the $69,716.66 for repairs will only be paid to the contractor for services performed. Any additional repair services above the appropriated amount, if needed, can be paid from the Fiscal Year 2025/26 Government Buildings fund balance. *There are sufficient funds within the General Ledger account available within the individual contract services accounts.

FY 2026/27 Financial Impact
The current adopted budget for FY 26/27 allocates $114,450.00 for HVAC Maintenance Services at City offices and facilities. This budget allocation was an estimate based upon the current HVAC contract and projected increases per the terms of the contract. The total financial impact of CON-19-65 (1126) in FY 26/27 will be $114,442.45. There are sufficient funds in the FY 26/27 budget to accommodate Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-

65. Facility Account # FY 2026/27 Total Costs
(Amend. 3)
Preventative Maintenance
City Hall & Chiller
111.10.10000.53010
$8,932.85
Corporation Yard
111.50.50000.53010
$4,402.44
Recreation Center/Sports Park Buildings
111.80.80000.53010
$8,441.80
Senior Center
111.80.80001.53010
$6,484.60
Police Department
111.70.70000.53010
$9,263.72
FY Impact FY 2025/26
Total Cost $111,766.64
Total Budget $111,770.00*

Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65
November 4, 2025

Fire Station No. 1
111.60.60001.53010
$3,308.44
Fire Station No. 2
111.60.60002.53010
$1,808.60
Repairs – Parts & Materials/Labor
Divided among facilities* $71,800.00
Total $114,442.45
*For budgeting purposes, the total amount for repairs is dispersed among the seven building accounts listed above. As the year progresses, the repair funds can be moved between accounts to meet specific needs for repairs.
*There are sufficient funds within the General Ledger account available within the individual contract services accounts.

FY 27/28 Financial Impact
The financial impact of CON-19-65 (1126) in FY 27/28 will be $56,835.24. There is no adopted budget as of now for FY 27/28.

Facility Account # July – Dec 2027 Costs
(Amend.3)
Preventative Maintenance
City Hall & Chiller
111.10.10000.53010
$4,080.44
Corporation Yard
111.50.50000.53010
$2,201.22
Recreation Center / Sports Park Buildings
111.80.80000.53010
$4,220.90
Senior Center
111.80.80001.53010
$3,242.30
Police Department
111.70.70000.53010
$4,631.86
Fire Station No. 1
111.60.60001.53010
$1,654.22
Fire Station No. 2
111.60.60002.53010
$ 904.30
Repairs – Parts & Materials/Labor
Divided among facilities* $35,900.00
Total $56,835.24
*For budgeting purposes, the total amount for repairs is dispersed among the seven building accounts listed above. As the year progresses, the repair funds can be moved between accounts to meet specific needs for repairs.

FY Impact FY 2026/27
Total Cost $114,442.45
Total Budget $114,450.00*

Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65
November 4, 2025

PUBLIC NOTIFICATION:

Not applicable.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REVIEW:

Not applicable.

ATTORNEY REVIEW:

The Attorney for the City has reviewed and approved Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65 (1126).

ALTERNATIVES:

Alternative No. 1: Approve Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65 (1126) with Pacific Coast Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Inc. for HVAC Maintenance Services at City Facilities to extend the contract term by twenty-five (25) months and increase the annual contract amount by $7,413.57 for a total annual contract cost of $114,442.45.

Alternative No. 2: Do not approve Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65 with Pacific Coast Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Inc., and direct staff to issue a Request for Proposal. This is not recommended as staff believes that issuing an RFP would result in higher costs to the City and slower response times. Pacific Coast Refrigeration has highly competitive pricing and has proven to be very responsive to the needs of the City.

RECOMMENDATION:

Staff is requesting that the City Council approve Alternative No. 1, which is to approve Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65 (1126) with Pacific Coast Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Inc. for HVAC Maintenance Services at City Facilities to extend the contract term by twenty-five (25) months and increase the annual contract amount by $7,413.57 for a total annual contract cost of $114,442.45.

Prepared by: Cassandra Burkart, Management Aide
Reviewed by: Mark Sprague, Field Services Manager
Approved by: Scott Smith, Director of Public Works
Fiscal Review by: Ryan Smith, Finance Director / City Treasurer Approved by: Maggie Le, City Manager

Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65
November 4, 2025

Attachment:

1. Amendment No. 3 to CON-19-65 (1126)

Attachment #1 Page 607
Attachment #1 Page 608
Attachment #1 Page 609
Attachment #1 Page 610
Attachment #1 Page 611
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Attachment #1 Page 618

CITY OF FOUNTAIN VALLEY

CITY COUNCIL

COUNCIL ACTION REQUEST
To: Honorable Mayor and Agenda Date: November 4, 2025
Members of the City Council
SUBJECT: Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement between the City of Fountain Valley, the City of Newport Beach, and the Laguna Beach County Water District for the construction, operation, and maintenance of two municipal production wells and associated facilities at 17902 Bushard Street.

Three-Year Strategic Goals
☒ Enhance the culture and environment of “A Nice Place to Live” ☒ Achieve fiscal stability by evaluating processes, and attract and retain revenue producing businesses/opportunities
☐ Attract and retain quality staff through best practices and trends ☒ Maintain, build, and modernize infrastructure to support growth and future needs of the City
☐ Not applicable
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

The City of Newport Beach (Newport Beach) and Laguna Beach County Water District (LBCWD) plan to develop a groundwater production facility at LBCWD-owned property located at 17902 Bushard Street in the City of Fountain Valley (Fountain Valley).

LBCWD and Newport Beach have entered into a separate, standalone Memorandum of Understanding establishing a framework for collaboration on the use of the property for a new water well facility that would supply groundwater from the Orange County Ground Water Basin to LBCWD’s and Newport Beach’s water customers. LBCWD owns the property, and Newport Beach will construct and operate the well sites and has taken the lead on the agreement with Fountain Valley.

Per Fountain Valley Municipal Code (FVMC) Section 14.16.040, a well that is intended to transport water outside city limits must be in the public interest and requires a City Council approved agreement. The Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement (Agreement) satisfies the FVMC requirements, as it preserves Fountain Valley’s primary rights-of-way, assigns all maintenance to Newport Beach, and secures public benefit/mitigation payments and in-kind improvements. The Agreement provides the following public interest benefits to Fountain Valley:

Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement
November 4, 2025

1. $82,000 one-time mitigation payment;

2. $10,000 annual public benefit payment (CPI adjusted and compounded annually);

3. $45,000 one-time payment towards encroachment and inspection fees;

4. $100,000 one-time public benefit payment toward Fountain Valley public safety or future water/well projects;

5. A System Interconnect stub-out for a future Fountain Valley-built interconnection; and

6. A Newport Beach constructed, Fountain Valley owned and operated 8-inch C900 main from La Amapola Circle to Bushard Street with easement.

DISCUSSION:

The proposed Agreement lets Newport Beach and LBCWD drill two groundwater wells at the LBCWD owned property located at 17902 Bushard Street in Fountain Valley. It allows water lines in Bushard Street and Talbert Avenue to run in Fountain Valley’s rights-of-way. Because the wells will send water outside of Fountain Valley, FVMC Section 14.16.040 requires a City Council approved agreement and that the project is in the interest of the public.

Fountain Valley keeps full authority to work on and in the streets. If Fountain Valley needs to work on or in the streets, it may do so. Newport Beach must restore everything to its prior condition and is responsible for the maintenance of the property. Newport Beach will build, operate, and maintain the wells, pipelines, walls, and storm drain, and LBCWD, as the owner of the property, will provide access for the same. Fountain Valley will not pay for maintenance.

The Agreement requires Newport Beach and LBCWD to carry $2,000,000 per occurrence and $4,000,000 aggregate in liability insurance, and also requires Newport Beach and LBCWD to fully indemnify Fountain Valley and name the City of Fountain Valley as an Additional Insured under the policy.

Before permits are issued, Newport Beach must submit a stormwater flow sufficiency report and if the City Engineer determines that the Bushard/Talbert lines need upsizing to handle the project’s flow, Newport Beach will build those upgrades at its sole cost and expense. This ensures that Fountain Valley will not incur any costs for storm drain upgrades.

Staff recommends the Council find that this Agreement is in the public interest per the standards set in FVMC Section 14.16.040. It preserves the Fountain Valley’s rights-of-way, places all construction and liability on Newport Beach, and secures the following benefits to Fountain Valley:

1. $82,000 one-time payment for mitigation of potential lost revenue in permits, plan checks, and fees;

2. $10,000 annual public benefit payment (CPI adjusted and compounded annually) for the loss of potential property tax revenue;

3. $45,000 one-time payment towards encroachment into the rights-of-way to include the placement of the water main, storm drain, and all curb, gutter, and sidewalk improvements;

Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement
November 4, 2025

4. $100,000 one-time public benefit payment toward Fountain Valley public safety or future water/well projects;

5. A System Interconnect stub-out for a future Fountain Valley-built interconnection for emergency use; and

6. A Newport Beach constructed, Fountain Valley owned, 8-inch C900 main from La Amapola Circle to Bushard Street with easement, at no cost to Fountain Valley, for the Fountain Valley water system to improve water quality and system redundancy.

FISCAL REVIEW:

The Agreement yields a net positive fiscal impact for Fountain Valley. It secures a one-time revenue of $82,000 mitigation payment, a one-time $45,000 payment towards encroachment and inspection fees, and a one-time $100,000 public benefit payment, plus an annual $10,000 public benefit payment (CPI adjusted and compounded annually). In addition, Newport Beach will construct an 8-inch C900 main (La Amapola to Bushard) and grant an easement (in kind improvements), and will provide a System Interconnect emergency stub out for a future Fountain Valley built tie in.

PUBLIC NOTIFICATION:

Notification was made through the regular agenda process.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REVIEW:

Under the California Environmental Qualification Act (“CEQA”), Newport Beach is the Lead Agency for the physical construction of the two wells and related facilities. Newport Beach will circulate and adopt appropriate CEQA documents prior to issuing a construction notice to proceed.

ATTORNEY REVIEW:

The Attorneys for the City have reviewed and approved the Agreement.

ALTERNATIVES:

Alternative No. 1: Approve the Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement between the City of Fountain Valley, the City of Newport Beach, and the Laguna Beach County Water District for the construction, operation, and maintenance of two municipal production wells and associated facilities at 17902 Bushard Street.

Alternative No. 2: Do not approve the Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement.

RECOMMENDATION:

Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement
November 4, 2025

Staff is requesting City Council approval of Alternative No. 1 to approve the Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement between the City of Fountain Valley, the City of Newport Beach, and the Laguna Beach County Water District for the construction, operation, and maintenance of two municipal production wells and associated facilities at 17902 Bushard Street.

Prepared by: Vanessa Lassooy, Attorneys for the City
Reviewed by: Omar Dadhabhoy, Community Development Director Reviewed by: Scott Smith, Director of Public Works
Fiscal review by: Ryan Smith, Finance Director
Approved by: Maggie Le, City Manager
Attachment: 1. Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement

RECORDING REQUESTED BY AND
WHEN RECORDED RETURN TO:

Attn: City Clerk’s Office
City of Newport Beach
100 Civic Center Drive
Newport Beach, CA 92660
WITH A COPY TO:

Attn: City Clerk
City of Fountain Valley
10200 Slater Avenue
Fountain Valley, CA 92708
AND A COPY TO:

Attn: General Manager
Laguna Beach County Water District
306 Street
Laguna Beach, CA 92651
EXEMPT FROM RECORDING FEES PER GOV. CODE SECTION 6103
Space above this line for Recorder's use only.

WATER WELL PERMIT AND ENCROACHMENT AGREEMENT
(Water Well Permit Number
This WATER WELL PERMIT AND ENCROACHMENT AGREEMENT
(“Agreement”) is made and entered into this day of
between the CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH, a California municipal corporation and charter city, organized and existing under and by virtue of its Charter and the Constitution, and the laws of the State of California (“Newport Beach”), the CITY OF FOUNTAIN VALLEY, a California municipal corporation, organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of California (“Fountain Valley”), and the LAGUNA BEACH COUNTY WATER DISTRICT, an incorporated County Water District and Special District under the California Water Code Section 30000 et. seq. (“LBCWD”). Fountain Valley, Newport Beach, and LBCWD are sometimes hereinafter individually referred to as “Party” and hereinafter collectively referred to as “Parties.”
, 2025, by and

RECITALS
WHEREAS, LBCWD is the vested owner of property located at 17902 Bushard Street, in the City of Fountain Valley, California, as legally described in Exhibit “A,” attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference (“Property”), and Newport Beach intends to become a joint property owner via a separate agreement and transaction;

WHEREAS, LBCWD and Newport Beach have entered into a separate standalone Memorandum of Understanding establishing a framework for collaboration on the use of the Property for a new water well facility that would supply groundwater from the Orange County Ground Water Basin (“Basin”) to the LBCWD’s and Newport Beach’s water customers:

WHEREAS, Newport Beach desires to construct certain standard Improvements as further described in Section 2 of this Agreement (“Improvements”) on the Property and within the Bushard Street and Talbert Avenue rights-of-way (“Rights-of-Way”); WHEREAS, the Property and Rights-of-Way are located within the jurisdictional boundary of Fountain Valley:

WHEREAS, the Basin is an unadjudicated groundwater basin that serves communities in north and central Orange County:

WHEREAS, California Government Code Section 53091(e) exempts facilities for production, generation, storage, treatment, or transmission of water from the zoning ordinances of any county or city:

WHEREAS, pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA’) Guideline Section 15051(a), Newport Beach is designated the lead agency for CEQA purposes: and
WHEREAS, the parties hereto desire to enter into this Agreement providing for fulfillment of the conditions required by Fountain Valley to permit Newport Beach to construct, operate, and maintain Improvements associated with the Improvements.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1. Recitals. All parties acknowledge that the above Recitals are true and correct and are hereby incorporated by reference into this Agreement.

Improvements. The approved Improvements shall include:

Two water wells, including all related appurtenances, to be constructed to approximate depths of 700 feet and 300 feet.

A 15-foot tall, 2,400-square-foot water well housing structure.

An 8-foot-tall concrete masonry block wall to be constructed along the property boundaries, which will include two 20-foot-wide sliding gates to provide access to the Property from Bushard Street.

Prior to the issuance of any construction permits, Newport Beach shall submit a report prepared by a licensed engineer, demonstrating that the proposed 18-inch reinforced concrete storm drain to connect the Property to the existing Fountain Valley storm drain infrastructure in the Talbert

2. a.
b.
c.
d.

Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 2

Avenue right-of-way has adequate residual capacity to sustain flows under the City’s 25-year design storm standards. The storm drain will connect from a catch basin on the Property, extending south within the Bushard Street right-of-way, to the existing Fountain Valley storm drains within the Talbert Avenue right-of-way. If the City Engineer determines that the existing storm drain system lacks the required capacity, Newport Beach shall, at its sole cost and expense, design and construct whatever Improvements the engineer deems necessary to accommodate the required flow.

A 24-inch water main to connect the new water wells to the existing Newport Beach water main within Talbert Channel. The water mains shall extend from the Property south, within the Bushard Street right-of-way, then west within the Talbert Avenue right-of-way, connecting to the existing Newport Beach water main in Talbert Channel. The Improvements described in Sections 2(d) and 2(e) are collectively referred to herein as “Right-Of-Way Improvements.”
e.
f. Other Property and Right-of-Way Improvements deemed necessary by Newport Beach to construct, operate, and maintain the water wells. This may include, but is not limited to, a concrete transformer pad, an emergency generator, landscaping, water treatment facilities, and parking and driveway Improvements.

3. Cooperative Work. Fountain Valley, Newport Beach, and LBCWD desire to work cooperatively together so that the Improvements can be completed in a manner that minimizes the cost to and impact on the public while allowing the Parties to accomplish their respective missions. The specific terms and conditions governing the elements of this Agreement are set forth hereinafter.

Fountain Valiev Municipal Code. This Agreement satisfies all requirements of Fountain Valley Municipal Code Section 14.16.040, which requires an agreement approved by the Fountain Valley City Council for the development of any well or facilities intended for the purpose of transporting or conveying water outside of the city.

Newport Beach’s Specific Obligations.

4. 5.

Newport Beach shall construct all Improvements on the Property and in the Rights-of-Way.

Newport Beach shall (and shall cause its agents and contractors to) comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and ordinances in connection with performing the work.

Newport Beach shall prepare and submit plans and specifications for the design and construction of the Improvements to Fountain Valley for review, comment, and to ensure the plans and specifications are in substantial conformance with all applicable laws, regulations, and ordinances. a.
b.
c.

Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 3

d. Newport Beach shall secure all necessary approvals (e.g. permits, encroachments, etc.) from the City of Fountain Valley to install and maintain the Improvements.

Newport Beach shall ensure the Improvements are compliant with CEQA and shall take all necessary actions as required by CEQA. e.
f. Newport Beach shall maintain all Improvements in accordance with generally prevailing standards of maintenance and pay all costs and expenses incurred in doing so. However, nothing herein shall be construed to require Newport Beach to maintain, replace, or repair any Fountain Valley owned pipeline, conduit, or cable located in or under said Permitted Improvements, except as otherwise provided herein.

If Fountain Valley or other public facilities or Improvements are damaged by the installation or presence of Right-of-Way Improvements, Newport Beach shall be responsible for the cost of repairs and restoration of these public facilities or Right-of-Way Improvements to their condition at the time of entry into this Agreement.

Newport Beach agrees to pay the following public benefit and mitigation fees to Fountain Valley;
$82,000 one-time payment for mitigation of potential lost revenue in permits, plan checks, and fees;
An annual public benefit payment of $10,000 for loss of potential property tax revenue. This payment shall be automatically adjusted and compounded by the percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”):
gh.
(i)
(ii)
(iii) $45,000 one-time payment for encroachment into the rights-of-way to include the placement of the water main, storm drain, and all curb, gutter, and sidewalk Improvements.
$100,000 one-time public benefit payment for use towards Fountain Valley’s Public Safety use or projects, or towards future Fountain Valley water or well system improvements or rehabilitations.

As a benefit to Fountain Valley, Newport Beach shall, at its sole cost, design and construct a pipeline stub out for a future System Interconnect adjacent to the groundwater production facility at the Bushard Street site. Newport Beach agrees to cooperatively work with Fountain Valley and allow a connection and water use of the future System Interconnect if requested by Fountain Valley. A System Interconnection would be designed and constructed by Fountain Valley, permitting Fountain Valley access to water produced by Newport Beach wells in the event of an emergency that disrupts Fountain Valley's water service. Newport Beach shall cooperate (iv)
Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 4

with Fountain Valley relative to the design and construction of the System Interconnect and any related equipment necessary to Fountain Valley's use of the system in the event of an emergency. Water from the Newport Beach system will not be disinfected, and it will be Fountain Valley's responsibility to provide the appropriate level of disinfection for any water taken from the Newport Beach Groundwater Development Project. The Public Works Directors from Newport Beach and Fountain Valley shall adopt standard operating procedures that will control the use of the System Interconnect in case of an emergency.

Newport Beach shall design and construct, at its sole cost, an 8-inch C900 water main that ties the 8-inch Asbestos Cement water main on La Amapola Circle to the 8-inch Asbestos Cement water main on Bushard Street with isolating gate valves at each end of the tie-in. Newport Beach shall dedicate an easement for the pipeline and shall cooperate with Fountain Valley relative to the design and construction of the water main extension. The new pipeline and connections improve Fountain Valley’s water quality circulation and neighborhood redundancy. The estimated value of this improvement and easement is $200,000.

The payments described in Section 5(h) shall be made by Newport Beach to Fountain Valley as follows:

The $82,000 one-time payment for mitigation of potential lost revenue shall be paid within thirty (30) days of the Effective Date of this Agreement.

The annual public benefit payment of $10,000 for loss of potential property tax revenue, as adjusted annually by CPI shall be due on the anniversary of the Effective Date, with the first payment due within thirty (30) days of the Effective Date of this Agreement.

The $45,000 one-time payment for encroachment into the rights-ofway shall be paid prior to the issuance of any construction permit issued by Fountain Valley.

The $100,000 one-time public benefit payment for use towards Fountain Valley’s Public Safety use or projects, or towards future Fountain Valley water or well system improvements or rehabilitations shall be paid within thirty (30) days of the Effective Date of this Agreement.

Jk.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

6. Fountain Valiev’s Specific Obliqations.

Fountain Valley permits Newport Beach to construct, reconstruct, install, maintain, use, operate, repair, and replace said Right-of-Way Improvements and appurtenances incidental thereto, within a portion of Right-Of-Way, , in a location that is in substantial conformance with the a.

Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 5

plans and specifications on file with Fountain Valley. Fountain Valley permits Newport Beach to take all reasonable measures necessary or convenient in accomplishing the aforesaid activities.
b. Fountain Valley shall issue all required permits to construct, reconstruct, install, maintain, use, operate, repair, and replace all Improvements that meet applicable building code requirements, the approval of which shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned, or delayed.

Unless specified herein. Fountain Valley shall not charge an in-lieu, application, plan check, permit issuance, encroachment, inspection, impact, or any other fee for any work related to the construction, reconstruction, modification, alteration, installation, maintenance, use, operation, or repair of the Improvements.

Fountain Valley shall not connect, modify, alter, or otherwise utilize any infrastructure connected to the Right-of-Way Improvements, except as provided below:

Should Fountain Valley be required to exercise its primary rights associated with said Rights-of-Way, including but not limited to, the maintenance, removal, repair, renewal, replacement, or enlargement of existing or future public facilities or Improvements, Fountain Valley may modify or alter portions of permitted Improvements, as required, and in such event:
c.
d.
(i)
(ii) Fountain Valley shall notify Newport Beach at least 30 days in advance of its intention to accomplish such work, unless an emergency situation exists, in which case Newport Beach shall be notified as soon as possible, but no later than 72 hours after commencement of the emergency work.

Newport Beach, at its sole cost and expense, shall be responsible for arranging for any renewal, replacement, or restoration of permitted Right-of-Way Improvements to the conditions that existed immediately before Fountain Valley commenced work in the rightsof-way.

Fountain Valley agrees to bear all costs of work on City-owned facilities. Newport Beach agrees to bear all costs to remove, alter, and replace the permitted Right-of-way Improvements affected by such work.
(iii)
(iv)

7. LBCWD’s Specific Obligations.

LBCWD shall provide any required authorization required by Fountain Valley for issuance of permits for the Improvements.
a.

Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 6

LBCWD shall provide required access to Newport Beach to construct, operate, and maintain the Improvements.

Term. This Agreement will be in full force and effect until the Parties mutually agree to terminate this Agreement in writing.

Notices. All notices or other communications required or permitted herein shall be in writing and will be personally delivered or sent by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, return receipt requested, delivered or sent by electronic transmission to the following;
To Newport Beach:
b.

8. 9.

City of Newport Beach
Attn: City Manager
100 Civic Center Drive
Newport Beach, CA 92660
Email: [email protected]
Phone; 949-644-3001
City of Fountain Valley
Attn: City Manager
10200 Slater Avenue
Fountain Vailey, CA 92708
Email; [email protected]
Phone; 714-593-4402
To Fountain Valley:

Laguna Beach County Water District
Attn: General Manager
306 3^d Street
Laguna Beach, CA 92651
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 949-494-1041
To LBCWD :

Indemnification. Newport Beach and LBCWD shaii defend, indemnify and hold harmless Fountain Valley, its City Council, Board of Directors, boards and commissions, officers and employees from and against any and all loss, damage, liability, claims, suits, costs and expenses whatsoever, including reasonable attorneys' fees (when outside attorneys are so utilized), regardless of the merit or outcome of any such claim or suit arising from or in any manner connected with the design, construction, maintenance, or continued existence of the Right-of-Way Improvements.

Insurance: Newport Beach and LBCWD shall maintain commercial liability insurance with coverage limits of no iess than Two Million Dollars ($2,000,000) per occurrence and Four Million Dollars ($4,000,000) aggregate. The City of Fountain Valley shall be named as an Additional Insured with respect to the construction and/or operations in Fountain Valiey’s public rights-of-way.

10. 11.

Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 7

No Attorneys’ Fees. In the event of any dispute or legal action arising under this Agreement, the prevailing party shall n^ be entitled to attorneys’ fees.

Standalone Agreements. This Agreement shall not be construed to nullify, override, modify, change, or otherwise alter any standalone agreement between any of the Parties. All other standalone agreements shall remain in effect and full force as dictated by those agreements.

Cessation of Operations. If the Improvements cease operations for a continuous period of twenty-four (24) months, the Parties agree to meet and confer in good faith to renegotiate this Agreement.

Ten-Year Evaluation. The Parties agree to meet and confer in good faith to evaluate the terms of this Agreement ten (10) years after the Effective Date. This evaluation shall include, but is not limited to, review of the impacts of the Improvements, including the annual in-lieu property tax payment, the Annual Mitigation Consideration methodology, insurance requirements, and the condition of any right-of-way Improvements. Any modification to this Agreement shall require mutual written consent of all Parties.

12. 13.

14. 15.

Force Maieure. Except for the payment of money, no Party will be liable for any delays or other non-performance resulting from circumstances or causes beyond its reasonable control, including without limitation, fire or other casualty, act of God, strike or labor dispute, war or other violence, acts of third parties, or any law, order, or requirement of any governmental agency or authority.

Governing Law. The laws of the State of California shall govern this Agreement and all matters relating to it, and any action brought relating to this Agreement shall be adjudicated in a court of competent jurisdiction in the County of Orange, California.

16. 17.

Waiver. A waiver by either party of any breach, of any term, covenant, or condition contained herein shall not be deemed to be a waiver of any subsequent breach of the same or any other term, covenant, or condition contained herein, whether of the same or a different character.

18. Modification. Alteration, change, or modification of this Agreement will be in the form of a written amendment, which will be signed by all Parties.

Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding and agreement between the Parties and supersedes all previous negotiations and agreements between the Parties pertaining to the subject matter hereof.

Severability. If any term or portion of this Agreement is held to be invalid, illegal, or otherwise unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remaining provisions of this Agreement shall continue in full force and effect.

19. 20.

21. Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 8

Agreement Execution and Authorization. Each of the undersigned represents and warrants that he or she is duly authorized to execute and deliver this Agreement and that such execution is binding upon the entity on whose behalf he or she is executing this Agreement.

Counterparts Deemed Original: This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts (including by e-mail, other electronic transmission, and/or facsimile), all parties need not be signatories to the same documents, and all counterpart signed documents shall be deemed to be one and the same original instrument.

22. 23.
[SIGNATURES ON NEXT PAGE]
Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 9

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed on the dates written below.

CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH,
a California municipal corporation
Date;
By;
Grace K. Leung
City Manager
APPROVED AS TO FORM:

CITY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
ATTEST:

Date: Date:

By: I > By:

Aaron CFHarp
City Attorney
Lena Shumway
City Clerk

CITY OF FOUNTAIN VALLEY,
a California municipal corporation
Date:

By:

Ted Bui
Mayor
APPROVED AS TO FORM:

ATTORNEYS FOR THE CITY
ATTEST:

Date: September 23, 2025 Date:
1/1
By: By:

Vanessa Lassooy
Attorney for the City
Rick Miller
City Clerk
Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 10

LAGUNA BEACH COUNTY WATER DISTRICT,
a California Special District
Date:

By;
Keith Van Der Maaten
General Manager
APPROVED AS TO FORM:

GENERAL COUNSEL
ATTEST:

Date: Date;
By: By:

General Counsel
[END OF SIGNATURES]
ATTACHMENTS: Exhibit A — Legal Description
Water Well Permit and Encroachment Agreement Page 11
Megan Garibaldi
10/23/2025

EXHIBIT A

LEGAL DESCRIPTION
All that certain real property situated in the County of Orange, State of California, described as follows:

THAT PORTION OF PARCEL 2, IN THE CITY OF FOUNTAIN VALLEY, COUNTY OF ORANGE, STATE OF CALIFORNIA, AS PER MAP FILED IN BOOK 95, PAGES 41 TO 42 INCLUSIVE OF PARCEL MAPS, IN THE OFFICE OF THE COUNTY RECORDER OR SAID COUNTY, SHOWN AND DESCRIBED AS " NOT A PART' OF THE MAP OF TRACT 16434, IN THE CITY OF FOUNTAIN VALLEY, COUNTY OF ORANGE, STATE OF CALIFORNIA, AS PER MAP RECORDED IN BOOK 851, PAGES 22 TO 23,

INCLUSIVE OF MISCELLANEOUS MAPS, IN THE OFFICE OF THE COUNTY RECORDER OF SAID COUNTY.