Fowler City Council
April 21, 2026

CITY COUNCIL MEETING
TUESDAY, APRIL 21, 2026 at 6:00 PM
CITY COUNCIL CHAMBER – 128 SOUTH 5TH STREET, FOWLER, CA 93625 AGENDA
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https://us06web.zoom.us/j/82158696584?pwd=HbkcN5XhGVG1mdmNnFq1OhnbLSW4Sg.2O9l JKhYnFMENkq6
Telephone Number: (253) 215-8782
Meeting ID: 821 5869 6584
Passcode: 226971
Persons accessing the meeting will have an opportunity to provide comments at appropriate times during the meeting. To speak during a public comment period, press *9 on your phone to raise your hand or click “raise hand” in the webinar. At the appropriate time, you will be prompted to unmute yourself, and asked to identify yourself when providing public comment.

Any writing or document that is a public record and provided to a majority of the City Council regarding an open session item on the agenda will be made available for public inspection at City Hall, in the City Clerk's office, during normal business hours. In addition, such writings and documents may be posted on the City's website at https://fowlercity.org. 1 Resolutions and Ordinances - With respect to the approval of resolutions and ordinances, the reading of the title thereto shall be deemed a motion to waive a reading of the complete resolution or ordinance and unless there is a request by a Councilmember that the resolution or ordinance be read in full, further reading of the resolution or ordinance shall be deemed waived by unanimous consent of the Council.

1. MEETING CALLED TO ORDER

2. ROLL CALL

3. APPROVAL OF AGENDA

4. INVOCATION BY PASTOR ROD HARO JR OF THE WORSHIP CENTRE

5. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE

6. CEREMONIAL PRESENTATIONS
A. Swearing in of Police Officer Luis Vasquez

7. PUBLIC COMMENT
This portion of the meeting is reserved for persons desiring to address the Council on any matter not described on this agenda. Presentations are limited to 3 minutes per person and no more than 15 minutes per topic.

8. CONSENT CALENDAR
Items on the Consent Calendar are considered routine and include a recommended action from Staff and shall be acted on by one motion of the Council. If a Councilmember requests additional information or would like to pull an item for discussion, that item shall be pulled from the Consent Calendar and acted upon separately. A Councilmember may register an action on an individual item without pulling the item from the Consent Calendar. A motion to approve the Consent Calendar is deemed to include a motion to waive the full reading of any ordinance or resolution on the Consent Calendar. For adoption of ordinances, only those which received a unanimous vote of the Councilmembers present at introduction shall be eligible for placement on the Consent Calendar.
8A RATIFY Pay Warrants for April 21, 2026
8B APPROVE Minutes of the March 17, 2026 City Council Meeting 8C ACCEPT the 2025 General Plan and Housing Element Annual Progress Report

9. CONTESTED CONSENT CALENDAR
Items pulled from the Consent Calendar will be heard individually immediately after action is taken on the Consent Calendar.
2 10. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION
Planning
A CONSIDER the following:
i. The introduction and waiver of the first reading of Ordinance No. 2026-04 by title only, prezoning Assessor's Parcel Number 345-100-05 to the R-1-6 zone district, with an R-3 implementing zone district designation, prezoning the northern half of Assessor's Parcel Number 345-100-04 to the R-1-10 zone district, with an R-1 implementing zone district, and prezoning the southern half of Assessor's Parcel Number 345-100-04 to the R-1-7 zone district, with an R-2 implementing zone district;
ii. Resolution, finding that Planning Project No. 25-44 is consistent with the City's General Plan and General Plan Environmental Impact Report pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15183, Approving Tentative Parcel Map No. 2025-45, and Approving Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6537, as conditioned; and iii. Initiating annexation of Assessor's Parcel Numbers 345-100-05 and 345-100-

04. Staff recommends the City Council introduce and waive the first reading of Ordinance No. 2026-04, open the public hearing, close the public hearing, approve Ordinance No. 2026-04, adopt the Resolution, and initiate the annexation of APN 345-100-05 and 345-100-04.

Continued to May 5, 2026
B CONSIDER: Adopting Resolution No. 2828, approving Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 and Direct Staff to File a Certificate of Termination of the Williamson Act Contract Upon Completion of the Annexation Process. Staff Recommendation: It is recommended that the City Council adopt Resolution No. 2828.

C CONSIDER: Adopting Ordinance No. 2026-05 Modifying the Regulations related to Tobacco Retailers, Council waive the First Reading of the Ordinance by title only and Conduct a Public Hearing for Ordinance No. 2026-05. Staff Recommends: Council Waive the First Reading of Ordinance No. 2026-05 Repealing and Replacing Chapter 20 of Title 5 relating to the regulation of Tobacco Retailers by title only; Open the Public Hearing; Close the Public Hearing; and Adopt Ordinance No. 2026-05.

Finance
D RECEIVE AND FILE the Cash and Investment Report for the Third Quarter ending March 31, 2025; Fourth Quarter ending June 30, 2025; First Quarter ending September 30, 2025; Second Quarter ending December 31, 2025; Third Quarter ending March 31, 2026.

E CONSIDER: Approval of Resolution No. 2829 the submission of a loan application and securing a loan with the Rural Community Assistance Corporation. 3 Public Works
F Actions pertaining to Tract 6405:
i. CONSIDER: Approval of Resolution No. 2830 to accept the public improvements related to Tract 6405 upon receipt of the maintenance bond required by the subdivision agreement.
ii. CONSIDER: Directing the City Engineer to file the notice of completion and release the bonds associated with Tract 6405.

11. STAFF COMMUNICATIONS

12. COUNCILMEMBER REPORTS AND COMMENTS

13. CLOSED SESSION
Pursuant to Government Code Section 54957
Threat to public facilities; Consultation with City Manager and City Attorney.

Pursuant to Government Code Section 54957
Exposure to litigation
Number of cases: one

14. RECONVENE INTO OPEN SESSION AND REPORT ACTION

15. ADJOURN
Next Ordinance No. 2026-06
Next Resolution No. 2831
CERTIFICATION: I, Angela Vasquez, City Clerk of the City of Fowler, California, hereby certify that the foregoing agenda was posted for public review on Thursday, April 16, 2026.

Angela Vasquez, CPMC
City Clerk
4 CHECK NUMBERS CHECK DATES AMOUNT

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE CHECKS
Regular checks 46270 - 46455 March 12 - April 08 3,236,060.48 $ TOTAL ACCOUNTS PAYABLE CHECKS $ 3,236,060.48

PAYROLL COSTS
Second March Bi-Weekly Payroll $ 136,800.95First April Bi- Weekly Payroll $ 135,639.19TOTAL PAYROLL COSTS $ 272,440.14 TOTAL CASH DISBURSEMENTS 3,508,500.62 $
NOTE:

CITY OF FOWLER

WARRANTS LIST
April 21,26
5 Section 8, Item 8A
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12 Section 8, Item 8A
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48,52=%5(1'$5,9(5$87,/,7<%,//5()81'5$3,'$872%2'<$1':+((/5(3/$&(5($5'225)57 15 Section 8, Item 8A
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16 Section 8, Item 8A
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CITY COUNCIL MEETING
TUESDAY, MARCH 17, 2026 at 6:00 PM
CITY COUNCIL CHAMBER – 128 SOUTH 5TH STREET, FOWLER, CA 93625

MINUTES

1. MEETING CALLED TO ORDER
Mayor Mejia called the meeting to order at 6:00 P.M.

2. ROLL CALL

PRESENT
Juan Mejia
Amarjeet Gill
Leonard Hammer
Daniel Parra
ABSENT
Karnig Kazarian
City Staff Present: City Manager Reid, City Attorney Santos, Finance Director Banda, Fire Battalion Chief Dominguez, Community & Economic Development Director Flood, Corporal Jimenez, City Planner Marple, City Engineer Park, Public Works Director Rocha, City Clerk Vasquez
Councilmember Kazarian arrived at 6:02 P.M.

3. APPROVAL OF AGENDA
Item 9A, Fiscal Impact section of Staff Report. Correction to the Assistant City Manager position’s wages and benefits. The revised total amount of wages and benefits is $230,836 (Wages $162,951 & Benefits $67,885).

6. PUBLIC COMMENT
Three members of the public spoke.

7. CONSENT CALENDAR
Motion made by Gill, Seconded by Parra.

Voting Yea: Mejia, Gill, Hammer, Kazarian, Parra
A. RATIFY Pay Warrants for March 17, 2026
B. APPROVE Minutes of the March 3, 2026 City Council Meeting 33 Section 8, Item 8B

9. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION
City Manager
A. CONSIDERATION of the appointment of an Assistant City Manager and the conversion of the part-time Code Enforcement Assistant position to a full-time Code Enforcement Officer I.
i. CONSIDER Resolution No. 2827, approving the number of full-time positions and certain temporary/ part-time positions authorized in the City for Fiscal Year 2025/2026. Staff Recommendation: Approve Resolution No. 2827.

Six members of the public spoke.

Motion made by Kazarian, Seconded by Parra.

Voting Yea: Mejia, Gill, Hammer, Kazarian, Parra
Finance
B. ACCEPT the Fiscal Year 2025-2026 Mid-Year Budget Report One member of the public spoke.

Motion made by Kazarian, Seconded by Hammer.

Voting Yea: Mejia, Gill, Hammer, Kazarian, Parra

10. STAFF COMMUNICATIONS
Updates were given by Public Works Director Rocha, Community & Economic Development Director Flood, City Clerk Vasquez, City Engineer Park, City Manager Reid, and City Attorney Santos.

11. COUNCILMEMBER REPORTS AND COMMENTS
Updates were given by Councilmember Kazarian and Mayor Mejia.

12. CLOSED SESSION
Pursuant to Government Code Section 54956.9(d)(2)
Consider commencing litigation: one potential case
The meeting went into closed session at 7:24 PM.

13. RECONVENE INTO OPEN SESSION AND REPORT ACTION
The meeting reconvened into open session at 7:31 P.M. There was no reportable action taken on the item.

14. ADJOURN
Having no further business, the meeting adjourned at 7:31 P.M. 34 Section 8, Item 8B

CITY COUNCIL MEETING

REPORT TO THE CITY COUNCIL
DATE: April 21, 2026
FROM: DAWN E. MARPLE, City Planner
SUBJECT: ACCEPT the 2025 General Plan and Housing Element Annual Progress Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Jurisdictions in California are required to submit annual progress reports on the implementation of their General Plan and Housing Element to the Office of Land Use and Climate Innovation (LCI) and Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD), respectively. Staff recommend the City Council of the City of Fowler accept the 2025 Annual Progress Report for the City of Fowler General Plan and Housing Element, and direct staff to submit the report to LCI and HCD as required by applicable law.

BACKGROUND
Staff has completed the Annual Progress Report for the City of Fowler General Plan and Housing Element for the calendar year of 2025 in accordance with Government Code Section 65400, which requires the City to prepare an Annual Progress Report addressing the status of the General Plan and progress made toward implementing its goals and policies, including the City’s progress in meeting its share of regional housing needs. The progress report must be submitted by April 1 of each year to the City Council, LCI, and HCD.

The attached Annual Progress Report (Attachment A) summarizes the development activity in the City for the calendar year 2025.

The General Plan also includes an action item to annually report on the implementation of the growth management policies outlined in the Plan. The City of Fowler included policies related to growth management in the Land Use element to ensure the City expands and land develops in an orderly manner. Areas outside the existing City Limits are included in various growth tiers and as development occurs in open tiers, additional tiers can be opened. When the General Plan was adopted in April 2023, only the Primary Development Area (PDA) was open.

Annexation of Medium High Density Residential or High Density Residential may occur in Tier I when 112 building permits located on property designated either Medium High Density Residential or High Density Residential in the PDA have been issued. As of December 31, 2025, only 4 such permits have been issued in the PDA. Annexation of property designated Low Density Residential, Medium Low Density Residential, or Medium Density Residential may occur in Tier I once 155 Medium High Density Residential or High Density Residential 35 Section 8, Item 8C
building permits have been issued and 1,512 building permits for new dwelling units on Low Density Residential, Medium Low Density Residential, or Medium Density Residential in the PDA have been issued. As of December 31, 2024, 327 such permits have been issued in the PDA. A summary of permits issued is included in Table 1: Residential Building Permit Summary.

Table 1: Residential Building Permit Summary
Year Medium High and High
Density Permits Issued
Low, Medium Low, and
Medium Density Permits Issued
Total Permits
Issued
2022 1 89 90
2023 0 55 55
2024 2 84 86
2025 1 99 100
Total 4 327 331
The Housing Element of the Fowler General Plan was most recently adopted in April of 2023, as required by applicable law, and was prepared as part of a coordinated multi-jurisdictional effort with Fresno County and 14 of the 15 incorporated cities in Fresno County. The MultiJurisdictional Housing Element created a regional plan for addressing the housing needs of Fresno County. The General Plan incorporates the adopted Multi-Jurisdictional Housing Element by reference. The Housing Element is currently in the process of being updated, as required by state law, to cover the next 8-year planning period from 2023 through 2031. This annual report covers progress towards the Housing Element for the year 2025.

Fowler’s Regional Housing Needs Allocation (RHNA) for the eight-year planning period covering December 2023 through December 2031 is 339 housing units and is equivalent to an annual production of 43 units. A portion of Fowler’s current RHNA goal (45%) is focused on the categories of Extremely-Low Income (ELI) households, Very-Low Income households, and Low Income households, as defined by HCD and based on household size and income in comparison to the average median household income (according to household size) in Fresno County. Proper planning and land use decisions are required to ensure there is opportunity for all housing categories to develop. It is important to note that the City is not required to build any housing units.

The City satisfies the Housing Element and RHNA requirements by, among other things, planning, designating, and zoning enough land in the City Limits at densities sufficient to accommodate the assigned RHNA unit count. While the assigned RHNA unit count assumes higher density housing projects may likely be affordable to lower income households, higher density does not always equate to lower income affordability. Other methods for ensuring housing units are available to lower income households include recording deed restrictions limiting the sale/lease of units to households above certain income levels and limiting the sales price or monthly rental price that the developer, owner, or operator of the units can charge the occupants. As a result, deed restricted affordable housing projects have many challenges for development that often prompt a need for significant subsidies to attract developers willing to develop, own, and/or operate these price/rent restricted units.

In 2025, the City of Fowler processed 99 building permits for residential development. Single family dwelling units accounted for 96 of the building permits, while one was for a duplex and the remaining two were for accessory dwelling units. All of the units were considered to be part 36 Section 8, Item 8C
of the Above Moderate income category. Fowler has completed 103 units of its 339-housingunit allocation.

PUBLIC NOTICE
This item does not require a public hearing and was noticed as a part of the City Council Agenda.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
This action does not constitute a “project” pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act.

GENERAL PLAN CONSISTENCY
This action is consistent with:

General Plan Policy LU-9a
The City shall compile a report outlining the building permits issued for all residential units by growth tier and planned land use on an annual basis for reporting to the City Council.

FISCAL IMPACT
No fiscal impact is anticipated from the acceptance of the 2025 General Plan and Housing Element Annual Progress Reports.

PROCUREMENT PROCESS
No procurement is associated with this action.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Staff is not aware of any conflicts of interest.

Attachments
- Attachment A: 2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report 37 Section 8, Item 8C
Prepared By:

PROVOST & PRITCHARD CONSULTING GROUP
445 WEST FIR AVENUE
CLOVIS, CA 93611
2025 GENERAL PLAN ANNUAL

PROGRESS REPORT
MARCH 2026
Prepared For:

CITY OF FOWLER PLANNING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 128 S. 5TH STREET
FOWLER, CA 93625
38 Section 8, Item 8C
City of Fowler Annual Progress Report (APR) 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of this Report................................................................................................................................. 1 2040 Fowler General Plan................................................................................................................................ 1 Amendments ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Annexations................................................................................................................................................. 2 Growth Management.................................................................................................................................. 2 General Plan Implementation Progress........................................................................................................... 3 Land Use Element........................................................................................................................................ 4 Community Design Element........................................................................................................................ 4 Community Health and Equity Element...................................................................................................... 4 Open Space Element ................................................................................................................................... 5 Mobility Element ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Economic Development Element................................................................................................................ 6 Community Resiliency and Safety Element................................................................................................. 6 Public Facilities Element.............................................................................................................................. 6

ATTACHMENTS
ATTACHMENT A: HOUSING ELEMENT ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT ..........................................A-1 39 Section 8, Item 8C
City of Fowler Annual Progress Report (APR) 2025
1 of 9

INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT
California law requires each city and county to adopt a comprehensive, long-term General Plan to guide the physical development of the incorporated city and land outside city boundaries that bears a relationship to its planning activities (California Government Code Section 65300). The General Plan serves as a blueprint for future growth and development. As such, the plan contains policies and programs designed to provide decision makers with a solid foundation for land use and development decisions.

State law further requires each jurisdiction to complete an Annual Report on the General Plan that is submitted to the local planning agency (the City Council), to the State Office of Planning and Research, and to the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD; California Government Code Section 65400). This report must:
• Identify compliance with the State General Plan law and State General Plan Guidelines; • Identify status of the General Plan and progress towards its implementation; • Describe the City’s progress in meeting its Regional Housings Needs Allocation (RHNA); • Describe progress in addressing/removing governmental constraints to the maintenance, improvement, and development of housing; and
• Identify any surplus lands within the jurisdiction.

State law requires that the General Plan Annual Report be submitted by April 1 of each year and cover progress made during the previous calendar year (January through December). This Annual Report looks at the City’s progress towards implementing its General Plan during the 2025 planning year and is completed for this April deadline.
2040 FOWLER GENERAL PLAN
The City of Fowler incorporated in 1908 and adopted its first comprehensive General Plan in 1976. On April 18th, 2023, the City adopted the 2040 Fowler General Plan, the first major update to the Plan since 2004.

The 2040 Fowler General Plan contains the following chapters, which address all the required elements of a general plan in accordance with the Government Code at the time of adoption:
• Land Use
• Community Design
• Housing (under separate cover)
• Community Health and Equity
• Open Space
• Mobility
• Economic Development
• Community Resiliency and Safety
• Public Facilities
40 Section 8, Item 8C
City of Fowler Annual Progress Report (APR) 2025
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The General Plan also complied with other procedural requirements during the update process, including confirming there were no relevant military facilities that necessitated additional coordination, as well as providing consultation opportunities to tribal communities.

The Housing Element of the Fowler General Plan was adopted in October of 2024, as required by the Government Code. The City participated in a coordinated effort with Fresno County and other jurisdictions in the County to update the Multi-Jurisdictional Housing Element which will serve as a regional plan for addressing the housing needs of Fresno County for the 2023-2031 planning period.

AMENDMENTS
The City of Fowler amended the General Plan to clarify permitted land uses in the Economic Development Focus Area (EDFA). The amendment permits additional Medium Density Residential development, as well as new Community Commercial and General Commercial uses. High Density Residential development is also permitted in the EDFA. Amendment 25-11 was approved on September 2, 2025.

ANNEXATIONS
The City requeststhat Fresno County refer all proposals for industrial development located within the City’s Sphere of Influence (SOI) to the City for annexation. In cases where annexation is not feasible, the City may request that the County attach conditions of approval to such applications to ensure that the development will conform to City standards, will agree to annex when feasible, and will not be detrimental to future urban development. The City’s SOI and phasing of annexation is used to provide for logical and efficient growth and prevent the premature conversion of agricultural land. Extension of urban services without annexation is discouraged. Residential land is annexed to the City as determined by growth management policies. Proposals for pre-zoning and annexation are rejected if they do not satisfy General Plan requirements relating to orderly and contiguous development and public services and facilities.

Activities
• The City approved Resolution No. 2798, annexing APN 343-030-26 (Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6501), APN 343-040-92T (City Park site), and APN 343-040-89T (Fowler Unified School District property).

GROWTH MANAGEMENT
The City of Fowler included policies related to growth management in the Land Use element to ensure the City expands and land develops in an orderly manner. Areas outside of the existing City Limits are included in various growth tiers and as development occurs in open tiers, additional tiers can be opened. When the General Plan was adopted in April 2023, only the Primary Development Area (PDA) was open. Annexation of Medium High Density Residential or High Density Residential may occur in Tier I when 112 building permits located on property designated either Medium High Density Residential or High Density Residential in the PDA have been issued. As of December 31, 2025, 4 such permits have been issued. Annexation of property designated Low Density Residential, Medium Low Density Residential, or Medium Density Residential may occur in Tier I once 112 Medium High Density Residential or High Density Residential building permits have been issued and 1,512 building permits for new dwelling units on Low Density Residential, Medium Low Density Residential, or Medium Density Residential in the PDA have been issued. 41 Section 8, Item 8C
City of Fowler Annual Progress Report (APR) 2025
3 of 9
As of December 31, 2025, 327 such permits have been issued. A summary of permits issued is included in Table 1: Residential Building Permit Summary.

Table 1: Residential Building Permit Summary
Year Medium High and High
Density Permits
Low, Medium Low, and
Medium Density Permits
Total
Permits
2022 1 89 90
2023 0 55 55
2024 2 84 86
2025 1 99 100
Totals 4 327 331

GENERAL PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

PROGRESS
The 2040 General Plan includes an Implementation Strategy chapter which outlines the action items identified in the Plan and organizes them according to the primary types of subsequent planning efforts, regulatory mechanisms, and administrative procedures required to implement the General Plan. These categories include:
• Plans and Studies
• Regulatory Documents
• Design Standards
• Resource Documents
• Public Works Improvement Standards
• Program Establishment
• Capital Improvement Program (CIP)
• Inventories and Evaluations
• Review Procedures
• Ongoing
The City implemented three action items related to regulatory documents, resource documents, and the CIP. They include:
• SAF-2a: Review and revise, as necessary, the Municipal Code to ensure effective organization, responsiveness, and continuity of government during declared emergencies. • CH-32a: Consider City vehicles and equipment as part of the Capital Improvement Program (CIP) process.
• LU-9a: The City shall compile a report outlining the building permits issued for all residential units by growth tier and planned land use on an annual basis for reporting to the City Council.

Additional information related to the implementation of action items, including more detail about how the action items are structured and organized, is available in the Implementation Strategy of the General Plan.

In 2024, the City began to track the implementation of goals, policies, and action items as items are brought to Planning Commission and City Council. The City continued to track progress on General Plan 42 Section 8, Item 8C
City of Fowler Annual Progress Report (APR) 2025
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implementation items in this manner in 2025. The implemented goals and policies are outlined in the following sections.

LAND USE ELEMENT
The land use element is what people typically think of when they think of the “plan” for the City and is often considered the heart of the General Plan. This land use element establishes 12 land use designations for residential, commercial, industrial, open space, and public facility areas. These designations guide development within the City and its surrounding planning area as it grows, detailing density (dwelling units per acre) and intensity (floor area ratio) for each category. Key goals include ensuring growth occurs efficiently, offering a diverse range of housing types, and preserving areas like downtown as a cultural and governmental hub with mixed-use development. Policies also emphasize the compatibility of parks, recreation, and community centers with neighboring uses. Detailed development guidelines are provided in the Growth Management section.

Activities
• Amended the General Plan to update land uses in the Economic Development Focus Area to increase the amount of Medium Density Residential land use and add Community Commercial and General Commercial planned land uses.
• Amended the Fowler Municipal Code regarding regulations related to housing. • Proceeded with the design scope of work for the Downtown Streetscape Project. • Coordinated with developers on a tentative map to develop 20 acres (103 single-family units) with an annexation of 40 acres, including a City of Fowler park site and a Fowler Unified School District school site. Ultimately approved Tentative Map 6501 and the associated annexation. • Initiated updates to the City’s Subdivision Ordinance to comply with the Subdivision Map Act.

COMMUNITY DESIGN ELEMENT
The community design element guides the design and aesthetic of Fowler’s built environment by focusing on how buildings and public spaces interact with the City’s streets and overall character. It aims to preserve downtown as the cultural hub; ensure new development complements the City’s history and identity; and enhance the architectural quality of residential, commercial, and industrial projects. Key policies include reviewing site plans for consistency with development standards, ensuring new projects enhance Fowler’s character, and limiting direct access from residential properties to collector streets.

Activities
• Continued progressing with the David T. Cardenas Police Headquarters and Senior Center. • Initiated updates to the City’s Sign Ordinance to clarify standards and design requirements. • Updated Downtown Decorative Street Light Standards and established the use-boundary for the standard.

COMMUNITY HEALTH AND EQUITY ELEMENT
The community health and equity element in Fowler focuses on promoting healthy living by integrating public health, social equity, and land use planning. It aims to create safe, accessible spaces for walking and biking to key destinations like schools, parks, and workplaces, while also improving access to healthy food, healthcare, and reducing exposure to air pollution and noise. The element supports affordable, sanitary 43 Section 8, Item 8C
City of Fowler Annual Progress Report (APR) 2025
5 of 9
housing for all income levels and encourages community engagement. Key priorities include developing an active transportation network, enhancing pedestrian infrastructure with shade, minimizing noise in new developments, and ensuring city vehicles are low-noise to improve overall quality of life.

Activities
• Adopted new street standards to incorporate the trails identified in the City of Fowler Bicycle, Pedestrian, and Trails Master Plan.

OPEN SPACE ELEMENT
The open space element in the City of Fowler General Plan focuses on providing and maintaining parks, trails, community centers, and multipurpose facilities to support the City's growth. It ensures these spaces are developed and maintained to promote community well-being, public health, and recreational opportunities. Key policies include requiring a minimum of 5% usable open space in single-family residential developments, allowing open space to count toward parkland dedication, and offering developers credits for constructing usable open space. The City emphasizes equitable access to parks; collaborates with local schools for recreational facilities; and utilizes various funding sources for the development, maintenance, and programming of parks. Residential projects are also subject to park development impact fees under the City's Quimby Ordinance.

Activities
• Coordinated with developers on a tentative map to develop 20 acres (103 single-family units) with a proposed annexation of 40 acres, including a City of Fowler park site and a Fowler Unified School District school site. Ultimately approved Final Map 6501. The developer will be responsible for development of a portion of the proposed park site.
• Entered an agreement with Fresno County to implement the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program for the year 24-25 for the Fowler Panzak Park ADA Improvements Project funds.

MOBILITY ELEMENT
The mobility element focuses on improving the movement of people and goods within the planning area by promoting complete streets that provide safe access for pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, and transit riders of all ages and abilities. Key goals include creating a safe and enjoyable environment for all users; ensuring a connected circulation system integrated with public transit and neighboring areas; maintaining infrastructure; and establishing well-designed, multi-modal connections across major routes like State Route 99, Golden State Boulevard, and the Union Pacific Railroad. Policies emphasize supporting an efficient transportation network with attention to environmental impacts, prioritizing operational solutions over major structural changes when possible, ensuring road projects accommodate safe pedestrian and cyclist access, coordinating with regional agencies for funding, seeking State and Federal grants, and ensuring new development fairly contributes to transportation improvements.

Activities
• Initiated work on the City’s Safety Action Plan, to implement Vision Zero principles in Fowler. • Adopted new street standards to incorporate the trails identified in the City of Fowler Bicycle, Pedestrian, and Trails Master Plan.
• Adopted the Fowler Traffic Impact Analysis Guidelines. • Amended the Fowler Municipal Code regulations related to on-street parking of semi-trucks. 44 Section 8, Item 8C
City of Fowler Annual Progress Report (APR) 2025
6 of 9
• Entered an agreement with Fresno County to implement the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program for the year 24-25 for the Fowler Panzak Park ADA Improvements Project funds. • The City approved the Local Streets and Road Maintenance Rehabilitation Account for FY 25-26.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ELEMENT
State law does not require an economic development element in a general plan, but such goals and policies are crucial for supporting other elements. The economic development element outlines a strategy for Fowler, focusing on promoting existing businesses, attracting new ones, and encouraging their growth. It includes policies to retain businesses and the workforce, identify new industry opportunities, and expand the tax base. Additionally, it outlines strategies for marketing Fowler’s businesses locally and externally, aiming to strengthen the economy and improve residents' quality of life. Supporting local businesses enhances service options and contributes to the vitality of downtown and commercial areas. Key strategies include rehabilitating commercial sites, discouraging vacant properties, encouraging activities that attract visitors, and supporting civic amenities like community entertainment venues and events. The element also promotes businesses that align with Fowler’s economic goals and affordable housing initiatives, creating an attractive place to live and work.

Activities
• Approved a sidewalk vending ordinance.

COMMUNITY RESILIENCY AND SAFETY ELEMENT
The community resiliency and safety element is designed to reduce risks to health and safety from hazards such as hazardous materials, flooding, seismic events, fire, and economic disruptions. It includes policies to mitigate these risks, respond to emergencies, ensure government continuity during crises, and maintain critical infrastructure. Additionally, it promotes the protection of agricultural lands, particularly those near the City’s planning area, and encourages urban agriculture. The element also emphasizes climate resilience, ongoing implementation of the Fresno County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan, regular updates to IT systems to counter cyber threats, fire safety education, and consulting the Fire Department during development reviews to ensure compliance with fire and building codes.

Activities
• Initiated work on the City of Fowler Emergency Operations Plan.

PUBLIC FACILITIES ELEMENT
The public facilities element focuses on three key categories: utilities, services, and community facilities.

Utilities include essential services such as water, electricity, waste management, and telecommunications, while services cover emergency response functions like police, fire, and medical services. Community facilities include infrastructure like recreation centers, schools, libraries, and government buildings. The element establishes policies to ensure the provision, maintenance, and expansion of these facilities as needed. Key policies require land developments to provide necessary improvements or pay fees to address public facility impacts, ensure land divisions and developments cover the costs of improvements, require the City to regularly update development impact fees, and maintain resources for planning and development. Other policies focus on providing adequate office space for City departments; ensuring 45 Section 8, Item 8C
City of Fowler Annual Progress Report (APR) 2025
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proper staffing for emergency services; incorporating new technologies in policing; establishing fees to maintain and upgrade water, wastewater, and stormwater infrastructure; and promoting waste reduction and recycling to meet state landfill reduction targets.

Activities
• Initiated work on the City of Fowler Water Master Plan. • Continued progressing with the David T. Cardenas Police Headquarters and Senior Center. • Continued work on the Fire Station Phase II Improvements. • Started construction on Well 9.
• Continued construction on the TCP Water Treatment Plant. • Hired an Animal Services Specialist.
• Approved an updated fee schedule for Planning Fees and Development Impact Fees. • Revised Water and Street Improvement standards.
46 Section 8, Item 8C
1 of 9

CITY OF FOWLER

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT
ATTACHMENT A: HOUSING ELEMENT

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT
47 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisidiction Name
Reporting Calendar Year
First Name
Last Name
Title Click here to download APR Instructions
Email
Phone
Street Address
City
Zipcode
v_12_10_25
Click here to add rows to a table. If you add too many
rows, you may select a cell in the row you wish to
remove and type ctrl + d.
128 S 5th St
Fowler
93625
Wyatt
Czeshinski
Assistant City Planner
[email protected]
5594492700
Mailing Address
Please Start Here
General Information
2025
Fowler
Contact Information
Optional: Click here to import last year's data. This is best used when the workbook is new and empty. You
will be prompted to pick an old workbook to import
from. Project and program data will be copied exactly
how it was entered in last year's form and must be
updated. If a project is no longer has any reportable
activity, you may delete the project by selecting a cell in the row and typing ctrl + d.

Annual Progress Report January 2020 48
Section 8, Item 8C
Optional: This runs a macro which checks to ensure all required fields are filled out. The macro will create two files saved in the same directory this APR file is saved in. One file will be a copy of the APR with highlighted cells which require information. The other file will be list of the problematic cells, along with a description of the nature of the error.

with the table split across 4 tabs, each of which can fit onto a single page for easier printing.

Running this macro will remove the comments on the column headers, which contain the instructions. Do not save the APR file after running in order to preserve comments once it is reopened.

Optional: This macro identifies dates entered that occurred outside of the reporting year.

RHNA credit is only given for building permits issued during the reporting year.

Link to the online system: https://hcd.my.site.com/hcdconnect Toggles formatting that turns cells green/yellow/red based on data validation rules.

Submittal Instructions
Please save your file as Jurisdictionname2025 (no spaces). Example: the City of San Luis Obispo would save their file as SanLuisObispo2025 Housing Element Annual Progress Reports (APRs) forms and tables must be submitted to HCD and the Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) on or before April 1 of each year for the prior calendar year; submit separate reports directly to both HCD and OPR pursuant to Government Code section 65400. There are two options for submitting APRs:

1. Online Annual Progress Reporting System - Please see the link to the online system to the left. This allows you to upload the completed APR form into directly into HCD’s database limiting the risk of errors. If you would like to use the online system, email [email protected] and HCD will send you the login information for your jurisdiction. Please note: Using the online system only provides the information to HCD. The APR must still be submitted to OPR. Their email address is [email protected].

2. Email - If you prefer to submit via email, you can complete the excel Annual Progress Report forms and submit to HCD at [email protected] and to OPR at [email protected]. Please send the Excel workbook, not a scanned or PDF copy of the tables.
49 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler
Reporting Year 2025
Housing Element Planning Period 6th Cycle
Current Year
Deed
Restricted 0
Non-Deed
Restricted 0
Deed
Restricted 0
Non-Deed
Restricted 0
Deed
Restricted 0
Non-Deed
Restricted 0
Deed
Restricted 0
Non-Deed
Restricted 0
Deed
Restricted 0
Non-Deed
Restricted 0
100
100
Units by Structure Type Entitled Permitted Completed
Single-family Attached 0 0 0
Single-family Detached 0 96 0
2 to 4 units per structure 0 2 0
5+ units per structure 0 0 0
Accessory Dwelling Unit 0 2 0
Mobile/Manufactured Home 0 0 0
Total 0 100 0
Infill Housing Developments and Infill Units Permitted # of Projects Units 99 100
0 0
(Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
Very Low
Low
Moderate
Acutely Low
Extremely Low
Total Units
Above Moderate
Indicated as Infill
Not Indicated as Infill
Building Permits Issued by Affordability Summary
Income Level
50 Section 8, Item 8C
8 1,417
4 0
0 0
Income Rental Ownership Total
Acutely Low 0 0 0
Extremely Low 0 0 0
Very Low 0 0 0
Low 0 0 0
Moderate 0 0 0
Above Moderate 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0
Streamlining Provisions Used - Permitted Units # of Projects Units SB 9 (2021) - Duplex in SF Zone 0 0
SB 9 (2021) - Residential Lot Split 0 0
AB 2011 (2022) 0 0
SB 6 (2022) 0 0
SB 423 (2023) 0 0
Ministerial and Discretionary Applications # of Units
Ministerial 3 3
Discretionary 5 1414
Density Bonus Applications and Units Permitted
Number of Applications Submitted Requesting a Density Bonus 0 Number of Units in Applications Submitted Requesting a Density Bonus 0 Number of Projects Permitted with a Density Bonus 0
Number of Units in Projects Permitted with a Density Bonus 0 Housing Element Programs Implemented and Sites Rezoned Count 26 0
Programs Implemented
Sites Rezoned to Accommodate the RHNA
Units Constructed - SB 423 Streamlining Permits
Number of SB 423 Streamlining Applications Approved
Total Housing Applications Submitted:

Number of Proposed Units in All Applications Received:

Total Housing Units Approved:

Total Housing Units Disapproved:

Housing Applications Summary
Use of SB 423 Streamlining Provisions - Applications
Number of SB 423 Streamlining Applications
51 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Note: "+" indicates an optional field Reporting Year 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31) Housing Element Implementation
Planning
Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
Date
Application
Submitted
Total
Approved
Units by
Project
Total
Disapprove
d Units by
Project
Streamlining Historic Sites
2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
Prior APN+ Current APN Street Address Project Name+
Local
Jurisdiction
Tracking ID
Unit Category
(SFA,SFD,2 to
4,5+,ADU,MH)
Tenure
R=Renter
O=Owner
Date
Application
Submitted
(see
instructions)
Acutely LowIncome Deed
Restricted
Acutely LowIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Extremely
Low-Income
Deed
Restricted
Extremely
Low-Income
Non Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Low-Income
Non Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
Above
ModerateIncome
Total

PROPOSED
Units by
Project
Total

APPROVED
Units by
project
Total

DISAPPROVE
D Units by
Project
Please select
state
streamlining
provision/s the
application was
submitted
pursuant to.

Is this project
located on a
site with an
associated
historical
designation as
outlined in
Government
Code Section
65400(a)(2)(N)
and reported
on Table L?
Did the
housing
development
application
seek
incentives or
concessions
pursuant to
Government
Code section
65915?
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1413 1417 4 0 343-171-04 110 S 6th St Site Plan
Revew 25-23 SFA R 5/13/2025 1 1 1 NONE No No
345-110-14
345-110-15
345-110-28
345-110-39
345-110-46
345-110-47
N/A TSM 25-03 SFD O 7/13/2025
871 871 NONE No No
343-040-02 N/A TSM 25-19 SFD O 4/17/2025 180 180 NONE No No 345-100-08S N/A TTM 6519 SFD O 7/15/2025 183 183 NONE No No 345-100-05 N/A TSM 25-44 SFD O 10/8/2025 179 179 NONE No No 343-320-61 1220 Oak Ave Zone Clearance
25-17 ADU R 4/28/2025
1 1 1 NONE No No
343-143-04 114 N. 4th St Zone Clearance
25-46 ADU R 10/10/2025
1 1 1 NONE No No
340-202-05 216 N. Fowler
Ave
Zone Clearance
25-50 ADU R 11/25/2025
1 1 1 NONE No No
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 Table A
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
1 5
Project Identifier Unit Types Density Bo
Applica
11 Housing Development Applications Submitted
Proposed Units - Affordability by Household Incomes
52 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fow ler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting
Year 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31) Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation f ormulas Planning
Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
Table A2
Streamlining Historic Sites Infill
Housing without
Financial Assistance or
Deed Restrictions
Term of
Affordability or
Deed Restriction
Notes
2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Prior APN+ Current APN Street
Address Project Name+
Local
Jurisdiction
Tracking ID
Unit
Category
(SFA,SFD,2 to
4,5+,ADU,MH)
Tenure
R=Renter
O=Owner
Acutely LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Acutely LowIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Extremely
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Extremely
LowIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome
Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Above
ModerateIncome
Entitlement
Date
Approved
# of Units
issued
Entitlements
Acutely
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Acutely
LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
Extremely
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Extremely
LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome
Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Above
ModerateIncome
Building
Permits Date
Issued
# of Units Issued
Building Permits
Acutely
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Acutely
LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
Extremely
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Extremely
LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
LowIncome
Deed
Restricted
LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome
Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Above
ModerateIncome
Certificates of
Occupancy or
other forms of
readiness
(see instructions)
Date Issued
# of Units
issued
Certificates
of
Occupancy
or other
forms of
readiness
Please select
the state
streamlining
provision the
project was

APPROVED
pursuant to.
(may select
multiple)
Is this project
located on a
site with an
associated
historical
designation as
outlined in
Government
Code Section
65400(a)(2)(N)
and reported
on Table L?
Infill Units?
Y/N+
Assistance
Programs for Each
Development
(may select
multiple - see
instructions)
Deed
Restriction
Type
(may select
multiple - see
instructions)
For units affordable
without financial
assistance or deed
restrictions, explain how
the locality determined
the units were
affordable
(see instructions)
Term of
Affordability or
Deed Restriction
(years) (if affordable
in perpetuity enter
1000)+
Number of
Demolished/Destr
oyed Units
Demolished
or Destroyed
Units
Demolished
/Destroyed
Units
Owner or
Renter
Total Density Bonus
Applied to the Project
(Percentage Increase in
Total Allowable Units or
Total Maximum
Allowable Residential
Gross Floor Area)
Number of Other
Incentives,
Concessions,
Waivers, or Other
Modifications
Given to the
Project (Excluding
Parking Waivers
or Parking
Reductions)
List the
incentives,
concessions,
waivers, and
modifications
(Excluding
Parking
Waivers or
Parking
Modifications)
Did the project
receive a reduction
or waiver of parking
standards? (Y/N)
Notes+
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tract #6405 1348 W Clara Av e BP24-0355 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1345 W Clara Av e BP24-0356 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1360 W Clara Av e BP24-0357 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 0 0 0
Tract #6405 1378 W Clara Av e BP24-0372 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1367 W Clara Av e BP24-0373 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1353 W Clara Av e BP24-0374 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-22 840 E Heidi Av e BP24-0376 SFD O 0 1 1/13/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-53 852 E Heidi Av e BP24-0377 SFD O 0 1 1/6/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-56 235 N Isabella
Av e
BP24-0378 SFD O 0 1 1/6/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-30 714 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0006 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-31 708 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0007 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1392 W Clara Av e BP25-0018 SFD O 0 1 3/21/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1399 W Clara Av e BP25-0019 SFD O 0 1 3/21/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1387 W Clara Av e BP25-0020 SFD O 0 1 3/21/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1379 W Clara Av e BP25-0021 SFD O 0 1 3/21/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-33 717 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0022 SFD O 0 1 2/4/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-32 709 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0023 SFD O 0 1 2/4/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-33 845 E Heidi Av e BP25-0027 SFD O 0 1 2/27/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-34 723 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0028 SFD O 0 1 2/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-35 735 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0029 SFD O 0 1 2/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-21 346 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0038 SFD O 0 1 3/6/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-20 360 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0039 SFD O 0 1 3/6/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-19 374 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0040 SFD O 0 1 3/6/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1402 W Clara Av e BP25-0050 SFD O 0 1 4/3/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1414 W Clara Av e BP25-0051 SFD O 0 1 4/3/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1421 W Clara Av e BP25-0052 SFD O 0 1 4/3/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1411 W Clara Av e BP25-0053 SFD O 0 1 4/3/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6381 251 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0058 SFD O 0 1 3/27/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6381 741 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0059 SFD O 0 1 3/27/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-58 279 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0082 SFD O 0 1 4/15/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-59 293 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0083 SFD O 0 1 4/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-60 315 N Isabella BP25-0084 SFD O 0 1 4/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1426 W Clara Av e BP25-0085 SFD O 0 1 4/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1436 W Clara Av e BP25-0086 SFD O 0 1 4/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1444 W Clara Av e BP25-0087 SFD O 0 1 4/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1458 W Clara Av e BP25-0088 SFD O 0 1 4/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-61 337 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0100 SFD O 0 1 4/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-04 707 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0101 SFD O 0 1 4/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-03 719 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0102 SFD O 0 1 4/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-03 721 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0103 ADU R 0 1 4/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-05 704 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0107 SFD O 0 1 5/2/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-07 726 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0108 SFD O 0 1 5/2/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1428 W Clara Av e BP25-0115 SFD O 0 1 5/21/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 826 S Philip Av e BP25-0116 SFD O 0 1 5/21/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1490 W Clara Av e BP25-0117 SFD O 0 1 5/21/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1470 W Clara Av e BP25-0118 SFD O 0 1 5/21/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-06 712 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0119 SFD O 0 1 6/12/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-37 757 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0120 SFD O 0 1 5/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-09 748 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0121 SFD O 0 1 5/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-08 734 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0122 SFD O 0 1 5/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 343-162-12 115 S 9th St BP25-0124 ADU R 0 1 8/28/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-38 763 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0132 SFD O 0 1 5/29/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-63 365 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0133 SFD O 0 1 5/29/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-62 351 N Isabella
Av e
BP25-0134 SFD O 0 1 5/29/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 842 S Philip Av e BP25-0140 SFD O 0 1 6/5/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 858 S Philip av e BP25-0141 SFD O 0 1 6/4/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 841 S Philip Av e BP25-0142 SFD O 0 1 6/4/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 857 S Philip Av e BP25-0143 SFD O 0 1 6/4/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-41 796 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0147 SFD O 0 1 6/12/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-39 779 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0148 SFD O 0 1 6/12/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-43 820 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0153 SFD O 0 1 6/12/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-42 808 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-154 SFD O 0 1 6/12/2026 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 889 S Philip Av e BP25-0159 SFD O 0 1 8/7/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 873 S Philip Av e BP25-0160 SFD O 0 1 8/7/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 874 S Philip Av e BP25-0161 SFD O 0 1 8/7/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 890 S Philip Av e BP25-0162 SFD O 0 1 8/7/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-44 844 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0163 SFD O 0 1 6/30/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-18 834 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0164 SFD O 0 1 6/30/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-40 788 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0165 SFD O 0 1 6/30/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-45 856 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0178 SFD O 0 1 7/8/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-46 862 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0179 SFD O 0 1 7/8/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-47 870 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0180 SFD O 0 1 7/8/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-48 882 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0194 SFD O 0 1 7/23/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-10 754 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0195 SFD O 0 1 7/23/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-11 762 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0196 SFD O 0 1 7/23/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 906 S Philip Av e BP25-0197 SFD O 0 1 10/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 922 S Philip Av e BP25-0198 SFD O 0 1 10/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 921 S Philip Av e BP25-0199 SFD O 0 1 10/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 905 S Philip Av e BP25-0200 SFD O 0 1 10/16/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-12 776 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0219 SFD O 0 1 8/27/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-49 896 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0220 SFD O 0 1 8/27/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-50 897 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0221 SFD O 0 1 8/27/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-54 256 N Laker Ln BP25-0230 SFD O 0 1 9/10/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-55 232 N Laker LN BP25-0231 SFD O 0 1 9/10/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-35 265 N Vista Av e BP25-0232 SFD O 0 1 9/10/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-34 241 N Vista Av e BP25-0247 SFD O 0 1 10/2/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-51 881 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0248 SFD O 0 1 10/2/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-52 873 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0258 SFD O 0 1 10/15/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-53 865 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0259 SFD O 0 1 10/15/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-54 859 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0266 SFD O 0 1 11/4/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-320-55 847 E Ahronian
Av e
BP25-0267 SFD O 0 1 11/4/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 343-410-44 1036 Lucia Av e BP25-0276 SFD O 0 1 11/19/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 343-410-45 1014 Lucia Av e BP25-0277 SFD O 0 1 11/19/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 343-410-46 1002 Lucia Av e BP25-0278 SFD O 0 1 11/19/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 343-410-49 1033 Lucia Av e BP25-0279 SFD O 0 1 11/19/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-13 782 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0280 SFD O 0 1 11/18/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-14 794 E Boornazian
Av e
BP25-0281 SFD O 0 1 11/18/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 340-340-53 274 N Laker Ln BP25-0282 SFD O 0 1 11/18/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 343-162-12 113 S 9th St BP25-0032 2 to 4 R 0 2 8/25/2025 2 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 Tract #6405 1368 W Clara Av e BP24-0370 SFD O 0 1 1/24/2025 1 0 NONE No Y HCD Af f ordability Calculator 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Density Bonus
1 Unit Types Affordability by Household Incomes - Completed Entitlement Affordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits Affordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of Occupancy 4 7 10
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
Housing with Financial Assistance
and/or Deed Restrictions Project Identifier Demolished/Destroyed Units Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units 53 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting Year 2025 (Jan. 1 - Dec. 31) Housing Element Implementation Planning Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
1 Projection
Period 3 4
RHNA Allocation
by Income Level
Projection
Period -
06/30/2023-
12/30/2023
2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031
Total Units
to Date (all
years)
Total Remaining
RHNA by
Income Level
Deed Restricted - - - - - - - - - -
Non-Deed Restricted - - - - - - - - - -
Deed Restricted - - - - - - - - - -
Non-Deed Restricted - - - - - - - - - -
Deed Restricted - - - - - - - - - -
Non-Deed Restricted - - - - - - - - - -
Deed Restricted - - - - - - - - - -
Non-Deed Restricted - - 1 - - - - - - -
Deed Restricted - - - - - - - - - -
Non-Deed Restricted 3 - 14 - - - - - - -
Above Moderate 141 14 - 71 100 - - - - - - 185 -
339
17 - 86 100 - - - - - - 203 180
Income Level
Very Low
- -
This table is auto-populated once you enter your jurisdiction name and current year data. Past year information comes from previous APRs.

Please contact HCD if your data is different than the material supplied here 2 Table B
Regional Housing Needs Allocation Progress
Permitted Units Issued by Affordability
94 17 Moderate
94 57
47 1
-
Please note: The APR form can only display data for one planning period. To view progress for a different planning period, you may login to HCD's online APR system, or contact HCD staff at [email protected].

Acutely Low - -
*For years prior to 2025, data on deed-restricted vs. non-deed restricted Extremely Low-Income units is approximated from whether the projects reported any deed-restricted Very Low-Income Units. If you wish to edit this historical data for accuracy or have any questions about the data, you may login to HCD's online APR system, or contact HCD staff at [email protected].

Total Units
*For jurisdictions that received RHNA determinations for the current cycle prior to the passage of AB 3093 (September 19, 2024):
- You were not allocated Acutely Low-Income and Extremely Low-Income RHNA targets, therefore the allocations in Field 1 are listed as "0" - If you wish to set your own targets in these income categories for informational purposes, contact HCD staff at [email protected]. - All Acutely Low-Income and Extremely Low-Income units reported during the cycle are counted towards Very-Low Income RHNA progress 30 Total RHNA
-
56 Low
*For years prior to 2025, Acutely Low-Income units are reported within the Extremely Low-Income category Please Note: Table B does not currently contain data from Table F or Table F2 for prior years. You may login to the APR system to see Table B that contains this data.

Extremeley Low -
54 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting Year 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31) Housing Element Implementation
Planning Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
Date of
Rezone Rezone Type
2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11
APN Street Address Project Name+
Local
Jurisdiction
Tracking ID+
Date of
Rezone
Very LowIncome Low-Income ModerateIncome
Above
ModerateIncome
Rezone Type Parcel Size
(Acres)
General Plan
Designation Zoning
Minimum
Density
Allowed
Maximum
Density
Allowed
Realistic
Capacity Vacant/Nonvacant Description of Existing Uses
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
3 8
Project Identifier RHNA Shortfall by Household Income Category Sites Description 1 Sites Identified or Rezoned to Accommodate Shortfall Housing Need and No Net-Loss Law Table C
55 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler
Reporting Year 2025 (Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Name of Program Objective
Projected Completion
Date in Housing
Element
Applicable Cycle Status of Program
Implementation Program Implementation Details Quantified Outcomes: Category Quantified Outcomes:

Count Supporting Documents
Program 1: Regional
Collaboration on Housing
Opportunities
To ensure that regional housing needs are
met collaboratively within Fresno County. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous Throughout the planning period, the City continued to
attend quarterly meetings with the 13 participating
jurisdictions in Fresno COG (Committee) to develop
committee goals to address housing issues. As part of
this collaboration, the City evaluated successes in the implementation of Housing Element programs and
shared insights and guidance to other committee
members as they implemented their programs. The
Committee also identified gaps and additional needs,
including a lack of grant funding for housing and
competition between jurisdictions, shortage of staff time and resources, and a need for universal informational
materials about funding resources available to all
jurisdictions, from a variety of potential funding sources.

One gap that was identified by the Committee was
accurate, current information on preferred locations for the development of affordable housing, including
farmworker housing. In response, the Committee
supported the County’s effort to create a survey in 2021 to determine farmers’ need for housing on their
farmland. Also in response to identified needs of
jurisdictions, the Committee supported the County’s
effort in 2023 to conduct a feasibility study on a regional housing trust for affordable housing. The City of Fowler continues to participate in the Countywide Housing
Element Technical Committee which collaborates on
implementation including infrastructure challenges,
homelessness, and fair housing.

Meetings 4 None
Program 2: Review
Annexation Standards in
Memorandum of
Understanding
To remove barriers in the development of
affordable housing. 12/31/2026 6th Cycle In Progress
The MOU between the City and the County will be
reviewed to ensure that annexations contributing to the City's RHNA will be streamlined to the maximum extent
possible. The City recently expanded its sphere of
influece and will be reviewing its MOU with the County
as a result of this expansion.

Other 1 None

ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Housing Element Implementation
Housing Programs Progress Report
Describe progress of all programs including local efforts to remove governmental constraints to the maintenance, improvement, and development of housing as identified in the housing element.

Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583 56 Section 8, Item 8C
Program 3:

Homeless/Unhoused
Needs
To support and encourage the
development of housing programs aimed
at the homeless/unhoused population.
12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
The City will monitor the demographic composition of
the unhoused population to identify needs for targeted
resources and determine what efforts to take, such as
providing education on financial assistance and
programs available. The City has also recently entered
into the County of Fresno’s Joint Powers Authority
(JPA) to participate in the County’s Emergency
Solutions Grants (ESG) program for homeless services
and other eligible activities through the County
Department of Social Services in partnership with the
Fresno-Madera Continuum of Care.

Persons 3
Fresno County Housing Resources:
https://www.fresnocountyca.gov/Department
s/Social-Services/AssistancePrograms/Housing-Assistance Program 4: Provision of
Adequate Sites
Provide for a variety of housing types and
ensure that adequate sites are available to
meet RHNA.
12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
The City maintained the inventory of land, made it
available upon request, and ensured sufficient land to
accommodate the City’s RHNA throughout the planning
period. In 2021, the City prepared an interactive map as part of their General Plan Update and due to the benefit of making this information available to the public, the City has retained this map on their website as a
resource. The City initiated an update and refinements
to this map to retain it as an ongoing resource to the
public and development community, along with
additional mapping resources. The City will annually
report its housing production to HCD and will participate in the creation of the next RHNA Plan.

Other 1
City of Fowler General Plan:
https://www.fowlercity.org/generalplan/page/interactive-maps Program 5: Water and
Wastewater Service
To remove barriers in the development of
affordable housing. 12/31/2025 6th Cycle In Progress
The City continues to monitor and map water and
wastewater concerns. Through this monitoring, the City
identified one well with elevated TCP levels. The City
received funding to treat the well, which is currently in design. A water model was also completed in 2020 to
identify areas of concern related to water capacity. Need for an additional water well was identified on the west side of the City, grant funding was received, and the
new well is now under construction. Due to the ongoing
monitoring and proactive pursuit of grant funding and
project design and approvals for new infrastructure
needs, the City has had sufficient capacity for both
water and wastewater to serve new developments,
including lower income projects. The City is nearing
completion of Well 9 and a TCP Plant for Well 7, which
will ensure continued quality water avaliability to serve the growth of the City.

Other 1 None
Program 6: Affordable
Housing Incentives
To provide incentives for the development
of affordable housing. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
A comprehensive zoning ordinance was adopted in
2024 ensuring compliance with State Housing Law. The
City regularly coordinates with Fresno Housing Authority and Self Help Enterprises to identify opportunities for new affordable housing projects. Additionally, the City regularly offers one on one meetings with prospective
developers interested in affordable housing or the
implementation of the density bonus ordinance.

Currently the City has increased the affordable housing inventory by 18 (one low income and 17 moderatate
income housing units).

Units 18 None
57 Section 8, Item 8C
Program 7: Support
Funding for Farmworker
Housing
To support and encourage the
development of housing specifically aimed
at farmworkers.
12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
The City will engage with housing developers in the
application of funds for farmworker housing, including
HCD and USDA Rural Development loans and grants
and other funding sources that may become available.

The City will also continue to offer incentives such as density bonuses, streamlined processing, and the minor
deviation process to facilitate development of
farmworker housing.

Units None
Program 8: Farmworker
Preference in New
Affordable Housing
To support and encourage the
development of housing specifically aimed
at farmworkers.
12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
For new affordable housing projects developed with City assistance, incentives, and/or subject to City
requirements, the City will require that the developer
give qualified farmworker households a preference for
15 percent of the new units. Should demand from
farmworker households be insufficient to fill the setaside units, then the units will be made available to other
qualified households. The City will annually reach out to affordable housing developers to gather interest and
input on how to best implement this program and will
provide information on available funding.

Units None
Program 9: Extremely
Low-Income Households
To encourage development for extremely
low-income households. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
To support the development or rehabilitation of singleroom occupancy (SR) units and/or other units affordable to extremely low-income households, such as
supportive and multifamily units, the City will continue to seek and pursue state and federal funds to offer a
variety of incentives or concessions.

Units None
Program 10: Preservation
of At-Risk Housing Units
To keep lower-income housing units from
converting to market rate. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous For complexes at risk of converting to market rate, the City will take several actions to preserve affordable
housing. First, it will contact property owners of units at risk of conversion within one year of affordability
expiration to discuss the City's interest in maintaining the property as affordable housing. Additionally, the City will coordinate with owners of expiring subsidies to
ensure that the required notices are sent to tenants at three years, twelve months, and six months before
conversion. The City will also reach out to agencies
interested in purchasing or managing these at-risk units.

Furthermore, the City will work with tenants to provide education on their rights and the conversion procedures in accordance with California law.

Other None
Program 11: Encourage
and Facilitate Accessory
Units
To facilitate construction of affordable
housing units. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
The City has amended their Accessory Dwelling Unit
(ADU) ordinances to be compliant with new state law
and prepared an information brochure for distribution to the public and development community. Currently the
City has added 4 ADU units.

Units4 None
Program 12: Replacement
Units To reduce displacement risk. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous The City will require replacement housing units subject to the requirements of California Government Code
Section 65915(c)(3) on sites identified in the sites
inventory when any new development (residential,
mixed-use, or nonresidential) occurs on a site that has been occupied by or restricted for the use of lower
income households at any time during the previous five
years. This requirement applies to non-vacant sites and vacant sites with previous residential usest that have
been vacated or demolished.

Units None
58 Section 8, Item 8C
Program 13: Housing for a
Variety of Needs To provide housing for a variety of needs. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous The City will encourage a variety of housing types to
address the housing needs of a variety of household
types, sizes, and incomes. This could include duplexes, townhomes, apartment buildings, and condominiums in
neighborhoods and new subdivisions and will identify
innovative and alternative housing options that provide greater flexibility and affordability in the housing stock while promoting mixed-income development. This may
include consideration for further reduction in regulatory barriers for community land trusts, tiny houses,
microhomes, cottage homes, small lot subdivisions, and
other alternative housing types, as well as exploration of a variety of densities and housing types in all zoning
districts. Currently the City has approved 4 ADUs and a duplex.

Units 6 None
Program 14: Zoning
Ordinance Amendments To comply with the State housing laws. 12/31/2024 6th Cycle Completed In compliance with State laws, the City has amended its Zoning Ordinance to address the provision of a variety
of housing options, especially housing for special needs groups. Specifically, the City has amended the Zoning
Ordinance to address the following: Density Bonus,
Emergency Shelters, Low-Barrier Navigation Centers,
Residential Care Facilities, Farmworker/Employee
Housing, Reasonable Accommodation, Definition of
Family, Single-Room Occupancy (SRO) Housing,
Transitional and Supportive Housing, and Manufactured
Housing. The City will continue to update its ordinance to stay compliant with State law as necessary.

Other 1
Zoning Code:
https://library.municode.com/ca/fowler/ordina
nces/zoning?nodeId=1300079
Amended Zoning Code:
https://library.municode.com/ca/fowler/ordina
nces/zoning?nodeId=1337892
Program 15: Reasonable
Accommodations and
Universal Design
To reduce displacement risk for people
with physical and development disabilities. 12/31/2025 6th Cycle In Progress The City adopted a Reasonable Accomodation
Ordinance in 2024. The City will provide information to individuals with disabilities regarding reasonable
accommodation policies, practices, and procedures
based on the guidelines from HCD. This information will be available through postings and pamphlets at the
public counter and on the City’s website.

Persons None
Program 16: Lot
Development Feasibility
To create additional opportunities for infill
development and affordable housing. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous The City will facilitate development on both large and
small lots by encouraging lot consolidations, particularly for smaller lots identified in the Housing Element site inventory. The City will expedite the processing of
subdivisions, lot splits, and lot line adjustments that create new developable parcels on sites larger than 10
acres within the lower-income category, and may
consider deferring development impact fees.

Additionally, the City will seek funding for off-site
improvements on such larger sites to further incentivize development. The City will also engage with local
developers and property owners to explore
development opportunities and potential incentives for
lot consolidation to support affordable housing.

Other None
59 Section 8, Item 8C
Program 17: Monitoring of
Planning and
Development Fees
To facilitate construction of affordable
housing units. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
The City will analyze housing-related development fees, particularly formultifamily housing, on an annual basis to ensure they do not unduly constrain development. As
part of the analysis process, meet with multifamily
developers at least once by December 2025 to request
input regarding constraints associated with fees. Based on feedback received, reduce fees if found to be a
constraint. Further, the City will offer deferred or
reduced fees to facilitate affordable housing
development, as appropriate. The City is working on
adding multifamily units and has approved one duplex.

Units2 None
Program 18: Preliminary
Applications (SB 330) and
Streamlined Approval (SB
35)
To facilitate construction of affordable
housing units. 6/30/2025 6th Cycle In Progress
The City will develop a preliminary application form and procedure or will adopt the Preliminary Application Form developed by HCD, pursuant to SB 330. The City will
also establish a written policy and/or procedure, and
other guidance as appropriate, to specify the SB 35
streamlining approval process and standards for eligible projects under Government Code Section 65913.4. The
applications will be available on the City’s website for developers interested in pursuing the streamlined
process or vesting rights. The City has added one lower income unit.

Units1 None
Program 19: Objective
Design Standards
To set standards for a variety of housing
options. 12/31/2025 6th Cycle Completed The City adopted objective design standards in its zoning ordinance update in 2024. Other 1 None
Program 20: Housing and
Rental Rehabilitation
Programs
To assist in promoting fair resources
available in the region. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous The City of Fowler does not currently participate in
either of Fresno County’s rehabilitation programs,
including the Fresno County Housing Assistance
Rehabilitation Program (HARP) and the Fresno County
Rental Rehabilitation Program (RRP). However, the City
has recently entered into the County of Fresno’s Joint
Powers Authority (JPA) to participate in the County’s
HOME and CDBG programs, which include the HARP
and the RRP programs. These programs provide
funding for eligible improvements, including energyefficiency upgrades and installations, health and safety and hazard corrections, and accessibility modifications to reduce displacement risk and facilitate place-based
revitalization.

Other None
Program 21: Code
Enforcement To enforce substandard abatement. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous The City will continue to utilize code enforcement and
substandard abatement processes to bring substandard
housing units and residential properties into compliance with City codes. The City will make information avaliable regarding rehabilitation assistance programs
Households None
Program 22: First-Time
Homebuyer Resources
To pursue and disseminate available
resources to the public. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous The City was allocated funding through the Permanent
Local Housing Allocation (PLHA) program beginning in
2019. The City applied to receive funds during the
second round of funding distribution in 2021 and
proposed to use the funding for a down payment
assistance program for low-income recipients. The
funding agreement was executed in 2023 and the City is
now able to receive PLHA funding to provide lowincome down payment assistance for first-time homebuyers. The City will update their website with
information on this program and include reference to
resources for first-time homebuyers.

Households None
60 Section 8, Item 8C
Program 23: Energy
Conservation
To promote energy conservation in
housing rehabilitation. 6/30/2025 6th Cycle Continuous
The City continues to support PG&E programs that
provide energy efficiency rebates and implements the
Building codes that support and encourage alternative
energy. The City has also established a streamlined
approval process for solar panel systems.

Persons None
Program 24: Housing
Choice Vouchers
To disseminate information, refer
interested households to the Housing
Authority, and encourage landlords to
participate.
12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous
The City continues to partner with Fresno HA and
regularly communicates with interested parties to
connect them to the HA for more information about the
HCV program. Currently the City added one lower
income housing unit.

Units 1 None
Program 25: Housing
Discrimination Monitoring
and Referral
To reduce displacement risk. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous The City will coordinate with the Housing Authority,
Fresno Council of Governments (FCOG), and other
Fresno County jurisdictions to encourage the
development of Spanish-language printed materials to
improve accessibility to fair housing resources for
residents. If additional languages become more
prevalent in the county, materials will be translated into those languages as needed.

Persons None
Program 26: Improve
Access to Resources To reduce displacement risk. 12/31/2031 6th Cycle Continuous The City of Fowler plans to improve access to
resources and opportunities, particularly for lowerincome residents, by collaborating with Fresno County Rural Transit Agency to provide information about
transportation programs, prioritizing place-based
revitalization projects through the Capital Improvement Plan, and pursuing funding for community amenities like water infrastructure and parks. The City will ensure
resource information is available in Spanish, offer
translation services at public meetings, and provide
flood-related resources on its website. Additionally, the City will work with developers to mitigate environmental impacts of new housing projects and partner with local
school districts to address housing insecurity and
support teacher retention through grants and incentives.

Other None
61 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting
Period 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31) Housing Element Implementation
Planning 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
Description of
Commercial
Development Bonus
Commercial Development Bonus
Date Approved
3 4
APN Street Address Project Name+
Local
Jurisdiction
Tracking ID+
Very Low
Income
Low
Income
Moderate
Income
Above Moderate
Income
Description of
Commercial
Development Bonus
Commercial Development Bonus
Date Approved
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Units Constructed as Part of Agreement
Commercial Development Bonus Approved pursuant to GC Section 65915.7 Table E
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
Project Identifier
1 2
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation
formulas
(CCR Title 25 §6202)
Annual Progress Report January 2020
62 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Note: "+" indicates an optional field Reporting Period 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31) Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas Planning Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
The description should adequately document
how each unit complies with subsection (c) of
Government Code Section 65583.1+.

For detailed reporting requirements, see the
chcklist here:

Extremely LowIncome+Very LowIncome+ Low-Income+ TOTAL UNITS+Extremely LowIncome+Very LowIncome+ Low-Income+TOTAL UNITS+
https://www.hcd.ca.gov/communitydevelopment/docs/adequate-sites-checklist.pdf Rehabilitation Activity
Preservation of Units At-Risk
Acquisition of Units
Mobilehome Park Preservation
Total Units by Income
Table F
Please note this table is optional: The jurisdiction can use this table to report units that have been substantially rehabilitated, converted from non-affordable to affordable by acquisition, and preserved, including mobilehome park preservation, consistent with the standards set forth in Government Code section 65583.1, subdivision (c). Please note, motel, hotel, hostel rooms or other structures that are converted from non-residential to residential units pursuant to Government Code section 65583.1(c)(1)(D) are considered net-new housing units and must be reported in Table A2 and not reported in Table F.

Activity Type
Units that Do Not Count Towards RHNA+
Listed for Informational Purposes Only
Units that Count Towards RHNA +
Note - Because the statutory requirements severely limit what can be counted, please contact HCD at [email protected] and we will unlock the form which enable you to populate these fields.

Units Rehabilitated, Preserved and Acquired for Alternative Adequate Sites pursuant to Government Code section 65583.1(c) Annual Progress Report January 2020 63
Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Note: "+" indicates an
optional field
Reporting
Period 2025 (Jan. 1 - Dec. 31) Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas Planning
Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
Notes
2 3 6
Prior APN+ Current APN Street Address Project Name+
Local
Jurisdiction
Tracking ID
Unit
Category
(2 to 4,5+)
Tenure
R=Renter
Very LowIncome Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome
Non Deed
Restricted
Low- Income Deed
Restricted
Low- Income
Non Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Above
ModerateIncome
Total Moderate Income
Units Converted from
Above Moderate
Date
Converted Notes
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table F2
Above Moderate Income Units Converted to Moderate Income Pursuant to Government Code section 65400.2 For up to 25 percent of a jurisdiction’s moderate-income regional housing need allocation, the planning agency may include the number of units in an existing multifamily building that were converted to deed-restricted rental housing for moderate-income households by the imposition of affordability covenants and restrictions for the unit. Before adding information to this table, please ensure housing developments meet the requirements described in Government Code 65400.2(b). 5 Project Identifier Unit Types
1 4
Affordability by Household Incomes After Conversion Units credited toward Moderate Income RHNA
64 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler
Reporting
Period 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31)
Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031 ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Housing Element Implementation
2 3 4
APN Street Address Project Name+
Local
Jurisdiction
Tracking ID+
Realistic
Capacity
Identified in
the Housing
Element
Entity to whom the site
transferred Intended Use for Site
343-233-02ST n/a Resolution 2817 7 Mailbox Money LLC Mixed-use multifamily project inlcuding commercial/retail space.
343-233-03ST n/a Resolution 2817 7 Mailbox Money LLC Mixed-use multifamily project inlcuding commercial/retail space.
1 Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Table G
Locally Owned Lands Included in the Housing Element Sites Inventory that have been sold, leased, or otherwise disposed of Project Identifier

element sites inventory contains a site which is or was owned by the reporting jurisdiction, and has been sold, leased, or otherwise disposed of during the reporting
year.
65 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler Note: "+" indicates an optional field Reporting
Period 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31)
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation
formulas
Designation Size Notes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
APN Street Address/Intersection Existing Use Number of
Units
Surplus
Designation
Parcel Size (in
acres) Notes
NOTE: This table must contain an inventory
of ALL surplus/excess lands the reporting
jurisdiction owns
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Parcel Identifier

ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Housing Element Implementation
Table H
Locally Owned Surplus Sites
66 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting
Period 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31) Housing Element Implementation
Planning
Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
Project Type Date
2 3
APN Street Address Project Name+
Local
Jurisdiction
Tracking ID+
Unit Category
(SH - Student
Housing)
Date
Very LowIncome Deed
Restricted
Very LowIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Low- Income
Deed
Restricted
Low- Income
Non Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome Deed
Restricted
ModerateIncome Non
Deed
Restricted
Above
ModerateIncome
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Note:

Cells in grey
Table J
Student housing development for lower income students for which was granted a density bonus pursuant to subparagraph (F) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Se Project Identifier Units (Beds/Student Capacity) Approved 1 4
NOTE: STUDENT HOUSING WITH DENSITY BONUS
ONLY. This table only needs to be completed if there
were student housing projects WITH a density bonus
approved pursuant to Government
Code65915(b)(1)(F)
Annual Progress Report January 2020 67
Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting Period 2025 (Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
Planning Period 6th Cycle 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031
No
Table K
Tenant Preference Policy
Local governments are required to inform HCD about any local tenant preference ordinance the local government maintains when the jurisdiction submits their annual progress report on housing approvals and production, per Government Code 7061 (SB 649, 2022, Cortese). Effective January 1, 2023, local governments adopting a tenant preference are required to create a webpage on their internet website containing authorizing local ordinance and supporting materials, no more than 90 days after the ordinance becomes operational.

Does the Jurisdiction have a local tenant preference
policy?
If the jurisdiction has a local tenant preference policy, provide a link to the jurisdiction's webpage containing authorizing local ordinance and supporting materials.

Notes
68 Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler Note: "+" indicates an optional field Reporting
Period 2025
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
31)
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation
formulas
Size Notes
3 4
APN Street Address/Intersection Date of
Designation
Designation
Level
Historic Site
Period
Areas of
Significance
Parcel Size (in
acres) Notes
Summary Row:

NOTE: This table needs to be completed with any sites within your jurisdiction that were newly added to a National, State, or Local register of historic places within the reporting year. If none, leave blank.

ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Housing Element Implementation
Table L
Historical Resources
Parcel Identifier
1 Designation
2 69
Section 8, Item 8C
Jurisdiction Fowler
Reporting Year 2025 (Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
Total Award Amount Total award amount is auto-populated based on amounts entered in rows 15-26.

Task $ Amount Awarded $ Cumulative Reimbursement Requested Other Funding Notes
Summary of entitlements, building permits, and certificates of occupancy (auto-populated from Table A2) Current Year
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
0 0
Current Year
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
100
100
Current Year
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
Deed Restricted 0
Non-Deed Restricted 0
0 0
Acutely Low
Extremely Low
Acutely Low
Extremely Low

ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Local Early Action Planning (LEAP) Reporting
(CCR Title 25 §6202)
Please update the status of the proposed uses listed in the entity’s application for funding and the corresponding impact on housing within the region or jurisdiction, as applicable, categorized based on the eligible uses specified in Section 50515.02 or 50515.03, as applicable. $ -
Task Status
Total Units
Certificate of Occupancy Issued by Affordability Summary Income Level
Very Low
Low
Moderate
Above Moderate
Moderate
Above Moderate
Total Units
Completed Entitlement Issued by Affordability Summary
Income Level
Very Low
Low
Moderate
Above Moderate
Total Units
Building Permits Issued by Affordability Summary
Income Level
Very Low
Low
Acutely Low
Extremely Low
70 Section 8, Item 8C

CITY COUNCIL MEETING

REPORT TO THE CITY COUNCIL
DATE: April 21, 2026
FROM: DAWN E. MARPLE, City Planner
SUBJECT: CONSIDER: Adopting Resolution No. 2828, approving Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 and Direct Staff to File a Certificate of Termination of the Williamson Act Contract Upon Completion of the Annexation Process.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Approval of the Resolution would allow for the construction of a 44-lot subdivision for light industrial uses on the north side of Fowler, providing for increased employment options within the City. Subsequent development of each lot would require the City’s review and approval of a site plan review and environmental review. The project is consistent with the goals and policies of the City’s General Plan. Staff recommend that the City Council adopt Resolution No. 2828.

BACKGROUND
Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 is a tentative subdivision map which proposes a new industrial subdivision on a property generally located at the southeast intersection of Golden State Boulevard and Clayton Avenue (Assessor’s Parcel Numbers [APN] 340-120-05, - 28, and -29) (the “Project”). No development beyond the construction of infrastructure (streets and utilities) is proposed. The Project site is approximately 45.04 acres in size bounded by Clayton Avenue to the north, Golden State Boulevard and the Union Pacific Railroad to the west, and farmland and undeveloped land to the east, and residential development to the south (“Property”).

The site is designated Light Industrial and Medium Low Density Residential under the City of Fowler’s General Plan. On May 6, 2025, the subject property was prezoned with a mapping zone district designation of M-1 (Light Industrial) and R-1-6 (One Family Residential) and an implementing zone district of M-1 (Light Industrial) and R-3 (Medium Density Residential), consistent with the underlying General Plan land use designations.

The Project proposes to develop the prezoned M-1 portion of the site, approximately 30.65 acres, into industrial lots, while the remaining 14.39 acres, prezoned R-3, on the eastern portion of the Property would be designated as an undeveloped remainder. Design and layout of the lots contained on the map are reflective of this. In total, the proposed Project would 71 Section 10, Item B
result in 44 light industrial lots, with an outlot reserved for stormwater retention. Future development of these lots would be required to meet the allowed uses and objective standards of the M-1 zone district. These objective standards require screening and noise management of industrial uses when adjacent to residential uses.

Should the undeveloped remainder of the Property wish to develop in accordance with the General Plan, a tentative subdivision map would need to be prepared, submitted, and approved by the City Council.

Two points of access from East Clayton Avenue are proposed, and a stub connection was required to allow two points of access to the property to the south. Lots abutting East Clayton Avenue would relinquish direct access rights to Clayton Avenue because of their shallow lot depths.

Williamson Act Contract
The Williamson Act authorizes local governments to enter into contracts with private landowners to restrict designated parcels to agricultural or compatible open space uses. In exchange, participating landowners receive reduced property tax assessments based on the land’s agricultural value rather than its full market value.

When a city annexes land subject to a Williamson Act contract, the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) must determine whether the annexing city will assume the county’s rights, duties, and obligations under the existing contract. However, under specific circumstances outlined in California Government Code Section 51243.5, a city may elect not to succeed to the contract.

This option is limited and applies only if certain statutory conditions are met. Among these conditions, the city must have filed a formal resolution protesting the execution of the contract at the time it was originally established. The protest must have clearly identified both the contract and the subject parcel. Additionally, Section 51243.5 applies only to contracts executed prior to January 1, 1991, and to lands that were located within one mile of the city’s boundary at the time the contract was executed.

In this case, in 1978 the City of Fowler filed a formal protest against the execution of Land Conservation Contract No. 6340 pursuant to the Williamson Act (Government Code Section 51240). This protest was subsequently upheld by the Fresno County Local Agency Formation Commission through Resolution No. LC-78-3.

Given these circumstances, the subject contract qualifies for termination upon annexation.

Termination differs from cancellation or non-renewal in that it is immediate and does not require the payment of cancellation fees. Because the property is subject to a qualifying protested contract, executed prior to the applicable statutory dates and located within one mile of the city boundary at the time, the City may elect not to succeed to the contract.

If the City exercises this option, the Williamson Act contract will automatically terminate upon annexation. The City must then follow the procedures outlined in Government Code Section 51243.5, including the filing of a certificate of contract termination to formalize the action.

Public Infrastructure
72 Section 10, Item B
The subject Property does not have wet utilities (i.e. water and sewer) along its East Clayton Avenue frontage. The nearest utilities are in Golden State Boulevard and Fowler Avenue. The Project will be required to extend sewer to the subdivision frontage, and water from Golden State Boulevard to the existing connection point in Fowler Avenue. The City’s General Plan Environmental Impact Report (“EIR) requires that no natural gas infrastructure be extended to the subdivision.

There is no permanent drainage service in the area, and thus the Project is required to construct a drainage basin. The City is requiring said basin to be dedicated to the City. The City would maintain the basin and reimbursed through a Landscape and Lighting Maintenance District or Community Facilities District that the subdivision would be required in annex into.

The Norris Canal, operated by Consolidated Irrigation District (“CID”), was previously undergrounded and is located in a 20-foot easement along the property’s East Clayton Avenue frontage from the western edge of the map boundary to a point approximately where Norris Avenue is proposed, where it switches to the north side of East Clayton Avenue. This easement is proposed to be dedicated to the City for purposes of extending the right-of-way to accommodate ultimate buildout of East Clayton Avenue, where asphalt, curb, gutter, sidewalk, and streetlights would be constructed. In response, CID requests that the map be conditioned to relocate the irrigation pipeline and its easement elsewhere, as they do not want asphalt and curb and gutter over their pipeline. The City is willing to work with the engineer and CID to find an appropriate location for the irrigation pipeline to reduce the amount of land encumbered by an easement.

Ditch Easement
North Thomas Avenue is proposed over a 15-foot privately-held easement for ditch and incidental purposes. The City will require that North Thomas Avenue be relocated out of that easement, or the easement be quitclaimed. If such easement were not removed, the easement holder would have the right to construct a ditch and incidental purposes where the road exists.

Flood Zone “A”
The subject Property is located in a 100-year floodplain, mapped by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Review of the floodplain map indicates that this area is not flooded by a nearby canal or river, but rather a low spot. Buildings constructed in this area will be required to be built above the base flood elevation. Water and sewer utilities will be required to be designed to minimize or eliminate infiltration of floodwaters into the system, and vice-versa.

The basin would be required to be constructed such that the bank is one foot above the base flood elevation so runoff would make it into the basin even during a flood event.

Air Quality Emissions
Staff performed an air quality analysis and found that construction of the subdivision and subsequent construction and operations of subsequent development would result in a potentially significant health impact to neighboring homes if not properly mitigated. As a result, the City proposes a mitigation measure to require that construction of the subdivision and subsequent buildings with construction equipment with cleaner engines. Such mitigation measure would result health impacts to less than significant and not impose operational restrictions on businesses in the subdivision. These requirements, in addition to other mitigation measures, will be required to be recorded on the property. Such requirements would reduce the amount of air quality mitigation fees subsequent projects would be owed to the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.
73 Section 10, Item B
Construction Noise
Construction of the subdivision improvements and subsequent buildings would generate noise from construction. Construction noise is exempt from the City’s noise ordinance. Operational noise however is not, and future development would be required to construct concrete masonry block walls along the property line abutting the Designated Remainder.

Transportation Impacts
Due to the potential subsequent development of the site with industrial uses, a traffic impact study was required and prepared by a licensed traffic engineer. Several intersections likely utilized by subsequent development were analyzed. The study identified several intersections that would need improvements in the future. These included the following:
 Golden State Boulevard and Jefferson
 Clovis Avenue and Lincoln Avenue
 Golden State Boulevard and East Clayton Avenue
 Clovis Avenue at State Route 99
 Merced and State Route 99 Southbound
 Merced and State Route 99 Northbound
The City Engineer prepared a cost estimate of the improvements necessary at each of these intersections and assigned a fair share cost estimate to each intersection. Traffic-generating development would be required to pay an inflation-adjusted, per-trip generated impact fee rather than the City’s scheduled traffic impact fee.

Aesthetics and Vesting Maps
Subsequent development of each parcel would be required to comply with the established zoning in place. The approval of a vesting tentative map confers a vested right to proceed with development in substantial compliance with the ordinances, policies, and standards in place when the application was determined to be complete. These vested rights expire one (1) year after recording of a final map. That being said, development standards under both the previous and current zoning ordinance are essentially identical.

Subsequent development would be required to comply with General Plan Policy CDES-23 (discussed below under General Plan Consistency), which requires industrial projects to provide transitions when new or expanded industrial development is proposed adjacent to planned or zoned residential areas. These compatibility standards will address increased building setbacks, enhanced landscaping, lighting standards, masonry wall requirements, and/or loading or operational limitations.

These standards include:
 Walls adjacent to residential-zoned districts.
 Screened outdoor uses and storage areas.
 Loading area operational restrictions.

Bike, Pedestrian, and Trails Plan
While the Bike, Pedestrian, and Trails (“BPT”) Plan has been adopted, it does not have a regulatory effect at this time. That being said, the BPT Plan does identify East Clayton Avenue as having a Class 1 Shared Use Path, connecting Golden State Boulevard to Temperance Avenue. As there is development on the south side of East Clayton Avenue between 74 Section 10, Item B
Armstrong and Temperance, the Class 1 trail should be constructed on the north side of Clayton Avenue. Therefore, the subdivision design would not conflict with the BPT Plan.

Findings
The Subdivision Map Act (Government Code Section 66474) requires the City to make the following findings prior to approval of a tentative map:

1. The proposed map is consistent with applicable general and specific plans as specified in Section 65451.

The proposed tentative map proposes a subdivision for light industrial uses, which is consistent with the subject Property’s land use designation. There are no applicable specific plans.

2. The design or improvement of the proposed subdivision is consistent with applicable general and specific plans.

The City is empowered to regulate the design and improvement of subdivisions by the Subdivision Map Act and the City’s Subdivision Ordinance. The Project meets the City’s design requirements. Conditions of approval will ensure consistency with General Plan standards and policies.

3. The site is physically suitable for the type of development.

The Project site is generally flat and level and is capable of supporting light industrial development.

4. The site is physically suitable for the proposed density of development.

Infrastructure needed to serve the development is located within adjacent public rights-of-way, or its installation will be required as conditions of approval. The flat, level nature of the site in conjunction with the proximity of infrastructure and Project conditions ensure that the site is physically suitable for the proposed density of development density of the Project.

5. The design of the subdivision or the proposed improvements are not likely to cause substantial environmental damage or substantially and avoidably injure a fish or wildlife habitat.

The Project is generally consistent with the previously certified City of Fowler General Plan EIR. The EIR considered impacts to fish and wildlife resources within the City’s Planning Area.

Conditions of approval were included to prevent significant environmental effects on biological resources. As such, the proposed Project, which is being developed in accordance with the City’s General Plan, would not result in substantial environmental damage or substantially and avoidably injure a fish or wildlife habitat.

6. The design of the subdivision or type of improvements is not likely to cause serious public health problems.

The Project has been designed in accordance with City standards, which were established to prevent serious public health problems. Additionally, the traffic study prepared for the Project 75 Section 10, Item B
has not identified any potential conflicts with public health, safety, or general welfare.

Construction of the site in accordance with City standards and as conditioned will ensure that serious public health problems do not occur as a result of the Project.

7. The design of the subdivision or the type of improvements will not conflict with easements, acquired by the public at large, for access through or use of, property within the proposed subdivision.

The Project is required to relocate the CID’s easement and to quitclaim the existing privately-held ditch easement.

PUBLIC NOTICE
A Notice of Public Hearing was published in The Business Journal on April 10, 2026, which is at least ten (10) days prior to the public hearing. It was also sent via US Mail to all property owners within 300 feet of the proposed Project.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
The proposed Project was previously reviewed for compliance with CEQA. A Mitigated Negative Declaration was adopted by City Council on May 6, 2025 and no further documentation is required.

GENERAL PLAN CONSISTENCY
The proposed Project is consistent with the following General Plan goals and policies:

General Plan Goal LU-4
There are continued opportunities for the expansion of industrial land uses.

General Plan Policy LU-1
Development shall occur in accordance with the planned land uses as shown on Figure 4-1:

Land Use Diagram.

General Plan Policy LU-11
Annexation of industrial land uses may be allowed, provided the property meets all applicable requirements for annexation.

General Plan Policy LU-20
The City shall reserve sufficient space for industrial and supportive uses, recognizing greater land requirements due to methods of operation and marketing needs.

General Plan Policy LU-22
Industrial land in proximity to residential areas shall be planned for light industry.

General Plan Goal CH-2
Impacts from pollution are minimized through thoughtful and deliberate land use planning.

General Plan Policy CDES-23
New industrial buildings are designed in a way such that they enhance Fowler’s character. 76 Section 10, Item B
General Plan Action Item CDES-23b
Require industrial projects to provide transitions when new or expanded industrial development is proposed adjacent to planned or zoned residential areas. Review and revise the Zoning Ordinance, as needed, to integrate compatibility standards for industrial development adjacent to residential and other sensitive users. Such compatibility standards shall address increased building setbacks, enhanced landscaping, lighting standards, masonry wall requirements, and/or loading or operational limitations.

FISCAL IMPACT
Approval of this Project would allow the applicant to move forward with the annexation process and the eventual subdivision of the land. The City would receive funds in the form of additional application fees and development impact fees to offset the development’s fair share of impacts to City infrastructure. Subsequent development of each parcel would generate both jobs and sales tax revenue.

PROCUREMENT PROCESS
No procurement is associated with this action.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Staff is not aware of any conflicts of interest.

Attachments:
- Attachment 1: Aerial Map
- Attachment 2: General Plan Land Use Map
- Attachment 3: Proposed Zoning Map
- Attachment 4: Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 - Resolution No. 2828, Exhibit A (Initial Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration) and Exhibit B (Conditions of Approval)
77 Section 10, Item B
Attachment 1: Aerial Map
Subdivision Area
78 Section 10, Item B
Attachment 2: General Plan Land Use Map
79 Section 10, Item B
Attachment 3: Proposed Zoning Map
80 Section 10, Item B
Attachment 4: Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 81 Section 10, Item B
RESOLUTION NO. 2828

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF FOWLER APPROVING VESTING TENTATIVE SUBDIVISION MAP NO. 6471
WHEREAS, Ben Yosako (“Applicant”) submitted an application for Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471, a 44-lot industrial subdivision (“Tentative Map”) on Assessor’s Parcel Numbers (“APN”) 340-120-05, 340-120-28, and 340-120-29, generally located at the southeast corner of Golden State Boulevard and East Clayton Avenue (“Subject Property”); and WHEREAS, the Subject Property is located in the City of Fowler’s (“City”) Sphere of Influence and located outside of, but contiguous to, the city limits; and WHEREAS, the Tentative Map area was prezoned M-1 (Light Industrial) by the City of Fowler on May 6, 2025; and
WHEREAS, the Tentative Map area is designated for Light Industrial land uses by the General Plan; and
WHEREAS, the City of Fowler General Plan identifies the M-1 zone district as consistent with the Light Industrial land use; and
WHEREAS, the Tentative Map area is encumbered by a Williamson Act Contract; and WHEREAS, in 1978, the City of Fowler filed a formal protest against the execution of Land Conservation Contract No. 6340 pursuant to the Williamson Act; and, WHEREAS, this protest was subsequently upheld by the Fresno County Local Agency Formation Commission through Resolution No. LC-78-3; and, WHEREAS, the subject contract qualifies for termination upon annexation; and WHEREAS, Subsequent to annexation the City must follow the procedures outlined in Government Code Section 51243.5, including the filing of a certificate of contract termination to formalize the action; and,
WHEREAS, the City found that the following intersections, will require improvements to maintain consistency with applicable General Plans at a future point in time (“Intersection Improvements”):

1. Golden State Boulevard and Jefferson

2. Clovis Avenue and Lincoln Avenue

3. Golden State Boulevard and Clayton Avenue

4. Clovis Avenue at State Route 99

5. Merced and State Route 99 Southbound

6. Merced and State Route 99 Northbound
WHEREAS, together the Tentative Map and Intersection Improvements, Annexation Proposal, and termination of the Williamson Act contract shall be referred to as the “Project”; and 82 Section 10, Item B
WHEREAS, the City found that the Project was not wholly analyzed as part of the Program Environmental Impact Report certified for the Fowler General Plan; and WHEREAS, an Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration has been prepared, circulated, and made available for public comment pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”) (Pub. Res. Code, § 21000, et seq.; and Cal. Code Regs., Tit. 14, § 15000, et seq.); and
WHEREAS, the City Council adopted the Mitigated Negative Declaration at its May 6, 2025 meeting; and
WHEREAS, at a regular meeting on April 3, 2025 the Fowler Planning Commission recommended that the City Council approve the Tentative Map; and WHEREAS, at a regular meeting on April 21, 2026 the Fowler City Council conducted a public hearing to consider the Project; and
WHEREAS, notice of said public hearing was published in the April 10, 2026, edition of The Business Journal, posted at City Hall and the City’s website; and WHEREAS, the City Council, has reviewed and considered the staff report, Mitigated Negative Declaration, and all evidence presented at the City Council’s regular meeting on April 21, 2026, including oral and written public testimony on the Project (“Administrative Record”), which is herein incorporated by this reference.

NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED the City Council of the City of Fowler, based upon the entire Administrative Record of proceedings, hereby finds and resolves as follows:

1. The Initial Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration for the Project are adequate, reflect the City’s independent judgment and analysis, have been completed in compliance with CEQA and the CEQA Guidelines, and no further documentation is required.

2. The following findings set forth under the Subdivision Map Act (Gov. Code § 66474) are made:
a. The proposed map is consistent with applicable general and specific plans as specified in Government Code section 65451.
b. The design or improvement of the proposed subdivision is consistent with applicable general and specific plans.
c. The site is physically suitable for the type of development proposed. d. The site is physically suitable for the proposed density of development. e. The design of the subdivision or the proposed improvements are not likely to cause substantial environmental damage or substantially and avoidably injure a fish or wildlife habitat.
83 Section 10, Item B
f. The design of the subdivision or type of improvements is not likely to cause serious public health problems.
g. The design of the subdivision or the type of improvements will not conflict with easements, acquired by the public at large, for access through or use of, property within the proposed subdivision; and

3. Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 is approved, subject to the conditions contained in Attachment B.

4. Staff shall file a certification of termination of the Williamson Act contract upon completion of the annexation process.

PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED this 21st day of April 2026, at a regular meeting of the Fowler City Council by the following vote:

AYES:

NOES:

ABSTAIN:

ABSENT:

APPROVED:
___________________________
Juan Mejia, Mayor
ATTEST:
____________________________
Angela Vasquez, City Clerk
APPROVED AS TO FORM:

By:

ROY C. SANTOS, City Attorney
Burke, Williams & Sorensen, LLP
84 Section 10, Item B
Attachment A
Initial Study and Mitigated Negative Declaration
85 Section 10, Item B
Attachment B
Conditions of Approval
General Conditions

1. All conditions of approval shall be the sole financial responsibility of the Applicant/owner, except where specified in the conditions of approval listed herein or mandated by statutes.

2. The Applicant shall submit to the City of Fowler Community and Economic Development Department a check in the amount necessary to file a Notice of Determination at the Fresno County Clerk. This amount shall equal the Fresno County filing fee in effect at the time of filing. Such check shall be made payable to the Fresno County Clerk and submitted no later than three (3) days following action on Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471.

3. Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 shall be valid for a period of 24 months from the date of its approval. Prior to expiration of the approved tentative map an extension or extensions to this period may be requested pursuant to Section 66453.3 of the Subdivision Map Act.

4. Approval of Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 shall be considered null and void in the event of failure by the Applicant and/or the authorized representative, engineer, or surveyor to disclose and delineate all facts and information relating to the subject property, the proposed use, and the proposed subdivision map.

5. It shall be the responsibility of the property owner, operator, and/or management to ensure that any required permits, inspections, and approvals from any regulatory agency be obtained from the applicable agency prior to issuance of a building permit and/or the issuance of a certificate of completion, as determined appropriate by the City of Fowler Community and Economic Development Department.

6. All conditions shall be satisfied prior to occupancy approval for any portion of the project.

Failure to comply with all conditions of approval shall be grounds for the imposition of penalties, suspension of the permit, modification of the permit, or revocation of the permit.

7. The operator shall keep the exterior premises free of trash and debris. Graffiti shall be removed or covered within 48 hours of its discovery.

8. Approval of Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471 is not an authorization to commence construction. On and off-site improvements, building construction, sign erection or occupancy shall not be permitted without prior approval of the City through issuance of any required grading or building permits.

9. No use shall be permitted, and no process, equipment or materials shall be used that are found by the City to be objectionable to persons living or working in the vicinity by reasons of odor, fumes, dust, smoke, cinders, dirt, refuse, water-carried waste, noise, vibration, illumination, glare, or unsightliness or to involve any hazard of fire or explosion.

10. Minor modifications to the approved tentative subdivision may be made subject to the approval of the City Planner and/or the City Engineer. Modifications deemed by either to be more than minor in nature shall require an amendment to the approval of Vesting Tentative Subdivision Map No. 6471.
86 Section 10, Item B
Fire Department

11. Fire hydrants shall be installed at 300-foot intervals at locations specified by the Fire Chief and City Engineer. Placement shall comply with the City of Fowler Standards as well as Appendices B & C of the California Fire Code.

12. Roads shall comply with the California Fire Code Appendix D and City of Fowler Public Works Standard ST-9. Prior to recordation of the final map, the minimum standards shall be proven to the satisfaction of the Fire Department or City Engineer.

Engineering Conditions
General:

13. All conditions of the applicant shall be conditions of approval, except as further modified below, and subject to modifications to conform to applicable City Standards.

14. The design and improvement of the subdivision shall conform to Titles 1 through 15 of the City of Fowler Subdivision Ordinance and to the City of Fowler Standard Specifications ("Standard Specifications"), unless otherwise specified in these conditions.

15. The applicant shall enter into a subdivision agreement with the City if the final map is recorded prior to completion of the off-site improvements.

16. The applicant shall pay all fees as required by existing ordinances and schedules.

17. All water wells and septic systems that served the property shall be abandoned pursuant to City, County, and State standards.

18. The applicant shall relinquish all rights and privileges associated with all previously approved tentative tract maps on the subject properties.

19. Applicant shall consent to and facilitate annexation of the subject project into the City’s Landscape and Storm Drainage Maintenance District or a Community Facilities District.

20. Applicant shall have a traffic engineer prepare an analysis for Signal Warrant 9 (Intersection Near a Grade Crossing) for the intersection of Clayton Avenue and Golden State Boulevard and provide recommendations for mitigation.

Final Map:

21. The property shall be located in the City of Fowler and the area to be subdivided zoned M-1 prior to recordation of the final map.

22. A certificate of termination of the Williamson Act contract shall be provided to the City Engineer prior to recordation of the final map.

23. A Right to Farm covenant shall be recorded prior to recordation of the final map.

24. All fees for the purposes of annexing in the property shall be paid by the subdivider.

25. The lots adjacent to Clayton Avenue shall have no direct access to said street.

26. Street right-of-way shall be dedicated to the City of Fowler in fee as indicated on the tentative map.

27. 10-foot wide pedestrian and public utility easements shall be dedicated along Clayton Avenue to the City of Fowler.
87 Section 10, Item B

28. Street names shall be verified by City staff prior to finalizing the final map. Street names shall be consistent with streets along similar alignments throughout the City, pursuant to Fowler Municipal Code Section 7-5.04.

29. The 15-foot wide easement for ditch and incidental purposes in favor of Margaret E.

Trobridge and Frank Lyman Company (denoted on the tentative map as Exception #9) shall be quitclaimed by the easement holder. Alternatively, relocate North Thomas Avenue (and any necessary public easements) out of this area.

30. The developer shall relocate the portion of the Consolidated Irrigation District Norris Canal located on the Project site to a new location. The developer shall work with the City and Consolidated Irrigation District to determine the appropriate position to relocate the canal.

Circulation:

31. Developer shall construct frontage improvements along Clayton Avenue including curb, gutter, 5-foot sidewalk, LED street lighting and landscaping. A pavement overlay may be required beyond the centerline to provide for a smooth transition. Transition grade greater than 4 percent will not be allowed. The street section shall be striped for two-way traffic and approved by the City of Fowler.

32. Clayton Avenue shall be constructed to Public Works Standard ST-3, with the exception that local street pavement section shall be a minimum of 2.5 inches of hot mix asphalt over 5 inches of Class II aggregate and verified by a project soils report.

33. Interior streets shall be constructed to Public Works Standard ST-3, with the exception that local street pavement section shall be a minimum of 2.5 inches of hot mix asphalt over 5 inches of Class II aggregate and verified by a project soils report.

34. Cul-de-sac shall be constructed to Public Work Standards ST-9.

35. A one-foot wide restricted access strip shall be offered for dedication in fee to the City for road purposes at the end of all stub streets and partial width streets. Said restricted access strip(s) shall be shown on the Final Map and identified as a “Restricted Access Strip” and identified separately in alphabetical order. Said restricted access strip(s) shall mature into right-of-way upon approval of development adjacent to the restricted access strip. Each strip shall be constructed with a temporary timber barricade in accordance with Public Works Standard ST-19. (Subdivision Ordinance § 804)

36. Traffic and street signs shall be installed by the developer per City standards. Entrances to Clayton Avenue shall be signed to indicate direction of nearest truck route (Golden State Boulevard).

37. Verify a minimum of 200 feet of stopping sight distance at intersections. Particular attention should be paid at local streets intersecting Clayton Avenue.

38. An ad-hoc traffic impact mitigation fee [based on the traffic impact study’s recommended roadway improvements] shall be calculated on a per passenger car-equivalent peak hour trip generated. This fee shall be indexed to the California Construction Cost Index maintained by the California Department of General Services. Subsequent development within this tentative map shall pay this fee.

39. A left turn pocket shall be installed for Southbound Golden State Boulevard to Clayton Avenue to accommodate the increase in turning movements of traffic traveling south on Golden State Boulevard onto Clayton Avenue, such that vehicles do not slow or stop in the high-speed through lane.
88 Section 10, Item B

40. A right turn pocket shall be installed for Northbound Golden State Boulevard to Clayton Avenue to accommodate the increase in turning movements of traffic traveling north on Golden State Boulevard onto Clayton Avenue, such that vehicles do not slow or stop in the high-speed through lane.

Grading and Drainage:

41. A grading and drainage plan shall be submitted for review and approval by the City Engineer. The developer shall obtain a grading permit for all on-site grading work.

42. The developer’s engineer shall provide drainage calculations for the subdivision. The proposed drainage basin area shall be capable of retaining drainage directed towards it after construction of the full project during a 100-year storm event. Basin bank shall be at least one (1) foot above the base flood elevation. The basin outlot shall be dedicated to the City in fee. Perimeter chain link fencing shall be constructed and include privacy slats (tan color).

43. The developer’s engineer shall submit a storm drain plan and hydraulic calculations showing location of inlets, manholes, and pipelines (including sizing) to City Engineer for review and approval prior to preparation of improvement plans.

44. The developer shall obtain a Construction Stormwater General Permit from the Regional Water Quality Control Board. The plan shall provide for the mitigation of soil erosion from the project site during the construction and warranty periods and be submitted to the City prior to the start of construction. Developer shall supply City with the approved SWPPP and WDID number.

45. As a part of the mitigation measures for soil erosion, the developer shall be responsible for street sweeping during the one-year warranty period.

46. If the site is filled above the base flood elevation, the as-built lowest floor and pad elevations, and lowest adjacent grade for each structure shall be certified by a registered civil engineer or licensed land surveyor and provided as part of an application for a Letter of Map Revision based on Fill (LOMR-F) to the Planning and Community Development Director. (FMC § 8-8.19)
Water:

47. A looped water system shall be developed within the subdivision and be tested and accepted by the City of Fowler Public Works Department. Each parcel shall be equipped with a water meter/box approved by the Public Works Director.

48. The developer’s engineer shall provide calculations to determine the capacity needed for a water main within the subdivision and connecting the subdivision between Adams Avenue at Golden State Boulevard, through Clayton Avenue, to the Adams Avenue at Fowler Avenue. Water pressure shall comply with the California Fire Code.

49. Two water sample stations shall be installed within the subdivision at the locations specified by the Public Works Director.

Sewer:

50. The parcels shall be annexed into the Selma-Kingsburg-Fowler County Sanitation District.

51. The developer shall comply with the conditions set forth by Selma-Kingsburg-Fowler Sanitation District and pay all associated fees.
89 Section 10, Item B

52. The developer shall complete and submit the Selma-Kingsburg-Fowler County Sanitation District subdivision connection application.

53. The developer shall complete a pre-design meeting for sanitary sewer improvements with the Selma-Kingsburg-Fowler County Sanitation District

54. The developer shall submit a full set of subdivision plans for this project for plan check (including landscaping, fencing etc.) to the Selma-Kingsburg-Fowler County Sanitation District.

Aesthetics/Open Space:

55. A 6-foot concrete masonry block wall shall be constructed along the property lines abutting the designated remainder. Block walls shall be treated with an approved anti-graffiti coating as approved by the City Engineer.

Utilities:

56. All existing overhead utilities along the frontage of the subdivision shall be undergrounded, as confirmed by the City Engineer.

57. The developer shall provide a street light plan for review and approval by the City Engineer prior to approval of the improvement plans and prior to the start of construction.

Streetlights shall be provided by the developer and maintained by the City pursuant to PG&E rate schedule LS2C.

58. Developer shall work with PG&E for the preparation of a utility plan, subject to the review and approval by the City Engineer prior to approval of the improvement plans and prior to the start of construction. All work shall be completed such that no street surface need be reopened for service.

59. Natural gas shall not be extended into the subdivision. (GHG-1)

60. Sewer, gas, electrical, and water systems shall be located and constructed to minimize flood damage. (FMC § 8-8.19)
Irrigation:

61. A landscape and irrigation plan shall be submitted for review and approval by the City Engineer for landscape areas in the public right of way.

62. Any irrigation pipelines maintained by Consolidated Irrigation District shall be relocated outside of the street right of way, except at street crossings. Any irrigation lines that must remain in service shall be reconstructed with rubber gasket reinforced concrete pipe.

63. All abandoned irrigation lines serving the property shall be removed.

San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District

64. The developer shall comply with all rules and regulations of the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District, including obtaining all necessary permits and paying all applicable fees.

65. Subdivider shall prepare an Indirect Source Review application. Mitigation selected shall include Construction Clean Fleet. (AIR-1)
Other

66. The developer shall comply with all applicable mitigation measures. 90 Section 10, Item B

67. Approval of this Project is for the benefit of the Applicant. The submittal of applications by Applicant for this Project was a voluntary act on the part of the Applicant not required by the City. Therefore, as a condition of approval of this Project, the Applicant agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the City of Fowler and its agents, officers, consultants, independent contractors and employees (“City”) from any and all claims, actions or proceedings against the City to attack, set aside, void, or annul an approval by the City concerning the Project, including any challenges to associated environmental review, and for any and all costs, attorneys fees, and damages arising therefrom (collectively “Claim”).

The City shall promptly notify the Applicant of any Claim and the City shall cooperate fully in the defense. If the City fails to promptly notify the Applicant of any Claim or if the City fails to cooperate fully in the defense, the Applicant shall not thereafter be responsible to defend, indemnify, or hold harmless the City.

Nothing in this condition shall obligate the City to defend any Claim and the City shall not be required to pay or perform any settlement arising from any such Claim not defended by the City, unless the City approves the settlement in writing. Nor shall the City be prohibited from independently defending any Claim, and if the City does decide to independently defend a Claim, the Applicant shall be responsible for City’s attorneys’ fees, expenses of litigation and costs for that independent defense, including the costs of preparing any required administrative record. Should the City decide to independently defend any Claim, the Applicant shall not be required to pay or perform any settlement arising from any such Claim unless the Applicant approves the settlement.

Signature of Applicant: ________________________________ Date: ________________
91 Section 10, Item B
TENTATIVE MAP NO. 6471

DRAFT INITIAL STUDY/MITIGATED NEGATIVE

DECLARATION
FEBRUARY 2025
SCH NO. 2024121188
PREPARED FOR:

City of Fowler
128 South 5th Street
Fowler, CA 93625
PREPARED BY:

Provost & Pritchard Consulting Group
7903
EST. 1968 PROVOST&

PRITCHARD

CONSULTING GROUP
92 Section , Item B
Table of Contents
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 i

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Regulatory Information......................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Document Format ................................................................................................................................. 1-1 Chapter 2 Project Description......................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 Project Background ............................................................................................................................... 2-1 Project Title .................................................................................................................. 2-1 Lead Agency Name and Address................................................................................. 2-1 Contact Person and Phone Number ........................................................................... 2-1 Project Location ........................................................................................................... 2-1 General Plan Designation and Zoning......................................................................... 2-2 Description of Project.................................................................................................. 2-2 Other Public Agencies Whose Approval May Be Required........................................ 2-3 Consultation with California Native American Tribes................................................ 2-3 Chapter 3 Determination ................................................................................................................................ 3-1

3.1 Potential Environmental Impacts......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Determination ....................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Chapter 4 Environmental Impact Analysis...................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Aesthetics............................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Baseline Conditions...................................................................................................... 4-1 Impact Analysis............................................................................................................. 4-2

4.2 Agriculture and Forestry Resources..................................................................................................... 4-4 Baseline Conditions...................................................................................................... 4-4 Impact Analysis............................................................................................................. 4-5

4.3 Air Quality .............................................................................................................................................. 4-9 Baseline Conditions...................................................................................................... 4-9 Applicable Regulations................................................................................................. 4-9 Thresholds.................................................................................................................. 4-10 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-12 Mitigation ................................................................................................................... 4-14

4.4 Biological Resources............................................................................................................................ 4-15 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-15 Applicable Regulations............................................................................................... 4-18 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-19

2.1.1 2.1.2

2.1.3 2.1.4

2.1.5 2.1.6

2.1.7 2.1.8

4.1.1 4.1.2

4.2.1 4.2.2

4.3.1 4.3.2

4.3.3 4.3.4

4.3.5 4.4.1

4.4.2 4.4.3
93 Section , Item B
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Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 ii
Mitigation ................................................................................................................... 4-20

4.5 Cultural Resources............................................................................................................................... 4-21 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-21 Regulatory Setting...................................................................................................... 4-22 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-22

4.6 Energy .................................................................................................................................................. 4-23 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-23 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-23

4.7 Geology and Soils ................................................................................................................................ 4-25 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-25 Regulatory Setting...................................................................................................... 4-27 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-27

4.8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions................................................................................................................. 4-30 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-30 Thresholds.................................................................................................................. 4-30 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-30 Mitigation ................................................................................................................... 4-31

4.9 Hazards and Hazardous Materials...................................................................................................... 4-32 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-32 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-33

4.10 Hydrology and Water Quality ........................................................................................................... 4-36 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-36 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-37

4.11 Land Use and Planning...................................................................................................................... 4-40 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-40 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-40

4.12 Mineral Resources............................................................................................................................. 4-41 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-41 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-41

4.13 Noise .................................................................................................................................................. 4-43 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-43 Applicable Regulations............................................................................................... 4-43 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-44

4.14 Population and Housing.................................................................................................................... 4-46 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-46

4.4.4 4.5.1

4.5.2 4.5.3

4.6.1 4.6.2

4.7.1 4.7.2

4.7.3 4.8.1

4.8.2 4.8.3

4.8.4 4.9.1

4.9.2 4.10.1

4.10.2 4.11.1

4.11.2 4.12.1

4.12.2 4.13.1

4.13.2 4.13.3

4.14.1 94
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Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-46

4.15 Public Services................................................................................................................................... 4-48 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-48 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-48

4.16 Recreation.......................................................................................................................................... 4-50 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-50 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-50

4.17 Transportation................................................................................................................................... 4-52 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-52 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-52

4.18 Tribal Cultural Resources.................................................................................................................. 4-54 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-54 Regulatory Setting...................................................................................................... 4-55 Impact Assessment.................................................................................................... 4-56

4.19 Utilities and Service Systems............................................................................................................ 4-57 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-57 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-57

4.20 Wildfire .............................................................................................................................................. 4-60 Baseline Conditions.................................................................................................... 4-60 Impact Analysis........................................................................................................... 4-60

4.21 CEQA Mandatory Findings of Significance ....................................................................................... 4-62 Statement of Findings................................................................................................ 4-62 Chapter 5 Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program.......................................................................... 5-1 Chapter 6 References...................................................................................................................................... 6-1

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A: CalEEMod Output Files.............................................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B: Biological Memorandum ............................................................................................................ B-1 Appendix C: Cultural Resources Information ................................................................................................. C-1 Appendix D: Traffic Impact Study....................................................................................................................D-1

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Regional Location.......................................................................................................................... 2-4 Figure 2-2: Site Plan......................................................................................................................................... 2-5 Figure 2-3: Proposed Subdivision Map........................................................................................................... 2-1

4.14.2 4.15.1

4.15.2 4.16.1

4.16.2 4.17.1

4.17.2 4.18.1

4.18.2 4.18.3

4.19.1 4.19.2

4.20.1 4.20.2

4.21.1 95
Section , Item B
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Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 iv
Figure 2-4: Proposed Zoning Map................................................................................................................... 2-1 Figure 2-5: Topo Quad..................................................................................................................................... 2-1 Figure 2-6: General Plan Land Use Designation Map .................................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2-7: Zone District Map.......................................................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 4-1: Farmland Map............................................................................................................................... 4-8 Figure 4-2: FEMA Flood Map......................................................................................................................... 4-39

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1: Aesthetics Impacts......................................................................................................................... 4-1 Table 4-2: Agriculture and Forest Impacts..................................................................................................... 4-4 Table 4-3: Air Quality Impacts......................................................................................................................... 4-9 Table 4-4: Thresholds of Significance for Criteria Air Pollutants................................................................. 4-10 Table 4-5: Thresholds of Significance for Toxic Air Contaminants.............................................................. 4-10 Table 4-6: Screening Levels for Potential Odor Sources.............................................................................. 4-11 Table 4-7: Summary of Ambient Air Quality Standards and Attainment Designation............................... 4-11 Table 4-8: Unmitigated Short-Term Construction Generated Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants.......... 4-12 Table 4-9: Maximum Daily Construction Related Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants.............................. 4-12 Table 4-10: Unmitigated Long-Term Operational Emissions....................................................................... 4-13 Table 4-11: Maximum Daily Operational Related Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants.............................. 4-13 Table 4-12: Biological Resources Impacts .................................................................................................... 4-15 Table 4-13: List of Soils Located on the Site and Their Basic Properties .................................................... 4-16 Table 4-14: Special Status Plant and Animal Species with the Potential to Occur on the Project Site ..... 4-17 Table 4-15: Cultural Resources Impacts....................................................................................................... 4-21 Table 4-16: Energy Impacts........................................................................................................................... 4-23 Table 4-17: Geology and Soils Impacts......................................................................................................... 4-25 Table 4-18: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts.......................................................................................... 4-30 Table 4-19: Hazards and Hazardous Materials Impacts............................................................................... 4-32 Table 4-20: Hydrology and Water Quality Impacts...................................................................................... 4-36 Table 4-21: Land Use and Planning Impacts................................................................................................. 4-40 Table 4-22: Mineral Resources Impacts ....................................................................................................... 4-41 Table 4-23: Noise Impacts............................................................................................................................. 4-43 Table 4-24: Noise Level Standards................................................................................................................ 4-44 Table 4-25: Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Sources Levels...................................................... 4-45 Table 4-26: Population and Housing Impacts............................................................................................... 4-46 Table 4-27: Public Services............................................................................................................................ 4-48 Table 4-28: Recreation Impacts.................................................................................................................... 4-50 Table 4-29: Transportation Impacts.............................................................................................................. 4-52 Table 4-30: Tribal Cultural Resources Impacts............................................................................................. 4-54 Table 4-31: Utilities and Service Systems Impacts....................................................................................... 4-57 Table 4-32: Wildfire Impacts......................................................................................................................... 4-60 Table 4-33: CEQA Mandatory Findings of Significance................................................................................ 4-62 Table 5-1: Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program.......................................................................... 5-2 96 Section , Item B
Table of Contents
Tentative Map No. 6471
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AB .................................................................................................................................................Assembly Bill BMP ........................................................................................................................ Best Management Practices CalEEMod ..........................................................................California Emissions Estimator Modeling (software) CalFire............................................................................California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection CBC ...............................................................................................................................California Building Code CEQA.......................................................................................................... California Environmental Quality Act CESA ..............................................................................................................California Endangered Species Act CGS ........................................................................................................................ California Geological Survey CHRIS ................................................................................. California Historical Resources Information System CIP .................................................................................................................... Capital Improvement Program City ................................................................................................................................................City of Fowler CNDDB.......................................................................................................California Natural Diversity Database CNPS .....................................................................................................................California Native Plant Society CO .......................................................................................................................................Carbone Monoxide CO2 ..............................................................................................................................................Carbon dioxide County ............................................................................................................................................Fresno County dBA .....................................................................................................................................A-weighted decibels DCP ..........................................................................................................................................Dust Control Plan DPM .............................................................................................................................Diesel Particulate Matter DTSC ................................................................................................... Department of Toxic Substances Control EIR ......................................................................................................................Environmental Impact Report EPA ...............................................................................................................Environmental Protection Agency FGC .....................................................................................................................................Fish and Game Code FMMP ...........................................................................................Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program FTA .................................................................................................................... Federal Transit Administration GHG ........................................................................................................................................... Greenhouse Gas HMBP............................................................................................................Hazardous Materials Business Plan IS ................................................................................................................................................... Initial Study IS/MND..........................................................................................Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration mgd ................................................................................................................................. million gallons per day MMRP........................................................................................Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program MND ...................................................................................................................Mitigated Negative Declaration 97 Section , Item B
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MRZ ...............................................................................................................................Mineral Resource Zones MTCO2e ................................................................................metric tons of Carbon Dioxide and its equivalents NAHC ......................................................................................................Native American Heritage Commission ND ....................................................................................................................................Negative Declaration NO2 ...........................................................................................................................................Nitrogen Dioxide NOX ............................................................................................................................................Nitrogen Oxides O3 ............................................................................................................................................................Ozone Pb ...............................................................................................................................................................Lead PM10 ..........................................................................................................particulate matter 10 microns in size PM2.5 .........................................................................................................particulate matter 2.5 microns in size ppb .............................................................................................................................................parts per billion ppm ............................................................................................................................................parts per million Project ...............................................................................................................Tentative Map No. 6471 Project ROG ................................................................................................................................Reactive Organic Gases RTP .......................................................................................................................Regional Transportation Plan SB ................................................................................................................................................. South Bound SCS ..............................................................................................................Sustainable Communities Strategy SJVAPCD................................................................................... San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District SKFCSD....................................................................... Selma-Kingsburg-Fowler County Sanitation Department SKGSA ......................................................................................South Kings Groundwater Sustainability Agency SO2 ................................................................................................................................................Sulfur Dioxide SOI ...................................................................................................................................... Sphere of Influence SSJVIC......................................................................................Southern San Joaquin Valley Information Center SR ................................................................................................................................................... State Route SRA ..............................................................................................................................State Responsibility Area SWPPP ................................................................................................... Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan SWRCB..................................................................................................... State Water Resources Control Board TAC ................................................................................................................................ Toxic Air Contaminants USC .......................................................................................................................................United States Code USFWS ....................................................................................................United States Fish and Wildlife Service USGS ..................................................................................................................United States Geological Survey UST ...........................................................................................................................underground storage tank Valley ....................................................................................................................................... San Joaquin Valley VMT ..................................................................................................................................vehicle miles travelled 98 Section , Item B
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Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 iii
VOC .......................................................................................................................... volatile organic compound μg/m3.......................................................................................................................micrograms per cubic meter 99 Section , Item B
Chapter 1: Introduction
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 1-1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Provost & Pritchard Consulting Group (Provost & Pritchard) has prepared this Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration (IS/MND) on behalf of the City of Fowler (City) to address the environmental effects of the Tentative Map No. 6471 (Project). This document has been prepared in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), Public Resources Code Section 21000 et seq. The City is the CEQA lead agency for this Project.

The site and the Project are described in detail in Chapter 2 Project Description.

1.1 REGULATORY INFORMATION
An Initial Study (IS) is a document prepared by a lead agency to determine whether a project may have a significant effect on the environment. In accordance with California Code of Regulations Title 14 (Chapter 3, Section 15000, et seq.)-- also known as the CEQA Guidelines--Section 15064 (a)(1) states that an environmental impact report (EIR) must be prepared if there is substantial evidence in light of the whole record that the Project under review may have a significant effect on the environment and should be further analyzed to determine mitigation measures or project alternatives that might avoid or reduce project impacts to less than significant levels. A negative declaration (ND) may be prepared instead if the lead agency finds that there is no substantial evidence in light of the whole record that the project may have a significant effect on the environment. An ND is a written statement describing the reasons why a proposed Project, not otherwise exempt from CEQA, would not have a significant effect on the environment and, therefore, why it would not require the preparation of an EIR (CEQA Guidelines Section 15371). According to CEQA Guidelines Section 15070, a ND or mitigated ND shall be prepared for a project subject to CEQA when either:
a. The IS shows there is no substantial evidence, in light of the whole record before the agency, that the proposed Project may have a significant effect on the environment, or b. The IS identified potentially significant effects, but:

1. Revisions in the project plans or proposals made by or agreed to by the applicant before the proposed MND and IS is released for public review would avoid the effects or mitigate the effects to a point where clearly no significant effects would occur is prepared, and

2. There is no substantial evidence, in light of the whole record before the agency, that the proposed Project as revised may have a significant effect on the environment.

1.2 DOCUMENT FORMAT
This IS/MND contains six chapters. Chapter 1 Introduction, provides an overview of the Project and the CEQA process. Chapter 2 Project Description, provides a detailed description of proposed Project components and objectives. Chapter 3 Determination, the Lead Agency’s determination based upon this initial evaluation. Chapter 4 Environmental Impact Analysis presents the CEQA checklist and environmental analysis for all impact areas, mandatory findings of significance, and feasible mitigation measures. If the Project does not have the potential to significantly impact a given issue area, the relevant section provides a brief discussion of the reasons why no impacts are expected. If the Project could have a potentially significant impact on a resource, the issue area discussion provides a description of potential impacts, and appropriate mitigation measures and/or permit requirements that would reduce those impacts to a less than significant level. Chapter 5 Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program (MMRP), provides the 100
Section , Item B
Chapter 1: Introduction
Tentative Map No. 6471
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proposed mitigation measures, implementation timelines, and the entity/agency responsible for ensuring implementation. Chapter 6 References details the documents and reports this document relies upon to provide its analysis.

The CalEEMod Output Files, Biological Memorandum, Cultural Resources Assessment, and Traffic Impact Study are provided as technical Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, and Appendix D respectively, at the end of this document.
101
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CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Project Title
Tentative Map No. 6471
Lead Agency Name and Address
City of Fowler
128 South 5th Street
Fowler, CA 93625
Contact Person and Phone Number
Lead Agency Contact
Dawn E. Marple, City Planner
128 South 5th Street
Fowler, CA 93625
(559) 834-3113
CEQA Consultant
Provost & Pritchard Consulting Group
Jarred Olsen, Senior Planner
(559) 636-1166
Project Location
The Project is currently located outside the City of Fowler in central Fresno County, approximately 270 miles south of Sacramento and 150 miles north of Bakersfield (see Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2), on the south side of Clayton Avenue east of Golden State Boulevard. The Project site is located approximately on Assessor’s Parcel Number(s) 340-120-05, -06, -28, and -29. The centroid of the Project site is 36° 38’ 24.06” N, 119° 41’ 14.66” W. The Project site also includes the following street intersections located in the city of Fowler and unincorporated Fresno County:
• Golden State Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue
• Clovis Avenue and Lincoln Avenue
• Clayton Avenue and Golden State Boulevard
• State Route (SR) 99 Southbound Ramps and Clovis Avenue • Merced Street and SR 99 South Bound (SB) Off Ramp-Fowler Avenue • Merced Street and SR 99 SB Northbound Ramps

2.1.1 2.1.2

2.1.3 2.1.4
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General Plan Designation and Zoning
Project Area General Plan Designation Zoning District
ONSITE Light Industrial
Medium-Low Density Residential
AE-20 (Existing)
M-1, R-1-6 (Proposed)
ADJACENT LANDS Light Industrial
Heavy Industrial
Medium Density Residential
AE-20
M-1
R-1-6
Description of Project
Project Description
The project proposes to annex approximately 83.04 acres of farmland into the City of Fowler and to prezone approximately 30.65 acres of the land to be annexed to the M-1 zone district with the remaining 52.39 acres prezoned to the R-1-6 zone district for future residential development (“Project”). 36.54 acres of the Project area is restricted to Williamson Act Contract No. 6340. As part of the Project, Williamson Act Contract No. 6340 would be canceled, and Ag Preserve Fowler-Selma-Kingsburg No. 27 would be diminished. The area zoned M-1 would be subdivided into 44 parcels for future Light Industrial land uses.

Streets would be constructed and designed to City of Fowler standards. A stormwater retention basin is proposed which will be designed to accommodate the increased impermeability of the subdivision. Clayton Avenue would be widened to 60 feet along the Project frontage. Approximately 0.5 miles of sewer main would be constructed to connect to Selma-Kingsburg-Fowler County Sanitation District (SKFCSD) facilities in Golden State Boulevard. Approximately 1.3 miles of water main would be constructed to connect the subdivision to the existing mains in Golden State Boulevard and Fowler Avenue. Approximately 14.39 acres of the 52.39-acre area zoned R-1-6 would be designated as a remainder on the proposed subdivision map and would not be a part of the Project. The remaining 38 acres would be included in the annexation and prezoned R-1-6, but it would not be annotated on the proposed tentative map and would not be a part of the proposed subdivision. A lot line adjustment would be submitted to adjust the parcel lines in such a way to separate the designated remainder from the industrial subdivision. Future development for the whole R-1-6 zoned area would be subject to its own CEQA analysis.

The Project would also include improvements to several intersections that would be developed when intersection delay exceeds established parameters. They include:
• Golden State Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue (Horizon Year Without Project and Horizon Year Plus Project Conditions)
o Widen the eastbound approach to the intersection to include a left turn lane and a right turn lane (adding one right turn lane).
• Clovis Avenue and Lincoln Avenue (Horizon Year Without Project and Horizon Year Plus Project Conditions)
o Widen the westbound approach to the intersection to include a left turn lane and a right turn lane (adding one right turn lane).
• Clayton Avenue and Golden State Boulevard (Horizon Year Plus Project Conditions) o Install a traffic signal.
o Widen the westbound approach to the intersection to include a shared left-through lane and a right turn lane (adding one right turn lane).
• SR 99 SB Ramps and Clovis Avenue (Horizon Year Without Project and Horizon Year Plus Project Conditions)

2.1.5 2.1.6
103
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Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 2-3
o Install a traffic signal when warranted.
o Widen the southbound approach to the intersection to include two left turn lanes, a through lane, and a shared through-right lane (adding one left turn lane). • Merced Street and SR 99 SB Off Ramp-Fowler Avenue (Horizon Year Without Project and Horizon Year Plus Project Conditions)
o Install a traffic signal when warranted.
o Widen the northbound approach to the intersection to include a left turn lane and a right turn lane with right-turn overlap phasing (adding one right turn lane with right-turn overlap phasing).
o Widen the southbound approach to the intersection to include a left turn lane and a shared through-right lane (adding one left turn lane).
• Merced Street and SR 99 SB NB Ramps (Horizon Year Without Project and Horizon Year Plus Project Conditions)
o Install a traffic signal when warranted.
o Widen the westbound approach to the intersection to include a through lane and a right turn lane (adding one right turn lane).

Other Public Agencies Whose Approval May Be Required
• Consolidated Irrigation District
• County of Fresno
• Fresno Local Agency Formation Committee
• California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
• Selma-Kingsburg-Fowler County Sanitation District
Consultation with California Native American Tribes
Public Resources Code Section 21080.3.1, et seq. [codification of Assembly Bill (AB) 52, 2013-14)] requires that a lead agency, within fourteen (14) days of determining that it will undertake a project, must notify in writing any California Native American Tribe traditionally and culturally affiliated with the geographic area of the project if that Tribe has previously requested notification about projects in that geographic area. The notice must briefly describe the project and inquire whether the Tribe wishes to initiate request formal consultation. Tribes have 30 days from receipt of notification to request formal consultation. The lead agency then has 30 days to initiate the consultation, which then continues until the parties come to an agreement regarding necessary mitigation or agree that no mitigation is needed, or one or both parties determine that negotiation occurred in good faith, but no agreement will be made.

The City has received written correspondence from the Santa Rosa Rancheria Tachi Yokut Tribe pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 21080.3.1 requesting notification of proposed Project.

2.1.7 2.1.8
104
Section , Item B
Chapter 2: Project Description
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 2-4
Figure 2-1: Regional Location
Rolling
1 Madera Hj||s Ranchos
Clovis
Fresno
Centerville
Minkler
| Malaga
Del Rey
Easton Project Sites
Bowles Fowler
RaisinCity
Parlier
Monmouth
o
Caruthers
Dinuba
Kingsburg
Lanare Riverdale Laton
Project Site Fresno Co.

Census Place Hardwick
City Limits (various colors)
Hanford

PROVOST&

PRITCHARD
2 Regional Vicinity Map
Miles City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision 105
Section , Item B
Chapter 2: Project Description
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 2-5
Figure 2-2: Site Plan
ilfjflliJ
,E Lincoln Ave
imiMi 9
W Adams Av<
199' am
Project Site (83 Acres) E Sumner Ave I Fowler City Limits Fowler Sphere of Influence

PROVOST&

PRITCHARD
Aerial Map
City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision
500 1,000
Feet
106
Section , Item B
Chapter 2: Project Description
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 2-1
Figure 2-3: Proposed Subdivision Map

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Section , Item B
Chapter 2: Project Description
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 2-1
Figure 2-4: Proposed Zoning Map
] Project Site
| Fowler City Limits Fowler Sphere of Influence ProposedZoning R-l-6 M-l Fowler Zoning R-l-12 R-l-10 E Jefferson Ave
R-l-7 R-l-6
E Lincoln Ave RM-2-A RM-2 RM-3 R-MP
AE20 %
SClovis Ave
SSunnyside Ave
E Clayton Ave
C-2 C-3 C-H
FBC M-l M-2 R-2/P1 RCO
FresnoCounty Zoning
_| AE20- Exclusive Agriculture
3 AL20- Limited Agricultural
| C6- General Commercial Ml- Light Manufacturing M2- General Industrial M3- Heavy Industrial I*
Z.

W Adams Ave
AE20 AL20
ESumner Ave
0 500
Feet
Proposed Zoning Designation Map
City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision

PROVOST&

PRITCHARD
108
Section , Item B
Chapter 2: Project Description
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 2-1
Figure 2-5: Topo Quad
Project Elevation,is'approximately 300 feet above MSL.
34 f AMERICAN AVE
33 T15S R21E

S FOWLER AVE
E JEFFERSON AVE Q4

S ARMSTRONG AVE

E LINCOLN AVE

FOWLER AVE
i
10 ARETHA AVE

PETER AVE HEIDI AVE
.AQAMS AVE \
Fowler

E ADAMS AVE

E SUMNER AVE
E SOUTH AVE USGS Topo Maps (1:24k)

S BURGAN AVE
Quad Name
Township/Range
Section USGSNational Map.

PROVOST&

PRITCHARD
Topographic Map
City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision
0 750 1,500
Feet
109
Section , Item B
Chapter 2: Project Description
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 2-2
Figure 2-6: General Plan Land Use Designation Map
I
I I '>.

JR \
1 '’’I ■ |
\ ’ ■ ;
J
lli
V '•
99'
1 . .’ Fowler City Limits
Fowler Sphere of Influence
Fowler General Plan Land Use
Low Density Residential
Medium Low Density Residential
Medium Density Residential
Medium High Density Residential
High Density Residential
Neighborhood Commercial
Community Commercial
General Commercial
Light Industrial
Heavy Industrial
Parksand Open Space
Public Facilities
General Plan Land Use Map
City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision

PROVOST&

PRITCHARD
0 500 1,000
Feet
110
Section , Item B
Chapter 2: Project Description
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 2-3
Figure 2-7: Zone District Map
EJefferson Ave ] Project Site
J J Fowler City Limits Fowler Sphere of Influence
C-3 C-H
FBC M-l Fowler Zoning
R-2/P1 RCO
Fresno County Zoning AE20- Exclusive Agricultural AL20- Limited Agricultural C6- General Commercial Ml- Light Manufacturing M2- General Industrial M3- Heavy Industrial R-l-5 RM-2-A RM-2 RM-3 R-MP
AE20
S Clovis Ave
$ Sunnyside
E Clayton Ave
AE20
E Carter Ave "
\I 4 1 X LJ AL20
AL20
W Adams Ave
AE20
E Sumner Ave
0 500
Feet Zoning Designation Map
City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision

PROVOST&

PRITCHARD
111
Section , Item B
Chapter 3: Determination
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 3-1
CHAPTER 3 DETERMINATION

3.1 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
As indicated by the discussions of existing and baseline conditions, and impact analyses that follow in this Chapter, environmental factors not checked below would have no impacts or less than significant impacts resulting from the project. Environmental factors that are checked below would have potentially significant impacts resulting from the project. Mitigation measures are recommended for each of the potentially significant impacts that would reduce the impact to less than significant.

Aesthetics Agriculture and Forestry
Resources
Air Quality
Biological Resources Cultural Resources Energy
Geology/Soils Greenhouse Gas Emissions Hazards and Hazardous Materials
Hydrology / Water Quality Land Use/Planning Mineral Resources Noise Population/Housing Public Services
Recreation Transportation Tribal Cultural Resources
Utilities and Service Systems Wildfire Mandatory Findings of Significance
The analyses of environmental impacts in Chapter 4 Impact Analysis result in an impact statement, which shall have the following meanings.

Potentially Significant Impact. This category is applicable if there is substantial evidence that an effect may be significant, and no feasible mitigation measures can be identified to reduce impacts to a less than significant level. If there are one or more “Potentially Significant Impact” entries when the determination is made, an EIR is required.

Less than Significant with Mitigation Incorporated. This category applies where the incorporation of mitigation measures would reduce an effect from a “Potentially Significant Impact” to a “Less than Significant Impact.” The lead agency must describe the mitigation measure(s), and briefly explain how they would reduce the effect to a less than significant level (mitigation measures from earlier analyses may be cross-referenced).

Less than Significant Impact. This category is identified when the proposed Project would result in impacts below the threshold of significance, and no mitigation measures are required.

No Impact. This category applies when a project would not create an impact in the specific environmental issue area. “No Impact” answers do not require a detailed explanation if they are adequately supported by the information sources cited by the lead agency, which show that the impact does not apply to the specific project (e.g. the project falls outside a fault rupture zone). A “No Impact” answer should be explained where it is based on project-specific factors as well as general standards (e.g. the project will not expose sensitive receptors to pollutants, based on a project-specific screening analysis). 112
Section , Item B
Chapter 3: Determination
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 3-2

3.2 DETERMINATION
On the basis of this initial evaluation (to be completed by the Lead Agency):

I find that the proposed project COULD NOT have a significant effect on the environment, and a NEGATIVE DECLARATION will be prepared.

I find that although the proposed project could have a significant effect on the environment, there will not be a significant effect in this case because revisions in the project have been made by or agreed to by the project proponent. A MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION will be prepared.

I find that the proposed project MAY have a significant effect on the environment, and an ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT is required.

I find that the proposed project MAY have a “potentially significant impact” or “potentially significant unless mitigated" impact on the environment, but at least one effect 1) has been adequately analyzed in an earlier document pursuant to applicable legal standards, and 2) has been addressed by mitigation measures based on the earlier analysis as described on attached sheets.

An ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT is required, but it must analyze only the effects that remain to be addressed.

I find that although the proposed project could have a significant effect on the environment, because all potentially significant effects (a) have been analyzed adequately in an earlier EIR or NEGATIVE DECLARATION pursuant to applicable standards, and (b) have been avoided or mitigated pursuant to that earlier EIR or NEGATIVE DECLARATION, including revisions or mitigation measures that are imposed upon the proposed project, nothing further is required. _______________________________________ _____________________________ Signature Date
_______________________________________
Printed Name/Position
February 24, 2025
113
Section , Item B
Chapter 4: Environmental Impact Analysis
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 4-1
CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ANALYSIS

4.1 AESTHETICS
Table 4-1: Aesthetics Impacts
Except as provided in Public Resources
Code Section 21099, would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Have substantial adverse effect on a scenic
vista?
b) Substantially damage scenic resources,
including, but not limited to, trees, rock
outcroppings, and historic buildings within
a state scenic highway?
c) In non-urbanized areas, substantially
degrade the existing visual character or
quality of public views of the site and its
surroundings? (Public views are those that
are experienced from publicly accessible
vantage point). If the project is in an
urbanized area, would the project conflict
with applicable zoning and other
regulations governing scenic quality?
d) Create a new source of substantial light or
glare which would adversely affect day or
nighttime views in the area?
Baseline Conditions
The Project site is located along the floor of the San Joaquin Valley (Valley) just north of the city of Fowler, which lies along SR 99. The predominant landscape feature of the San Joaquin Valley is a wide variety of agricultural land. Regional views from the Valley floor are generally limited due to the flatness of the region; however, on clear days the Sierra Nevada Mountains are visible to the east. Fowler is characterized as a freestanding city with small town atmosphere surrounded by agricultural land. As one of the cities along the Fresno County Blossom Trail, Fowler offers scenic views of blossoming orchards from February to March.

The Project site consists primarily of row crops; however, there are two existing homes on the property.

The site would be visible from the adjacent Golden State Boulevard and from the residential neighborhood to the south. Excluding the neighborhood to the south, the surrounding area is generally considered rural and low density, with agricultural land scattered with farming residencesto the north, east, and west. There are no scenic vistas on the Project site or in the vicinity. There are no designated State Scenic Highways within the City or surrounding area. In Fresno County, a portion of SR 180 has been officially identified by

4.1.1 114
Section , Item B
Chapter 4: Environmental Impact Analysis
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 4-2
Caltrans as a “designated State Scenic Highway,” however, that segment is approximately 13 miles northeast of the Project site.1
Impact Analysis
a) Have substantial adverse effect on a scenic vista?
No Impact. Scenic features in the vicinity may include the vast expanse of agricultural land; however, neither Fresno County nor Fowler have designated any scenic vistas in the Project vicinity. The Project site is not within the viewshed of any water features or scenic vistas. Therefore, there would be no impact.
b) Substantially damage scenic resources, including, but not limited to, trees, rock outcroppings, and historic buildings within a state scenic highway?
No Impact. In Fresno County, a portion of SR 180 has been officially identified by Caltrans as a “designated State Scenic Highway.” However, Project activities would take place approximately 13 miles southwest and would not have the potential to affect the highway. There would be no impact. c) In non-urbanized areas, substantially degrade the existing visual character or quality of public views of the site and its surroundings? (Public views are those that are experienced from publicly accessible vantage point). If the project is in an urbanized area, would the project conflict with applicable zoning and other regulations governing scenic quality?
Less than Significant Impact. The existing visual character of the Project site and its surroundings consist of urban development and agricultural land. To the north, west, and east, the Project site is surrounded by agricultural land and scattered farming residences, and to the south contains a residential neighborhood. It could be argued that the development of an industrialsubdivision could visually degrade the visual character of the surrounding agricultural land. However, the City has designated the site as Light Industrial and Medium Low Density Residential in the General Plan and associated with adoption of the General Plan and certification of the General Plan EIR, adopted a statement of overriding considerations determining that the benefits of placing industrial uses at the site outweighed the impacts of the loss of farmland and all the impacts, such as aesthetic impacts associated with it. With the City’s adoption of the overriding findings, no further analysis of the loss of farmland is necessary. The General Plan EIR determined that any development that is consistent with the General Plan would be subject to applicable design guidelines found in the Fowler Municipal Code (FMC). The applicable development standards for the industrial subdivision are included in Section 9-5.1402 of the FMC.2Furthermore, the industrial development would offer attractive landscaping and architectural design to reduce any visual effect to the surrounding properties pursuant to Section 9–5.1406 of the FMC. 3 The Project also includes the construction of traffic improvements to several intersections that would be developed when warranted. These improvements all occur within the existing right-of-way that are improved with pavement at minimum. Implementation of these improvements would not substantially 1 (California Department of Transportation 2023)
2 (Municode Codification 2024)
3 (Municode Codification 2024)

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deviate from the existing visual setting as the roadways already exist and additional traffic improvements would not be peculiar. Any impacts would be less than significant. d) Create a new source of substantial light or glare which would adversely affect day or nighttime views in the area?
Less than Significant Impact. Implementation of the Project would create new sources of light typical of industrial development and traffic improvements. Nighttime lighting levels would increase over current levels, as sources of new and nighttime lighting and illumination would include, but are not necessarily limited to, lighting from the new industrial use, lights associated with vehicular travel (i.e., car headlights), and street lighting. Increased nighttime lighting and illumination could result in adverse effects to adjacent land uses through the “spilling over” of light into these areas and “sky glow” conditions.

However, all future development under the Project would have to comply with Title 9 of the City of Fowler Zoning Ordinance, which ensures that proposed lighting is so arranged as to deflect the light away from adjoining properties. This would assist in reducing potential impacts associated with daytime glare and nighttime light. As such, any potential light and glare would be reduced to a less than significant impact. 116
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4.2 AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY RESOURCES
Table 4-2: Agriculture and Forest Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Convert Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland,
or Farmland of Statewide Importance
(Farmland), as shown on the maps
prepared pursuant to the Farmland
Mapping and Monitoring Program of the
California Resources Agency, to nonagricultural use?
b) Conflict with existing zoning for agricultural
use, or a Williamson Act contract?
c) Conflict with existing zoning for, or cause
rezoning of, forest land (as defined in
Public Resources Code section 12220(g)),
timberland (as defined by Public Resources
Code section 4526), or timberland zoned
Timberland Production (as defined by
Government Code section 51104(g))?
d) Result in the loss of forest land or
conversion of forest land to non-forest
use?
e) Involve other changes in the existing
environment which, due to their location
or nature, could result in conversion of
Farmland, to non-agricultural use or
conversion of forest land to non-forest
use?
Baseline Conditions
The Project is located in California’s Central Valley in Fresno County and more specifically within the City of Fowler planning area. Fresno County is located within California’s agricultural heartland. In 2023, Fresno County ranked as one of the top agricultural counties in the State in the annual market value of farm products.4
A wide range of commodities are grown in the county, with major production of grapes, almonds, pistachios, and milk.
5 Rich soil; irrigation water; Mediterranean climate; and steady access to local, national, and global markets make this possible.

Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program: The Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program (FMMP) produces maps and statistical data used for analyzing impacts to California’s agricultural resources.

Agricultural land is rated according to soil quality and irrigation status; the best quality land is called Prime Farmland. The maps are updated every two years with the use of a computer mapping system, aerial imagery, public review, and field reconnaissance. The California Department of Conservation’s 2020 FMMP 4 (The County of Fresno Department of Agriculture and Weights and Measures 2024) 5 Ibid.
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is a non-regulatory program that produces “Important Farmland” maps and statistical data used for analyzing impacts on California’s agricultural resources. The Important Farmland maps identify eight land use categories, five of which are agriculture related: prime farmland, farmland of statewide importance, unique farmland, farmland of local importance, and grazing land — rated according to soil quality and irrigation status. Each is summarized below:
• PRIME FARMLAND: Farmland with the best combination of physical and chemical features able to sustain long-term agricultural production. This land has the soil quality, growing season, and moisture supply needed to produce sustained high yields. Land must have been used for irrigated agricultural production at some time during the four years prior to the mapping date. • FARMLAND OF STATEWIDE IMPORTANCE: Farmland similar to Prime Farmland but with minor shortcomings, such as greater slopes or less ability to store soil moisture. Land must have been used for irrigated agricultural production at some time during the four years prior to the mapping date.
• UNIQUE FARMLAND: Farmland of lesser quality soils used for the production of the state’s leading agricultural crops. This land is usually irrigated but may include non- irrigated orchards or vineyards as found in some climatic zones in California. Land must have been cropped at some time during the four years prior to the mapping date.
• FARMLAND OF LOCAL IMPORTANCE: Land of importance to the local agricultural economy as determined by each county’s board of supervisors and a local advisory committee. • GRAZING LAND: Land on which the existing vegetation is suited to the grazing of livestock. The minimum mapping unit for Grazing Land is 40 acres.
• URBAN AND BUILT-UP LAND: Land occupied by structures with a building density of at least 1 unit to 1.5 acres, or approximately 6 structures to a 10-acre parcel. This land is used for residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, public administrative purposes, railroad and other transportation yards, cemeteries, airports, golf courses, sanitary landfills, sewage treatment, water control structures, and other developed purposes.
• OTHER LAND (X): Land not included in any other mapping category. Common examples include low density rural developments; brush, timber, wetland, and riparian areas not suitable for livestock grazing; confined livestock, poultry, or aquaculture facilities; strip mines, borrow pits; and water bodies smaller than 40 acres. Vacant and disturbed land surrounded on all sides by urban development and greater than 40 acres is mapped as Other Land.

As demonstrated in Figure 4-1, the FMMP for the subdivision area is designated as Prime Farmland.6The traffic signal areas are indicated as Urban and Built-Up Land and Prime Farmland, however these locations consist of paving and exist road infrastructure, therefore the analysis below does not discuss agricultural impacts were existing road infrastructure is located.

Impact Analysis
a) Convert Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, or Farmland of Statewide Importance (Farmland), as shown on the maps prepared pursuant to the Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program of the California Resources Agency, to non-agricultural use?
Less than Significant Impact. The Project site consists of prime farmland. However, the City has designated the site as Light Industrial and Medium Low Density Residential in the General Plan and, 6 (Calfornia Department of Conservation 2020)

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associated with adoption of the General Plan and certification of the General Plan EIR, adopted a statement of overriding considerations determining that the benefits of placing industrial uses at the site outweighed the impacts of the loss of prime farmland. With the City’s adoption of the overriding findings, no further analysis of the loss of prime farmland is necessary.

Traffic improvements associated with the Project would be located within existing improved ROW and would not impact agricultural land. Impacts would be less than significant. b) Conflict with existing zoning for agricultural use, or a Williamson Act contract? Less than Significant Impact. The Project site is currently located in Fresno County with a zoning designation of AE-20 (Agricultural, 20-acre minimum parcel size). The Project is also located within the City of Fowler’s planning area and has a general plan land use designation of Light Industrial and Medium Low Density Residential. As part of the Project, the Project site would be prezoned to the M-1 and R-1-6 zone districts. The proposed prezones would be consistent with the underlying City of Fowler Land Use Diagram as found in the 2040 General Plan and mentioned above (see Figure 2-4). 7 Therefore, pursuant
to the proposed prezone, the Project would not conflict with an existing zoning for an agricultural use.

The Project site is encumbered by a Williamson Act contract. The Williamson Act enables local governments to contract with private landowners to restrict land to agricultural or related open space uses. In return, landowners receive reduced property taxes. Since the Project site would eventually be developed into an industrial use, it would no longer comply with the requirements of the Williamson Act.

As a regulatory requirement, prior to tentative map approval, the applicant would be required to secure a cancellation of its Williamson Act contract. Once the contract is canceled, implementation of the Project would not conflict with the Williamson Act as the site would no longer be encumbered by such contract.

Traffic improvements associated with the Project would be located within existing improved ROW and would not impact agricultural land. Overall, impacts would be less than significant. c) Conflict with existing zoning for, or cause rezoning of, forest land (as defined in Public Resources Code section 12220(g)), timberland (as defined by Public Resources Code section 4526), or timberland zoned Timberland Production (as defined by Government Code section 51104(g))? d) Result in the loss of forest land or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? c and d) No Impact. There are no forest lands or timberlands within the Project site or vicinity. There would be no impact.
e) Involve other changes in the existing environment which, due to their location or nature, could result in conversion of Farmland, to non-agricultural use or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? Less than Significant Impact. The Project site is prime farmland and is adjacent to active prime farmland to the north, west, and east. The farmland to the north, west, and east is designated for Light Industrial, Heavy Industrial, Medium Density Residential, Medium High Density Residential, and Medium Low Density Residential by the Fowler General Plan. The traffic signals would be located in existing disturbed areas and would not cause the conversion of farmland to be a non-agricultural use. Therefore, the potential conversion of this adjacent agricultural land to non-agricultural use has been evaluated by the 7 (Provost and Pritchard 2023)
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City’s General Plan EIR and the General Plan anticipates its conversion to non-agricultural uses. Therefore, the Project would not involve other changes in the existing environment, which, due to their location or nature, could result in conversion of Farmland to non-agricultural use. Impacts would be less than significant.
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Figure 4-1: Farmland Map
Fowler Sphere of Influence
Prime Farmland
Farmland of Statewide Importance
Farmland of Local Importance
Unique Farmland
Confined Animal Agriculture
Semi-Ag
Rural Residential
Vacant or Disturbed Land
Urban and Built-Up Land

PROVOST&

PRITCHARD
500 1,000
Feet City of Fowler -
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4.3 AIR QUALITY
Table 4-3: Air Quality Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Conflict with or obstruct implementation of
the applicable air quality plan?
b) Result in a cumulatively considerable net
increase of any criteria pollutant for which
the project region is non-attainment under
an applicable federal or state ambient air
quality standard?
c) Expose sensitive receptors to substantial
pollutant concentrations?
d) Result in other emissions (such as those
leading to odors) adversely affecting a
substantial number of people?
Baseline Conditions
Current air emissions on the site come from the activities associated with the farming of the existing vineyard. Cultivation requires the use of vehicles to transport workers and to haul harvested grapes offsite. Small off-road vehicles are often used to inspect and treat the vineyards.

Applicable Regulations
Regulation VIII—Fugitive PM10 Prohibitions
Regulation VIII is a control measure that is one main strategies from the 2006 PM10 Plan for reducing the particulate matter 10 microns in size (PM10)emissions that are part of fugitive dust. Projects over 10 acres are required to file a Dust Control Plan (DCP) containing dust control practices sufficient to comply with Regulation VIII. The Project is required to prepare a DCP to comply with Regulation VIII.

Rule 4002—National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants The purpose of the rule is to incorporate the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Part 61, Chapter I, Subchapter C, Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations and the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories from Part 63, Chapter I, Subchapter C, Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations to protect the health and safety of the public from hazardous air pollutants, such as asbestos.

Rule 4102—Nuisance
The purpose of this rule is to protect the health and safety of the public and applies to any source operation that emits or may emit air contaminants or other materials. Agricultural activities are exempt from the nuisance rule.

Rule 9510 – Indirect Source Review
The purpose of this rule is to ensure that land use development projects reduce their construction/operational Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) and PM10 emissions by 20%/40% and 33.3%/50%, respectively. Operational emissions are required to be reduced over a period of 10 years. Emission □ □ □
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reductions can be obtained either by implementing on-site improvements, such as using more efficient construction equipment, improved land use design, electrical vehicle chargers, photovoltaic panels, or by simply paying an in-lieu fee that goes towards emission-reducing projects elsewhere in the Air District’s region. This project is required to submit an Air Impact Assessment and address its emissions prior to commencement of both construction and operation.

Other Measures
Other control measures that apply to the Project are Rule 4641—Cutback, Slow Cure, and Emulsified Asphalt, Paving and Maintenance Operation that requires reductions in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions during paving and Rule 4601—Architectural Coatings that limits the VOC content of all types of paints and coatings sold in the San Joaquin Valley. These measures apply at the point of sale of the asphalt and coatings, so Project compliance is ensured.

Thresholds
Mass Emissions
The District’s annual mass emission significance thresholds used for the Project define the substantial contribution for both operational and construction emissions as follows:

Table 4-4: Thresholds of Significance for Criteria Air Pollutants Criteria
Pollutant
Emissions (in tons per year)
Construction Operations
ROG 10 10
CO 100 100
NOX 10 10
SOX 27 27
PM10 15 15
PM2.5 15 15
Toxic Air Contaminants
The District’s current thresholds of significance for toxic air contaminant (TAC) emissions from the operations of both permitted and non-permitted sources are combined and presented in Table 4-5 below.

Table 4-5: Thresholds of Significance for Toxic Air Contaminants Toxic Air Contaminant Type Threshold
Carcinogens Maximally Exposed Individual risk equals or exceeds 20 in one million Non-Carcinogen, Acute Effects Hazard Index equals or exceeds 1 for the Maximally Exposed Individual Non-Carcinogen, Chronic Effects Hazard Index equals or exceeds 1 for the Maximally Exposed Individual Odors
Odor impacts on residential areas and other sensitive receptors, such as hospitals, day‐care centers, schools, etc. warrant the closest scrutiny, but consideration should also be given to other land uses where people may congregate, such as recreational facilities, worksites, and commercial areas. The District has determined the common land use types that are known to produce odors in the Air Basin. These types are shown in Table 4-6.

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Table 4-6: Screening Levels for Potential Odor Sources
Odor Generator Screening Distance
Wastewater Treatment Facilities 2 miles
Sanitary Landfills 1 mile
Transfer Stations 1 mile
Composting Facilities 1 mile
Petroleum Refineries 2 miles
Asphalt Batch Plants 1 mile
Chemical Manufacturers 1 mile
Fiberglass Manufacturers 1 mile
Painting/Coating Operations 1 mile
Food Processors 1 mile
Feed Lots and Dairies 1 mile
Rendering Plants 1 mile
Table 4-7: Summary of Ambient Air Quality Standards and Attainment Designation Pollutant
Averaging
Time
California Standards* National Standards*
Concentration*
Attainment
Status
Primary
Attainment
Status
Ozone
(O3)
1-hour 0.09 ppm Nonattainment/
Severe
– No Federal
Standard
8-hour 0.070 ppm Nonattainment 0.075 ppm Nonattainment
(Extreme)**
Particulate
Matter
(PM10)
AAM 20 μg/m3 Nonattainment – Attainment
24-hour 50 μg/m3 150 μg/m3
Fine Particulate
Matter (PM2.5)
AAM 12 μg/m3 Nonattainment 12 μg/m3 Nonattainment
24-hour No Standard 35 μg/m3
Carbon
Monoxide
(CO)
1-hour 20 ppm Attainment/
Unclassified
35 ppm Attainment/
8-hour 9 ppm 9 ppm Unclassified
8-hour
(Lake Tahoe)
6 ppm –
Nitrogen
Dioxide
(NO2)
AAM 0.030 ppm Attainment 53 ppb Attainment/
1-hour 0.18 ppm 100 ppb Unclassified
Sulfur Dioxide
(SO2)
AAM – Attainment -- Attainment/
24-hour 0.04 ppm -- Unclassified
3-hour – 0.5 ppm
1-hour 0.25 ppm 75 ppb
Lead (Pb) 30-day Average 1.5 μg/m3 Attainment – No
Designation/
Classification
Calendar Quarter –
--
Rolling 3-Month
Average
– 0.15 μg/m3
Sulfates (SO4) 24-hour 25 μg/m3 Attainment No Federal Standards Hydrogen
Sulfide (H2S)
1-hour 0.03 ppm
(42 μg/m3)
Unclassified
Vinyl Chloride
(C2H3Cl)
24-hour 0.01 ppm
(26 μg/m3)
Attainment
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Pollutant
Averaging
Time
California Standards* National Standards*
Concentration*
Attainment
Status
Primary
Attainment
Status
VisibilityReducing
Particle Matter
8-hour Extinction coefficient:

0.23/km-visibility of
10 miles or more due
to particles when the
relative humidity is
less than 70%.

Unclassified
Note: ppm – parts per million; ppb – parts per billion; μg/m3 – micrograms per cubic meter * For more information on standards visit: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/research/aaqs/aaqs2.pdf ** No Federal 1-hour standard. Reclassified extreme nonattainment for the Federal 8-hour standard. ***Secondary Standard
Source: http://www.valleyair.org/aqinfo/attainment.htm.

Impact Analysis
Short-Term Construction-Generated Emissions
Estimated construction-generated emissions are summarized in Table 4-8 and Table 4-9, also in Appendix A. Emissions resulting from the addition of traffic signals to existing streets would be minimal.

Table 4-8: Unmitigated Short-Term Construction Generated Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants Source Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)
ROG NOX CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5

MAXIMUM ANNUAL PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS

1.21 2.00 2.68 <0.005 0.23 0.09
SJVAPCD THRESHOLD 10 10 100 27 15 15
THRESHOLD EXCEEDED? No No No No No No
Table 4-9: Maximum Daily Construction Related Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants Source Daily Emissions Maximum (in pounds)
ROG NOX CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5
CONSTRUCTION – SUMMER 104 12.2 19.8 0.06 1.55 0.68
CONSTRUCTION – WINTER 3.38 31.7 30.7 0.06 9.13 5.22
SJVAPCD THRESHOLD 100 100 100 100 100 100
THRESHOLD EXCEEDED? Yes No No No No No
Long-Term Operational Emissions
Long-term air pollutant emission impacts are those associated with mobile sources (e.g., vehicle trips), energy sources (e.g., electricity and natural gas), and area sources (e.g., architectural coatings and the use of landscape maintenance equipment) related to the Project. Operational emissions of the proposed Project would be considered negligible due to the type of use proposed on-site. Emissions are weighed against thresholds designated by the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD). Table 4-10 and Table 4-11 summarizes estimated operational emissions. No operational emissions exceed SJVAPCD thresholds.
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Table 4-10: Unmitigated Long-Term Operational Emissions Source Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)
ROG NOX CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5

MAXIMUM ANNUAL PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS

2.83 2.24 10.4 0.03 1.88 0.53
SJVAPCD THRESHOLD 10 10 100 27 15 15
THRESHOLD EXCEEDED? No No No No No No
Table 4-11: Maximum Daily Operational Related Emissions of Criteria Air Pollutants Source Daily Emissions Maximum (in pounds)
ROG NOX CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5
CONSTRUCTION – SUMMER 17.5 11.8 76.4 0.16 10.5 2.98
CONSTRUCTION – WINTER 14.0 12.7 47.5 0.14 10.5 2.96
SJVAPCD THRESHOLD 100 100 100 100 100 100
THRESHOLD EXCEEDED? No No No No No No
a) Would the project conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan? Less than Significant Impact. The Project would conflict with or obstruct implementation of applicable air quality plans if the Project exceeded established thresholds of significance for criteria air pollutants or violate adopted Air District rules. As described above in Table 4-8, Table 4-9, Table 4-10, and Table 4-11, the Project, for the most part, would not exceed thresholds for criteria air pollutants. While the analysis depicts a construction daily emissions of 104 pounds per day for reactive organic gases (ROG), the calculation assumes that 100% of the buildings would be painted all at once, and given the individual development nature of the Project, would be highly unlikely. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant.
b) Would the project result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard? Less than Significant Impact. Excluding daily emissions for ROG, Project-generated emissions are below the SJVAPCD’s regional significance thresholds, and the Project is consistent with current air quality attainment plans including control measures and regulations. The SJVAPCD through its Guidelines for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts has determined that projects that exceed regional thresholds would have a cumulatively considerable health impact. As described above, calculation assumes that 100% of the buildings would be painted all at once, and given the individual development nature of the Project, would be highly unlikely. Therefore, its cumulatively considerable impacts would be less than significant.
c) Would the project expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations? Less than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. Construction of the Project will most likely utilize diesel-powered off-road equipment, spanning the course of over two (2) years cumulatively. Each building would be developed as desired. Construction in subsequent years are anticipated to generate fewer emissions due to the eventual replacement of old diesel construction equipment fleets with equipment compliant with current regulations. Cancer health risks associated with Project construction would equate to a 10.99 in a million risk of cancer. Chronic and acute health risks associated with the Project would be minimal and less than significant. Construction of traffic signals is not anticipated to generate significant emissions, and given their distance to sensitive receptors, would result in a less than significant impact.
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Project operations would also involve the use of diesel-powered trucks, which too would generate Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM). These trucks would most likely leave and enter the site by way of Golden State Boulevard, to either Clovis Avenue to the north or Adams Avenue to the south. Cancer health risks associated with Project operations would equate to 10.61 in a million risk of cancer. Chronic and acute health risks associated with the Project would be minimal and less than significant.

Together, without mitigation, cancer health risks would exceed the Air District threshold of 20 in a million and would result in a significant impact. To mitigate the impact to less than significant, subdivision construction and its buildings would be required to use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Tier 3 engines with Level 3 Diesel Particulate Filters or EPA Tier 4 Final engines, or better. The use of Level 3 Diesel Particulate Filters would reduce construction DPM emissions by approximately 75%, and presumably the cancer risk associated with construction would too fall by 75%, which would be sufficient to comply with Air District thresholds. This has been memorialized as AIR-1. d) Would the project result in other emissions (such as those leading to odors) adversely affecting a substantial number of people?
Less than Significant Impact. Construction of the Project would utilize diesel-powered equipment, which would likely generate odors. These odors, however, are not generally found to adversely affect people, and due to the proximity of the site to sensitive receptors, would not affect a substantial number of people. Project operations would also utilize diesel-powered equipment, however the number of truck trips generated would be minimal and their distance sufficiently away from sensitive receptors. Impacts would be less than significant.

Mitigation
AIR-1 Construction of the subdivision and the buildings within shall utilize EPA Tier 4 Final engines or EPA Tier 3 engines with Level 3 Diesel Particulate Filters.

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4.4 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Table 4-12: Biological Resources Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Have a substantial adverse effect, either
directly or through habitat modifications, on
any species identified as a candidate,
sensitive, or special status species in local or
regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by
the California Department of Fish and
Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service?
b) Have a substantial adverse effect on any
riparian habitat or other sensitive natural
community identified in local or regional
plans, policies, regulations, or by the
California Department of Fish and Wildlife or
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service?
c) Have a substantial adverse effect on federally
protected wetlands as defined by Section
404 of the Clean Water Act (including, but
not limited to, marsh, vernal pool, coastal,
etc.) through direct removal, filling,
hydrological interruption, or other means?
d) Interfere substantially with the movement of
any native resident or migratory fish or
wildlife species or with established native
resident or migratory wildlife corridors, or
impede the use of native wildlife nursery
sites?
e) Conflict with any local policies or ordinances
protecting biological resources, such as a
tree preservation policy or ordinance?
f) Conflict with the provisions of an adopted
Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural
Community Conservation Plan, or other
approved local, regional, or state habitat
conservation plan?
Baseline Conditions
Study Methodology
A Biological Memorandum has been prepared for the Project (see Appendix B). Provost & Pritchard Consulting Group environmental specialist conducted a desktop analysis of potential Project-related impacts to biological resources based on the resources known to occur, or with potential to occur, within the Project site. Sources of information used in preparation of this analysis included: CDFW’s California Natural Diversity Database [(CNDDB); see Appendix A of Appendix B for the species list] and California Wildlife Habitat Relationships database; California Native Plant Society’s (CNPS) Online Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California; CalFlora’s online database of California native plants; Jepson Herbarium’s online database (i.e., Jepson eFlora); United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) □ □ □
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Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS), Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC; see Appendix C of Appendix B for the species list) system, and National Wetlands Inventory; iNaturalist; NatureServe Explorer’s online database; United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service’s Web Soil Survey, California Herps website; and various manuals, reports, and references related to plants and animals of the San Joaquin Valley region.

General
The Project site is located in the San Joaquin Valley within the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Malaga 7.5-minute quadrangle. The topography within the site is relatively flat with elevations of approximately 300 feet above mean sea level. Like most of California, the site experiences a Mediterranean climate. Warm, dry summers are followed by cool, moist winters. In the summer, average high temperatures range between 85- and 98-degrees Fahrenheit (°F), but do not often exceed 105 °F, and the humidity is generally low. Winter temperatures are often below 60°F during the day and rarely exceed 65°F.

On average, the City of Fresno receives approximately 13 inches of precipitation in the form of rain yearly, most of which occurs between October and April, and the site would be expected to receive similar amounts of precipitation.

Waters
The nearest surface water features are the basins located east of the site. The Malaga Canal and Biggs Canal are located approximately 2 miles northeast of the site.

Soils
Four soil mapping units representing three soil types were identified within the site and are listed in Table 4-13 (see Attachment D of Appendix B for the Web Soil Survey Report). The soils are displayed with their core properties in the table below, according to the Major Land Resource Area of California. These soils are primarily used for growing a range of crops including grapes, peaches, truck crops, alfalfa and for homesites.

Table 4-13: List of Soils Located on the Site and Their Basic Properties Soil Soil Map Unit Percent
of Site
Hydric Soil
Category
Drainage Permeability Runoff
Delhi Loamy sand, 0 to 3
percent slopes
MLRA 17

0.1 % Predominantly
nonhydric
Somewhat
excessively
drained
High to very high Very low
Hanford Sandy loam 6.8% Nonhydric Very well
drained
High Very low
Hesperia Sandy loam, very
deep

59.7% Nonhydric Well drained Moderately low Negligible
Fine sandy loam,
very deep

33.4% Nonhydric Well drained Moderately low Negligible
Hydric soils are defined as soils that are saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions such that under sufficiently wet conditions, hydrophytic vegetation can be supported. None of the major units were identified as hydric, though one minor component of Delhi was noted as hydric.

Biotic Habitat
The majority of the Project site appears to consist of a vineyard and a residential single-family home. It is expected that the vineyard onsite could be used as foraging and nesting area for tree-nesting and ground129 Section , Item B
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nesting species such as killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), black phoebe (Sayornis nigricans), or song sparrow (Melospiza melodia). The soil texture of most of the site is reported to be sandy loam, in general, and may be loose enough for burrowing by small mammals, such as California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi). Discing is not anticipated frequently through the vineyard, so ground disturbance may be minimal. This may further allow for and encourage nesting activities. Large, non-agricultural trees are visible on aerial imagery near the residential homes within the site and in the surrounding area, which could serve as suitable nesting habitat for raptors.

The Project site is surrounded by existing agricultural fields to the west, north, and east. Abutting the west boundary is the Golden State Boulevard. To the south is an existing residential subdivision. Heavy traffic associated with the adjacent highway could deter more elusive species from traveling to or through the area. Some species more habituated to human disturbance and activities, such as San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica), may be tolerant of the disturbances and could use the site for foraging.

Sensitive Resources
As follows are details on the special status species, migratory birds, designated habitat and communities, and wildlife movement corridors and native wildlife nursery sites that could be impacted by Project-related activities.

Special Status Species
A query of the CNDDB for occurrences of special status plant and animal species was conducted for the Malaga USGS 7.5-Minute quadrangle and the eight surrounding quadrangles: Sanger, Selma, Conejo, Caruthers, Fresno North, Fresno South, Clovis, and Round Mountain. A query of the IPaC was also completed for the site. Species which were observed within two miles of the Project site were evaluated for their potential to occur within the Project site. These species are listed in Table 4-14 below.

Table 4-14: Special Status Plant and Animal Species with the Potential to Occur on the Project Site Species Status* Habitat Occurrence within the Site
Pallid bat
(Antrozous pallidus)
CSSC Found in grasslands, chaparral,
and woodlands, where it feeds on
ground- and vegetation-dwelling
arthropods, and occasionally
takes insects in flight. Prefers to
roost in rock crevices, but may
also use tree cavities, caves,
bridges, and other human-made
structures.

Unlikely. The vineyard habitat could
provide foraging opportunities for
this species, but roosting habitat
appears to be absent from the
Project site and adjacent habitats.

Swainson’s hawk
(Buteo swainsoni)
CT Nests in large trees in open areas
adjacent to grasslands, grain or
alfalfa fields, or livestock pastures
suitable for supporting rodent
populations.

Possible. The nearest recorded
observation of this species is
approximately four miles northwest
of the site in the 1980s. However,
trees large enough for nesting are
present within 0.5 miles of the
Project site. Additionally, this species
would be expected to forage within
the fallow field and surrounding
areas.

Western mastiff bat
(Eumops perotis
californicus)
CSSC Found in open, arid to semi-arid
habitats, including dry desert
washes, flood plains, chaparral,
oak woodland, open ponderosa
Unlikely. The vineyard habitat could
provide foraging opportunities for
this species, but there do not seem
to be any resources for roosting.
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Species Status* Habitat Occurrence within the Site
pine forest, grassland, and
agricultural areas, where it feeds
on insects in flight. Roosts most
commonly in crevices in cliff
faces but may also use high
buildings and tunnels.

*EXPLANATION OF OCCURRENCE DESIGNATIONS AND STATUS CODES

Present: Species observed on the site at time of field surveys or during recent past.

Likely: Species not observed on the site, but it may reasonably be expected to occur there on a regular basis.

Possible: Species not observed on the site, but it could occur there from time to time.

Unlikely: Species not observed on the site, and would not be expected to occur there except, perhaps, as a transient.

Absent: Species not observed on the site and precluded from occurring there due to absence of suitable habitat.

STATUS CODES
FE Federally Endangered CE California Endangered
FT Federally Threatened CSSC California Species of Special Concern FPT Federally Threatened (Proposed) CCE California Endangered (Candidate)

CNPS LISTING
1B Plants rare, threatened, or endangered in
California and elsewhere.
2B Plants rare, threatened, or endangered in
California, but more common elsewhere.

Applicable Regulations
Federal
Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act, passed in 1973, defines an endangered species as any species or subspecies that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. A threatened species is defined as any species or subspecies that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Once a species is listed, it is fully protected from a “take” unless a take permit is issued by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. A take is defined as the harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, shooting, wounding, killing, trapping, capturing, or collecting wildlife species or any attempt to engage in such conduct, including modification of its habitat ((16 USC (United States Code) 1532, 50 Code of Federal Regulations 17.3)). Proposed endangered or threatened species are those species for which a proposed regulation, but not a final rule, has been published in the Federal Register.

State
California Endangered Species Act
The California Endangered Species Act (CESA), codified at Fish and Game Code (FGC) Section 2050, et seq., protects certain plant and animal species when they are of special ecological, educational, historical, recreational, aesthetic, economic, and scientific value to the people of the State. CESA established that it is State policy to conserve, protect, restore, and enhance endangered species and their habitats. CESA was expanded upon the original Native Plant Protection Act and enhanced legal protection for plants. To be consistent with federal regulations, CESA created the categories of "threatened" and "endangered" species.

It converted all "rare" animals into the Act as threatened species but did not do so for rare plants. Thus, there are three listing categories for plants in California: rare, threatened, and endangered. Under State

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law, plant and animal species may be formally designated by official listing by the California Fish and Game Commission.

Predatory Birds – Fish and Game Code Section 3503, 3503.5, 3800 Under FGC Sections, 3503, 3503.5, and 3800, all predatory birds in the order Falconiformes or Strigiformes in California, generally called “raptors,” are protected. The law indicates that it is unlawful to take, possess, or destroy the nest or eggs of any such bird unless it is in accordance with the code. Any activity that would cause a nest to be abandoned or cause a reduction or loss in a reproductive effort is considered a take. This generally includes construction activities.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service?
Less than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. There were no recorded observations of any special status species within two miles of the Project site, and there were no plant species with potential to occur on or near the site. However, suitable habitat for nesting birds, Swainson’s Hawk, and San Joaquin kit fox appears to be present. These special status species could occur on the site prior to or during Project activities. In order to comply with General Plan policies and state and federal laws protecting special status species, Mitigation Measures BIO-1, BIO-2, and BIO-3 will be implemented to reduce potential Project-related impacts to biological resources within and around the site. b) Would the project have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service?
No Impact. Riparian habitat is absent from the Project site. The San Joaquin River Ecological reserve, located approximately 18 miles northwest in Fresno, includes a largely undisturbed riparian corridor.8 The only water bodies present within the planning area and surrounding region are irrigation canals, which are highly maintained and used primarily for agricultural water. Additionally, there are no CNDDBdesignated “natural communities of special concern” recorded within the Project site or surrounding lands. There would be no impact.
c) Would the project have a substantial adverse effect on federally protected wetlands as defined by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (including, but not limited to, marsh, vernal pool, coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling, hydrological interruption, or other means? No Impact. The Project site does not contain any federally protected wetlands. Runoff from the Project site would be directed to proposed stormwater basins. There would be no impact. 8 (California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2024)

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d) Interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or with established native resident or migratory wildlife corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites?
No Impact. Wildlife movement corridors are routes that wild animals regularly and predictably follow during seasonal migration, dispersal from native ranges, daily travel within home ranges, and interpopulation movements. Movement corridors in California are typically associated with valleys, ridgelines, and rivers and creeks supporting riparian vegetation. The Project site does not contain any federally protected wetlands. Runoff from the Project site would be directed to proposed stormwater basins.

There would be no impact.
e) Conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources, such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance?
No Impact. There are no applicable local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources. As such, there would be no impact.
f) Conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state habitat conservation plan? No Impact. There are no Habitat Conservation Plans or Natural Community Conservation Plans applicable to the planning area. Therefore, there would be no impact.

Mitigation
Nesting Bird Avoidance: Project activities should occur, if feasible, between September 16 and January 31 (outside of the nesting bird season) to avoid impacts to nesting birds.

Migratory Nesting Bird Pre-Activity Survey: If Project activities must occur within the migratory bird nesting season (February 1 to September 15), a qualified biologist should complete a pre-activity survey for active nests within five (5) calendar days prior to the start of Project activities. The survey should be completed within the Project site, and all accessible lands up to 100 feet outside of the Project site for nesting migratory birds and up to 500 feet outside of the Project site for nesting raptors. Raptor nests would be considered “active” upon the nest-building stage. If no active nests are observed, the Project may proceed. The biologist should also conduct a one-time take avoidance preconstruction survey for Swainson’s hawk nests onsite and within a 0.5-mile radius. This one time take avoidance survey will be conducted in accordance with the Recommended Timing and Methodology for Swainson's Hawk Nesting Surveys in California's Central Valley (Swainson's Hawk Technical Advisory Committee 2000), or current guidance.

Nesting Bird Avoidance Buffers: On discovery of any active nests or breeding colonies near work areas, a qualified biologist should determine appropriate avoidance buffer distances based on applicable CDFW and/or USFWS guidelines, the biology of the species, conditions of the nest(s), and the level of Project disturbance. If needed, avoidance buffers should be identified with flagging, fencing, or other easily visible means, and should be maintained until the biologist has determined that the nestlings have fledged.

4.4.4 BIO-1
BIO-2
BIO-3
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4.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Table 4-15: Cultural Resources Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Cause a substantial adverse change in the
significance of a historical resource
pursuant to in § 15064.5?
b) Cause a substantial adverse change in the
significance of an archaeological resource
pursuant to § 15064.5?
c) Disturb any human remains, including
those interred outside of dedicated
cemeteries?
Baseline Conditions
Following the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, the Central Pacific Railroad, predecessor to the Southern Pacific Railroad, began construction of a Central Valley route to connect southern California with the commerce center of the San Francisco Bay. The segment through Fowler was laid around 1872.

Thomas Fowler, a State Senator from 1869–1872, owned the ranch where a railroad switch was built by the Central Pacific Railroad. The town developed around the railroad switch and became known as Fowler’s Switch. The Valley branch of the historic Southern Pacific Railroad is presently owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad. A post office branch was established in Fowler in 1882, the name was eventually shortened, and the City of Fowler was incorporated in 1908. In May 1973, Fowler’s Switch was registered as a California Point of Interest for its local significance to Fowler. The marker for the Fowler Switch is located at the intersection of East Merced Street and South 7th Street and is not visible from the Project site.

The Project site is located on a previously farmed piece of land. Throughout the years of farming the site, it has been heavily disturbed through planting, harvesting, and discing. The traffic improvement areas are located in disturbed areas that have been developed with roadway infrastructure.

Records Search
A records search from the Southern San Joaquin Valley Information Center (SSJVIC) of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS), located at California State University, Bakersfield was conducted in September 2024. The SSJVIC records search includes a review of all recorded archaeological and built-environment resources as well as a review of cultural resource reports on file. In addition, the California Points of Historical Interest, the California Historical Landmarks, the California Register of Historical Resources, the National Register of Historic Places, and the California State Built Environment Resources Directory listings were reviewed for the Project site and an additional ½-mile radius. According to the search, no cultural resource studies have been previously completed within the Project area, but four have been completed within the ½-mile radius. Furthermore, no recorded cultural resources have been discovered within the Project site; however, three have been discovered within the ½-mile radius. See Appendix C for the CHRIS records search results letter. □ □ □
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Regulatory Setting
The following Fowler General Policies would apply to the Project:
o Policy CDES-12: All construction shall cease, and the Community Development Director and City Engineer shall be notified immediately if any prehistoric, archaeological, or fossil artifact or resource is uncovered during construction. All construction shall immediately stop and an archaeologist that meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards in prehistoric or historical archaeology shall be retained, at the applicant’s and/or successors-ininterest’s expense, to evaluate the find(s) and recommend appropriate action according to Section 15064.5 of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines. If avoidance is infeasible, other appropriate measures would be instituted. Work may proceed on other parts of the project subject to direction of the archaeologist while assessment of historic resources or unique archaeological resources is being carried out.
o Policy CDES-13: All construction shall cease if any human remains are uncovered, and the Community Development Director, City Engineer and Fresno County Medical Examiner and Coroner shall be notified in accordance to Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code.

If human remains are determined to be those of a Native American or has reason to believe that they are those of a Native American, the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) shall be contacted, and the procedures outlined in California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Section 15064.5(e) shall be followed.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource pursuant to in § 15064.5?
b) Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to § 15064.5?
a and b) Less than Significant Impact. A CHRIS records search, from SSJVIC, was conducted in September 2024 and confirmed there have been no previous cultural resource studies conducted within the Project area. There have been four previous cultural resource studies within the ½-mile mile radius: FR-00135, 02287, 02452, 02642. The search also confirmed there are no recorded resources within the Project area, but three within the ½-mile mile radius: P-10-002962, 003930, 004423. It is unlikely that the Project has the potential to result in significant impacts or adverse effects to cultural or historical resources, such as archaeological remains, artifacts, or historic properties. Conformance with General Plan Policies CDES12 and CDES-13 would reduce impacts to less than significant. c) Would the project disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of dedicated cemeteries? Less than Significant Impact. There is no evidence that the Project site has the potential to be an unknown burial site, or the site of buried human remains. In the unlikely event of such a discovery, General Plan Policies CDES-12 and CDES-13 identify the procedures that are required to be taken. mitigation will be implemented. Impacts resulting from the discovery of remains interred in the Project site would be less than significant.

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4.6 ENERGY
Table 4-16: Energy Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Result in potentially significant
environmental impact due to wasteful,
inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of
energy resources, during project
construction or operation?
b) Conflict with or obstruct a state or local
plan for renewable energy or energy
efficiency?
Baseline Conditions
The Project site consists of farmland and a rural residential dwelling. Energy consumption from the dwelling and farmland would consist of electricity (pumps, dwelling), natural gas (dwelling), gasoline (automobiles), and diesel (dwelling, harvesting).

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project result in potentially significant environmental impact due to wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy resources, during project construction or operation? Less than Significant Impact. Fuel consumed by construction equipment would be the primary energy resource expended over the course of Project construction. For heavy-duty construction equipment, horsepower and load factor were assumed using default data from the California Emissions Estimator Model (CalEEMod). Fuel use associated with construction vehicle trips generated by the Project was also estimated; trips include construction worker trips, haul trucks trips for material transport, and vendor trips for construction material deliveries. Fuel use from these vehicles traveling to the Project was based on (1) the projected number of trips the Project would generate (CalEEMod default values), (2) default average trip distance by land use in CalEEMod, and (3) fuel efficiencies estimated in the California Air Resources Board 2017 Emissions Factors model (EMFAC2017) mobile source emission model.

Construction is estimated to consume a total of 99,178.75 gallons of diesel fuel and 19,533.25 gallons of gasoline fuel.9 California Code of Regulations Title 13, Motor Vehicles, Section 2449(d)(2), Idling, limits idling times of construction vehicles to no more than five (5) minutes, thereby precluding unnecessary and wasteful consumption of fuel because of unproductive idling of construction equipment. In addition, the energy consumption for construction activities would not be ongoing as they would be limited to the duration of Project construction.
9 Emissions for the Project were quantified using CalEEMod Output Files Version 2020.4.0. Refer to Appendix A for modeling results and assumptions.
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The development’s anticipated annual energy consumption is approximately 590,073 kilowatt-hours and 17,792 therms of natural gas.10 Energy consumption of residential uses is currently governed by the 2019 California Building Code, Part 6 for the structure itself, and Title 20 of the California Code of Regulations for appliances. Energy consumption is anticipated to decrease over time as more energy efficient standards take effect and energy-consuming equipment reach their end-of-life and necessitates replacement. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant. b) Would the project conflict with or obstruct a state or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency?
Less than Significant Impact. State and local authorities regulate energy use and consumption. These regulations at the State level are intended to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

These include, among others, AB 1493 – Light-Duty Vehicle Standards; California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 6 – Energy Efficiency Standards; and California Code of Regulations Title 24, Parts 6 and 11 – California Energy Code and Green Building Standards. The Project would not conflict with or obstruct a State or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant.
10 Emissions for the Project were quantified using CalEEMod Output Files Version 2020.4.0. Refer to Appendix A for modeling results and assumptions.
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4.7 GEOLOGY AND SOILS
Table 4-17: Geology and Soils Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Directly or indirectly cause potential
substantial adverse effects, including the risk
of loss, injury, or death involving:
i. Rupture of a known earthquake fault, as
delineated on the most recent AlquistPriolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State Geologist for the
area or based on other substantial
evidence of a known fault? Refer to
Division of Mines and Geology Special
Publication 42.
ii. Strong seismic ground shaking?
iii. Seismic-related ground failure, including
liquefaction?
iv. Landslides?
b) Result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of
topsoil?
c) Be located on a geologic unit or soil that is
unstable, or that would become unstable as a
result of the project, and potentially result in
on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading,
subsidence, liquefaction or collapse?
d) Be located on expansive soil, as defined in
Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Building Code
(1994) creating substantial direct or indirect
risks to life or property?
e) Have soils incapable of adequately supporting
the use of septic tanks or alternative waste
water disposal systems where sewers are not
available for the disposal of wastewater?
f) Directly or indirectly destroy a unique
paleontological resource or site or unique
geological feature?
Baseline Conditions
Geology and Soils
The proposed Project is located in Fresno County, in the southern section of California’s Great Valley Geomorphic Province, or Central Valley. The Sacramento Valley makes up the northern third and the San Joaquin Valley makes up the southern two-thirds of the geomorphic province. Both valleys are watered by large rivers flowing west from the Sierra Nevada Range, with smaller tributaries flowing east from the Coast Ranges. Most of the surface of the Great Valley is covered by Quaternary (present day to 1.6 million years ago) alluvium. The sedimentary formations are steeply upturned along the western margin due to the □ □ □
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uplifted Sierra Nevada Range.11 From the time the Valley first began to form, sediments derived from erosion of igneous and metamorphic rocks and consolidated marine sediments in the surrounding mountains have been transported into the Valley by streams.

As seen in Table 4-13, soils present on the Project site consist of Delhi loamy sand, Hanford sandy loam, Hesperia sandy loam, and Hesperia fine sandy loam.12
Faults and Seismicity
The Project is not located within an Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone and there are no known active faults within the City. The nearest major fault is the San Andreas Fault, located approximately 66 miles southwest of the Project site. The San Andreas fault is the dominant active tectonic feature of the Coast Ranges and represents the boundary of the North American and Pacific plates. The Nunez Fault is approximately 51 miles southwest and the Poso Fault is approximately 51 miles southwest. 13 Liquefaction
The potential for liquefaction, which is the loss of soil strength due to seismic forces, is dependent on soil types and density, the groundwater table, and the duration and intensity of ground shaking. Although no specific liquefaction hazard areas have been identified in the county, this potential is recognized throughout the San Joaquin Valley where unconsolidated sediments and a high-water table coincide. according to the California State Geoportal, Fowler is not located in or near a zone that has been designated as an area that has experienced soil liquefaction.14 Furthermore, the average depth to groundwater within the planning area is approximately 85 to 95 feet, which also minimizes liquefaction potential.15 Soil Subsidence
There are two types of Subsidence: Land subsidence and hydrocompaction subsidence. Hydrocompaction subsidence occurs when a large land area settles due to over-saturation. These areas are typically composed of open-textured soils that become saturated, high in silt or clay content. Land subsidence occurs when an extensive amount of ground water, oil, or natural gas is withdrawn from below the ground surface. The San Joaquin Valley has become an area that has increasingly experienced subsidence due to excessive groundwater pumping activities lowering the water table. The Project site consists of Atwater loam, Atwater loamy sand, and Greenfield Sandy loam. These soil types have a low to moderate risk of subsidence.

Landslides
Landslides usually occur in locations with steep slopes and unstable soils. Fowler is located on the Central Valley floor where no major geologic landforms exist, and the topography is essentially flat and level. The nearest foothills are approximately 15 miles northeast of the Project site. Therefore, the Project site has minimal-to-no landslide susceptibility.
11 (Harden 1998)
12 (United States Department of Agriculture 2024)
13 (California Department of Conservation 2023)
14 (California State Geoportal 2022)
15 (City of Fowler 2023)
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Regulatory Setting
The following Fowler General Policies would apply to the Project:
o Policy CDES-12: All construction shall cease, and the Community Development Director and City Engineer shall be notified immediately if any prehistoric, archaeological, or fossil artifact or resource is uncovered during construction. All construction shall immediately stop and an archaeologist that meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards in prehistoric or historical archaeology shall be retained, at the applicant’s and/or successors-ininterest’s expense, to evaluate the find(s) and recommend appropriate action according to Section 15064.5 of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines. If avoidance is infeasible, other appropriate measures would be instituted. Work may proceed on other parts of the project subject to direction of the archaeologist while assessment of historic resources or unique archaeological resources is being carried out.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project directly or indirectly cause potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury, or death involving:
i. Rupture of a known earthquake fault, as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State Geologist for the area or based on other substantial evidence of a known fault? Refer to Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 42.

No Impact. There are no known active earthquake faults in Fresno County, inclusive of the City of Fowler and the Project site, nor is Fresno County within an Alquist-Priolo earthquake fault zone as established by the Alquist-Priolo Fault Zoning Act. Thus, the Project would not cause rupture of a known earthquake fault and therefore, would have no impact.
ii. Strong seismic ground shaking?
Less than Significant Impact. The Project site is not located in an area traditionally characterized by high levels of seismic activity. Future development would be required to comply with current seismic protection standards in the California Building Code (CBC) which would significantly limit potential damage to structures and thereby reduce potential impacts including the risk of loss, injury, or death.

Compliance with the CBC would ensure impacts to be less than significant. iii. Seismic-related ground failure, including liquefaction? Less than Significant Impact. As mentioned above, there are no known active earthquake faults in Fresno County and Fresno County has historically been subject to low to moderate ground shaking. The Project site is in an area with low susceptibility to liquefaction with no known geologic hazards or unstable soil conditions. Due to the distance from an active fault, there is low potential for ground rupture. Further, the Project site is primarily made up of loamy sand and sandy loam that are well drained, which are less susceptible to liquefaction than silt or sands. In addition, development would be required to comply with CBC, the City’s grading and drainage standards, and specific requirements that address liquefaction. For these reasons, the Project would not result in seismic-related ground failure including liquefaction.

Impacts would be less than significant impact.

M2

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iv. Landslides?
No Impact. Characteristic of the Central Valley, the topography of the Project site is relatively flat. Soils on the Project site are native and stable. No large slopes deriving from rivers or streams are found within the Project site that would be susceptible to landslides. Therefore, there would be no impact. b) Would the project result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of topsoil? Less than Significant Impact. Soil erosion and loss of topsoil can be caused by natural factors, such as wind and flowing water, and human activity. Construction of the Project site would require typical site preparation activities such as grading and trenching which may result in the potential for short-term soil disturbance or erosion impacts. Construction would also involve the use of water that may cause further soil disturbance. Such impacts would be addressed through compliance with regulations set by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). Namely, the SWRCB requires sites larger than one (1) acre to comply with the General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity. The General Permit Order No. 2022-0057-DWQ requires the development of a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) by a certified Qualified SWPPP Developer prior to the start of construction activities. The SWPPP estimates the sediment risk associated with construction activities and Soil erosion and loss of topsoil can be caused by natural factors, such as wind and flowing water, and human activity. includes best management practices (BMP) to control erosion. BMPs specific to erosion control cover erosion, sediment, tracking, and waste management controls. Implementation of the SWPPP minimizes the potential for the Project to result in substantial soil erosion or loss of topsoil. Furthermore, development of the Project site would comply with Section 8-14.08 Grading of the Fowler Municipal Code to control soil erosion and erosion potential during Project operations. With these provisions in place, impacts to soil and topsoil by the Project would be considered less than significant. c) Would the project be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the project, and potentially result in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction or collapse?
Less than Significant Impact. Land subsidence is the settling or sinking of surface soil deposits with little or no horizontal motion. Soils with high silt or clay content are subject to subsidence. Subsidence typically occurs in areas with groundwater withdrawal or oil or natural gas extraction. The site is not within an identified California Department of Conservation – Geologic Energy Management Division oil/gas field.16 The topography of the site is relatively flat with stable, native soils and no apparent unique or significant landforms. Furthermore, the Project is in an area of low significance for seismic activity due to its distance from faults. Such factors minimize the potential for other geologic hazards such as landslides, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse. Therefore, any development on the native, stable soils is unlikely to become unstable and result in geologic hazards. In addition, the Project would be required to comply with current seismic protection standards in the CBC which would significantly limit potential seismic-related hazards such as landslides, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse.

Compliance with the CBC would ensure a less than significant impact. d) Would the project be located on expansive soil, as defined in Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Building Code (1994), creating substantial direct or indirect risks to life or property? Less than Significant Impact. The Project site is relatively flat with native soils of fine sandy loam, which is not expansive. Sandy loam soils are not classified as expansive soil, as defined in Table 18-1-B of the 16 (California Department of Conservation 2024)
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Uniform Building Code and would not create substantial direct or indirect risks to life or property. Thus, no impact would occur because of the Project.
e) Would the project have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems where sewers are not available for the disposal of wastewater? No Impact. Once annexed, the Project site would be located within the Fowler city limits and would connect to the City’s wastewater services. Thus, no permanent septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems would be installed. There would be no impact. f) Would the project directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geological feature?
Less than Significant Impact. No known paleontological resources have been identified at the Project site.

However, if a paleontological resource is found General Plan Policy CDES-12 describes the procedures necessary during construction activities to reduce impacts. All construction would be required to immediately stop and an archaeologist that meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards in prehistoric or historical archaeology would be retained, at the applicant’s and/or successors-in-interest’s expense, to evaluate the find(s) and recommend appropriate action according to Section 15064.5 of the CEQA Guidelines. If avoidance is infeasible, other appropriate measures would be instituted. Work may proceed on other parts of the project subject to direction of the archaeologist while assessment of historic resources or unique archaeological resources is being carried out. Implementation of this General Plan policy would reduce impacts to less than significant. 142
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4.8 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
Table 4-18: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Generate greenhouse gas emissions, either
directly or indirectly, that may have a
significant impact on the environment?
b) Conflict with an applicable plan, policy or
regulation adopted for the purpose of
reducing the emissions of greenhouse
gases?
Baseline Conditions
The subject property is developed with vineyards. Cultivation requires the use of vehicles to transport workers and to haul harvested grapes off-site. Small off-road vehicles are often used to inspect and treat the vineyards.

Thresholds
As the Project proposes to develop consistent with the 2040 Fowler General Plan, the Project would exceed thresholds of significance if the Project proposes not to implement the GHG mitigation measures of the 2040 Fowler General Plan Program EIR.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project generate greenhouse gas emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment?
b) Would the project conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases?
a) and b) Less than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. Construction of the Project would generate approximately 855.1 metric tons of Carbon Dioxide and its equivalents (MTCO2e). Operation of the Project would generate approximately 4,263 MTCO2e.The City of Fowler has not adopted an applicable plan, policy, or regulation for the purpose of reducing the emissions of GHGs. Therefore, the significance of the Project’s consistency with an applicable plan was evaluated in comparison to the GHGreduction strategies contained in the 2022 Fresno Council of Governments Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS); as well as State’s 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan.

The Project is consistent with the General Plan, which was found to be consistent with the 2022 RTP/SCS.

In order for subsequent projects to comply with the 2022 Scoping Plan, the Program EIR adopted mitigation measures GHG-1 and GHG-2, described below, which would apply the Project’s fair share of greenhouse gas impacts. With implementation of these mitigation measures, impacts would be less than significant.
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Mitigation
GHG-1 Buildings in the subdivision shall be constructed with electrically-powered appliances and building mechanical equipment in place of natural-gas fueled equipment.

GHG-2 Off-street parking in the subdivision shall exceed the California Green Building Standard Code Tier 2 requirements for electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

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4.9 HAZARDS AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Table 4-19: Hazards and Hazardous Materials Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Create a significant hazard to the public or
the environment through the routine
transport, use, or disposal of hazardous
materials?
b) Create a significant hazard to the public or
the environment through reasonably
foreseeable upset and accident conditions
involving the release of hazardous
materials into the environment?
c) Emit hazardous emissions or handle
hazardous or acutely hazardous materials,
substances, or waste within one-quarter
mile of an existing or proposed school?
d) Be located on a site which is included on a
list of hazardous materials sites compiled
pursuant to Government Code Section
65962.5 and, as a result, would it create a
significant hazard to the public or the
environment?
e) For a project located within an airport land
use plan or, where such a plan has not
been adopted, within two miles of a public
airport or public use airport, would the
project result in a safety hazard or
excessive noise for people residing or
working in the project area?
f) Impair implementation of or physically
interfere with an adopted emergency
response plan or emergency evacuation
plan?
g) Expose people or structures, either directly
or indirectly to a significant risk of loss,
injury or death involving wildland fires?
Baseline Conditions
Hazardous Materials
The Hazardous Waste and Substances Sites (Cortese) List is a planning document used by the State, local agencies, and developers to comply with CEQA requirements in providing information about the location of hazardous materials release sites. Government Code Section 65962.5 requires the California Environmental Protection Agency to develop at least annually an updated Cortese List. The Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) is responsible for a portion of the information contained in the Cortese List. Other State and local government agencies are required to provide additional hazardous material release information for the Cortese List. DTSC's EnviroStor database provides DTSC's component of Cortese List data. In addition to the EnviroStor database, the SWRCB Geotracker database provides information on □ □ K □
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regulated hazardous waste facilities in California, including underground storage tank (UST) cases and nonUST cleanup programs, including Spills-Leaks-Investigations-Cleanups sites, Department of Defense sites, and Land Disposal program. A search of the DTSC EnviroStor database and the SWRCB Geotracker performed on October 7, 2024, determined that there are no known active hazardous waste generators or hazardous material spill sites within the Project site or immediate surrounding vicinity.17 Airports
The Fresno Yosemite International Airport is located approximately nine miles north-northwest, and the Selma Municipal Airport is located approximately four miles south-southeast of the Project.

Emergency Response Plan
The Fresno County Office of Emergency Services coordinates the development and maintenance of the Fresno County Operational area Master Plan.

Sensitive Receptors
The nearest sensitive receptors to the Project site is the residential subdivision to the south. Additionally, the Project site is roughly a quarter mile from John Fremont Elementary School.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials?
b) Would the project create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment?
a) and b) Less than Significant Impact. Construction activities for the Project site would include typical site preparation, grading, paving, and trenching, all of which would require the transportation of building materials and equipment. Demolition would not be required. The site includes a single-family residence; however, it would remain in the portion of the Project site that would be designated for residential uses.

Generally, hazardous materials associated with construction include, but are not limited to, motor oil, gasoline, diesel, solvents, acids, fugitive dust, and stormwater runoff. Potential hazardous materials associated with construction could result from the use of fuels and lubricants for construction equipment (i.e., motor oil, gasoline and diesel), in addition to grading and drainage activities (i.e., fugitive dust and stormwater runoff). The Project’s grading and drainage plans are subject to City approval and would determine the limits of grading and disturbance. Compliance with these regulations would limit visible dust and ensure that disturbed surfaces or soils remain stable. Workers would be trained to properly identify and handle all hazardous materials, and hazardous waste would either be recycled or disposed of at a permitted and licensed treatment and/or disposal facility. All hazardous waste shipped off-site for recycling or disposal would be transported by a licensed and permitted hazardous waste hauler and disposed of at an approved location. During construction, nonhazardous construction debris would be generated and disposed of at the American Avenue Landfill, pursuant to applicable laws and regulations.

Sanitary waste would be managed using portable toilets located at a reasonably accessible on-site location. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations would ensure that construction of the proposed project would not create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the 17 (California Department of Toxic Substances Control 2024); (State of California 2024)

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routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials. Overall, the relatively limited use and small quantities of typical hazardous materials, and subsequent transport and disposal of such materials, during construction would be controlled through compliance with applicable laws and regulations pursuant to a comprehensive regulatory framework administered by the DTSC and other relevant public agencies.

The Project proposes an industrial subdivision with light industrial uses unknown at this time. It is assumed that the future use of the Project site would be industrial with specifics complying with the permitted uses found in the Fowler Zoning Ordinance. The California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) oversees the Statewide implementation of the Hazardous Materials Business Plan (HMBP), which aims to prevent or minimize harm to public health and safety, and the environment from the release or threatened release of hazardous material. The minimum reporting quantities for hazardous materials is 55 gallons for liquids, 500 pounds for solids, or 200 cubic feet for compress gas.18 If a business handles hazardous materials at or in excess of the minimum thresholds, a HMBP is required to be prepared and approved by the State and local jurisdictions. The project tenants/operator will be required to submit information to the California Environmental Reporting System, Fresno County Department of Public Health, and the City regarding the use and storage of hazardous materials. Both the proposed gas station/mini-mart and future industrial uses would be subject to the HMBP requirements if they handle hazardous materials in excess of minimum reporting quantities Based on known operations, it is not expected that the Project would involve the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials.

Nevertheless, if future uses would involve transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials, then the Fresno County Department of Public Health would require that the Project and future uses on the site submit an HMBP in order to provide for safe storage and use of chemicals. Therefore, if the facility does handle hazardous materials and/or hazardous waste, compliance with the HMBP as approved by the County would reduce any impacts to less than significant. Some appliances and electronics used or stored within buildings may contain hazardous components (e.g., refrigerants, oils, etc.); however, these hazardous components are regulated by the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act and Clean Air Act and transport of such components are regulated by the United States Department of Transportation, Office of Hazardous Materials Safety as implemented in California by California Code of Regulations Title 13, California Building Code, and Uniform Fire Code. Through compliance with the aforementioned regulations, the Project is not expected to create a significant hazard to the public or the environment.

In addition, stormwater runoff resulting from the anticipated buildout of the Project would be managed by the City in compliance with the regulatory requirements pursuant to NPDES General Permit Requirements, as discussed in Section 4.7). This includes runoff consisting of any hazardous materials, including fuels and lubricants used for construction equipment. In addition, the quality of stormwater runoff would be maintained by design components specific to the Project including the required preparation of a SWPPP, and the City’s approval of the Project’s grading and drainage plans. Together, compliance with the aforementioned plans, policies, and regulatory requirements in addition to Project design components, would reduce potential impacts related to stormwater quality to a less than significant level.
c) Would the project emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances, or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school? Less than Significant Impact. The Project site, including the proposed traffic improvements, is roughly a quarter mile from John Fremont Elementary School, located in the City of Fowler. As discussed above, the Project would comply with regulatory requirements such as potential Hazardous Materials 18 (County of Fresno Department of Public Health 2024)
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Management Plans and a SWPPP during construction. With the implementation of said regulatory compliance measures, impacts would be less than significant. d) Would the project be located on a site which is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to Government Code Section 65962.5 and, as a result, would it create a significant hazard to the public or the environment?
No Impact. The Project does not involve land that is listed as a hazardous materials site pursuant to Government Code Section 65962.5 and is not included on a list compiled by the Department of Toxic Substances Control. A search of the DTSC EnviroStor database and the SWRCB Geotracker determined that there are no known active hazardous waste generators or known hazardous material spill sites within the Project site. There would be no impact.
e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project result in a safety hazard or excessive noise for people residing or working in the project area? No Impact. The Project is not located within an airport land use plan or within two (2) miles of an airport.

The Fresno Yosemite International Airport is located approximately nine (9) miles north-northwest, and the Selma Municipal Airport is located approximately four (4) miles south-southeast of the Project.

Construction and implementation of the Project would not be a safety hazard for people working in the area. There would be no impact.
f) Would the project impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan?
Less than Significant Impact. Construction activities would be temporary in nature and would not cause any road closures that could interfere with any adopted emergency response or evacuation plans. The construction contractor would be required to work with the City and County (public works, police/fire, etc.) if and when roadway diversions are required to ensure that adequate access is maintained for residents and emergency vehicles. The Project would also include traffic improvements; however, these improvements are necessary to maintain efficient levels of service and to support the existing circulation system. Accordingly, any impacts would be less than significant. g) Would the project expose people or structures, either directly or indirectly, to a significant risk of loss, injury or death involving wildland fires?
No Impact. According to California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFire), the Project is not located within a State Responsibility Area (SRA), meaning CalFire does not assume responsibility for wildfire prevention and protection but is managed at the local level.19 Furthermore, according to CalFire, the proposed Project area is not located within a very high fire hazard severity zone, nor is the Project located within a high or moderate fire hazard severity zone.20 Given the absence of wildlands in the vicinity, implementation of the Project would not expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires. There would be no impact. 19 (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection 2022) 20 (ArcGIS 2023)
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4.10 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Table 4-20: Hydrology and Water Quality Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Violate any water quality standards or
waste discharge requirements or otherwise
substantially degrade surface or ground
water quality?
b) Substantially decrease groundwater
supplies or interfere substantially with
groundwater recharge such that the
project may impede sustainable
groundwater management of the basin?
c) Substantially alter the existing drainage
pattern of the site or area, including
through the alteration of the course of a
stream or river or through the addition of
impervious surfaces, in a manner which
would:
i. result in substantial erosion or
siltation on- or off-site;
ii. substantially increase the rate or
amount of surface runoff in a manner
which would result in flooding on- or
off-site;
iii. create or contribute runoff water
which would exceed the capacity of
existing or planned stormwater
drainage systems or provide
substantial additional sources of
polluted runoff; or
iv. impede or redirect flood flows?
d) In flood hazard, tsunami, or seiche zones,
risk release of pollutants due to project
inundation?
e) Conflict with or obstruct implementation of
a water quality control plan or sustainable
groundwater management plan?
Baseline Conditions
The San Joaquin River and the Kings River are the two principal drainages within the San Joaquin Valley, and Fowler is generally located approximately 18 miles south of the San Joaquin River and nine miles west of the Kings River.

Fowler lies entirely within the Kings Groundwater Subbasin of the San Joaquin Valley Groundwater Basin.21 Due to groundwater overdraft and contamination from agricultural chemicals, provision of reliable sources of groundwater in both quantity and quality have been a challenge throughout most of the Central Valley. 21 (California Department of Water Resources 2018)
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Water supply is produced from six groundwater wells located throughout the City and distribution is provided by the Water Division of the City’s Public Works Department through a system in which pumps deliver water from beneath the ground to a network of water mains, pipelines, and laterals, which distribute water to residents and businesses. Municipal water is tested monthly to ensure quality.

According to the Annual Water Quality Report (2023), the average depth to groundwater is 85 to 95 feet.22 Fowler is also a member city of South Kings Groundwater Sustainability Agency (SKGSA). SKGSA comprises five (5) cities and two (2) community services districts. These public entities formed a joint-powers authority in May 2017 to take on the responsibility of sustainable groundwater management in the portion of the Kings Subbasin underlying the GSA’s boundary. In 2019, Fowler along with the other members of the SKGSA adopted the SKGSA Groundwater Sustainability Plan.

The Project site is located within a 100-year flood zone (see Figure 4-2).

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements or otherwise substantially degrade surface or ground water quality?
Less than Significant Impact. Since the Project site is greater than one (1) acre in size, the Project is required to prepare a SWPPP in compliance with the General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity (i.e., General Permit Order No. 2022-0057-DWQ). The SWPPP estimates the sediment risk associated with construction activities and includes BMPs to control erosion.

BMPs specific to erosion control cover erosion, sediment, tracking, and waste management controls.

Implementation of the SWPPP minimizes the potential for the Project to result in substantial soil erosion or loss of topsoil. These provisions minimize the potential for the Project to violate any waste discharge requirements or otherwise substantially degrade surface or ground water quality. Further, runoff resulting from the Project would be managed in compliance with the approved grading and drainage plans. Thus, compliance with existing regulations including the General Construction Permit, BMPs, and the Fowler Municipal Code, in addition to approved plans, would reduce potential impacts related to water quality and waste discharge to less than significant levels. b) Would the project substantially decrease groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that the project may impede sustainable groundwater management of the basin?
Less than Significant Impact. Groundwater is pumped from the Kings River Basin underground aquifer through six groundwater wells operated by the City of Fowler. As per the Schematic Design Technical Memorandum prepared by for an unrelated Fowler project, the six wells can produce an estimated maximum of 5,735 gpm with maximum production of all six existing wells at about 8.2 million gallons per day (mgd).23 As of the 2020 Census the City had 6,700 residents and pumped an average of 205 gallons per day/per person for all municipal uses, or about 1.4 mgd. That leaves 6.8 mgd remaining well capacity.

As a result, adequate groundwater resources are available to meet the long-term water demand of the City; no surface water would need to be imported. The Project includes the development of industrial uses, consistent with the General Plan. The amount of water required from the Project to serve the site with industrial uses would be less than the amount of water required to serve the site as it exists today with agricultural uses. This would not substantially decrease groundwater supplies or interfere with 22 (City of Fowler 2023)
23 (Provost and Pritchard 2023)

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groundwater recharge. Furthermore, the Project in and of itself would not promote or increase population growth in the area and current water demand would not be substantially increased. As a result, the Project would have a less than significant impact. c) Would the project substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river or through the addition of impervious surfaces, in a manner which would:
i. result in substantial erosion or siltation on- or off-site; ii. substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on- or off-site;
iii. create or contribute runoff water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff; or
iv. impede or redirect flood flows?
c) (i - iv) Less than Significant Impact. The Project includes changes to the existing stormwater drainage pattern of the area through the backfilling of the site and installation of impermeable (concrete/asphalt) surfaces and/or structures associated with the future industrial facilities. A stormwater retention basin is proposed and would be designed to adequately handle the amount of runoff generated and would be designed to be above the 100-year base flood elevation. It is not expected that the increase in impermeable surface will substantially alter the drainage pattern of the area. Standard construction practices and compliance with State and federal regulations, City ordinances and regulations, the California Building Code, and adherence to professional engineering design approved by the City of Fowler would reduce or eliminate potential drainage impacts from the Project. Therefore, any impacts resulting from drainage patterns would be less than significant. d) Would the project in flood hazard, tsunami, or seiche zones, risk release of pollutants due to project inundations?
Less than Significant Impact. As seen in Figure 4-2, a portion of the Project site is located in flood zone.

In order to avoid any impacts related to the release of pollutants, implementation of the aforementioned SWPPP and compliance with the City’s Floodplain Management regulations (Chapter 8 of Title 8 of the Fowler Municipal Code) would ensure that the proper management of potential pollutants is enforced.

Therefore, impacts would be less than significant.
e) Would the project conflict with or obstruct implementation of a water quality control plan or sustainable groundwater management plan?
Less than Significant Impact. The Project complies with the Fowler General Plan and therefore is not anticipated to conflict with or obstruct implementation of a water quality control plan or sustainable groundwater management plan. The Project would not obstruct the implementation of projects adopted in the South Kings Groundwater Sustainability Plan. Impacts would be less than significant. 151
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Figure 4-2: FEMA Flood Map
5019C2140H
2/18/2009, 06019C2145H2/18/2009
E Clayton Ave
j "Xt
m™
06019C2143H
2/18/2009
4 Project Site
l Fowler City Limits
Fowler Sphere of Influence
Flood Zone
E Sumner Ave DFIRM Panel Number/Date
100 Year Flood Zone (FEMA DFIRM)
0 500 1,000 FEMAMap PROVOST&
Qi) Feet City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision PRITCHARD 152
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4.11 LAND USE AND PLANNING
Table 4-21: Land Use and Planning Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
f) Physically divide an established
community?
g) Cause a significant environmental impact
due to a conflict with any land use plan,
policy, or regulation adopted for the
purpose of avoiding or mitigating an
environmental effect?
Baseline Conditions
The Project site is currently located in Fresno County with a zoning designation of AE-20 (Agricultural, 20- acre minimum parcel size). The Project is also located within the City of Fowler’s planning area and has a general plan land use designation of Light Industrial and Medium Low Density Residential. Fresno County is currently the land use authority for the Project site.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project physically divide an established community? No Impact. The Project includes annexation of the site from Fresno County to the City of Fowler. The site is located in the northeastern region of the Fowler planning area and once annexed, would be located at the edge of the Fowler city limits. No new barriers would be constructed, and no ROW is proposed to be abandoned. While construction of the Project would require work in the existing ROW for utility lines; it is anticipated that only minor detours to allow vehicles to maneuver around active construction areas would be implemented. Impacts to the ROW would be temporary. Furthermore, construction of the proposed traffic improvements would not result in any impacts to related to this impact question.

Therefore, the Project would have no impact associated with the physical division of established land uses in the community. There would be no impact.
b) Would the project cause a significant environmental conflict with any land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? No Impact. As part of the Project, the Project site would be prezoned to the M-1 and R-1-6 zone districts.

The proposed prezones would be consistent with the underlying City of Fowler Land Use Diagram as found in the 2040 General Plan.24 Therefore, pursuant to the proposed prezone, the Project would not conflict with any land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect. There would be no impact.

24 (Provost and Pritchard 2023)

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4.12 MINERAL RESOURCES
Table 4-22: Mineral Resources Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Result in the loss of availability of a known
mineral resource that would be of value to
the region and the residents of the state?
b) Result in the loss of availability of a locally
important mineral resource recovery site
delineated on a local general plan, specific
plan or other land use plan?
Baseline Conditions
Fresno County has been a leading producer of minerals because of the abundance and wide variety of mineral resources that are present in the County. These resources include aggregate products (sand and gravel), fossil fuels (oil and coal), metals (chromite, copper, gold, mercury, and tungsten), and other minerals used in construction or industrial applications (asbestos, high-grade clay, diatomite, granite, gypsum, and limestone).25 No active or inactive mines are mapped in the City of Fowler planning area, which includes the Project stie, according to the California Department of Conservation’s Mines Online website.26 The Project lies within a large region that has been classified by California Geological Survey (CGS) as Mineral Resource Zone-3 (MRZ-3), representing an area containing mineral deposits the significance of which cannot be evaluated from available data.

According to the CGS’s Aggregate Sustainability Map, the Project is not within the vicinity of a site being used for aggregate production.27 In addition, California’s Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources has no record of active or inactive oil or gas wells or petroleum resources on the Project site or in the vicinity.28 Impact Analysis
a) Would the project result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that would be of value to the region and the residents of the state?
b) Would the project result in the loss of availability of a locally important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a local general plan, specific plan or other land use plan? a and b) No Impact. As mentioned, the Project is not within the vicinity of a site being used for aggregate production, nor are there any active or inactive mines in the vicinity. In addition, California’s Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources has no record of active or inactive oil or gas wells or petroleum resources on the Project site or in the vicinity. The Project lies within a large region that has been classified by CGS as MRZ-3, representing an area containing mineral deposits the significance of which cannot be evaluated from available data. However, there are no known current or historic mineral 25 (Provost & Pritchard Consulting Group 2022)
26 (California Department of Conservation 2016)
27 (California Department of Conservation 2018)
28 (California Department of Conservation 2024)
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resource extraction or recovery operations in the Project vicinity nor are there any known significant mineral resources onsite. Therefore, implementation of the Project would not result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource since no known mineral resources occur in this area.

Furthermore, the Project area has not been designated as a locally important mineral resource recovery site by a general plan, specific plan, or land use plan. There would be no impact. 155
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4.13 NOISE
Table 4-23: Noise Impacts
Would the project result in:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Generation of a substantial temporary or
permanent increase in ambient noise levels
in the vicinity of the project in excess of
standards established in the local general
plan or noise ordinance, or applicable
standards of other agencies?
b) Generation of excessive ground borne
vibration or ground borne noise levels?
c) For a project located within the vicinity of a
private airstrip or an airport land use plan
or, where such a plan has not been
adopted, within two miles of a public
airport or public use airport, would the
project expose people residing or working
in the project area to excessive noise
levels?
Baseline Conditions
Noise is most often described as unwanted sound. Although sound can be easily measured, the perception of noise and the physical response to sound complicate the analysis of its impact on people. The City of Fowler is impacted by a multitude of noise sources. Principal noise sources include traffic on roadways, agricultural noise, and industrial noise. Mobile sources of noise, especially cars and trucks, are the most common and significant sources of noise in most communities, and they are predominant sources of noise in the City. The Project is located in an area consisting of residential and agricultural uses. The predominant noise sources in the Project site include traffic on local roadways and noise associated with active agriculture surrounding the Project site to the north, east, and west. Sensitive receptors (residences) abut the site to the south.

Applicable Regulations
City of Fowler Noise Ordinance: In addition to General Plan requirements, the City has established a Noise Ordinance in its municipal code. Noise ordinances establish noise limits for which penalties may be imposed or enforcement action may be taken. Therefore, while General Plan limits are to be taken into consideration during the development of a project and may or may not be strictly applied depending on the particular circumstances of the project, a noise ordinance generally must not be exceeded. In preparing a noise element, a city or county must identify local noise sources and analyze and quantify, to the extent practicable, current and projected noise levels for various sources, including highways and freeways; passenger and freight railroad operations; ground rapid transit systems; commercial, general, and military aviation and airport operations; and other ground stationary noise sources.

The Project is subject to the City of Fowler Noise Ordinance, which is covered in Chapter 21, Article 6 of the Municipal Code. It prohibits continued loud noise or noise which disturbs others by placing time constraints on noise producing activities and volume limits on noise amplification devices. □ □ □
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Construction is specifically addressed in Chapter 21, Article 6, Section 5-21.601(d):

The erection (including excavating), demolition, alteration or repair of any building other than between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m., except by special permit issued by the City Manager, Building Official, or City Engineer upon a determination that the public health and safety will not be impaired thereby. Nothing in this section shall be deemed to alter construction hours beyond those set forth in the conditions of approval for a development project.

Furthermore, noise level standards by receiving land use category have been established by the City of Fowler Municipal Code, as illustrated in Table 4-24, below.

Table 4-24: Noise Level Standards
Receiving Land Use Category Time Period Noise Level (dBA) Residential 10:00 p.m.—7:00 a.m. 50
7:00 a.m.—10:00 p.m. 60
Public Uses * 10:00 p.m.—7:00 a.m. 55
7:00 a.m.—10:00 p.m. 60
Commercial 10:00 p.m.—7:00 a.m. 60
7:00 a.m.—10:00 p.m. 65
Industrial Any time 70
* Public uses include schools, libraries, hospitals, churches, and parks.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project result in generation of a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies? Less than Significant Impact. The Project would involve the construction of traffic control improvements and future industrial uses. The site is located in an area that is dominated by agricultural uses; however, there are single-family residences to the south of the site. The City of Fowler General Plan and the City municipal code establish a range of 50 dBA (A-weighted decibels) to 60 dBA as the normally acceptable exterior noise criteria for urban residential and noise sensitive receptors or public uses.

Activities associated with construction would result in temporary elevated noise levels, with maximum construction noise levels ranging between 74 dBA to 89 dBA at 50 feet distance. Typical construction equipment would include backhoes, tractors, air compressors, scrapers, drills, concrete mixers, and numerous other miscellaneous tools and equipment. Construction of the Project would result in temporary increased noise levels in the immediate vicinity.

As illustrated in Table 4-24 above, typical construction noise levels could range between 74 to 89 dBA at a distance of 50 feet from the source, according to criteria from the Federal Transit Administration (FTA).29 Implementation of feasible noise control measures, such as the installation of mufflers or engine casing, would result in noise reduction of 5-10 dBA per source. Generally, in accordance with the Fowler Municipal Code, construction would occur between the hours of 7am and 8pm, Monday through Friday, excluding holidays. Additionally, as required by Section 9-5.1406 of the Fowler Municipal Code, a solid wall or screen six feet in height would be required to be built to buffer any adjoining non-industrial lands. 29 (Federal Highway Administration 2017)

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Because of these project features and the fact that construction noise will be temporary in nature, impacts would be less than significant.
b) Would the project result in generation of excessive ground borne vibration or ground borne noise levels? Less than Significant Impact. The FTA publication concerning noise and vibration impact assessment from transit activities has vibration standards suggestions. Although the FTA guidelines are to be applied to transit activities and construction, they may be reasonably applied to the assessment of the potential for annoyance or structural damage resulting from other activities. To prevent vibration annoyance in residences, a level of 80 VdB (vibration velocity level in dB) or less is suggested when there are fewer than 70 vibration events per day. A level of 100 VdB or less is suggested by the FTA guidelines to prevent damage to fragile buildings. Table 4-25 describes the typical construction equipment vibration levels.

While these construction-related activities would result in ground borne vibration, such ground borne noise or vibration would attenuate rapidly from the source and would not be generally perceptible outside of the construction-related areas. In addition, there would not be any vibrational impacts from operation and maintenance activities.

Table 4-25: Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Sources Levels Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Sources
Levels
Equipment PPV at 25 ft, in/sec Approximate Lv* at 25 ft Large bulldozer 0.089 87
Caisson drilling 0.089 87
Loaded trucks 0.076 86
Jackhammer 0.035 79
Small bulldozer 0.003 58
*RMS velocity in decibels, VdB re 1 micro-in/sec
Source: (John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 2018) Construction-related activities in general can have the potential to create ground borne vibrations.

However, based on the soil types found in the general Project vicinity, there would not be any blasting or pile-driving in connection with construction of the Project. Therefore, the potential for ground borne vibrations to occur as part of construction-related activities of the Project would not be significant.

Additionally, operation of the Project would not contain any activities that would create excessive ground borne vibrations. The Project would not result in exposure of persons to, or generation of excessive ground borne vibration or ground borne noise levels. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant c) For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip or an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? No Impact. The Project site is not located within an airport land use plan or within two miles of an airport.

The Fresno Yosemite International Airport is located approximately nine miles north-northwest and the Selma Municipal Airport is located approximately four miles south-southeast of the Project. There would be no impact.
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4.14 POPULATION AND HOUSING
Table 4-26: Population and Housing Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Induce substantial unplanned population
growth in an area, either directly (for
example, by proposing new homes and
businesses) or indirectly (for example,
through extension of roads or other
infrastructure)?
b) Displace substantial numbers of existing
people or housing, necessitating the
construction of replacement housing
elsewhere?
Baseline Conditions
The Project is located in Fresno County, within the planning area of the City of Fowler and unincorporated Fresno County. The City of Fowler planning area contains all the lands located in the Fowler’s city limits, it’s sphere of influence (SOI), and additional lands beyond Fowler’s SOI. As of 2022, Fresno County, which includes both unincorporated and incorporated areas, had a total population of 1,011,499.30 The unincorporated area makes up for 158,846 of the total population in Fresno County.31 As of 2022, the City of Fowler had a total population of 7,168.32 Unincorporated Fresno County maintains an average of 3.0 persons per household and 57,924 total housing units, while the City of Fowler maintains an average of 3.1 persons per household and 2,237 total housing units.33
Impact Analysis
a) Would the project induce substantial unplanned population growth in an area, either directly (for example, by proposing new homes and businesses) or indirectly (for example, through extension of roads or other infrastructure)?
No Impact. The Project would not increase population or propose new homes. The Project would develop an industrial subdivision that would be developed internally with new roads that would connect to Clayton Avenue for access (see Figure 2-2). In addition to the development of new roads, wet and dry utility infrastructure would be constructed in the right of way of the new roads and would ultimately connect to the existing infrastructure surrounding the site. While the Project would propose the extension of roads and other infrastructure, they would not support residential development. Therefore, the Project would not induce population growth directly or indirectly. There would be no impact. 30 (Fresno Council of Governments 2023)
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
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b) Would the project displace substantial numbers of existing people or housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere?
No Impact. The Project site is primarily farmland; however, there is one single-family residence located at the northeastern corner of the Project site. As part of the Project, a 14.39-acre portion of the Project site, which includes the residence, would be prezoned to the R-1-6 zone district, which allows one dwelling unit per 7,000 square feet of land. In addition, this 14.39-acre area would be designated as a remainder on the proposed subdivision map and therefore would not be a part of the proposed subdivision and would be further analyzed in the future if and when an additional tentative map is placed on the property. Additionally, the residence would not be removed, and the site is being prezoned as residential in order for it to remain with a legal, conforming status with the City of Fowler. Therefore, the Project would not displace existing housing or people necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere. There would be no impact.
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4.15 PUBLIC SERVICES
Table 4-27: Public Services
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Result in substantial adverse physical
impacts associated with the provision of
new or physically altered governmental
facilities, need for new or physically altered
governmental facilities, the construction of
which could cause significant
environmental impacts, in order to
maintain acceptable service ratios,
response times or other performance
objectives for any of the public services:
i. Fire protection?
ii. Police protection?
iii. Schools?
iv. Parks?
v. Other public facilities?
Baseline Conditions
Fire Protection: The City of Fowler contracts with the Fresno County Fire Protection District for primary fire protection within the city limits. The nearest Fresno County Fire Protection District station, Fresno County Fire Station 89 is located approximately 4.9 miles west-northwest of the Project site.

Police Protection: The Fowler Police Department, located 0.6 miles southeast of the Project site, provides 24-hour policing services within the city limits.

Schools: John Fremont Elementary School is the nearest school to the Project site, located approximately a quarter-mile south.

Parks: The City of Fowler has four designated City Parks, all of which are managed by the City’s Department of Recreation. Panzak Park is the nearest park to the Project site, located approximately 0.5 miles southeast.

Library: The Fowler branch of the Fresno County Public Library is located 0.8 miles south of the Project site.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services:
i. Fire Protection:

Less than Significant Impact. The Project would be served by the City of Fowler by way of the Fresno County Fire Protection District. The Project would be subject to the development impact fees for

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construction and acquisition costs for improvements to fire protection services and facilities. For these reasons, it can be determined that the Project can be served by existing facilities and would not result in the need for new or altered facilities Impacts would be less than significant. ii. Police Protection:

Less than Significant Impact. The Project would be served by the Fowler Police Department. The Project would be subject to the development impact fees for construction and acquisition costs for improvements to police protection services and facilities. For these reasons, it can be determined that the Project can be served by existing facilities and would not result in the need for new or altered facilities Impacts would be less than significant.
iii. Schools:

No Impact. The Project proposes an industrial subdivision and would not result in a net increase in the area population. The Project would include land pre-zoned for residential development; however, this area would not be included as a part of the proposed subdivision and would be subject to its own environmental analysis once/if it is further subdivided in the future. Thus, because of the nature of the Project and the characteristics of the area (i.e., industrial), there would be no increased demand for existing schools and the Project would thereby not result in adverse physical impacts or the need for altered or new facilities. Therefore, there would be no impact. iv. Parks:

No Impact. Park and recreational facilities are typically impacted by an increase in use from proposed residential development. As mentioned above, the portion of the Project site proposed to be pre-zoned to the R-1-6 zone district would require its own environmental analysis upon future subdivision unrelated to the Project. As the Project proposes industrial use, it can be presumed that it would not result in a net increase in the area population. Thus, because of the nature of the Project and the characteristics of the area (i.e., industrial), there would be no increased demand for existing neighborhood and regional parks, or other associated with the Project and the Project would thereby not result in adverse physical impacts or the need for altered or new facilities. Therefore, no impact would occur as a result of the Project. v. Other public facilities:

No Impact. As discussed throughout this section, the Project would not result in an increase in residents that would require other public services such as libraries or post offices. Therefore, the Project would not result in the need for new or altered facilities to provide other public services and no impact would occur as a result of the Project.
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4.16 RECREATION
Table 4-28: Recreation Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Increase the use of existing neighborhood
and regional parks or other recreational
facilities such that substantial physical
deterioration of the facility would occur or
be accelerated?
b) Does the project include recreational
facilities or require the construction or
expansion of recreational facilities which
might have an adverse physical effect on
the environment?
Baseline Conditions
There are currently four City Parks in Fowler, all of which are administered by the Department of Parks and Recreation. Panzak Park covers an area of approximately 2.5 acres and includes a covered picnic area, large shade trees, playground equipment, and tennis courts. The recently developed Donny Wright Park covers an area of approximately six acres and includes an expanse of irrigated lawn and trails for recreation.

Margaret Cowings Park is an approximate 0.05-acre pocket park comprised of irrigated lawn and shade trees on the corner of Merced Street and Sixth Street in downtown Fowler. Also considered a City Park, the Fowler Veteran’s Monument covers an area of approximately 0.10 acres and includes benches on paved surfaces, a scenic fountain, several flag poles, ornamental hedges, and rose gardens. There are no State or regional parks within the planning area.

In addition to the four City Parks mentioned above, the City of Fowler also operates the Edwin Blayney Senior Center, which offers a meeting place and specialized recreation opportunities for senior citizens.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated? No Impact. As the Project proposes to develop a 44-unit industrial subdivision, there is no anticipation that the Project would result in the increase in use of existing parks or other recreational facilities.

Therefore, the Project would not result in the physical deterioration of any such facilities. There would be no impact.
b) Does the project include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities which might have an adverse physical effect on the environment? No Impact. The Project would not include or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities. As mentioned, the Project would develop an industrial subdivision. The subdivision would not include any temporary or permanent residences that would accommodate inhabitants that could require additional facilities. While the Project would also include the annexation of land planned for residential □ □ □
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use, there would not be residential development proposed as part of the Project. Development of the proposed residential land would be carried out at a later time and would warrant its own environmental review separate from the Project. Therefore, there would be no impact. 164
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4.17 TRANSPORTATION
Table 4-29: Transportation Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Conflict with a program plan, ordinance or
policy addressing the circulation system,
including transit, roadway, bicycle and
pedestrian facilities?
b) Conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA
Guidelines section 15064.3, subdivision (b)?
c) Substantially increase hazards due to a
geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves
or dangerous intersections) or incompatible
uses (e.g., farm equipment)?
d) Result in inadequate emergency access?
Baseline Conditions
The Project is located in Fresno County just north of the City of Fowler. The Project site is bordered to the north by East Clayton Avenue, to the west by Golden State Boulevard, and to the east by North Fowler Avenue. The southern end of the Project site fronts a residential neighborhood. Access to the Project site would be provided at East Clayton Avenue between Golden State Boulevard and North Fowler Avenue. At the south end of the Project, Lynn Avenue dead ends at the south property line.

A Traffic Impact Study was prepared for the Project and can be found at the end of this document as Appendix D.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project conflict with a plan, ordinance or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle and pedestrian facilities?
Less than Significant Impact. A Traffic Study was prepared for the Project and recommended that several street intersections be upgraded in the future to satisfy the street circulation flow requirements of the 2040 Fowler General Plan, which are included in the project and can be seen in more detail in Section

2.1.6. These improvements include widening roads, adding turning lanes, and developing traffic signals to reduce any impacts that the Project may have on the existing circulation system. The Project would also be required to construct its fair share of Clayton Avenue right-of-way and provide for connections to the adjacent undeveloped land to the south. The Project would not conflict with plans, ordinances, and policies addressing the circulation system. Impacts would be less than significant. b) Would the project conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines section 15064.3 subdivision (b)? Less than Significant Impact. The City has designated the site as Light Industrial and Medium Low Density Residential in the recently adopted General Plan and, associated with adoption of the General Plan and certification of the General Plan EIR, determined that vehicle miles traveled (VMT) would not result in a significant impact. According to the General Plan EIR, neither VMT per capita or per employee would □ □ □
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exceed the adopted thresholds. Therefore, as identified in the General Plan, the Project would not conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines section 15064.3 subdivision (b). No further analysis is necessary.
c) Would the project substantially increase hazards due to a geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment)? Less than Significant Impact. The Project will introduce six new local streets which will connect onto the City’s existing collector street system at Armstrong Avenue on the west border of the subdivision. The Project will introduce additional local streets consistent with the City’s Circulation Element. All roads will be built according to City of Fowler Street Design Standards. All rights-of-way proposed within the subdivision will be designed and constructed to meet City of Fowler Standard Specifications. The Project would not increase hazards due to Project design features or through the introduction of incompatible land uses into the existing community. There would be a less than significant impact d) Would the project result in inadequate emergency access? Less than Significant Impact. The Project shall comply with all emergency access laws determined by federal, State, and local regulations. The proposed street layouts within the subdivision and all right-ofway improvements along major street frontages would be constructed to provide adequate emergency access. The Project would comply with the City of Fowler General Plan. As such, the Project would have a less than significant impact on emergency access.
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4.18 TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES
Table 4-30: Tribal Cultural Resources Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Cause a substantial adverse change in the
significance of a tribal cultural resource,
defined in Public Resources Code section
21074 as either a site, feature, place,
cultural landscape that is geographically
defined in terms of the size and scope of
the landscape, sacred place, or object with
cultural value to a California Native
American tribe, and that is:
i. Listed or eligible for listing in the
California Register of Historical
Resources, or in the local register of
historical resources as defined in
Public Resources Code section
5020.1(k), or
ii. A resource determined by the lead
agency, in its discretion and supported
by substantial evidence, to be
significant pursuant to criteria set
forth in subdivision (c) of Public
Resources Code Section 5024.1. In
applying the criteria set forth in
subdivision (c) of Public Resources
Code Section 5024.1, the lead agency
shall consider the significance of the
resource to a California Native
American tribe.

Baseline Conditions
Penutian-speaking Yokuts tribal groups occupied the southern San Joaquin Valley region and much of the nearby Sierra Nevada. For a variety of historical reasons, existing research information emphasizes the central Yokuts tribes who occupied both the valley and particularly the foothills of the Sierra. The northernmost tribes suffered from the influx of Euro-Americans during the Gold Rush and their populations were in substantial decline by the time ethnographic studies began in the early twentieth century. In contrast, the southernmost tribes were partially removed by the Spanish to missions and eventually absorbed into multi-tribal communities on the Sebastian Indian Reservation (on Tejon Ranch), and later the Tule River Reservation and Santa Rosa Rancheria to the north, as well as other reservations in the foothills and Sierras. The result is an unfortunate scarcity of ethnographic detail on valley tribes, especially in relation to the rich information collected from the central foothills tribes where native speakers of the Yokuts dialects are still found. Regardless, the general details of indigenous life-ways were similar across the broad expanse of Yokuts territory, particularly in terms of environmentally influenced subsistence and adaptation and with regard to religion and belief, which were similar everywhere. □ □ □
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Although population estimates vary and population size was greatly affected by the introduction of EuroAmerican diseases and social disruption, the Yokuts were one of the largest, most successful groups in Native California. It is estimated that the Yokuts region contained 27 percent of the aboriginal population in the state at the time of contact; other estimates are even higher. Many Yokut descendants continue to live in Fresno County, either on tribal reservations, or in local towns and communities.

Records Search
An archival records search was conducted at the California State University, Bakersfield, SSJVIC, in September 2024, to determine: (i) if prehistoric or historical cultural resources had previously been recorded within the area of potential effect; (ii) if the Project area had been systematically surveyed by archaeologists prior to the initiation of this field study; and/or (iii) whether the region of the Project was known to contain archaeological sites and to thereby be archaeologically sensitive. (Appendix C) According to the records search results, no previous studies have been conducted in the Project area, and no resources of any kind are known to exist within it. (Appendix C).

Assembly Bill 52
Public Resources Code Section 21080.3.1, et seq. [codification of Assembly Bill (AB) 52, 2013-14)] requires that a lead agency, within fourteen (14) days of determining that it will undertake a project, must notify in writing any California Native American Tribe traditionally and culturally affiliated with the geographic area of the project if that Tribe has previously requested notification about projects in that geographic area. The notice must briefly describe the project and inquire whether the Tribe wishes to initiate request formal consultation. Tribes have 30 days from receipt of notification to request formal consultation. The lead agency then has 30 days to initiate the consultation, which then continues until the parties come to an agreement regarding necessary mitigation or agree that no mitigation is needed, or one or both parties determine that negotiation occurred in good faith, but no agreement will be made.

The City has received written correspondence from the Santa Rosa Rancheria Tachi Yokut Tribe pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 21080.3.1 requesting notification of proposed projects. On October 24, 2024, the City sent a letter, via certified mail, to the Santa Rosa Rancheria Tachi Yokut Tribe notifying them of the Project. To date, a response has not been received by the Santa Rosa Rancheria Tachi Yokut Tribe.

Regulatory Setting
The following Fowler General Policies would apply to the Project:
o Policy CDES-12: All construction shall cease, and the Community Development Director and City Engineer shall be notified immediately if any prehistoric, archaeological, or fossil artifact or resource is uncovered during construction. All construction shall immediately stop and an archaeologist that meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards in prehistoric or historical archaeology shall be retained, at the applicant’s and/or successors-ininterest’s expense, to evaluate the find(s) and recommend appropriate action according to Section 15064.5 of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines. If avoidance is infeasible, other appropriate measures would be instituted. Work may proceed on other parts of the project subject to direction of the archaeologist while assessment of historic resources or unique archaeological resources is being carried out.
o Policy CDES-13: All construction shall cease if any human remains are uncovered, and the Community Development Director, City Engineer and Fresno County Medical Examiner and Coroner shall be notified in accordance to Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code.

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If human remains are determined to be those of a Native American or has reason to believe that they are those of a Native American, the Native American Heritage Commission shall be contacted, and the procedures outlined in California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Section 15064.5(e) shall be followed.

Impact Assessment
a) Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource, defined in Public Resources Code section 21074 as either a site, feature, place, cultural landscape that is geographically defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape, sacred place, or object with cultural value to a California Native American tribe, and that is:
i. Listed or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, or in the local register of historical resources as defined in Public Resources Code section 5020.1(k), or ii. A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1. In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe.

Less than Significant Impact. No requests for tribal consultation for the Project have been received. In addition, the NAHC Sacred Lands File search results confirmed there were no recorded tribal cultural resources in the Project area. In the unlikely event that an archaeological resource is uncovered during construction, tribal in relation or not, all construction would cease, and a qualified archaeologist would be contacted to assess the resource. The Project would adhere to all applicable federal, State, and local requirements in regard to tribal cultural resources. General Plan Policies CDES-12 and CDES-13 described above, which are imposed as general conditions of approval, would ensure that potential impacts related to historic resources are less than significant.

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4.19 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS
Table 4-31: Utilities and Service Systems Impacts
Would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Require or result in the relocation or
construction of new or expanded water,
wastewater treatment or storm water
drainage, electric power, natural gas, or
telecommunications facilities, the
construction or relocation of which could
cause significant environmental effects?
b) Have sufficient water supplies available to
serve the project and reasonably
foreseeable future development during
normal, dry and multiple dry years?
c) Result in a determination by the
wastewater treatment provider which
serves or may serve the project that it has
adequate capacity to serve the project’s
projected demand in addition to the
provider’s existing commitments?
d) Generate solid waste in excess of State or
local standards, or in excess of the capacity
of local infrastructure, or otherwise impair
the attainment of solid waste reduction
goals?
e) Comply with federal, state, and local
management and reduction statutes and
regulations related to solid waste?
Baseline Conditions
The Project is located in Fresno County just north and adjacent to the City of Fowler. Lands within the unincorporated part of Fresno County rely on private wells for water and individual septic systems for sewage services. The subdivision area is planted with vineyards that are generally irrigated by drip, which is assumed to have a water consumption rate of 2.4 acre-feet per acre.34 The City of Fowler relies on groundwater pumped by City-owned wells to serve its residents. Sanitary sewer service is provided by SKFCSD and solid waste services are provided by Waste Management. Solid waste within Fresno County is transferred to the American Avenue Landfill in Kerman, CA, approximately 25 miles northwest of the Project site.

Impact Analysis
a) Would the project require or result in the relocation or construction of new or expanded water, wastewater treatment or storm water drainage, electric power, natural gas or telecommunications facilities, the construction or relocation of which could cause significant environmental effects? 34 (United States Department of Agriculture 2023)
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4.19.1 4.19.2
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Less than Significant Impact. Upon development, the Project would connect to the City’s sanitary sewer system. According to District staff, the SKFCSD Treatment Plant has a capacity of 8.0 (mgd) with existing flows of 4.2 mgd (52.5% of capacity). By 2025, the SKFCSD Capital Improvement Program (CIP) projects total flow at 5.71 mgd (71% of capacity). The Project is anticipated to generate approximately 1,290 gallons per day per acre, or approximately 0.04 mgd.35 Thus it is anticipated that the Project can be served by the SKFCSD Treatment Plant, and no new facilities would be needed.

Sewer infrastructure plans must be submitted to the District, including detailed floor and plumbing plans.

All sewer system facilities must be designed and constructed in accordance with the District’s Collection System Construction Standards, the District’s Sewer System Master Plan, and other requirements as may be specified by the District.

Expansion plans for a wastewater treatment plant are generally required by the Regional Water Quality Control Board when 70% of design capacity is reached. This threshold is not expected at the SKFCSD plant until after 2025. The District, however, is currently updating its Master Plan to include provisions for longterm expansion of the plant and will make interim improvements (such as refurbishing aerators, basin improvements, fleet replacements, etc.) in conformance with the 10-year CIP.

In accordance with Policy PF-17 of the City, the developer would be responsible for planning and installing wastewater collection and water delivery facilities as determined by the City Engineer. In addition, the developer would pay current development fees to off-set potential impacts to these facilities. Impacts would be less than significant.

The Fowler General Plan EIR concluded that implementation of the General Plan may require new or expanded water facilities to serve development within the SOI. The Project site is proposed for industrial and residential uses, consistent with the General Plan designation. Based on this consistency, the Project would not result in the need for new or expanded water facilities as a result of its development. b) Would the project have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project and reasonably foreseeable future development during normal, dry and multiple dry years? No Impact. As discussed in Impact Analysis “b” of Section 4.10, the City has 6.8 mgd of remaining well capacity. As a result, adequate groundwater resources are available to meet the long-term water demand of the City; no surface water would need to be imported. The Project includes the development of industrial uses, consistent with the General Plan. The amount of water required from the Project to serve the site with industrial uses would be less than the amount of water required to serve the site as it exists today with agricultural uses, as typical industrial uses consume approximately 2.07 acre-feet per acre. 36 Since the City of Fowler has the same water source as the existing site, and would use less water than the existing on-site use, the Project would not substantially decrease groundwater supplies or interfere with groundwater recharge. The Project would have sufficient water supplies to be served, including reasonably foreseeable future development, during normal, dry, and multiple dry years. There would be no impact.
35 (Akel Engineering 2020)
36 Ibid.
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c) Would the project result in a determination by the wastewater treatment provider which serves or may serve the project that it has adequate capacity to serve the project’s projected demand in addition to the provider’s existing commitments?
Less than Significant Impact. As discussed above in Impact Analysis “a”, the SKF County Sanitation District Treatment Plant has a capacity of 8.0 mgd with existing flows of 4.2 mgd (52.5% of capacity). By 2025, the SKFCSD CIP projects total flow at 5.71 mgd (71% of capacity). The Treatment Plant can adequately handle the Project’s wastewater generation. It is anticipated that the Project can be served by the SKFCSD Treatment Plant, and no new facilities would be needed. Furthermore, the developer would pay current development fees to off-set potential impacts to these facilities. These fees would go towards future facility upgrades that may be needed as development occurs throughout the City. Impacts would be less than significant.
d) Would the project generate solid waste in excess of State or local standards, or in excess of the capacity of local infrastructure, or otherwise impair the attainment of solid waste reduction goals? e) Would the project comply with federal, state, and local management and reduction statutes and regulations related to solid waste?
d) and e) Less than Significant Impact. Project construction would generate minimal amounts of solid waste, which has to comply with construction debris recycling requirements. Operation of subsequent industrial developments would generate solid waste, and comply with state and local regulations regarding recycling, composting, and solid waste diversion requirements. The proposed road improvements would not generate any solid waste during operation. Therefore, the Project would comply with all federal, State, and local statutes and regulations related to solid waste during construction. Any impact would be less than significant. 172
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4.20 WILDFIRE
Table 4-32: Wildfire Impacts
If located in or near state
responsibility areas or lands classified
as very high fire hazard severity
zones, would the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Substantially impair an adopted emergency
response plan or emergency evacuation
plan?
b) Due to slope, prevailing winds, and other
factors, exacerbate wildfire risks, and
thereby expose project occupants to
pollutant concentrations from a wildfire or
the uncontrollable spread of wildfire?
c) Require the installation or maintenance of
associated infrastructure (such as roads,
fuel breaks, emergency water sources,
power lines or other utilities) that may
exacerbate fire risk or that may result in
temporary or ongoing impacts to the
environment?
d) Expose people or structures to significant
risks, including downslope or downstream
flooding or landslides, as a result of runoff,
post-fire slope instability, or drainage
changes?
Baseline Conditions
The Project site is located in Fresno County, inside the planning area of the City of Fowler. As mentioned in Section 4.15, the Project site would be served by Fresno County Fire Protection District for its fire protection needs. The site itself is in a agriculturally area with various row crops planted throughout the 45 acres it encompasses. Lands surrounding the site are similar in development.

According to CalFire, the Project is not located within an SRA, meaning CalFire does not assume responsibility for wildfire prevention and protection but is managed at the local level.37 Furthermore, according to CalFire, the proposed Project area is not located within a very high fire hazard severity zone, nor is the proposed Project located within a high or moderate fire hazard severity zone.38 Impact Analysis
a) If located in or near state responsibility areas or lands classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, would the project substantially impair an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan?
b) If located in or near state responsibility areas or lands classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, would the project due to slope, prevailing winds, and other factors, exacerbate wildfire risks and 37 (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection 2022) 38 (ArcGIS 2023)
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thereby expose project occupants to pollutant concentrations from a wildfire or the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire?
c) If located in or near state responsibility areas or lands classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, would the project require the installation or maintenance of associated infrastructure (such as roads, fuel breaks, emergency water sources, power lines or other utilities) that may exacerbate fire risk or that may result in temporary or ongoing impacts to the environment? d) If located in or near state responsibility areas or lands classified as very high fire hazard severity zones, would the project expose people or structures to significant risks, including downslope or downstream flooding or landslides, as a result of runoff, post-fire slope instability, or drainage changes? a) - d) No Impact. The Project area is located in a section of Fresno County that has not been designated as either a very high fire hazard severity zone or an SRA. Therefore, further analysis is not required and there would be no impact.
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4.21 CEQA MANDATORY FINDINGS OF SIGNIFICANCE
Table 4-33: CEQA Mandatory Findings of Significance
Does the project:

Potentially
Significant
Impact
Less than
Significant
with
Mitigation
Incorporated
Less than
Significant
Impact
No Impact
a) Have the potential to substantially degrade the
quality of the environment, substantially
reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species,
cause a fish or wildlife population to drop
below self-sustaining levels, threaten to
eliminate a plant or animal community,
substantially reduce the number or restrict the
range of a rare or endangered plant or animal
or eliminate important examples of the major
periods of California history or prehistory?
b) Have impacts that are individually limited, but
cumulatively considerable? (“Cumulatively
considerable” means that the incremental
effects of a project are considerable when
viewed in connection with the effects of past
projects, the effects of other current projects,
and the effects of probable future projects)?
c) Have environmental effects which will cause
substantial adverse effects on human beings,
either directly or indirectly?
Statement of Findings
a) Does the project have the potential to substantially degrade the quality of the environment, substantially reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species, cause a fish or wildlife population to drop below selfsustaining levels, threaten to eliminate a plant or animal community, substantially reduce the number or restrict the range of a rare or endangered plant or animal or eliminate important examples of the major periods of California history or prehistory?
Less than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. The analysis conducted in this Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration results in a determination that the Project, with incorporation of mitigation measures, will have a less than significant effect on the environment. The potential for impacts related to air quality and greenhouse gas emissions from the implementation of the Project will be less than significant with the incorporation of the mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 5 Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program. One mitigation measure related to Air Quality is annotated as AIR1, which requires that construction of the subdivision and the buildings within shall utilize EPA Tier 4 Final engines or EPA Tier 3 engines with Level 3 Diesel Particulate Filter. The use of Level 3 Diesel Particulate Filters would reduce construction DPM emissions by approximately 75%, and presumably the cancer risk associated with construction would too fall by 75%, which would be sufficient to comply with Air District thresholds. Mitigation measures related to Greenhouse Gas Emissions include GHG-1 and GHG-2. GHG1 requires that buildings in the subdivision shall be constructed with electrically-powered appliances and building mechanical equipment in place of natural-gas fueled equipment. □ KI □ □
1 1 K □ 1 |

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GHG-2 requires that off-street parking in the subdivision shall exceed the California Green Building Standard Code Tier 2 requirements for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Accordingly, with the inclusion of said mitigation measures, the Project would involve no potential for significant impacts through the degradation of the quality of the environment, the reduction in the habitat or population of fish or wildlife, including endangered plants or animals, the elimination of a plant or animal community or example of a major period of California history or prehistory. b) Does the project have impacts that are individually limited, but cumulatively considerable? (“Cumulatively considerable” means that the incremental effects of a project are considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects)?
Less than Significant Impact with Mitigation Incorporated. CEQA Guidelines Section 15064(i) States that a Lead Agency shall consider whether the cumulative impact of a project is significant and whether the effects of the project are cumulatively considerable. The assessment of the significance of the cumulative effects of a project must, therefore, be conducted in connection with the effects of past projects, other current projects, and probable future projects. The Project would not result in direct or indirect unplanned population growth. Furthermore, potentially significant impacts of the Project would be reduced to a less than significant level following implementation of mitigation measures AIR-1, GHG-1, and GHG-2. Presumably, previously completed projects have also implemented mitigation as necessary.

Accordingly, the Project would not otherwise combine with impacts of related development to add considerably to any cumulative impacts in the Project region. With the inclusion of said mitigation, the Project would not have impacts that are individually limited but cumulatively considerable. Therefore, the Project would have a less than cumulatively considerable impact with implementation of mitigation measures.
c) Does the project have environmental effects which will cause substantial adverse effects on human beings, either directly or indirectly?
Less than Significant Impact. The Project proposes an industrial subdivision, traffic signal improvements, and the annexation of the Project property into the City of Fowler. The Project in and of itself would not create a significant hazard to the public or the environment. Construction-related air quality/dust exposure impacts could occur temporarily as a result of Project construction. Industrial facilities may handle hazardous materials but would require to prepare and implement a Hazard Material Business Plan, the implementation of which is monitored by the County of Fresno. However, implementation of basic regulatory requirements identified in this IS/MND and mitigation measures referenced above would ensure that impacts are less than significant. Therefore, the Project would not have any direct or indirect adverse impacts on humans. This impact would be less than significant.

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CHAPTER 5 MITIGATION,

MONITORING, AND REPORTING

PROGRAM
This Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program (MMRP) has been formulated based upon the findings of the Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration (IS/MND) for the Project. The MMRP lists mitigation measures recommended in the IS/MND for the Project and identifies monitoring and reporting requirements.

Table 5-1: Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program presents the mitigation measures identified for the Project. Each mitigation measure is numbered with a symbol indicating the topical section to which it pertains, a hyphen, and the impact number. For example, AIR-2 would be the second mitigation measure identified in the Air Quality analysis of the IS/MND.

The first column of Table 5-1: Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program identifies the mitigation measure. The second column, entitled “When Monitoring is to Occur,” identifies the time the mitigation measure should be initiated. The third column, “Frequency of Monitoring,” identifies the frequency of the monitoring of the mitigation measure. The fourth column, “Agency Responsible for Monitoring,” names the party ultimately responsible for ensuring that the mitigation measure is implemented. The last columns will be used by the Lead and Responsible Agencies to ensure that individual mitigation measures have been complied with and monitored
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Table 5-1: Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program
Item Mitigation Measure When Monitoring is
to Occur
Frequency of
Monitoring
Agency
Responsible for
Monitoring
Method to
Verify
Compliance
Verification of
Compliance
Air Quality
AIR-1 Construction of the subdivision and the buildings within shall utilize EPA Tier 4 Final engines or EPA
Tier 3 engines with Level 3 Diesel Particulate Filters.

During construction During
construction Subdivider Rule 9510 Application
Biological Resources
BIO-1 Nesting Bird Avoidance: Project activities should occur, if feasible, between September 16 and
January 31 (outside of the nesting bird season) to
avoid impacts to nesting birds.

During construction During
construction Subdivider Report
BIO-2 Migratory Nesting Bird Pre-Activity Survey: If Project activities must occur within the migratory bird
nesting season (February 1 to September 15), a
qualified biologist should complete a pre-activity
survey for active nests within five (5) calendar days
prior to the start of Project activities. The survey
should be completed within the Project site, and all
accessible lands up to 100 feet outside of the Project
site for nesting migratory birds and up to 500 feet
outside of the Project site for nesting raptors. Raptor nests would be considered “active” upon the nestbuilding stage. If no active nests are observed, the Project may proceed. The biologist should also
conduct a one-time take avoid-ance preconstruction survey for Swainson’s hawk nests onsite and within a 0.5-mile radius. This one time
take avoidance survey will be conducted in
accordance with the Recommended Timing and
Meth-odology for Swainson's Hawk Nesting Surveys
in California's Central Valley (Swainson's Hawk
Technical Advisory Committee 2000), or current
guidance.

Within five calendar
days prior to the start
of construction
Once Subdivider Report
BIO-3 Nesting Bird Avoidance Buffers: On discovery of any active nests or breeding colonies near work areas, a
qualified biologist should determine appropriate
avoidance buffer distances based on applicable
Upon discovery of any
active nests or
breeding colonies
During
construction Subdivider Report
178
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Mitigation, Monitoring, and Reporting Program
Item Mitigation Measure When Monitoring is
to Occur
Frequency of
Monitoring
Agency
Responsible for
Monitoring
Method to
Verify
Compliance
Verification of
Compliance
CDFW and/or USFWS guidelines, the biology of the
species, conditions of the nest(s), and the level of
Project disturbance. If needed, avoidance buffers
should be identified with flagging, fencing, or other
easily visible means, and should be maintained until
the biologist has determined that the nestlings have
fledged.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions
GHG-1 Buildings in the subdivision shall be
constructed with electrically-powered
appliances and building mechanical equipment
in place of natural-gas fueled equipment.

During construction During
construction Subdivider Building plans
GHG-2 Off-street parking in the subdivision shall
exceed the California Green Building Standard
Code Tier 2 requirements for electric vehicle
charging infrastructure.

During construction During
construction Subdivider Building plans
179
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Chapter 6: References
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 6-1
CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES
Akel Engineering. 2020. "Water and Wastewater Unit Factor Update for Metropolitan Water Resources Management Plan Update."
ArcGIS. 2023. Is Your Home in a Fire Hazard Severity Zone? https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Styler/index.html?appid=5e96315793d445419b6c96f89ce5d153.

Calfornia Department of Conservation. 2020. Important Farmland Categories. https://www.conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/fmmp/Pages/Important-Farmland-Categories.aspx.

California Department of Conservation. 2018. "California Geological Survey - Aggregate Sustainability in California." https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/Documents/Publications/MapSheets/MS_052_California_Aggregates_Map_201807.pdf. —. 2023. Earthquake Zones of Required Investigation. https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/EQZApp/app/. —. 2016. Mines Online. https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/mol/index.html. —. 2024. Oil & Gas Well Finder. https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/wellfinder/. —. 2024. Well Finder. https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/doggr/wellfinder/.

California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2024. California Natural Diversity Database. https://wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB.

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. 2022. California State Responsibility Areas. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?layers=5ac1dae3cb2544629a845d9a19e83 991.

California Department of Toxic Substances Control. 2024. California Department of Toxic Substances Control EnviroStor. https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/.

California Department of Transportation. 2023. California State Scenic Highway System Map. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=2e921695c43643b1aaf7000dfcc199

83. California Department of Water Resources. 2018. DWR Groundwater Basin Boundary Assessment Tool. https://gis.water.ca.gov/app/bbat/.

California State Geoportal. 2022. CGS Seismic Hazards Program: Liquefaction Zones. February 11. https://gis.data.ca.gov/datasets/cadoc::cgs-seismic-hazards-program-liquefaction-zones1/explore?location=36.619171%2C-119.721226%2C9.55.

City of Fowler. 2023. "Annual Water Quality Report." Fowler. https://fowlercity.org/wpcontent/uploads/2024/06/Annual-Water-Quality-Report-2023.pdf.

County of Fresno Department of Public Health. 2024. "Hazardous Materials Business Plans." https://www.fresnocountyca.gov/Departments/Public-Health/Environmental-Health/HazardousMaterials-Business-Plans. 180
Section , Item B
Chapter 6: References
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 6-2
Federal Highway Administration . 2017. Construction Noise Handbook. Accessed April 2023. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/construction_noise/handbook/handbook09.cfm.

Fresno Council of Governments. 2023. "Fresno Multi-Jurisdictional 2023-2031 Housing Element HCD Review Draft." https://www.fresnocountyca.gov/files/assets/county/v/1/2023- 2031_mjhe_regional_fresnocounty.pdf.

Harden, D.R. 1998. California Geology. Prentice Hall.

John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. 2018. "FTA Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual ." https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/researchinnovation/118131/transit-noise-and-vibration-impact-assessment-manual-fta-report-no0123_0.pdf.

Municode Codification. 2024. Fowler, CA Municipal Code Section 9-5.1402. https://library.municode.com/ca/fowler/codes/zoning?nodeId=ZONING_ORDINANCE_ART14- LINDI_9-5.1402SPPRDEST.
—. 2024. Fowler, CA Municipal Code Section 9-5.1406.
https://library.municode.com/ca/fowler/codes/zoning?nodeId=ZONING_ORDINANCE_ART14- LINDI_9-5.1402SPPRDEST.

Provost & Pritchard Consulting Group. 2022. "City of Fowler 2040 General Plan Draft Environmental Impact Report." Draft Environmental Impact Report, Fowler. https://fowlercity.org/wpcontent/uploads/2022/12/Fowler-General-Plan-DEIR_Combined-II.pdf.

Provost and Pritchard. 2023. "City of Fowler, Well No. 9 Schematic Design Technical Memorandum." 49.

Accessed July 2023.

State of California. 2024. State Water Resources Control Board Geo Tracker. https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/.

The County of Fresno Department of Agriculture and Weights and Measures. 2024. "2023 Crop Report." https://www.fresnocountyca.gov/files/sharedassets/county/v/1/agricultural-commissioner/agcrop-reports/2023-ag-crop-report.pdf.

United States Department of Agriculture. 2023. "2022 Census of Agriculture, 2023 Irrigation and Water Management Survey."
—. 2024. Web Soil Survey. Accessed January 29, 2024.
https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx.

United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 2022. Environmental Conservation Online System. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/.
181
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Appendix A: CalEEMod Output Files
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Clayton Avenue Tentative Map Custom Report
Table of Contents

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information

1.2. Land Use Types

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.3. Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated

2.6. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2025) - Unmitigated

3.2. Site Preparation (2025) - Mitigated

3.3. Grading (2025) - Unmitigated
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3.4. Grading (2025) - Mitigated

3.5. Building Construction (2025) - Unmitigated

3.6. Building Construction (2025) - Mitigated

3.7. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated

3.8. Building Construction (2026) - Mitigated

3.9. Paving (2026) - Unmitigated

3.10. Paving (2026) - Mitigated

3.11. Architectural Coating (2026) - Unmitigated

3.12. Architectural Coating (2026) - Mitigated

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated

4.1.2. Mitigated

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated 184 Section , Item B
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4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated

4.3.2. Mitigated

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated

4.4.2. Mitigated

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated

4.5.2. Mitigated

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated

4.6.2. Mitigated

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated

4.7.2. Mitigated

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule

5.2. Off-Road Equipment 185
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5.2.1. Unmitigated

5.2.2. Mitigated

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated

5.3.2. Mitigated

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies

5.5. Architectural Coatings

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies

5.7. Construction Paving

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated

5.9.2. Mitigated

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths 186
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5.10.1.1. Unmitigated

5.10.1.2. Mitigated

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated

5.11.2. Mitigated

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated

5.12.2. Mitigated

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated

5.13.2. Mitigated

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated

5.14.2. Mitigated

8. User Changes to Default Data 187
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1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name Clayton Avenue Tentative Map
Construction Start Date 1/1/2025
Operational Year 2025
Lead Agency City of Fowler
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s) 2.70
Precipitation (days) 25.4
Location 36.640257631018144, -119.68908606371927
County Fresno
City Unincorporated
Air District San Joaquin Valley APCD
Air Basin San Joaquin Valley
TAZ 2535
EDFZ 5
Electric Utility Pacific Gas & Electric Company
Gas Utility Pacific Gas & Electric
App Version 2022.1.1.29

1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft) Landscape Area (sq ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
Industrial Park 392 1000sqft 9.00 392,000 0.00 — — —
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Parking Lot 22.0 Acre 22.0 0.00 143,487 — — —

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector Sector # Measure Title
Construction C-6 Use Diesel Particulate Filters

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 104 104 12.2 19.8 0.03 0.44 1.11 1.55 0.41 0.27 0.68 — 4,241 4,241 0.15 0.19 5.93 4,306 Mit. 104 104 12.2 19.8 0.03 0.08 1.11 1.19 0.07 0.27 0.34 — 4,241 4,241 0.15 0.19 5.93 4,306 %
Reduced
— — — — — 83% — 24% 83% — 50% — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 4.01 3.38 31.7 30.7 0.06 1.37 7.76 9.13 1.26 3.96 5.22 — 6,706 6,706 0.27 0.19 0.15 6,731 Mit. 4.01 3.38 31.7 30.7 0.06 0.20 7.76 7.97 0.19 3.96 4.15 — 6,706 6,706 0.27 0.19 0.15 6,731 %
Reduced
— — — — — 85% — 13% 85% — 20% — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 6.77 6.65 11.0 14.7 0.02 0.42 1.21 1.63 0.38 0.40 0.79 — 3,250 3,250 0.12 0.12 1.54 3,290 Mit. 6.77 6.65 11.0 14.7 0.02 0.07 1.21 1.28 0.06 0.40 0.47 — 3,250 3,250 0.12 0.12 1.54 3,290 189
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%
Reduced
— — — — — 84% — 21% 84% — 41% — — — — — — —
Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 1.24 1.21 2.00 2.68 < 0.005 0.08 0.22 0.30 0.07 0.07 0.14 — 538 538 0.02 0.02 0.25 545 Mit. 1.24 1.21 2.00 2.68 < 0.005 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.07 0.09 — 538 538 0.02 0.02 0.25 545 %
Reduced
— — — — — 84% — 21% 84% — 41% — — — — — — —

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 2.16 1.88 12.2 19.8 0.03 0.44 1.11 1.55 0.41 0.27 0.68 — 4,241 4,241 0.15 0.19 5.93 4,306 2026 104 104 11.5 19.2 0.03 0.39 1.11 1.50 0.36 0.27 0.63 — 4,204 4,204 0.15 0.19 5.33 4,268 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 4.01 3.38 31.7 30.7 0.06 1.37 7.76 9.13 1.26 3.96 5.22 — 6,706 6,706 0.27 0.19 0.15 6,731 2026 1.94 1.69 11.7 18.1 0.03 0.39 1.11 1.50 0.36 0.27 0.63 — 4,096 4,096 0.15 0.19 0.14 4,155 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 1.71 1.47 11.0 14.7 0.02 0.42 1.21 1.63 0.38 0.40 0.79 — 3,250 3,250 0.12 0.12 1.54 3,290 2026 6.77 6.65 5.34 8.38 0.01 0.18 0.48 0.66 0.17 0.12 0.28 — 1,848 1,848 0.07 0.08 0.99 1,875 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 0.31 0.27 2.00 2.68 < 0.005 0.08 0.22 0.30 0.07 0.07 0.14 — 538 538 0.02 0.02 0.25 545 2026 1.24 1.21 0.98 1.53 < 0.005 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.03 0.02 0.05 — 306 306 0.01 0.01 0.16 310 190
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2.3. Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 2.16 1.88 12.2 19.8 0.03 0.08 1.11 1.19 0.07 0.27 0.34 — 4,241 4,241 0.15 0.19 5.93 4,306 2026 104 104 11.5 19.2 0.03 0.07 1.11 1.18 0.06 0.27 0.33 — 4,204 4,204 0.15 0.19 5.33 4,268 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 4.01 3.38 31.7 30.7 0.06 0.20 7.76 7.97 0.19 3.96 4.15 — 6,706 6,706 0.27 0.19 0.15 6,731 2026 1.94 1.69 11.7 18.1 0.03 0.07 1.11 1.18 0.06 0.27 0.33 — 4,096 4,096 0.15 0.19 0.14 4,155 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 1.71 1.47 11.0 14.7 0.02 0.07 1.21 1.28 0.06 0.40 0.47 — 3,250 3,250 0.12 0.12 1.54 3,290 2026 6.77 6.65 5.34 8.38 0.01 0.03 0.48 0.51 0.03 0.12 0.14 — 1,848 1,848 0.07 0.08 0.99 1,875 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2025 0.31 0.27 2.00 2.68 < 0.005 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.07 0.09 — 538 538 0.02 0.02 0.25 545 2026 1.24 1.21 0.98 1.53 < 0.005 0.01 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.03 — 306 306 0.01 0.01 0.16 310

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 18.4 17.5 11.8 76.4 0.16 0.45 10.0 10.5 0.44 2.54 2.98 436 24,206 24,642 45.8 1.32 147 26,329 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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Unmit. 14.7 14.0 12.7 47.5 0.14 0.42 10.0 10.5 0.42 2.54 2.96 436 22,981 23,417 45.9 1.37 103 25,075 Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 16.3 15.5 12.3 57.2 0.15 0.44 9.87 10.3 0.43 2.50 2.93 436 23,342 23,777 45.8 1.35 122 25,446 Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 2.97 2.83 2.24 10.4 0.03 0.08 1.80 1.88 0.08 0.46 0.53 72.1 3,864 3,937 7.59 0.22 20.1 4,213

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 5.86 5.44 7.43 55.8 0.13 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 13,312 13,312 0.43 0.78 45.2 13,599 Area 12.1 11.8 0.14 17.0 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.02 — 0.02 — 70.1 70.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 70.4 Energy 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 10,622 10,622 1.35 0.12 — 10,692 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total 18.4 17.5 11.8 76.4 0.16 0.45 10.0 10.5 0.44 2.54 2.98 436 24,206 24,642 45.8 1.32 147 26,329 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 5.19 4.75 8.48 44.0 0.12 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 12,156 12,156 0.50 0.82 1.17 12,416 Area 9.03 9.03 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Energy 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 10,622 10,622 1.35 0.12 — 10,692 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
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Total 14.7 14.0 12.7 47.5 0.14 0.42 10.0 10.5 0.42 2.54 2.96 436 22,981 23,417 45.9 1.37 103 25,075 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 5.27 4.85 7.97 45.3 0.12 0.10 9.87 9.97 0.10 2.50 2.60 — 12,483 12,483 0.46 0.80 19.5 12,752 Area 10.5 10.4 0.07 8.41 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 34.6 34.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 34.7 Energy 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 10,622 10,622 1.35 0.12 — 10,692 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total 16.3 15.5 12.3 57.2 0.15 0.44 9.87 10.3 0.43 2.50 2.93 436 23,342 23,777 45.8 1.35 122 25,446 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.96 0.88 1.46 8.27 0.02 0.02 1.80 1.82 0.02 0.46 0.47 — 2,067 2,067 0.08 0.13 3.23 2,111 Area 1.92 1.90 0.01 1.53 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 5.72 5.72 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.74 Energy 0.08 0.04 0.77 0.64 < 0.005 0.06 — 0.06 0.06 — 0.06 — 1,759 1,759 0.22 0.02 — 1,770 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 28.8 33.5 62.2 2.95 0.07 — 157 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 43.4 0.00 43.4 4.33 0.00 — 152 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16.9 16.9
Total 2.97 2.83 2.24 10.4 0.03 0.08 1.80 1.88 0.08 0.46 0.53 72.1 3,864 3,937 7.59 0.22 20.1 4,213

2.6. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 5.86 5.44 7.43 55.8 0.13 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 13,312 13,312 0.43 0.78 45.2 13,599 Area 12.1 11.8 0.14 17.0 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.02 — 0.02 — 70.1 70.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 70.4 Energy 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 10,622 10,622 1.35 0.12 — 10,692 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 193 Section , Item B
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Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total 18.4 17.5 11.8 76.4 0.16 0.45 10.0 10.5 0.44 2.54 2.98 436 24,206 24,642 45.8 1.32 147 26,329 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 5.19 4.75 8.48 44.0 0.12 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 12,156 12,156 0.50 0.82 1.17 12,416 Area 9.03 9.03 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Energy 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 10,622 10,622 1.35 0.12 — 10,692 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total 14.7 14.0 12.7 47.5 0.14 0.42 10.0 10.5 0.42 2.54 2.96 436 22,981 23,417 45.9 1.37 103 25,075 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 5.27 4.85 7.97 45.3 0.12 0.10 9.87 9.97 0.10 2.50 2.60 — 12,483 12,483 0.46 0.80 19.5 12,752 Area 10.5 10.4 0.07 8.41 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 34.6 34.6 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 34.7 Energy 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 10,622 10,622 1.35 0.12 — 10,692 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total 16.3 15.5 12.3 57.2 0.15 0.44 9.87 10.3 0.43 2.50 2.93 436 23,342 23,777 45.8 1.35 122 25,446 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.96 0.88 1.46 8.27 0.02 0.02 1.80 1.82 0.02 0.46 0.47 — 2,067 2,067 0.08 0.13 3.23 2,111 Area 1.92 1.90 0.01 1.53 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 5.72 5.72 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.74 Energy 0.08 0.04 0.77 0.64 < 0.005 0.06 — 0.06 0.06 — 0.06 — 1,759 1,759 0.22 0.02 — 1,770 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 28.8 33.5 62.2 2.95 0.07 — 157 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 43.4 0.00 43.4 4.33 0.00 — 152 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16.9 16.9
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Total 2.97 2.83 2.24 10.4 0.03 0.08 1.80 1.88 0.08 0.46 0.53 72.1 3,864 3,937 7.59 0.22 20.1 4,213

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.94 3.31 31.6 30.2 0.05 1.37 — 1.37 1.26 — 1.26 — 5,295 5,295 0.21 0.04 — 5,314 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 7.67 7.67 — 3.94 3.94 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11 0.09 0.87 0.83 < 0.005 0.04 — 0.04 0.03 — 0.03 — 145 145 0.01 < 0.005 — 146 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.21 0.21 — 0.11 0.11 — — — — — — —
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Onsite 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 truck
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02 0.02 0.16 0.15 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 24.0 24.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 24.1 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.04 0.04 — 0.02 0.02 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.02 — 94.2 94.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 95.6 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.67 2.67 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.72 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.44 0.44 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.45 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 196
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3.2. Site Preparation (2025) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.94 3.31 31.6 30.2 0.05 0.20 — 0.20 0.19 — 0.19 — 5,295 5,295 0.21 0.04 — 5,314 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 7.67 7.67 — 3.94 3.94 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11 0.09 0.87 0.83 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 145 145 0.01 < 0.005 — 146 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.21 0.21 — 0.11 0.11 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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Off-Roa 0.02 0.02 0.16 0.15 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 24.0 24.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 24.1 d
Equipm
ent
Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.04 0.04 — 0.02 0.02 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.02 — 94.2 94.2 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 95.6 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.67 2.67 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 2.72 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.44 0.44 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.45 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.3. Grading (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) 198
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Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.80 3.20 29.7 28.3 0.06 1.23 — 1.23 1.14 — 1.14 — 6,599 6,599 0.27 0.05 — 6,622 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 3.59 3.59 — 1.42 1.42 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.36 0.31 2.85 2.71 0.01 0.12 — 0.12 0.11 — 0.11 — 633 633 0.03 0.01 — 635 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.34 0.34 — 0.14 0.14 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.07 0.06 0.52 0.50 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 105 105 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 105 199
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Dust — — — — — — 0.06 0.06 — 0.02 0.02 — — — — — — —
From
Material
Movement
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11 0.00 0.03 0.03 — 108 108 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 109 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 10.7 10.7 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 10.9 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.77 1.77 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.80 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.4. Grading (2025) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
200
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Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Summer
(Max)
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.80 3.20 29.7 28.3 0.06 0.19 — 0.19 0.17 — 0.17 — 6,599 6,599 0.27 0.05 — 6,622 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 3.59 3.59 — 1.42 1.42 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.36 0.31 2.85 2.71 0.01 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 633 633 0.03 0.01 — 635 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.34 0.34 — 0.14 0.14 — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.07 0.06 0.52 0.50 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 105 105 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 105 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.06 0.06 — 0.02 0.02 — — — — — — —
201
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Onsite 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 truck
Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11 0.00 0.03 0.03 — 108 108 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 109 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 10.7 10.7 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 10.9 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.77 1.77 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.80 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.5. Building Construction (2025) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
202
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Off-Roa 1.35 1.13 10.4 13.0 0.02 0.43 — 0.43 0.40 — 0.40 — 2,398 2,398 0.10 0.02 — 2,406 d
Equipm
ent
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.35 1.13 10.4 13.0 0.02 0.43 — 0.43 0.40 — 0.40 — 2,398 2,398 0.10 0.02 — 2,406 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.80 0.67 6.17 7.71 0.01 0.26 — 0.26 0.23 — 0.23 — 1,417 1,417 0.06 0.01 — 1,422 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.15 0.12 1.13 1.41 < 0.005 0.05 — 0.05 0.04 — 0.04 — 235 235 0.01 < 0.005 — 235 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.75 0.71 0.37 6.13 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.21 0.21 — 998 998 0.03 0.04 3.74 1,015 Vendor 0.07 0.05 1.36 0.60 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.07 — 845 845 0.02 0.12 2.20 885 203 Section , Item B
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Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.67 0.62 0.45 4.97 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.21 0.21 — 886 886 0.04 0.04 0.10 900 Vendor 0.06 0.04 1.45 0.63 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.07 — 847 847 0.02 0.12 0.06 884 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.40 0.37 0.24 2.98 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.52 0.00 0.12 0.12 — 542 542 0.02 0.03 0.95 551 Vendor 0.04 0.03 0.83 0.36 < 0.005 0.01 0.13 0.13 0.01 0.03 0.04 — 500 500 0.01 0.07 0.56 523 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.02 — 89.8 89.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.16 91.3 Vendor 0.01 < 0.005 0.15 0.07 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 — 82.8 82.8 < 0.005 0.01 0.09 86.5 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.6. Building Construction (2025) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.35 1.13 10.4 13.0 0.02 0.06 — 0.06 0.06 — 0.06 — 2,398 2,398 0.10 0.02 — 2,406 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 204
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Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.35 1.13 10.4 13.0 0.02 0.06 — 0.06 0.06 — 0.06 — 2,398 2,398 0.10 0.02 — 2,406 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.80 0.67 6.17 7.71 0.01 0.04 — 0.04 0.04 — 0.04 — 1,417 1,417 0.06 0.01 — 1,422 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.15 0.12 1.13 1.41 < 0.005 0.01 — 0.01 0.01 — 0.01 — 235 235 0.01 < 0.005 — 235 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.75 0.71 0.37 6.13 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.21 0.21 — 998 998 0.03 0.04 3.74 1,015 Vendor 0.07 0.05 1.36 0.60 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.07 — 845 845 0.02 0.12 2.20 885 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.67 0.62 0.45 4.97 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.21 0.21 — 886 886 0.04 0.04 0.10 900 205
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Vendor 0.06 0.04 1.45 0.63 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.07 — 847 847 0.02 0.12 0.06 884 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.40 0.37 0.24 2.98 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.52 0.00 0.12 0.12 — 542 542 0.02 0.03 0.95 551 Vendor 0.04 0.03 0.83 0.36 < 0.005 0.01 0.13 0.13 0.01 0.03 0.04 — 500 500 0.01 0.07 0.56 523 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.02 — 89.8 89.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.16 91.3 Vendor 0.01 < 0.005 0.15 0.07 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 — 82.8 82.8 < 0.005 0.01 0.09 86.5 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.7. Building Construction (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.28 1.07 9.85 13.0 0.02 0.38 — 0.38 0.35 — 0.35 — 2,397 2,397 0.10 0.02 — 2,405 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.28 1.07 9.85 13.0 0.02 0.38 — 0.38 0.35 — 0.35 — 2,397 2,397 0.10 0.02 — 2,405 206
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Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.54 0.45 4.17 5.48 0.01 0.16 — 0.16 0.15 — 0.15 — 1,013 1,013 0.04 0.01 — 1,017 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.10 0.08 0.76 1.00 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.03 — 0.03 — 168 168 0.01 < 0.005 — 168 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.70 0.65 0.34 5.64 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.21 0.21 — 977 977 0.03 0.04 3.39 994 Vendor 0.07 0.05 1.32 0.59 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.07 — 829 829 0.02 0.12 1.94 869 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.60 0.58 0.42 4.56 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.21 0.21 — 868 868 0.04 0.04 0.09 881 Vendor 0.06 0.04 1.40 0.61 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.07 — 831 831 0.02 0.12 0.05 869 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.27 0.25 0.16 1.96 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.37 0.00 0.09 0.09 — 380 380 0.01 0.02 0.62 386 Vendor 0.03 0.02 0.58 0.25 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.09 0.09 < 0.005 0.02 0.03 — 351 351 0.01 0.05 0.35 367 207 Section , Item B
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Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.02 — 62.9 62.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.10 63.9 Vendor 0.01 < 0.005 0.11 0.05 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 — 58.1 58.1 < 0.005 0.01 0.06 60.8 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.8. Building Construction (2026) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.28 1.07 9.85 13.0 0.02 0.06 — 0.06 0.05 — 0.05 — 2,397 2,397 0.10 0.02 — 2,405 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.28 1.07 9.85 13.0 0.02 0.06 — 0.06 0.05 — 0.05 — 2,397 2,397 0.10 0.02 — 2,405 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.54 0.45 4.17 5.48 0.01 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 1,013 1,013 0.04 0.01 — 1,017 208
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Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.10 0.08 0.76 1.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 168 168 0.01 < 0.005 — 168 Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.70 0.65 0.34 5.64 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.21 0.21 — 977 977 0.03 0.04 3.39 994 Vendor 0.07 0.05 1.32 0.59 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.07 — 829 829 0.02 0.12 1.94 869 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.60 0.58 0.42 4.56 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.00 0.21 0.21 — 868 868 0.04 0.04 0.09 881 Vendor 0.06 0.04 1.40 0.61 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.07 — 831 831 0.02 0.12 0.05 869 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.27 0.25 0.16 1.96 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.37 0.00 0.09 0.09 — 380 380 0.01 0.02 0.62 386 Vendor 0.03 0.02 0.58 0.25 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.09 0.09 < 0.005 0.02 0.03 — 351 351 0.01 0.05 0.35 367 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.02 — 62.9 62.9 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.10 63.9 Vendor 0.01 < 0.005 0.11 0.05 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.02 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 — 58.1 58.1 < 0.005 0.01 0.06 60.8 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 209
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3.9. Paving (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.91 0.76 7.12 9.94 0.01 0.32 — 0.32 0.29 — 0.29 — 1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 — 1,516 Paving 2.88 2.88 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05 0.04 0.39 0.54 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 82.8 82.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 83.1 Paving 0.16 0.16 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.01 0.01 0.07 0.10 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 13.7 13.7 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 13.8 Paving 0.03 0.03 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 210
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Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.02 — 89.0 89.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.31 90.6 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 4.49 4.49 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 4.56 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.74 0.74 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.76 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.10. Paving (2026) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.91 0.76 7.12 9.94 0.01 0.05 — 0.05 0.04 — 0.04 — 1,511 1,511 0.06 0.01 — 1,516 Paving 2.88 2.88 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05 0.04 0.39 0.54 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 82.8 82.8 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 83.1 Paving 0.16 0.16 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.01 0.01 0.07 0.10 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 13.7 13.7 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 13.8 Paving 0.03 0.03 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.02 — 89.0 89.0 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.31 90.6 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 4.49 4.49 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 4.56 212 Section , Item B
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Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.74 0.74 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.76 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3.11. Architectural Coating (2026) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.15 0.12 0.86 1.13 < 0.005 0.02 — 0.02 0.02 — 0.02 — 134 134 0.01 < 0.005 — 134 Architect
ural
Coating
s
104 104 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.01 0.01 0.05 0.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 7.32 7.32 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 7.34 213
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Architect 5.71 5.71 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
ural
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent
< 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 1.21 1.21 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.22 Architect
ural
Coating
s

1.04 1.04 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.14 0.13 0.07 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.18 0.00 0.04 0.04 — 195 195 0.01 0.01 0.68 199 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 9.85 9.85 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 10.0 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.63 1.63 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.66 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 214
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3.12. Architectural Coating (2026) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.15 0.12 0.86 1.13 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 134 134 0.01 < 0.005 — 134 Architect
ural
Coating
s
104 104 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.01 0.01 0.05 0.06 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 7.32 7.32 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 7.34 Architect
ural
Coating
s

5.71 5.71 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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Off-Roa < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 1.21 1.21 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.22 d
Equipm
ent
Architect
ural
Coating
s

1.04 1.04 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.14 0.13 0.07 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.18 0.00 0.04 0.04 — 195 195 0.01 0.01 0.68 199 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01 0.01 < 0.005 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 9.85 9.85 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.02 10.0 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.01 0.00 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 0.00 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 1.63 1.63 < 0.005 < 0.005 < 0.005 1.66 Vendor 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hauling 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4. Operations Emissions Details
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4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

5.86 5.44 7.43 55.8 0.13 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 13,312 13,312 0.43 0.78 45.2 13,599 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 5.86 5.44 7.43 55.8 0.13 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 13,312 13,312 0.43 0.78 45.2 13,599 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

5.19 4.75 8.48 44.0 0.12 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 12,156 12,156 0.50 0.82 1.17 12,416 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 5.19 4.75 8.48 44.0 0.12 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 12,156 12,156 0.50 0.82 1.17 12,416 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

0.96 0.88 1.46 8.27 0.02 0.02 1.80 1.82 0.02 0.46 0.47 — 2,067 2,067 0.08 0.13 3.23 2,111 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 0.96 0.88 1.46 8.27 0.02 0.02 1.80 1.82 0.02 0.46 0.47 — 2,067 2,067 0.08 0.13 3.23 2,111

4.1.2. Mitigated
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Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

5.86 5.44 7.43 55.8 0.13 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 13,312 13,312 0.43 0.78 45.2 13,599 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 5.86 5.44 7.43 55.8 0.13 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 13,312 13,312 0.43 0.78 45.2 13,599 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

5.19 4.75 8.48 44.0 0.12 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 12,156 12,156 0.50 0.82 1.17 12,416 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 5.19 4.75 8.48 44.0 0.12 0.10 10.0 10.1 0.10 2.54 2.64 — 12,156 12,156 0.50 0.82 1.17 12,416 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

0.96 0.88 1.46 8.27 0.02 0.02 1.80 1.82 0.02 0.46 0.47 — 2,067 2,067 0.08 0.13 3.23 2,111 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 0.96 0.88 1.46 8.27 0.02 0.02 1.80 1.82 0.02 0.46 0.47 — 2,067 2,067 0.08 0.13 3.23 2,111

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) 218
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Land TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Use
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — 5,136 5,136 0.83 0.10 — 5,187
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 468 468 0.08 0.01 — 473
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,605 5,605 0.91 0.11 — 5,660 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — 5,136 5,136 0.83 0.10 — 5,187
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 468 468 0.08 0.01 — 473
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,605 5,605 0.91 0.11 — 5,660 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — 850 850 0.14 0.02 — 859
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 77.5 77.5 0.01 < 0.005 — 78.3
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 928 928 0.15 0.02 — 937

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e 219
Section , Item B
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Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Summer
(Max)
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — 5,136 5,136 0.83 0.10 — 5,187
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 468 468 0.08 0.01 — 473
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,605 5,605 0.91 0.11 — 5,660 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — 5,136 5,136 0.83 0.10 — 5,187
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 468 468 0.08 0.01 — 473
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,605 5,605 0.91 0.11 — 5,660 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — 850 850 0.14 0.02 — 859
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — — 77.5 77.5 0.01 < 0.005 — 78.3
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 928 928 0.15 0.02 — 937

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
220
Section , Item B
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Industria 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 5,018 5,018 0.44 0.01 — 5,031 l
Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 5,018 5,018 0.44 0.01 — 5,031 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 5,018 5,018 0.44 0.01 — 5,031 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 5,018 5,018 0.44 0.01 — 5,031 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

0.08 0.04 0.77 0.64 < 0.005 0.06 — 0.06 0.06 — 0.06 — 831 831 0.07 < 0.005 — 833 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.08 0.04 0.77 0.64 < 0.005 0.06 — 0.06 0.06 — 0.06 — 831 831 0.07 < 0.005 — 833

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 5,018 5,018 0.44 0.01 — 5,031 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 221
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Total 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 5,018 5,018 0.44 0.01 — 5,031 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 5,018 5,018 0.44 0.01 — 5,031 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.46 0.23 4.21 3.53 0.03 0.32 — 0.32 0.32 — 0.32 — 5,018 5,018 0.44 0.01 — 5,031 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park

0.08 0.04 0.77 0.64 < 0.005 0.06 — 0.06 0.06 — 0.06 — 831 831 0.07 < 0.005 — 833 Parking
Lot

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Total 0.08 0.04 0.77 0.64 < 0.005 0.06 — 0.06 0.06 — 0.06 — 831 831 0.07 < 0.005 — 833

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Product
s

8.46 8.46 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.57 0.57 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
222
Section , Item B
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Landsca
Equipment

3.03 2.80 0.14 17.0 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.02 — 0.02 — 70.1 70.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 70.4 Total 12.1 11.8 0.14 17.0 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.02 — 0.02 — 70.1 70.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 70.4 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Product
s

8.46 8.46 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.57 0.57 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total 9.03 9.03 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Product
s

1.54 1.54 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.10 0.10 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.27 0.25 0.01 1.53 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 5.72 5.72 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.74 Total 1.92 1.90 0.01 1.53 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 5.72 5.72 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.74

4.3.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
223
Section , Item B
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Consum
Products

8.46 8.46 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.57 0.57 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

3.03 2.80 0.14 17.0 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.02 — 0.02 — 70.1 70.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 70.4 Total 12.1 11.8 0.14 17.0 < 0.005 0.03 — 0.03 0.02 — 0.02 — 70.1 70.1 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 70.4 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Product
s

8.46 8.46 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.57 0.57 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total 9.03 9.03 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Consum
er
Product
s

1.54 1.54 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.10 0.10 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.27 0.25 0.01 1.53 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 5.72 5.72 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.74 Total 1.92 1.90 0.01 1.53 < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 < 0.005 — < 0.005 — 5.72 5.72 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 5.74 224
Section , Item B
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4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 174 200 373 17.8 0.43 — 947
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 2.66 2.66 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.69 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 174 200 373 17.8 0.43 — 947
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 2.66 2.66 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.69 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 28.8 33.0 61.8 2.95 0.07 — 157
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.44 0.44 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.45 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 28.8 33.5 62.2 2.95 0.07 — 157

4.4.2. Mitigated
225
Section , Item B
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Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 174 200 373 17.8 0.43 — 947
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 2.66 2.66 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.69 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 174 200 373 17.8 0.43 — 947
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 2.66 2.66 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 2.69 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 174 202 376 17.8 0.43 — 949 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 28.8 33.0 61.8 2.95 0.07 — 157
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.44 0.44 < 0.005 < 0.005 — 0.45 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 28.8 33.5 62.2 2.95 0.07 — 157

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) 226
Section , Item B
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Land TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Use
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 43.4 0.00 43.4 4.33 0.00 — 152
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 43.4 0.00 43.4 4.33 0.00 — 152

4.5.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e 227
Section , Item B
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Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Summer
(Max)
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 262 0.00 262 26.2 0.00 — 917 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — 43.4 0.00 43.4 4.33 0.00 — 152
Parking
Lot
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 43.4 0.00 43.4 4.33 0.00 — 152

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e 228
Section , Item B
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Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Summer
(Max)
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16.9 16.9
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16.9 16.9

4.6.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
229
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Industria
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 102 102
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Industria
l
Park
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16.9 16.9
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 16.9 16.9

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.7.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e 230
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Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description Site Preparation Site Preparation 1/1/2025 1/14/2025 5.00 10.0 — Grading Grading 1/15/2025 3/4/2025 5.00 35.0 —
Building Construction Building Construction 3/5/2025 8/4/2026 5.00 370 — Paving Paving 8/5/2026 9/1/2026 5.00 20.0 —
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 9/2/2026 9/29/2026 5.00 20.0 —

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 3.00 8.00 367 0.40 Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 4.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Grading Excavators Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Grading Graders Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 148 0.41
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Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 367 0.40 Grading Scrapers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 423 0.48
Grading Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Average 1.00 7.00 367 0.29 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Average 3.00 8.00 82.0 0.20 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 14.0 0.74 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00 7.00 84.0 0.37
Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 46.0 0.45 Paving Pavers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 81.0 0.42
Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 89.0 0.36 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.00 6.00 37.0 0.48

5.2.2. Mitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 3.00 8.00 367 0.40 Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 4.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Grading Excavators Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Grading Graders Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 148 0.41
Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 367 0.40 Grading Scrapers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 423 0.48
Grading Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 84.0 0.37
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Average 1.00 7.00 367 0.29 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Average 3.00 8.00 82.0 0.20 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 14.0 0.74 232
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Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back Diesel Average 3.00 7.00 84.0 0.37 Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 1.00 8.00 46.0 0.45 Paving Pavers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 81.0 0.42
Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 89.0 0.36 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00 8.00 36.0 0.38
Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.00 6.00 37.0 0.48

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation — — — —
Site Preparation Worker 17.5 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor 0.00 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT
Grading — — — —
Grading Worker 20.0 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor 0.00 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT
Building Construction — — — —
Building Construction Worker 165 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Building Construction Vendor 64.2 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT
Paving — — — —
Paving Worker 15.0 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 233
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Paving Vendor 0.00 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT
Architectural Coating — — — —
Architectural Coating Worker 32.9 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Architectural Coating Vendor 0.00 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT

5.3.2. Mitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation — — — —
Site Preparation Worker 17.5 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor 0.00 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT
Grading — — — —
Grading Worker 20.0 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor 0.00 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT
Building Construction — — — —
Building Construction Worker 165 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Building Construction Vendor 64.2 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT
Paving — — — —
Paving Worker 15.0 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 234
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Paving Vendor 0.00 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT
Architectural Coating — — — —
Architectural Coating Worker 32.9 7.70 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Architectural Coating Vendor 0.00 4.00 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00 20.0 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck 0.00 0.00 HHDT

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.5. Architectural Coatings
Phase Name Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
Architectural Coating 0.00 0.00 588,000 196,000 57,395

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy) Material Exported (cy) Acres Graded (acres) Material Demolished (sq. ft.) Acres Paved (acres) Site Preparation — — 15.0 0.00 —
Grading — — 105 0.00 —
Paving 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.0

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Control Strategies Applied Frequency (per day) PM10 Reduction PM2.5 Reduction 235 Section , Item B
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Water Exposed Area 2 61% 61%

5.7. Construction Paving
Land Use Area Paved (acres) % Asphalt
Industrial Park 0.00 0%
Parking Lot 22.0 100%

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors kWh per Year and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Year kWh per Year CO2 CH4 N2O
2025 0.00 204 0.03 < 0.005
2026 0.00 204 0.03 < 0.005

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year Industrial Park 1,524 1,524 1,524 556,295 14,179 14,179 14,179 5,175,426 Parking Lot 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5.9.2. Mitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year Industrial Park 1,524 1,524 1,524 556,295 14,179 14,179 14,179 5,175,426 Parking Lot 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5.10. Operational Area Sources
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5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.1.1. Unmitigated

5.10.1.2. Mitigated

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings
Residential Interior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Residential Exterior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
0 0.00 588,000 196,000 57,395

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00
Summer Days day/yr 180

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00
Summer Days day/yr 180

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Industrial Park 9,190,981 204 0.0330 0.0040 15,656,123
Parking Lot 837,962 204 0.0330 0.0040 0.00
237
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5.11.2. Mitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Industrial Park 9,190,981 204 0.0330 0.0040 15,656,123
Parking Lot 837,962 204 0.0330 0.0040 0.00

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) Industrial Park 90,650,000 0.00
Parking Lot 0.00 1,969,671

5.12.2. Mitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) Industrial Park 90,650,000 0.00
Parking Lot 0.00 1,969,671

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
Industrial Park 486 —
Parking Lot 0.00 —

5.13.2. Mitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year) 238
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Industrial Park 486 —
Parking Lot 0.00 —

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced Industrial Park Other commercial A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088 0.30 4.00 4.00 18.0

5.14.2. Mitigated
Land Use Type Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced Industrial Park Other commercial A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088 0.30 4.00 4.00 18.0

8. User Changes to Default Data
Screen Justification
Construction: Construction Phases No demolition required.

Construction: Trips and VMT zero'd empty fields
Operations: Fleet Mix Assumes approximately 6% of trips are heavy duty trucks (per traffic study). Remaining trips split amongst light duty vehicles.

Operations: Vehicle Data Per Traffic Study
239
Section , Item B
Appendices
Tentative Map No. 6471
February 2025 B-1
Appendix B: Biological Memorandum
240
Section , Item B
455 W Fir Ave • Clovis, CA 93611 • (559) 449-2700
www.provostandpritchard.com
Engineering • Structural • Geostructural • Surveying • Planning • Environmental • GIS • Construction Services • Hydrogeology • Consulting Clovis • Visalia • Bakersfield • Modesto • Los Banos • Chico • Sacramento • Sonora • San Luis Obispo • Boise, ID

BIOLOGICAL MEMORANDUM
To:

Dawn Marple, City Planner
City of Fowler
From: Kira McCall, Environmental Specialist
Subject: Clayton Avenue Industrial Subdivision Desktop Biological Review Date: February 14, 2025

PROJECT BACKGROUND
The City of Fowler (City) is proposing the Clayton Avenue Industrial Subdivision Project (Project) to annex approximately 83.04 acres of farmland into the City with plans to redevelop the area for future residential use and light industrial land uses. Streets would be constructed and designed to City standards. A stormwater retention basin, approximately 0.5 miles of sewer main, and approximately 1.3 miles of water main would also be constructed to connect to existing facility infrastructure. The Project would also include improvements to several intersections that would be developed when intersection delay exceeds established parameters.

The objective of this memo is to address the recommendations and comments included in the letter from California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) received on January 28, 2025, with regards to the appropriate mitigation for potential Project impacts to biological resources. This memo will be used to identify biological resources within the Project site, describe the conditions of the site, and provide recommendations to mitigate and avoid potential impacts to protected species.

PROJECT LOCATION
The Project site is located adjacent to the current north boundary of the City of Fowler on the south side of Clayton Avenue and east of Golden State Boulevard (see Appendix A for Project maps). The parcel numbers affected by this Project are Assessor’s Parcel Numbers (APNs): 340-120-05, -06, -28, and -29.

STUDY METHODOLOGY
Provost & Pritchard Consulting Group environmental specialist, Kira McCall, conducted a desktop analysis of potential Project-related impacts to biological resources based on the resources known to occur, or with potential to occur, within the Project site. Sources of information used in preparation of this analysis included:

CDFW’s California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB; see

241
Section , Item B
City of Fowler
Clayton Avenue Industrial Subdivision Desktop Biological Review APPENDIX A for the species list) and California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (CWHR) database; California Native Plant Society’s (CNPS) Online Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California; CalFlora’s online database of California native plants; Jepson Herbarium’s online database (i.e., Jepson eFlora); United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS), Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC; see Appendix C for the species list) system, and National Wetlands Inventory (NWI); iNaturalist; NatureServe Explorer’s online database; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service’s (NRCS) Web Soil Survey, California Herps website; and various manuals, reports, and references related to plants and animals of the San Joaquin Valley region.

No field survey was conducted. The assessment of habitats within the site was completed utilizing satellite and historical imagery. Recommendations were then developed to avoid any potential impacts to protected resources that may occur on or near the site.

EXISTING CONDITIONS
As follows are details on the topography, climate, waters, soils and biotic habitats of the site.

TOPOGRAPHY
The Project site is located within the United States Geological Survey Malaga 7.5-minute quadrangle. The topography within the site is relatively flat with elevations of approximately 300 feet above mean sea level.

CLIMATE
Like most of California, the site experiences a Mediterranean climate. Warm, dry summers are followed by cool, moist winters. In the summer, average high temperatures range between 85- and 98-degrees Fahrenheit (°F), but do not often exceed 105 °F, and the humidity is generally low. Winter temperatures are often below 60°F during the day and rarely exceed 65°F. On average, the City of Fresno receives approximately 13 inches of precipitation in the form of rain yearly, most of which occurs between October and April, and the site would be expected to receive similar amounts of precipitation.

WATERS
The nearest surface water features are the basins located east of the site. The Malaga Canal and Biggs Canal are located approximately 2 miles northeast of the site.

SOILS
Four soil mapping units representing three soil types were identified within the site and are listed in Table 1 (see Attachment D for the Web Soil Survey Report). The soils are displayed with their core properties in the table below, according to the Major Land Resource Area of California. These soils are primarily used for growing a range of crops including grapes, peaches, truck crops, alfalfa and for homesites.

Table 1: List of Soils Located on the Site and Their Basic Properties Soil Soil Map Unit
Percent
of Site
Hydric Soil
Category
Drainage Permeability Runoff
Delhi
Loamy sand, 0 to 3
percent slopes
MLRA 17

0.1 %
Predominantly
nonhydric
Somewhat
excessively
drained
High to very high Very low
Hanford Sandy loam 6.8% Nonhydric Very well
drained High Very low
Hesperia
Sandy loam, very
deep 59.7% Nonhydric Well drained Moderately low Negligible Fine sandy loam,
very deep 33.4% Nonhydric Well drained Moderately low Negligible 242
Section , Item B
City of Fowler
Clayton Avenue Industrial Subdivision Desktop Biological Review Hydric soils are defined as soils that are saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions such that under sufficiently wet conditions, hydrophytic vegetation can be supported. None of the major units were identified as hydric, though one minor component of Delhi was noted as hydric.

BIOTIC HABITAT
The majority of the Project site appears to consist of a vineyard and a residential single-family home. It is expected that the vineyard onsite could be used as foraging and nesting area for tree-nesting and groundnesting species such as killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), black phoebe (Sayornis nigricans), or song sparrow (Melospiza melodia). The soil texture of most of the site is reported to be sandy loam, in general, and may be loose enough for burrowing by small mammals, such as California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi).

Discing is not anticipated frequently through the vineyard, so ground disturbance may be minimal. This may further allow for and encourage nesting activities. Large, non-agricultural trees are visible on aerial imagery near the residential homes within the site and in the surrounding area, which could serve as suitable nesting habitat for raptors.

The Project site is surrounded by existing agricultural fields to the west, north, and east. Abutting the west boundary is the Golden State Boulevard. To the south is an existing residential subdivision. Heavy traffic associated with the adjacent highway could deter more elusive species from traveling to or through the area.

Some species more habituated to human disturbance and activities, such as San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica), may be tolerant of the disturbances and could use the site for foraging.

SENSITIVE RESOURCES
As follows are details on the special status species, migratory birds, designated habitat and communities, and wildlife movement corridors and native wildlife nursery sites that could be impacted by Project-related activities.

SPECIAL STATUS SPECIES
A query of the CNDDB for occurrences of special status plant and animal species was conducted for the Malaga USGS 7.5-Minute quadrangle and the eight surrounding quadrangles: Sanger, Selma, Conejo, Caruthers, Fresno North, Fresno South, Clovis, and Round Mountain. A query of the IPaC was also completed for the site. Species which were observed within two miles of the Project site were evaluated for their potential to occur within the Project site. These species are listed in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Special Status Plant and Animal Species with the Potential to Occur on the Project Site Species Status* Habitat Occurrence within the Site
Pallid bat
(Antrozous pallidus)
CSSC
Found in grasslands, chaparral,
and woodlands, where it feeds
on ground- and vegetationdwelling arthropods, and
occasionally takes insects in
flight. Prefers to roost in rock
crevices, but may also use tree
cavities, caves, bridges, and
other human-made structures.

Unlikely. The vineyard habitat could
provide foraging opportunities for
this species, but roosting habitat
appears to be absent from the
Project site and adjacent habitats.

Swainson’s hawk
(Buteo swainsoni)
CT
Nests in large trees in open
areas adjacent to grasslands,
grain or alfalfa fields, or livestock
pastures suitable for supporting
rodent populations.

Possible. The nearest recorded
observation of this species is
approximately four miles northwest
of the site in the 1980s. However,
trees large enough for nesting are 243
Section , Item B
City of Fowler
Clayton Avenue Industrial Subdivision Desktop Biological Review present within 0.5 miles of the
Project site. Additionally, this
species would be expected to
forage within the fallow field and
surrounding areas.

Western mastiff bat
(Eumops perotis
californicus)
CSSC
Found in open, arid to semi-arid
habitats, including dry desert
washes, flood plains, chaparral,
oak woodland, open ponderosa
pine forest, grassland, and
agricultural areas, where it feeds
on insects in flight. Roosts most
commonly in crevices in cliff
faces but may also use high
buildings and tunnels.

Unlikely. The vineyard habitat could
provide foraging opportunities for
this species, but there do not seem
to be any resources for roosting.

244
Section , Item B
City of Fowler
Clayton Avenue Industrial Subdivision Desktop Biological Review *EXPLANATION OF OCCURRENCE DESIGNATIONS AND STATUS CODES

Present: Species observed on the site at time of field surveys or during recent past.

Likely: Species not observed on the site, but it may reasonably be expected to occur there on a regular basis.

Possible: Species not observed on the site, but it could occur there from time to time.

Unlikely: Species not observed on the site, and would not be expected to occur there except, perhaps, as a transient.

Absent: Species not observed on the site and precluded from occurring there due to absence of suitable habitat.

STATUS CODES
FE Federally Endangered CE California Endangered
FT Federally Threatened CSSC California Species of Special Concern FPT Federally Threatened (Proposed) CCE California Endangered (Candidate)

CNPS LISTING
1B Plants rare, threatened, or endangered in
California and elsewhere.
2B Plants rare, threatened, or endangered in
California, but more common elsewhere.

RECOMMENDATIONS
There were no recorded observations of any special status species within two miles of the Project site, and there were no plant species with potential to occur on or near the site. However, suitable habitat for nesting birds, Swainson’s Hawk, and San Joaquin kit fox appears to be present. These special status species could occur on the site prior to or during Project activities. In order to comply with state and federal laws protecting special status species, the following recommendations have been provided to reduce potential Project-related impacts to biological resources within and around the site.

Recommendation 1(a) Nesting Bird Avoidance: Project activities should occur, if feasible, between September 16 and January 31 (outside of the nesting bird season) to avoid impacts to nesting birds.

Recommendation 1(b) Migratory Nesting Bird Pre-Activity Survey: If Project activities must occur within the migratory bird nesting season (February 1 to September 15), a qualified biologist should complete a pre-activity survey for active nests within five (5) calendar days prior to the start of Project activities. The survey should be completed within the Project site, and all accessible lands up to 100 feet outside of the Project site for nesting migratory birds and up to 500 feet outside of the Project site for nesting raptors. Raptor nests would be considered “active” upon the nest-building stage. If no active nests are observed, the Project may proceed. The biologist should also conduct a one-time take avoidance pre-construction survey for Swainson’s hawk nests onsite and within a 0.5-mile radius. This one time take avoidance survey will be conducted in accordance with the Recommended Timing and Methodology for Swainson's Hawk Nesting Surveys in California's Central Valley (Swainson's Hawk Technical Advisory Committee 2000), or current guidance.

Recommendation 1(c) Nesting Bird Avoidance Buffers: On discovery of any active nests or breeding colonies near work areas, a qualified biologist should determine appropriate avoidance buffer distances based on applicable CDFW and/or USFWS guidelines, the biology of the species, conditions of the nest(s), and the level of Project disturbance. If needed, avoidance buffers should be identified with flagging, fencing, or other easily visible means, and should be maintained until the biologist has determined that the nestlings have fledged.

Implementation of Recommendations 1a-1c and Recommendations 2a-2c would avoid impacts to protected species. If you have any questions or need further information, please do not hesitate to contact me at (661) 616-5900 or [email protected].

Sincerely,
Kira McCall 245
Section , Item B
City of Fowler
Clayton Avenue Industrial Subdivision Desktop Biological Review APPENDICES:

Appendix A – Project Maps
Appendix B - CNDDB Species List
Appendix C - IPaC Species List
Appendix D - NRCS SOils Report
246
Section , Item B
Engineering • Structural • Geostructural • Surveying • Planning • Environmental • GIS • Construction Services • Hydrogeology • Consulting Clovis • Visalia • Bakersfield • Modesto • Los Banos • Chico • Sacramento • Sonora • San Luis Obispo • Boise, ID APPENDIX A – PROJECT MAPS
247
Section , Item B
N 6th St
S Stearns St
E Mariposa St
E Carter Ave
S Sunnyside Ave
S Fowler Ave
E Clayton Ave
te Blvd
?Î
0 250 500
Feet
Project Site (83 Acres)
Fowler City Limits
Fowler Sphere of Influence
1/22/2025 G:\Fowler_City of-2619\GIS\Map\FY2024_On-Going_GIS\Clayton_Ave_Ind_Subdivision\Clayton_Ave_Ind_Subdivision.aprx o
Prepared By
Aerial Map
City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision
NAIP 2022 Imagery
248
Section , Item B
?Î
?Î
?c
?c
?e
w?
w?
k?
Clovis
Selma
Sanger
Reedley
Fowler
Parlier
Kingsburg
Fresno
Hanford
Dinuba
Madera
Ranchos
Riverdale
Del Rey
Easton
Lanare
Laton
Raisin City
Monmouth
Hardwick
Goshen
London
Traver
Bowles
Malaga
Caruthers
West Park
Rolling
Hills
Centerville
Minkler
Delft Colony
Madera
C ount y
F r e s n o
C o u n t y
F r e s n o C o u n t y
T u l a r e C o u n t y
F r e s n o C o u n t y
K i n g s C o u n t y
T u l a r e
C o u n t y
K i n g s C o u n t y
Esri, NASA, NGA, USGS, FEMA
Project Site
Census Place
City Limits (various colors)
County
0 2 4
Miles
Regional Vicinity Map o City of Fowler - Clayton Ave Industrial Subdivision ^_
!
Project Sites
Fresno Co.
12/9/2024 G:\Fowler_City of-2619\GIS\Map\FY2024_On-Going_GIS\Clayton_Ave_Ind_Subdivision\Clayton_Ave_Ind_Subdivision.aprx 249
Section , Item B

APPENDIX B - CNDDB SPECIES LIST
250
Section , Item B
Species Element Code Federal Status State Status Global Rank State Rank Rare Plant
Rank/CDFW
SSC or FP
alkali-sink goldfields
Lasthenia chrysantha
PDAST5L030 None None G2 S2 1B.1
American badger
Taxidea taxus
AMAJF04010 None None G5 S3 SSC
American bumble bee
Bombus pensylvanicus
IIHYM24260 None None G3G4 S2
Antioch efferian robberfly
Efferia antiochi
IIDIP07010 None None G1G2 S1S2
black-crowned night heron
Nycticorax nycticorax
ABNGA11010 None None G5 S4
bristly sedge
Carex comosa
PMCYP032Y0 None None G5 S2 2B.1
burrowing owl
Athene cunicularia
ABNSB10010 None Candidate
Endangered
G4 S2 SSC
California glossy snake
Arizona elegans occidentalis
ARADB01017 None None G5T2 S2 SSC
California jewelflower
Caulanthus californicus
PDBRA31010 Endangered Endangered G1 S1 1B.1
California linderiella
Linderiella occidentalis
ICBRA06010 None None G2G3 S2S3
California satintail
Imperata brevifolia
PMPOA3D020 None None G3 S3 2B.1
California tiger salamander - central California DPS
Ambystoma californiense pop. 1
AAAAA01181 Threatened Threatened G2G3T3 S3 WL
coast horned lizard
Phrynosoma blainvillii
ARACF12100 None None G4 S4 SSC
Crotch's bumble bee
Bombus crotchii
IIHYM24480 None Candidate
Endangered
G2 S2
double-crested cormorant
Nannopterum auritum
ABNFD01020 None None G5 S4 WL
forked hare-leaf
Lagophylla dichotoma
PDAST5J070 None None G2 S2 1B.1
Fresno kangaroo rat
Dipodomys nitratoides exilis
AMAFD03151 Endangered Endangered G2TH SH
great egret
Ardea alba
ABNGA04040 None None G5 S4
Greene's tuctoria
Tuctoria greenei
PMPOA6N010 Endangered Rare G1 S1 1B.1
Query Criteria: Quad<span style='color:Red'> IS </span>(Malaga (3611966)<span style='color:Red'> OR </span>Sanger (3611965)<span style='color:Red'> OR </span>Selma (3611955)<span style='color:Red'> OR </span>Conejo (3611956)<span style='color:Red'> OR </span>Caruthers (3611957)<span style='color:Red'> OR </span>Fresno North (3611977)<span style='color:Red'> OR </span>Fresno South (3611967)<span style='color:Red'> OR </span>Clovis (3611976)<span style='color:Red'> OR </span>Round Mountain (3611975)) Report Printed on Friday, February 14, 2025
Commercial Version -- Dated February, 1 2025 -- Biogeographic Data Branch Page 1 of 3 Information Expires 8/1/2025
Selected Elements by Common Name
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
California Natural Diversity Database
251
Section , Item B
Species Element Code Federal Status State Status Global Rank State Rank Rare Plant
Rank/CDFW
SSC or FP
hoary bat
Lasiurus cinereus
AMACC05032 None None G3G4 S4
Hurd's metapogon robberfly
Metapogon hurdi
IIDIP08010 None None G1G2 S1S2
least Bell's vireo
Vireo bellii pusillus
ABPBW01114 Endangered Endangered G5T2 S3
Madera leptosiphon
Leptosiphon serrulatus
PDPLM09130 None None G3 S3 1B.2
midvalley fairy shrimp
Branchinecta mesovallensis
ICBRA03150 None None G2 S2S3
molestan blister beetle
Lytta molesta
IICOL4C030 None None G2 S2
Northern California legless lizard
Anniella pulchra
ARACC01020 None None G3 S2S3 SSC
Northern Claypan Vernal Pool
Northern Claypan Vernal Pool
CTT44120CA None None G1 S1.1
Northern Hardpan Vernal Pool
Northern Hardpan Vernal Pool
CTT44110CA None None G3 S3.1
northwestern pond turtle
Actinemys marmorata
ARAAD02031 Proposed
Threatened
None G2 SNR SSC
pallid bat
Antrozous pallidus
AMACC10010 None None G4 S3 SSC
San Joaquin adobe sunburst
Pseudobahia peirsonii
PDAST7P030 Threatened Endangered G1 S1 1B.1
San Joaquin kit fox
Vulpes macrotis mutica
AMAJA03041 Endangered Threatened G4T2 S3
San Joaquin pocket mouse
Perognathus inornatus
AMAFD01060 None None G2G3 S2S3
San Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass
Orcuttia inaequalis
PMPOA4G060 Threatened Endangered G1 S1 1B.1
Sanford's arrowhead
Sagittaria sanfordii
PMALI040Q0 None None G3 S3 1B.2
snowy egret
Egretta thula
ABNGA06030 None None G5 S4
spiny-sepaled button-celery
Eryngium spinosepalum
PDAPI0Z0Y0 None None G2 S2 1B.2
succulent owl's-clover
Castilleja campestris var. succulenta
PDSCR0D3Z1 Threatened Endangered G4?T2T3 S2S3 1B.2
Swainson's hawk
Buteo swainsoni
ABNKC19070 None Threatened G5 S4
tricolored blackbird
Agelaius tricolor
ABPBXB0020 None Threatened G1G2 S2 SSC
Report Printed on Friday, February 14, 2025
Commercial Version -- Dated February, 1 2025 -- Biogeographic Data Branch Page 2 of 3 Information Expires 8/1/2025
Selected Elements by Common Name
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
California Natural Diversity Database
252
Section , Item B
Species Element Code Federal Status State Status Global Rank State Rank Rare Plant
Rank/CDFW
SSC or FP
valley elderberry longhorn beetle
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus
IICOL48011 Threatened None G3T3 S3
vernal pool fairy shrimp
Branchinecta lynchi
ICBRA03030 Threatened None G3 S3
western mastiff bat
Eumops perotis californicus
AMACD02011 None None G4G5T4 S3S4 SSC
western spadefoot
Spea hammondii
AAABF02020 Proposed
Threatened
None G2G3 S3S4 SSC
western yellow-billed cuckoo
Coccyzus americanus occidentalis
ABNRB02022 Threatened Endangered G5T2T3 S1
Record Count: 45
Report Printed on Friday, February 14, 2025
Commercial Version -- Dated February, 1 2025 -- Biogeographic Data Branch Page 3 of 3 Information Expires 8/1/2025
Selected Elements by Common Name
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
California Natural Diversity Database
253
Section , Item B