Grand Terrace City Council
February 10, 2026

Fault Rupture & Ground Shaking
The southern California region is known to be seismically active, and thus the probability for future seismic hazard occurrences is considered likely. A likely probability means there is between 10 and 100 percent probability in next year or has a recurrence interval of 10 years or less. The LHMP planning team assigned a high hazard planning consideration to the hazards and impacts associated with seismic hazards based upon a likely probability and expected impacts of future events. Given the historic seismic events in the region and presence of several local/regional faults, it is certain that such events will continue. The USGS Uniform Earthquake Rupture Forecast Version 3 released in 2017 provides a perspective of the likelihood each California region will experience a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake in the next 30 years; refer to Table 4- 20, Likelihood of One or More Earthquakes Occurring in the Next 30 Years in Southern California Region by Fault. The San Jacinto fault located the nearest to the City shows higher probabilities for an earthquake greater than 6.7 M in the next 30 years compared to San Jacinto and Elsinore Fault. It is noted that while less likely, an earthquake on the San Jacinto Fault would have the highest probability for fault rupture and ground shaking nearest the City.

Table 4-20
Likelihood of One or More Earthquakes Occurring in the Next 30 Years in Southern California Region by Fault
Magnitude Whittier Fault Elsinore Fault San Jacinto San Andreas M ≥ 6.7 1.17% 3.66% 5.41% 19.21%
M ≥ 7.0 1.07% 1.82% 5.39% 12.86%
M ≥ 7.5 0.58% 0.90% 5.28% 10.21%
M ≥ 8.0 < 0.01% <0.01% 2.75% 3.24%
Source: U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey, The Third California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF3), March 2015.

The impact and potential losses of such an event reveal significant risk and could be devastating to not only the planning area and San Bernardino County but the entire Southern California region.

With the highly concentrated County population of more than 2 million and the heavy use of the transportation infrastructure, a major earthquake could virtually shut down large portions of Southern California. This would ultimately result in substantial impacts to the City.

Table 4-21, Possibility of Earthquakes in Southern California shows the average time between earthquakes in the various regions together with the likelihood of having one or more such earthquakes in the next 30 years (starting from 2014).127 Values listed in parentheses indicate the factor by which the rates and likelihoods have increased, or decreased, since the previous model (UCERF2). “Readiness” indicates the factor by which likelihoods are currently elevated, or lower, because of the length of time since the most recent large earthquakes (see text). These values include aftershocks. It is important to note that actual repeat times will include a high degree of variability and will almost never exactly equal to the average listed here. 127 USGS, UCERF3: A New Earthquake Forecast for California’s Complex Fault System, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf, published March 2015, accessed December 18, 2024.

Table 4-21
Possibility of Earthquakes in Southern California Region Magnitude
(greater than
or equal to)
Average repeat time (years) 30-year likelihood of one or more events Readiness
5 0.24 (0.7) 100% (1.0) 1.0
6 2.3 (0.9) 100% (1.0) 1.0

6.7 12 (2.1) 93% (1.0) 1.0
7 25 (1.4) 75% (0.9) 1.1

7.5 87 (1.2) 36% (0.9) 1.2
8 522 (0.4) 7% (2.5) 1.3
Source: USGS, UCERF3: A New Earthquake Forecast for California’s Complex Fault System, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf, published March 2015, accessed December 18, 2024.

Liquefaction
Because there are several areas in the planning area that are located within an identified liquefaction zone, the probability for future occurrences is likely. A likely probability means between 10 and 100 percent probability in next year or has a recurrence interval of 10 years or less. The LHMP planning team assigned a high hazard planning consideration to the hazards and impacts associated with seismic hazards including liquefaction based upon a likely probability and expected impacts of future events. Because seismic activity is expected to continue in the southern California region, liquefaction should also be expected and anticipated as a secondary impact in the planning area from this hazard.

However, it should be noted that liquefaction would only be triggered by a significant earthquake event within one of the fault zones close to the City. As previously noted, the San Jacinto Fault has limited probability to produce a 6.7 M earthquake or greater in the next 30 years. This would then reduce the probability of future liquefaction as a result of an earthquake on this fault.

Earthquakes are more probable to occur on the San Andres Fault, however still located several miles from the planning area and depending on the epicenter and magnitude of the earthquake, may not be strong enough to trigger liquefaction within the jurisdiction.

Fault Rupture & Ground Shaking
Both fault rupture and ground shaking are caused by seismic activity, which is not correlated with climate change. Thus, fault ruptures or ground shaking is not more likely to occur as climate change impacts become more significant.

Liquefaction
Climate change may increase susceptibility to liquefaction. Climate change is likely to bring more severe rain events to southern California, increasing the amount of water saturation in loose soils.

Saturated soils are known to be at risk for liquefaction or ground failure in an earthquake. Thus, heavy periods of rain combined with a local earthquake with strong ground shaking could increase the likelihood of liquefaction potential.

Seismic ground shaking and ground motion from a nearby or regional earthquake would potentially impact the entirety of Grand Terrace. A closer fault rupture would generally result in more significant ground shaking; however, a large-magnitude regional earthquake would also cause significant ground shaking throughout the City. It is reasonable to assume that the entirety of Grand Terrace is vulnerable including all critical facilities, infrastructure systems, structures, residential and non-residential buildings and the 13,104 population.

Seismic ground shaking would potentially have devastating impacts on City residents, businesses, and critical infrastructure. It can cause buildings to collapse, leading to injuries and fatalities, and disrupt essential services like power, water, and transportation. Damage to critical infrastructure and essential City facilities, such as public buildings, fire, and police services, can severely hinder communication, emergency response efforts and evacuations. This disruption can delay evacuations and search and rescue operations, complicate coordination efforts, and leave residents without vital services during and after an earthquake or seismic event, exacerbating the overall impact of the disaster.

As the San Jacinto Fault is only 0.2 miles from the City boundary, the northeastern portion of the City may be vulnerable to fault rupture. Critical facilities that may be impacted due to ground shaking and fault rupture.

Liquefaction
As there is potential for the City to experience liquefaction, areas near the Santa Ana River may be at risk for this hazard. Although more research and mapping need to be done to determine a better estimate of liquefaction hazard zones, populations in the northwestern section of the City may be at risk. Vulnerable critical facilities can include those that serve as community lifelines providing safety and security, water systems, and transportation.

Changes in Vulnerability
Changes in land use, development and population since the previous LHMP indicate past changes in hazard vulnerability within the planning area. Refer to Section 3.5, Development Trends and Future Development for a description of past and future growth within Grand Terrace.

To summarize, changes in development and population in the last five years, the City population has increased by 8.84 percent. The City has also experienced development and housing growth and has initiated various capital improvement projects. Changes in land use and capital improvement projects has enabled residential development and population growth within the planning area. Based on population changes and development trends, it is reasonable to assume that vulnerability to seismic hazards has increased due to additional population growth and density in the planning area since the 2017 LHMP.

Anticipated development and capital improvements in the next five years will enable more population growth and increased density within Grand Terrace into the future. Population and residential development are anticipated to increase in accordance with the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) Regional Housing Need Allocation (RHNA). The RHNA anticipates an additional 630 housing units in the City of Grand Terrace between 2021 and 2029.

Ground shaking due to an earthquake will include all community lifelines within the City.

Population and density within the planning area, which faces vulnerability to ground shaking, is

expected to experience growth and continued development over the 5-year planning horizon of this LHMP. Considering the potential for population growth, additional residential development, increased density, and anticipated capital improvement projects throughout the City and within seismic hazard zones, it is reasonable to assume that vulnerability to seismic hazards will increase over the planning horizon of this LHMP.

Section 3.6, Socially Vulnerable Populations and Determination, includes a detailed determination of socially vulnerable populations (SVP) within the planning area and the characteristics that make those populations more vulnerable to hazards. As ground shaking will impact the entirety of the City all census tracts with socially vulnerable populations (SVPs) will be impacted. However, census tracts 40.04 and 71.07, which have higher levels of vulnerability, may have more of an impact than census tracts 71.06, 71.11, and 71.04. SVPs in these census tracts including persons below 150 percent poverty level, unemployed civilians, housing cost-burdened individuals, populations with limited English, persons aged 65 and older, persons aged 17 and younger, persons with no high school diploma, single-parent households with children under 18, minority population, and in overcrowded housing exist throughout the City and may be particularly vulnerable to ground shaking. The primary concern for SVPs and other high-risk individuals in the City would be evacuations and access to resources.

Unemployed individuals, populations below the 150 percent poverty level, persons with no high school diploma, single-parent households, households with housing cost-burdens, and overcrowding are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of seismic ground shaking and liquefaction due to limited financial resources for adequate preparation, such as retrofitting homes or purchasing emergency supplies. These SVPs may live in older, less resilient structures that are more susceptible to damage. During evacuations and emergency responses, these residents may face challenges accessing transportation and temporary housing. Persons aged 65 and older may have mobility issues and chronic health conditions that complicate evacuation and access to emergency services during seismic events. Children under 18 may have difficulty with communication and transportation in the event of a ground shaking event. Limited English populations are more vulnerable to seismic ground shaking and liquefaction due to barriers in accessing information and resources for adequate preparation. Language barriers can hinder evacuation orders and emergency response instructions, leading to delays and increased risk during evacuations. During evacuations and emergency responses, these groups face significant challenges in finding temporary housing and accessing medical care. These factors necessitate targeted support and accessible communication to ensure the safety and well-being of these groups during a ground shaking event.

Extreme Heat
Extreme heat conditions refer to temperatures that are significantly higher than average for a particular regional location and time of year. Extreme or excessive heat can be a combination of high heat and high humidity, leading to heat-related illness. The heat index, or the apparent temperature, is what the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity and air temperature are both considered. Relative humidity can significantly increase the heat index and contribute to dangerous health conditions.128 High heat and humidity can cause heat-related illness, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke.129 Extreme heat is location specific and determined based on average temperature for a given location. While there is no universal definition for an extreme heat event, the 2023 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan (SHMP) defines extreme heat as temperatures that hover 10ºF or more above the average high temperatures for a region for several days or weeks.130 A heat wave is a period of abnormally hot weather generally lasting more than two days.131 The threat of extreme heat can be higher in urban areas, where dark-colored roofs and paving materials cause the air temperature to be hotter. The dense concentrations of pavement, buildings, and other surfaces that absorb and retain heat is known as the urban heat island effect.132
Urban Heat Island Effect
Large, urbanized areas can experience higher temperatures, greater pollution, and more negative health impacts during hot summer months in comparison to more rural communities.133 This phenomenon is known as an urban heat island where heat islands are created by a combination of absence of vegetation which provides evaporative cooling, health-absorptive surfaces such as dark pavement and roofing, and heat-generating activities such as engines and generators. The concentration of heat in urban areas can pose health risks both due to heat exposure and the enhanced formation of air pollutants especially ozone. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency states that daytime temperatures in urban areas are on average 1 to 6°F higher than in rural areas, while nighttime temperatures can be as much as 22°F higher as heat is gradually released from buildings and pavement.134 This limits the ability of people to cool before the heat of the next day and causes risks of illness and fatalities.
128 National Weather Service, What is the Heat Index?,
https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex#:~:text=The%20heat%20index%2C%20also%20known,sweat%20to%20cool%20itself%20 off., accessed September 20, 2024.
129 CDC, Heat-related Illness, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/heat-stress/about/illnesses.html, accessed September 20, 2024. 130 Cal OES, 2023 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan, https://www.caloes.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/HazardMitigation/Documents/2023-California-SHMP_Volume-1_11.10.2023.pdf, accessed September 20, 2024. 131 National Weather Service NOAA, During a Heat Wave, https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-during, published 2024, accessed September 20, 2024.
132 US EPA, Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect, https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/reduce-urban-heat-islandeffect#:~:text=%22Urban%20heat%20islands%22%20occur%20when,heat%2Drelated%20illness%20and%20mortality, accessed September 20, 2024.
133 California Environmental Protection Agency, Understanding the Urban Heat Island Index, https://calepa.ca.gov/climate/urbanheat-island-index-for-california/understanding-the-urban-heat-island-index, accessed August 8, 2024. 134 Ibid.

Urban heat islands may be priority areas for education and public health preparedness for extreme heat. The urban heat island effect is measured using the urban heat island index. The Index score is based on hour-by-hour atmospheric modeling over two three-month-long summer seasons and is reported in degree-hours per day on a Celsius scale.135 The approximate conversion to a total number of degrees in Fahrenheit per day, divide the index by 24 hours and multiply the result by 1.8 degree. For an example, the highest degrees-hours per day in the City of Grand Terrace is 180.5, thus the approximate average temperature difference between rural and urban in that area is 13.5°F.

Figure 4-15
Urban Heat Island Diagram
Source: Pritchard & Pritchard, What do Green Roofs do? https://green-roofs.co.uk/what-do-green-roofs-do/, published November 1, 2022, accessed September 20, 2024.

Heavy Rains
Heavy rains refer to events during which the amount of rainfall in a location substantially exceeds normal or typical rainfall conditions. Heavy precipitation is not necessarily an indicator that the total amount of precipitation has increased, rather that precipitation is occurring in more intense events. Changes in precipitation intensity, coupled with changes in the interval between events, can affect overall precipitation totals.136 Potential impacts of heavy rains include property damage, soil erosion, and increased flood risk (refer to Section 4.8, Flood), which in turn contribute to other hazards such as debris flows, flooding, and landslides (refer to Section 4.11, Landslide & Rockfall). The contribution of heavy rains to other hazards has the potential to cause significant property damage and loss of life within the planning area. 135 California Environmental Protection Agency, Understanding the Urban Heat Island Index, https://calepa.ca.gov/climate/urbanheat-island-index-for-california/understanding-the-urban-heat-islandindex/#:~:text=The%20Index%20is%20calculated%20as,day%20on%20a%20Celsius%20scale., accessed September 20, 2024. 136 US EPA, Climate Change Indicators: Heavy Precipitation, https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicatorsheavy-precipitation, accessed July 3, 2024.

Santa Ana Winds
According to the National Weather Service (NWS), Santa Ana Winds occur when air from a region of high pressure over the dry, desert region of the southwestern U.S. flows westward towards low pressure located off the California coast.137 This creates dry winds that flow east to west through the mountain passages in Southern California. These winds are most common during the cooler months of the year, occurring from September through May. Santa Ana winds typically feel warm (or even hot) because as the cool desert air moves down the side of the mountain, it is compressed, which causes the temperature of the air to rise. These strong winds can cause major property damage and increase wildfire risk because of the dryness of the winds and the speed at which they can spread a flame across the landscape.

Severe incidents of Santa Ana Winds may pose a significant risk to life and property by creating conditions that disrupt essential systems such as public utilities, telecommunications, and transportation routes. Destructive impacts to trees, power lines, and utility services also are associated with high winds. Falling trees can occasionally cause fatalities and serious structural damage and fallen power lines could cause widespread power outages and fire. As the Santa Ana Winds carry pollen this may aggravate allergies resulting in symptoms of itchy, watery eyes, to coughing wheezing, tightness in the chest, and dry skin.138 Extreme Heat
The extreme heat hazard does not have a specifically identified hazard zone and could therefore potentially impact the entire planning area, typically spanning over multiple days. The National Weather Service (NWS) uses a heat index, or apparent temperature, to help identify extreme heat events and predict extent of potential impacts. The dangers of extreme heat increase with time and exposure, meaning that a prolonged period of extreme heat over just a few days can be particularly dangerous. Figure 4-16, Heat Index, shows the likelihood of heat disorder with prolonged exposure or strenuous activity associated with temperature and relative humidity.

The greatest risks from extreme heat events are health related. Although some heat-related illnesses are often minor and/or temporary such as heat rash, heat cramps, and heat exhaustion, extreme heat can overwhelm the body’s ability to maintain a safe internal temperature, causing a person’s body temperature to reach dangerous levels. If a person’s internal temperature rises to 104°F or above, heatstroke can occur.139 Heatstroke can cause fainting, seizures, and mental impairment. If left untreated, it may lead to permanent organ damage, coma, or death.

Extreme heat is unlikely to result in physical damage to structures; however, residents may experience the effects of heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Additionally, the increased use of air conditioning may put stress on the power grid and lead to power outages. The National Weather Service (NWS) provides weather forecasts for jurisdictions out of the local San Diego office. 137 NWS, Mountain and Valley Winds, https://www.weather.gov/safety/wind-mountain-valley, accessed July 9, 2024. 138 NBC, Santa Ana winds are back and so are your allergies. Here’s what to do, https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/santaanas-winds-are-back-and-so-are-your-allergies-heres-what-todo/3345234/#:~:text=While%20fire%20isn%27t%20always,the%20chest%20and%20dry%20skin., published November 2, 2023, accessed September 20, 2024.
139 Mayo Clinic, Heat Exhaustion, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-exhaustion/symptoms-causes/syc-20373250, accessed July 3, 2024.

Anticipated extreme heat events would be reported by these weather stations, including specific anticipated duration and severity.

Figure 4-16
Heat Index
Source: National Weather Service, What is the Heat Index?, https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex#:~:text=The%20heat%20index%2C%20also%20known,sweat%20to%20coo l%20itself%20off., accessed September 18, 2024.

Urban Heat Island Effect
As the City of Grand Terrace is urbanized with industrial uses, the Urban Heat Island effect has the potential to affect the entire planning area. The Urban Heat Island Index in the City ranges from 163.38 to 180.55 which equates to 12.93°F to 13.7°F hotter than rural communities in the area.

Heavy Rains
An indicator for the extent of a heavy rain season is the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), used to monitor the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). To calculate the ONI, scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center calculate the average sea surface temperature in the El Niño 3.4 region (area of the east-central equatorial Pacific Ocean) for each month, and then average it with values from the previous and following months. The observed difference from the average temperature in that region, whether warmer or cooler, is the ONI value for that three-month “season”. El Niño and La Niña conditions can affect climate conditions in southern California significantly. El Niño causes the Pacific jet stream to move south of the neutral position, often bringing increased precipitation and secondary impacts such as increased flooding. La Niña usually has the opposite effect and causes the Pacific jet stream to move northward. This usually leads to dry and drought-like conditions, along with warmer than normal temperatures during the winter. It is important to note that El Niño and La Niña are only predictors of precipitation in Southern California and may not always result in rainy or dry years.

Typically, municipal drainage infrastructure systems are designed to accommodate heavy rain events. During uncharacteristically heavy storms or rain events (such as those caused by an El Niño weather pattern), these drainage systems may not be sufficient to move stormwater flows

and thus, result in flooding (see Section 4.8, Flood). Severe storms could also cause overtopping of dams or reservoirs (see Section 4.6, Dam/Reservoir Failure) or threaten slope stability (see Section 4.11, Landslide & Rockfall).

The City of Grand Terrace typically sees the greatest amount of rainfall from late November to late March of each year.140 The City usually receives the most amount of rainfall in February.141 The heavy rains hazard does not have a specifically identified hazard zone and could therefore potentially impact the entire planning area.

Santa Ana Winds
Wind events, including the Santa Ana Winds, do not have a specifically identified hazard zone and could therefore potentially impact the entire planning area. Depending on the conditions of the wind event, impacts could be widespread or localized. The City of Grand Terrace experiences significant seasonal variation in average wind speed, with average wind speed of more than 6.2 miles per hour lasing 7.1 months (November 9 to June 11).142 During a severe wind event, the Santa Ana Winds can reach a wind speed of up to 115 mph.143 Santa Ana Wind events can result in damaged buildings and infrastructure, damaging personal property including vehicles and homes. Downed trees, damaged power lines, and power outages may also affect residents within the City of Grand Terrace. Table 4-22, Beaufort Wind Scale, relates wind speed to observed conditions and is used to measure the intensity of wind events up to 74 miles per hour.

Table 4-22
Beaufort Wind Scale
Beaufort Scale Wind Speed Description
0: Calm Less than 1 mph Smoke rises vertically.
1: Light air 1 to 3 mph Direction shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes. 2: Light breeze 4 to 7 mph Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; wind vane moved by wind. 3: Gentle breeze 8 to 12 mph Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; light flags extended.
4: Moderate
breeze
13 to 18 mph Raises dust and loose paper; small branches moved. 5: Fresh breeze 19 to 24 mph Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters.
6: Strong breeze 25 to 31 mph Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty.
7: Near gale 32 to 38 mph Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt when walking against the wind.
8: Gale 39 to 46 mph Twigs break off trees; generally impedes progress. 9: Strong gale 47 to 54 mph Slight structural damage (chimney pots and slates removed). 140 Weather Spark, Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Grand Terrace, https://weatherspark.com/y/1942/AverageWeather-in-Grand-Terrace-California-United-States-YearRound#:~:text=The%20month%20with%20the%20most%20rain%20in%20Grand%20Terrace%20is,April%2016%20to%20October %2027, accessed September 18, 2024.
141 Climate Data, Grand Terrace Climate, https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/california/grand-terrace16078/, accessed December 17, 2024. 142 Weather Spark, Wind, https://weatherspark.com/y/1942/Average-Weather-in-Grand-Terrace-California-United-States-YearRound, accessed September 20, 2024. 143 Rancho Santiago Community College District, Section IV-F – Severe Weather/Santa Ana Winds, chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.rsccd.edu/Departments/RiskManagement/Documents/Risk%20Management/IV-F%20Windstorms.pdf, accessed July 9, 2024.

Beaufort Scale Wind Speed Description
10: Storm 55 to 63 mph Seldom experienced inland; trees uprooted; considerable structural damage.
11: Violent
storm
64 to 72 mph Very rarely experienced; accompanied by widespread damage.
12: Hurricane 73 mph and above Devastation.

Source: National Weather Service, Beaufort Wind Scale, https://www.weather.gov/mfl/beaufort, accessed July 9, 2024.

The specific magnitude, severity, and actual impacts from wind events in the City can vary greatly depending on sustained windspeed and event duration.

While Santa Ana Wind conditions are indeed a concern for the general Southern California area, there seems to be a lack of correlation between the effects of these events in the Southern California area and significant effects of the same event in the City of Grand Terrace. The diverse topography within the City of Grand Terrace favors isolated wind events, where the hillside areas may experience windy conditions while the western parts of the City may remain calm.

Figure 4-17
Santa Ana Wind Patterns
Source: Rancho Santiago Community College District, Section IV-F Weather/Santa Ana Winds, https://www.rsccd.edu/Departments/Risk-Management/Documents/Risk%20Management/IV-F%20Windstorms.pdf, accessed September 20, 2024.

Extreme Heat and Urban Heat Island Effect
Extreme heat events commonly affect the City of Grand Terrace, located in San Bernardino County, during the summer months. The Urban Heat Island Effect may also exacerbate extreme heat conditions, as extreme heat and humidity patterns continue to vary with the region’s

geography144. The following recent hazard events involving extreme heat have affected the planning area:
• July 6, 2018 – temperatures were expected to exceed 100°F prompting a Heat Advisory warning in San Bernardino County.145
• August 14, 2020 – San Bernardino County issued a heat advisory warning from August 14 – August 17, 2020.146
• June 10, 2022 – San Bernardino County issued a heat advisory as extreme heat.147 • August 29, 2023 – National Weather Services activated Heat Advisories in eight counties including San Bernardino County and Excessive Heat Warnings in six counties also including San Bernardino County.148
• July 3, 2024 – San Bernardino County issued a heat advisory warning during the Fourth of July and holiday weekend.149
• September 5, 2024 – San Bernardino County issued a heat advisory warning during first week of September.150
Two state declared disasters related to extreme heat events have impacted the planning area within the last five years:
• State of Emergency: Extreme Heat Event – August 16, 2020 • State of Emergency: Extreme Heat Event – August 31, 2022 No federally declared disasters related to extreme heat events have impacted the planning area within the last five years; refer to Table 4-24, Summary of Federally Declared Disasters Affecting the Planning Area.

Heavy Rains
While heavy rain events do not affect the City of Grand Terrace as commonly as other hazard events, a few heavy rain events have impacted the City in recent history. The following recent hazard events involving heavy rain have affected the planning area:
• April 2020 – San Bernardino County experienced heavy rainfall including the City of Grand Terrace. The Riverside metropolitan area near the City of Grand Terrace received 1.5 inches of rainfall whereas the City of San Bernardino received 1.92 inches of rainfall.151 144 Younger, Sally, NASA Maps Key Heat Wave Differences in Southern California, https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3280/nasa-mapskey-heat-wave-differences-in-southern-california/, accessed December 17, 2024. 145 San Bernardino County, County issues Heat Advisory, high heat temperatures expected, https://dph.sbcounty.gov/2018/countyissues-heat-advisory-high-heat-temperatures-expected-4/, published July 6, 2018, accessed September 20, 2024. 146 San Bernardino County, County issues Heat Advisory, high heat temperatures expected, https://dph.sbcounty.gov/2020/countyissues-heat-advisory-high-heat-temperatures-expected-7/, published August 14, 2020, accessed September 20, 2024. 147 San Bernardino County, County issues Heat Advisory, high heat temperatures expected, https://dph.sbcounty.gov/2022/countyissues-heat-advisory-high-heat-temperatures-expected-9/, published June 10, 2022, accessed September 20, 2024. 148 Cal OES News, Extreme Heat Returns to Southern California This Week, https://news.caloes.ca.gov/extreme-heat-returns-tosouthern-california-this-week/, published August 29, 2023, accessed September 20, 2024. 149 San Bernardino County, Extreme heat is upon us – stay health and safe!, https://main.sbcounty.gov/2024/07/03/extreme-heat-isupon-us-stay-healthy-and-safe/, published July 3, 2024, accessed September 20, 2024. 150 San Bernardino County, County residents are urged to stay safe during the heat wave, https://main.sbcounty.gov/2024/09/05/county-residents-are-urged-to-stay-safe-during-the-heat-wave/, published September 5, 2024, accessed September 20, 2024.
151 Daily Bulletin, Inland Empire weather forecast: rain, snow, thunderstorms, https://www.dailybulletin.com/2020/04/08/inlandempire-weather-rain-snow-thunderstorms/, updated April 8, 2020, accessed September 26, 2024.

• February 2024 – The City of Grand Terrace as a part of a County wide effort braced for heavy rains early February 2024. Fire Station 23 offered free sandbags to residents.152 Six state declared disasters related to heavy rain events have impacted the planning area within the last five years:
• State of Emergency: Severe Winter Storms – December 30, 2021 • State of Emergency: Tropical Storm Kay – September 16, 2022 • State of Emergency: Severe Winter Storms – January 10, 2023 • State of Emergency: Severe Winter Storms – March 1, 2023 • State of Emergency: Tropical Storm Hilary – August 19, 2023 • State of Emergency: Severe Winter Storms – February 4, 2024 Two federally declared disasters related to heavy rain events have impacted the planning area within the last five years:
• DR-4750-CA: Tropical Storm Hilary – November 21, 2023 • DR-4699-CA – Severe Winter Storms, Straight-line Winds, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides – April 3, 2023
• DR-4769-CA – Severe Winter Storms, Tornadoes, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides – April 13, 2024
For additional information on federal disaster declarations impacting the planning area, refer to Table 4-24, Summary of Federally Declared Disasters Affecting the Planning Area.

Santa Ana Winds
The City of Grand Terrace has some protection from the Santa Winds with the Blue Mountain which has an elevation of about 2,448 ft. Damage from wind-related events in the City does not appear to follow Los Angeles County weather event trends. The City can be subject to windrelated tree damage which is more likely to occur during the months of September to December.

The following recent hazard events involving the Santa Ana Winds or other notable high wind events have affected the planning area:
• February 2020 – Wind gusts up to 68 mph impacting much of the City.153 • November 2022 – Santa Ana Winds reached gusts of 104 mph; San Bernardino County Fire Department responded to a fire that was fueled by 50 mph winds in Fontana 13 miles from the City of Grand Terrace.154
152 NBC Los Angeles, Preparing for SoCal storms? Here is a list of fire stations offering free sandbags, https://www.nbclosangeles.com/weather-news/preparing-for-socal-storms-here-is-a-list-of-fire-stations-offering-freesandbags/3328314/, updated February 2, 2024, accessed September 20, 2024. 153 Patch, How Windy Was It In Orange County? Strong Gusts in OC, https://patch.com/california/orange-county/how-windy-was-itorange-county-strong-gusts-oc, updated February 4, 2020, accessed September 26, 2024. 154 Los Angeles Times, 104-mph gusts recorded as Santa Winds wreak havoc across Southern California, https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-16/santa-ana-winds-wreak-havoc-in-inland-empire, published November 16, 2022, accessed September 20, 2024.

• March 2024 – Santa Ana winds tore through Southern California knocking down trees and damaging vehicles and homes.155
Two state declared disasters related to Santa Ana Winds or other notable high wind events have impacted the planning area within the last five years:
• State of Emergency: Severe Winter Storms – January 10, 2023 • State of Emergency: Severe Winter Storms – March 1, 2023 • State of Emergency: Tropical Storm Hilary – August 19, 2023 • State of Emergency: Severe Winter Storms – February 4, 2024 Two federally declared disasters related to Santa Ana Winds or other notable high wind events have impacted the planning area within the last five years:
• DR-4750-CA: Tropical Storm Hilary – November 21, 2023 • DR-4699-CA:Severe Winter Storms, Straight-line Winds, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides – April 3, 2023
• DR-4769-CA:Severe Winter Storms, Tornadoes, Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides – April 13, 2024
For additional information on federal disaster declarations impacting the planning area, refer to Table 4-24, Summary of Federally Declared Disasters Affecting the Planning Area.

Extreme Heat and Urban Heat Island Effect
The City of Grand Terrace has historically experienced extreme heat, especially within the past five years. According to the Extreme Heat & Public Health Report 2020, San Bernardino County is projected to have 131.7 days above 90°F by 2035 - 2064.156 There is a somewhat likely probability of future extreme heat occurrences, meaning a 1 to 10 percent probability of occurrence in the next year or a recurrence interval of 11 to 100 years. The LHMP planning team designated a medium hazard planning consideration for extreme heat considering the likelihood for future extreme heat events. Extreme heat events will likely occur with a higher frequency and longer duration as climate change causes increased global temperatures.

Heavy Rains
Based on previous occurrences and the seasonal climate of the area, there is a somewhat likely probability of future heavy rain impacts in the future. A somewhat likely probability means there is a 1 to 10 percent probability of occurrence in the next year or a recurrence interval of 11 to 100 years. The LHMP planning team assigned a medium hazard planning consideration to the hazards and impacts associated with heavy rain events based upon an occasional probability and severe impacts of future events.
155 KTLA 5, Santa Ana Winds topple trees, cause damage across Southern California, https://ktla.com/news/california/damagingsanta-ana-winds-arrive-in-southern-california/, published March 14, 2024, accessed September 20, 2024. 156 SCAG, Extreme Heat & Public Health Report, San Bernardino County, https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/fileattachments/extremeheatpublichealthreportfinal_09302020.pdf?1634674354, published 2020, accessed September 20, 2024.

Santa Ana Winds
Santa Ana Wind events are probable events each year within the City of Grand Terrace with historical occurrences of Santa Ana Wind events indicating a likelihood for future events. High winds can exacerbate the risk of significant wildfires, making wind events of particular concern for the future.

There is a somewhat likely probability of future occurrences, meaning a 1 to 10 percent probability of occurrence in the next year or a recurrence interval of 11 to 100 years. The LHMP planning team designated a medium hazard planning consideration for Santa Ana Wind events after considering the future probability and potential impacts to interrupt communication lines, exacerbate wildfire, and result in power outages.

Extreme Heat
Climate change is understood to have a direct impact on temperature. As global temperatures rise, there will be an increased occurrence and prolonged duration of extreme heat events.

According to Risk Factor, a hot day in the City of Grand Terrace is any day above a “feels like” temperature of 101°F. The City of Grand Terrace is expected to experience 7 hot days this year and 20 days above 101°F in 30 years.157 A contributing factor to the increase in extreme heat events is the urban heat island effect, where temperatures in the City are much higher than rural areas.

Heavy Rains
Climate change will affect the frequency and intensity of heavy rain events, causing secondary impacts such as flooding. As global temperatures increase, the average amount of moisture in the air will increase. This in turn leads to more severe storms including increased precipitation that ultimately leads to heavy rain events and associated hazards. Climate change is expected to exacerbate the impacts of severe storm-related impacts including incidents of heavy rain in the planning area.

Santa Ana Winds
It is anticipated that wind patterns and development may be altered due to climate change. The resulting change is expected to cause an increase in the number of intense storms, which could in turn lead to an increase in the frequency of strong wind events such as Santa Ana Wind events.

According to the Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center, climate change is expected to lead to overall decreases in Santa Ana Wind events during the early fall and late spring of each year.158 This projection describes decreases in frequency during these months, rather than decreasing intensity of the wind events. The peak of the Santa Ana Wind season (November 157 Ibid.
158 University of Arizona, Climate Change Suppresses Santa Ana Winds of Southern California and Sharpens Their Seasonality, https://swcasc.arizona.edu/publication/climate-change-suppresses-santa-ana-winds-southern-california-and-sharpenstheir#:~:text=Climate%20Change%20Suppresses%20Santa%20Ana%20Winds%20of%20Southern%20California%20and%20Shar pens%20Their%20Seasonality,-
Reference&text=We%20downscale%20Santa%20Ana%20winds,climatology%20over%20the%20historical%20period., accessed September 26, 2024.

through January) is expected to be least affected by climate change according to climate projections.

Severe weather events within the City of Grand Terrace may include extreme heat, heavy rains, and Santa Ana Winds, which may include Public Safety Power Shutoffs as a measure to protect life and property. These severe weather events could impact the entire City; therefore, all City critical facilities, infrastructure systems, structures, residents, and businesses are considered vulnerable to severe weather events. The entire City population of 13,104 people and 4,973 occupied housing units are potentially vulnerable.

Heavy rains and Santa Ana Wind events could cause damage to buildings or infrastructure, although events are generally not significant enough to damage critical facilities or substantially impact operations. Significant Santa Ana Wind events are known to cause communication issues, which can disrupt technology infrastructure or result in response challenges. Heavy rains can result in physical access challenges to critical facilities if roads are flooded or otherwise unsafe for access.

Extreme heat does not physically damage buildings, but it can impact City operations and may result in human health concerns such as heat stroke. The operations of the City and the day-today operations of residents and businesses may be hindered due to extreme heat. In some cases, cooling centers may be used to temporarily address the health effects of extreme heat. Extreme heat events can also increase the burden on power suppliers due to increased electricity consumption leading to power outages.

Changes in Vulnerability
Changes in land use, development, and population since the previous LHMP indicate past changes in hazard vulnerability within the planning area. Refer to Section 3.5, Development Trends and Future Development for a description of past and future growth within Grand Terrace.

To summarize changes in development and population in the last five years, the City population has increased by 8.84 percent. The City has also experienced development and housing growth while initiating various capital improvement projects. Changes in land use and capital improvement projects has enabled residential development and population growth within the planning area. Based on population changes and development trends, it is reasonable to assume that vulnerability to severe weather hazards has increased due to additional population and density since the 2017 LHMP.

Anticipated development and capital improvements in the next five years will enable more population growth and increased density within Grand Terrace into the future. Population and residential development are anticipated to increase in accordance with the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) Regional Housing Need Allocation (RHNA). The RHNA anticipates an additional 630 housing units in the City of Grand Terrace between 2021 and 2029.

Severe weather hazards such as extreme heat, heavy rains, Santa Ana winds, and power outage have the potential to impact the entire City of Grand Terrace. The City anticipates continued growth and development in residential and non-residential areas over the 5-year planning horizon of this LHMP, increasing local vulnerability to severe weather. Population and density increases

would increase the number of people at risk of severe weather hazards. Considering the potential for population growth, additional residential development, increased density and anticipated capital improvement projects throughout the City, it is reasonable to assume that vulnerability to severe weather hazards will increase over the planning horizon of this LHMP.

Section 3.6, Socially Vulnerable Populations and Determination, includes a detailed determination of socially vulnerable populations (SVP) within the planning and the characteristics that make those populations more vulnerable to hazards. The location, extent and magnitude of severe weather hazards would apply to the entirety of the City, including Socially Vulnerable Populations (SVPs) and other high-risk individuals located throughout the City. SVPs and other high-risk individuals may need additional outreach and specialized communication to combat linguistic isolation or other awareness challenges in anticipation of severe weather events. Census tracts

40.04, 71.07, 71.09, and 71.06 are ranked as “High” and “Medium High” on the CDC Social Vulnerability Index and include SVPs particularly minority populations, low-income households, and limited English proficiency individuals. These SVPs may be especially vulnerable during severe weather events due to their lack of access to resources, communication barriers in emergency alert and warning efforts, and potential limited ability to cover medical costs if injured during an emergency. Census tract 71.07 has three mobile homes neighborhoods that may be more susceptible to severe weather due to their lighter materials and lack of foundation. SVPs in Grand Terrace are particularly concentrated in northeastern areas of the City.

Fire is an integral component of many of California’s ecosystems. However, uncontrolled fire hazards threaten lives, property, and natural resources and also present a considerable risk to vegetation and wildlife habitat. Fires occur in wildland and urban areas. A wildland fire is a large destructive fire that can spread quickly over woodland or brush. A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels. Wildfires can be caused by human error (such as campfires), intentionally by arson, by mechanical sources of ignition (such as heaters and generators), and by natural events (such as lightning). Wildfires often occur in forests or other areas with ample vegetation. In areas where structures and other human development meets or intermingles with wildland or vegetative fuels (referred to as the wildland urban interface), wildfires can cause significant property damage and present extreme threats to public health and safety.

There are three categories of interface fire: the classic wildland urban interface exists where welldefined urban and suburban development presses up against open wildland areas; the mixed wildland urban interface is characterized by isolated homes, subdivisions and small communities situated predominantly in wildland settings; and the occluded wildland urban interface exists where islands of wildland vegetation occur inside a largely urbanized area. The wildland-urban interface is present in the eastern inland portion of the City of Grand Terrace.

Certain conditions must be present for significant interface fires to occur. The most common conditions include: hot, dry, and windy weather; the inability of fire protection forces to contain or suppress the fire; the occurrence of multiple fires that overwhelm committed resources; and a large fuel load (dense vegetation). Once a fire has started, several conditions influence its behavior, including fuel topography, weather, drought, and development.

Southern California faces challenges with wildfire hazards from the increasing number of houses being built in the wildland-urban interface. Every year the growing population has expanded further and further into the hills and mountains, including into brush and forest lands. The increased “interface” between urban/suburban areas and the open spaces created by this expansion has produced a significant increase in threats to life and property from fires and has pushed existing fire protection systems beyond original or current design and capability.

During wildfire season, SCE monitors weather conditions in fire prone areas. To prevent strong winds and extreme heat from causing fire accidents, SCE may proactively turn off power through activation of their Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) program. Power outages as a secondary effect is discussed in detail in Section 4.10, Human-Caused Hazards.

Certain conditions must be present for significant wildfires to occur. The most common conditions include hot, dry, and windy weather; the inability of fire protection forces to contain or suppress the fire; the occurrence of multiple fires that overwhelm firefighting resources; and a large fuel load (dense vegetation). Once a fire has started, several conditions influence behavior as described in the location/extent section.

Wildfires can also be further exacerbated by the Santa Ana winds which range from 45 to 100 mph and push dry air from the inland deserts of California and the Southwest over the mountains that lie between these desert areas and coastal California. The Santa Ana winds also remove moisture in the air resulting in evaporation and dry vegetation.159 Dry vegetation acts as a fuel for wildfires to grow, with the strong Santa Ana winds driving wildfire spread.160 The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) prepares fire hazard severity maps including mapping areas of significant fire hazards based on fuels, terrain, weather, and other relevant factors. CAL FIRE released updated fire hazard severity maps during the planning process of this LHMP in March 2025. Although the previous fire hazard severity maps were initially used during the planning process, the updated maps were reviewed by the LHMP Planning Team and included in the public review and final LHMP.

These areas of significant fire hazards, referred to as Fire Hazard Severity Zones (FHSZ), define the application of various mitigation strategies and influence how people construct buildings and protect property to reduce risk associated with wildland fires. While FHSZ do not predict when or where a wildfire will occur, zones identify where wildfire hazards could be more severe and therefore, are of greater concern for mitigation purposes.

According to the City Fire Hazard Severity Zone (FHSZ) map shown in Figure 4-18, Fire Hazard Severity Zones in Grand Terrace, eastern portion of the City are characterized by moderate, high, and very high fire hazard severity zones (VHFHSZ). The Blue Mountain open space is located within a VHFHSZ. Thus, the neighborhoods adjacent to the VHFHSZ may also experience higher risk and vulnerability, despite not being included within a wildfire hazard zone. Land uses within the FHSZ include residential areas within the east, north, and west. The fire hazard zones are in 159 Spectrum News 1, What are Santa Ana winds and do they cause wildfires?, https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/lawest/weather/2020/10/01/what-are-santa-ana-winds-and-do-they-cause-wildfires-, published November 5, 2021, accessed June 28, 2024.
160 KTLA, What are Santa Ana winds and how do they impact fire season?, https://ktla.com/news/local-news/what-are-santa-anawinds-and-how-do-they-impact-fireseason/#:~:text=Santa%20Ana%20winds%20are%20often%20strong%20enough%2C%20and%20being%20warm,perfect%20envir onment%20for%20a%20fire., published November 18, 2022, accessed June 28, 2024.

local responsibility area, in which the San Bernardino County Fire Protection District would be first respondents in addressing a fire.

The City of Grand Terrace contracts San Bernardino County Fire Protection District for any fire services. San Bernardino County Fire Department Fire Station 23, located within the City of Grand Terrace, consists of both paid and volunteer staffing.161 Currently, there are 2 paid employees per shift and 15 paid-call. The City of Grand Terrace is located in Service Zone FP-5 of the San Bernardino County Fire Protection District which also includes San Bernardino, and areas of Colton and Bloomington.162
Several policies are in place to prevent wildfires in the City as stated in the Grand Terrace 2010 General Plan. The City applies a high fire overlay district to those areas in the City subject to wildland such as portion of Blue Mountain. Blue Mountain is also surveyed once a year in the summer. The Code Enforcement Department implements the Grand Terrace Municipal Code (GTMC), a weed abatement to remove dead or overgrown weeds and vegetation to prevent wildfires. The Grand Terrace Code of Ordinances Chapter 8.72 also gives the City the authority to remove trees in abandoned orchards if they constitute a fire hazard. San Bernardino County also has the Fire Hazard Abatement (FHA) Program enforces the fire hazard requirements which establishes defensible space and reduction and removal of flammable material on properties.

The magnitude and severity of wildfire impacts can vary significantly, based on size, scale, and location of the fire. Wildfires are not measured on a specific scale and are usually classified by size or impact. The size and severity of any fire depends on the availability of fuel, weather conditions, and topography, although wildfires in the wildland urban interface do not need to be significant in acreage to be damaging. Small fires in Riverside and San Bernadino County history have been known to cause significant property damage or loss of human life.

Fire protection challenges occur where development is located within and directly adjacent to wildland urban interface areas, thus increasing the extent of the hazard. As the number of structural features increases, so does the risk of incidence of fire. Due to the location of development within and adjacent to the VHFHSZ, there is the potential for a wildfire to spread quickly within the City, depending on the conditions and nature of the fire. 161 San Bernardino County Fire Protection District, Locations, https://sbcfire.org/ofm/#locations, accessed September 26, 2024. 162 San Bernardino County Fire Protection District, Service Zone Map, https://sbcfire.org/fp5/, accessed September 26, 2024.

Figure 4-18
Fire Hazard Severity Zones in Grand Terrace

Given the landscape and terrain of San Bernardino and Riverside County, significant wildfires have historically occurred within proximity to the City of Grand Terrace. The list below identifies major fires that have impacted the two counties with fire footprints or air quality near the City.

Riverside County is included in this assessment as the City’s southern boundary line which consist of both San Bernardino and Riverside County.
• September 2024 – Bridge Fire burned 58,878 acres damaging 17 structures, destroying, 81 structures, and injuring 5 individuals.163
• September 2024 – Line Fire in San Bernardino County burned 39,232 acres, destroyed 1 structure, and injured 4 individuals.164 The Line Fire was caused by arson. • September 2024 – Airport Fire in Orange and Riverside Counties damaged 34 structures, destroyed 160 structures, and injured 22 individuals.165 • July 2024 – Hesperia Fire burned more than 1,000 acres in the High Desert, prompting San Bernardino County residents to prepare for wildfires.166 The San Bernadino County Fire Protection District, the Sheriff, the San Bernardino County Office of Emergency Services, and Cal Fire responded to the fire containing 99 percent by July 7, 2024. • July 2024 – A massive fire at a commercial building in the City of Fontana could be seen by Grand Terrace residents.167
• July 2022 – A residential house fire was ignited due to fireworks.168 • September 2020 – El Dorado Fire ignited by human causes, burned a total of 22,744 acres across San Bernardino and Riverside counties and resulted in a death of a firefighter.169 • August 2020 – A brush fire ignited in the Loma Hills area of Colton, a neighboring city of Grand Terrace. No structures were damaged, and no injuries were reported.170 • October 2019 – Grand Terrace Elementary, Terrace Hills Middle School, and Grand Terrace High School were all closed due to wildfires and power outages caused by strong Santa Ana winds.171
• October 2003 – One of the greatest fires the County of San Bernardino has seen was the Old Fire which burned 91,281 acres, destroyed 1,003 structures, and killed 6 people. The fire ignited due to human related causes. During this wildfire season, the Grand Prix Fire and Old Fire burned simultaneously before eventually merging into a single wildfire, which was ultimately named the Old Fire.172
163 Cal Fire, Bridge Fire, https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2024/9/8/bridge-fire, accessed October 1, 2024. 164 Cal Fire, Line Fire, https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2024/9/5/line-fire, accessed September 19, 2024. 165 Cal Fire, Airport Fire, https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2024/9/9/airport-fire, accessed October 1, 2024. 166 Grand Terrace City News, Wildfire Season Has Begun!, https://grandterrace.citynewsgroup.com/articles/wildfire-season-hasbegun, published July 8, 2024, accessed August 12, 2024. 167 Grand Terrace City News, The summer heat continues to bring fires, https://grandterrace.citynewsgroup.com/articles/thesummer-heat-continues-to-bring-fires-1, published July 16, 2024, accessed August 12, 2024. 168 KTLA 5, Firefighters battle large fire at home in Grand Terrace, https://ktla.com/news/local-news/grand-terrace-home-destroyedby-fire-on-fourth-of-july/, published July 5, 2022, accessed September 26, 2024. 169 ABC 7, Couple sentenced in plea deal for sparking deadly El Dorado Fire in gender reveal mishap, https://abc7.com/el-doradofire-gender-reveal-plea-deal-smoke-bomb/14407273/, updated February 10 2024, accessed October 1, 2024. 170 The Sun, Brush fire stopped at 160 acres in La Loma Hills area of Colton, https://www.sbsun.com/2020/08/01/brush-fire-burns-atleast-50-acres-in-la-loma-hills-area-of-colton/, updated August 2, 2020, accessed October 1, 2024. 171 The Press-Enterprise, These Inland Empire schools are closed due to wildfires, power outages, https://www.pressenterprise.com/2019/10/11/these-inland-empire-schools-are-closed-due-to-wildfires-power-outages/, published October 14, 2024, accessed September 30, 2024.
172 Anchor, The “Old Fire”, https://www.ncpedia.org/media/old-fire, accessed September 30, 2024.

Four state declared disasters related to wildfire have impacted the planning area within the last five years:
• State of Emergency: Extreme Fire Weather Conditions – October 31, 2019 • State of Emergency: California Wildfires – August 18, 2020 • State of Emergency: California Wildfires – September 6, 2020 • State of Emergency: Line Fire – September 7, 2024
• State of Emergency: Bridge Fire – September 8, 2024
Several federally declared disasters related to wildfire have impacted the planning area within the last five years. A list of federally declared disasters related to wildfire is included below; refer to Table 4-24, Summary of Federally Declared Disasters Affecting the Planning Area for further details regarding specific impacts (if any) to the City of Grand Terrace.173 • DR-5301-CA: Hillside Fire – October 31, 2019
• DR-5350-CA: El Dorado Fire – September 6, 2020
• DR-4569-CA: Multiple Wildfires – October 16, 2020
• DR-5381-CA: Blue Ridge Fire – October 26, 2020
• DR-5535-CA: Line Fire – September 7, 2024
• DR-5537-CA: Bridge Fire – September 11, 2024
Given the history of wildfire events in near the City of Grand Terrace, the probability of wildfire occurring in the future is considered somewhat likely. A somewhat likely probability means a 1 to 10 percent probability of occurrence in the next year or a recurrence interval of 11 to 100 years.

The combination of fuels, weather, and topography, along with the presence of wildland urban interfaces, creates a risk for personal injury, loss of life, and damage to property. The area tends to be hot with a drier climate combined with windy conditions and low humidity, creating an environment susceptible to wildfires.174 Wildfire smoke as a secondary hazard is also considered to have a likely probability of occurrence in the future for similar reasons. The LHMP planning team assigned a medium hazard planning consideration to the hazards and impacts associated with wildfire events based upon a somewhat likely probability and expected impacts of future events.

While the City has a limited history of major wildfire occurrences, there is a likelihood of future wildfire occurrence in surrounding areas. Outbreaks of wildfire may occur during the dry season or following periods of limited rainfall or drought. Large regional fires outside the City of Grand Terrace may result in wildfire smoke impacts depending on the severity, location, weather, and wind patterns of the fire.

Climate change and global warming patterns cause an increase in temperatures, as well as more frequent and intense drought conditions. This is understood to be a contributing factor to more frequent and severe wildfires. As mentioned previously, the severity of a wildfire is dependent on 173 FEMA, Disaster Declarations for States and Counties, https://www.fema.gov/data-visualization/disaster-declarations-states-andcounties, accessed August 9, 2024. 174 Desert Sun, ‘Fire weather days’ are increasing in the Inland Empire faster than rest of the country, https://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/CAO/_NewsClips/Content/news052523.pdf, published May 24, 2023, accessed October 1, 2024.

the amount of oxygen, heat, wind, relative humidity, and fuel. Most of these factors have direct or indirect ties to climate change and increased global temperatures.

A 2016 study identified the contribution of climate change to dry vegetation as it doubled the occurrence of large fires from 1984 and 2015 throughout the western United States.175 As climate change continues to increase global temperatures, drought conditions and excessive heat may become more common.176 Excessive heat and low humidity during the summer and fall months are likely to occur. This would increase dry vegetation, which could cause wildfires to move more quickly or spread into developed areas. The intensity and severity of wildfires will also increase as more vegetation dries out.177 San Bernardino County and the greater southeast desert basins region of Southern California now experiences an average of 83 fire weather days each year, roughly two more months of fire weather days each year compared to the 1970s.178 Regional wildfires will likely become an increased threat in the City and surrounding areas.

Wildfires release smoke, ash, and other particulate matter that degrade air and water quality.

Thus, fires located in various parts of the City of Grand Terrace and surrounding areas can negatively impact air and water quality throughout the planning area. As such, wildfire mitigation should consider the cumulative impacts associated with climate change.

Critical facilities located within the wildfire hazard zone primarily include those that serve as safety and security, food, hydration, shelter, and water systems community lifelines. In total, there are 10 vulnerable critical facilities located within the City’s wildfire hazard zone. Parks and churches are the primary asset types within the wildfire hazard zones, however other types of critical facilities have also been identified as vulnerable. Critical facilities are summarized by their asset type including the number of vulnerable facilities and total replacement value.

Approximately 1,141 residential units are located within the wildfire hazard zone. The number of vulnerable residential units multiplied by the average 2.77 persons per household for Grand Terrace indicates that approximately 3,161 people reside in the wildfire hazard zone. Additionally, approximately 40,913 square feet of non-residential structures are located within the wildfire hazard area. Refer to Table 4-23, Wildfire Vulnerability Summary for a summary of vulnerable residents, residential units and non-residential buildings.

Table 4-23
Wildfire Vulnerability Summary
Critical Facilities at Risk
Map ID Name Asset
Type Community Lifeline Replacement Value
5 Richard Rollins Park Parks &
Recreation Safety and Security Not Available
175 John, T. Abatzoglou, and A. Park William, “Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire Across western US Forests,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1607171113, published October 10, 2016, accessed June 28, 2024.
176 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Wildfire Climate Connection, https://www.noaa.gov/noaa-wildfire/wildfireclimate-connection, accessed October 1, 2024. 177 UN Environment Programme, Spreading like Wildfire; The Rising Threat of Extraordinary Landscape Fires, https://www.unep.org/resources/report/spreading-wildfire-rising-threat-extraordinary-landscapefires?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI2rWNmvnvhwMVLWJHAR0hXTdWEAAYAiAAEgKfpvD_BwE, published February 23, 2022, accessed October 1, 2024.
178 Desert Sun, ‘Fire weather days’ are increasing in the Inland Empire faster than rest of the country, https://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/CAO/_NewsClips/Content/news052523.pdf, updated May 24, 2023, accessed October 1, 2024.

Critical Facilities at Risk
8 Griffin Park Parks and
Recreation Safety and Security Not Available
12 TJ Austin Park Parks and
Recreation Safety and Security Not Available
24 RHW Water Tank Facilities Water Systems $1,500,000
25 RHW Water Tank Facilities Water Systems $1,500,000
26 RHW Water Tank Facilities Water Systems $1,500,000
30 Grand View Baptist
Church
Nonprofit/NGO Safety and Security $3,775,700
32 Christ the
Redeemer Catholic
Church
Nonprofit/NGO Safety and Security $3,775,700
33 St. Junipero Serra
House of Formation
Nonprofit/NGO Safety and Security $3,775,700
36 Aqueduct Water
Systems Water Systems Not Available
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (Sq. Ft.)
3,161 1,141 40,913
Potential impacts of a wildfire in the City would include significant damage to buildings and infrastructure, including critical facilities that provide water, safety and security, and food, hydration and shelter. Specific critical facilities located within the wildfire hazard zone include parks, churches, water systems, a public school and a senior living facility. Damages to these types of buildings would hinder City operations, emergency response, and water services. A wildfire event would also potentially result in damaged homes and businesses. Potential impacts would include the displacement of a significant number of people, disruption of power, water, and emergency services, economic losses, and increased insurance premiums. Major transportation routes, including Interstate 215 and railroads, could become severely congested or inaccessible, complicating evacuation efforts, especially for socially vulnerable populations. Wildfire smoke could cause medical emergencies, hindering residents and visitors from leaving the hazard area, and potentially affecting the health of nearby populations as smoke travels. Shelters designated for emergencies might be damaged or inaccessible, increasing the risk of secondary hazards like smoke inhalation for the local population.

Changes in Vulnerability
Changes in land use, development and population since the previous LHMP indicate past changes in hazard vulnerability within the planning area. Refer to Section 3.5, Development Trends and Future Development for a description of past and future growth within Grand Terrace.

To summarize, changes in development and population in the last five years, the City population has increased by 8.84 percent. The City has also experienced development and housing growth and has initiated various capital improvement projects. While changes in land use and capital improvement projects have enabled residential development and population growth within the planning area, the wildfire hazard area does not intersect with the City’s growth areas. Based on the lack of development and population increase within the identified wildfire hazard area, it is reasonable to assume that vulnerability to wildfire has remained relatively the same since the 2017 LHMP.

Anticipated development and capital improvements in the next five years will enable more population growth and increased density within Grand Terrace into the future. Population and residential development are anticipated to increase in accordance with the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) Regional Housing Need Allocation (RHNA). The RHNA anticipates an additional 630 housing units in the City of Grand Terrace between 2021 and 2029.

The mapped wildfire hazard zone primarily includes areas in the hills of the east and northeastern portions of the City. Population and density within the mapped wildfire hazard zone is not expected to experience growth or development over the 5-year planning horizon of this LHMP. Considering these factors, it is reasonable to assume that vulnerability to the wildfire hazard will remain relatively the same over the planning horizon of this LHMP.

Section 3.6, Socially Vulnerable Populations and Determination, includes a detailed determination of socially vulnerable populations (SVP) within the planning area and the characteristics that make those populations more vulnerable to hazards. Mapped wildfire hazard zones primarily impact the eastern portions of the City which primarily consists of Census Tract 71.04 a “Low-Medium” by the CDC Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). Additionally, wildfire hazard zones are also located within Census Tract 71.04 and Census Tract 40.04, which are ranked as “Medium-High” and “High” by the CDC SVI. However, evacuation orders and wildfire smoke may impact the entirely of the City. SVPs including persons below 150 percent poverty level, unemployed civilians, housing cost-burdened individuals, populations with limited English, persons aged 65 and older, persons aged 17 and younger, persons with no high school diploma, single-parent households with children under 18, minority population, and in overcrowded housing exist throughout the City may be particularly vulnerable to wildfire. The primary concern for SVPs and other high-risk individuals in the City would be evacuations and access to resources.

Socially vulnerable populations face unique challenges during wildfires events. Unemployed individuals and those below the poverty level often lack resources for adequate preparation and evacuation. Elderly persons may have mobility issues and chronic health conditions that complicate evacuation and increase health risks from smoke. Individuals with housing in structure with 10 or more units or in overcrowded housing can experience rapid fire spread and may have limited evacuation routes. Populations with limited English proficiency may face challenges with emergency warnings and evacuation instructions. Single-parent households with children under 18 may have limited resources for emergency supplies and evacuation. Unhoused populations are particularly vulnerable due to their lack of shelter and access to emergency services. These factors necessitate targeted support and accessible communication to ensure the safety and wellbeing of these groups during wildfire events.

As required by the recently updated FEMA policy guidelines, a summary of federally declared disasters specifically affecting the planning area within with last five years is included below as Table 4-24. Specific effects are also outlined in the hazard profiles, previous occurrences sections (where applicable) within Sections 4.5 to 4.14.

Table 4-24
Summary of Federally Declared Disasters Affecting the Planning Area Declaration
Date
Disaster
Number
Incident
Subcategory Incident Description Effect on Planning Area April 13,
2024 4769 Landslide
Severe winter storms,
tornadoes, flooding,
landslides, and
mudslides impacted
the State of California
in January 2024.

The City of Grand Terrace as a
part of a County wide effort
braced for heavy rain and storm
conditions in early February 2024.

Fire Station 23 offered free
sandbags to residents, and
landslides and mudslides were
reported as a result of this storm
event.

November
21, 2023 4750 Hurricane
Hurricane Hilary swept
across Southern
California, bringing
flooding, heavy rains,
and severe winds that
impacted communities
across the region.

In the City of Grand Terrace, the
Sisters of St. Benedict Labyrinth
experienced downed trees and
other storm-related impacts due
to heavy rains during the storm.

April 3,
2023 4699 Landslide
Severe winter storms,
straight-line winds,
flooding, landslides,
and mudslides
impacted the State of
California in February
2023.

While San Bernardino County
was included in this federal
disaster declaration due to the
impact of this storm, the City was
not significantly affected. No
damage to persons or property in
the planning area have been
reported.

January 9,
2023 3591 Flood
Severe winter storms,
flooding, and
mudslides impacted
the State of California
in January 2023.

While San Bernardino County
was included in this federal
disaster declaration due to the
impact of this storm, the City was
not significantly affected. No
damage to persons or property in
the planning area have been
reported.

Declaration
Date
Disaster
Number
Incident
Subcategory Incident Description Effect on Planning Area March 10,
2023 3592 Flood
Severe winter storms,
flooding, landslides,
and mudslides
impacted the State of
California in March
2023.

While San Bernardino County
was included in this federal
disaster declaration due to the
impact of this storm, the City was
not significantly affected. No
damage to persons or property in
the planning area have been
reported.

March 22,
2020 4482 Biological COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused
by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, began
in December 2019 and rapidly
spread worldwide, leading to
significant health, social, and
economic disruptions. As of 2024,
Orange County has confirmed
over 550,000 cases and nearly
7,000 deaths due to COVID-19.

October
16, 2020 4569 Wildfire
Multiple wildfires
impacted communities
across the State of
California.

While San Bernardino County
was included in this federal
disaster declaration due to the
impact of the wildfires, the City
was not significantly affected. No
damage to persons or property in
the planning area have been
reported.

Table 4-25, Risk Assessment Summary Table, shows a summary of critical facilities that intersect with hazard areas in the City. Those facilities that intersect with a hazard area are indicated with a “Y” and a red-shaded cell. Facilities that do not fall within the hazard area are designated with an “N” and a green-shaded cell. The risks of air quality, drought, hazardous materials, humancaused hazards, seismic hazards and severe weather hazards are assumed to be equal throughout the community.

Table 4-25
Risk Assessment Summary Table
No. Facility
Hazard
Air
Quality
Dam/Reservoir
Failure Drought Flood Hazardous Materials
HumanCaused
Hazards
Landslide
&
Rockfall
Seismic
Hazards
Severe
Weather
Hazards
Wildfire
1 Grand Terrace City Hall Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
2 San Bernardino County
Library Grand Terrace
Branch

Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
3 San Bernardino County Fire
Station 23 Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
4 San Bernardino Sherriff
Dept Substation Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
5 Richard Rollins Park Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
6 Veteran's Freedom Park Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
7 Fitness Park Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
8 Griffin Park Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
9 Susan Petta Park Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
10 Gwenn Karger Park Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
11 Grand Terrace Dog Park Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
12 TJ Austin Park Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
13 Grand Terrace Elementary
School Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
14 Terrace View Elementary
School Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
15 Terrace Hills Middle School Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
16 Grand Terrace High School Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
17 Grand Terrace Health Care
Center Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
18 Future Health and Medical Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
19 Blue Mountain Senior Villas Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N

No. Facility
Hazard
Air
Quality
Dam/Reservoir
Failure Drought Flood Hazardous Materials
HumanCaused
Hazards
Landslide
&
Rockfall
Seismic
Hazards
Severe
Weather
Hazards
Wildfire
20 San Manuel Indian Health
Clinic Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
21 JC Wallace House Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
22 SCE Vista Substation Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
23 Riverside Highland Water
Company Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
24 RHW Water Tank Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
25 RHW Water Tank Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
26 RHW Water Tank Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
27 Condor Energy Storage Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
28 Church of Fire in Christ Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
29 Azure Hills Seventh-day
Adventist Church Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y N
30 Grand View Captist Church Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
31 Living Word Inland Empire Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
32 Christ the Redeemer
Catholic Church Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
33 St.Junipero Serra House of
Formation Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y
34 Calvary Deaf Church Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N
35 TSG Grand Terrace Yard Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y N
36 Aqueduct Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y Y
37 RailRoads Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N
38 Gage Canal Y N Y N Y Y N Y Y N

Hazard mitigation strategies are used to reduce hazard impacts on critical facilities or other infrastructure identified by the City and LHMP Planning Team. This section is developed from an in-depth review of the vulnerabilities and capabilities described in the previous plan section.

Overall, the mitigation strategies are actions which represent the City’s approach to reducing and/or eliminating potential losses as identified in Section 4.0.

The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) provides affordable flood insurance to property owners, renters, and businesses by encouraging communities to adopt and enforce floodplain management regulations. Participation in the NFIP is optional; however, property owners who live in a non-participating community with flood-prone areas are not able to purchase flood insurance through the program. Communities with mapped floodplains cannot receive federal grants or loans for development activities in flood-prone areas and cannot receive federal disaster assistance to repair flood damaged buildings or structures in mapped floodplains if the jurisdiction is not a participant of the NFIP.

The City is a participant of the NFIP and implements the requirements of NFIP through the Grand Terrace Municipal Code Chapter 15.62, Floodplain Management. Specific administration and enforcement regulations are outlined in Sections 15.62.070 to 15.62.250. Section 15.62.070, Basis for Establishing the Areas of Special Flood Hazard, states: “The areas of special flood hazard identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the "Flood Insurance Study (FIS) for San Bernardino County" (Study number 06071CV001C, Volumes 1-4) dated February 8, 2015, with accompanying flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs) and flood boundary and floodway maps (FBFMs), August 28, 2008, and all subsequent amendments and/or revisions, are hereby adopted by reference and declared to be a part of this Chapter. This FIS and attendant mapping is the minimum area of applicability of this Chapter and may be supplemented by studies for other areas which allow implementation of this Chapter and which are recommended to the City Council by the City Manager. The study, FIRMs and FBFMs are on file with the Department of Community Development at 22795 Barton Road, Grand Terrace, CA 92313.” The latest FIRM maps adopted for the City are dated effective September 2, 2016.

The Grand Terrace Municipal Code Section 15.62.130 designates the City Manager as the Floodplain Administrator, responsible for administering and implementing the provisions of the NFIP. All development, including new construction and substantial improvements, within designated special flood hazard zones must be in full compliance with Chapter 15.62. The terms “new construction” and “substantial improvement” are defined in Section 15.62.050 of the Municipal Code. All new construction and substantial improvements are subject to the development standards outlined in Chapter 15.62, which implement NFIP requirements.

Requirements for new construction and significant improvement would also apply after any event where the property has been impacted by flood. No other specific regulations or requirements are outlined in the City code for implementation after any event where a property had substantial improvement or damage. Significant flood events are rare within the City, even during heavy

precipitation years. To date, no Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) or Repetitive Loss (RL) properties have been reported within the City of Grand Terrace (residential, commercial, institutional, etc.).

Additionally, it is noted that the City’s General Plan Land Use Map identifies where specific land uses are allowed within the City. The two major waterways within the City include the Gage Channel and Riverside Canal, both of which are designated land use as Public. This land use does not permit habitable development within either drainage, nor would other regulatory easements permit habitable development. In addition, land use within the City includes a Floodplain Industrial overlay for properties adjacent to the Santa Ana River. While outside of the formal designated FEMA floodplain, it is acknowledged that properties adjacent to the Santa Ana River may experience higher flood risk compared to other areas of the City. While this overlay does allow for industrial development, it does not permit habitable development as an allowable use. The City will continue to use and implement General Plan land use designations to control development within flood hazard zones.

The LHMP Project Management Team and the LHMP Planning Team discussed each mitigation action to identify priority, using the following as guidance:
• High Priority: Top organizational priority and is a well-detailed project idea. Protects population, resource, facility, or property at considerable risk. Uses feasible methods, techniques, or technology.
• Medium Priority: A promising idea that needs more information or is an action that addresses a moderate hazard.
• Low Priority: An idea that needs more information or will take a lot of preliminary action to build support.

The hazard ranking exercise was completed as part of LHMP Planning Team Meeting #1.

Additional discussion during focus group meetings influenced the ultimate priority and timeline of each hazard. The LHMP Planning Team considered the frequency and severity of the hazard; the vulnerability of critical facilities or infrastructure; the impacts the mitigation action would avoid or reduce; the benefits of the action on the community; the critical facilities that would benefit; the environmental benefits of the action; and the capability of the City to implement the action. For example, actions may require further study or information but were identified as a high priority because of current conditions (i.e., heightened risk of the hazard, probability of future occurrences, or lack of redundancy established in a specific portion of the community). Several actions were identified as high priority, while the nature and complexity of the action involves a “long-term” timeline of five or more years.

The LHMP Planning Team used the STAPLE/E (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental) criteria, as described in Table 5-1, STAPLE/E Review and Selection Criteria, when considering and prioritizing the most appropriate mitigation alternatives for the City. This methodology, as endorsed by FEMA, requires that social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic, and environmental considerations be considered when reviewing potential actions. This process was used to help ensure that the most equitable and feasible actions would be undertaken based on the City’s unique capabilities.

Table 5-1
STAPLE/E Review and Selection Criteria
STAPLE/E Review Selection Criteria
Social
• Is the proposed action socially acceptable to the jurisdiction and surrounding community?
• Are there equity issues involved that would mean that one segment of the jurisdiction and/or community is treated unfairly?
• Will the action cause social disruption?
Technical
• Will the proposed action work?
• Will it create more problems than it solves?
• Does it solve a problem or only a symptom?
• Is it the most useful action considering other jurisdiction goals? Administrative
• Can the jurisdiction implement the action?
• Is there someone to coordinate and lead the effort?
• Is there sufficient funding, staff, and technical support available? • Are there ongoing administrative requirements that need to be met? Political • Is the action politically acceptable?
• Is there public support both to implement and to maintain the project? Legal
• Is the jurisdiction authorized to implement the proposed action? • Are there legal side effects? Could the activity be construed as a taking? • Will the jurisdiction be liable for action or lack of action? • Will the activity be challenged?
Economic
• What are the costs and benefits of this action?
• Do the benefits exceed the costs?
• Are initial, maintenance, and administrative costs considered? • Has funding been secured for the proposed action? If not, what are the potential funding sources (public, nonprofit, and private)? • How will this action affect the fiscal capability of the jurisdiction? • What burden will this action place on the tax base or local economy? • What are the budget and revenue effects of this activity? • Does the action contribute to other jurisdiction goals? • What benefits will the action provide?
Environmental
• How will the action affect the environment?
• Will the action need environmental regulatory approvals? • Will it meet local and state regulatory requirements? • Are endangered or threatened species likely to be affected? FEMA requires local governments to analyze the benefits and costs of a range of mitigation actions that can reduce the effects of each hazard within their communities. Benefit-cost analysis is used in hazard mitigation to show if the benefits to life and property protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting benefit-cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now to avoid disaster-related damages later. The analysis is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard, avoided future damages, and risk.

A hazard mitigation plan must demonstrate that a process was employed which emphasized a review of benefits and costs when prioritizing the mitigation actions. The benefit-cost review must be comprehensive to the extent that it can evaluate the monetary as well as the nonmonetary benefits and costs associated with each action. The benefit-cost review should at least consider the following questions:
• How many people will benefit from the action?
• How large an area is impacted?
• How critical are the facilities that benefit from the action (e.g., which is more beneficial to protect, the fire station or the administrative building)? • Environmentally, does it make sense to implement this project for the overall community? More details regarding specific funding mechanisms (both internal funding and grant resources) are provided within Table 5-3, Hazard Mitigation Actions, below.

The previous 2017 LHMP identified 24 mitigation actions for the City of Grand Terrace. The LHMP Project Management Team reviewed previous mitigation actions from the 2017 LHMP and determined that several listed mitigation actions were completed by the City; these mitigation actions are listed in Table 5-2, Completed 2017 Mitigation Actions. Because these mitigation actions were completed, these mitigation actions are not carried over into the plan update.

Table 5-2
Completed 2017 Mitigation Actions
Completed 2017 Mitigation Action
EQ 3.2 Conduct seismic retrofitting on Barton Rd. Overpass.

WF 3.2 Continue the weed abatement program and fuel management and fuel reduction in open space, creeks, around critical facilities, and urban / wildland interface areas.

Additionally, some mitigation actions from the 2017 LHMP were determined to be no longer relevant or too broad in nature, and therefore are not carried over into the plan update. The LHMP Project Management Team identified six mitigation actions to be removed or replaced in the plan update. These include mitigation actions EQ 1.1, EQ 3.1, EQ 4.2, LS 3.1, LS 4.2, and WF 2.1, as identified in the 2017 LHMP. The remaining 18 mitigation actions were carried over or revised and incorporated into the mitigation actions listed in Table 5-3. As part of this update, the LHMP Planning Team focused mitigation actions to include capital improvement projects and community engagement campaigns that make the community safer and establish eligibility for FEMA hazard mitigation grant programs.

The LHMP Planning Team worked together to identify mitigation actions and establish the responsible department, priority level, and timeline. The process used is outlined below:
• Review of the Vulnerability and Risk Assessment presented in Section 4.0, Hazards Assessment;
• Review of the Capabilities Assessment presented in Section 5.3, Capabilities Assessment;

• Review of the results of the community survey and feedback received as part of the community outreach; and,
The LHMP Planning Team’s discussion of concerns/issues that need to be addressed to reduce hazards to critical facilities and the community.

Table 5-3, Hazard Mitigation Actions, identifies the mitigation action, hazard(s) addressed, agency and/or department responsible for implementation, potential funding source(s), timeline for implementation, and priority.

The timeline for implementation is defined as follows:
• Ongoing: currently in process; or 1-2 years and ongoing thereafter; • Short-Term: 1 to 2 years;
• Medium-Term: 3 to 4 years; and
• Long-Term: 5+ years.

Mitigation actions below may be funded through the City budget, particularly mitigation actions identified as “ongoing.” However, the City will also explore funding for specific mitigation actions through local, State, or federal grant programs. Potential grant programs or funding mechanisms are identified for specific mitigation actions as applicable, below.

The City maintains and annually updates a Capital Improvement Project (CIP) budget that identifies priority City projects and major equipment purchases for all City departments. Identified capital improvement projects were integrated into the LHMP mitigation actions where appropriate for projects with a nexus to resilience or natural hazards. In addition, as part of the annual review and update of the CIP budget, mitigation actions will be reviewed and integrated.

All mitigation actions considered for the City were included in the LHMP and Table 5-3, Hazard Mitigation Actions. There were no mitigation actions considered but excluded from the LHMP. The mitigation action development process is documented in Appendix B, LHMP Planning Team Documentation and was a key area of focus during all focus group meetings. Appendix B, LHMP Planning Team Documentation also documents revisions, comments, and feedback, from the LHMP Planning Team, Project Management staff and the City’s consultant, Michael Baker International.

Table 5-3
Hazard Mitigation Actions
Mitigation
Action #
Description Hazards
Addressed Responsible Department Funding Sources Timeline Priority 1 Research options for and implement a comprehensive multi-hazard warning system with alarm and messaging capabilities for various disaster scenarios. Identify strategic locations throughout the planning area to ensure all residents receive audible alerts.

All Hazards Internal: Public Works FEMA: Next Generation Warning System Grant Program (NGWSGP), Safeguarding Tomorrow Revolving Loan Fund (RLF), Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP)
Cal OES: Prepare CA – JumpStart
Staff Time, General Fund
Long-Term Low
2 Conduct a comprehensive ADA compliance assessment of buildings, structures, and streets across Grand Terrace, covering City facilities and public rights of way. Prioritize upgrading critical facilities to meet ADA standards, especially those that can function as emergency shelters, warming centers, cooling centers, or provide essential support services during disasters.

All Hazards Internal: Public Works,
Building and Safety
HUD: Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG)
Staff Time, General Fund
Long-Term Medium
3 Collaborate with the American Red Cross to identify facilities in Grand Terrace that could serve as certified emergency shelters and promote these locations within the community, especially to socially vulnerable populations such as senior citizens and disabled individuals. Promote Shelter Volunteer training to ensure adequate staff/volunteer capacity when needed.

All Hazards Internal: Planning &
Development Services
External: American Red
Cross
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermHigh
4 Promote Red Cross initiatives such as "Sound the Alarm" to enhance awareness and readiness among both adults and children throughout the community. Facilitate coordination between the American Red Cross and Colton Unified School District to support emergency preparedness programs in schools such as "Prepared with Pedro".

All Hazards Internal: Planning &
Development Services
External: American Red
Cross, Colton Unified
School District
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermMedium
5 Collaborate with San Bernardino County Office of Emergency Services (County OES) and San Bernardino County Sheriff to enhance emergency preparedness and response efforts in Grand Terrace. Promote the use of the Telephone Emergency Notification System (TENS) and the SB Ready App among residents. Participate in county-wide emergency preparedness exercises and public information campaigns to ensure community readiness and resilience.

All Hazards Internal: Planning &
Development Services, City
Manager's Office,
External: San Bernardino
County Sheriff, San
Bernardino County OES
FEMA: Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG),
Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Grant Program, Safeguarding Tomorrow Revolving Loan Fund (RLF)
Cal OES: Prepare CA – Match
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Medium
6 Continue to engage the public through community outreach events, with a focus on underserved communities and vulnerable populations, to raise awareness about natural hazard risks, vulnerabilities, and ongoing mitigation actions. Regularly consult and solicit feedback from residents to improve communication and engagement procedures, and to reduce risk and vulnerability Citywide.

All Hazards Internal: Planning &
Development Services,
Senior Services
FEMA: Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG)
Cal OES: Prepare CA – JumpStart
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing High
7 (Formerly
CC 4.1)
Continue working with Southern California Edison (SCE) to promote energy conservation at residences and businesses.

All Hazards Internal:, Public Works,
City Manager's Office
External: SCE
SCE: Energy Savings Assistance (ESA) Program, Energy Assistance Fund (EAF)
CEC: Home Electrification and Appliance Rebates (HEEHRA), Home Efficiency Rebates (HOMES)
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Low

Mitigation
Action #
Description Hazards
Addressed Responsible Department Funding Sources Timeline Priority 8 Increase the number of green spaces and trees in urban areas to improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect. Promote the planting of native and droughtresistant trees.

Multiple Hazards
(Air Quality,
Drought, Extreme
Heat)
Internal: Public Works,
Parks & Recreation
CA Governor's Office: Extreme Heat and Community Resilience Program
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermLow
9 Research options for converting high-risk slope areas into hiking parks with native vegetation to reduce peak flow and manage drainage more effectively.

Multiple Hazards
(Flood, Landslide
& Rockfall)
Internal: Public Works,
Parks and Recreation,
CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program Staff Time, General Fund
Long-Term High
10 Advocate for the undergrounding of power lines to enhance fire safety and reduce the risk of outages. Collaborate with Southern California Edison (SCE) to reroute vulnerable circuits.

Multiple Hazards
(Wildfire, Power
Outage)
Internal: Public Works,
External: SCE
USDA: Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
Cal OES: California Wildfire Mitigation Program
CAL FIRE: Wildfire Prevention Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Long-Term High
11 Conduct public education campaigns to raise awareness about air quality issues and promote actions residents can take to reduce pollution, such as reducing vehicle idling and using eco-friendly products.

Air Quality Internal: Public Works,
External: South Coast Air
Quality Management
District (SCAQMD)
Cal OES: Prepare CA – JumpStart
US EPA: Environmental Education Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Low
12 Encourage the use of energy-efficient appliances and renewable energy sources such as solar panels. Provide incentives for residents and businesses to adopt these technologies.

Air Quality Internal: Planning &
Development Services,
Building and Safety
HUD: Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program
Cal EPA: California Climate Investments
US EPA: California Solar For All
SCE: Energy Savings Assistance (ESA) Program, Energy Assistance Fund (EAF)
CEC: Home Electrification and Appliance Rebates (HEEHRA), Home Efficiency Rebates (HOMES)
Staff Time, General Fund
Short-Term Low
13 Encourage the use of public transportation, carpooling, biking, and walking to reduce vehicle emissions. Implement incentives for residents who participate in these programs.

Air Quality Internal: Public Works US DOT: Transportation Alternatives Set-Aside Program CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program US EPA: Air Grants and Funding
Staff Time, General Fund
Short-Term Medium
14 Participate in emergency preparedness exercises for the Seven Oaks Dam Emergency Action Plan with the County of San Bernardino Department of Public Works and related public safety agencies. Support County of San Bernardino Department of Public Works in efforts to regularly reassess dam inundation exposure and vulnerability, especially where critical facilities intersect with dam inundation zones.

Support efforts to track dam conditions, maintenance and other structural improvements to reduce risk and vulnerability.

Dam/Reservoir
Failure
Internal: Planning &
Development Services,
Public Works
External: San Bernardino
County Department of
Public Works
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Low
15 Collaborate with the Riverside Highland Water Company to promote awareness campaign on water conservation, distribute educational materials, and organize community workshops to educate residents on water-saving practices.

Drought Internal: Public Works
External: Riverside
Highland Water Company
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program US EPA: Environmental Education Grants
DWR: Integrated Regional Water Management Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Low

Mitigation
Action #
Description Hazards
Addressed Responsible Department Funding Sources Timeline Priority 16 Engage the public, especially underserved communities or vulnerable populations, regarding drought risk, vulnerability, and ongoing mitigation actions. Provide educational materials and workshops on water conservation techniques.

Drought Internal: Senior Services FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program US EPA: Environmental Education Grants
DWR: Integrated Regional Water Management Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Medium
17 Promote the adoption of drought-tolerant landscaping and efficient irrigation practices on city-owned and private properties by offering workshops, training sessions, and incentive programs for residents and businesses.

Drought Internal: Planning &
Development Services,
Building and Safety
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program DWR: Integrated Regional Water Management Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Medium
18 Relocate sandbag distribution points to more accessible locations and enhance public messaging, signage, and online presence to inform residents and businesses about the new locations.

Flood Internal: Public Works FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG)
Staff Time, General Fund
Short-Term High
19 (Formerly
FL 1.1)
Perform a feasibility study for retention and detention of storm water to include water sensitive urban design.

Flood Internal: Public
Works/Engineering
DWR: Proposition 1 Storm Water Grant Program
CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermHigh
20 (Formerly
FL 1.2)
Evaluate public infrastructure (bridges, traffic signals, street lights, etc.) and its ability to withstand localized flood events.

Flood Internal: Public
Works/Engineering
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
DWR: Proposition 1 Storm Water Grant Program
California iBank: Infrastructure Loans and Bonds
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermHigh
21 (Formerly
FL 1.3)
Perform a feasibility study for stormwater drainage along Pico St Ave. Flood Internal: Public Works/Engineering
DWR: Proposition 1 Storm Water Grant Program
CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermHigh
22 (Formerly
FL 3.1)
Ensure undeveloped properties adhere to General Plan Land Use designations and flood plain preservation and risk reduction methodologies.

Flood Internal: Planning &
Development Services,
Building & Safety
Staff Time, General Fund MediumTermHigh
23 (Formerly
FL 4.1)
Implement a Maintain-A-Drain program to keep street drains clear from debris. Flood Internal: Public Works Staff Time, General Fund MediumTermHigh 24 Comprehensively update the Drainage Master Plan to address flood issues. Review the Gateway Specific Plan and other relevant planning documents and incorporate necessary drainage improvements into the Drainage Master Plan. Implement infrastructure upgrades in line with the Drainage Master Plan and Gateway Specific Plan for stormwater drainage.

Flood Internal: Public Works FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Safeguarding Tomorrow Revolving Loan Fund (RLF)
CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program DWR: Integrated Regional Water Management Grants, Proposition 1 Storm Water Grant Program
California iBank: Infrastructure Loans and Bonds
Staff Time, General Fund
Long-Term High

Mitigation
Action #
Description Hazards
Addressed Responsible Department Funding Sources Timeline Priority 25 Promote the use of green infrastructure such as rain gardens, bioswales, and permeable pavements to manage stormwater runoff and reduce flooding. These systems can help absorb and filter rainwater, reducing the burden on traditional drainage systems.

Flood Internal: Public Works,
Planning & Development
Services
CA Governor's Office: Adaptation Planning Grant Program California iBank: Infrastructure Loans and Bonds
US EPA: Resilience Grants (Midsize and Large Drinking Water System Infrastructure Resilience and Sustainability Program)
DWR: Integrated Regional Water Management Grants, Proposition 1 Storm Water Grant Program
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermHigh
26 Conduct public education campaigns to raise awareness about flood risks and promote preparedness measures. Provide resources to residents on how to protect their properties and respond during flood events.

Flood Internal: Public Works FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing High
27 Educate the public regarding proper handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials and coordinate with the San Bernardino County Fire Protection District's Hazardous Materials Division where feasible.

Hazardous
Materials
Internal: Planning &
Development Services
External: San Bernardino
County Hazardous
Materials Division
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
EPA: Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Low
28 Continue to monitor and follow the recommendations and guidelines provided by the San Bernardino County Department of Public Health to manage and mitigate the impacts of future pandemics.

Human-caused
Hazards
(pandemic)
Internal: City Manager's
Office
External: San Bernardino
County Department of
Public Health
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Low
29 Continue to partner with San Bernardino County Sheriff on various safety and emergency response efforts, including active shooter protocols and trainings. Educate City employees on active shooter threats and promote preparedness drills and trainings to other agencies and businesses within the City.

Human-caused
Hazards (active
shooter)
Internal: City Manager's
Office, Planning &
Development Services
External: San Bernardino
County Sheriff
FEMA: Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP), Targeted Violence and Terrorism Prevention Grant Program
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Medium
30 Conduct a comprehensive assessment of all City-owned assets to evaluate existing backup power and generator capacity at critical facilities supporting emergency functions, shelters, and public safety buildings. Based on the assessment, prioritize the procurement and installation of generators and backup power systems at these critical facilities to ensure continuous operation during power outages. Secure funding and develop maintenance protocols to ensure reliability.

Human-caused
Hazards (power
outage)
Internal: Public Works,
Planning & Development
Services
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Emergency Management Performance Grant (EMPG)
Staff Time, General Fund
Short-Term High
31 Support and help implement SCE's Critical Care Backup Battery Program, which provides free portable backup batteries to eligible customers who depend on medical equipment for life-support purposes during power outages and emergencies. Promote this program to senior citizens and other vulnerable populations throughout the City.

Human-caused
Hazards (power
outage)
Internal: Planning &
Development Services,
Senior Services
External: SCE
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermHigh
32 Collaborate with BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad to support preparedness coordination, emergency response trainings and/or tabletop exercises between relevant agencies for a train derailment scenario involving the BNSF Railway or Union Pacific Railroad lines within the City.

Human-caused
Hazards (train
derailment)
Internal: Public Works,
Planning & Development
Services
External: BNSF Railway,
Union Pacific Railroad
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing Low

Mitigation
Action #
Description Hazards
Addressed Responsible Department Funding Sources Timeline Priority 33 (Formerly
LS 1.2)
Develop a feasibility study for slope stabilization for areas of slope failure concern, such as Mt. Vernon, along Barton Ave and at Vivienda and Burns Ave.

Landslide Internal: Public
Works/Engineering
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
Cal OES: Prepare CA – JumpStart, Prepare CA – Match
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermHigh
34 (Formerly
LS 3.2)
Perform earth / slope stabilization near landslide / rockslide / mudslide hazard zones, such as along the northern end of Mt. Vernon.

Landslide Internal: Public
Works/Engineering
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
Cal OES: Prepare CA – JumpStart, Prepare CA – Match
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermHigh
35 Reapply for grant applications to obtain detailed engineering proposals for slope stabilization in areas of concern, such as Mount Vernon and Canal Street. Implement stabilization measures based on these proposals.

Landslide &
Rockfall
Internal: Public Works,
Planning & Development
Services
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
Cal OES: Prepare CA – JumpStart, Prepare CA – Match
Staff Time, General Fund
Short-Term High
36 (Formerly
LS 3.2)
Encourage homeowners in high landslide hazard areas to plant native trees and shrubbery.

Landslide Internal: Planning &
Development Services,
Public Works
Staff Time, General Fund
Short-Term Medium
37 (Formerly
EQ 1.2)
Perform a seismic review (both structural and non-structural) on city buildings and city owned critical facilities i.e. City Hall, Public Works building and Fire Station.

Seismic Hazards Internal: Building & Safety,
Public Works
FEMA: National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Safeguarding Tomorrow Revolving Loan Fund (RLF)
California iBank: Infrastructure Loans and Bonds
Staff Time, General Fund
Long-Term Low
38 (Formerly
EQ 4.1)
Work with local insurance brokers to encourage earthquake insurance for homeowners.

Seismic Hazards Internal: Planning &
Development Services,
Public Works
Staff Time, General Fund
Long-Term Low
39 (Formerly
EQ 4.3)
Provide automatic shutoff valves for gas meters in the Grand Terrace service area. Seismic Hazards Internal: Building & Safety, Public Works
FEMA: National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) USBR: WaterSMART Water and Energy Efficiency Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermLow
40 (Formerly
CC 3.1)
Accrue property and construct parks and open space for every 1,000 residents, reducing the impacts of high heat on urbanized areas.

Severe Weather
Hazards
Internal: Parks and
Recreation
CA Governor's Office: Extreme Heat and Community Resilience Program
HUD: Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program
Staff Time, General Fund
Long-Term Medium
41 (Formerly
CC 3.2)
Plant street trees to provide shade on high heat days and reduce the urban heat island effect.

Severe Weather
Hazards
Internal: Public Works,
Parks and Recreation
CA Governor's Office: Extreme Heat and Community Resilience Program
Staff Time, General Fund
MediumTermMedium
42 (Formerly
WF 3.1)
Maintain and improve access to fire prone areas such as Blue Mountain. Wildfire Internal: Public Works/Engineering
USDA: Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
Cal OES: California Wildfire Mitigation Program
CAL FIRE: Wildfire Prevention Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing High

Mitigation
Action #
Description Hazards
Addressed Responsible Department Funding Sources Timeline Priority 43 (Formerly
WF 3.2)
Continue the weed abatement program and fuel management in coordination with San Bernardino County, to conduct fuel reduction in open space, creeks, around critical facilities, and urban / wildland interface areas. Prioritize vegetation management, invasive species removals and native landscape restoration on City owned property.

Wildfire Internal: Public Works,
Parks and Recreation
External: San Bernardino
County Fire Protection
District
FEMA: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Safeguarding Tomorrow Revolving Loan Fund (RLF)
USDA: Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
Cal OES: California Wildfire Mitigation Program
CAL FIRE: Wildfire Prevention Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing High
44 (Formerly
WF 3.3)
Repair/ replant vegetation on slopes after a fire to minimize the risk of landslides, mudslides or slope failure.

Wildfire Internal: Public Works,
Planning & Development
Services
External: San Bernardino
County Fire Protection
District
USDA: Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
Cal OES: California Wildfire Mitigation Program
CAL FIRE: Wildfire Prevention Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Ongoing High
45 Collaborate with Caltrans to ensure regular vegetation management in their right-ofway to reduce wildfire risk. Advocate for timely removal of overgrown and dried-out vegetation.

Wildfire Internal: Public Works,
Planning & Development
Services
External: Caltrans
USDA: Community Wildfire Defense Grants (CWDG)
Cal OES: California Wildfire Mitigation Program
CAL FIRE: Wildfire Prevention Grants
Staff Time, General Fund
Short-Term High

The capabilities assessment identifies existing local agencies, personnel, planning tools, public policy and programs, technology, and funding resources that can support the hazard mitigation measures in this Plan. This assessment helps determine the current ability of Grand Terrace to reduce damage from hazard events, providing a foundation to develop, consider, and prioritize future hazard mitigation measures.

The City of Grand Terrace has resources to support the implementation of mitigation actions including:
• Planning and regulatory capabilities are based on the implementation of ordinances, policies, local laws, and State statutes, and plans and programs that relate to guiding and managing growth and development.
• Administrative and technical capabilities refer to the staff and their skills and tools that can be used for mitigation planning and to implement specific mitigation actions. It also refers to the ability to access and coordinate these resources effectively. • Financial capabilities are the resources that a jurisdiction has access to or is eligible to use to fund mitigation actions.
• Education and outreach capabilities are programs and methods already in place that could be used to implement mitigation activities and communicate hazard-related information.

Refer to Table 5-4, City of Grand Terrace Capabilities Assessment below for a summary of City capabilities.

Table 5-4
City of Grand Terrace Capabilities Assessment
Ordinance/Plan/
Policy/Program
Responsible
Agency
or Department
Description/Comments
Planning and Regulatory
General Plan Planning and
Development
Services
The Grand Terrace General Plan supports the
implementation of the LHMP by integrating hazard
mitigation strategies into broader land use and
development planning. The General Plan provides a
policy framework, allocates resources and facilitates
implementation of mitigation strategies and risk
reduction.

Grand Terrace
Municipal Code
Planning and
Development
Services
The Municipal Code governs various aspects of City life, including public safety, health, business operations, and property maintenance. The Municipal Code provides the
legal framework to enforce measures that reduce risks
from natural and human-caused hazards and implement
hazard mitigation actions of the LHMP.

Ordinance/Plan/
Policy/Program
Responsible
Agency
or Department
Description/Comments
Grand Terrace
Zoning Code
Planning and
Development
Services
The zoning code regulates land use and development
within the city and defines zoning districts and building standards. The zoning code implements mitigation
strategies of the LHMP and regulates development in
high-risk hazard zones such as floodplains and
earthquake- and wildfire-prone areas.

California Building
Code (Updated
Triennially)
Planning and
Development
Services; Building
& Safety Division
The City of Grand Terrace implements the 2022
California Building Standards Code (Title 24). The
Building & Safety Division enforces these standards
through plan reviews, permits, and inspections, ensuring all constructions meet safety requirements. The building code informed hazard mitigation strategies and provides a framework for implementing safety standards to
mitigate hazard risks associated with structures. The
building code is updated on a triennial basis.

California Fire Code Planning and
Development
Services
The City of Grand Terrace implements the 2022 edition
of the California Fire Code, as amended by the San
Bernardino County Fire Protection District. The fire code contains specific fire safety requirements for all
structures. These requirements are used to ensure fire
safety measures and support hazard mitigation actions
identified in the LHMP.

Floodplain
Management
Ordinance
Planning and
Development
Services
The ordinance establishes additional standards for
development activities in the floodplain, enforced by the Building and Safety Division staff. This ordinance can be amended to implement additional flood mitigation
strategies from this Plan.

Capital Improvement
Plan (CIP)
Public Works
Department
The CIP outlines planned infrastructure projects, such
as street construction, drainage improvements, and
public facility upgrades. The CIP includes projects that enhance community resilience and safety. By prioritizing infrastructure improvements that address vulnerabilities to hazards like floods and earthquakes, the CIP helps
implement mitigation actions, supporting the goals of the LHMP.

Gateway at Grand
Terrace Specific Plan
Planning and
Development
Services
The Gateway at Grand Terrace Specific Plan guides
development and revitalization of under-utilized land in the southwest portion of the City. Improvements to
roads, sewage, water, and drainage systems outlined in
the specific plan and in coordination with LHMP actions mitigate flooding and drainage issues. Additionally, the plan's design standards and public facilities contribute to overall community resilience and safety.

Ordinance/Plan/
Policy/Program
Responsible
Agency
or Department
Description/Comments
Grand Terrace Active
Transportation Plan
Planning and
Development
Services
The Active Transportation Plan (ATP) aims to increase
bicycling and walking in Grand Terrace and creating
safer, walkable streets for students and includes an
inventory of existing infrastructure, identifying
deficiencies, and prioritizing improvements. By
enhancing infrastructure and promoting walking,
bicycling, and transit modes, the ATP can increase
safety and implement mitigation actions, supporting the goals of the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP).

San Bernardino
County MultiJurisdictional Hazard
Mitigation Plan
(MJHMP)
San Bernardino
County Office of
Emergency
Services
The San Bernardino County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard
Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) is a comprehensive strategy to
reduce risks from natural and human-caused hazards
across the county. The MJHMP provides a county-wide
risk assessment and regional mitigation strategies that inform the Grand Terrace LHMP and facilitate
interagency coordination.

San Bernardino
County Emergency
Operations Plan
(EOP)
San Bernardino
County Office of
Emergency
Services
The San Bernardino County Emergency Operations
Plan (EOP) outlines protocols for emergency response
and resource allocation during disasters. The EOP
provides detailed risk assessments and coordinated
efforts to implement mitigation strategies. The EOP
supports the LHMP by ensuring resources are available
and providing community preparedness and
coordination opportunities.

Santa Ana River
Integrated
Watershed
Management Plan
Santa Ana
Watershed Project
Authority
(SAWPA)
The Santa Ana River Integrated Watershed
Management Plan aims to manage water resources
sustainably in the Santa Ana River Watershed. It
provides data and opportunities for better drought and
stormwater management that can be coordinated with
the LHMP mitigation actions.

Administrative and Technical
Police Services San Bernardino
County Sheriff’s
Department
The City of Grand Terrace contracts with the San
Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department to provide
police services. The Sheriff's Department is vital in
implementing the LHMP by offering police protection,
community programs, and education campaigns. Police
staff play a key role in coordinating and communicating with the public and other agencies, ensuring safe and
efficient evacuations, and participating in public
education and preparedness activities that support risk mitigation.

Fire Services San Bernardino
County Fire
Protection District
The City of Grand Terrace contracts with the San
Bernardino County Fire Protection District to provide fire and rescue services. The Fire Department is crucial in
implementing the LHMP by offering fire protection,
hazard abatement, and emergency response. Fire staff
play a key role in coordinating and communicating with
the public and other agencies, ensuring safe
evacuations, and participating in public education and
preparedness activities that support risk mitigation

Ordinance/Plan/
Policy/Program
Responsible
Agency
or Department
Description/Comments
Planning and
Development
Services Staff
Planning and
Development
Services
The City of Grand Terrace Planning and Development
Services Department is crucial for implementing the
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP). By advising on
land development and ensuring compliance with safety
standards and hazard mitigation strategies, the
department helps reduce vulnerabilities to hazards.

Their oversight of zoning, building codes, and land use planning integrates mitigation actions into the city's
growth and infrastructure improvements.

Public Works
Department Staff
Public Works
Department
The City of Grand Terrace Public Works Department
manages infrastructure projects, including street
construction, drainage, and traffic signals. By ensuring these projects meet safety standards and specifications, the Public Works Department helps reduce
vulnerabilities to hazards. Their role in maintaining and improving infrastructure supports mitigation actions,
enhancing community resilience and safety.

Building and Safety
Division Staff
Planning and
Development
Services
The Building & Safety Division plays a crucial role in
implementing the LHMP by ensuring all construction
meets state and city codes, the division helps reduce
vulnerabilities to hazards like earthquakes and fires.

Their responsibilities include plan reviews, issuing
permits, and conducting inspections, which support
mitigation actions and enhance community resilience.

Code Enforcement
Department Staff
Planning and
Development
Services
The Code Enforcement Department ensures
compliance with municipal codes and ordinances,
addressing issues like property maintenance, illegal
signage, and public nuisances. By maintaining
community standards and addressing potential hazards,
Code Enforcement supports mitigation actions and
enhances overall community safety and resilience.

Planning Division
Staff
Planning and
Development
Services
The Planning Division serves as the professional and
technical advisor to the City Planning Commission and
City Council on land development and land use policies.

They handle administrative actions, assist new and
expanding businesses, and ensure developments
comply with safety standards and hazard mitigation
strategies.

City Manager’s
Office Staff
City Manager’s
Office
The City Manager's Office in Grand Terrace oversees
the administration of city operations and implements
policies set by the City Council. The City Manager
coordinates with various departments to ensure efficient service delivery, strategic planning, facilitating
interdepartmental collaboration, and ensuring that
mitigation actions are integrated into city operations and projects.

Ordinance/Plan/
Policy/Program
Responsible
Agency
or Department
Description/Comments
Finance Department
Staff
Finance
Department
The Finance Department handles the city's financial
transactions, including budgeting, accounting, and
reporting. This department is essential for implementing the LHMP by ensuring funds are allocated for mitigation projects and emergency preparedness. Their financial
management supports the planning and execution of
actions that improve community resilience and safety.

Parks and
Recreation Division
Staff
Public Works
Department
The Parks and Recreation Division oversees the city's
parks, recreational facilities, and community programs.

This division is crucial for implementing the LHMP by
ensuring public spaces are safe and accessible, which
can be used as evacuation sites during emergencies.

Their efforts in promoting outdoor activities and
community engagement also enhance overall resilience
and preparedness.

Southern California
Edison Staff
Southern
California Edison
Southern California Edison is responsible for providing safe and reliable electricity to Grand Terrace community members. Mitigation actions specific to the provision of these services will be implemented in coordination with the service provider. Staff responsibilities include
restoring electrical service if it has been interrupted by an emergency and repairing and maintaining electrical
infrastructure to reduce the risk of hazard events.

Southern California
Gas Company
(SoCalGas) Staff
Southern
California Gas
Company
SoCalGas provides natural gas service in Grand
Terrace. Mitigation actions specific to the provision of this service will be implemented in coordination with
SoCalGas. Staff is responsible for maintaining the
natural gas infrastructure in safe conditions to minimize the risk of leaks, fires, or explosions. This includes
repairing natural gas infrastructure following emergency situations.

Riverside Highland
Water Company
Riverside
Highland Water
Company
The Riverside Highland Water Company provides
essential water services to the City, ensuring a reliable supply for daily use and emergencies. This is crucial for hazard mitigation, as access to water supports
firefighting, sanitation, and drinking needs during
disasters. The LHMP includes strategies to enhance
water infrastructure resilience, ensuring the water
supply remains secure even in the face of potential
hazards.

Financial
General Fund Finance
Department
Serves as the main operating fund for the City and is
used to finance the most common municipal functions
(e.g., police, fire, parks, and recreation, etc.). The
general fund is critical for implementing mitigation
actions identified in the LHMP.

Ordinance/Plan/
Policy/Program
Responsible
Agency
or Department
Description/Comments
Annual Budget Finance
Department
The City's annual budget is a comprehensive financial
plan that outlines expected revenues and expenditures
for the fiscal year. It includes funds for various
departments and services, such as public works and
public safety projects. This budget is enables hazard
mitigation by allocating resources to enhance
infrastructure resilience and emergency preparedness,
ensuring the city can effectively respond to and recover from potential hazards.

California
Governor’s Office of
Emergency Services
Cal OES Cal OES is responsible for overseeing and coordinating emergency preparedness, response, recovery, and
homeland security activities within California. Cal OES regularly dispatches team members to join first
responders, emergency leaders and those affected by
disasters that threaten public safety, to provide
information essential to the public. Cal OES can assist in obtaining funding for mitigation actions identified in the plan and providing guidance on future plan updates.

Additionally, Cal OES is responsible for administration and distribution of grant funding for various state
programs and FEMA grant programs.

Federal Emergency
Management Agency
– Hazard Mitigation
Assistance Grants
FEMA FEMA is the federal agency responsible for hazard
mitigation, emergency preparedness, and emergency
response and recovery activities. It provides guidance to State and local governments on hazard mitigation
activities, including best practices and how to comply
with federal requirements. FEMA also provides funding
for hazard mitigation actions through the Hazard
Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Emergency
Management Performance Grant (EMPG), and Flood
Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Grants among others.

Department of
Housing and Urban
Development –
Community
Development Block
Grants
HUD The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
Entitlement Program provides annual grants on a
formula basis to entitled cities and counties to develop viable urban communities by providing decent housing
and a suitable living environment, and by expanding
economic opportunities, principally for low- and
moderate-income persons. The program is authorized
under Title 1 of the Housing and Community
Development Act of 1974, Public Law 93-383, as
amended; 42 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.

HUD awards grants to entitlement community grantees
to carry out a wide range of community development
activities directed toward revitalizing neighborhoods,
economic development, and providing improved
community facilities and services, which may be
applicable to future City projects.

CAL FIRE – Wildfire
Prevention Grants
CAL FIRE CAL FIRE provides funding for wildfire prevention activities, including hazardous fuels reduction, wildfire prevention planning, and public education, to improve
forest health and enhance community resilience.

Ordinance/Plan/
Policy/Program
Responsible
Agency
or Department
Description/Comments
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
US EPA The US EPA offers Environmental Education Grants to promote environmental awareness and stewardship,
and the California Solar For All program to fund solar
initiatives for low-income Californians.

California
Environmental
Protection Agency
Cal EPA Cal EPA administers California Climate Investments, using cap-and-trade auction proceeds to fund projects
that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve
public health.

Department of Water
Resources
DWR The DWR funds regional projects to enhance water
supply reliability, reduce flood risk, and improve water quality through the Integrated Regional Water
Management Grants.

US Department of
Agriculture
USDA The USDA provides Community Wildfire Defense
Grants to help communities and Tribes plan for and
reduce wildfire risk, supporting the National Cohesive
Wildland Fire Management Strategy.

Education and Outreach
American Red Cross Coordination with
San Bernardino
County Sherriff’s
Department /San
Bernardino County
Fire Protection
Provide access to natural hazard information and
resources, as well as educational and training
programs. Promoting participation in American Red
Cross educational and training programs would serve to
mitigate hazards by increasing awareness and
preparedness.

Community
Emergency
Response Team
(CERT) Program
CERT Team in
coordination with
San Bernardino
County Office of
Emergency
Services
The City of Grand Terrace participates in the CERT
program, which trains community members in disaster
preparedness and basic disaster response skills like fire safety, light search and rescue, and team organization.

This training helps mitigate hazards by empowering
residents to effectively respond to emergencies,
reducing the immediate impact of disasters when
professional responders may not be available.

City Website Planning and
Development
Services
The website provides news and announcements to the
community, including community events related to
safety and emergency preparedness and mitigation. It
maintains information and resources pertaining to
hazards and mitigation. The City Website provides an
opportunity to convey information and implement
mitigation actions specific to educating and informing
the community regarding all hazards and ways to
reduce impacts from the hazards.

How can these capabilities be expanded upon and improved to reduce risk? Multiple mitigation measures are priority projects to expand Grand Terrace’s capabilities, including new plans and programs. Examples of opportunities to expand capabilities include the following mitigation actions:

Planning/Regulatory: Mitigation Actions #22 and #24,
Administrative/Technical: Mitigation Actions #14, #32, #33, and #34.

Financial: Mitigation Actions #35 and #38.

Education/Outreach: Mitigation Actions #4, #5, #6, #11, #15, #16, and #26.

This section identifies the formal process by which that City can ensure the LHMP remains an active and relevant document for the City of Grand Terrace. The LHMP maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the LHMP annually and producing an update every five years to ensure the City maintains eligibility for federal and State hazard mitigation funding. This section of the LHMP also describes how the City can integrate public participation throughout LHMP maintenance and implementation process. Finally, this section describes how City staff can incorporate the mitigation actions outlined in this LHMP into existing planning mechanisms and programs and future actions and decision-making.

Under the direction of the LHMP Project Management Team (comprised of City of Grand Terrace Planning Department staff), the LHMP Planning Team will be responsible for the on-going maintenance of this LHMP. The Project Management Team will take the lead in LHMP maintenance by coordinating with the Planning Team, including undertaking the formal review process and future updates. Key City departments are identified below:
• City Manager Department
• Planning & Development Services Department
• Public Works Department
• Finance Department
• Code Enforcement Department
• Building & Safety Department
• San Bernardino County Fire Protection District (SBCFPD) • San Bernardino County Sheriff-Coroner Department (SBCSD) In addition to City staff and representatives from SBCFPD and SBCSD, the following partner agencies who were part of the LHMP Planning Team should be included in the maintenance and update activities:
• City of San Bernardino
• City of Colton
• City of Loma Linda
• City of Riverside
• California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
• Omnitrans Public Transit Agency
• Colton Joint Unified School District
• San Bernardino Community College District
• Riverside Highland Water Company
Although specific LHMP Planning Team and Project Management members may change, the City staff positions, departments and other partner agencies and organizations should continue to be included in the LHMP implementation and maintenance process.

The LHMP Project Management Team will facilitate the LHMP Planning Team meetings and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to other departments, stakeholder groups,

and/or elected officials. The LHMP Planning Team will be responsible for maintaining and updating the LHMP and will coordinate implementation through their respective positions and agencies. LHMP implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among all LHMP Planning Team members.

At a minimum, the ongoing annual LHMP Planning Team meeting will evaluate the progress of the LHMP and incorporate the actions into other planning documents. This review will include the following:
• Summary of any hazard events that occurred during the prior year and their impacts on the community.
• Review of successful mitigation initiatives identified in the Plan. • Brief discussion about why targeted mitigation strategies were not completed. • Reevaluation of the mitigation actions to determine if the timeline for identified projects needs to be amended (such as changing a long-term project to a short-term project due to funding availability).
• Recommendations for new mitigation actions.
• Changes in, or potential for, new funding options/grant opportunities. • Integration of new GIS data and maps that can be used to inform the Plan. • Evaluation of any other planning programs or initiatives within the City that involve hazard mitigation.

The purpose of the annual evaluation will be to ensure consideration and implementation of the LHMP and document progress to inform the future LHMP update.

Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Section 201.6(d)(3), requires that local hazard mitigation plans be reviewed, revised, and resubmitted to FEMA for approval to remain eligible for the benefits awarded under the DMA.

Monitoring the progress of the mitigation actions will be on-going throughout the five-year period between the adoption of the LHMP and the next update effort. The LHMP Planning Team will meet on an annual basis to monitor the status mitigation action implementation and develop updates, as necessary.

The City intends to update the Plan on a five-year cycle from the date of its adoption. It is anticipated that this update process will occur one year prior to expiration of the existing LHMP.

This cycle may be accelerated to less than five years based on the following triggers:
• A state or presidential disaster declaration that impacts the City. • A hazard event that causes loss of life.

Should a significant disaster occur within the City, the LHMP Planning Team will reconvene to review and update the LHMP, as appropriate. The City Council will adopt written updates to the LHMP.

The intent of the update process will be to add new planning process methods, community profile data, hazard data and events, vulnerability analyses, mitigation actions, and goals to the adopted Plan so that the LHMP will always be current and up to date. Based on the needs identified by the LHMP Planning Team, the update will, at a minimum, include the elements below:

1. The update process will be convened through the LHMP Planning Team and will include representatives from the Planning Department and other participating departments to ensure consistency with other relevant City planning documents.

2. The hazard risk assessment will be reviewed and updated using best available information and technologies on an annual basis.

3. The evaluation of critical structures and mapping will be updated and improved as funding becomes available.

4. The mitigation actions will be reviewed and revised to account for any actions completed, deferred, or changed to account for changes in the risk assessment or new City policies identified under other planning mechanisms, as appropriate (such as the City’s General Plan).

5. The draft update will be sent to appropriate agencies for comment.

6. The public will be given an opportunity to comment prior to adoption.

7. The Grand Terrace City Council will adopt the updated LHMP.

The LHMP Planning Team will coordinate with responsible City departments and agencies/organizations identified for each mitigation action. These responsible departments and agencies/organizations will monitor and evaluate the progress made on the implementation of mitigation actions and report to the LHMP Planning Team on an annual basis. Working with the LHMP Planning Team, these responsible departments and agencies/organizations will be asked to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation actions and modify the mitigation actions as appropriate. The LHMP Mitigation Action Progress Report worksheet will assist mitigation leads in reporting on the status and assessing the effectiveness of the mitigation actions.

Information gathered from the City departments and external partners will be used to monitor mitigation actions and annual evaluation of the LHMP. The following questions will be considered as criteria for evaluating the Plan’s effectiveness:
• Has the nature or magnitude of hazards affecting the City changed? • Are there new hazards that have the potential to impact the City? • Do the identified goals and actions address current and expected conditions? • Have mitigation actions been implemented or completed? • Has the implementation of identified mitigation actions resulted in expected outcomes? • Are current resources adequate to implement the LHMP? • Should additional local resources be committed to address identified hazards? An Annual LHMP Review Questionnaire worksheet will be used to provide guidance to the LHMP Planning Team on what should be included in the evaluation. Future updates to the LHMP will account for any new hazard vulnerabilities, special circumstances, or new information that becomes available. Issues that arise during monitoring and evaluating the LHMP, which require changes to the risk assessment, mitigation strategy and other components of the Plan, will be

incorporated into the next update of the LHMP in 2030. The questions identified above will remain valid when preparing the 2030 Plan update.

Cal OES and FEMA are responsible for initial review and approval of the LHMP. After the plan check review process concludes, the Grand Terrace City Council is responsible for adopting the LHMP. This formal adoption should take place every five years. Once the LHMP has been finalized, the City Project Management Team will be responsible for final submission to the California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES). Cal OES will then submit the Plan to FEMA for final review and approval.

LHMP effectiveness depends on the implementation of the mitigation actions, and incorporating these actions into other City plans, policies, and programs. These mitigation actions provide the framework for activities that the City can implement over the next five years. The City has prioritized the actions in this LHMP, which will be implemented through existing plans, policies, and programs as resources become available.

The City of Grand Terrace Planning Department has taken on the responsibility for overseeing the Plan’s implementation and maintenance through the City’s existing programs. The Planning and Development Services Director, or designated appointee, will assume lead responsibility for facilitating LHMP implementation and maintenance meetings. Although the City of Grand Terrace Planning Department will have primary responsibility for review, coordination, and promotion, plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among all departments identified as lead departments in the mitigation action plan.

The LHMP can also build upon related planning efforts and mitigation programs that are already occurring within the City. This will also facilitate applying for funding opportunities as they become available. Progress on implementing mitigation actions through other City planning programs and mechanisms should be monitored and integrated into future updates.

By adopting a resolution to approve this LHMP, the City agrees to reference and incorporate the document into planning documents, programs, decisions, processes, and regulations. The LHMP will be reviewed and considered by internal City departments, as applicable plans or programs are created or updated in the future. Upon creating or updating new plans, programs or policies, City staff will review this LHMP and consider the following:
• What hazard and/or vulnerability information should be considered and/or integrated into this plan?
• Are there opportunities for this plan to support and/or implement mitigation actions? • What mitigation actions can and should be integrated into this plan? • Are there other community mechanisms that mitigation can be integrated? • Is there information from this plan that can be integrated into the next LHMP update? Opportunities for the City to integrate information from this LHMP into planning mechanisms are described below.

Planning and zoning law require California cities to adopt a comprehensive, long-term general plan for the physical development of the City. General plans are required to address natural hazards that could impact the jurisdiction and prepare for the impact of natural hazards. The City’s General Plan identifies land use patterns, future development, and growth within the planning area. The LHMP update process has allowed the City to review the policies contained in the General Plan Safety Element and identified mitigation actions that will further implement these policies. The City views the General Plan and LHMP as complimentary planning documents that work together to achieve the goal of the reduction of risk exposure to the citizens of the City. Once the LHMP is adopted by FEMA, the City will update the Safety Element to incorporate the LHMP and vulnerability assessment by reference to comply with California Assembly Bill 2140.

The City’s Capital Improvement Program (CIP) identifies capital projects and major equipment purchases for all City departments. The CIP links both the annual general plan and annual budget.

Identified CIP projects were integrated into the LHMP mitigation actions where appropriate, for projects with a nexus to resilience or natural hazards. In addition, as part of the annual review and update of the CIP, mitigation actions identified will be reviewed and integrated. The City anticipates utilizing this LHMP to apply for Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grant funding such as Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program and Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program, for key capital improvement and infrastructure projects related to the natural hazards identified in this LHMP.

Other opportunities for integration of this LHMP include education programs and continued coordination between the City and the identified external partners such as Lions Club, American Red Cross, and the Family Services Association. Expansion of community capacity and education programs is discussed in Table 5.3 in the previous section.

The City was successful in implementing several mitigation actions from the 2017 LHMP, as outlined in Section 5. Overall, the City strives to maintain a culture of preparedness and ongoing hazard mitigation. However, the City experienced limited opportunities to integrate the 2017 LHMP into existing programs and planning mechanisms for reasons listed below.

Staff changes and turnover occurred during the five-year planning period of the previous LHMP, including the Public Works Department. In 2022, the City applied for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) funding to study structural mitigation options for an ongoing landslide but staffing limitations ultimately paused the project. Staffing limitations were further compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, where staff focus was shifted from hazard mitigation to emergency response during the active period of the 2017 LHMP. Several plans where the LHMP would be incorporated by reference (such as the City’s Safety Element, Emergency Operations Plan, Urban Water Management Plan) were not updated during the active period of the 2017 LHMP. These plans are now in the update process and will integrate the current LHMP by reference. The City anticipates integrating this LHMP into the studies and planning mechanisms listed above, and applying for FEMA grant funding to implement key mitigation actions.

The City is dedicated to involving the public in LHMP review and updates throughout the five-year planning period. The public, including socially vulnerable populations, will continue to be informed

of the LHMP actions through regular updates to the City’s website. The City will continue to provide in-person educational events and activities to further inform the community regarding natural hazard risk and mitigation. Where feasible, these educational opportunities will be colocated with other safety related community events such as National Night Out.

Additionally, continued public involvement will be achieved through the promotion of hazard mitigation/emergency preparedness, trainings, interagency-coordinated outreach efforts and other hazard awareness campaigns. These are included in Section 5.0 as Mitigation Actions. The listed mitigation actions include outreach and communication mechanisms designed with the “whole community” approach, ensuring that socially vulnerable populations will receive messaging. The City will also inform LHMP Planning Team participants of relevant updates at the annual LHMP evaluation meeting.

The adopted LHMP will remain permanently available for review on the City’s website, with contact information for interested parties to direct comments and concerns. All public feedback will be reviewed and considered for incorporation (if deemed appropriate) into the next LHMP update.

Upon initiation of the LHMP update process, a new public involvement strategy will be developed based on guidance from the LHMP Planning Team. This strategy will be based on the needs and capabilities of the City at the time of the update. At a minimum, this strategy will include the use of the City website, email distribution lists and local media outlets within the planning area. At this time, a re-evaluation of local socially vulnerable populations will be conducted for improved understanding of how to reach and engage these groups.

Judith Garcia, Management Analyst
City of Grand Terrace
22795 Barton Rd.

Grand Terrace, CA 92313
[email protected]

The following references were utilized during preparation of this Local Hazard Mitigation Plan 2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, DP05 Demographics and Housing Estimates,https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP5Y2010.DP05?q=Grand%20Terrace%20 city,%20Californiaccessed December 19, 2024.
2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, DP03 Selected Economic Characteristics, https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP03%20Selected%20Economic%20Characteristics% 20san%20bernardino%20county&g=160XX00US0630658, accessed October 4, 2024. 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, DP04 Selected Housing Characteristics, https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP04%20Selected%20Housing%20Characteristics%20 &g=160XX00US0630658, accessed November 7, 2024.
2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, DP05 Demographics and Housing Estimates,
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP5Y2022.DP05?q=Grand%20Terrace%20city,%20C alifornia, accessed December 19, 2024.
2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, S1101 Households and Families, https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S1101?q=S1101:%20Households%20and %20Families&g=160XX00US0630658, accessed November 7, 2024.

ABC 7, 5 arrested for Grand Terrace NYE shooting, https://abc7.com/grand-terrace-shootingmurder-new-years-eve-nye/463860/, published January 6, 2015, accessed October 3, 2024.

ABC 7, Couple sentenced in plea deal for sparking deadly El Dorado Fire in gender reveal mishap, https://abc7.com/el-dorado-fire-gender-reveal-plea-deal-smokebomb/14407273/, updated February 10 2024, accessed October 1, 2024.

American Lung Association, State of the Air 2024, https://www.lung.org/getmedia/dabac59e963b-4e9b-bf0f-73615b07bfd8/State-of-the-Air-2024.pdf, published 2024, accessed December 18, 2024.

Anchor, The “Old Fire”, https://www.ncpedia.org/media/old-fire, accessed September 30, 2024.

Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Dam Failures and Incidents, https://damsafety.org/dam-failures, accessed August 9, 2024.

Ball State University, Hazardous Material Spills,
https://www.bsu.edu/about/administrativeoffices/emergencypreparedness/guidelines/hazardous-materialspills#:~:text=A%20hazardous%20material%20spill%20is,the%20substance%20cannot %20be%20controlled., published 2024, accessed April 12, 2024.

Cal Fire, Airport Fire, https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2024/9/9/airport-fire, accessed October 1, 2024.

Cal Fire, Bridge Fire, https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2024/9/8/bridge-fire, accessed October 1, 2024.

Cal Fire, Line Fire, https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2024/9/5/line-fire, accessed September 19, 2024.

Cal OES News, Extreme Heat Returns to Southern California This Week, https://news.caloes.ca.gov/extreme-heat-returns-to-southern-california-this-week/, published August 29, 2023, accessed September 20, 2024.

Cal OES, 2023 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan, https://www.caloes.ca.gov/wpcontent/uploads/Hazard-Mitigation/Documents/2023-California-SHMP_Volume1_11.10.2023.pdf, accessed September 20, 2024.

California Climate Adaptation Strategy, Summary of Projected Climate Change Impacts on California,
https://climateresilience.ca.gov/overview/impacts.html#:~:text=California%20is%20alrea dy%20experiencing%20the,have%20increased%20as%20temperatures%20warm, accessed June 28, 2024.

California Department of Conservation, 2023 California Landslide Response, https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/landslides/2023, accessed August 14, 2024.

California Department of Conservation, Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones, https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/alquist-priolo, accessed September 19, 2024.

California Department of Public Health, Isolation Q&A,
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Covid-19/Isolation-QA.aspx, accessed September 19, 2024.

California Department of Water Resources, California’s Most Significant Droughts: Comparing Historical and Recent Conditions, February 2015.

California Department of Water Resources, Division of Safety of Dams, Definitions of Downstream Hazard and Condition Assessment, https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWRWebsite/Web-Pages/Programs/All-Programs/Division-of-Safety-ofDams/Files/Publications/Division-of-Safety-of-Dams-Definitions-for-Downstream-Hazardand-Condition-Assessment.pdf, accessed November 14, 2024.

California Department of Water Resources, Division of Safety of Dams, https://water.ca.gov/Programs/All-Programs/Division-of-Safety-of-Dams, accessed July 12, 2022.

California Environmental Protection Agency, Understanding the Urban Heat Island Index,

https://calepa.ca.gov/climate/urban-heat-island-index-for-california/understanding-theurban-heat-island-index, accessed August 8, 2024.

California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services, 2018 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan, https://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardMitigationSite/Documents/012- 2018%20SHMP_FINAL_Ch%209.pdf, published September 2018, accessed July 12, 2022.

California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services, California Adaptation Plan, https://www.caloes.ca.gov/HazardMitigationSite/Documents/CA-Adaptation-PlanningGuide-FINAL-June-2020-Accessible.pdf, published June 2020, accessed July 12, 2022.

Carl Dameron, Grand Terrace Extends Mandatory Water Restrictions, Grand Terrace City News, November 2015.

CDC, 2009 H1N1 Pandemic (H1N1pdm09 virus),
https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1- pandemic.html, last reviewed June 11, 2019, accessed September 19, 2024.

CDC, About Human Infections with Variant Influenza Viruses, https://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/variant-flu-in-humans/index.html, published June 27, 2024, accessed September 19, 2024.

CDC, Heat-related Illness, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/heat-stress/about/illnesses.html, accessed September 20, 2024.

CDC, Learning from Pandemic Flu, https://www.cdc.gov/museum/pdf/cdcm-pha-stem-learningfrom-pandemic-flu-lesson.pdf, accessed September 19, 2024.

CDC, Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology, Section 11, https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/se ction11.html, accessed September 19, 2024.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Effects of Volcanic Air Pollution, https://www.cdc.gov/volcanoes/risk-factors/index.html#:~:text=and%20your%20health- ,Inhaling%20volcanic%20gases%20and%20ash%20can%20be%20harmful%20to%20y our,difficulty%20breathing%20or%20even%20death., published April 22, 2024, accessed September 23, 2024.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, How Wildfire Smoke Affects Your Body, https://www.cdc.gov/wildfires/risk-factors/index.html, published April 19, 2024, accessed June 28, 2024.

CEQA, Gateway at Grand Terrace, https://ceqanet.opr.ca.gov/2021020110/6, received August 1, 2024, accessed December 19, 2024.

City News Groups, Inc., Power Outage Grand Terrace,

https://www.citynewsgroup.com/articles/power-outage-grand-terrace, published November 20, 2024, accessed December 6, 2024.

City of Grand Terrace, 2021 – 2029 Housing Element, https://www.hcd.ca.gov/housingelements/docs/grand-terrace-6th-draft121521.pdf, published 2021, accessed October 4, 2024.

City of Grand Terrace, Capital Improvement Projects, https://www.grandterraceca.gov/departments/city_managers_office/economic_development/2020_And_Beyond, accessed February 26, 2025.

City of Grand Terrace, Power Outage Announcement, https://www.grandterraceca.gov/cms/one.aspx?portalId=12337339&pageId=20666120, accessed February 26, 2025.

City of Grand Terrace, Power Outage Announcement, https://www.grandterraceca.gov/residents/news_information/what_s_new/power_outage_announcement- _jan_22__2025, accessed February 26, 2025.

City of Grand Terrace, Utilities, https://www.grandterrace-ca.gov/departments/utilities, accessed October 31, 2024.

City Town Info, Grand Terrace, California, https://www.citytowninfo.com/places/california/grandterrace, published, accessed November 7, 2024.

Climate Central, Derailments May Increase as ‘Sun Kinks’ Buckle Tracks, https://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-warp-railroad-tracks-sun-kinks17470, accessed September 19, 2024.

Climate Data, Grand Terrace Climate, https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-ofamerica/california/grand-terrace-16078/, accessed December 17, 2024.

Climate Diplomacy Organization, Insurgency, Terrorism and Organized Crime in a Warming Climate, https://www.climate-diplomacy.org/publications/insurgency-terrorism-andorganised-crime-warming-climate, accessed September 19, 2024.

Daily Bulletin, Inland Empire weather forecast: rain, snow, thunderstorms, https://www.dailybulletin.com/2020/04/08/inland-empire-weather-rain-snowthunderstorms/, updated April 8, 2020, accessed September 26, 2024.

Daily Reporter, Warehouse boom transformed Inland Empire. Are jobs worth the environmental degradation?
Department of Homeland Security, Chemicals and Hazardous Materials Incidents, https://www.ready.gov/hazardous-materials-incidents, accessed April 17, 2024.

Desert Sun, ‘Fire weather days’ are increasing in the Inland Empire faster than rest of the

country, https://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/CAO/_NewsClips/Content/news052523.pdf, published May 24, 2023, accessed October 1, 2024.

Earth Justice, Fighting to Breathe: Andrea Vidaurre is Taking on the Freight Industry’s Pollution from California to Washington D.C., https://earthjustice.org/feature/andrea-vidaurregoldman-prize-inland-empire-warehouse, published April 29, 2024, accessed September 17, 2024.

EPA, NORTON AIR FORCE BASE (LNDFLL #2),
https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0902760, accessed August 22, 2024.

Executive Department State of California, Proclamation of a State of Emergency https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/10.19.21-Drought-SOE-1.pdf, published November 2021 and accessed November 8, 2024.

Fast Company, $600 million will go to Ohio residents affected by the Norfolk Southern derailment, https://www.fastcompany.com/91198017/600-million-ohio-residents-affectednorfolk-southern-derailment, published September 26, 2024, accessed September 26, 2024.

Federal Bureau of Investigation, Addressing the Problem of the Active Shooter, https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/addressing-the-problem-of-the-active-shooter, published May 7, 2013, accessed September 19, 2024.

Federal Bureau of Investigation, OPS Active Shooter Guide, https://www.fbi.gov/filerepository/active-shooter-508.pdf/view, accessed September 19, 2024.

FEMA, Disaster Declarations for States and Counties, https://www.fema.gov/datavisualization/disaster-declarations-states-and-counties, accessed August 9, 2024.

FEMA, Flood Risk Increases After Fires Are Out – Buy Flood Insurance Now, https://www.fema.gov/fact-sheet/4562/flood-risk-increases-after-fires-are-out-buy-floodinsurance-now, published October 21, 2020, accessed July 12, 2022.

FEMA, Glossary: Flood,
https://www.fema.gov/glossary/flood#:~:text=A%20general%20and%20temporary%20co ndition,inland%20or%20tidal%20waters%3B%20or, updated July 7, 2020, accessed July 1, 2024.

FEMA, Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment - Subpart D: Seismic Hazards, file:///C:/Users/Audrey.tamayo/Downloads/481396.pdf, January 1, 1997.

FEMA, Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding: A Guide for Communities, Chapter 2:

Localized Flooding, https://www.fema.gov/pdf/fima/FEMA511-complete.pdf, accessed July 23, 2024.

FEMA, Riverine Flooding National Risk Index, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/map , accessed July 23, 2024.

FMCSA, National Hazardous Materials Route Registry - By State, https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/hazardous-materials/national-hazardousmaterials-route-registry-state, accessed August 22, 2024.

Fox, California’s Line Fire smoke degrades air quality to ‘very unhealthy,’ sends thousands fleeing flames, published September 9, 2024, accessed September 23, 2024.

GoodRX Health, The Novel Coronavirus: What are Novel Viruses, and How do they Impact Public Health?, https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/covid-19/what-does-novelcoronavirus-mean-science-medical-definition, updated February 21, 2023, accessed September 19, 2024.

Governor Gavin Newsom, Governor Newsom adapts state’s drought response to changing conditions, continues action to support recovery and build resilience, https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/10.19.21-Drought-SOE-1.pdf, published September 4, 2024 and accessed November 8, 2024.

Grand Terrace City News, The summer heat continues to bring fires, https://grandterrace.citynewsgroup.com/articles/the-summer-heat-continues-to-bringfires-1, published July 16, 2024, accessed August 12, 2024.

Grand Terrace City News, Wildfire Season Has Begun!,
https://grandterrace.citynewsgroup.com/articles/wildfire-season-has-begun, published July 8, 2024, accessed August 12, 2024.

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Coronavirus and Climate Change, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/subtopics/coronavirus-and-climate-change, accessed September 19, 2024.

Inside Climate News, Climate Change Poses a Huge Threat to Railroads. Environmental Engineers Have Ideas for How to Combat That,
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08042022/climate-change-railroads-adaptation/, published April 8, 2022, accessed September 19, 2024.

Instagram Grand Terrace Chamber of Commerce, Power Outage Grand Terrace, https://www.instagram.com/grandterrace_chamberofcommerce/reel/DEsvgKzyey9/, posted January 11, 2025, accessed February 27, 2025.

International Fire & Safety Journal, 7 Common Causes of Warehouse Fires, https://internationalfireandsafetyjournal.com/warehouse-fires/, published April 1, 2024, accessed September 26, 2024.

International Railway Safety Council, Railway Safety, https://international-railway-safetycouncil.com/common-risks-managed-railway-industry/, accessed September 12, 2024.

John, T. Abatzoglou, and A. Park William, “Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire Across western US Forests,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1607171113, published October 10, 2016, accessed June 28, 2024.

KTLA 5, 3.4 magnitude earthquake shakes up Inland Empire, https://ktla.com/news/localnews/3-4-magnitude-earthquake-shakes-up-inland-empire/, published March 22, 2022 accessed September 30, 2024.

KTLA 5, Firefighters battle large fire at home in Grand Terrace, https://ktla.com/news/localnews/grand-terrace-home-destroyed-by-fire-on-fourth-of-july/, published July 5, 2022, accessed September 26, 2024.

KTLA 5, Santa Ana Winds topple trees, cause damage across Southern California, https://ktla.com/news/california/damaging-santa-ana-winds-arrive-in-southern-california/, published March 14, 2024, accessed September 20, 2024.

KTLA, What are Santa Ana winds and how do they impact fire season?, https://ktla.com/news/local-news/what-are-santa-ana-winds-and-how-do-they-impactfireseason/#:~:text=Santa%20Ana%20winds%20are%20often%20strong%20enough%2C% 20and%20being%20warm,perfect%20environment%20for%20a%20fire., published November 18, 2022, accessed June 28, 2024.

Los Angeles Times, 104-mph gusts recorded as Santa Winds wreak havoc across Southern California, https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-16/santa-ana-winds-wreakhavoc-in-inland-empire, published November 16, 2022, accessed September 20, 2024.

Luna, Deborah, Grand Terrace Labyrinth Affected by Hurricane Hilary, https://www.citynewsgroup.com/articles/grand-terrace-labyrinth-affected-by-hurricanehilary-, accessed August 22, 2024.

Mayo Clinic, Covid-19 in babies and children, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-in-babies-and-children/art-20484405, published October 21, 2022, accessed September 19, 2024.

Mayo Clinic, Heat Exhaustion, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heatexhaustion/symptoms-causes/syc-20373250, accessed July 3, 2024.

National Drought Mitigation Center, Drought Basics,
https://drought.unl.edu/Education/DroughtBasics.aspx, accessed August 9, 2024.

National Geographic Society, Landslide,
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/landslide/, updated 2024, accessed June 28, 2024.

National Geographic, Air Pollution, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/airpollution/, accessed September 18, 2024.

National Integrated Drought Information System, Drought Conditions for San Bernardino County, https://www.drought.gov/states/california/county/San%20Bernardino accessed November 13, 2024.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Wildfire Climate Connection, https://www.noaa.gov/noaa-wildfire/wildfire-climate-connection, accessed October 1, 2024.

National Science Foundation, Study finds that climate change could spark the next pandemic, https://beta.nsf.gov/news/study-finds-climate-change-could-spark-next, published May 25, 2022, accessed September 19, 2024.

National Weather Service NOAA, Air Quality Index, https://www.weather.gov/safety/airqualityaqindex, updated 2024, accessed June 28, 2024.

National Weather Service NOAA, During a Heat Wave, https://www.weather.gov/safety/heatduring, published 2024, accessed September 20, 2024.

National Weather Service, What is the Heat Index?,
https://www.weather.gov/ama/heatindex#:~:text=The%20heat%20index%2C%20also%2 0known,sweat%20to%20cool%20itself%20off., accessed September 20, 2024.

Native Land Digital, https://native-land.ca/, accessed November 7, 2024.

NBC Los Angeles, Preparing for SoCal storms? Here is a list of fire stations offering free sandbags, https://www.nbclosangeles.com/weather-news/preparing-for-socal-stormshere-is-a-list-of-fire-stations-offering-free-sandbags/3328314/, updated February 2, 2024, accessed September 20, 2024.

NBC Los Angeles, Rancho Cucamonga Earthquake Rattles Inland Empire Today, https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/rancho-cucamonga-earthquake-today-inlandempire/2938504/, published July 14, 2022, accessed July 14, 2022.

NBC, Santa Ana winds are back and so are your allergies. Here’s what to do, https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/santa-anas-winds-are-back-and-so-are-yourallergies-heres-what-todo/3345234/#:~:text=While%20fire%20isn%27t%20always,the%20chest%20and%20dry %20skin., published November 2, 2023, accessed September 20, 2024.

New York Times, The Coming California Megastorm,
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/12/climate/california-rain-storm.html, published August 12, 2022, accessed July 2, 2024.

NLC, Rail Safety in Communities Across the U.S., https://www.nlc.org/resource/interactive-railsafety-map-see-derailments-in-communities-across-the-u-s/, published June 1, 2023, accessed September 26, 2024.

NOAA, Definition of Drought, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/dyk/droughtdefinition, accessed August 9, 2024.

NOAA, What are El Nino and La Nina?, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html, updated June 16, 2024, accessed July 1, 2024.

NWS, Mountain and Valley Winds, https://www.weather.gov/safety/wind-mountain-valley, accessed July 9, 2024.

Orange County Public Works, Seven Oaks Dam, https://ocip.ocpublicworks.com/serviceareas/oc-infrastructure-programs/santa-ana-river-project/seven-oaks-dam, accessed November 13, 2024.

Patch, How Windy Was It In Orange County? Strong Gusts in OC, https://patch.com/california/orange-county/how-windy-was-it-orange-county-stronggusts-oc, updated February 4, 2020, accessed September 26, 2024.

PBS News, Everything we know about the San Bernardino shooting, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/everything-we-know-about-the-san-bernardinoshooting, published December 3, 2015, accessed September 19, 2024.

PBS So Cal, Can Banning New Warehouses Improve Air Quality in the Inland Empire?, https://www.pbssocal.org/news-community/can-banning-new-warehouses-improve-airquality-in-the-inland-empire, published May 10, 2022, accessed September 23, 2024.

Rosetti, Michael, Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Railroads, https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/rossetti_CC_Impact_Railroads.pdf , accessed September 19, 2024.

Rancho Santiago Community College District, Section IV-F – Severe Weather/Santa Ana Winds, chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.rsccd.edu/Departments/RiskManagement/Documents/Risk%20Management/IV-F%20Windstorms.pdf, accessed July 9, 2024.

RMI, Uncovering the Deadly Toll of Air Pollution from Buildings, https://rmi.org/uncovering-thedeadly-toll-of-air-pollution-from-buildings/, published May 5, 2021, accessed December 12, 2024.

San Bernardino County Fire Protection District, Locations, https://sbcfire.org/ofm/#locations, accessed September 26, 2024.

San Bernardino County Fire Protection District, Service Zone Map, https://sbcfire.org/fp5/, accessed September 26, 2024.

San Bernardino County Land Use Plan, General Plan Geological Hazards Overlays, https://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/lus/GeoHazMaps/EHFHC_20100309new.pdf, published 2010, accessed October 2, 2024.

San Bernardino County, County issues Heat Advisory, high heat temperatures expected, https://dph.sbcounty.gov/2020/county-issues-heat-advisory-high-heat-temperaturesexpected-7/, published August 14, 2020, accessed September 20, 2024.

San Bernardino County, County issues Heat Advisory, high heat temperatures expected, https://dph.sbcounty.gov/2018/county-issues-heat-advisory-high-heat-temperaturesexpected-4/, published July 6, 2018, accessed September 20, 2024.

San Bernardino County, County issues Heat Advisory, high heat temperatures expected, https://dph.sbcounty.gov/2022/county-issues-heat-advisory-high-heat-temperaturesexpected-9/, published June 10, 2022, accessed September 20, 2024.

San Bernardino County, County residents are urged to stay safe during the heat wave, https://main.sbcounty.gov/2024/09/05/county-residents-are-urged-to-stay-safe-duringthe-heat-wave/, published September 5, 2024, accessed September 20, 2024.

San Bernardino County, Extreme heat is upon us – stay health and safe!, https://main.sbcounty.gov/2024/07/03/extreme-heat-is-upon-us-stay-healthy-and-safe/, published July 3, 2024, accessed September 20, 2024.

San Bernardino County, San Bernardino County History, https://main.sbcounty.gov/sbcountyhistory/, accessed October 2, 2024.

San Bernardino Sun, Renewable energy storage project launches in Grand Terrace, https://www.sbsun.com/2024/08/05/renewable-energy-storage-project-launches-ingrand-terrace/, published August 5, 2024, accessed February 3, 2025.

SBC Fire, About CERS, https://sbcfire.org/hmcers/, accessed August 22, 2024.

SCAG, Extreme Heat & Public Health Report, San Bernardino County, https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/fileattachments/extremeheatpublichealthreportfinal_09302020.pdf?1634674354, published 2020, accessed September 20, 2024.

So Cal Gas, Gas Transmission Pipeline Interactive Map – San Bernardino, https://socalgas.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=c85ced1227af4c8a ae9b19d677969335, accessed October 3, 2024.

Southern California Earthquake Data Center, Crafton Hills Fault Zone, https://scedc.caltech.edu/earthquake/craftonhills.html, accessed September 30, 2024.

Southern California Earthquake Data Center, Elsinore Fault Zone, https://scedc.caltech.edu/earthquake/elsinore.html, accessed July 23, 2024.

Southern California Earthquake Data Center, Red Hill Fault, https://scedc.caltech.edu/earthquake/redhill.html
Southern California Earthquake Data Center, San Andreas Fault Zone, https://scedc.caltech.edu/earthquake/sanandreas.html, accessed July 23, 2024.

Southern California Earthquake Data Center, Sierra Madre Fault Zone, https://scedc.caltech.edu/earthquake/sierramadre.html, accessed July 23, 2024.

Southern California Edison, Public Safety Power Shutoff, https://www.sce.com/wildfire/psps, accessed September 19, 2024.

Spectrum News 1, What are Santa Ana winds and do they cause wildfires?, https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/weather/2020/10/01/what-are-santa-ana-windsand-do-they-cause-wildfires-, published November 5, 2021, accessed June 28, 2024.

Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health, How climate change exacerbates air pollution (and its health impacts), https://globalhealth.stanford.edu/planetary-healthfellowship/how-climate-change-exacerbates-air-pollution-and-its-health-impacts.html/, published August 24, 2023, accessed June 28, 2024.

Stanford News, California drought patterns becoming more common, Stanford scientists say, https://news.stanford.edu/2016/04/01/drought-patterns-change-040116/, published April 1, 2016, accessed November 7, 2022.

The Atlantic, A Recipe for Climate Disaster,
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/03/climate-change-heavy-rainlandslides-flood/629404/, published March 29, 2022, accessed August 14, 2024.

The City of Colton, Wastewater Information, https://www.ci.colton.ca.us/653/WastewaterInformation, accessed October 3, 2024.

The City of Grand Terrace, Be Water Wise Grand Terrace, https://www.grandterraceca.gov/departments/public_works/water_wise, accessed November 8, 2024.

The Hill, E-commerce hubs worsen air pollution: Study, https://thehill.com/policy/energyenvironment/4790958-warehouses-air-pollution-increase/, published July 24, 2024, accessed December 23, 2024.

The Press-Enterprise, These Inland Empire schools are closed due to wildfires, power outages, https://www.pressenterprise.com/2019/10/11/these-inland-empire-schools-are-closeddue-to-wildfires-power-outages/, published October 14, 2024, accessed September 30, 2024.

The Sun, Brush fire stopped at 160 acres in La Loma Hills area of Colton, https://www.sbsun.com/2020/08/01/brush-fire-burns-at-least-50-acres-in-la-loma-hillsarea-of-colton/, updated August 2, 2020, accessed October 1, 2024.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 7 Oaks Dam, https://resreg.spl.usace.army.mil/pages/7oaks.php, accessed November 13, 2024.

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration, FRA’s Climate and Sustainability Program, https://railroads.dot.gov/rail-networkdevelopment/environment/fras-climate-and-sustainabilityprogram#:~:text=Threats%20from%20climate%20change%20include,infrastructure%20 near%20rivers%20and%20valleys, updated September 19, 2024, accessed September 19, 2024.

U.S. Drought Monitor, San Bernardino County, CA,
https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?fips_06071, accessed February 25, 2025.

U.S. Geological Survey, Drought and Groundwater Levels, https://www.usgs.gov/specialtopics/water-science-school/science/drought-and-groundwater-levels, accessed November 8, 2024.

UCLA Newsroom, Study forecasts a severe climate future for California, h ttps://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/california-extreme-climate-future-ucla-study, accessed July 12, 2023.

UN Environment Programme, Methane emission are driving climate change. Here’s how to reduce them., https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/methane-emissions-aredriving-climate-change-heres-how-reduce-them, accessed September 18, 2024.

UN Environment Programme, Spreading like Wildfire; The Rising Threat of Extraordinary Landscape Fires, https://www.unep.org/resources/report/spreading-wildfire-rising-threatextraordinary-landscapefires?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI2rWNmvnvhwMVLWJHAR0hXTdWEAAYAiAA EgKfpvD_BwE, published February 23, 2022, accessed October 1, 2024.

United State Environmental Protection Agency, Basic Information about Landfill Gas, https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas, last updated April 25, 2024, accessed September 18, 2024.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Backyard Recreational Fires, https://www.epa.gov/burnwise/backyard-recreationalfires#:~:text=Outdoor%20recreational%20fires%20can%20become,particle%20pollution %20in%20wood%20smoke., updated June 4, 2024, accessed September 23, 2024.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Challenges in Predicting Smoke

Concentrations, https://www.epa.gov/wildfire-smoke-course/challenges-predictingsmoke-concentrations, updated February 2, 2024, accessed June 19, 2024.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Adaptation – Chemical Exposure and Health, https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/climate-adaptation-chemical-exposure-and-health, published June 21, 2023, accessed April 15, 2024.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Climate Change Impacts on Air Quality, https://www.epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate-change-impacts-air-quality, updated June 4, 2024, accessed September 23, 2024.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Hazards Caused by Hazardous Substances, https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/health-andecological-hazards-caused-hazardous-substances, accessed April 12, 2024.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Attributed to Wildfire Smoke, https://www.epa.gov/wildfire-smoke-course/challenges-predicting-smoke-concentrations, updated February 2, 2024, accessed June 28, 2024.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, What is Acid Rain? https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acidrain#:~:text=Acid%20rain%2C%20or%20acid%20deposition,in%20wet%20or%20dry%2 0forms., last updated May 7, 2024, accessed September 23, 2024.

University of Arizona, Climate Change Suppresses Santa Ana Winds of Southern California and Sharpens Their Seasonality, https://swcasc.arizona.edu/publication/climate-changesuppresses-santa-ana-winds-southern-california-and-sharpenstheir#:~:text=Climate%20Change%20Suppresses%20Santa%20Ana%20Winds%20of% 20Southern%20California%20and%20Sharpens%20Their%20Seasonality,- Reference&text=We%20downscale%20Santa%20Ana%20winds,climatology%20over% 20the%20historical%20period., accessed September 26, 2024.

University of Michigan, Which Populations are Most Vulnerable to the Coronavirus Pandemic?, https://sph.umich.edu/news/2020posts/which-populations-are-most-vulnerable-tocoronavirus.html, published April 6, 2020, accessed September 19, 2024.

US EPA, Climate Change Indicators: Heavy Precipitation, https://www.epa.gov/climateindicators/climate-change-indicators-heavy-precipitation, accessed July 3, 2024.

US EPA, Health and Ecological Hazards Caused by Hazardous Substances, https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/health-and-ecological-hazards-causedhazardous-substances, updated December 13, 2023, accessed April 17, 2024.

US EPA, Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect, https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/reduceurban-heat-islandeffect#:~:text=%22Urban%20heat%20islands%22%20occur%20when,heat%2Drelated %20illness%20and%20mortality, accessed September 20, 2024.

USA Facts, San Bernardino County, California coronavirus cases and deaths, https://usafacts.org/visualizations/coronavirus-covid-19-spreadmap/state/california/county/san-bernardino-county/, accessed September 19, 2024.

USGS, Alquist-Priolo Faults, https://earthquake.usgs.gov/education/geologicmaps/apfaults.php, accessed September 19, 2024.

USGS, Earthquake Glossary – Ground Motion, https://www.usgs.gov/glossary/earthquakehazards-program#:~:text=of%20the%20ground.- ,Ground%20motion,earth%20and%20along%20its%20surface., accessed September 19, 2024.

USGS, The Science of Earthquakes, https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquakehazards/scienceearthquakes#:~:text=The%20surface%20where%20they%20slip,Sometimes%20an%20 earthquake%20has%20foreshocks., accessed September 19, 2024.

USGS, UCERF3: A New Earthquake Forecast for California’s Complex Fault System, https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf, published March 2015, accessed December 18, 2024.

Washington Emergency Management Division, Hazardous Material, https://mil.wa.gov/hazardous-material, published 2024, accessed April 17, 2024.

Weather Spark, Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Grand Terrace, https://weatherspark.com/y/1942/Average-Weather-in-Grand-Terrace-California-UnitedStates-YearRound#:~:text=The%20month%20with%20the%20most%20rain%20in%20Grand%20Te rrace%20is,April%2016%20to%20October%2027, accessed September 18, 2024.

Weather Spark, Wind, https://weatherspark.com/y/1942/Average-Weather-in-Grand-TerraceCalifornia-United-States-Year-Round, accessed September 20, 2024.

Wong-Parodi, Gabrielle, Support for public safety power shutoffs in California: Wildfire-related perceived exposure and negative outcomes, prior and current health, risk appraisal and worry,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214629622000032#:~:text=In%2 0recent%20years%2C%20Public%20Safety,development%20in%20fire%20prone%20la nds., accessed September 19, 2024.

World Air Quality Historical Database, Rubidoux – Mission Blvd, Riverside, https://aqicn.org/historical#!city:california/riverside/rubidoux-mission-blvd, accessed September 23, 2024.

World Economic Forum, Air pollution is a silent killer. Here’s how cities are tackling it,

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/03/air-pollution-is-the-silent-killer-heres-howcities-are-tackling-it/, published March 18, 2024, accessed September 23, 2024.

World Health Organization, Vector-Borne Diseases, https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases, accessed September 19, 2024.

World Health Organization, WHO Covid-19 Dashboard,
https://data.who.int/dashboards/Covid19/deaths?n=o, accessed September 19, 2024.

World Health Organizations, Sand and dust storms, https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/sand-and-duststorms#:~:text=Sand%20and%20dust%20storm%20episodes,air%20pollution%20from %20particulate%20matter., published July 11, 2024, accessed September 23, 2024.

Younger, Sally, NASA Maps Key Heat Wave Differences in Southern California, https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3280/nasa-maps-key-heat-wave-differences-in-southerncalifornia/, accessed December 17, 2024.

1 Marchese, Casey
Subject: Grand Terrace: LHMP, Safety & EJ Elements Kickoff Location: Microsoft Teams Meeting
Start: Wed 7/31/2024 10:30 AM
End: Wed 7/31/2024 11:30 AM
Recurrence: (none)
Meeting Status: Accepted
Organizer: Liska, Shannon
Required Attendees: Liska, Shannon; Anderson, Noelle; Yaffe, Michael; Barbhaya, Surabhi; Wery, Dan; Scott Hutter; Gabriel Arguelles
Optional Attendees: Judith J. Garcia; Marchese, Casey
-----Original Appointment-----
From: Liska, Shannon <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, July 22, 2024 4:31 PM
To: Liska, Shannon; Liska, Shannon; Anderson, Noelle; Yaffe, Michael; Barbhaya, Surabhi; Wery, Dan; Scott Hutter; Gabriel Arguelles
Cc: Judith J. Garcia
Subject: Grand Terrace: LHMP, Safety & EJ Elements Kickoff When: Wednesday, July 31, 2024 10:30 AM-11:30 AM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Microsoft Teams Meeting
________________________________________________________________________________ Microsoft Teams Need help?
Join the meeting now
Meeting ID: 247 454 284 955
Passcode: y7Evcp
Dial in by phone
+1 213-336-0348,,739368143# United States, Los Angeles
Find a local number
Phone conference ID: 739 368 143#
Join on a video conferencing device

2 Tenant key: [email protected]
Video ID: 119 611 100 4
More info
For organizers: Meeting options | Reset dial-in PIN
________________________________________________________________________________

CITY OF GRAND TERRACE

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM KICK-OFF MEETING
July 31, 2024, 10:30 AM – 11:30 AM
Via Microsoft Teams
Kickoff Meeting Agenda

ATTENDEES
City of Grand Terrace
Scott Hutter, Planning & Development Services Director
Gabriel Arguelles, Assistant Planner
Judith Garcia, Public Works Department
Michael Baker International
Dan Wery, Project Manager
Shannon Liska, Deputy Project Manager
Noelle Anderson, LHMP and Environmental Justice Lead
Casey Marchese, Resilience Planner

1. Introduction, Roles/Responsibilities, City Coordination • Primary contacts & communication
• Planning Process documentation
• Preliminary schedule ~ 8 months for LHMP, re-connect to mid-project kick off on Safety/EJ

2. Planning Team Organization
• Participants (names, titles, agencies, email, telephone numbers) o FEMA Policy guidance now includes requirements for businesses, academia, and other non-profit organizations to be invited to the planning process. o See attached stakeholder recommendations
• Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meetings
o Stakeholder meeting #1, focus group meetings (4), stakeholder meeting #2

3. Work Program and Schedule
• Resource Identification and Data Needs
o Michael Baker eFTP link: https://eftp.mbakerintl.com/ • Community Engagement Strategy
o Online community survey & web content development
o Use communications/PIO to distribute
o Community Workshop/Pop-Up Event Ideas

• Critical Facilities List & Organization
o Request previous critical facilities list
• Previously Included Hazards for Consideration
o Earthquake
o Landslide
o Wildfire
o Flood
o Climate Change
• Opportunities to Enhance
o Dam/Reservoir Failure
o Drought
o Severe Weather (Heavy Rains, Windstorm/Santa Ana Winds, Extreme Heat) o Hazardous Materials
o Human-caused hazards
▪ Pandemic
▪ Active-Shooter
▪ Power Outage, Public Safety Power Shut-Off

4. Additional Discussion/Questions

5. Next Steps & Action Items

CITY OF GRAND TERRACE

LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM KICK-OFF MEETING
July 31, 2024, 10:30 AM – 11:30 AM
Via Microsoft Teams
Kickoff Meeting Minutes

ATTENDEES
City of Grand Terrace
Scott Hutter, Planning & Development Services Director
Gabriel Arguelles, Assistant Planner
Judith Garcia, Public Works Department (absent)
Michael Baker International
Dan Wery, Project Manager
Shannon Liska, Deputy Project Manager
Noelle Anderson, LHMP and Environmental Justice Lead
Casey Marchese, Resilience Planner

1. Introduction, Roles/Responsibilities, City Coordination • Primary contacts & communication
• Planning Process documentation
• Preliminary schedule ~ 8 months for LHMP, re-connect to mid-project kick off on Safety/EJ • Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – Who is a good point of contact from the City for the HMP?
o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – I can be the point of contact but copy Gabriel Arguelles and Judith Garcia.
• Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – Would you like to keep a standing meeting to check in monthly, bi-weekly, etc. and when would a good time be? o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – Bi-weekly meetings on Thursdays sound good.
• Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – We prepared a draft 8-month schedule starting today and targets submittal to CalOES and FEMA at the end of March. Does that work for you? o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – Yes, that should work. I can take a closer look at the schedule and let you know if I have any concerns.

2. Planning Team Organization
• Participants (names, titles, agencies, email, telephone numbers) o FEMA Policy guidance now includes requirements for businesses, academia, and other non-profit organizations to be invited to the planning process.

o See attached stakeholder recommendations
• Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meetings
o Stakeholder meeting #1, focus group meetings (4), stakeholder meeting #2

3. Work Program and Schedule
• Resource Identification and Data Needs
o Michael Baker eFTP link: https://eftp.mbakerintl.com/ • Community Engagement Strategy
o Online community survey & web content development
o Use communications/PIO to distribute
o Community Workshop/Pop-Up Event Ideas
• Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – Does the City have a PIO to coordinate the community outreach with?
o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – Coordinate with Judith Garcia, she handles our social media and would be helpful. • Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – Are there any upcoming community events where we could host a pop-up event for the HMP?
o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – We have a Trunk or Treat event in October, and we can check with Judith Garcia on other opportunities as well. o Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – We will coordinate with Judith on that. • Critical Facilities List & Organization
o Request previous critical facilities list
• Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – Does the City maintain the critical facilities list from the previous plan?
o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – We will check but we may not have that readily available.
• Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – The critical facilities list was kept confidential in the previous plan, do we want to maintain that confidentiality this time? o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – I prefer transparency. Unless there is something specific that should be redacted but otherwise, I’m fine with taking your recommendations as far as confidentiality.
• Previously Included Hazards for Consideration
o Earthquake
o Landslide
o Wildfire
o Flood
o Climate Change

• Opportunities to Enhance
o Dam/Reservoir Failure
o Drought
o Severe Weather (Heavy Rains, Windstorm/Santa Ana Winds, Extreme Heat) o Hazardous Materials
o Human-caused hazards
▪ Pandemic
▪ Active-Shooter
▪ Power Outage, Public Safety Power Shut-Off
• Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – Do you want to include any of the additional hazards we discussed?
o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – I would like to include them all if possible. The more we can include, the better. Also, we do have some rocky mountains nearby, maybe we can include rockfall along with the landslide hazards. o Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – We can do that, landslide can include rockfall, slope instability, subsidence, etc.
• Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – Also, we have railroads and freight trains that come through, should we consider freight train derailment? o Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – We can include freight train derailment, we map the train lines and note a 1,000 ft or so buffer zone as the hazard area.

4. Additional Discussion/Questions
• Noelle Anderson (LHMP Lead, Michael Baker) – Has the City been receiving or pursuing FEMA funding or grants? Are there any projects you have coming up or want to see come out of this effort?
o Scott Hutter (Planning and Development, Grand Terrace) – No current grants that I know of. Public Works is coming up with a Storm Drain Master Plan and Shanita Tillman with Public Works writes grants and grant applications for similar projects, so we can pull her in and make sure we capture any of those projects.

5. Next Steps & Action Items
• Action Item: MBI to provide project schedule for Scott’s review. • DONE Action Item: MBI to review stakeholder list and pass off to City (check with Shannon). • DONE Action Item: MBI to coordinate and prepare data request for the City (check with Shannon).
• DONE Action Item: MBI to update list of hazards with new hazards (rockfall, train derailment, etc.).
• Action Item: MBI to coordinate with Judith Garcia on community outreach content and event. • Action Item: City to locate existing/previous critical facilities list. • Action Item: City to pull in Shanita Tillman (Public Works Department) to coordinate on current/upcoming projects and grants.

1 Tamayo, Audrey
Subject: City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan - Stakeholder Meeting #1 Location: Microsoft Teams Meeting
Start: Wed 1/29/2025 3:00 PM
End: Wed 1/29/2025 4:30 PM
Show Time As: Tentative
Recurrence: (none)
Meeting Status: Not yet responded
Organizer: Poland, Jake
Required Attendees: Scott Hutter; Gabriel Arguelles; [email protected]; [email protected]; Mario Suarez; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; jallen@grandterraceca.gov; Judith J. Garcia; [email protected]; khenderson@grandterraceca.gov; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Anderson, Noelle; Tamayo, Audrey; [email protected] Optional Attendees: Yaffe, Michael; Aufrecht, Kimberly; ANTHONY ORTIZ; [email protected]; Fries, Kevin; Volunteer Support Services; Gonzales, Robert; Marchese, Casey; Matt Brown SkypeTeamsProperties: {"cid":"19:meeting_ZDFhN2MzYzUtNWFiZC00YjgxLWI0ODItMjZhMmU2NzRlNjk1 @thread.v2","rid":"0","mid":"0","private":true,"type":0} SkypeTeamsMeetingUrl: https://teams.microsoft.com/l/meetup-join/19% 3ameeting_ZDFhN2MzYzUtNWFiZC00YjgxLWI0ODItMjZhMmU2NzRlNjk1% 40thread.v2/0?context=%7b%22Tid%22%3a%224e1ee3db-4df6-4142-b7b9- bec15f171ca4%22%2c%22Oid%22%3a%22decd2f1a-2c51-414a-8272-d9bc12980bb8% 22%7d
SchedulingServiceUpdateUrl:
https://api.scheduler.teams.microsoft.com/teams/4e1ee3db-4df6-4142-b7b9- bec15f171ca4/decd2f1a-2c51-414a-8272-d9bc12980bb8/19
_meeting_ZDFhN2MzYzUtNWFiZC00YjgxLWI0ODItMjZhMmU2NzRlNjk1@thread.v2/0 TeamsVtcTenantId: 4e1ee3db-4df6-4142-b7b9-bec15f171ca4
TeamsVtcConferenceId: 1154150225
MeetingTemplateId: default
All,

You have been selected as a member of the City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) Update Stakeholder Committee. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is a key City document that evaluates the

2 City's risk to natural and human-caused hazards, identifies mitigation actions to reduce hazard vulnerability, and establishes eligibility for FEMA grant funding. A detailed meeting agenda will be provided prior to the scheduled meeting.

New guidance from FEMA requires our team to engage and solicit feedback from both internal City staff along with external City partners, including public safety agencies, utility providers, nonprofits, and NGOs – particularly those that serve socially vulnerable populations. Michael Baker International is the City’s consultant in preparing the LHMP Update, in coordination with the City's Planning Department.

The Stakeholder Committee will be the core group responsible for providing LHMP input/updates. During this introductory meeting, we will discuss:
 The LHMP update process
 Goals and Objective Setting
 Natural Hazard Selection and Prioritization

Additional focus group meetings will be hosted/coordinated after this initial meeting to facilitate small group discussions.

We understand the importance of your time – meetings will be structured to maximize results and minimize “homework” outside of the meeting block. Your attendance and participation at one or all of these meetings will be greatly appreciated. If you are unable to participate, please forward this meeting invitation to another representative in your organization.

The City's previous LHMP is available for review, linked here: https://www.grandterraceca.gov/departments/planning_development_services/planning/local_hazard_mitigation_plan

Your involvement will ensure a comprehensive and robust LHMP that meets Cal OES/FEMA requirements. Please reach out if you have any questions regarding the LHMP or update process.

Thank you,

Jake Poland
________________________________________________________________________________ Microsoft Teams Need help?
Join the meeting now
Meeting ID: 235 655 861 005
Passcode: wu9eD22V
Dial in by phone
+1 412-634-6334,,267646274# United States, Elizabeth
Find a local number
Phone conference ID: 267 646 274#
Join on a video conferencing device

3 Tenant key: [email protected]
Video ID: 115 415 022 5
More info
For organizers: Meeting options | Reset dial-in PIN
________________________________________________________________________________

Attendance Log
January 29, 2025, 3:00 PM – 4:30 PM via Microsoft Teams First and Last
Name
Title Organization/
Department
Email Address Present
Noelle Anderson Project Manager Michael Baker
International
[email protected] x
Michael Yaffe Resilience Lead Michael Baker
International
[email protected]
Dan Wery Michael Baker
International
[email protected] x
Casey Marchese Project Planner Michael Baker
International
[email protected] x
Audrey Tamayo Project Planner Michael Baker
International
[email protected] x
Jake Poland Project Planner Michael Baker
International
[email protected]
Scott Hutter Planning and
Development
Services Director
City of Grand Terrace [email protected] x
Bill Hussey Mayor City of Grand Terrace [email protected] x Christine Clayton Finance Director City of Grand Terrace [email protected] Daysi Alcocer City Clerk City of Grand Terrace [email protected] Doug Wilson Mayor Pro
Tempore
City of Grand Terrace [email protected]
Gabriel Arguelles Assistant Planner City of Grand Terrace [email protected] x Jeff Allen Council Member City of Grand Terrace [email protected] Judith Garcia Management
Analyst
City of Grand Terrace [email protected] x
Kamran Dadbeh Interim City
Engineer
City of Grand Terrace [email protected]
Kenneth J.

Henderson
Council Member City of Grand Terrace [email protected] Konrad Bolowich City Manager City of Grand Terrace [email protected] x Luis Gardea Building Official City of Grand Terrace [email protected] Michelle DeGrandeFuentesSenior
Management
Analyst
City of Grand Terrace [email protected] x
Michelle Sabino Council Member City of Grand Terrace [email protected] x Ruben Montano Senior
Maintenance Lead
City of Grand Terrace [email protected]
Shanita Tillman Senior
Management
Analyst
City of Grand Terrace [email protected] x

Tabatha Barefield Code
Enforcement/
Animal Control
Officer
City of Grand Terrace [email protected]
Brain Phelps Chair Grand Terrace Parks &
Recreation Advisory
Committee
Edward A. Giroux Chair Grand Terrace Planning
Commission
Mike Hogue Vice Chair Grand Terrace Parks &
Recreation Advisory
Committee
Kim Aufrecht Regional
Preparedness
Manager
American Red Cross -
Southern California
[email protected]
Andrea Harlin Governmental and
Legislative Affairs
Liaison
Caltrans District 8 [email protected]
Henry Dominguez Chief of Police City of Colton [email protected] Mario Suarez Planning Manager City of Colton [email protected] x Tom Ingalls Fire Marshal/
Emergency
Preparedness
City of Loma Linda [email protected] x
Anunciata Greer Homeland Security
Officer
City of Riverside [email protected] x
Mark D. Annas Emergency
Services
Administrator
City of Riverside [email protected] x
Lieutenant Michele
Mahan
Emergency
Operations
Manager
City of San Bernardino
Police Dept.
[email protected] x
Ana Mariscal Risk/Safety
Specialist
Colton Joint Unified
School District
[email protected]
Anthony Ortiz Assistant
Superintendent of
Student Services
Colton Joint Unified
School District
[email protected] x
David Bell Director of
Maintenance &
Operations
Colton Joint Unified
School District
[email protected] x
Frank Miranda Superintendent Colton Joint Unified
School District
[email protected]
CERT Coordinator San Bernardino
County Fire, OES
Community Emergency
Response Team (CERT)
[email protected]
Megan Moeskau Program
Coordinator
Family Services
Association
[email protected]
Renee Walker President Foundation of Grand
Terrace
[email protected]
Marie "Toni" Epps President Grand Terrace Area
Chamber of Commerce
[email protected]
Matt Brown Vice President Grand Terrace Area
Chamber of Commerce
[email protected] x

Sylvia Beasley Sheriff's Service
Specialist
Grand Terrace Citizen
Patrol
[email protected]
Becky Giroux President Grand Terrace Lions Club [email protected] [email protected]
Dani Bubier President Grand Terrace Lions Club [email protected] Mary Wilson President Grand Terrace Woman's
Club
[email protected]
Raul Castillo Vice President for
Risk Management
Loma Linda University
Medical Center
(909) 558-4000
Piyumie
Wickramasinghe
Director of Safety
and Security
OmniTrans Piyumie.Wickramasinghe@omnitrans
.org
Isaias Hernandez Disaster Program
Manager
Red Cross [email protected] x
Don Hough General Manager Riverside Highland Water
Company
[email protected] x
Unknown Riverside/San Bernardino
County
+1 909-583-3152 x
Patrick Keith Environmental
Health & Safety
Administrator
San Bernardino
Community College
District
[email protected] x
Dan Munsey Fire Chief/Fire
Warden - Fire
Station 23
San Bernardino County
Fire
[email protected]
Dan Wooters Battalion Chief -
Fire Station 23
San Bernardino County
Fire
Gary Jager Assistant Chief -
Fire Station 23
San Bernardino County
Fire
[email protected] x
Lisa Llewellyn Librarian I San Bernardino County
Grand Terrace Branch
Library
[email protected]
Mark Addy Sergeant San Bernardino County
Sheriff
[email protected]
Ryan Collins Captain San Bernardino County
Sheriff

September 2024

HAZARD MITIGATION

PLAN UPDATE
Stakeholder Meeting
January 29, 2025
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 1

September 2024
• Go to www.menti.com on your phone or desktop browser
• Enter the code at the top of the slide
Slide 2
MENTI – Icebr eak er Question
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024 Slide 3
MENTI – Icebr eak er Question
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Introductions/Icebreakers
Purpose and Requirements of LHMP
LHMP Planning Process
Hazard Identification and Prioritization
Data Needs & Capabilities
Next Steps
Questions/Additional Discussion
Agenda
Slide 4
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024 Slide 5
Intr oduction
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024 Slide 6
B ack gr ound – City of Gr and Ter r ace
LHMP
Disaster Mitigation
Act of 2000
1st Beverly Hills
LHMP Update
March 2011
Timeline of Grand Terrace’s LHMP
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
2nd Beverly Hills
LHMP Update
Grand Terrace LHMP February 2019
2005
Grand Terrace
LHMP Update 2011
Grand Terrace LHMP
Update 2017
Grand Terrace LHMP
Update 2025
Updated FEMA
Guidance 2023

September 2024
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard
Mitigation Plan Update 2025 – 2030
• Include new hazard profiles such as
air quality, dam/reservoir failure,
drought, geological hazards
(expansive soils, land subsidence),
severe weather (heavy rains, extreme
heat, windstorm), hazardous
materials, human caused hazards
• Meet updated FEMA guidelines
Slide 7
2025 LHMP Update
Deliverable:

City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024 Slide 8
Pur pose and R equir ements
of LHMP
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Establishes eligibility for FEMA Hazard
Mitigation Grant Funding; maximum grant
awards $50 million
End Product:

Final LHMP, approved by Cal OES and FEMA
Slide 9
L ocal H azar d Mitigation P lan R equir ements
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
What is
Hazard
Mitigation?
What is a
Hazard
Mitigation
Plan?
• Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate
long-term risk to life and property from hazards
• A plan based on a community’s values and
needs
• Results from a process-oriented approach
Focuses on mitigation strategies, making the
future safer
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 10

September 2024
Hazard Profiles
• Type, location,
extent
• Previous
occurrences
• Probability of future
events
• SVP Impacts
Vulnerability
Assessment
• Impacts of hazard
• Vulnerability to each
hazard
• SVP Vulnerability
• Repetitive loss
• Potential dollar
losses
Mitigation
Strategies
• Overarching goals
• Specific actions
• SVP actions
• Prioritize actions
• Who, what, when,
how much
Slide 11
L ocal H azar d Mitigation P lan Development
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Our team is preparing
updates to the City’s General
Plan Safety & Environmental
Justice Elements alongside
the LHMP
Slide 12
S afety & E nvir onmental J ustice (E J )
E lements
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
• Comprehensive range of mitigation actions and projects • Emphasize existing and new infrastructure
• Types of mitigation actions
• Local plans and regulations
• Structure and infrastructure projects
• Natural systems protection
• Education and awareness programs
• Action Plan
• Incorporate into existing plans and policies
• Identify who is responsible, funding mechanism, other resources, when completed and how purchased
Slide 13
Mitigation S tr ategy
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
• Plan submitted to Cal OES/FEMA for
Review
• Receive “Approval Pending Adoption”
status
• The City Council adopts the LHMP
• Must be adopted within one calendar
year
• Documentation of adoption (resolution)
provided to FEMA
• FEMA issues approval letter
Slide 14
Plan Adoption
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024 Slide 15
LHMP Planning Pr ocess
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Our Job
• Facilitate the process
• Provide technical expertise
• Maintain schedule
• Do the heavy work
• Ensure FEMA-compliant plan
Your Job
• Participate
• Meet internal deadlines
• Provide agency-specific
information/local insight
• Ensure plan is feasible and
meets needs
Slide 16
R oles & R esponsibilities
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
• Planning Team Meeting #1: Today!
• Introductions, HMP Plan Process/Development, Goals,
Hazard Prioritization Exercise
• Stakeholder Meeting Series: February [TBD]
• Hazard Prioritization Findings, Vulnerability Assessment Findings, Mitigation Action Development
• Planning Team Meeting #2: March [TBD]
• Mitigation Action and Plan Finalization
Anticipated review of draft plan – March 2025
Slide 17
L H MP P lanning Team Meetings
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Grand Terrace US Census
Quickfacts:
• Persons under 18 years
• 22.5 percent
• Persons 65 years and older
• 17.4 percent
• Language other than English
spoken at home
• 35.3 percent
• Persons in poverty
• 7.0 percent
Slide 18
S ocially Vulner able Populations
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Medium-High Vulnerability
Census Tract: 71.11; SVI: 0.7207
Census Tract: 71.06; SVI: 0.7184
High Vulnerability
Census Tract: 71.07; SVI: 0.9602
Census Tract: 40.04; SVI: 0.9182
• Low Income/Poverty Rate
• Age
• Linguistic Isolation
Source: CDC/ATSDR
City of Beverly Hills Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
S ocially Vulner able Populations (CDC)
801 802
902
*Census Tract 71.11 is referred to as 71.09 in CalEnviroScreen 4.0 City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 19

September 2024
Disadvantaged Communities
Census Tract: 40.04; Score 96.02
Census Tract: 71.07; Score 83.36
Census Tract: 71.06; Score 69.87
Census Tract: 71.09; Score 69.02
• Exposures: ozone, diesel particulate
matter, traffic
• Environmental Effects: cleanup sites,
hazardous waste, groundwater threats
• Sensitive Populations: asthma,
cardiovascular disease
Source: CalEnviroScreen 4.0 DC/ATSDR
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 20 S ocially Vulner able Populations (CalE nvir oS cr een 4.0) 801 802
902

September 2024
MENTI - S ocially Vulner able Populations
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 21

September 2024
Discussion
Socially Vulnerable
Populations
• Any feedback on the
polling question?
• Anything surprising from
the outcomes?
• Any characteristics of
social vulnerability we
missed?
City of Beverly Hills Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 22 City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 22

September 2024

2. Planning Team Organization
Roles and Responsibilities
Significantly reduce life loss and injuries from resulting natural hazards

1. Continuously improve hazard and vulnerability
assessments

2. Evaluate and improve ability to alert and warn residents of natural hazard risk

3. Support mitigation planning in all City Operations

4. Explore ways to increase the City’s capability to provide mitigation opportunities for residents
Slide 23
City of Gr and Ter r ace LHMP Goals
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Discussion
LHMP Goals
•Any feedback on the
previous LHMP goals?
•Any new priorities that
should be included or
considered?
City of Beverly Hills Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 24 City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 24

September 2024 Slide 25
Hazar d Identification and
Pr ior itization
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Avalanche Flood Sea level rise
Climate change Geological hazards Seismic hazards
Coastal erosion Hailstorm Severe winter storm
Coastal storm Hazardous materials Tornado
Dam failure Human-caused hazards Tsunami
Disease/pest management Hurricane Volcano
Drought Land subsidence Wildfire
Earthquake fault rupture Landslide Wind
Expansive soils Lightning Windstorm
Extreme heat Liquefaction Pandemic
Slide 26
Roles and Responsibilities FEMA-S uggested H azar ds
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Avalanche Flood Sea level rise
Climate change Geological hazards Seismic hazards
Coastal erosion Hailstorm Severe winter storm
Coastal storm Hazardous materials Tornado
Dam/Reservoir failure Human-caused hazards Tsunami
Disease/pest management Hurricane Volcano
Drought Land subsidence Wildfire
Earthquake fault rupture Landslide Wind
Expansive soils Lightning Windstorm
Extreme heat Liquefaction Pandemic
Slide 27
Pr eviously I ncluded Hazar ds
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Avalanche Flood Sea level rise
Climate change Geological hazards Seismic hazards
Coastal erosion Hailstorm Severe winter storm
Coastal storm Hazardous materials Tornado
Dam/Reservoir failure Human-caused hazards Tsunami
Disease/pest management Hurricane Volcano
Drought Land subsidence Wildfire
Earthquake fault rupture Landslide Wind
Expansive soils Lightning Windstorm
Extreme heat Liquefaction Pandemic
Slide 28
Potential LHMP Hazar ds
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
• Air Quality
• Climate Change
• Dam/Reservoir Failure
• Drought
• Flood
• Geological Hazards
• Land Subsidence, Expansive Soils
• Hazardous Materials
• Human-caused Hazards
• Active-Shooter, Public Safety Power
Shutoff, Pandemic, Train Derailment
• Landslide & Rockfall
• Seismic Hazards
• Fault Rupture & Ground Shaking
• Liquefaction
• Severe Weather
• Extreme Heat, Heavy Rains, Santa Ana
Winds, Urban Heat Island Effect
• Wildfire
Slide 29
P r oposed H azar ds Or ganization
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
• Earthquake • Landslide
• Flooding
• Fire
Slide 30
20 17 H azar d P r ior itization L abels
High Risk Hazard Moderate Risk Hazard
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Discussion
Previous Hazard
Rankings
•Any feedback on the
previous rankings?
• Hazards should be
increased or
decreased in ranking?
City of Beverly Hills Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 31 City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 31

September 2024
• Four criteria • A value of 1 – 4 is assigned
for each criteria
• Every criteria has an
Importance Score
• Can be used to weigh the
influence of an individual
criterion
• Criteria and importance values
are combined to calculate a
Total Score
Probability
(Likelihood of
occurrence)
Location
(Size of
potentially
affected areas)
Maximum
Probable Extent
(Intensity of
damage)
Secondary
Impacts
(Severity of
impacts to
community)
Slide 32
Hazar d Pr ior itization
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Unlikely
(1)
Occasional
(2)
Likely
(3)
Highly
Likely
(4)
Probability
Importance score:

2.0 Probability score: 2.0 x 3 = 6
Negligible
(1)
Limited
(2)
Significant
(3)
Extensive
(4)
Location
Importance score:

0.8 Affected Area score: 0.8 x 4 = 3.2
Slide 33
S cor e E xample: Avalanche
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Affected Area Score
(3.2) Impact
Impact score: 3.2 + 1.4 + 0.5 = 5.1
Impact Score
(5.1)
Probability
Score
(6)
Total Score
Total Score: 5.1 x 6 = 30.6 (Medium)
Primary Impact Score
(1.4)
Secondary Impact
Score
(0.5)
Low:
0-12
Medium:

12.1-42
High:

42.1 and up
Slide 34
S cor e E xample: Avalanche
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Score Example: Avalanche
Slide 35
ME NT I H azar d R ank ing Activity
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
Discussion
Previous Hazard
Rankings
•Any feedback on the
new rankings?
•Anything surprising in
the polling or the
findings?
City of Beverly Hills Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 36 City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Slide 36

September 2024 Slide 37
Data Needs and Capabilities
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
• Two components
• Inventory of existing resources and tools to accomplish mitigation and reduce long-term vulnerability, and
understanding of ability to use them effectively
• Identification of gaps, conflicts, and/or weaknesses that may need to be addressed through mitigation
• Types of capabilities
• Planning and regulatory
• Administrative and technical
• Financial
• Education and outreach
Slide 38
Capabilities Assessment
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024
• Plans/studies
• Policies/programs
• Technical and GIS data
• Intrinsic/historic knowledge
• Photos
• Asset inventory for loss estimations
Slide 39
Data Needs & Capabilities Assessment
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024 Slide 40
Next S teps
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024 Slide 41
Community Outr each
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
7th Annual Light Up Grand Terrace
Thursday, December 5, 2024
from 4:00 pm – 9:00 pm

September 2024
Community Survey
Slide 42
Community Outr each
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
https://www.surveymonkey.co
m/r/rGrandTerraceLHMP

September 2024
• Stakeholder Meeting Series: February
• Hazard Prioritization Findings, Vulnerability Assessment Findings, Mitigation Action Development
• HMP Meeting #2: March
• Mitigation Action and Plan Finalization
• Draft LHMP for Planning Team Review: March
• Draft LHMP for Public Review: March
Slide 43
Timeline – Next S teps
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024 Slide 44
Questions/Additional
Discussion
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

September 2024

HAZARD MITIGATION

PLAN UPDATE
Thank You!
Scott Hutter
Director, Planning and Services
City of Grand Terrace
[email protected]
Slide 45
Noelle Anderson
Consultant
Michael Baker International
[email protected]
City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan

January 29, 2025, 3:00 PM to 4:30 PM
via Microsoft Teams
• Noelle Anderson (Project Manager,
Michael Baker)
• Casey Marchese (Hazard Mitigation
Planner, Michael Baker)
• Audrey Tamayo (Hazard Mitigation
Planner, Michael Baker)
• Dan Wery (Michael Baker)
• Scott Hutter (Planning &
Development Services Director, City
of Grand Terrace)
• Gabriel Arguelles (Assistant Planner,
City of Grand Terrace)
• Scott Hutter (Planning &
Development Services Director, City
of Grand Terrace)
• Mayor Bill Hussey (Mayor, City of
Grand Terrace)
• Judith Garcia (Management Analyst,
City of Grand Terrace)
• Konrad Bolowich (City Manager, City
of Grand Terrace)
• Michelle Sabino (Council Member,
City of Grand Terrace)
• Mario Suarez (Planning Manager,
City of Colton)
• Shanita Tillman (Senior
Management Analyst, City of Grand
Terrace)
• Mark D. Annas (Emergency Services
Administrator, City of Riverside)
• Michelle DeGrande-Fuentes (Senior
Management Analyst, City of Grand
Terrace)
• Lieutenant Michele Mahan
(Emergency Operations Manager,
San Bernardino Police Dept.)
• David Bell (Director of Maintenance
& Operations, CJUSD)
• Matt Brown (Vice President, Grand
Terrace Chamber of Commerce)
• Don Hough (General Manager,
Riverside Highland Water Company)
• Patrick Keith (Environmental Health
& Safety Administrator, San
Bernardino Community College
District)
• Gary Jager (Assistant Chief, San
Bernardino County Fire)
• Anunciata Greer (City of Riverside)
• Anthony Ortiz (Assistant
Superintendent of Student Services,
CJUSD)
• Isaias Hernandez (Red Cross)
• Tom Ingalls (Fire Marshal, City of
Loma Linda)
• (909) 583-3152
• Project Background
• Recent Policy Update
• Approval Process, Submittal goes to Cal OES first, then FEMA

• Roles & Responsibilities
• LHMP Planning Team Meetings
o Planning Team Meeting #1: Today!
▪ Introductions, HMP Plan Process/Development, Goals, Hazard Prioritization Exercise
o Stakeholder Meeting Series: January/February
▪ Hazard Prioritization Findings, Vulnerability Assessment Findings, Mitigation Action Development
o Planning Team Meeting #2: February
▪ Mitigation Action and Plan Finalization
• Socially Vulnerable Populations
• LHMP Goals
• FEMA Suggested Hazards, Previously Identified Hazards, Proposed Hazards • Previous Hazard Rankings
• Hazard Prioritization Activity
o Probability
o Location
o Maximum Probable Extent
o Secondary Impacts
• Proposed Hazards for Consideration [new hazards underlined] o Air Quality
o Dam/Reservoir Failure
o Drought
o Flood
o Geological hazards
o Hazardous Material
o Human-Caused Hazards (active shooter, power outage, terrorism, cyberattacks, pandemic, train derailment)
o Landslide
o Severe Weather (extreme heat, heavy rains, Santa Ana winds, urban heat island effect) o Seismic (fault rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction) o Wildfire
o Climate Change – continue to discuss within HMP on a hazard-by-hazard basis • Stakeholder Meeting Series: February [TBD]
• Planning Team Meeting #2: March [TBD]
Next Steps & Action Items

• No questions
• No questions
• Question from Mayor Bill Hussey: Does this plan have the battery storage adopted? o Answer from Noelle Anderson: No, but it could as we also heard feedback regarding this from the community.
o Comment from Mayor Bill Hussey: Okay, because we have a big battery storage Tesla plant by the High school. Please include that facility into the plan. Thanks. o Answer from Noelle Anderson: Will do!
Socially Vulnerable Populations
• Question from Michelle Sabino: Will we receive a copy of the slide deck? o Answer from Noelle Anderson: Yes, we will send out a copy of the presentation as well as the meeting minutes after this meeting.
• Question from Mayor Bill Hussey: Are the wild donkeys vulnerable? o Answer from Noelle Anderson: Haha we can also include something about pets and wild animals during natural disasters.
• Comment from Gabriel Arguelles: In regard to the Age (children under the age of 18 and people over 65) from the current Mentimeter results, we went through a power outage last week and although we have a hot spot of seniors at the senior center, there are seniors around town may be missed in population count or may have difficult with receiving information or even evacuation.
o Comment from Noelle Anderson: I agree, there are many seniors that may need assistance with driving, accessibility issues to drive to cooling centers as an example, and we can talk about this in the plan.
• Question from Mario Suarez: Should we include lessons learned from recent fires on water availability and utilities in general? The scrap metal facility was contacted by LA in needing assistance with scrap metal after the fire and are taking up to a year to deal with that clean up. This may require more hours from our staff and staff may be taken and be working more hours on this project. Also, we heard that there are not enough plan checkers for a plan when they are under review.
o Answer from Noelle Anderson: We can look into the lessons learned from recent wildfires regarding issues with water and utilities, cleanup efforts and staff time. • Comment from Mario Suarez: With so many bridges, there can be access issues for first responders or City EOC that live close to their jurisdiction; some may not have access like high desert residents and may have slowed first responders. I was a part of earthquake response in 80’s and 90’s, and it can get hectic.

o Comment from Noelle Anderson: I agree, people may have accessibility issues with evacuating an area, and the City may also have issues to respond in an EOC scenario.

LHMP Goals
• No Questions
• Comment from Noelle Anderson: FEMA is not lead agency in terms of response or grant management for human-caused hazards and hazardous materials; usually EPA is and there was back and forth during the Ohio Palestine train derailment event where the was confusion of who the lead agency was (FEMA or EPA).
• Comment from Mario Suarez: In regard to the hazard priorities list -- pretty good list. I don’t know under which hazard we include large capacities of storage such as gasoline, hydrogen, etc. We have one hydrogen facility proposed and don’t know if that’s going to be an issue.
• Comment from Mayor Bill Hussey: Also, we should include battery storage and our electric sub stations in Grand Terrace.
• Comment from Michelle Fuentes: Agree that these additions are necessary. o Answer from Noelle Anderson: These usually go under hazardous materials. We usually mark gas stations and dry cleaners as hazardous materials along with battery storage and electric substations.
• Question from Mayor Bill Hussey: With our proximity to the Santa Ana River, is liquefaction considered in the plan?
o Answer from Noelle Anderson: This will be included under our seismic hazards profile.
• Question from Michelle Sabino: I see fire listed as a moderate risk; we are advised that this area is a low fire risk, with some vegetation in the area, can someone speak to that please?
o Answer from Noelle Anderson: These findings are from the 2017 plan.

Prioritization is more related to how we want to prioritize mitigation actions so perhaps 2017 staff wanted to implement fire mitigation actions. For safety providers, and compared to other communities, fire is considered low; however we can recommend the wildfire hazard mitigation actions as moderate or high so that FEMA can align this with grant opportunities. This information is not meant to contradict information from public safety providers.
• Question from Michele Sabino: What about hazardous materials in terms of risk? o Answer from Noelle Anderson: This can be listed as high, moderate, or low depending on feedback.
• Comment from Mario Suarez: I’m seeing a lot of fire hazards in the City, this can be a threat to other jurisdiction or lead to other problems. o Comment from Noelle Anderson: I would recommend keeping fire as a moderate because there are mapped fire hazards, just in case need to prioritize fire in the future.

• Question from Mario Suarez: Great List. How does the wildfire hazard relate to hazardous materials and being limited to go back to an area? o Answer from Noelle Anderson: None of the hazards exist in a silo – earthquake response may cascade to release of hazardous materials for an example and so does fire.

Answer from Casey Marchese: We can discuss secondary hazards in the plan which ties into how hazards are interrelated.
• No Questions
• Stakeholder Meeting Series: February
• Send out detailed meeting minutes and presentation slides by Monday February 3rd. • No Questions

1 Tamayo, Audrey
Subject: Grand Terrace LHMP - Internal Team Mitigation Action Meeting Location: Microsoft Teams Meeting
Start: Tue 2/25/2025 3:30 PM
End: Tue 2/25/2025 4:30 PM
Show Time As: Tentative
Recurrence: (none)
Meeting Status: Not yet responded
Organizer: Marchese, Casey
Required Attendees: Marchese, Casey; Anderson, Noelle; Tamayo, Audrey; Poland, Jake; Scott Hutter Optional Attendees: Yaffe, Michael; Wery, Dan; [email protected]; cclayton@grandterraceca.gov; [email protected]; [email protected]; Gabriel Arguelles; [email protected]; Judith J. Garcia; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Leila Henderson; Vickie Thompson
Hello,

You have been selected as a member of the City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) Update Stakeholder Committee. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is a key City document that evaluates the City's risk to natural and human-caused hazards, identifies mitigation actions to reduce hazard vulnerability, and establishes eligibility for FEMA grant funding. A detailed meeting agenda will be provided following this invitation.

This meeting is a continuation from our January 29th introductory Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Meeting, where we will discuss:
• Hazard prioritization findings from Meeting #1
• Preliminary vulnerability findings, including relevant hazard maps for flood, landslide, and wildfire • Mitigation action ideas and brainstorming

A formal agenda and vulnerability handout will be provided prior to the meeting for review.

We understand the importance of your time – meetings will be structured to maximize results and minimize “homework” outside of the meeting block. Your attendance and participation at one or all of these meetings will be greatly appreciated. If you are unable to participate, please forward this meeting invitation to another representative in your organization.

The City's previous LHMP is available for review, linked here: https://www.grandterraceca.gov/departments/planning_development_services/planning/local_hazard_mitigation_plan Your involvement will ensure a comprehensive and robust LHMP that meets Cal OES/FEMA requirements. Please reach out if you have any questions regarding the LHMP or update process.

2 Thank you,
Casey Marchese
________________________________________________________________________________ Microsoft Teams Need help?
Join the meeting now
Meeting ID: 228 345 696 974
Passcode: Ak3Ys3aP
Dial in by phone
+1 213-336-0348,,600552352# United States, Los Angeles
Find a local number
Phone conference ID: 600 552 352#
Join on a video conferencing device
Tenant key: [email protected]
Video ID: 112 833 575 1
More info
For organizers: Meeting options | Reset dial-in PIN
________________________________________________________________________________

February 25, 2025, 3:30 PM to 4:30 PM
via Microsoft Teams
City of Grand Terrace
Scott Hutter, Planning & Development
Services Director
Gabriel Arguelles, Assistant Planner
Judith Garcia, Management Analyst
Bill Hussey, Mayor
Christine Clayton, Finance Director
Daysi Alcocer, City Clerk
Doug Wilson, Mayor Pro Tempore
Gabriel Arguelles, Assistant Planner
Jeff Allen, Council Member
Judith Garcia, Management Analyst
Kamran Dadbeh, Interim City Engineer
Kenneth J. Henderson, Council Member
Konrad Bolowich, City Manager
Luis Gardea, Building Official
Michelle DeGrande-Fuentes, Senior
Management Analyst
Michelle Sabino, Council Member
Ruben Montano, Senior Maintenance Lead
Shanita Tillman, Senior Management
Analyst
Tabatha Barefield, Code
Enforcement/Animal Control Officer
Brain Phelps, Chair (Parks & Recreation
Advisory Committee)
Mike Hogue, Vice Chair (Parks &
Recreation Advisory Committee)
Edward A. Giroux, Chair (Planning
Commission)
Michael Baker International
Noelle Anderson, Project Manager
Michael Yaffe, Resilience Lead
Casey Marchese, Project Planner
Audrey Tamayo, Project Planner
Jake Poland, Project Planner

DO NOT COPY

• Team Introduction
• HMP Update
o Vulnerability Findings
• Mitigation Action Types
o STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Input from Stakeholders
o Questions
• STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Mitigation Action Types
• Dam/Reservoir Failure
• Flood
• Landslide and Rockfall
• Seismic Hazards
• Wildfire
• Air Quality
• Drought
• Geologic Hazards
• Hazardous Materials
• Human-Caused Hazards
• Severe Weather

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-1
STAPLE/E Review and Selection Criteria
STAPLE/E Review Selection Criteria
Social • Is the proposed action socially acceptable to the jurisdiction and surrounding community?
• Are there equity issues involved that would mean that one segment of the jurisdiction and/or community is treated unfairly?
• Will the action cause social disruption?
Technical • Will the proposed action work?
• Will it create more problems than it solves?
• Does it solve a problem or only a symptom?
• Is it the most useful action in light of other jurisdiction goals? Administrative • Can the jurisdiction implement the action? • Is there someone to coordinate and lead the effort?
• Is there sufficient funding, staff, and technical support available? • Are there ongoing administrative requirements that need to be met? Political • Is the action politically acceptable?
• Is there public support both to implement and to maintain the project? Legal • Is the jurisdiction authorized to implement the proposed action? • Are there legal side effects? Could the activity be construed as a taking? • Will the jurisdiction be liable for action or lack of action? • Will the activity be challenged?
Economic • What are the costs and benefits of this action? • Do the benefits exceed the costs?
• Are initial, maintenance, and administrative costs taken into account? • Has funding been secured for the proposed action? If not, what are the potential funding sources (public, nonprofit, and private)? • How will this action affect the fiscal capability of the jurisdiction? • What burden will this action place on the tax base or local economy? • What are the budget and revenue effects of this activity? • Does the action contribute to other jurisdiction goals? • What benefits will the action provide?
Environmental • How will the action affect the environment? • Will the action need environmental regulatory approvals? • Will it meet local and state regulatory requirements? • Are endangered or threatened species likely to be affected? The LHMP Planning Team will be using the STAPLE/E (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental) criteria, as described in Table 1-1, STAPLE/E Review and Selection Criteria, when considering and prioritizing the most appropriate mitigation alternatives for the City. This methodology, as endorsed by FEMA, requires that social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic, and environmental considerations be considered when reviewing potential actions. This process is being used to help ensure that the most equitable and DO
feasible actions would be undertaken based on the City’s unique capabilities.

NOT COPY

Table 1-2
Mitigation Action Types
Mitigation Type Description Examples
Local Plans and
Regulations
These actions include government authorities, policies
or codes that influence the way land and buildings are
developed and built.
• Building codes
• Open space
preservation
• Capital improvement
plan
Structure and
Infrastructure
Projects
These actions involve modifying existing structures
and infrastructure to protect them from a hazard or
remove them from a hazard area. This could apply to
public or private structures as well as critical facilities and infrastructure.
• Floodwalls
• Utility
undergrounding
• Safe rooms
Natural Systems
Protection and
Nature-Based
Solutions
This type of action can include green infrastructure
and low impact development, nature-based solutions,
Engineering with Nature and bioengineering to
incorporate natural features or processes into the built environment.
• Watershed
restoration
• Living shorelines
• Forest management
Education and
Awareness
Programs
These types of actions keep residents informed about
potential natural disasters. Many of these types of
actions are eligible for funding through the FEMA
HMA program.
• Real estate
disclosures

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-3
Critical Facilities in Dam Failure Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
35 TSG Grand Terrace Yard Container Yard Transportation 37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-4
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
518 187 18,599

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-5
Critical Facilities in Flood Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
35 TSG Grand Terrace Yard Container Yard Transportation 37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-6
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
8 3 2,167

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-7
Critical Facilities in a Landslide Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
1 Grand Terrace City Hall Government Service Safety and Security 2 San Bernardino County Library Grand
Terrace Branch Government Service Safety and Security
4 San Bernardino Sherriff Dept
Substation Government Service Safety and Security
5 Richard Rollins Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 8 Griffin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 9 Susan Petta Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 11 Grand Terrace Dog Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 12 TJ Austin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 13 Grand Terrace Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 14 Terrace View Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 17 Grand Terrace Health Care Center Health Care Center Health and Medical 19 Blue Mountain Senior Villas Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
20 San Manuel Indian Health Clinic Health Care Center Health and Medical 21 JC Wallace House Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
22 SCE Vista Substation Electric Substation Energy
24 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
25 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
26 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
29 Azure Hills Seventh-Day Adventist
Church
Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
30 Grand View Baptist Church Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
32 Christ the Redeemer Catholic Church Church Food, Hydration, Shelter
33 St. Junipero Serra House of Formation Seminary Food, Hydration, Shelter
37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-8
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
DO
5,198 1,877 201,234

NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-11
Critical Facilities in a Wildfire Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
8 Griffin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 9 Susan Petta Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 11 Grand Terrace Dog Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 12 TJ Austin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 14 Terrace View Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 19 Blue Mountain Senior Villas Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
25 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
26 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
30 Grand View Baptist Church Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
32 Christ the Redeemer Catholic Church Church Food, Hydration, Shelter
33 St. Junipero Serra House of Formation Seminary Food, Hydration, Shelter
Table 1-12
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
1,812 654 7,167

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

February 25, 2025, 3:30 PM to 4:30 PM
via Microsoft Teams
City of Grand Terrace
• Doug Wilson - Mayor Pro Tempore
• Gabriel Arguelles - Assistant Planner
• Jeff Allen - Council Member
• Kenneth J. Henderson - Council Member
• Konrad Bolowich - City Manager
• Luis Gardea - Building Official
• Scott Hutter - Planning & Development Services Director • Shanita Tillman - Senior Management Analyst
Michael Baker International
• Noelle Anderson - Project Manager
• Casey Marchese - Project Planner
• Team Introduction
• HMP Update
o Vulnerability Findings
• Mitigation Action Types
o STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Input from Stakeholders
o Questions

Dam Inundation/Flood
• Question from Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Are there known flooding areas outside of the mapped flood zones? o Response from Jeff Allen (Council Member): Yes, there are flooding issues on east/west streets such as Pico and Van Buren. During extreme events, the downhill side of these streets, including people’s yards and homes, will flood down to Michigan Avenue. Flooding infrastructure upgrades are needed to correct these issues.
• Comment from Scott Hutter (Planning & Development Services Director): We may want to update the floodplain ordinance to address these issues. We also need to update the drainage master plan. The Gateway Specific Plan, which has been implemented for a few years, is intended to address all drainage issues. This plan, along with the Lewis Plan, should cover all necessary drainage improvements. • Comment from Konrad Bolowich (City Manager): The Pico floodplain is a specific area of concern.
• Comment from Jeff Allen (Council Member): Sandbags are available before severe storms, typically by the fire station. However, we will need to relocate this distribution point and inform the public about the new location. We need to enhance our messaging, signage, and online presence to ensure the public and businesses are aware of this change.

Landslide
• Comment from Jeff Allen (Council Member): There is no major history of landslides, but we did have a significant slide in 2010 in the Barton Gap. This event shut down roads as the side of the hill slid down, affecting areas off Blue Mountain and an avocado grove on the western end of Pico. We were able to recover from this incident, but mud did come down.
• Question from Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Are there any slope stabilization efforts, or is this not a common incident? o Response from Jeff Allen (Council Member): There is a spot with slope instability on Mount Vernon, specifically at Grand Terrace Road and Canal Street, north toward Washington Street. This steep hill has k-rails to manage the slope on the uphill side. This issue is shared with areas outside our jurisdiction, and we occasionally have to shut down the road.
• Question from Noelle Anderson (Project Manager, Michael Baker International): Is the instability due to rain or geologic factors?
o Response from Jeff Allen (Council Member): It is a combination of both, plus traffic, as the road is not designed for heavy vehicles. • Comment from Doug Wilson (Mayor Pro Tempore): The slope is actually a vertical wall, and it would not be practical to plan for cutting it back to a 2:1 ratio. We are in the process of getting engineering proposals. Most issues are geologic, and we also need to consider seismic concerns.
• Comment from Shanita Tillman (Senior Management Analyst): We have explored HMGP grants to provide stabilization.
• Comment from Doug Wilson (Mayor Pro Tempore): Our exploration has been preliminary. Proposals we received are very high, and the City is cautious about entering a phased study with limited engineering schematics. Poor paving and curb heights allow water to run in the streets. The existing catch basins are supposed to manage drainage,

but we need to slow down the flow before it hits paved areas. We are also considering turning the area into a hiking park to reduce peak flow.

Seismic
• Comment from Doug Wilson (Mayor Pro Tempore): We have a bridge built in 1936 that we are converting from a railroad bridge to an at-grade crossing. • Comment from Jeff Allen (Council Member): We are not overly concerned about seismic issues with our buildings.
• Comment from Luis Gardea (Building Official): We have one building with unreinforced masonry, which is a church across from the middle school. • Comment from Jeff Allen (Council Member): I am concerned that older church buildings may not have been retrofitted.
• Comment from Luis Gardea (Building Official): The church has been reinforced. We have records regarding building retrofits. Most buildings have been retrofitted, and we are not currently focusing on non-ductile components.

Wildfire
• Comment from Kenneth J. Henderson (Council Member): The County has been diligent in keeping vegetation fuels low. Residents have been asked by insurance companies to remove trees and vegetation. The City maintains of one or two parcels, and currently, these are being kept up. We haven't had significant wildfires, but the other side of the hill has.
• Comment from Jeff Allen (Council Member): We did have a small brush fire in 2004 caused by fireworks. There is a high fire zone north of the city with residents included in this zone. The slope in this area is the responsibility of Caltrans, and it often gets dried out and overgrown. We want to ensure Caltrans does not neglect this overgrowth. • Comment from Jeff Allen (Council Member): Powerlines are a concern during wildfires and high winds. We need to ensure ground cover is set back to reduce vulnerability.

Power Outage
• Comment from Doug Wilson (Mayor Pro Tempore): SCE circuit maps indicate that some circuitry needs to be re-routed. We have vulnerable populations who get shut off during SCE outages, and we need to ensure this does not happen. We should promote undergrounding as overhead lines are not fire safe, even though they are economically feasible.
• Comment from Kenneth J. Henderson (Council Member): The senior center, which also serves as a warming and cooling center, and City Hall are critical facilities. We have a generator for the community room and another for a bank of computers and printers to ensure communication and internet access. We have multiple generators but would benefit from an automatic system.
• Comment from Luis Gardea (Building Official): We are in the process of getting bids for a large generator to power the entire building.
• Comment from Gabriel Arguelles (Assistant Planner): We also have handheld battery packs that can help seniors and other vulnerable populations. • Comment from Jeff Allen (Council Member): We should avoid making knee-jerk reactions to recent outages and spending money on equipment that may not last. I like the idea of providing battery packs for seniors throughout the community, allowing them to sign up, pick up, and return the packs.

1 Tamayo, Audrey
Subject: Grand Terrace LHMP - Neighboring Communities, Emergency Management & Utilities Location: Microsoft Teams Meeting
Start: Thu 2/27/2025 3:30 PM
End: Thu 2/27/2025 4:30 PM
Show Time As: Tentative
Recurrence: (none)
Meeting Status: Not yet responded
Organizer: Marchese, Casey
Required Attendees: Marchese, Casey; Anderson, Noelle; Tamayo, Audrey; Poland, Jake; Scott Hutter Optional Attendees: Yaffe, Michael; Wery, Dan; [email protected]; [email protected]; Mario Suarez; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Volunteer Support Services Hello,

You have been selected as a member of the City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) Update Stakeholder Committee. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is a key City document that evaluates the City's risk to natural and human-caused hazards, identifies mitigation actions to reduce hazard vulnerability, and establishes eligibility for FEMA grant funding. A detailed meeting agenda will be provided following this invitation.

This meeting is a continuation from our January 29th introductory Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Meeting, where we will discuss:
• Hazard prioritization findings from Meeting #1
• Preliminary vulnerability findings, including relevant hazard maps for flood, landslide, and wildfire • Mitigation action ideas and brainstorming

A formal agenda and vulnerability handout will be provided prior to the meeting for review.

We understand the importance of your time – meetings will be structured to maximize results and minimize “homework” outside of the meeting block. Your attendance and participation at one or all of these meetings will be greatly appreciated. If you are unable to participate, please forward this meeting invitation to another representative in your organization.

The City's previous LHMP is available for review, linked here: https://www.grandterraceca.gov/departments/planning_development_services/planning/local_hazard_mitigation_plan Your involvement will ensure a comprehensive and robust LHMP that meets Cal OES/FEMA requirements. Please reach out if you have any questions regarding the LHMP or update process.

Thank you,
Casey Marchese
________________________________________________________________________________

2 Microsoft Teams Need help?
Join the meeting now
Meeting ID: 219 954 765 015
Passcode: Ut29Dk68
Dial in by phone
+1 213-336-0348,,210959164# United States, Los Angeles
Find a local number
Phone conference ID: 210 959 164#
Join on a video conferencing device
Tenant key: [email protected]
Video ID: 118 781 559 4
More info
For organizers: Meeting options | Reset dial-in PIN
________________________________________________________________________________

February 27, 2025, 3:30 PM to 4:30 PM
via Microsoft Teams
City of Grand Terrace
Scott Hutter, Planning & Development
Services Director
Gabriel Arguelles, Assistant Planner
Judith Garcia, Management Analyst
Michael Baker International
Noelle Anderson, Project Manager
Michael Yaffe, Resilience Lead
Casey Marchese, Project Planner
Audrey Tamayo, Project Planner
Jake Poland, Project Planner
Neighboring Communities, Emergency
Management & Utilities
Andrea Harlin, Caltrans District 8
Henry Dominguez, City of Colton
Mario Suarez, City of Colton
Tom Ingalls, City of Loma Linda
Anunciata Greer, City of Riverside
Mark D. Annas, City of Riverside
Lieutenant Michele Mahan, City of San
Bernardino Police Dept.

CERT Coordinator, Community Emergency
Response Team (CERT)
Piyumie Wickramasinghe, OmniTrans
Don Hough, Riverside Highland Water
Company
Dan Munsey, San Bernardino County Fire
Dan Wooters, San Bernardino County Fire
Gary Jager, San Bernardino County Fire
Mark Addy, San Bernardino County Sheriff
Ryan Collins, San Bernardino County
Sheriff

DO NOT COPY

• Team Introduction
• HMP Update
o Vulnerability Findings
• Mitigation Action Types
o STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Input from Stakeholders
o Questions
• STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Mitigation Action Types
• Dam/Reservoir Failure
• Flood
• Landslide and Rockfall
• Seismic Hazards
• Wildfire
• Air Quality
• Drought
• Geologic Hazards
• Hazardous Materials
• Human-Caused Hazards
• Severe Weather

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-1
STAPLE/E Review and Selection Criteria
STAPLE/E Review Selection Criteria
Social • Is the proposed action socially acceptable to the jurisdiction and surrounding community?
• Are there equity issues involved that would mean that one segment of the jurisdiction and/or community is treated unfairly?
• Will the action cause social disruption?
Technical • Will the proposed action work?
• Will it create more problems than it solves?
• Does it solve a problem or only a symptom?
• Is it the most useful action in light of other jurisdiction goals? Administrative • Can the jurisdiction implement the action? • Is there someone to coordinate and lead the effort?
• Is there sufficient funding, staff, and technical support available? • Are there ongoing administrative requirements that need to be met? Political • Is the action politically acceptable?
• Is there public support both to implement and to maintain the project? Legal • Is the jurisdiction authorized to implement the proposed action? • Are there legal side effects? Could the activity be construed as a taking? • Will the jurisdiction be liable for action or lack of action? • Will the activity be challenged?
Economic • What are the costs and benefits of this action? • Do the benefits exceed the costs?
• Are initial, maintenance, and administrative costs taken into account? • Has funding been secured for the proposed action? If not, what are the potential funding sources (public, nonprofit, and private)? • How will this action affect the fiscal capability of the jurisdiction? • What burden will this action place on the tax base or local economy? • What are the budget and revenue effects of this activity? • Does the action contribute to other jurisdiction goals? • What benefits will the action provide?
Environmental • How will the action affect the environment? • Will the action need environmental regulatory approvals? • Will it meet local and state regulatory requirements? • Are endangered or threatened species likely to be affected? The LHMP Planning Team will be using the STAPLE/E (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental) criteria, as described in Table 1-1, STAPLE/E Review and Selection Criteria, when considering and prioritizing the most appropriate mitigation alternatives for the City. This methodology, as endorsed by FEMA, requires that social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic, and environmental considerations be considered when reviewing potential actions. This process is being used to help ensure that the most equitable and DO
feasible actions would be undertaken based on the City’s unique capabilities.

NOT COPY

Table 1-2
Mitigation Action Types
Mitigation Type Description Examples
Local Plans and
Regulations
These actions include government authorities, policies
or codes that influence the way land and buildings are
developed and built.
• Building codes
• Open space
preservation
• Capital improvement
plan
Structure and
Infrastructure
Projects
These actions involve modifying existing structures
and infrastructure to protect them from a hazard or
remove them from a hazard area. This could apply to
public or private structures as well as critical facilities and infrastructure.
• Floodwalls
• Utility
undergrounding
• Safe rooms
Natural Systems
Protection and
Nature-Based
Solutions
This type of action can include green infrastructure
and low impact development, nature-based solutions,
Engineering with Nature and bioengineering to
incorporate natural features or processes into the built environment.
• Watershed
restoration
• Living shorelines
• Forest management
Education and
Awareness
Programs
These types of actions keep residents informed about
potential natural disasters. Many of these types of
actions are eligible for funding through the FEMA
HMA program.
• Real estate
disclosures

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-3
Critical Facilities in Dam Failure Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
35 TSG Grand Terrace Yard Container Yard Transportation 37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-4
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
518 187 18,599

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-5
Critical Facilities in Flood Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
35 TSG Grand Terrace Yard Container Yard Transportation 37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-6
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
8 3 2,167

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-7
Critical Facilities in a Landslide Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
1 Grand Terrace City Hall Government Service Safety and Security 2 San Bernardino County Library Grand
Terrace Branch Government Service Safety and Security
4 San Bernardino Sherriff Dept
Substation Government Service Safety and Security
5 Richard Rollins Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 8 Griffin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 9 Susan Petta Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 11 Grand Terrace Dog Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 12 TJ Austin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 13 Grand Terrace Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 14 Terrace View Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 17 Grand Terrace Health Care Center Health Care Center Health and Medical 19 Blue Mountain Senior Villas Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
20 San Manuel Indian Health Clinic Health Care Center Health and Medical 21 JC Wallace House Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
22 SCE Vista Substation Electric Substation Energy
24 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
25 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
26 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
29 Azure Hills Seventh-Day Adventist
Church
Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
30 Grand View Baptist Church Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
32 Christ the Redeemer Catholic Church Church Food, Hydration, Shelter
33 St. Junipero Serra House of Formation Seminary Food, Hydration, Shelter
37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-8
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
DO
5,198 1,877 201,234

NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-11
Critical Facilities in a Wildfire Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
8 Griffin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 9 Susan Petta Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 11 Grand Terrace Dog Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 12 TJ Austin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 14 Terrace View Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 19 Blue Mountain Senior Villas Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
25 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
26 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
30 Grand View Baptist Church Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
32 Christ the Redeemer Catholic Church Church Food, Hydration, Shelter
33 St. Junipero Serra House of Formation Seminary Food, Hydration, Shelter
Table 1-12
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
1,812 654 7,167

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

February 27, 2025, 3:30 PM to 4:30 PM
via Microsoft Teams
Stakeholders
• Anunciata Greer - City of Riverside
• Don Hough - Riverside Highland Water Company
Michael Baker International
• Noelle Anderson – Project Manager
• Casey Marchese – Project Planner
• Team Introduction
• HMP Update
o Vulnerability Findings
• Mitigation Action Types
o STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Input from Stakeholders
o Questions

• Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Are there any questions from the first LHMP stakeholder meeting?
o Anunciata Greer (City of Riverside): We are interested in the LHMP update process. I know Loma Linda updated their HMP but that was under the previous guidance.
• Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Are there any mitigation strategies that you are looking to partner on with Grand Terrace? o Anunciata Greer (City of Riverside): Nothing in particular. There are no high-risk hazard zones on the border between the cities. No major concerns, but some wildfire coordination.
• Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Have you been dealing with power outages and their relationship to other hazards? o Anunciata Greer (City of Riverside): Colton has a power grid that is critical to the region. It is listed as a critical facility in our plan, and you may want to list it in the Grand Terrace plan because it is a county-wide infrastructure asset. • Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Are there any mitigation strategies that you are currently or looking to partner on with Grand Terrace? o Don Hough (Riverside Highland Water Company): The city has been having issues with power outages and always deals with drought. We are in contact with the City often and have generators and emergency supplies. We have emergency connections during emergencies and large reservoirs for storage in case of water availability issues. During power outages, generators can pump water. The City is aware of these things, and we help the City Manager and Mayor to ensure that water is still flowing. Both the City and Highland have been talking about expanding service with SCE as alternatives to help out. During power outages, certain parts of town can be out for up to a week. We are in the process of getting more generators or alternative power supplies to ensure redundancy. We practice emergency response plans regularly, but we don’t have to implement them often. Grand Terrace is a small city, so communication is good. We are the only water purveyor and are in tune with other water companies for emergency water supplies.
• Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Does the City participate in your tabletop emergency drills?
o Don Hough (Riverside Highland Water Company): No, it is pretty much internal.

We have EPA plans that are not customized and we have additional plans beyond those. We practice regularly internally, which is mainly what we use to respond to a major catastrophe. I would be interested in any opportunity to partner on a grant application for additional generators. o Noelle Anderson (Project Manager, Michael Baker International): We can send over some examples of grants that may be available for you to partner with the City on.

1 Tamayo, Audrey
Subject: Grand Terrace LHMP - Community-Based Organization, School Districts & Higher Education
Location: Microsoft Teams Meeting
Start: Tue 3/4/2025 4:30 PM
End: Tue 3/4/2025 5:30 PM
Show Time As: Tentative
Recurrence: (none)
Meeting Status: Not yet responded
Organizer: Marchese, Casey
-----Original Appointment-----
From: Marchese, Casey <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, February 11, 2025 9:14 AM
To: Marchese, Casey; Anderson, Noelle; Tamayo, Audrey; Poland, Jake; Scott Hutter Cc: Yaffe, Michael; Wery, Dan; [email protected]; Aufrecht, Kimberly; [email protected]; ANTHONY ORTIZ; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Subject: Grand Terrace LHMP - Community-Based Organization, School Districts & Higher Education When: Tuesday, March 4, 2025 4:30 PM-5:30 PM (UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada).

Where: Microsoft Teams Meeting
Hello,

You have been selected as a member of the City of Grand Terrace Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) Update Stakeholder Committee. The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan is a key City document that evaluates the City's risk to natural and human-caused hazards, identifies mitigation actions to reduce hazard vulnerability, and establishes eligibility for FEMA grant funding. A detailed meeting agenda will be provided following this invitation.

This meeting is a continuation from our January 29th introductory Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Meeting, where we will discuss:
• Hazard prioritization findings from Meeting #1
• Preliminary vulnerability findings, including relevant hazard maps for flood, landslide, and wildfire • Mitigation action ideas and brainstorming

A formal agenda and vulnerability handout will be provided prior to the meeting for review.

We understand the importance of your time – meetings will be structured to maximize results and minimize “homework” outside of the meeting block. Your attendance and participation at one or all of these meetings will be greatly appreciated. If you are unable to participate, please forward this meeting invitation to another representative in your organization.

2 The City's previous LHMP is available for review, linked here: https://www.grandterraceca.gov/departments/planning_development_services/planning/local_hazard_mitigation_plan Your involvement will ensure a comprehensive and robust LHMP that meets Cal OES/FEMA requirements. Please reach out if you have any questions regarding the LHMP or update process.

Thank you,
Casey Marchese
________________________________________________________________________________ Microsoft Teams Need help?
Join the meeting now
Meeting ID: 263 829 204 837
Passcode: hz7kd9UX
Dial in by phone
+1 213-336-0348,,114902554# United States, Los Angeles
Find a local number
Phone conference ID: 114 902 554#
Join on a video conferencing device
Tenant key: [email protected]
Video ID: 117 251 189 8
More info
For organizers: Meeting options | Reset dial-in PIN
________________________________________________________________________________

March 4, 2025, 4:30 PM to 5:30 PM
via Microsoft Teams
City of Grand Terrace
Scott Hutter, Planning & Development
Services Director
Gabriel Arguelles, Assistant Planner
Judith Garcia, Management Analyst
Michael Baker International
Noelle Anderson, Project Manager
Michael Yaffe, Resilience Lead
Casey Marchese, Project Planner
Audrey Tamayo, Project Planner
Jake Poland, Project Planner
Community-Based Organization, School
Districts & Higher Education
Isaias Hernandez, American Red Cross
Kim Aufrecht, American Red Cross -
Southern California
Ana Mariscal, Colton Joint Unified School
District
Anthony Ortiz, Colton Joint Unified School
District
David Bell, Colton Joint Unified School
District
Frank Miranda, Colton Joint Unified School
District
Megan Moeskau, Family Services
Association
Renee Walker, Foundation of Grand
Terrace
Marie "Toni" Epps, Grand Terrace Area
Chamber of Commerce
Matt Brown, Grand Terrace Area Chamber
of Commerce
Sylvia Beasley, Grand Terrace Citizen
Patrol
Becky Giroux, Grand Terrace Lions Club
Dani Bubier, Grand Terrace Lions Club
Mary Wilson, Grand Terrace Woman's Club
Raul Castillo, Loma Linda University
Medical Center
Patrick Keith, San Bernardino Community
College District
Lisa Llewellyn, San Bernardino County
Grand Terrace Branch Library

DO NOT COPY

• Team Introduction
• HMP Update
o Vulnerability Findings
• Mitigation Action Types
o STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Input from Stakeholders
o Questions
• STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Mitigation Action Types
• Dam/Reservoir Failure
• Flood
• Landslide and Rockfall
• Seismic Hazards
• Wildfire
• Air Quality
• Drought
• Geologic Hazards
• Hazardous Materials
• Human-Caused Hazards
• Severe Weather

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-1
STAPLE/E Review and Selection Criteria
STAPLE/E Review Selection Criteria
Social • Is the proposed action socially acceptable to the jurisdiction and surrounding community?
• Are there equity issues involved that would mean that one segment of the jurisdiction and/or community is treated unfairly?
• Will the action cause social disruption?
Technical • Will the proposed action work?
• Will it create more problems than it solves?
• Does it solve a problem or only a symptom?
• Is it the most useful action in light of other jurisdiction goals? Administrative • Can the jurisdiction implement the action? • Is there someone to coordinate and lead the effort?
• Is there sufficient funding, staff, and technical support available? • Are there ongoing administrative requirements that need to be met? Political • Is the action politically acceptable?
• Is there public support both to implement and to maintain the project? Legal • Is the jurisdiction authorized to implement the proposed action? • Are there legal side effects? Could the activity be construed as a taking? • Will the jurisdiction be liable for action or lack of action? • Will the activity be challenged?
Economic • What are the costs and benefits of this action? • Do the benefits exceed the costs?
• Are initial, maintenance, and administrative costs taken into account? • Has funding been secured for the proposed action? If not, what are the potential funding sources (public, nonprofit, and private)? • How will this action affect the fiscal capability of the jurisdiction? • What burden will this action place on the tax base or local economy? • What are the budget and revenue effects of this activity? • Does the action contribute to other jurisdiction goals? • What benefits will the action provide?
Environmental • How will the action affect the environment? • Will the action need environmental regulatory approvals? • Will it meet local and state regulatory requirements? • Are endangered or threatened species likely to be affected? The LHMP Planning Team will be using the STAPLE/E (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental) criteria, as described in Table 1-1, STAPLE/E Review and Selection Criteria, when considering and prioritizing the most appropriate mitigation alternatives for the City. This methodology, as endorsed by FEMA, requires that social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic, and environmental considerations be considered when reviewing potential actions. This process is being used to help ensure that the most equitable and DO
feasible actions would be undertaken based on the City’s unique capabilities.

NOT COPY

Table 1-2
Mitigation Action Types
Mitigation Type Description Examples
Local Plans and
Regulations
These actions include government authorities, policies
or codes that influence the way land and buildings are
developed and built.
• Building codes
• Open space
preservation
• Capital improvement
plan
Structure and
Infrastructure
Projects
These actions involve modifying existing structures
and infrastructure to protect them from a hazard or
remove them from a hazard area. This could apply to
public or private structures as well as critical facilities and infrastructure.
• Floodwalls
• Utility
undergrounding
• Safe rooms
Natural Systems
Protection and
Nature-Based
Solutions
This type of action can include green infrastructure
and low impact development, nature-based solutions,
Engineering with Nature and bioengineering to
incorporate natural features or processes into the built environment.
• Watershed
restoration
• Living shorelines
• Forest management
Education and
Awareness
Programs
These types of actions keep residents informed about
potential natural disasters. Many of these types of
actions are eligible for funding through the FEMA
HMA program.
• Real estate
disclosures

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-3
Critical Facilities in Dam Failure Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
35 TSG Grand Terrace Yard Container Yard Transportation 37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-4
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
518 187 18,599

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-5
Critical Facilities in Flood Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
35 TSG Grand Terrace Yard Container Yard Transportation 37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-6
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
8 3 2,167

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-7
Critical Facilities in a Landslide Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
1 Grand Terrace City Hall Government Service Safety and Security 2 San Bernardino County Library Grand
Terrace Branch Government Service Safety and Security
4 San Bernardino Sherriff Dept
Substation Government Service Safety and Security
5 Richard Rollins Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 8 Griffin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 9 Susan Petta Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 11 Grand Terrace Dog Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 12 TJ Austin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 13 Grand Terrace Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 14 Terrace View Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 17 Grand Terrace Health Care Center Health Care Center Health and Medical 19 Blue Mountain Senior Villas Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
20 San Manuel Indian Health Clinic Health Care Center Health and Medical 21 JC Wallace House Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
22 SCE Vista Substation Electric Substation Energy
24 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
25 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
26 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
29 Azure Hills Seventh-Day Adventist
Church
Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
30 Grand View Baptist Church Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
32 Christ the Redeemer Catholic Church Church Food, Hydration, Shelter
33 St. Junipero Serra House of Formation Seminary Food, Hydration, Shelter
37 Railroads Railway Transportation
Table 1-8
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
DO
5,198 1,877 201,234

NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

Table 1-11
Critical Facilities in a Wildfire Hazard Zone
Map ID Name Asset Type Community Lifeline
8 Griffin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 9 Susan Petta Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 11 Grand Terrace Dog Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 12 TJ Austin Park Parks and Recreation Safety and Security 14 Terrace View Elementary School Public School Safety and Security 19 Blue Mountain Senior Villas Senior Living Facility Food, Hydration, Shelter
25 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
26 RHW Water Tank Potable Water Water Systems
30 Grand View Baptist Church Church Food, Hydration,
Shelter
32 Christ the Redeemer Catholic Church Church Food, Hydration, Shelter
33 St. Junipero Serra House of Formation Seminary Food, Hydration, Shelter
Table 1-12
Populations at Risk
Residents at Risk Residential Units at Risk Non-Residential Area at Risk (sq. ft.)
1,812 654 7,167

DO NOT COPY

DO NOT COPY

March 4, 2025, 4:30 PM to 5:30 PM
via Microsoft Teams
City of Grand Terrace
• Scott Hutter, Planning & Development Services Director • Gabriel Arguelles, Assistant Planner
Stakeholders
• Isaias Hernandez, American Red Cross
• Patrick Keith, Environmental Health & Safety Administrator, San Bernardino Community College District
Michael Baker International
• Noelle Anderson, Project Manager
• Casey Marchese, Project Planner
• Audrey Tamayo, Project Planner
• Team Introduction
• HMP Update
o Vulnerability Findings
• Mitigation Action Types
o STAPLE/E Mitigation Action Criteria Table
• Input from Stakeholders
o Questions

Red Cross
• Comment from Isaias Hernandez (American Red Cross): Flood and wildfire are two types of disasters that the Red Cross deals with the most. You’re the first City in the County to invite me (Red Cross) to this. I’m excited to get my counterpart and supervisors involved to further strategize mitigation.
• Question from Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Can you tell us about your current preparedness strategies?
o Isaias Hernandez (American Red Cross): The Red Cross provides disaster relief, so mostly post-incident. However, we do prepare for disasters but mainly respond when incidents have already happened. We have outreach programs at school districts and throughout the community. I would have to reach out to Erin, my counterpart, to provide more information on outreach and preparedness training for disasters including wildfire and flood.
• Question from Noelle Anderson (Project Manager, Michael Baker International): Does the Red Cross offer a Sound the Alarm program?
o Answer from Isaias Hernandez (American Red Cross): The Red Cross does have this program. Erin would have more information on this. Erin does preparedness, and I handle operations and training in preparedness. • Question from Noelle Anderson (Project Manager, Michael Baker International): Are there any shelters in the community?
o Answer from Isaias Hernandez (American Red Cross): No, there are no shelters in Grand Terrace. The closest would be in Colton. However, if the City wants to use, we can establish shelters in the City.
o Comment from Scott Hutter (Planning & Development Services Director) and Gabriel Arguelles (Assistant Planner): We would love to set up a Red Cross shelter in Grand Terrace.
o Comment from Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International):

We can include this as a mitigation action, and the City can circle back with Isaias and Erin to coordinate this effort.

Higher Education
• Question from Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Any specific concerns related to the hazards to be included in the HMP? o Patrick Keith (Environmental Health & Safety Administrator, San Bernardino Community College District): Based on the meeting we had previously and the summary, this is pretty aligned with the concerns we have in the area. The closest property to the City is San Bernardino Valley College, which is not quite in the backyard of Grand Terrace. Given the location of the college, seismic hazards are concerning, so we are proactive in checking the seismic damage that could potentially happen by using the USGS site. We also use this in determining the development on the campus. We also look into evacuation and roads and navigation during a disaster, especially as wildfires lead to mudslides. • Question from Casey Marchese (Project Planner, Michael Baker International): Any disaster preparedness trainings that you conduct on your campuses? o Patrick Keith (Environmental Health & Safety Administrator, San Bernardino Community College District): We have a lot of training currently and are trying to get more connected with FEMA trainings. We are looking to reach out to local